Wikipedia iawiki https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagina_principal MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.1 first-letter Multimedia Special Discussion Usator Discussion Usator Wikipedia Discussion Wikipedia File Discussion File MediaWiki Discussion MediaWiki Patrono Discussion Patrono Adjuta Discussion Adjuta Categoria Discussion Categoria Portal Discussion Portal Appendice Discussion Appendice TimedText TimedText talk Modulo Discussion Modulo Evento Discussion Evento 0 1649 705348 702553 2026-11-01T11:30:43Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Linguas ingegnerate */ 705348 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/typo/languoid}} Un '''lingua artificial'''{{linfoX}} es un [[linguage|lingua]] construite deliberatemente. Illo differe del [[lingua natural|linguas natural]] e del linguas nove create naturalmente como le linguas [[pidgin]] e [[lingua creol|creol]]. Frequentemente, le construction de tal lingua es con le intention de proponer lo como un [[lingua international]], altere vices como elemento pro obras de phantasia o [[fiction scientific]], sed equalmente il existe multe tal linguas create simplemente pro le placer del creator. == Characteristicas == Un lingua construite pote comprender le mesme componentes principal que un lingua natural: un systema de sones, un grammatica, un vocabulario e un systema de scriptura o altere modo de representation. Le grado de disveloppamento varia considerabilemente. Alcun linguas ha solmente un vocabulario o un breve description grammatical, durante que altere ha phonologia elaborate, morphologia, syntaxe, semantica, orthographia, variationes historic e materiales extensive pro le apprendimento e le uso.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD|titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le creation pote esser individual o collective. Un persona pote crear le lingua initialmente, post que un communitate de usatores developpa nove vocabulario, estilos, usos e interpretationes. Le creation e le adoption del lingua es assi non sempre completamente separate: un lingua initialmente inventate per un autor pote devenir un practica social inter su usatores.<ref name="annualreviews">{{Cita web |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-101819-110152 |titulo=Constructed Languages |sitioweb=Annual Review of Anthropology |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le linguas construite debe esser distinguite de simples vocabularios, slang, codices e linguage-jocos. Un systema construite pote esser limitate, ma le concept de conlang generalmente implica le deliberate creation de un systema linguistic.<ref name="cambridge">{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le idea de deliberate construction linguistic ha antecedentes multo anterior al termino moderne ''conlang''. Le discussion super le natura del relation inter le parolas e le cosas esseva ja presente in le philosophia grec, inter altere in le dialogo ''Cratylus'' de Platone. Le tradition de linguas universal e philosophic continuava durante le seculos sequente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://library.conlang.org/about/timeline.html |titulo=An Historical Conlang Timeline from Plato to Swift |sitioweb=The Conlanger's Library |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Lingua Ignota === Un del plus ancian linguas construite documentate es le Lingua Ignota, associate con Hildegard de Bingen in le 12e seculo. Le lingua contineva un vocabulario proprie e esseva scribite con un alphabet de litteras special. Su uso esseva principalmente associate con le activitate religiose de Hildegard.<ref name="cambridge"/> Durante le epocha moderne precoce, le construction de linguas esseva frequentemente associate con le philosophia, le religion, le classification del cognoscentia e le idea de un lingua universal. Le interesse per linguas philosophic cresceva durante le Renaissance e le Illumination. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/31973/chapter-abstract/267716880 |titulo=A primer on constructed languages |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Linguas universal e auxiliar del 19e seculo === Durante le 19e seculo, le construction linguistic prendeva un orientation plus practical, particularmente in le contexto del communication international. Volapük, create per Johann Martin Schleyer e publicate in 1880, deveniva un del prime linguas construite a attinger un communitate importante de usatores. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Volap%C3%BCk |titulo=Volapük |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1911 |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Esperanto, publicate per Zamenhof in 1887, deveniva posteriormente le plus importante tradition de lingua auxiliar construite. Le successo de Esperanto contribueva a un longe serie de altere proyectos auxiliar, inter le quales Ido e Interlingua. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Esperanto |titulo=Esperanto |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://conlang.org/cl101.pdf |titulo=Conlanging 101 |sitioweb=Language Creation Society |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Le 20e seculo === In le 20e seculo, le construction de linguas artistic cresceva in importantia. Le obra de J. R. R. Tolkien esseva particularmente influente: Tolkien disveloppava linguas como Quenya e Sindarin non solmente pro assignar parolas a personajes, ma etiam como parte del historia e del culturas de su mundos fictive. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/31973/chapter-abstract/267716880 |titulo=A primer on constructed languages |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Post le publication del obras de Tolkien, le construction de linguas pro fiction deveniva un campo artistic plus elaborate. Le cinema, le television e postea le videojuegos offereva nove contextos pro le creation de linguas fictional.<ref name="cambridge"/> Durante le mesme seculo, le linguas logic e experimental continuava a explorar questiones concernente le syntaxe, le semantica e le relation inter linguage e pensamento. Le familia de Loglan e Lojban deveniva un exemplo importante de iste tradition.<ref name="cambridge"/> == Classification == === Per origine === Un classification commun distingue inter linguas a priori e a posteriori. Un lingua a priori es construite principalmente sin depender del vocabulario o del grammatica de un lingua natural particular. Un lingua a posteriori usa al contrario elementos, vocabulario o structuras inspirate o adaptate de linguas existente.<ref name="annualreviews"/> Le distinction non es absolute. Un lingua pote combinar elementos construite ex novo con elementos prendite de un o plure linguas natural. Le grado de influence externe pote assi esser considerate como un continuum plus tosto que como duo categorias completemente separate. === Per finalitate === ==== Linguas auxiliar international ==== Le linguas auxiliar international, o auxlangs, es create pro facilitar le communication inter personas qui parla differente linguas maternal. Lor objectivo es generalmente offerer un lingua commun que pote esser apprendite e usate como secunde lingua.<ref name="cambridge"/> Le exemplo plus cognoscite es Esperanto, publicate per L. L. Zamenhof in 1887. Altere linguas auxiliar international include Volapük, Ido e Interlingua. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Esperanto |titulo=Esperanto |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1911 |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://conlang.org/cl101.pdf |titulo=Conlanging 101 |sitioweb=Language Creation Society |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Esperanto ha developpate un communitate international durable, con usatores que lo apprende como secunde lingua e con etiam un numero de personas qui lo ha acquisite como lingua maternal in familias multilingue.<ref name="cambridge"/> ==== Linguas artistic ==== Le linguas artistic, o artlangs, es create principalmente pro finalitates artistic. Illos pote esser parte de un obra litterari, cinematographic, televisive o videoludic, o pote esser create como obras linguistic independente.<ref name="cambridge"/> Un subcategoria importante es le linguas fictional, destinate al habitantes de un mundo fictive. Exemplos include Quenya e Sindarin, create per J. R. R. Tolkien pro su legendarium, e le Klingon, create pro le universo de ''Star Trek''. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/31973/chapter-abstract/267716880 |titulo=A primer on constructed languages |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref name="cambridge"/> Le linguas artistic pote esser create con grados multo differente de detail. Un lingua pro un obra pote haber solmente un parve numero de expressiones, mentre un lingua professionalmente disveloppate pote haber un grammatica complete, un grande vocabulario, variationes dialectal e un historia interne del lingua. ==== Linguas ingenierate ==== Le linguas ingenierate, o engelangs, es create pro explorar deliberate criterios o hypotheses super le linguage. Le categoria include linguas logic, philosophic e experimental. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le linguas logic, o loglangs, cerca frequentemente un expression plus systematic o menos ambigue de certe relationes semantic e logic. [[Loglan]] e [[Lojban]] es exemplos de linguas create in iste tradition.<ref name="cambridge"/> Le limites inter le categorias non es rigide. Un mesme lingua pote haber un finalitate artistic e experimental, o esser create pro un objectivo auxiliar ma incorporar principios ingenierate.<ref name="annualreviews"/> == Processos de construction == Le construction de un lingua pote comenciar con le definition de su finalitate e del communitate pro le qual illo es destinate. Un autor pote pois definir le systema de sones, le syllabas e le phonotaxe, post que elaborar le morphologia, le syntaxe e le vocabulario. Le ordine del processo varia inter le autores.<ref name="cambridge"/> === Phonologia === Le phonologia determina le inventario de sones del lingua e le maniera in que illos pote esser combinate. Le constructor pote decider, per exemplo, le numero de vocales, consonantes, syllabas, accentos o tonos e le restrictiones super lor combinationes. === Morphologia === Le morphologia tracta le structura interne del parolas. Un lingua construite pote haber parolas relativemente invariable o usar un sistema complexe de affixos, flexiones e derivation. Le constructor pote determinar como le lingua exprime categorias como numero, tempore, aspecto, persona, caso o altere distinctiones grammatical. === Syntaxe === Le syntaxe determina como le parolas se combina in phrases e propositiones. Le constructor pote definir, inter altere aspectos, le ordine basic del subjecto, verbo e objecto, le formation de questiones, le negation, le subordination e le relationes inter propositiones.<ref name="cambridge"/> === Vocabulario === Le lexico pote esser create ex radices inventate, derivationes interne o materiales inspirate per linguas natural. In un lingua a posteriori, le vocabulario pote esser recognoscibile como proveniente de plure linguas; in un lingua a priori, le radices pote haber un origine independente. === Scriptura === Un lingua construite pote usar le alphabet de un lingua natural, adaptar un systema existente o haber un scriptura construite, que in le terminologia del conlangers es sovente nominate ''conscript''. Un lingua pote tamben haber plure scripturas pro differente usos.<ref name="cambridge"/> == Linguas construite e linguistica == Le linguas construite ha devenite un objecto de interesse pro linguistas, sociologos e anthropologos. Illos permitte studiar le relation inter intentionalitate e evolution linguistic, le maniera in que communitates adopta nove formas linguistic e le ideologias concernente le distinction inter linguas «natural» e «artificial». <ref name="academic">{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/63307 |titulo=Constructed Languages and the Sociolinguistics of Language Making |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le studio academic del linguas construite tracta non solmente lor structura. Illo include etiam le personas qui los crea, le communitates qui los usa, le maniera in que illos es transmitte e le relation inter le lingua e le mundos cultural in le qual illo es situate.<ref name="annualreviews"/> Le construction de linguas pote esser considerate un forma de intervention deliberate in le developmentamento linguistic. In le caso de linguas con un communitate active, le distinction inter creation e evolution pote devenir minus nette, perque le usatores modifica, adapta e extende le systema durante le tempore. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/63307/chapter-abstract/573164050 |titulo=Introduction |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Communitates de conlangers == Le personas qui crea linguas construite es frequentemente designate como conlangers, e le activitate de crear linguas es nominate conlanging. Le communitates de conlangers ha developpate foros, conferentias, bibliothecas, publicationes e altere recursos pro compartir linguas e discutir technicas de construction.<ref name="conlang">{{Cita web |url=https://conlang.org/ |titulo=About conlanging and the Language Creation Society |sitioweb=Language Creation Society |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Language Creation Society es un organisation international dedicate al promotion del arte, technica e scientia del creation linguistic. Illo organiza conferentias e publica libros, revistas e altere recursos pro le communitate.<ref name="conlang"/> Le communitate online ha etiam facilitante le collaboration inter autores de differente paises e traditiones. Le Conlanger's Library mantene un collection de libros, articulos, materiales educational e recursos historic concernente le linguas construite. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://library.conlang.org/ |titulo=The Conlanger's Library |sitioweb=The Conlanger's Library |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Linguas construite in cultura popular == Le cinema, le television, le litteratura e le videojuegos ha facite cognoscite un grande numero de linguas construite. Le Klingon de ''Star Trek'', le linguas elviche de Tolkien e le Na'vi de ''Avatar'' es exemplos de linguas create pro universos fictional.<ref name="cambridge"/> In le production audiovisual moderne, le linguas pote esser create pro dar coherientia al culturas fictional e pro permitter que le personajes parla un lingua distincte. Alcun linguas ha essite disveloppate ben ultra le nivello necessari pro le breve dialogos del obra e ha acquirite communitates de admiratores e usatores independente del production original. == Specimenes de linguas artificial == <div style="column-count:2; column-gap:2em;"> === [[Lingua auxiliar international|Linguas international]] === * A priori o multo miscite: ** [[Hallon]] * A posteriori: ** [[Esperanto]] ** [[Lingua fremen|Fremen]] ** [[Ido]] ** [[Intal]] (un lingua de compromisso inter naturalistic e schematic) ** [[Interlingua]] de [[IALA]] ** [[Latino sine Flexione]] (le "Interlingua" de [[Giuseppe Peano|Peano]]) ** [[Lingua Franca Nova]] ** [[Lingwa de Planeta]] ** [[Novial]] ** [[Occidental]] (alias "Interlingue") ** [[Pandunia]] ** [[Uropi]] ** [[Volapük]] (derivate quasi exclusivemente del [[lingua anglese|anglese]]) === [[Lingua auxiliar zonal|Linguas zonal]] === * Germanic: ** [[Folkspraak]] ** [[Nordien]] ** [[Tutonish]] ** [[Weltdeutsch]] * Romanic/Neolatin: ** [[Latino Moderne]] ** [[Romanica]] ** [[Romanid]] ** [[Romanova]] ** [[Perciscano]] * Slave: ** [[Lingua interslave|Interslavo]] ** [[Slovio]] * Altere: ** [[Afrihili]] ** [[Budinos]] ** [[Guosa]] === Linguas philosophic o logic === * [[Arahau]] * [[Ceqli]] (Rex May) 19xx * [[Kotava]] * [[Loglan]] * [[Lojban]] * [[Ro]] * [[Solresol]] * [[Toki Pona]] === Linguas fictional === * [[Brithenig]] (Andrew Smith) 1996 * [[Sindarin]] e [[Quenya]] de [[J. R. R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] * [[Lingua Klingon|Klingon]] * [[Watakassi]] (Nik Taylor) 1998 * [[Wenedyk]] (Jan van Steenbergen) 2002 </div> == Lingua construite e lingua natural == Le distinction inter un lingua construite e un lingua natural es principalmente un distinction concernente lor origine e le grado de intervention deliberate. Le linguas natural developpa lor structuras per le uso collective e le transmission inter generationes, durante que un lingua construite comencia con un acto deliberate de creation. Tamen, le distinction pote devenir plus complexe post que un lingua construite ha acquirite usatores. Un lingua como Esperanto ha un historia de usage commun, variation, transmission familiar e developmentamento del vocabulario, assi que su evolution non es reducite al decisiones del creator original.<ref name="annualreviews"/> Le construction de un lingua non impedisce dunque que illo deveni un objecto de uso social, cultural e communicative. Le grado de institutionalisation e le numero de usatores varia fortemente inter le differente linguas construite. == Applicationes contemporari == Le linguas construite continua a esser create pro un grande varietate de finalitates. Illos pote servir como linguas auxiliar, partes de mundos fictional, instrumentos de experimentation linguistic o proyectos personal de creation. Le developmentamento de communitates online ha etiam diminuite le obstaculos technic pro publicar grammaticas, dictionarios e textos e pro collaborar con altere conlangers.<ref name="conlang"/> Le interesse academic ha expandite etiam al relation inter linguas construite, identity, communitate e ideologias linguistic. Le recente investigation sociolinguistic tracta le creation de linguas como un fenomeno cultural e social, e non solmente como un exercitio de grammatica o de invention de vocabulario.<ref name="academic"/> == Vide etiam == * [[Appendice:Lista de linguas artificial]] * [[Interlinguistica]] == Ligamines externe == * [http://enioni.narod.ru/ ENIONI] Pagina dedicate a alcun linguas artificial, principalmente: '''E'''speranto, idiom '''N'''eutral, '''I'''do, '''O'''ccidental/Interlingue, '''N'''ovial, e '''I'''nterlingua. Illo contine le revistas de rete: [[Posta Mundi]], [[Vok Neutral]], e [[IE Munde]]. * {{en}} [http://www.zompist.com/kit.html The Language Construction Kit] Pagina super le projectar de linguas artificial. * [http://www.ipernity.com/blog/79634/home Blog Rosto] in alcun linguas artificial. {{ref}} {{Linguas artificial}} [[Categoria:Linguas artificial| ]] fpukke12lihc12vvjl29wxtofxfmyrh 0 13833 705292 691229 2026-11-01T08:52:42Z Interlingvisto 60932 705292 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox entitate territorial administrative}} '''Emilia-Romagna'''{{linfo}} (in [[lingua italian|italiano]]: ''Emilia-Romagna'', del [[Lingua latin|latino]]: ''Aemilia et Romānia'') es un region de [[Italia]] del nord, con 4.242.517 habitantes, cuje capital es [[Bologna]]. Illo confina con [[Veneto]], [[Lombardia]], [[Pedemonte]], [[Liguria]], [[Toscana]], [[Marche]] e [[San Marino]]. {{Referentias}} {{Communas de Emilia-Romagna}} {{Regiones de Italia}} {{Pecietta|geographia}} [[Categoria:Emilia-Romagna]] [[Categoria:Regiones de Italia]] mmeef4lugjzj6m0dedsljqdzpbdlj0y 0 16209 705256 695397 2026-11-01T08:09:21Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Ligamines externe */ 705256 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/articulo}} [[File:Cité de Carcassonne, woman on wall.jpg|thumb|310 px|Citate de [[Carcassonne]], Francia]] Secundo le apportionamento plus expandite del [[historia]] europee per parte del intellectuales, le '''Medievo'''{{linfoX}}, in [[Lingua latin|latino]] ''medium aevum'', ''media tempestas'' o anque ''media aetas'' (parola usate le prime vice per [[Flavius Blondus]]) es le periodo inter le etate classic e le [[Etate Moderne|moderne]]. ==Initio== In tote [[Europa]] le Medievo comencia in le anno [[476]], secundo un convention decidite per le historicos, que es le anno del deposition del ultime imperator roman [[Romulus Augustulus]] e del fin del [[Imperio Roman de Occidente]]. ==Fin== Le fin del Medievo non es le mesme pro tote le paises. Le consequentias del fin del Medievo a longe termino ha essite le nascentia del [[Renascentia]] e del [[monarchia]]s national. Le annos plus usate pro marcar le fin del Medievo son le [[1453]], anno del fallimento del citate de [[Constantinopole]] in le mano del Turcs o le fin del [[Guerra del Cento Annos]] inter [[Francia]] e [[Anglia]], le [[1492]], anno del discoperta de [[America]] e del fin del periodo islamic in [[Espania]] o anque le [[1517]], anno del [[reforma protestante]]. Alicunes dice que le fin del Medievo es de mitter in le anno [[1250]], anno del morte de [[Frederico II de Hohenstaufen]]. ==Partes== Le Medievo es dividite in tres partes: * Le [[Alte Medievo]], (appellate anque "seculos obscur") que dura ab [[seculo V|5e seculo]] usque [[seculo X|10e seculo]], characterisate per un grande miseria, e per le invasiones continue del parte del [[Slavos]], [[Arabes]], [[Vikingos]] e [[Hungaros]]. * Le [[Plen Medievo]], inter le [[Seculo XI|11e]] e [[Seculo XIII|13e]] seculos. * Le [[Basse Medievo]] que dura ab [[seculo XIV|14e seculo]] usque [[seculo XV|15e seculo]], que vide un renascentia del vita in le citates, un activitate commercial semper plus forte anque pro le bon governamento del [[signoria]]s, le construction de castellos, le nascentia del [[banco]]s. Immediatemente le fallimento del Imperio Roman de Occidente, le populationes del Nord e del Est del Europa comencia a facer se guerra le un le altere, pro arrivar a un reconstruction, super toto local, del organisation administrative, militar, economic e juridic. Il ha anque a dicer que del [[476]] nihil superveniva. Le cambio esseva jam arrivate con le imperator [[Theodosio I]], quando le [[christianismo]] deveni religion del Stato [[380]]. == Initio == [[File: Dream of Constantine Milvius BnF MS Gr510 fol440.jpg|thumb|Sonio de Constantino ante le battalia del Ponte Milvio. In hoc signo vinces (Con iste signo tu vincera). Illustration del Homilias de san Gregorio Nazianzeno, seculo IX.]] [[File:Sylvester I and Constantine.jpg|thumb|Le papa Silvestre I benedice Constantino, del qual ille recipe con le tiara (symbolo del pontificato roman classic, simile a altere tocatos politico-religiose, como le duple corona del pharaones) le potentia temporal super Roma. Fresco del seculo XIII, capella de San Silvestre, monasterio del Quatro Sanctos Coronate.]] [[File:Leoattila-Raphael.jpg|thumb|Incontro de Leon le Magne con Atila, fresco de Raphael Sanzio in le stantias del Vatican (1514).]] Ben que plure datas ha essite proponite pro le initio del Medievo, del quales le plus diffundite es le del anno 476, le certitude es que nos non pote ubicar le initio de un maniera tanto precise, proque le Etate Medie non nasce, ma "se face" como consequentia de toto un longe e lente processo que se extende per un spatio de cinque seculos e que provoca cambiamentos enorme a omne nivello de un forma multo profunde que mesmo repercutera usque a nostre dies. Nos pote considerar que iste processo comencia con le crise del tertie seculo, vincte al problemas de reproduction inherente al modo de production sclavagista, que necessitava un expansion imperial continue que jam non esseva producite post le fixation del limes roman. Possibilemente etiam conflueva factores climatic pro le succession de malas recolta e epidemias; e de un modo multo plus evidente le prime invasiones germanic e sublevationes campesin (bagaudas), in un periodo in que se succede multe breve e tragic mandatos imperial. Desde Caracalla le citatantia roman esseva extendite a omne le homines libere del Imperio, monstra de que tal condition, antea tanto covate, habeva cessate de esser attrahente. Le Basse Imperio acquiri un aspecto semper plus medieval desde principios del seculo IV con le reformas de Diocletiano: diffusion del differentias inter le sclavos, semper plus scarce, e le colonos, paisanos libere, ma subjecte a conditiones semper plus grande de servitude, que perde le libertate de cambiar de domicilio, devente travaliar semper le mesme terra; hereditage obligatori de cargos public —antea disputate in serrate electiones— e officios artesanal, submittite a collegiation —precedente del corporationes—, toto pro evitar le evasion fiscal e le depopulation del citates, cuy rol de centro de consumo e de commercio e de articulation del zonas rural es semper minus importante. Al minus, le reformas succede a mantener le edificio institutional roman, ben que non sin intensificar le ruralisation e aristocratisation (passos clar verso le feudalismo), super toto in Occidente, que es disvincte de Oriente con le partition del Imperio. Un altere cambiamento decisive esseva le implantation del christianismo como nove religion official per le Edicto de Thessalonica de [[Theodosio I|Theodosio I le Grande]] (380) precedite per le Edicto de Milan (313) con le qual Constantino I le Grande recompensava al usque tunc submersive pro su adjuta providentialista in le battalia del Ponte Milvio (312), juncte con altere presumite cessiones plus temporal cuje fraudulente reclamation (pseudodonation de Constantino) esseva un constante del Statos Pontificie durante toto le Medievo, mesmo post le evidentia de su refutation per le humanista Lorenzo Valla (1440). Nulle evento concrete —a dispecto del abundantia e concatenation de factos catastrophic— determinava per se mesme le fin del Antiquitate e le initio del Medievo: nec le successive saccheamentos de Roma (per le Gothos de Alarico I in 410, per le Vandalos in 455, per le proprie truppas imperial de Ricimero in 472, per le Ostrogothos in 546), nec le pavorose irruption del Hunnos de Atila (450-452, con le battalia del Campos Catalaunic e le strange interview con le papa Leon I le Magne), nec le detronation de Romulo Augustulo (ultimo imperator roman de Occidente, per Odoacro le capite del Herulos -476-); esseva successos que lor contemporaneos considerava initiatores de un nove epoca. Le culmination al fin del seculo V de un serie de processos de longe duration, inter illos le grave dislocation economic, le invasiones e le establimento del populos germanic in le [[Imperio Roman]], faceva cambiar le facie de Europa. Durante le sequente 300 annos, le Europa Occidental manteneva un periodo de unitate cultural, inusual pro iste continente, installate super le complexe e elaborate cultura del Imperio roman, que nunquam arrivava a perder se completemente, e le establimento del christianismo. Nunquam arrivava a esser oblidate le hereditage classic greco-roman, e le lingua latin, submittite a transformation (latin medieval), continuava esser le lingua de cultura in toto Europa occidental, mesmo ultra le Medievo. Le derecto roman e multiple institutiones continuava vive, adaptante se de un o altere modo. Lo que se operava durante iste ample periodo de transition (que pote esser date per finite pro le anno 800, con le coronation de Carolo Magne) esseva un sorte de fusion con le contributiones de altere civilitates e formationes social, in special le germanic e le religion christian. In le seculos sequente, ancora in le Alto Medievo, altere contributiones se addera, destacatemente le islam. == Ligamines externe == * ''[https://www.interlingua.com/e-libros/le-medievo/ Le Medievo]'', de [[Vicente Costalago]], in le ''Bibliotheca electronic in Interlingua'' {{refer}} {{Historia}} [[Categoria:Medievo| ]] [[Categoria:Historia]] 72vzghixhaz3gbybddlqt6c5nmfhrk7 0 26755 705286 691279 2026-11-01T08:50:28Z Interlingvisto 60932 705286 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox entitate territorial administrative}} '''Molise'''{{linfo}} (del [[Lingua latin|latino]]: ''Molīsium'') es un region de [[Italia]] meridional. {{Referentias}} {{Communas de Molise}} {{Regiones de Italia}} {{Pecietta|geographia}} [[Categoria:Molise]] [[Categoria:Regiones de Italia]] 35ta9qfmjksbdarnje7sj05656klyq3 705305 705286 2026-11-01T10:14:24Z Interlingvisto 60932 705305 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox entitate territorial administrative}} '''Molise'''{{linfo}} (del [[Lingua latin|latino]]: ''Molīsium'') es un region de [[Italia]] meridional. {{Referentias}} {{Communas de Molise}} {{Regiones de Italia}} {{Pecietta|geographia}} [[Categoria:Regiones de Italia]] 2vi59fjejvr893ilmwsw03v1z5z0za3 705306 705305 2026-11-01T10:14:39Z Interlingvisto 60932 705306 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox entitate territorial administrative}} '''Molise'''{{linfo}} (del [[Lingua latin|latino]]: ''Molīsium'') es un region de [[Italia]] meridional. {{Referentias}} {{Communas de Molise}} {{Regiones de Italia}} {{Pecietta|geographia}} [[Categoria:Molise]] [[Categoria:Regiones de Italia]] 35ta9qfmjksbdarnje7sj05656klyq3 14 31372 705285 509507 2026-11-01T08:50:03Z Interlingvisto 60932 705285 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Municipalitates de Molise]] jtroh8y3x0ltuvnsmqkran15c56k0os 14 31384 705289 509519 2026-11-01T08:51:22Z Interlingvisto 60932 705289 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Municipalitates de Emilia-Romagna]] 6a1am9xme69mq33btciztuehexm25uk 102 38466 705250 705105 2026-11-01T01:19:37Z ListeriaBot 24326 Wikidata list updated [V2] 705250 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item ?sl { ?item wdt:P171* wd:Q25306 . OPTIONAL {?item wikibase:sitelinks ?sl } . FILTER (?sl >= 1) } ORDER BY DESC(?sl) |section= |sort= |columns=number:#,item,label:Article,P225,?sl,description,P18,P31,P279,P171,P361 |thumb=48 |min_section= |links=red_only |summary=itemnumber }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! # ! item ! Article ! nomine del taxon ! ?sl ! description ! imagine ! instantia de ! subclasse de ! taxon superior immediate ! parte de |- | style='text-align:right'| 1 | [[:d:Q33602|Q33602]] | [[Ailuropoda melanoleuca]] | Ailuropoda melanoleuca | 146 | | [[File:Giant Panda 2004-03-2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Ursidae]] | [[Ailuropoda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2 | [[:d:Q42046|Q42046]] | [[Hyaenidae]] | Hyaenidae | 144 | | [[File:Crocuta-hejda.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestoidea]]<br/>[[Aeluroidea]]<br/>[[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 3 | [[:d:Q36341|Q36341]] | [[Ursus arctos]] | Ursus arctos | 138 | | [[File:202309 Ezo brown bear.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[bear]] | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 4 | [[:d:Q30197|Q30197]] | [[Panthera uncia]] | Panthera uncia | 132 | | [[File:Uncia uncia.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[apex predator]]<br/>[[flagship species]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 5 | [[:d:Q25311|Q25311]] | [[Mustela nivalis]] | Mustela nivalis | 123 | | [[File:Mustela nivalis -British Wildlife Centre-4.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 6 | [[:d:Q27066|Q27066]] | [[Meles meles]] | Meles meles | 123 | | [[File:European badger (Meles meles taxus) Drenthe.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 7 | [[:d:Q29995|Q29995]] | [[Lutra lutra]] | Lutra lutra | 122 | | [[File:Otter.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 8 | [[:d:Q41960|Q41960]] | [[Ailurus fulgens]] | Ailurus fulgens | 113 | | [[File:RedPanda SingalilaNationalPark DFrame.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 9 | [[:d:Q80479|Q80479]] | [[Herpestidae]] | Herpestidae | 112 | | [[File:Dwarf mongoose Korkeasaari zoo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]]<br/>[[Herpestoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 10 | [[:d:Q25345|Q25345]] | [[Mustela erminea]] | Mustela erminea | 110 | | [[File:Røyskatt (Mustela erminea erminea), Lista, Norway.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 11 | [[:d:Q30847|Q30847]] | [[Caracal caracal]] | Caracal caracal | 109 | | [[File:Caracal Caracal-001.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[big cat]] | [[Caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 12 | [[:d:Q30263|Q30263]] | [[Pinnipedia]] | Pinnipedia | 107 | | [[File:Common seal (Phoca vitulina) 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Mammiferos]] | [[Caniformia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 13 | [[:d:Q14334|Q14334]] | [[glutton]] | Gulo gulo | 106 | mammifero carnivore | [[File:Gulo gulo 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Gulo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 14 | [[:d:Q82738|Q82738]] | [[Vulpes lagopus]] | Vulpes lagopus | 105 | | [[File:Vulpes lagopus in Iceland (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 15 | [[:d:Q200184|Q200184]] | [[Lutrinae]] | Lutrinae | 102 | | [[File:LutraCanadensis fullres.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 16 | [[:d:Q125525|Q125525]] | [[jackal]] | | 102 | | [[File:Golden jackal (Canis aureus indicus) male head.jpg|center|48px]] | [[organisms known by a particular common name]] | [[Canina]] | [[Canina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 17 | [[:d:Q25437|Q25437]] | [[Mustelidae]] | Mustelidae | 101 | | [[File:Marten with Flowers.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Musteloidea]]<br/>[[Caniformia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 18 | [[:d:Q128098|Q128098]] | [[Canis aureus]] | Canis aureus | 101 | | [[File:033 Golden jackal in Keoladeo National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 19 | [[:d:Q122783|Q122783]] | [[Ursus americanus]] | Ursus americanus | 99 | | [[File:American black bear (19647087094).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Ursidae]] | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 20 | [[:d:Q26046|Q26046]] | [[Martes martes]] | Martes martes | 96 | | [[File:Pine Marten (48173751702).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 21 | [[:d:Q80952|Q80952]] | [[Panthera tigris tigris]] | Panthera tigris tigris | 93 | | [[File:Bengal tiger in Sanjay Dubri Tiger Reserve December 2024 by Tisha Mukherjee 05.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[tigre]] | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 22 | [[:d:Q134015|Q134015]] | [[Suricata suricatta]] | Suricata suricatta | 92 | | [[File:Meerkat (Suricata suricatta).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Suricata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 23 | [[:d:Q173128|Q173128]] | [[Mellivora capensis]] | Mellivora capensis | 92 | | [[File:Honey badger.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mellivora]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 24 | [[:d:Q173651|Q173651]] | [[Lycaon pictus]] | Lycaon pictus | 92 | | [[File:Lycaon pictus (Temminck, 1820).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycaon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 25 | [[:d:Q124410|Q124410]] | [[Ursus thibetanus]] | Ursus thibetanus | 91 | | [[File:Ursus thibetanus 3 (Wroclaw zoo).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus]]<br/>[[Selenarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 26 | [[:d:Q166794|Q166794]] | [[Otocolobus manul]] | Otocolobus manul | 90 | | [[File:Otocolobus manul -Zurich Zoo-8a.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Otocolobus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 27 | [[:d:Q28521|Q28521]] | [[Mustela]] | Mustela | 88 | | [[File:Mustela species mosaic.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 28 | [[:d:Q38584|Q38584]] | [[Canis lupus dingo]] | Canis familiaris dingo | 88 | | [[File:Dingo Side.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[racia can]]<br/>[[organisms known by a particular common name]] | [[feral dog]] | [[Canis familiaris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 29 | [[:d:Q131564|Q131564]] | [[Vulpes zerda]] | Vulpes zerda | 87 | | [[File:Fennec Fox (9163009503).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 30 | [[:d:Q132585|Q132585]] | [[Cuon alpinus]] | Cuon alpinus | 87 | | [[File:Dhole (Asiatic wild dog) cropped.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cuon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 31 | [[:d:Q26533|Q26533]] | [[Martes]] | Martes | 86 | | [[File:Martes martes crop.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Guloninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 32 | [[:d:Q185194|Q185194]] | [[Vulpes]] | Vulpes | 86 | | [[File:Genus vulpes.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpini]]<br/>[[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 33 | [[:d:Q26423|Q26423]] | [[Martes zibellina]] | Martes zibellina | 86 | | [[File:Sobol bur.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 34 | [[:d:Q26582|Q26582]] | [[Mustela putorius]] | Mustela putorius | 85 | | [[File:Ilder.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 35 | [[:d:Q69581|Q69581]] | [[Panthera tigris altaica]] | Panthera tigris altaica | 84 | | [[File:P.t.altaica Tomak Male.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 36 | [[:d:Q36135|Q36135]] | [[Neofelis nebulosa]] | Neofelis nebulosa | 83 | | [[File:Clouded Leopard (205918213).jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 37 | [[:d:Q42627|Q42627]] | [[Prionailurus bengalensis]] | Prionailurus bengalensis | 83 | | [[File:Close-up of a Leopard Cat in Sundarban.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 38 | [[:d:Q27366|Q27366]] | [[Martes foina]] | Martes foina | 82 | | [[File:Beech Marten.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 39 | [[:d:Q133189|Q133189]] | [[Nyctereutes procyonoides]] | Nyctereutes procyonoides | 82 | | [[File:Енотовидная собака Гродно (cropped 2).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nyctereutes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 40 | [[:d:Q129727|Q129727]] | [[Lynx pardinus]] | Lynx pardinus | 81 | | [[File:Lince ibérico (Lynx pardinus), Almuradiel, Ciudad Real, España, 2021-12-19, DD 07.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx (taxon)]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 41 | [[:d:Q144923|Q144923]] | [[Helarctos malayanus]] | Helarctos malayanus | 81 | | [[File:Sitting sun bear.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Helarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 42 | [[:d:Q147114|Q147114]] | [[Procyonidae]] | Procyonidae | 80 | | [[File:Procyonidae-01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Musteloidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 43 | [[:d:Q182347|Q182347]] | [[leon asiatic]] | Panthera leo persica | 80 | | [[File:Asiatic Lioness in Gir Forest.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 44 | [[:d:Q41407|Q41407]] | [[Enhydra lutris]] | Enhydra lutris | 79 | | [[File:Otter in Seward, Alaska, April 2017.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Enhydra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 45 | [[:d:Q185864|Q185864]] | [[Viverridae]] | Viverridae | 77 | | [[File:Genetta genetta felina (Wroclaw zoo).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 46 | [[:d:Q178089|Q178089]] | [[Crocuta crocuta]] | Crocuta crocuta | 77 | | [[File:Hiena manchada (Crocuta crocuta), parque nacional Kruger, Sudáfrica, 2018-07-26, DD 22.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Crocuta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 47 | [[:d:Q171004|Q171004]] | [[Ursus arctos horribilis]] | Ursus arctos horribilis | 77 | | [[File:Grizzly Denali edit.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 48 | [[:d:Q185231|Q185231]] | [[Mirounga]] | Mirounga | 76 | | [[File:Mirounga leonina.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Monachinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 49 | [[:d:Q42602|Q42602]] | [[felinos]] | Felinae | 76 | | [[File:Felinae diversity 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 50 | [[:d:Q146457|Q146457]] | [[Lynx canadensis]] | Lynx canadensis | 76 | | [[File:Canada lynx by Michael Zahra.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx (taxon)]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 51 | [[:d:Q27179|Q27179]] | [[Neovison vison]] | Neogale vison | 75 | | [[File:American Mink.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison]]<br/>[[Neogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 52 | [[:d:Q190674|Q190674]] | [[Prionailurus viverrinus]] | Prionailurus viverrinus | 75 | | [[File:Prionailurus viverrinus 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 53 | [[:d:Q192231|Q192231]] | [[Caracal aurata]] | Profelis aurata | 75 | | [[File:FelisAurataKeulemans.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 54 | [[:d:Q26559|Q26559]] | [[Mustela lutreola]] | Mustela lutreola | 74 | | [[File:Europäischer Nerz.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 55 | [[:d:Q188657|Q188657]] | [[Hyaena hyaena]] | Hyaena hyaena | 74 | | [[File:Museo della Specola (Florence) - Hyaena hyaena.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hyaena]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 56 | [[:d:Q182304|Q182304]] | [[Puma yagouaroundi]] | Puma yagouaroundi | 73 | | [[File:Puma yagouaroundi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 57 | [[:d:Q26913|Q26913]] | [[Phoca vitulina]] | Phoca vitulina | 72 | | [[File:Common Seal Phoca vitulina.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoca (genere)|Phoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 58 | [[:d:Q185295|Q185295]] | [[Proteles cristata]] | Proteles cristata | 72 | | [[File:Proteles cristatus1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Proteles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 59 | [[:d:Q145016|Q145016]] | [[Melursus ursinus]] | Melursus ursinus | 72 | | [[File:SlothBear.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Melursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 60 | [[:d:Q243359|Q243359]] | [[Ursus]] | Ursus | 70 | | [[File:Black bear large.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 61 | [[:d:Q230177|Q230177]] | [[Pantherinae]] | Pantherinae | 69 | | [[File:Jaguar head shot.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 62 | [[:d:Q183330|Q183330]] | [[Cryptoprocta ferox]] | Cryptoprocta ferox | 69 | | [[File:Cryptoprocta Ferox.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cryptoprocta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 63 | [[:d:Q213141|Q213141]] | [[Arctictis binturong]] | Arctictis binturong | 69 | | [[File:Binturong in Overloon.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 64 | [[:d:Q187024|Q187024]] | [[Vulpes corsac]] | Vulpes corsac | 69 | | [[File:Vulpes corsac.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 65 | [[:d:Q188717|Q188717]] | [[Smilodon]] | Smilodon | 69 | | [[File:Smilodon californicus mount.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Smilodontini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 66 | [[:d:Q178973|Q178973]] | [[Mustela putorius furo]] | Mustela furo | 68 | | [[File:202305 Mustela putorius furo.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 67 | [[:d:Q18764|Q18764]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus | 68 | | [[File:Asian palm civet in Rabindra Sarobar October 2024 by Tisha Mukherjee 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 68 | [[:d:Q214835|Q214835]] | [[Vulpes bengalensis]] | Vulpes bengalensis | 68 | | [[File:Bengal Fox - Shreeram M V - Rajasthan, India.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 69 | [[:d:Q182573|Q182573]] | [[liger]] | Panthera leo × Panthera tigris | 68 | | [[File:Liger couple.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[hybrid]] | [[Panthera hybrid]] | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 70 | [[:d:Q80191|Q80191]] | [[catto marmorate]] | Pardofelis marmorata | 66 | | [[File:Marbled cat borneo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pardofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 71 | [[:d:Q27370|Q27370]] | [[Halichoerus grypus]] | Halichoerus grypus | 65 | | [[File:Halichoerus grypus male.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Halichoerus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 72 | [[:d:Q186663|Q186663]] | [[Hydrurga leptonyx]] | Hydrurga leptonyx | 64 | | [[File:Hydrurga leptonyx edit1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hydrurga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 73 | [[:d:Q241256|Q241256]] | [[Civettictis civetta]] | Civettictis civetta | 64 | | [[File:African civet.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Civettictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 74 | [[:d:Q191129|Q191129]] | [[Panthera tigris sumatrae]] | Panthera tigris sumatrae | 64 | | [[File:Sumatran Tiger Berlin Tierpark.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 75 | [[:d:Q208549|Q208549]] | [[Monachus monachus]] | Monachus monachus | 63 | | [[File:Billy monk seal 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Monachus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 76 | [[:d:Q184389|Q184389]] | [[Chrysocyon brachyurus]] | Chrysocyon brachyurus | 63 | | [[File:Chrysocyon brachyurus no Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra por Celso Ferrarezi Jr (07).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Chrysocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 77 | [[:d:Q3887135|Q3887135]] | [[Otariinae]] | Otariinae | 62 | | [[File:California sea lion in La Jolla (70568).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Otariidae]] | [[Otariidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 78 | [[:d:Q204322|Q204322]] | [[Felis bieti]] | Felis bieti | 62 | | [[File:Chinese Mountain Cat (Felis Bieti) in XiNing Wild Zoo 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cattos|catto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 79 | [[:d:Q200400|Q200400]] | [[Otocyon megalotis]] | Otocyon megalotis | 62 | | [[File:187 Bat-eared fox in Otjozondjupa Region Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Otocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 80 | [[:d:Q28157482|Q28157482]] | [[Parahyaena brunnea]] | Parahyaena brunnea | 61 | | [[File:Brown Hyena (Parahyaena brunnea) (6472940707).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Parahyaena]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 81 | [[:d:Q192742|Q192742]] | [[Panthera tigris corbetti]] | Panthera tigris corbetti | 61 | | [[File:Indochinese tiger in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 82 | [[:d:Q43221|Q43221]] | [[Genetta]] | Genetta | 60 | | [[File:Genetta genetta felina (Wroclaw zoo).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 83 | [[:d:Q149405|Q149405]] | [[Erignathus barbatus]] | Erignathus barbatus | 60 | | [[File:Bartrobbe 3-2002.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Pinnipedia]] | [[Erignathus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 84 | [[:d:Q254630|Q254630]] | [[kinkajou]] | Potos flavus | 60 | | [[File:Potos flavus (22985770100).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Potos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 85 | [[:d:Q185401|Q185401]] | [[Panthera tigris balica]] | Panthera tigris balica | 60 | | [[File:BaronOscarVojnich3Nov1911Ti.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 86 | [[:d:Q188957|Q188957]] | [[Canis simensis]] | Canis simensis | 60 | | [[File:Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis citernii) 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 87 | [[:d:Q237260|Q237260]] | [[Ursus arctos middendorffi]] | Ursus arctos middendorffi | 60 | | [[File:2010-kodiak-bear-1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 88 | [[:d:Q191737|Q191737]] | [[Speothos venaticus]] | Speothos venaticus | 59 | | [[File:Bush dog.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Speothos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 89 | [[:d:Q309274|Q309274]] | [[Prionailurus rubiginosus]] | Prionailurus rubiginosus | 59 | | [[File:Rostkatze.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 90 | [[:d:Q188535|Q188535]] | [[Panthera tigris virgata]] | Panthera tigris virgata | 59 | | [[File:Panthera tigris virgata.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 91 | [[:d:Q192967|Q192967]] | [[Panthera pardus orientalis]] | Panthera pardus orientalis | 59 | | [[File:Amur Leopard Panthera pardus orientalis Facing Forward 1761px.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 92 | [[:d:Q271459|Q271459]] | [[Mustela sibirica]] | Mustela sibirica | 58 | | [[File:Mustela sibirica Russia5.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 93 | [[:d:Q70529|Q70529]] | [[Vormela peregusna]] | Vormela peregusna | 58 | | [[File:Marbled Polecat, Suzakskiy, Kazakhstan 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vormela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 94 | [[:d:Q215250|Q215250]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus | 58 | | [[File:Gray fox.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 95 | [[:d:Q14592562|Q14592562]] | [[Bassaricyon neblina]] | Bassaricyon neblina | 58 | | [[File:Olinguito ZooKeys 324, solo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bassaricyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 96 | [[:d:Q203208|Q203208]] | [[Phoca hispida]] | Pusa hispida | 57 | | [[File:Phoca hispida.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pusa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 97 | [[:d:Q83774|Q83774]] | [[Pteronura brasiliensis]] | Pteronura brasiliensis | 57 | | [[File:Giantotter.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pteronura]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 98 | [[:d:Q232129|Q232129]] | [[Taxidea taxus]] | Taxidea taxus | 57 | | [[File:AmericanBadger.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Taxidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 99 | [[:d:Q272933|Q272933]] | [[Vulpes chama]] | Vulpes chama | 57 | | [[File:Vulpes chama (Etosha).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 100 | [[:d:Q141490808|Q141490808]] | [[Leopardus tilcayo]] | Leopardus tilcayo | 57 | | [[File:Leopardus tilcayo (5x3 cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 101 | [[:d:Q200848|Q200848]] | [[Panthera tigris amoyensis]] | Panthera tigris amoyensis | 57 | | [[File:2012 Suedchinesischer Tiger.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 102 | [[:d:Q4535|Q4535]] | [[Pusa sibirica]] | Pusa sibirica | 56 | | [[File:Из жизни байкальской нерпы близ Ушканьих островов 02.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pusa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 103 | [[:d:Q319070|Q319070]] | [[Vulpes ferrilata]] | Vulpes ferrilata | 56 | | [[File:Vulpes ferrilata.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 104 | [[:d:Q200442|Q200442]] | [[Canis lupus rufus]] | Canis lupus rufus | 56 | | [[File:07-03-23RedWolfAlbanyGAChehaw.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 105 | [[:d:Q244277|Q244277]] | [[Aonyx cinerea]] | Aonyx cinerea | 55 | | [[File:Small-clawed otter from Western Ghats.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Aonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 106 | [[:d:Q373558|Q373558]] | [[Lycalopex culpaeus]] | Lycalopex culpaeus | 55 | | [[File:Culpeo MC.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 107 | [[:d:Q217291|Q217291]] | [[Vulpes cana]] | Vulpes cana | 55 | | [[File:Blandford's fox 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 108 | [[:d:Q200381|Q200381]] | [[Panthera tigris sondaica]] | Panthera tigris sondaica | 55 | | [[File:Panthera tigris sondaica 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 109 | [[:d:Q215836|Q215836]] | [[Panthera tigris jacksoni]] | Panthera tigris jacksoni | 55 | | [[File:MalayanTiger.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[tigre]]<br/>[[Mainland Asian tiger]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 110 | [[:d:Q496689|Q496689]] | [[Aenocyon dirus]] | Aenocyon dirus | 55 | | [[File:Canis dirus Skeleton.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Aenocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 111 | [[:d:Q649306|Q649306]] | [[Herpestes ichneumon]] | Herpestes ichneumon | 54 | | [[File:Herpestes ichneumon Египетский мангуст, или фараонова крыса, или ихневмо́н.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 112 | [[:d:Q209324|Q209324]] | [[Pagophilus groenlandicus]] | Pagophilus groenlandicus | 54 | | [[File:Harp Seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus), Greenland Sea IMG 5006.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pagophilus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 113 | [[:d:Q215343|Q215343]] | [[Mirounga leonina]] | Mirounga leonina | 54 | | [[File:0046 Tiere der Antarktis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mirounga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 114 | [[:d:Q269871|Q269871]] | [[Neofelis]] | Neofelis | 54 | | [[File:Neofelis nebulosa.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pantherinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 115 | [[:d:Q205935|Q205935]] | [[Dusicyon australis]] | Dusicyon australis | 54 | | [[File:Falkland Island wolf, Dusicyon australis OMNZVT2369 !1pub (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Dusicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 116 | [[:d:Q321376|Q321376]] | [[Cerdocyon thous]] | Cerdocyon thous | 54 | | [[File:Cerdocyon thous MG 9503.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cerdocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 117 | [[:d:Q274177|Q274177]] | [[Prionailurus planiceps]] | Prionailurus planiceps | 54 | | [[File:Flat-headed cat 1 Jim Sanderson 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 118 | [[:d:Q446882|Q446882]] | [[Lutra]] | Lutra | 53 | | [[File:Fischotter Lutra lutra1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 119 | [[:d:Q513081|Q513081]] | [[civetta de palma african]] | Nandinia binotata | 53 | specie de mammifero carnivore | [[File:Nandinia binotata, crop.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nandinia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 120 | [[:d:Q220248|Q220248]] | [[Martes flavigula]] | Martes flavigula | 53 | | [[File:Martes flavigula, yellow-throated marten.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]]<br/>[[Charronia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 121 | [[:d:Q584064|Q584064]] | [[Martes pennanti]] | Martes pennanti | 53 | | [[File:Fisher (animal).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 122 | [[:d:Q295994|Q295994]] | [[Vulpes rueppellii]] | Vulpes rueppellii | 53 | | [[File:Rüppell's fox.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 123 | [[:d:Q626023|Q626023]] | [[Mirounga angustirostris]] | Mirounga angustirostris | 52 | | [[File:Elephant seals fighting.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mirounga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 124 | [[:d:Q42592|Q42592]] | [[Prionailurus]] | Prionailurus | 52 | | [[File:Bengalkatze.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 125 | [[:d:Q270748|Q270748]] | [[Puma]] | Puma | 52 | | [[File:Puma - 49044464307.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 126 | [[:d:Q275163|Q275163]] | [[Neofelis diardi]] | Neofelis diardi | 52 | | [[File:Borneo clouded leopard.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 127 | [[:d:Q1383362|Q1383362]] | [[tigon]] | Panthera tigris × Panthera leo | 52 | | [[File:Tigon tiger x lion hybrid by artbyjrc df4918k.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[hybrid]] | [[Panthera hybrid]] | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 128 | [[:d:Q221094|Q221094]] | [[leon berbere]] | Panthera leo leo | 52 | | [[File:Barbary lion.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[population]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 129 | [[:d:Q613760|Q613760]] | [[Herpestes edwardsi]] | Herpestes edwardsii | 51 | | [[File:Herpestes edwardsii at Hyderaba.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 130 | [[:d:Q322145|Q322145]] | [[Martes americana]] | Martes americana | 51 | | [[File:Marten bounding through the snow (512488bd-68e6-4b67-8e14-95657c022029).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 131 | [[:d:Q734351|Q734351]] | [[Viverricula indica]] | Viverricula indica | 51 | | [[File:Small Indian Civet (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverricula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 132 | [[:d:Q745751|Q745751]] | [[Vulpes macrotis]] | Vulpes macrotis | 51 | | [[File:San Joaquin kit fox male.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 133 | [[:d:Q216441|Q216441]] | [[Canis lupus arctos]] | Canis lupus arctos | 51 | | [[File:Arctic Wolf in Aulavik National Park 04 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 134 | [[:d:Q214287|Q214287]] | [[Cystophora cristata]] | Cystophora cristata | 50 | | [[File:2016-klappmützemuseumkoenig.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cystophora]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 135 | [[:d:Q434197|Q434197]] | [[Mustela altaica]] | Mustela altaica | 50 | | [[File:Mountain Weasel (Mustela altaica).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 136 | [[:d:Q757265|Q757265]] | [[Viverra zibetha]] | Viverra zibetha | 50 | | [[File:Large Indian Civet, Viverra zibetha in Kaeng Krachan national park.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 137 | [[:d:Q626049|Q626049]] | [[Paguma larvata]] | Paguma larvata | 50 | | [[File:202309 Masked palm civet.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 138 | [[:d:Q832036|Q832036]] | [[Lycalopex gymnocercus]] | Lycalopex gymnocercus | 50 | specie de mammal | [[File:Leão baio.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 139 | [[:d:Q148462|Q148462]] | [[Nasua nasua]] | Nasua nasua | 50 | | [[File:N. nasua, Duisburg (DE) -- 2023 -- 0219.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 140 | [[:d:Q626027|Q626027]] | [[Crabeater seal]] | Lobodon carcinophaga | 49 | | [[File:Lobodon carcinophagus on sea ice (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lobodon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 141 | [[:d:Q695199|Q695199]] | [[Monachus schauinslandi]] | Monachus schauinslandi | 49 | | [[File:Monachus schauinslandi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Monachus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 142 | [[:d:Q732127|Q732127]] | [[Mustela eversmanii]] | Mustela eversmanii | 49 | | [[File:Mustela putorius (Turkestan polecat) fur skins.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 143 | [[:d:Q257432|Q257432]] | [[Lycalopex vetulus]] | Lycalopex vetulus | 49 | | [[File:Hoaryfox.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 144 | [[:d:Q263706|Q263706]] | [[Vulpes velox]] | Vulpes velox | 49 | | [[File:Swift Fox.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 145 | [[:d:Q722180|Q722180]] | [[Urocyon littoralis]] | Urocyon littoralis | 49 | | [[File:Urocyon littoralis pair.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 146 | [[:d:Q331850|Q331850]] | [[Atelocynus microtis]] | Atelocynus microtis | 49 | | [[File:Atelocynus microtis en Amazonie péruvienne.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Atelocynus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 147 | [[:d:Q466597|Q466597]] | [[Arctocephalus pusillus]] | Arctocephalus pusillus | 48 | | [[File:Arctocephalus pusillus (Cape fur seals).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctocephalus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 148 | [[:d:Q379732|Q379732]] | [[Zalophus californianus]] | Zalophus californianus | 48 | | [[File:Kalifornischer Seelöwe (Zalophus californianus), Territorialverhalten.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Zalophus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 149 | [[:d:Q742727|Q742727]] | [[Pusa caspica]] | Pusa caspica | 48 | | [[File:Caspian seal 03.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pusa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 150 | [[:d:Q368495|Q368495]] | [[Mephitis mephitis]] | Mephitis mephitis | 48 | | [[File:Striped Skunk (Mephitis mephitis) DSC 0030.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Mammiferos]] | [[Mephitis (taxon)|Mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 151 | [[:d:Q402885|Q402885]] | [[Mustela nigripes]] | Mustela nigripes | 48 | | [[File:Mustela nigripes 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[carnivoro]] | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 152 | [[:d:Q744382|Q744382]] | [[Arctonyx collaris]] | Arctonyx collaris | 48 | | [[File:Arctonyx collaris - Sterndale.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 153 | [[:d:Q631167|Q631167]] | [[Lycalopex fulvipes]] | Lycalopex fulvipes | 48 | | [[File:Zorro de Darwin.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 154 | [[:d:Q1419858|Q1419858]] | [[Catopuma]] | Catopuma | 48 | | [[File:Asian Golden cat.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 155 | [[:d:Q242358|Q242358]] | [[Panthera atrox]] | Panthera atrox | 48 | | [[File:Panthera Atrox.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 156 | [[:d:Q278912|Q278912]] | [[Acinonyx jubatus venaticus]] | Acinonyx jubatus venaticus | 48 | | [[File:Acinonyx jubatus venaticus 350833012.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[gepardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 157 | [[:d:Q261574|Q261574]] | [[Genetta genetta]] | Genetta genetta | 47 | | [[File:A female common genet in the dining room, Satao Camp (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 158 | [[:d:Q313166|Q313166]] | [[Weddell seal]] | Leptonychotes weddellii | 47 | | [[File:Mikkelsen Harbour-2016-Trinity Island (D'Hainaut Island)–Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) 02.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leptonychotes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 159 | [[:d:Q23121|Q23121]] | [[Mungos mungo]] | Mungos mungo | 47 | | [[File:171 Banded mongoose standing at sunset in Etosha National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 160 | [[:d:Q247774|Q247774]] | [[Eira barbara]] | Eira barbara | 47 | | [[File:Tayra - Male, Brazil.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eira]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 161 | [[:d:Q601913|Q601913]] | [[Lycalopex griseus]] | Lycalopex griseus | 47 | | [[File:South american grey fox (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 162 | [[:d:Q842467|Q842467]] | [[Lycalopex sechurae]] | Lycalopex sechurae | 47 | | [[File:Zorro costero (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 163 | [[:d:Q754992|Q754992]] | [[Nasua narica]] | Nasua narica | 47 | | [[File:194 White-nosed coati at the beach in Yucatán Photo by Giles Laurent (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 164 | [[:d:Q571449|Q571449]] | [[Arctocephalus gazella]] | Arctocephalus gazella | 46 | | [[File:Antarcticfurseal kinggeorgeisland.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctocephalus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 165 | [[:d:Q333649|Q333649]] | [[Otaria flavescens]] | Otaria flavescens | 46 | | [[File:Leon marino.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Otaria]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 166 | [[:d:Q431981|Q431981]] | [[Eumetopias jubatus]] | Eumetopias jubatus | 46 | | [[File:Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) on rocks.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eumetopias]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 167 | [[:d:Q847194|Q847194]] | [[Prionodon]] | Prionodon | 46 | | [[File:Prionodon pardicolor - Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology - DSC02486.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionodontinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 168 | [[:d:Q751763|Q751763]] | [[Lutra sumatrana]] | Lutra sumatrana | 46 | | [[File:Lutra sumatrana.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 169 | [[:d:Q327028|Q327028]] | [[Lontra canadensis]] | Lontra canadensis | 46 | | [[File:Quidi Vidi Lake (14802227372).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 170 | [[:d:Q729553|Q729553]] | [[Panthera pardus fusca]] | Panthera pardus fusca | 46 | | [[File:Indian leopard in Jawai Bandh April 2025 by Tisha Mukherjee 02.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 171 | [[:d:Q624310|Q624310]] | [[Canis lupus arabs]] | Canis lupus arabs | 46 | | [[File:Arabian wolf in Jordan.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 172 | [[:d:Q600530|Q600530]] | [[Herpestes javanicus]] | Herpestes javanicus | 45 | | [[File:Herpestes javanicus01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 173 | [[:d:Q1762710|Q1762710]] | [[Viverra]] | Viverra | 45 | | [[File:Viverra zibetha ras.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 174 | [[:d:Q7966|Q7966]] | [[Callorhinus ursinus]] | Callorhinus ursinus | 45 | | [[File:Callorhinus ursinus and harem.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Callorhinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 175 | [[:d:Q641742|Q641742]] | [[Eupleridae]] | Eupleridae | 44 | | [[File:Eupleridae.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestoidea]]<br/>[[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 176 | [[:d:Q494968|Q494968]] | [[Phoca largha]] | Phoca largha | 44 | | [[File:Spotted seal mother and pup in the Bering Sea.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoca (genere)|Phoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 177 | [[:d:Q1345042|Q1345042]] | [[Meles]] | Meles | 44 | | [[File:Meles (Genus).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Melinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 178 | [[:d:Q644224|Q644224]] | [[Lontra felina]] | Lontra felina | 44 | | [[File:Lfelina.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 179 | [[:d:Q729713|Q729713]] | [[Panthera pardus saxicolor]] | Panthera pardus saxicolor | 44 | | [[File:Persian Leopard sitting.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 180 | [[:d:Q855921|Q855921]] | [[Canis lupus pallipes]] | Canis lupus pallipes | 44 | | [[File:Genome Sequencing of a Gray Wolf from Peninsular India (2022) fig. 1A.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 181 | [[:d:Q938494|Q938494]] | [[Herpestes urva]] | Herpestes urva | 43 | | [[File:Herpestes urva - Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology - DSC02477.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 182 | [[:d:Q732544|Q732544]] | [[Cynictis penicillata]] | Cynictis penicillata | 43 | | [[File:082 Yellow mongoose in Khomas Region Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 183 | [[:d:Q432513|Q432513]] | [[Phocarctos hookeri]] | Phocarctos hookeri | 43 | | [[File:Big male New Zealand Sea Lion walking on the beach.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 184 | [[:d:Q600654|Q600654]] | [[Monachus tropicalis]] | Monachus tropicalis | 43 | | [[File:Cms-newyorkzoologicalsociety1910.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Monachus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 185 | [[:d:Q738191|Q738191]] | [[Urocyon]] | Urocyon | 43 | | [[File:Urocyon cinereoargenteus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]]<br/>[[Urocyonini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 186 | [[:d:Q148628|Q148628]] | [[Nasua]] | Nasua | 43 | | [[File:CoatiNosara.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 187 | [[:d:Q839828|Q839828]] | [[Lontra longicaudis]] | Lontra longicaudis | 43 | | [[File:Lontra longicaudis 2.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 188 | [[:d:Q46148|Q46148]] | [[Aonyx capensis]] | Aonyx capensis | 43 | | [[File:Cape Clawless Otter.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Aonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 189 | [[:d:Q525088|Q525088]] | [[Fossa fossana]] | Fossa fossana | 43 | | [[File:Spotted fanaloka (Fossa fossana).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Fossa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 190 | [[:d:Q39153|Q39153]] | [[Panthera pardus pardus]] | Panthera pardus pardus | 43 | | [[File:Leopard africa.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 191 | [[:d:Q475046|Q475046]] | [[Panthera pardus kotiya]] | Panthera pardus kotiya | 43 | | [[File:Sri Lankan leopard (Panthera pardus kotiya) female 5.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 192 | [[:d:Q839769|Q839769]] | [[Ursus arctos arctos]] | Ursus arctos arctos | 43 | | [[File:Майже воля.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 193 | [[:d:Q1043473|Q1043473]] | [[Arctocephalinae]] | Arctocephalinae | 42 | | [[File:Adult male Northern Fur Seal.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Otariidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 194 | [[:d:Q676454|Q676454]] | [[Monachus]] | Monachus | 42 | | [[File:Cms-newyorkzoologicalsociety1910.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Monachinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 195 | [[:d:Q756008|Q756008]] | [[Galictis]] | Galictis | 42 | | [[File:Galictis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonychinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 196 | [[:d:Q837610|Q837610]] | [[Ommatophoca rossii]] | Ommatophoca rossii | 42 | | [[File:Ommatophoca rossii (Ross Seal), off Wilkes Land, Antarctica 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ommatophoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 197 | [[:d:Q1366503|Q1366503]] | [[Melogale]] | Melogale | 42 | | [[File:Formosan ferret-badger in Shoushan Zoo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Helictidinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 198 | [[:d:Q602823|Q602823]] | [[Martes gwatkinsii]] | Martes gwatkinsii | 42 | | [[File:Nilgiri marten by N A Nazeer.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 199 | [[:d:Q2937805|Q2937805]] | [[Caracal]] | Caracal | 42 | | [[File:Caracal in South Africa - by Shaun MItchem.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 200 | [[:d:Q405403|Q405403]] | [[Procyon cancrivorus]] | Procyon cancrivorus | 42 | | [[File:Procyon cancrivorus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon (taxon)|Procyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 201 | [[:d:Q311417|Q311417]] | [[Leopardus pajeros]] | Leopardus pajeros | 42 | | [[File:Catpampaspajeros.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 202 | [[:d:Q376135|Q376135]] | [[Prionailurus bengalensis iriomotensis]] | Prionailurus bengalensis iriomotensis | 42 | | [[File:Iriomote cat 1 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus bengalensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 203 | [[:d:Q312207|Q312207]] | [[Herpestes]] | Herpestes | 41 | | [[File:Herpestes edwardsii at Hyderaba.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 204 | [[:d:Q649127|Q649127]] | [[Arctocephalus australis]] | Arctocephalus australis | 41 | | [[File:Lobo-marinho-sul-americano-Estação Ecológica Juréia-Itatins-Jufranfe(001).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctocephalus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 205 | [[:d:Q1777275|Q1777275]] | [[Lontra]] | Lontra | 41 | | [[File:LutraCanadensis fullres.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 206 | [[:d:Q744392|Q744392]] | [[Neophoca cinerea]] | Neophoca cinerea | 41 | | [[File:Neophoca cinerea-1.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neophoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 207 | [[:d:Q754895|Q754895]] | [[Histriophoca fasciata]] | Histriophoca fasciata | 41 | | [[File:Male Ribbon Sea Ozernoy Gulf Russia.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Histriophoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 208 | [[:d:Q132687|Q132687]] | [[Lycalopex]] | Lycalopex | 41 | | [[File:Genus pseudalopex.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 209 | [[:d:Q226735|Q226735]] | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | Ictonyx striatus | 41 | | [[File:Ictonyx striatus - Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria - Genoa, Italy - DSC02633.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 210 | [[:d:Q944893|Q944893]] | [[Ursus arctos isabellinus]] | Ursus arctos isabellinus | 41 | | [[File:Medvěd plavý (Ursus arctos isabellinus).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 211 | [[:d:Q27888|Q27888]] | [[Mustelinae]] | Mustelinae | 40 | | [[File:DirkvdM tayra.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 212 | [[:d:Q844643|Q844643]] | [[Arctocephalus tropicalis]] | Arctocephalus tropicalis | 40 | | [[File:Arctocephalus tropicalis CrozetIslands female.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctocephalus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 213 | [[:d:Q855597|Q855597]] | [[Atilax paludinosus]] | Atilax paludinosus | 40 | | [[File:Marsh mongoose or water mongoose, Atilax paludinosus, at Rietvlei Nature Reserve, Gauteng, South Africa (22548192738).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Atilax]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 214 | [[:d:Q1052830|Q1052830]] | [[Martes melampus]] | Martes melampus | 40 | | [[File:202310 Japanese marten.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 215 | [[:d:Q842799|Q842799]] | [[Prionodon linsang]] | Prionodon linsang | 40 | | [[File:Prionodon linsang - Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria - Genoa, Italy - DSC02704.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionodon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 216 | [[:d:Q1414665|Q1414665]] | [[Paradoxurus jerdoni]] | Paradoxurus jerdoni | 40 | | [[File:Brown palm civet.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 217 | [[:d:Q389266|Q389266]] | [[Viverra civettina]] | Viverra civettina | 40 | | [[File:Malabar large-spotted civet (Viverra civettina) DSCN2359.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 218 | [[:d:Q541053|Q541053]] | [[Cynogale bennettii]] | Cynogale bennettii | 40 | | [[File:Mampalon (Cynogale Bennettii).png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 219 | [[:d:Q577677|Q577677]] | [[Hydrictis maculicollis]] | Hydrictis maculicollis | 40 | | [[File:Spotted-necked otter 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hydrictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 220 | [[:d:Q719949|Q719949]] | [[Panthera pardus nimr]] | Panthera pardus nimr | 40 | | [[File:Arabian Leopard Panthera pardus nimr in Sharjah Photo Prof Dr Norman Ali Khalaf.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 221 | [[:d:Q695431|Q695431]] | [[Ursus arctos crowtheri]] | Ursus arctos crowtheri | 40 | | [[File:Atlasbear.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 222 | [[:d:Q20744349|Q20744349]] | [[Canis anthus]] | Canis anthus | 40 | | [[File:Grey jackal from Haizer Algeria 10 (cropped).jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 223 | [[:d:Q832379|Q832379]] | [[Arctocephalus forsteri]] | Arctocephalus forsteri | 39 | | [[File:Seal 0906.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctocephalus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 224 | [[:d:Q2670845|Q2670845]] | [[Musteloidea]] | Musteloidea | 39 | | [[File:Mustela frenata.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 225 | [[:d:Q840714|Q840714]] | [[Lontra provocax]] | Lontra provocax | 39 | | [[File:Lontra provocax.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 226 | [[:d:Q332414|Q332414]] | [[Melogale moschata]] | Melogale moschata | 39 | | [[File:Melogale moschata (Ferret badger) fur skin.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 227 | [[:d:Q754393|Q754393]] | [[Hemigalus derbyanus]] | Hemigalus derbyanus | 39 | | [[File:Banded Palm Civet.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hemigalus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 228 | [[:d:Q842805|Q842805]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata | 39 | | [[File:Small-toothed Palm Civet (Arctogalidia trivirgata stigmatica) (8076736823) (cut).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 229 | [[:d:Q839509|Q839509]] | [[Ursus arctos syriacus]] | Ursus arctos syriacus | 39 | | [[File:Ursus arctos syriacus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Ursidae]] | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 230 | [[:d:Q531300|Q531300]] | [[Canis lupus baileyi]] | Canis lupus baileyi | 39 | | [[File:Mexican Wolf 2 yfb-edit 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 231 | [[:d:Q571618|Q571618]] | [[Arctocephalus galapagoensis]] | Arctocephalus galapagoensis | 38 | | [[File:Galapagos Fur Seal, Santiago Island.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctocephalus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 232 | [[:d:Q43230|Q43230]] | [[Genetta tigrina]] | Genetta tigrina | 38 | | [[File:Large-spotted Genet (Genetta tigrina) (17356502041) (crop).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 233 | [[:d:Q673700|Q673700]] | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | Galerella sanguinea | 38 | | [[File:Galerella sanguinea Zoo Praha 2011-2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 234 | [[:d:Q947395|Q947395]] | [[short-tailed mongoose]] | Herpestes brachyurus | 38 | | [[File:Herpestes brachyurus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 235 | [[:d:Q46144|Q46144]] | [[Mustela kathiah]] | Mustela kathiah | 38 | | [[File:Mustela kathiah.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 236 | [[:d:Q1344102|Q1344102]] | [[Prionodon pardicolor]] | Prionodon pardicolor | 38 | | [[File:Prionodon pardicolor - Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology - DSC02486.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionodon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 237 | [[:d:Q743563|Q743563]] | [[Helogale parvula]] | Helogale parvula | 38 | | [[File:Helogale parvula 4 (Piotr Kuczynski).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Helogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 238 | [[:d:Q922292|Q922292]] | [[Viverra megaspila]] | Viverra megaspila | 38 | | [[File:Viverra megaspila ras.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 239 | [[:d:Q966901|Q966901]] | [[Viverra tangalunga]] | Viverra tangalunga | 38 | | [[File:Malay civet.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 240 | [[:d:Q1576038|Q1576038]] | [[Meles anakuma]] | Meles anakuma | 38 | | [[File:202309 Japanese badger.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 241 | [[:d:Q852756|Q852756]] | [[Poecilogale albinucha]] | Poecilogale albinucha | 38 | | [[File:Whitenapedweasellg2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Poecilogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 242 | [[:d:Q838840|Q838840]] | [[Bassariscus sumichrasti]] | Bassariscus sumichrasti | 38 | | [[File:Bassariscus sumichrasti geo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bassariscus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 243 | [[:d:Q133763|Q133763]] | [[Leopardus braccatus]] | Leopardus braccatus | 38 | | [[File:Novos mamíferos são as atrações do mês no Jardim Zoológico.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 244 | [[:d:Q841950|Q841950]] | [[Panthera pardus melas]] | Panthera pardus melas | 38 | | [[File:Panthera pardus close up.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 245 | [[:d:Q848780|Q848780]] | [[Arctocephalus philippii]] | Arctocephalus philippii | 37 | | [[File:Arctocephalus philippii 368442243 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctocephalus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 246 | [[:d:Q887918|Q887918]] | [[Paradoxurus]] | Paradoxurus | 37 | | [[File:Marapatti.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 247 | [[:d:Q840036|Q840036]] | [[Zalophus japonicus]] | Zalophus japonicus | 37 | | [[File:Zalophus japonicus.JPG|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Zalophus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 248 | [[:d:Q1417638|Q1417638]] | [[Hyaena]] | Hyaena | 37 | | [[File:Striped Hyena 5.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hyaeninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 249 | [[:d:Q283426|Q283426]] | [[Galictis vittata]] | Galictis vittata | 37 | | [[File:Greater grison.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 250 | [[:d:Q932176|Q932176]] | [[Canis lupus albus]] | Canis lupus albus | 37 | | [[File:Волк 3.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 251 | [[:d:Q17700|Q17700]] | [[Lutreola]] | Lutreola | 36 | | [[File:Mink.jpg|center|48px]] | [[organisms known by a particular common name]]<br/>[[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 252 | [[:d:Q221088|Q221088]] | [[Arctocephalus townsendi]] | Arctocephalus townsendi | 36 | | [[File:Arctocephalus townsendi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctocephalus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 253 | [[:d:Q998769|Q998769]] | [[Zalophus wollebaeki]] | Zalophus wollebaeki | 36 | | [[File:Galapagos, sea-lion, female (by Casey Klebba).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Zalophus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 254 | [[:d:Q1142024|Q1142024]] | [[Mustela strigidorsa]] | Mustela strigidorsa | 36 | | [[File:Mustela strigidorsa.gif|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 255 | [[:d:Q728454|Q728454]] | [[Meles leucurus]] | Meles leucurus | 36 | | [[File:Азиатский барсук (Meles leucurus).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 256 | [[:d:Q181565|Q181565]] | [[Eupleres goudotii]] | Eupleres goudotii | 36 | | [[File:EupleresGoudotiSmit.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eupleres]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 257 | [[:d:Q559050|Q559050]] | [[Diplogale hosei]] | Diplogale hosei | 36 | | [[File:HemigaleHoseiSmit.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Diplogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 258 | [[:d:Q612589|Q612589]] | [[Macrogalidia musschenbroekii]] | Macrogalidia musschenbroekii | 36 | | [[File:Macrogalidia musschenbroekii.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Macrogalidia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 259 | [[:d:Q651814|Q651814]] | [[Procyon pygmaeus]] | Procyon pygmaeus | 36 | | [[File:Cozumel Raccoon2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon (taxon)|Procyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 260 | [[:d:Q1425180|Q1425180]] | [[Bassaricyon]] | Bassaricyon | 36 | | [[File:Illustrations of the species of Bassaricyon.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Potosinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 261 | [[:d:Q918089|Q918089]] | [[Bassaricyon gabbii]] | Bassaricyon gabbii | 36 | | [[File:Bassaricyon gabbii.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bassaricyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 262 | [[:d:Q208079|Q208079]] | [[Canis adustus]] | Canis adustus | 36 | | [[File:Side-striped Jackal.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 263 | [[:d:Q898061|Q898061]] | [[Canis lupus lupus]] | Canis lupus lupus | 36 | | [[File:Loup 13 copie.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 264 | [[:d:Q43226|Q43226]] | [[Genetta abyssinica]] | Genetta abyssinica | 35 | | [[File:Neue Wirbelthiere zu der Fauna von Abyssinien gehörig (1835) Genetta abyssinica.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 265 | [[:d:Q735968|Q735968]] | [[Herpestes vitticollis]] | Herpestes vitticollis | 35 | | [[File:2007-stripe-necked-mongoose.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 266 | [[:d:Q1535110|Q1535110]] | [[Herpestes fuscus]] | Herpestes fuscus | 35 | | [[File:Indian Brown Mongoose.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 267 | [[:d:Q776652|Q776652]] | [[Arctocephalus]] | Arctocephalus | 35 | | [[File:Arctocephalus forsteri.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Otariidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 268 | [[:d:Q906945|Q906945]] | [[Ichneumia albicauda]] | Ichneumia albicauda | 35 | | [[File:White-tailed mongoose (Ichneumia albicauda), crop.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ichneumia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 269 | [[:d:Q902901|Q902901]] | [[Ailuridae]] | Ailuridae | 35 | | [[File:Red Panda.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Musteloidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 270 | [[:d:Q240167|Q240167]] | [[Mustela lutreolina]] | Mustela lutreolina | 35 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 271 | [[:d:Q238561|Q238561]] | [[Galictis cuja]] | Galictis cuja | 35 | | [[File:Galictis cuja 365111146.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 272 | [[:d:Q518580|Q518580]] | [[Galidia elegans]] | Galidia elegans | 35 | | [[File:Ring-tailed vontsira (Galidia elegans) 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galidia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 273 | [[:d:Q583627|Q583627]] | [[Neovison macrodon]] | Neovison macrodon | 35 | | [[File:Neovison macrodon.png|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Neovison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 274 | [[:d:Q301014|Q301014]] | [[Chrotogale owstoni]] | Chrotogale owstoni | 35 | | [[File:Chrotogale owstoni PWP.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Chrotogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 275 | [[:d:Q375750|Q375750]] | [[Canis lupus hodophilax]] | Canis lupus hodophilax | 35 | | [[File:Japanese Wolf.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 276 | [[:d:Q688635|Q688635]] | [[Conepatus semistriatus]] | Conepatus semistriatus | 34 | | [[File:Conepatus semistriatus - Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria - Genoa, Italy - DSC02689.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 277 | [[:d:Q747238|Q747238]] | [[Conepatus humboldtii]] | Conepatus humboldtii | 34 | | [[File:Brehms Het Leven der Dieren Zoogdieren Orde 4 Surilho (Mephitis suffocans).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 278 | [[:d:Q307105|Q307105]] | [[Spilogale putorius]] | Spilogale putorius | 34 | | [[File:Spilogale putorius (2).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 279 | [[:d:Q570548|Q570548]] | [[Mydaus javanensis]] | Mydaus javanensis | 34 | | [[File:Mydaus javanensis lucifer 236799987.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mydaus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 280 | [[:d:Q971191|Q971191]] | [[Spilogale gracilis]] | Spilogale gracilis | 34 | | [[File:Spilogale gracilis amphiala.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 281 | [[:d:Q921373|Q921373]] | [[Ictonyx]] | Ictonyx | 34 | | [[File:Striped polecat.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonychinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 282 | [[:d:Q909694|Q909694]] | [[Mustela nudipes]] | Mustela nudipes | 34 | | [[File:Mustela nudipes.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 283 | [[:d:Q844662|Q844662]] | [[Melogale personata]] | Melogale personata | 34 | | [[File:Melogale personata (illustration).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 284 | [[:d:Q853294|Q853294]] | [[Lyncodon patagonicus]] | Lyncodon patagonicus | 34 | | [[File:Lyncodon patagonicus1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lyncodon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 285 | [[:d:Q2900104|Q2900104]] | [[Nyctereutes]] | Nyctereutes | 34 | | [[File:Nyctereutes.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 286 | [[:d:Q188944|Q188944]] | [[Canis mesomelas]] | Canis mesomelas | 34 | | [[File:2012-bb-jackal-1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 287 | [[:d:Q525781|Q525781]] | [[Ursus americanus kermodei]] | Ursus americanus kermodei | 34 | | [[File:Spiritbear.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[plantigrade]] | [[Ursus americanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 288 | [[:d:Q677746|Q677746]] | [[Canis lupus lycaon]] | Canis lupus lycaon | 34 | | [[File:Eastern wolf in Algonquin Provincial Park 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 289 | [[:d:Q837741|Q837741]] | [[Canis lupus hattai]] | Canis lupus hattai | 34 | | [[File:Yezo wolf at Hokkaido University.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 290 | [[:d:Q11846972|Q11846972]] | [[Poiana]] | Poiana | 33 | genere de mammiferos | [[File:African linsang 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverridae]]<br/>[[Viverrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 291 | [[:d:Q490248|Q490248]] | [[Conepatus chinga]] | Conepatus chinga | 33 | | [[File:Chingue (Conepatus chinga) Inao Vásquez 001.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 292 | [[:d:Q1291566|Q1291566]] | [[Aonyx]] | Aonyx | 33 | | [[File:Zagreb Zoo small-clawed otter 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 293 | [[:d:Q1293310|Q1293310]] | [[Galerella pulverulenta]] | Galerella pulverulenta | 33 | | [[File:Cape Gray Mongoose on Lion's Head (29813836777).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 294 | [[:d:Q1968383|Q1968383]] | [[Herpestes smithii]] | Herpestes smithii | 33 | | [[File:Ruddy-mongoose.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 295 | [[:d:Q922103|Q922103]] | [[Mydaus marchei]] | Mydaus marchei | 33 | | [[File:Mydaus marchei Palawan stink badger Huet 1887.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mydaus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 296 | [[:d:Q1017414|Q1017414]] | [[Bdeogale crassicauda]] | Bdeogale crassicauda | 33 | | [[File:Bushy-tailed mongoose - Snapshot Safari Ruaha1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bdeogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 297 | [[:d:Q1482221|Q1482221]] | [[Bdeogale nigripes]] | Bdeogale nigripes | 33 | | [[File:Bdeogale nigripes Pucheran,1855 Holotype MNHN-ZM-MO-1854-1282.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bdeogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 298 | [[:d:Q790653|Q790653]] | [[Salanoia concolor]] | Salanoia concolor | 33 | | [[File:Galidia olivacea Geoffroy.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Salanoia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 299 | [[:d:Q778615|Q778615]] | [[Machairodontinae]] | Machairodontinae | 33 | | [[File:Smilodon.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 300 | [[:d:Q2474088|Q2474088]] | [[Caninae]] | Caninae | 33 | | [[File:Caninae (Canini, Vulpini, Urocyon).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 301 | [[:d:Q628006|Q628006]] | [[Mustela itatsi]] | Mustela itatsi | 33 | | [[File:202310 Japanese weasel.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 302 | [[:d:Q912020|Q912020]] | [[Melogale orientalis]] | Melogale orientalis | 33 | | [[File:Melogale orientalis sundaicus 60531978 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 303 | [[:d:Q947671|Q947671]] | [[Crossarchus obscurus]] | Crossarchus obscurus | 33 | | [[File:Crossarchus obscurus Plzen zoo 02.2011.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Crossarchus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 304 | [[:d:Q185677|Q185677]] | [[Mungotictis decemlineata]] | Mungotictis decemlineata | 33 | | [[File:Schmalstreifenmungo.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungotictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 305 | [[:d:Q1537751|Q1537751]] | [[Dologale dybowskii]] | Dologale dybowskii | 33 | | [[File:Dologale Dybowskii - Chinko Project Area - 20120516.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Dologale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 306 | [[:d:Q535979|Q535979]] | [[Ailuropoda]] | Ailuropoda | 33 | | [[File:Giant Panda 2004-03-2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursidae]]<br/>[[Ailuropodinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 307 | [[:d:Q153061|Q153061]] | [[Panthera pardus delacouri]] | Panthera pardus delacouri | 33 | | [[File:Indochinese leopard.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 308 | [[:d:Q932079|Q932079]] | [[Ursus arctos beringianus]] | Ursus arctos beringianus | 33 | | [[File:Brown-bear-in-spring.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 309 | [[:d:Q1997493|Q1997493]] | [[Ursus arctos pruinosus]] | Ursus arctos pruinosus | 33 | | [[File:Oji zoo, Kobe, Japan (6631356045).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 310 | [[:d:Q1188023|Q1188023]] | [[Canis lupus italicus]] | Canis lupus italicus | 33 | | [[File:C. l. italicus in MNP.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 311 | [[:d:Q1154492|Q1154492]] | [[Spilogale]] | Spilogale | 32 | | [[File:Spilogale gracilis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitidae|Moffetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 312 | [[:d:Q43214|Q43214]] | [[Genetta maculata]] | Genetta maculata | 32 | | [[File:Rusty-spotted Genet (Genetta maculata) (32484079077).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 313 | [[:d:Q43215|Q43215]] | [[Genetta johnstoni]] | Genetta johnstoni | 32 | | [[File:PZSL1907Plate54 (crop, genets of Nigeria).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 314 | [[:d:Q43217|Q43217]] | [[Genetta angolensis]] | Genetta angolensis | 32 | | [[File:Genetta angolensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 315 | [[:d:Q43222|Q43222]] | [[Genetta piscivora]] | Genetta piscivora | 32 | | [[File:Genetta piscivora.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 316 | [[:d:Q267305|Q267305]] | [[Herpestes semitorquatus]] | Herpestes semitorquatus | 32 | | [[File:Herpestes semitorquatus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 317 | [[:d:Q135437653|Q135437653]] | [[Pusa saimensis]] | Pusa saimensis | 32 | | [[File:Pusa hispida saimensis 304551354.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pusa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 318 | [[:d:Q1068616|Q1068616]] | [[Mephitis macroura]] | Mephitis macroura | 32 | | [[File:Hooded Skunk side (Gelsenkirchen).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis (taxon)|Mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 319 | [[:d:Q981308|Q981308]] | [[Crossarchus]] | Crossarchus | 32 | | [[File:Cusimanse.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungosinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 320 | [[:d:Q307068|Q307068]] | [[Helogale hirtula]] | Helogale hirtula | 32 | | [[File:Helogale hirtula 230649079.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Helogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 321 | [[:d:Q690765|Q690765]] | [[Melogale everetti]] | Melogale everetti | 32 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 322 | [[:d:Q1164873|Q1164873]] | [[Panthera gombaszoegensis]] | Panthera gombaszoegensis | 32 | | [[File:Panthera toscana.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 323 | [[:d:Q7395585|Q7395585]] | [[Panthera spelaea]] | Panthera spelaea | 32 | | [[File:Panthera leo spelaea in Vienna.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 324 | [[:d:Q688655|Q688655]] | [[Bassaricyon alleni]] | Bassaricyon alleni | 32 | | [[File:Bassaricyon alleni.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bassaricyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 325 | [[:d:Q716620|Q716620]] | [[Neofelis nebulosa brachyura]] | Neofelis nebulosa brachyura | 32 | | [[File:LeopardusBrachyurusWolf.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neofelis nebulosa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 326 | [[:d:Q1507049|Q1507049]] | [[Mydaus]] | Mydaus | 31 | | [[File:Mydaus javanensis lucifer 236799987.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitidae|Moffetta]]<br/>[[Mydainae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 327 | [[:d:Q135911|Q135911]] | [[Zalophus]] | Zalophus | 31 | | [[File:Lion de mer Amnéville 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Otariidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 328 | [[:d:Q189978|Q189978]] | [[Poiana richardsonii]] | Poiana richardsonii | 31 | | [[File:Em - Poiana richardsonii 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Poiana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 329 | [[:d:Q1516758|Q1516758]] | [[Spilogale angustifrons]] | Spilogale angustifrons | 31 | | [[File:Southern spotted skunk.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 330 | [[:d:Q906970|Q906970]] | [[Galidictis fasciata]] | Galidictis fasciata | 31 | | [[File:Galidictis fasciata.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galidictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 331 | [[:d:Q244233|Q244233]] | [[Helogale]] | Helogale | 31 | | [[File:Bristol.zoo.dwarf.mongoose.arp.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungosinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 332 | [[:d:Q254223|Q254223]] | [[Mustela subpalmata]] | Mustela subpalmata | 31 | | [[File:The contemporary land mammals of Egypt (including Sinai) (1980) Fig. 124.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 333 | [[:d:Q1139935|Q1139935]] | [[Crocuta crocuta spelaea]] | Crocuta crocuta spelaea | 31 | | [[File:Crocuta crocuta spelea Cueva de los Moros.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Crocuta crocuta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 334 | [[:d:Q1464840|Q1464840]] | [[Mungos gambianus]] | Mungos gambianus | 31 | | [[File:The carnivores of West Africa BHL8726423, Mungos gambianus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 335 | [[:d:Q30223|Q30223]] | [[Vulpini]] | Vulpini | 31 | | [[File:Vulpini.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 336 | [[:d:Q132606|Q132606]] | [[Homotherium]] | Homotherium | 31 | | [[File:Homotherium latidens cub mummy fig2 (cropped).webp|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Homotherini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 337 | [[:d:Q844216|Q844216]] | [[Ursus arctos nelsoni]] | Ursus arctos nelsoni | 31 | | [[File:Mexico grizzlies.png|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 338 | [[:d:Q1068694|Q1068694]] | [[Canis lupus signatus]] | lobo de punta de nabo | 31 | | [[File:Iberian Wolf AdF 001.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 339 | [[:d:Q266883|Q266883]] | [[Canis lupus chanco]] | Canis lupus chanco | 31 | | [[File:Canis lupus chanco1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 340 | [[:d:Q934487|Q934487]] | [[Conepatus leuconotus]] | Conepatus leuconotus | 30 | | [[File:Conepatus leuconotus leuconotus 843835.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 341 | [[:d:Q43207|Q43207]] | [[Genetta thierryi]] | Genetta thierryi | 30 | | [[File:Genetta thierryi Plzen zoo 02.2011.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 342 | [[:d:Q43213|Q43213]] | [[Genetta pardina]] | Genetta pardina | 30 | | [[File:Genetta pardina.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 343 | [[:d:Q1757286|Q1757286]] | [[Rhynchogale melleri]] | Rhynchogale melleri | 30 | | [[File:Smit.m.rhinogale.melleri.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Rhynchogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 344 | [[:d:Q1583150|Q1583150]] | [[Bdeogale jacksoni]] | Bdeogale jacksoni | 30 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bdeogale]]<br/>[[Galeriscus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 345 | [[:d:Q30772|Q30772]] | [[Ictonyx libyca]] | Ictonyx libyca | 30 | | [[File:Ictonyx libyca multivittata.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 346 | [[:d:Q559044|Q559044]] | [[Paradoxurus zeylonensis]] | Paradoxurus zeylonensis | 30 | | [[File:Golden palm civet, a mammal endemic to Sri Lanka at Peak Wilderness Sanctuary.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 347 | [[:d:Q791240|Q791240]] | [[Bassariscus]] | Bassariscus | 30 | | [[File:Bassariscus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 348 | [[:d:Q541756|Q541756]] | [[Crossarchus ansorgei]] | Crossarchus ansorgei | 30 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Crossarchus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 349 | [[:d:Q1542671|Q1542671]] | [[Crossarchus alexandri]] | Crossarchus alexandri | 30 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Crossarchus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 350 | [[:d:Q1421926|Q1421926]] | [[Liberiictis kuhni]] | Liberiictis kuhni | 30 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Liberiictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 351 | [[:d:Q125814326|Q125814326]] | [[Lupulella mesomelas]] | Lupulella mesomelas | 30 | | [[File:2012-bb-jackal-1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lupulella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 352 | [[:d:Q125815593|Q125815593]] | [[Lupulella adusta]] | Lupulella adusta | 30 | | [[File:Side-striped Jackal.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lupulella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 353 | [[:d:Q776670|Q776670]] | [[Puma concolor coryi]] | Puma concolor coryi | 30 | | [[File:Everglades National Park Florida Panther.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma|Puma concolor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 354 | [[:d:Q838517|Q838517]] | [[Panthera pardus japonensis]] | Panthera pardus japonensis | 30 | | [[File:Panthera pardus japonensis JdP.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 355 | [[:d:Q716455|Q716455]] | [[Ursus thibetanus formosanus]] | Ursus thibetanus formosanus | 30 | | [[File:Formosan Black Bear.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus thibetanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 356 | [[:d:Q3278878|Q3278878]] | [[Ursus arctos lasiotus]] | Ursus arctos lasiotus | 30 | | [[File:Ussuri Brown Bear Noboribetsu 2019.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 357 | [[:d:Q3116028|Q3116028]] | [[Canis lupus occidentalis]] | Canis lupus occidentalis | 30 | | [[File:Wolf in Yellowstone National Park NPS15047.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 358 | [[:d:Q1095105|Q1095105]] | [[Paradoxurinae]] | Paradoxurinae | 29 | | [[File:Binturong in Overloon.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 359 | [[:d:Q1145450|Q1145450]] | [[Conepatus]] | Conepatus | 29 | | [[File:Hog-nosed-skunk.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitidae|Moffetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 360 | [[:d:Q43223|Q43223]] | [[Genetta cristata]] | Genetta cristata | 29 | | [[File:Genetta-cristata-rose.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 361 | [[:d:Q764948|Q764948]] | [[Herpestes naso]] | Herpestes naso | 29 | | [[File:Long-nosed mongoose (without bg).png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 362 | [[:d:Q944417|Q944417]] | [[Paracynictis selousi]] | Paracynictis selousi | 29 | | [[File:Paracynictis selousi Smit.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paracynictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 363 | [[:d:Q1968390|Q1968390]] | [[Poiana leightoni]] | Poiana leightoni | 29 | | [[File:1907Plate54 (crop, genets of Nigeria) Poiana leightoni.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[recombination]] | | [[Poiana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 364 | [[:d:Q243939|Q243939]] | [[Spilogale pygmaea]] | Spilogale pygmaea | 29 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 365 | [[:d:Q131697|Q131697]] | [[Salanoia durrelli]] | Salanoia durrelli | 29 | | [[File:Alaotra carnivore credit Fidimalala Bruno Ralainasolo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Salanoia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 366 | [[:d:Q135914|Q135914]] | [[Mungos]] | Mungos | 29 | | [[File:Mongoosecotswoldwildlifepark.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungosinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 367 | [[:d:Q149398|Q149398]] | [[Nasuella olivacea]] | Nasuella olivacea | 29 | | [[File:Nasua olivacea 112082177.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasuella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 368 | [[:d:Q2626037|Q2626037]] | [[Arctodus]] | Arctodus | 29 | | [[File:Arctodus simus Page.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Tremarctinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 369 | [[:d:Q956107|Q956107]] | [[leopon]] | Panthera pardus × Panthera leo | 29 | | [[File:Leopon04.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[hybrid]] | [[Panthera hybrid]] | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 370 | [[:d:Q221247|Q221247]] | [[Panthera leo melanochaitus]] | Panthera leo melanochaitus | 29 | | [[File:Cape Lion.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 371 | [[:d:Q2089056|Q2089056]] | [[Ursus maritimus × Ursus arctos]] | Ursus maritimus × Ursus arctos / Ursus arctos × maritimus | 29 | | [[File:Grolar.JPG|center|48px]] | [[hybrid]]<br/>[[taxon]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 372 | [[:d:Q1533533|Q1533533]] | [[Ursus arctos gobiensis]] | Ursus arctos gobiensis | 29 | | [[File:Ursus arctos gobiensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 373 | [[:d:Q131889|Q131889]] | [[Nimravidae]] | Nimravidae | 28 | | [[File:Hoplophoneus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 374 | [[:d:Q2292156|Q2292156]] | [[Odobenidae]] | Odobenidae | 28 | | [[File:Noaa-walrus22.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caniformia]]<br/>[[Pinnipedia]]<br/>[[Otarioidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 375 | [[:d:Q43211|Q43211]] | [[Genetta servalina]] | Genetta servalina | 28 | | [[File:Archives du Muséum d'histoire naturelle (1836) (19703830134).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 376 | [[:d:Q2122042|Q2122042]] | [[Lutra nippon]] | Lutra nippon | 28 | | [[File:Lutra nippon.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 377 | [[:d:Q912339|Q912339]] | [[Galidictis grandidieri]] | Galidictis grandidieri | 28 | | [[File:Mungo1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galidictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 378 | [[:d:Q134690|Q134690]] | [[Pardofelis]] | Pardofelis | 28 | | [[File:Lydekker - Marbled Cat.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 379 | [[:d:Q132036|Q132036]] | [[Proailurus]] | Proailurus | 28 | | [[File:Proailurus lemanensis skull.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Proailurinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 380 | [[:d:Q16590235|Q16590235]] | [[Leopardus guttulus]] | Leopardus guttulus | 28 | | [[File:Leopardus guttulus-REBIO Municipal da Serra do Japi-Marcelo Figueiroa(001).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]]<br/>[[Oncifelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 381 | [[:d:Q1274400|Q1274400]] | [[Machairodus]] | Machairodus | 28 | | [[File:Machairodus giganteus 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 382 | [[:d:Q280189|Q280189]] | [[leopardo de Zanzibar]] | Panthera pardus adersi | 28 | | [[File:Zanzibar Leopard 2.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 383 | [[:d:Q1061290|Q1061290]] | [[Canis lupus campestris]] | Canis lupus campestris | 28 | | [[File:Wolf on alert.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 384 | [[:d:Q198350|Q198350]] | [[Viverrinae]] | Viverrinae | 27 | | [[File:AfricanCivet.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 385 | [[:d:Q1546563|Q1546563]] | [[Bdeogale]] | Bdeogale | 27 | | [[File:Bdeogale crassicauda.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 386 | [[:d:Q41133|Q41133]] | [[Genetta victoriae]] | Genetta victoriae | 27 | | [[File:GenettaVictoriaeSmit.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 387 | [[:d:Q43208|Q43208]] | [[Genetta bourloni]] | Genetta bourloni | 27 | | [[File:Genetta bourloni.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 388 | [[:d:Q43209|Q43209]] | [[Genetta poensis]] | Genetta poensis | 27 | | [[File:PZSL1907Plate54 (crop, genets of Nigeria).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 389 | [[:d:Q1426206|Q1426206]] | [[Crossarchus platycephalus]] | Crossarchus platycephalus | 27 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Crossarchus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 390 | [[:d:Q133364|Q133364]] | [[Dinofelis]] | Dinofelis | 27 | | [[File:Dinofelis barlowi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Metailurini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 391 | [[:d:Q754336|Q754336]] | [[Panthera pardus tulliana]] | Panthera pardus tulliana | 27 | | [[File:Persian Leopard sitting.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 392 | [[:d:Q2468673|Q2468673]] | [[Canis himalayensis]] | Canis himalayensis | 27 | | [[File:Wolf.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 393 | [[:d:Q118979|Q118979]] | [[Galerella]] | Galerella | 26 | | [[File:Slender Mongoose (Galerella sanguinea) (6026100674).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 394 | [[:d:Q2299553|Q2299553]] | [[Galerella ochracea]] | Galerella ochracea | 26 | | [[File:HerpestesOchraceusWolf.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 395 | [[:d:Q337197|Q337197]] | [[Tremarctinae]] | Tremarctinae | 26 | | [[File:Spectacled Bear Tennoji 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 396 | [[:d:Q511072|Q511072]] | [[Panthera leo fossilis]] | Panthera fossilis | 26 | | [[File:Panthera fossilis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 397 | [[:d:Q1541406|Q1541406]] | [[Panthera tigris trinilensis]] | Panthera tigris trinilensis | 26 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 398 | [[:d:Q670959|Q670959]] | [[Panthera pardus panthera]] | Panthera pardus panthera | 26 | | [[File:The last barbary leopard.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 399 | [[:d:Q683207|Q683207]] | [[Arctodus simus]] | Arctodus simus | 26 | | [[File:ArctodusSimusSkeleton.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Arctodus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 400 | [[:d:Q122835073|Q122835073]] | [[Nyctereutes viverrinus]] | Nyctereutes viverrinus | 26 | | [[File:Tanuki in Higashiyama Zoo - 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nyctereutes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 401 | [[:d:Q576039|Q576039]] | [[Canis lupus tundrarum]] | Canis lupus tundrarum | 26 | | [[File:Canis lupus tundrarum Lobo Park.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 402 | [[:d:Q3235669|Q3235669]] | [[Arctoidea]] | Arctoidea | 25 | | [[File:Procyon lotor 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caniformia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 403 | [[:d:Q258485|Q258485]] | [[Salanoia]] | Salanoia | 25 | | [[File:Galidia olivacea Geoffroy.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Galidiinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 404 | [[:d:Q690677|Q690677]] | [[Galidictis]] | Galidictis | 25 | | [[File:Mungo1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galidiinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 405 | [[:d:Q1137422|Q1137422]] | [[Mustela africana]] | Mustela africana | 25 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 406 | [[:d:Q7901176|Q7901176]] | [[Ursinae]] | Ursinae | 25 | | [[File:Bär Züri.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 407 | [[:d:Q468586|Q468586]] | [[Miracinonyx]] | Miracinonyx | 25 | | [[File:Miracinonyx (american cheetah).png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 408 | [[:d:Q2164570|Q2164570]] | [[Lynx lynx balcanicus]] | Lynx lynx balcanicus | 25 | | [[File:Balkan Lynx (Lynx lynx martinoi).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx lynx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 409 | [[:d:Q2089426|Q2089426]] | [[Ursus arctos collaris]] | Ursus arctos collaris | 25 | | [[File:Ucollaris.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 410 | [[:d:Q2360936|Q2360936]] | [[Ursus arctos marsicanus]] | Ursus arctos marsicanus | 25 | | [[File:Passeggiando semplicemente.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 411 | [[:d:Q11954112|Q11954112]] | [[Ursus thibetanus laniger]] | Ursus thibetanus laniger | 25 | | [[File:Himalayan bear.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus thibetanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 412 | [[:d:Q46605397|Q46605397]] | [[Aonyx congicus]] | Aonyx congicus | 24 | | [[File:Mazu from Congo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Aonyx]]<br/>[[Aonyx capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 413 | [[:d:Q2164369|Q2164369]] | [[Acinonyx jubatus hecki]] | Acinonyx jubatus hecki | 24 | | [[File:Acinonyx jubatus ssp. hecki in Idlès 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[gepardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 414 | [[:d:Q2620076|Q2620076]] | [[Felis silvestris caucasica]] | Felis silvestris caucasica | 24 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 415 | [[:d:Q2562912|Q2562912]] | [[Ailuropoda melanoleuca qinlingensis]] | Ailuropoda melanoleuca qinlingensis | 24 | | [[File:Ailuropoda melanoleuca qinlingensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ailuropoda melanoleuca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 416 | [[:d:Q718688|Q718688]] | [[Canis lupus nubilus]] | Canis lupus nubilus | 24 | | [[File:Lobo wolf 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 417 | [[:d:Q10328397|Q10328397]] | [[Melinae]] | Melinae | 23 | | [[File:Badger 25-07-09 closer.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 418 | [[:d:Q1088569|Q1088569]] | [[Galidiinae]] | Galidiinae | 23 | | [[File:Ring-tailed vontsira (Galidia elegans) 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eupleridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 419 | [[:d:Q139110|Q139110]] | [[Amphicyon]] | Amphicyon | 23 | | [[File:Amphicyon ingens White Background.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 420 | [[:d:Q133084|Q133084]] | [[Barbourofelis]] | Barbourofelis | 23 | | [[File:Barbourofelis fricki.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Barbourofelini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 421 | [[:d:Q2272925|Q2272925]] | [[Acinonyx pardinensis]] | Acinonyx pardinensis | 23 | | [[File:Acinonyx pardinensis 2.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Acinonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 422 | [[:d:Q133945|Q133945]] | [[Megantereon]] | Megantereon | 23 | | [[File:Megantereon cultridens model.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Smilodontini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 423 | [[:d:Q2118614|Q2118614]] | [[Leon sudafrican]] | Panthera leo krugeri | 23 | | [[File:Male Lion and Cub Chitwa South Africa Luca Galuzzi 2004 edit1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 424 | [[:d:Q2262382|Q2262382]] | [[leon massai]] | Panthera leo massaica | 23 | | [[File:Lion in masai mara.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 425 | [[:d:Q2089432|Q2089432]] | [[Ursus americanus cinnamomum]] | Ursus americanus cinnamomum | 23 | | [[File:Cinnamon bear by J T Bowen after John James Audubon.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus americanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 426 | [[:d:Q2565286|Q2565286]] | [[Ursus arctos californicus]] | Ursus arctos californicus | 23 | | [[File:Monarch the bear.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 427 | [[:d:Q728631|Q728631]] | [[Canis aureus lupaster]] | Canis aureus lupaster | 23 | | [[File:Canis anthus - Cécile Bloch 5.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis aureus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 428 | [[:d:Q135094|Q135094]] | [[Pachycrocuta]] | Pachycrocuta | 22 | | [[File:Musee Crozatier Pachycrocuta.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 429 | [[:d:Q1018988|Q1018988]] | [[Hemigalinae]] | Hemigalinae | 22 | | [[File:Banded Palm Civet.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 430 | [[:d:Q132657|Q132657]] | [[Barbourofelidae]] | Barbourofelidae | 22 | | [[File:Barbourofelis loveorum.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 431 | [[:d:Q1508910|Q1508910]] | [[Mustela felipei]] | Mustela felipei | 22 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 432 | [[:d:Q14617469|Q14617469]] | [[Bassaricyon medius]] | Bassaricyon medius | 22 | | [[File:Western Lowland Olingo (Bassaricyon medius orinomus) in life - ZooKeys-324-001-g023 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bassaricyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 433 | [[:d:Q221268|Q221268]] | [[Panthera leo sinhaleyus]] | Panthera leo sinhaleyus | 22 | | [[File:Panthera Leo Sinhayeus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 434 | [[:d:Q950590|Q950590]] | [[Leon senegalese]] | Panthera leo senegalensis | 22 | | [[File:West African male lion.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 435 | [[:d:Q3893464|Q3893464]] | [[Panthera leo azandica]] | Panthera leo azandica | 22 | | [[File:Lion in Murchison Falls National Park.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 436 | [[:d:Q11954115|Q11954115]] | [[Ursus thibetanus japonicus]] | Ursus thibetanus japonicus | 22 | | [[File:202308 Japanese black bear.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus thibetanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 437 | [[:d:Q1576480|Q1576480]] | [[Galerella flavescens]] | Galerella flavescens | 21 | | [[File:Galerella flavescens.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 438 | [[:d:Q21223141|Q21223141]] | [[Lupulella]] | Lupulella | 21 | | [[File:Lupulella.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 439 | [[:d:Q1716674|Q1716674]] | [[Cryptoprocta spelea]] | Cryptoprocta spelea | 21 | | [[File:Fossa de les cavernes.png|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Cryptoprocta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 440 | [[:d:Q3768986|Q3768986]] | [[Tremarctos]] | Tremarctos | 21 | | [[File:Urso de óculos.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Ursidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 441 | [[:d:Q853117|Q853117]] | [[Lynx issiodorensis]] | Lynx issiodorensis | 21 | | [[File:Lynx issiodorensis 2.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lynx (taxon)]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 442 | [[:d:Q192492|Q192492]] | [[Panthera leo spelaea]] | Panthera leo spelaea | 21 | | [[File:Hoehlenloewe CaveLion hharder.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 443 | [[:d:Q4853062|Q4853062]] | [[Ursus thibetanus gedrosianus]] | Ursus thibetanus gedrosianus | 21 | | [[File:خرس سیاه - رودان.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus thibetanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 444 | [[:d:Q1352915|Q1352915]] | [[Eusmilus]] | Eusmilus | 20 | | [[File:Eusmilus adelosDB24.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 445 | [[:d:Q33140849|Q33140849]] | [[Guloninae]] | Guloninae | 20 | | [[File:Martes flavigula, yellow-throated marten.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 446 | [[:d:Q141424|Q141424]] | [[Cryptoprocta]] | Cryptoprocta | 20 | | [[File:Cryptoprocta Ferox.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Euplerinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 447 | [[:d:Q745389|Q745389]] | [[Euplerinae]] | Euplerinae | 20 | | [[File:Fossa.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eupleridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 448 | [[:d:Q2600180|Q2600180]] | [[Neovison]] | Neovison | 20 | | [[File:American mink geograph.co.uk 2083077.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 449 | [[:d:Q11906411|Q11906411]] | [[Arctonyx]] | Arctonyx | 20 | | [[File:Arctonyx collaris - Sterndale.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Melinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 450 | [[:d:Q2729984|Q2729984]] | [[Borophaginae]] | Borophaginae | 20 | | [[File:Aelurodon stirtoni.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 451 | [[:d:Q123900653|Q123900653]] | [[Urva auropunctata]] | Urva auropunctata | 20 | | [[File:Astonished.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Urva]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 452 | [[:d:Q2076664|Q2076664]] | [[Arctotherium]] | Arctotherium | 20 | | [[File:Arctotherium.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Tremarctinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 453 | [[:d:Q3893470|Q3893470]] | [[Panthera leo bleyenberghi]] | Panthera leo bleyenberghi | 20 | | [[File:Die pure Kraft - Löwe im Etosha-Nationalpark.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 454 | [[:d:Q42576|Q42576]] | [[Felis silvestris lybica]] | Felis silvestris lybica | 20 | | [[File:Felis silvestris lybica 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[homotypic synonym]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 455 | [[:d:Q2985924|Q2985924]] | [[Ursus maritimus tyrannus]] | Ursus maritimus tyrannus | 20 | | [[File:Ursus maritimus tyrannus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Urso polar|Ursus maritimus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 456 | [[:d:Q524436|Q524436]] | [[Dinictis]] | Dinictis | 19 | | [[File:Dinictis (37599002081).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 457 | [[:d:Q20721832|Q20721832]] | [[Neomonachus]] | Neomonachus | 19 | | [[File:Monachus schauinslandi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 458 | [[:d:Q895480|Q895480]] | [[Puijila darwini]] | Puijila darwini | 19 | | [[File:Puijila BW.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Puijila]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 459 | [[:d:Q2898113|Q2898113]] | [[Speothos]] | Speothos | 19 | | [[File:Bush dog.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 460 | [[:d:Q12061410|Q12061410]] | [[Lycaon]] | Lycaon | 19 | | [[File:African wild dog (24273710124).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 461 | [[:d:Q20907997|Q20907997]] | [[Nasua narica nelsoni]] | Nasua narica nelsoni | 19 | | [[File:Nasua narica nelsoni 355393620.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua narica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 462 | [[:d:Q213044|Q213044]] | [[Catopuma badia]] | Pardofelis badia | 19 | | [[File:Bay cat 1 Jim Sanderson-cropped.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pardofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 463 | [[:d:Q615621|Q615621]] | [[Canis lupus hudsonicus]] | Canis lupus hudsonicus | 19 | | [[File:Canis lupus hudsonicus Olomouc 2022.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 464 | [[:d:Q1197437|Q1197437]] | [[Fissipedia]] | Fissipedia | 18 | | [[File:Fissipedia portraits.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[carnivoros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 465 | [[:d:Q55333185|Q55333185]] | [[Ictonychinae]] | Ictonychinae | 18 | | [[File:Greater grison.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 466 | [[:d:Q2896244|Q2896244]] | [[Dusicyon]] | Dusicyon | 18 | | [[File:FalklandIslandFox2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 467 | [[:d:Q141533|Q141533]] | [[Xenosmilus]] | Xenosmilus | 18 | | [[File:Xenosmilus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 468 | [[:d:Q1194753|Q1194753]] | [[Panthera palaeosinensis]] | Panthera palaeosinensis | 18 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 469 | [[:d:Q150641|Q150641]] | [[Bassaricyon beddardi]] | Bassaricyon beddardi | 18 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bassaricyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 470 | [[:d:Q524040|Q524040]] | [[Canis lupus beothucus]] | Canis lupus beothucus | 18 | | [[File:NewfoundlandWolf.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 471 | [[:d:Q1471138|Q1471138]] | [[Canis lupus irremotus]] | Canis lupus irremotus | 18 | | [[File:Canis lupus standing in snow.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 472 | [[:d:Q135088|Q135088]] | [[Hoplophoneus]] | Hoplophoneus | 17 | | [[File:Hoplophoneus primevus IMG 4443.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 473 | [[:d:Q2899249|Q2899249]] | [[Lutrogale]] | Lutrogale | 17 | | [[File:2006-kabini-otter.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 474 | [[:d:Q2500116|Q2500116]] | [[Kolponomos]] | Kolponomos | 17 | | [[File:Kolponomos clallamensis skull.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicynodontidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 475 | [[:d:Q2342656|Q2342656]] | [[Hesperocyoninae]] | Hesperocyoninae | 17 | | [[File:Mesocyon skull.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 476 | [[:d:Q10748756|Q10748756]] | [[Melogale cucphuongensis]] | Melogale cucphuongensis | 17 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 477 | [[:d:Q107473331|Q107473331]] | [[Meles canescens]] | Meles canescens | 17 | | [[File:Badger Crete.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 478 | [[:d:Q930386|Q930386]] | [[Martes americana atrata]] | Martes americana atrata | 17 | | [[File:Newfoundland Pine Marten.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes americana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 479 | [[:d:Q148240|Q148240]] | [[Puma pardoides]] | Puma pardoides | 17 | | [[File:Puma schaubi.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Puma]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 480 | [[:d:Q30693726|Q30693726]] | [[Prionailurus javanensis]] | Prionailurus javanensis | 17 | | [[File:Sunda Leopard Cat (Sabah, Borneo).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 481 | [[:d:Q150587|Q150587]] | [[Bassaricyon pauli]] | Bassaricyon pauli | 17 | | [[File:Bushy tailed olingo-2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bassaricyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 482 | [[:d:Q150602|Q150602]] | [[Bassaricyon lasius]] | Bassaricyon lasius | 17 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bassaricyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 483 | [[:d:Q2118534|Q2118534]] | [[Cynotherium sardous]] | Cynotherium sardous | 17 | | [[File:Cynotherium sardous restoration.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cynotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 484 | [[:d:Q2672197|Q2672197]] | [[Ursus etruscus]] | Ursus etruscus | 17 | | [[File:Ursusetrusc.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 485 | [[:d:Q137418|Q137418]] | [[Borophagus]] | Borophagus | 17 | | [[File:Borophagus cropped.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophagina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 486 | [[:d:Q1028402|Q1028402]] | [[Canis lupus orion]] | Canis lupus orion | 17 | | [[File:The Wolves of North America (1944) Greenland draught wolf.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 487 | [[:d:Q135599|Q135599]] | [[Ictitherium]] | Ictitherium | 16 | | [[File:Ictitherium viverrinum.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 488 | [[:d:Q137581|Q137581]] | [[Chasmaporthetes]] | Chasmaporthetes | 16 | | [[File:Chasmaportethes lunensis.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 489 | [[:d:Q3605074|Q3605074]] | [[Adcrocuta]] | Adcrocuta | 16 | | [[File:Adcrocuta eximia, Asenovgrad.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 490 | [[:d:Q17509689|Q17509689]] | [[Eupleres]] | Eupleres | 16 | | [[File:EupleresGoudotiSmit.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Euplerinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 491 | [[:d:Q107548263|Q107548263]] | [[Neogale]] | Neogale | 16 | | [[File:I Am Weasel (15483000477).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 492 | [[:d:Q134562|Q134562]] | [[Nimravus]] | Nimravus | 16 | | [[File:Nimravus - Roger Witter.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 493 | [[:d:Q3308205|Q3308205]] | [[Ursavus]] | Ursavus | 16 | | [[File:Ursavus tedforti.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 494 | [[:d:Q1002390|Q1002390]] | [[Metailurus]] | Metailurus | 16 | | [[File:Metailurus (Metailurus sp) Asenovgrad2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Metailurini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 495 | [[:d:Q20907096|Q20907096]] | [[Northern lynx]] | Lynx lynx lynx | 16 | | [[File:Gaupe - Lynx (24821467410).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx lynx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 496 | [[:d:Q57818409|Q57818409]] | [[Felis silvestris catus]] | Felis silvestris catus | 16 | | [[File:Cat November 2010-1a.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 497 | [[:d:Q2415423|Q2415423]] | [[Epicyon]] | Epicyon | 16 | | [[File:Epicyon haydeni skeleton (white background).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophagina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 498 | [[:d:Q2840949|Q2840949]] | [[Ursus thibetanus ussuricus]] | Ursus thibetanus ussuricus | 16 | | [[File:Ursus thibetanus ussuricus Kaliningrad Zoo.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus thibetanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 499 | [[:d:Q11704938|Q11704938]] | [[Ursus arctos gyas]] | Ursus arctos gyas | 16 | | [[File:Brown bear.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 500 | [[:d:Q428078|Q428078]] | [[Canis lupus alces]] | Canis lupus alces | 16 | | [[File:The Wolves of North America (1944) C. l. alces ♂.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 501 | [[:d:Q430115|Q430115]] | [[Canis lupus pambasileus]] | Canis lupus pambasileus | 16 | | [[File:Wolf on the move.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 502 | [[:d:Q719570|Q719570]] | [[Canis lupus columbianus]] | Canis lupus columbianus | 16 | | [[File:Black Canis lupus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 503 | [[:d:Q1303308|Q1303308]] | [[Hyaeninae]] | Hyaeninae | 15 | | [[File:Crocuta-hejda.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 504 | [[:d:Q10750855|Q10750855]] | [[Crocuta]] | Crocuta | 15 | | [[File:Crocuta crocuta Mara Triangle.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hyaenidae]]<br/>[[Hyaeninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 505 | [[:d:Q134908|Q134908]] | [[Percrocutidae]] | Percrocutidae | 15 | | [[File:Dinocrocuta gigantea.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 506 | [[:d:Q9776204|Q9776204]] | [[Herpestoidea]] | Herpestoidea | 15 | | [[File:Herpestoidea.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]]<br/>[[Viverroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 507 | [[:d:Q1636008|Q1636008]] | [[Potamotherium miocenicum]] | Potamotherium | 15 | | [[File:Potamotherium.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Semantoridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 508 | [[:d:Q9776562|Q9776562]] | [[Viverroidea]] | Viverroidea | 15 | | [[File:Viverroidea.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Aeluroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 509 | [[:d:Q18604635|Q18604635]] | [[Acrophoca]] | Acrophoca | 15 | | [[File:Acrophoca longirostris.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 510 | [[:d:Q747851|Q747851]] | [[Enaliarctos]] | Enaliarctos | 15 | | [[File:Enaliarctos mealsi.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Enaliarctidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 511 | [[:d:Q1000261|Q1000261]] | [[Cynodictis]] | Cynodictis | 15 | | [[File:(Montauban) Cynodictis compressidens.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 512 | [[:d:Q99217654|Q99217654]] | [[Urva]] | Urva | 15 | | [[File:Urva urva 77938111.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 513 | [[:d:Q132747|Q132747]] | [[Pseudaelurus]] | Pseudaelurus | 15 | | [[File:Pseudaelurus teeth.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 514 | [[:d:Q932165|Q932165]] | [[pumapard]] | Puma concolor × Panthera pardus | 15 | | [[File:Pumapard-1904.jpg|center|48px]] | [[hybrid]]<br/>[[taxon]] | [[Mammiferos]]<br/>[[Panthera hybrid]] | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 515 | [[:d:Q2566925|Q2566925]] | [[Chapalmalania]] | Chapalmalania | 15 | | [[File:Chapalmalania.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 516 | [[:d:Q2333795|Q2333795]] | [[Agriotherium]] | Agriotherium | 15 | | [[File:Agriotherium maraghanus mandible.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 517 | [[:d:Q4119064|Q4119064]] | [[Ailurarctos]] | Ailurarctos | 15 | | [[File:Ailurarctos paleoart.webp|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 518 | [[:d:Q135227|Q135227]] | [[Metailurini]] | Metailurini | 15 | | [[File:Dinofelis15DB.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 519 | [[:d:Q2262856|Q2262856]] | [[Smilodontini]] | Smilodontini | 15 | | [[File:Smilodon californicus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 520 | [[:d:Q1947861|Q1947861]] | [[Hesperocyon]] | Hesperocyon | 15 | | [[File:Hesperocyon skeleton.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hesperocyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 521 | [[:d:Q5442094|Q5442094]] | [[Felis lunensis]] | Felis lunensis | 15 | e un felino estinto della sottofamiglia dei felinae | [[File:Felis lunensis.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cattos|catto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 522 | [[:d:Q292596|Q292596]] | [[Panthera zdanskyi]] | Panthera zdanskyi | 15 | | [[File:Panthera zdanskyi.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 523 | [[:d:Q310780|Q310780]] | [[Tremarctos floridanus]] | Tremarctos floridanus | 15 | | [[File:Florida Spectacled Bear.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Tremarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 524 | [[:d:Q20721337|Q20721337]] | [[Gepardo african del sud]] | Acinonyx jubatus jubatus | 15 | | [[File:Cheetah Umfolozi SouthAfrica MWegmann.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[gepardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 525 | [[:d:Q26284377|Q26284377]] | [[Siberian lynx]] | Lynx lynx wrangeli | 15 | | [[File:Lynx de Sibérie à Saint Martin la Plaine (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx lynx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 526 | [[:d:Q27627877|Q27627877]] | [[Caucasian lynx]] | Lynx lynx dinniki | 15 | | [[File:Darica Vashak 01157.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx lynx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 527 | [[:d:Q27627917|Q27627917]] | [[Turkestan lynx]] | Lynx lynx isabellinus | 15 | | [[File:Parc des felins Felin 06.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx lynx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 528 | [[:d:Q255441|Q255441]] | [[Ursus deningeri]] | Ursus deningeri | 15 | | [[File:Atapuerca carnivore skull 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 529 | [[:d:Q311939|Q311939]] | [[Ursus minimus]] | Ursus minimus | 15 | | [[File:Ursus minimus 1.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 530 | [[:d:Q793475|Q793475]] | [[Ursus arctos piscator]] | Ursus arctos piscator | 15 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 531 | [[:d:Q3696387|Q3696387]] | [[coywolf]] | Canis latrans var. | 15 | | [[File:Captivecoywolfhybrid.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[canid hybrid]] | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 532 | [[:d:Q1127210|Q1127210]] | [[Canis lupus labradorius]] | Canis lupus labradorius | 15 | | [[File:Face à face (28711329178).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 533 | [[:d:Q1164673|Q1164673]] | [[Canis lupus griseoalbus]] | Canis lupus griseoalbus | 15 | | [[File:Commissioners' report (1892) (14569119587).jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 534 | [[:d:Q11905313|Q11905313]] | [[Amphicynodontidae]] | Amphicynodontidae | 14 | | [[File:Kolponomos NT.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Arctoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 535 | [[:d:Q5832825|Q5832825]] | [[Enhydra]] | Enhydra | 14 | | [[File:Sea otter cropped.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 536 | [[:d:Q13564654|Q13564654]] | [[Mellivora]] | Mellivora | 14 | | [[File:Honey badger.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Mellivorinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 537 | [[:d:Q16894566|Q16894566]] | [[Gulo]] | Gulo | 14 | genere de mammifero | [[File:Gulo gulo 03.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Guloninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 538 | [[:d:Q138900|Q138900]] | [[Leptocyon]] | Leptocyon | 14 | | [[File:Leptocyon gregorii holotype AMNH 12879.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 539 | [[:d:Q2895094|Q2895094]] | [[Nasuella]] | Nasuella | 14 | | [[File:Ulisse Aldrovandi - Mountain Coati.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 540 | [[:d:Q17560554|Q17560554]] | [[Ailuropodinae]] | Ailuropodinae | 14 | | [[File:Panda ChiangMaiZoo humarkus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 541 | [[:d:Q116894337|Q116894337]] | [[Neogale africana]] | Neogale africana | 14 | | [[File:Neogale africana.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 542 | [[:d:Q2720989|Q2720989]] | [[Cozumel fox]] | No/unknown value | 14 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 543 | [[:d:Q2576461|Q2576461]] | [[Ailuropoda microta]] | Ailuropoda microta | 14 | | [[File:Ailuropoda microta.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ailuropoda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 544 | [[:d:Q2117758|Q2117758]] | [[Vulpes vulpes arabica]] | Vulpes vulpes arabica | 14 | | [[File:Arabian Red Fox 5 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 545 | [[:d:Q13410550|Q13410550]] | [[Vulpes vulpes kurdistanica]] | Vulpes vulpes kurdistanica | 14 | | [[File:Vulpes vulpes Kurdistanica (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 546 | [[:d:Q1035243|Q1035243]] | [[Hemicyon]] | Hemicyon | 14 | | [[File:(MHNT) Hemicyon stehlini Hürzeler, 1944 - crâne.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hemicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 547 | [[:d:Q16615647|Q16615647]] | [[Panthera tigris soloensis]] | Panthera tigris soloensis | 14 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 548 | [[:d:Q20907143|Q20907143]] | [[Panthera leo melanochaita]] | Panthera leo melanochaita | 14 | | [[File:Panthera leo - Etosha 2014.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 549 | [[:d:Q2892917|Q2892917]] | [[Indarctos]] | Indarctos | 14 | | [[File:Indarctos atticus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Agriotheriini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 550 | [[:d:Q948186|Q948186]] | [[Ursus americanus carlottae]] | Ursus americanus carlottae | 14 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus americanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 551 | [[:d:Q11704940|Q11704940]] | [[Ursus arctos sitkensis]] | Ursus arctos sitkensis | 14 | | [[File:Sitka brown bear.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 552 | [[:d:Q790069|Q790069]] | [[Canis lupus bernardi]] | Canis lupus bernardi | 14 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 553 | [[:d:Q1635565|Q1635565]] | [[Percrocuta]] | Percrocuta | 13 | | [[File:Dinocrocuta101 flipped.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Percrocutidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 554 | [[:d:Q2056160|Q2056160]] | [[Sansanosmilus]] | Sansanosmilus | 13 | | [[File:Comparison Sansanosmilus palmidens - Necromanis franconica.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Barbourofelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 555 | [[:d:Q5278579|Q5278579]] | [[Dinocrocuta]] | Dinocrocuta | 13 | | [[File:Dinocrocuta gigantea NNHM.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Percrocutidae]]<br/>[[Percrocutinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 556 | [[:d:Q1791493|Q1791493]] | [[Eucyon]] | Eucyon | 13 | | [[File:Eucyon davisi.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 557 | [[:d:Q19817113|Q19817113]] | [[Suricata]] | Suricata | 13 | | [[File:Meerkat feb 09.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Mungosinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 558 | [[:d:Q25427460|Q25427460]] | [[Martes caurina]] | Martes caurina | 13 | | [[File:Pacific marten Martes caurina.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 559 | [[:d:Q1607239|Q1607239]] | [[Simocyon]] | Simocyon | 13 | | [[File:Simocyon primigenius.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ailuridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 560 | [[:d:Q19817309|Q19817309]] | [[Ailurus]] | Ailurus | 13 | | [[File:Ailurus mosaic.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Ailuridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 561 | [[:d:Q19717139|Q19717139]] | [[Arctonyx albogularis]] | Arctonyx albogularis | 13 | | [[File:Recherches pour servir à l'histoire naturelle des mammifères (Pl. 62) (7093196697).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 562 | [[:d:Q16974134|Q16974134]] | [[Amphimachairodus]] | Amphimachairodus | 13 | | [[File:Machairodus giganteus 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 563 | [[:d:Q6967764|Q6967764]] | [[Nasuella meridensis]] | Nasuella meridensis | 13 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasuella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 564 | [[:d:Q848814|Q848814]] | [[Vulpes vulpes schrenckii]] | Vulpes vulpes schrenckii | 13 | | [[File:Ezo red fox, Japan; February 2021 (03).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 565 | [[:d:Q33229472|Q33229472]] | [[Canina]] | Canina | 13 | | [[File:Canina portraits.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canini (taxon)|Canini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 566 | [[:d:Q2260339|Q2260339]] | [[Panthera youngi]] | Panthera youngi | 13 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 567 | [[:d:Q29467104|Q29467104]] | [[Scottish wildcat]] | Felis silvestris grampia | 13 | | [[File:Scottish wildcat & kitten.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[taxon synonyme]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 568 | [[:d:Q3768880|Q3768880]] | [[Panthera onca arizonensis]] | Panthera onca arizonensis | 13 | | [[File:El-jefe-jaguar-fws1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[jaguar]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 569 | [[:d:Q2333391|Q2333391]] | [[Melursus ursinus inornatus]] | Melursus ursinus inornatus | 13 | | [[File:Sri Lankan sloth bear (Melursus ursinus inornatus) male 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Melursus ursinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 570 | [[:d:Q3622157|Q3622157]] | [[coydog]] | Canis latrans × Canis lupus familiaris | 13 | | [[File:The Clever Coyote (1951) Coydogs.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[hybrid]] | [[dog hybrid]] | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 571 | [[:d:Q9092013|Q9092013]] | [[Ursus americanus emmonsii]] | Ursus americanus emmonsii | 13 | | [[File:Glacier Bear with cubs.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus americanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 572 | [[:d:Q621631|Q621631]] | [[Canis lupus ligoni]] | Canis lupus ligoni | 13 | | [[File:The Wolves of North America (1944) C. l. ligoni ♂.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 573 | [[:d:Q736878|Q736878]] | [[Canis lupus manningi]] | Canis lupus manningi | 13 | | [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate IV) C. l. manningi mod.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 574 | [[:d:Q912965|Q912965]] | [[Canis lupus youngi]] | Canis lupus youngi | 13 | | [[File:The Wolves of North America (1944) C. l. youngi ♂.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 575 | [[:d:Q5361186|Q5361186]] | [[Odobenus]] | Odobenus | 12 | | [[File:Walrus2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 576 | [[:d:Q28157277|Q28157277]] | [[Herpestes flavescens]] | Herpestes flavescens | 12 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 577 | [[:d:Q2887172|Q2887172]] | [[Desmatophocidae]] | Desmatophocidae | 12 | | [[File:Skeleton of Allodesmus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pinnipedia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 578 | [[:d:Q856432|Q856432]] | [[Pogonodon]] | Pogonodon | 12 | | [[File:Pogonodon platycopis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 579 | [[:d:Q20672084|Q20672084]] | [[Dinaelurus crassus]] | Dinaelurus | 12 | | [[File:Dinaelurus crassus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[monotypic fossil taxon]] | | [[Nimravinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 580 | [[:d:Q18510844|Q18510844]] | [[Proteles]] | Proteles | 12 | | [[File:Proteles cristatus1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Protelinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 581 | [[:d:Q142407|Q142407]] | [[Protocyon]] | Protocyon | 12 | | [[File:MPCN Villa Escolar. Perro prehistórico. Fotografía 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 582 | [[:d:Q979764|Q979764]] | [[Archaeocyon]] | Archaeocyon | 12 | | [[File:Cormocyon leptodus.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 583 | [[:d:Q2946611|Q2946611]] | [[Cerdocyon]] | Cerdocyon | 12 | | [[File:Maikong in Villamaría, Caldas, Colombia 3.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 584 | [[:d:Q107657638|Q107657638]] | [[Mustela haidarum]] | Mustela haidarum | 12 | | [[File:Haida Ermine (Mustela haidarum).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 585 | [[:d:Q2558790|Q2558790]] | [[Pusa hispida ladogensis]] | Pusa hispida ladogensis | 12 | | [[File:Lake Ladoga Seal iNaturalist.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoca hispida]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 586 | [[:d:Q19717143|Q19717143]] | [[Arctonyx hoevenii]] | Arctonyx hoevenii | 12 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 587 | [[:d:Q27962593|Q27962593]] | [[Enhydriodon]] | Enhydriodon | 12 | | [[File:Enhydriodon Omoensis Femur Views.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Enhydriodontini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 588 | [[:d:Q2051668|Q2051668]] | [[Paramachairodus]] | Paramachaerodus | 12 | | [[File:M. Antón. (2013). Walking with sabertooths (fig. 7).png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 589 | [[:d:Q2060602|Q2060602]] | [[Aelurodon]] | Aelurodon | 12 | | [[File:Aelurodon taxoides.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 590 | [[:d:Q3122095|Q3122095]] | [[Speothos pacivorus]] | Speothos pacivorus | 12 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Speothos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 591 | [[:d:Q6707157|Q6707157]] | [[Lycaon sekowei]] | Lycaon sekowei | 12 | | [[File:Postcranial skeleton of a wild dog.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lycaon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 592 | [[:d:Q3768566|Q3768566]] | [[Vulpes vulpes peculiosa]] | Vulpes vulpes peculiosa | 12 | | [[File:Korean fox.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 593 | [[:d:Q12004829|Q12004829]] | [[South American canids]] | Cerdocyonina | 12 | | [[File:Cerdocyonina portraits.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canini (taxon)|Canini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 594 | [[:d:Q19692941|Q19692941]] | [[Xenocyon]] | Xenocyon | 12 | | [[File:Xenocyon falconeri 2.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canini (taxon)|Canini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 595 | [[:d:Q15149619|Q15149619]] | [[Panthera blytheae]] | Panthera blytheae | 12 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 596 | [[:d:Q646185|Q646185]] | [[Nimravides]] | Nimravides | 12 | | [[File:Nimravides catacopis.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Homotheriini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 597 | [[:d:Q3241792|Q3241792]] | [[Panthera leo nubica]] | Panthera leo nubica | 12 | | [[File:Annual report - New York Zoological Society (1903) (18243500220).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 598 | [[:d:Q6059906|Q6059906]] | [[Panthera tigris acutidens]] | Panthera tigris acutidens | 12 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 599 | [[:d:Q20720735|Q20720735]] | [[Acinonyx jubatus soemmeringii]] | Acinonyx jubatus soemmeringii | 12 | | [[File:Gepard soemmeringii.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[gepardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 600 | [[:d:Q1988192|Q1988192]] | [[Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus]] | Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus | 12 | | [[File:Tsushima Cat 001.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus bengalensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 601 | [[:d:Q521594|Q521594]] | [[Felis silvestris gordoni]] | Felis silvestris gordoni | 12 | | [[File:Felis silvestris gordoni.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage african]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 602 | [[:d:Q5032444|Q5032444]] | [[Canis lepophagus]] | Canis lepophagus | 12 | | [[File:Canis lepophagus Fossil.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 603 | [[:d:Q9092022|Q9092022]] | [[Ursus arctos stikeenensis]] | Ursus arctos stikeenensis | 12 | | [[File:GrizzlyMussel1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 604 | [[:d:Q718137|Q718137]] | [[Canis lupus monstrabilis]] | Canis lupus monstrabilis | 12 | | [[File:The Wolves of North America (1944) C. l. monstrabilis ♂.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 605 | [[:d:Q719577|Q719577]] | [[Canis lupus mackenzii]] | Canis lupus mackenzii | 12 | | [[File:Lobo en el Zoo de Madrid 01 cropped.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 606 | [[:d:Q846261|Q846261]] | [[Canis rufus floridanus]] | Canis rufus floridanus | 12 | | [[File:FloridaBlackWolf.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis lupus rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 607 | [[:d:Q142046|Q142046]] | [[Protictitherium]] | Protictitherium | 11 | | [[File:Protictitherium crassum - Batallones 1 fossil site, Torrejón de Velasco, Madrid, Spain.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 608 | [[:d:Q17355875|Q17355875]] | [[Civettictis]] | Civettictis | 11 | | [[File:Civettictis civetta 11.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Viverrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 609 | [[:d:Q19605886|Q19605886]] | [[Monachinae]] | Monachinae | 11 | | [[File:Krabbenfresser.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 610 | [[:d:Q1884323|Q1884323]] | [[Bdeogale omnivora]] | Bdeogale omnivora | 11 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bdeogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 611 | [[:d:Q4733042|Q4733042]] | [[Allodesmus]] | Allodesmus | 11 | | [[File:Allodesmus.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Desmatophocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 612 | [[:d:Q4412222|Q4412222]] | [[Callorhinus]] | Callorhinus | 11 | | [[File:Callorhinus ursinus and harem.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Callorhinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 613 | [[:d:Q10747776|Q10747776]] | [[Chrysocyon]] | Chrysocyon | 11 | | [[File:Maned Wolf 11, Beardsley Zoo, 2009-11-06.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 614 | [[:d:Q612435|Q612435]] | [[Hemicyonidae]] | Hemicyonidae | 11 | | [[File:Hemicyon sansaniensis.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 615 | [[:d:Q116894434|Q116894434]] | [[Neogale felipei]] | Neogale felipei | 11 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 616 | [[:d:Q732045|Q732045]] | [[Cynodesmus]] | Cynodesmus | 11 | | [[File:A Lower Miocene fauna from South Dakota (1907) fig. 4.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hesperocyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 617 | [[:d:Q2193177|Q2193177]] | [[Tomarctus]] | Tomarctus | 11 | | [[File:Tomarctus temerarius.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 618 | [[:d:Q5815268|Q5815268]] | [[Dusicyon avus]] | Dusicyon avus | 11 | | [[File:Falkland Island wolf, Dusicyon australis OMNZVT2369 !1pub (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Dusicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 619 | [[:d:Q431726|Q431726]] | [[Eastern American red fox]] | Vulpes vulpes fulva | 11 | | [[File:Vulpes vulpes ssp fulvus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 620 | [[:d:Q146558|Q146558]] | [[Adelphailurus]] | Adelphailurus | 11 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Metailurini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 621 | [[:d:Q790279|Q790279]] | [[Procyon lotor gloveralleni]] | Procyon lotor gloveralleni | 11 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 622 | [[:d:Q3836495|Q3836495]] | [[Lokotunjailurus]] | Lokotunjailurus | 11 | | [[File:Lokotunjailurus emageritus M. Antón. (2013). Walking with sabertooths (fig. 8).png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Homotherini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 623 | [[:d:Q18609695|Q18609695]] | [[Cephalogale]] | Cephalogale | 11 | | [[File:Phoberogale shareri.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hemicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 624 | [[:d:Q2635292|Q2635292]] | [[Panthera pardus jarvisi]] | Panthera pardus jarvisi | 11 | | [[File:PikiWiki Israel 14861 judean desert leopard cropped.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 625 | [[:d:Q16981890|Q16981890]] | [[European Ice Age leopard]] | Panthera pardus spelaea | 11 | | [[File:Museo di storia naturale (Florence) - Panthera pardus spelaea 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 626 | [[:d:Q3445718|Q3445718]] | [[Plionarctos]] | Plionarctos | 11 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Tremarctini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 627 | [[:d:Q12642957|Q12642957]] | [[Neofelis diardi diardi]] | Neofelis diardi diardi | 11 | | [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een geschoten nevelpanter Deli TMnr 10017949.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neofelis diardi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 628 | [[:d:Q858849|Q858849]] | [[Canis lupus fuscus]] | Canis lupus fuscus | 11 | | [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate IV) C. l. fuscus mod.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 629 | [[:d:Q2044684|Q2044684]] | [[Canis aureus indicus]] | Canis aureus indicus | 11 | | [[File:Golden Jackal - Corbett National Park.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis aureus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 630 | [[:d:Q5413529|Q5413529]] | [[European jackal]] | Canis aureus moreoticus | 11 | | [[File:Davutoğlan kuş cennetinde, Çakal gezintide (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis aureus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 631 | [[:d:Q2621026|Q2621026]] | [[Prosansanosmilus]] | Prosansanosmilus | 10 | | [[File:Prosansanosmilus.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Barbourofelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 632 | [[:d:Q10736022|Q10736022]] | [[Atilax]] | Atilax | 10 | | [[File:Marsh mongoose or water mongoose, Atilax paludinosus, at Rietvlei Nature Reserve, Gauteng, South Africa (22548192738).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Herpestidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 633 | [[:d:Q20721907|Q20721907]] | [[Otarioidea]] | Otarioidea | 10 | | [[File:Callorhinus ursinus and harem.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pinnipedia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 634 | [[:d:Q28432755|Q28432755]] | [[Maofelis]] | Maofelis | 10 | | [[File:Maofelis cantonensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 635 | [[:d:Q1791637|Q1791637]] | [[Stenoplesictidae]] | Stenoplesictidae | 10 | | [[File:Stenoplesictis cayluxi mandibles.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 636 | [[:d:Q4687717|Q4687717]] | [[Aeluroidea]] | Aeluroidea | 10 | | [[File:Panthera tigris corbetti 090901.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 637 | [[:d:Q10281053|Q10281053]] | [[Feloidea]] | Feloidea | 10 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Aeluroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 638 | [[:d:Q19715939|Q19715939]] | [[Neophoca]] | Neophoca | 10 | | [[File:Neophoca cinerea.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Otariidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 639 | [[:d:Q3702459|Q3702459]] | [[Daphoenus]] | Daphoenus | 10 | | [[File:Daphoenus vetus head.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Daphoeninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 640 | [[:d:Q4779771|Q4779771]] | [[Ysengrinia]] | Ysengrinia | 10 | | [[File:Ysengrinia.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 641 | [[:d:Q2258308|Q2258308]] | [[Ekorus ekakeran]] | Ekorus ekakeran | 10 | | [[File:Ekorus ekakeran.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ekorus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 642 | [[:d:Q30097|Q30097]] | [[Putorius]] | Putorius | 10 | | [[File:Polecat in denmark.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 643 | [[:d:Q41085321|Q41085321]] | [[Mustela richardsonii]] | Mustela richardsonii | 10 | | [[File:Ermine- Bacon Fiend (14083889879).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 644 | [[:d:Q2623898|Q2623898]] | [[caraval]] | Caracal caracal × Leptailurus serval | 10 | | [[File:Caraval (cropped).JPG|center|48px]] | [[hybrid]]<br/>[[taxon]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 645 | [[:d:Q40529359|Q40529359]] | [[Nasua olivacea]] | Nasua olivacea | 10 | | [[File:Nasua olivacea 112082177.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 646 | [[:d:Q15890081|Q15890081]] | [[Homotherini]] | Homotherini | 10 | | [[File:Homotheriumtex1.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 647 | [[:d:Q22286047|Q22286047]] | [[Sumatran dhole]] | Cuon alpinus sumatrensis | 10 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cuon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 648 | [[:d:Q16350420|Q16350420]] | [[Ailuropoda baconi]] | Ailuropoda baconi | 10 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ailuropoda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 649 | [[:d:Q7994332|Q7994332]] | [[white-footed fox]] | Vulpes vulpes pusilla | 10 | | [[File:White Footed Fox.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 650 | [[:d:Q20908043|Q20908043]] | [[Procyon lotor maynardi]] | Procyon lotor maynardi | 10 | | [[File:Raccoons of North & Middle America (1950) P. l. insularis.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 651 | [[:d:Q2330531|Q2330531]] | [[Phlaocyon]] | Phlaocyon | 10 | | [[File:Phlaocyon.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phlaocyonini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 652 | [[:d:Q827183|Q827183]] | [[Lynx rufus escuinapae]] | Lynx rufus escuinapae | 10 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 653 | [[:d:Q2164563|Q2164563]] | [[Felis silvestris reyi]] | Felis silvestris reyi | 10 | | [[File:Felis silvestris reyi 05 MWNH 453.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 654 | [[:d:Q30593711|Q30593711]] | [[Carpathian lynx]] | Lynx lynx carpathicus | 10 | | [[File:Lynx lynx carpathicus Germany (standing).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx lynx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 655 | [[:d:Q2164302|Q2164302]] | [[Andean wolf]] | Dasycyon hagenbecki | 10 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Dasycyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 656 | [[:d:Q3661310|Q3661310]] | [[Lupo de Edward]] | Canis edwardii | 10 | | [[File:Canis edwardii 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 657 | [[:d:Q5033519|Q5033519]] | [[Cantabrian brown bear]] | Ursus arctos pyrenaicus | 10 | | [[File:Ursus arctos 5.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 658 | [[:d:Q30682478|Q30682478]] | [[Canis etruscus]] | Canis etruscus | 10 | | [[File:Canisetr.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 659 | [[:d:Q276979|Q276979]] | [[Kretzoiarctos beatrix]] | Kretzoiarctos beatrix | 10 | | [[File:Kretzoiarctos beatrix.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Kretzoiarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 660 | [[:d:Q4709265|Q4709265]] | [[Albanosmilus]] | Albanosmilus | 9 | | [[File:Albanosmilus jourdani - crani.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Barbourofelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 661 | [[:d:Q5381662|Q5381662]] | [[Eofelis]] | Eofelis | 9 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 662 | [[:d:Q6707383|Q6707383]] | [[Lycophocyon]] | Lycophocyon | 9 | | [[File:Lycophocyon skull lateral.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Caniformia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 663 | [[:d:Q6808432|Q6808432]] | [[Megalictis]] | Megalictis | 9 | | [[File:Megalictis skull.PNG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 664 | [[:d:Q7086805|Q7086805]] | [[Oligobuninae]] | Oligobuninae | 9 | | [[File:Megalictis.PNG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 665 | [[:d:Q18577902|Q18577902]] | [[Pinnipedimorpha]] | Pinnipedimorpha | 9 | | [[File:Puijila darwini (fossil).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[carnivoros]]<br/>[[Pan-Pinnipedia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 666 | [[:d:Q61159913|Q61159913]] | [[Lophocyonidae]] | Lophocyonidae | 9 | | [[File:Lophocyon-paraskevaidisi-maxilla-LGPUT-THB-12-and-mandible-LGPUT-THB-1-HOLOTYPE-Chios.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 667 | [[:d:Q3285787|Q3285787]] | [[Galerella nigrata]] | Galerella nigrata | 9 | | [[File:Black mongoose waterberg.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 668 | [[:d:Q24000491|Q24000491]] | [[Phocinae]] | Phocinae | 9 | | [[File:Seal, Isle of Skye (2792634170).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 669 | [[:d:Q13644959|Q13644959]] | [[Lobodontini]] | Lobodontini | 9 | | [[File:Krabbenfresser.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Monachinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 670 | [[:d:Q3699888|Q3699888]] | [[Cynelos]] | Cynelos | 9 | | [[File:Cynelos lemanensis.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 671 | [[:d:Q18419730|Q18419730]] | [[Parailurus]] | Parailurus | 9 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ailuridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 672 | [[:d:Q16535326|Q16535326]] | [[Pusa hispida botnica]] | Pusa hispida botnica | 9 | | [[File:Baltische ringelrob.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoca hispida]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 673 | [[:d:Q16916505|Q16916505]] | [[Hemicyoninae]] | Hemicyoninae | 9 | | [[File:Plithocyon armagnacensis.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursidae]]<br/>[[Hemicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 674 | [[:d:Q20817937|Q20817937]] | [[Pontolis]] | Pontolis | 9 | | [[File:Pontolis magnus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Imagotariinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 675 | [[:d:Q24514438|Q24514438]] | [[Afrosmilus]] | Afrosmilus | 9 | | [[File:Afrosmilus africanus.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Afrosmilini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 676 | [[:d:Q6723386|Q6723386]] | [[Machairodontini]] | Machairodontini | 9 | | [[File:Homotheriumtex1.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 677 | [[:d:Q12278450|Q12278450]] | [[Rhizosmilodon]] | Rhizosmilodon | 9 | | [[File:Rhizosmilodon.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 678 | [[:d:Q20679564|Q20679564]] | [[Pristinailurus]] | Pristinailurus | 9 | | [[File:Skull of Pristinailurus bristoli.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ailurinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 679 | [[:d:Q20980826|Q20980826]] | [[Felis catus]] | Felis catus | 9 | | [[File:Cat November 2010-1a.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[organismo modelo]]<br/>[[invasive species]]<br/>[[species aggregate]] | | [[Cattos|catto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 680 | [[:d:Q123039002|Q123039002]] | [[Leopardus fasciatus]] | Leopardus fasciatus | 9 | | [[File:Uruguayan Pantanal Cat imported from iNaturalist photo 117171659 on 2 August 2024.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 681 | [[:d:Q124399735|Q124399735]] | [[Leopardus pardinoides]] | Leopardus pardinoides | 9 | | [[File:Leopardus pardinoides 338585769.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]]<br/>[[Oncifelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 682 | [[:d:Q519097|Q519097]] | [[Vulpes vulpes ichnusae]] | Vulpes vulpes ichnusae | 9 | | [[File:Vulpes vulpes ichnusae.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 683 | [[:d:Q2118325|Q2118325]] | [[Panthera toscana]] | Panthera toscana | 9 | | [[File:Panthera toscana 1.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 684 | [[:d:Q2164279|Q2164279]] | [[Procyon lotor insularis]] | Procyon lotor insularis | 9 | | [[File:Raccoons of North & Middle America (1950) P. l. insularis.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 685 | [[:d:Q20907534|Q20907534]] | [[Ussuri dhole]] | Cuon alpinus alpinus | 9 | | [[File:Cuon alpinus alpinus.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cuon alpinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 686 | [[:d:Q7901157|Q7901157]] | [[Ursavini]] | Ursavini | 9 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 687 | [[:d:Q56289810|Q56289810]] | [[Panthera leo leo]] | Panthera leo leo | 9 | | [[File:Adult Asiatic Lion.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 688 | [[:d:Q13228332|Q13228332]] | [[Ursus rossicus]] | Ursus rossicus | 9 | | [[File:Ursus rossicus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 689 | [[:d:Q10943942|Q10943942]] | [[Neofelis diardi borneensis]] | Neofelis diardi borneensis | 9 | | [[File:Borneo clouded leopard.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neofelis diardi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 690 | [[:d:Q3884275|Q3884275]] | [[Lupo de Armbruster]] | Canis armbrusteri | 9 | | [[File:Canis ambrusteri skull.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 691 | [[:d:Q20907605|Q20907605]] | [[Ursus americanus luteolus]] | Ursus americanus luteolus | 9 | | [[File:BlackBear2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus americanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 692 | [[:d:Q2936376|Q2936376]] | [[Lupo russe]] | Canis lupus communis | 9 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 693 | [[:d:Q4378383|Q4378383]] | [[Lupo del Caspio]] | Canis lupus cubanensis | 9 | | [[File:Tierpark Sababurg Wolf.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 694 | [[:d:Q7586107|Q7586107]] | [[Sri Lankan jackal]] | Canis aureus naria | 9 | | [[File:Flickr - Rainbirder - Golden Jackal Female.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis aureus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 695 | [[:d:Q21357325|Q21357325]] | [[Tibetan wolf]] | Canis lupus filchneri | 9 | | [[File:Tibetan Wolf By Stanzin (Stakpa) cropped.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 696 | [[:d:Q5563265|Q5563265]] | [[Ginsburgsmilus]] | Ginsburgsmilus | 8 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Barbourofelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 697 | [[:d:Q11884539|Q11884539]] | [[Nimravinae]] | Nimravinae | 8 | | [[File:Dinictis felina, South Dakota, USA, Early Oligocene - Royal Ontario Museum - DSC00117.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 698 | [[:d:Q87582940|Q87582940]] | [[Genettinae]] | Genettinae | 8 | | [[File:Large-spotted Genet (Genetta tigrina) (17356502041) (crop).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 699 | [[:d:Q1955091|Q1955091]] | [[Cyrnaonyx]] | Cyrnaonyx | 8 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 700 | [[:d:Q2177148|Q2177148]] | [[Plesictis]] | Plesictis | 8 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 701 | [[:d:Q3704481|Q3704481]] | [[Deccanolestes]] | Deccanolestes | 8 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Adapisoriculidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 702 | [[:d:Q3775516|Q3775516]] | [[Adapisoriculidae]] | Adapisoriculidae | 8 | | [[File:Bustylus marandati lower jaw fragment.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[carnivoros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 703 | [[:d:Q27203130|Q27203130]] | [[Pekania]] | Pekania | 8 | | [[File:Fishers (14584727897).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]]<br/>[[Guloninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 704 | [[:d:Q33138060|Q33138060]] | [[Semantoridae]] | Semantoridae | 8 | | [[File:Puijila darwini (fossil).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Musteloidea]]<br/>[[Pinnipedimorpha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 705 | [[:d:Q3702458|Q3702458]] | [[Daphoenodon]] | Daphoenodon | 8 | | [[File:Large osborn daphaenus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 706 | [[:d:Q4748243|Q4748243]] | [[Amphicyoninae]] | Amphicyoninae | 8 | | [[File:Ysengrinia.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 707 | [[:d:Q5581272|Q5581272]] | [[Gomphotaria]] | Gomphotaria | 8 | | [[File:Gomphotaria pugnax.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 708 | [[:d:Q41083655|Q41083655]] | [[Genetta felina]] | Genetta felina | 8 | | [[File:Genetta genetta felina (Wroclaw zoo) (cropped).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 709 | [[:d:Q593613|Q593613]] | [[Thalassoleon]] | Thalassoleon | 8 | | [[File:Thalassoleon mexicanus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Otariidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 710 | [[:d:Q3785908|Q3785908]] | [[Histriophoca]] | Histriophoca | 8 | | [[File:Bandrobbe2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 711 | [[:d:Q16863893|Q16863893]] | [[Quercylurus]] | Quercylurus | 8 | | | [[monotypic fossil taxon]] | | [[Nimravinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 712 | [[:d:Q28065031|Q28065031]] | [[Guangxicyon]] | Guangxicyon | 8 | | [[File:Guangxicyon sinoamericanus lower jaw 01.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 713 | [[:d:Q1635102|Q1635102]] | [[Desmatophoca]] | Desmatophoca | 8 | | [[File:Desmatophoca oregonensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Desmatophocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 714 | [[:d:Q4779756|Q4779756]] | [[Pseudocyon]] | Pseudocyon | 8 | | [[File:Pseudocyon sansaniensis.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 715 | [[:d:Q12139554|Q12139554]] | [[Vormela]] | Vormela | 8 | | [[File:Marbled polecat.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonychinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 716 | [[:d:Q3693628|Q3693628]] | [[Cormocyon]] | Cormocyon | 8 | | [[File:Cormocyon leptodus.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 717 | [[:d:Q3976409|Q3976409]] | [[Styriofelis]] | Styriofelis | 8 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 718 | [[:d:Q19817116|Q19817116]] | [[Cuon]] | Cuon | 8 | | [[File:Cuon.alpinus-cut.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 719 | [[:d:Q28432831|Q28432831]] | [[Yoshi]] | Yoshi | 8 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 720 | [[:d:Q56328043|Q56328043]] | [[Stenogale]] | Stenogale | 8 | | [[File:Stenogale intermedia.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 721 | [[:d:Q11905381|Q11905381]] | [[Amphictis]] | Amphictis | 8 | | [[File:Amphictis antiqua.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ailuridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 722 | [[:d:Q1647846|Q1647846]] | [[Viverra leakeyi]] | Viverra leakeyi | 8 | | [[File:Viverra leakeyi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Viverra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 723 | [[:d:Q9029652|Q9029652]] | [[Martes zibellina brachyura]] | Martes zibellina brachyura | 8 | | [[File:Wiki-ezokuroten1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 724 | [[:d:Q28529641|Q28529641]] | [[Siamogale melilutra]] | Siamogale melilutra | 8 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Siamogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 725 | [[:d:Q3295059|Q3295059]] | [[Vulpes riffautae]] | Vulpes riffautae | 8 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 726 | [[:d:Q17343027|Q17343027]] | [[Vulpes qiuzhudingi]] | Vulpes qiuzhudingi | 8 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 727 | [[:d:Q583006|Q583006]] | [[Otarocyon]] | Otarocyon | 8 | | [[File:Otarocyon cooki.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 728 | [[:d:Q2486786|Q2486786]] | [[Phlaocyonini]] | Phlaocyonini | 8 | | [[File:Phlaocyon.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 729 | [[:d:Q2712794|Q2712794]] | [[Cerdocyon avius]] | Cerdocyon avius | 8 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cerdocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 730 | [[:d:Q6808419|Q6808419]] | [[Megalenhydris barbaricina]] | Megalenhydris barbaricina | 8 | | [[File:D2627 Megalenhydris.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Megalenhydris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 731 | [[:d:Q89502501|Q89502501]] | [[Ailurus styani]] | Ailurus styani | 8 | | [[File:Ailurus fulgens styani.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 732 | [[:d:Q96575311|Q96575311]] | [[Leopardus garleppi]] | Leopardus garleppi | 8 | | [[File:Leopardus garleppi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 733 | [[:d:Q120514490|Q120514490]] | [[Leopardus narinensis]] | Leopardus narinensis | 8 | | [[File:Leopardus narinensis and tigrina.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 734 | [[:d:Q2569639|Q2569639]] | [[Oncifelis]] | Oncifelis | 8 | | [[File:Salzkatze.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 735 | [[:d:Q1039294|Q1039294]] | [[Vulpes vulpes japonica]] | Vulpes vulpes japonica | 8 | | [[File:Vulpes vulpes japonica1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 736 | [[:d:Q7855432|Q7855432]] | [[Turkmenian fox]] | Vulpes vulpes flavescens | 8 | | [[File:Vulpes vulpes flavescens.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 737 | [[:d:Q9293762|Q9293762]] | [[jaglion]] | Panthera onca × Panthera leo | 8 | | [[File:Jaglion.jpg|center|48px]] | [[hybrid]]<br/>[[taxon]] | [[Panthera hybrid]] | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 738 | [[:d:Q19840927|Q19840927]] | [[Tien Shan dhole]] | Cuon alpinus hesperius | 8 | | [[File:Siberian wild dog.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cuon alpinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 739 | [[:d:Q20720148|Q20720148]] | [[Somali wild dog]] | Lycaon pictus somalicus | 8 | | [[File:Lycaon pictus - Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria - Genoa, Italy - DSC02650.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycaon pictus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 740 | [[:d:Q20907545|Q20907545]] | [[West African wild dog]] | Lycaon pictus manguensis | 8 | | [[File:West African Wild Dog.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycaon pictus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 741 | [[:d:Q7205035|Q7205035]] | [[Plithocyon]] | Plithocyon | 8 | | [[File:Plithocyon armagnacensis.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hemicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 742 | [[:d:Q18202820|Q18202820]] | [[Ballusia]] | Ballusia | 8 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 743 | [[:d:Q19817117|Q19817117]] | [[Helarctos]] | Helarctos | 8 | | [[File:Sitting sun bear.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Ursinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 744 | [[:d:Q3241788|Q3241788]] | [[Panthera leo vereshchagini]] | Panthera leo vereshchagini | 8 | | [[File:Panthera leo spelaea in Vienna.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 745 | [[:d:Q3768957|Q3768957]] | [[Panthera onca palustris]] | Panthera onca palustris | 8 | | [[File:Jaguar (Panthera onca palustris) female Piquiri River 3.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[jaguar]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 746 | [[:d:Q30693320|Q30693320]] | [[Ursus ingressus]] | Ursus ingressus | 8 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 747 | [[:d:Q3752453|Q3752453]] | [[Ursus arctos alascensis]] | Ursus arctos alascensis | 8 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 748 | [[:d:Q20644616|Q20644616]] | [[Canis mosbachensis]] | Canis mosbachensis | 8 | | [[File:Canis lupus mosbachensis Würzburg-Schalksberg 1 (mod).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 749 | [[:d:Q618005|Q618005]] | [[Canis lupus mogollonensis]] | Canis lupus mogollonensis | 8 | | [[File:The Wolves of North America (1944) C. l. mogollonensis ♂.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 750 | [[:d:Q5402505|Q5402505]] | [[Lupo del planas]] | Canis latrans latrans | 8 | | [[File:Canis latrans latrans Pennington County SD.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 751 | [[:d:Q59507318|Q59507318]] | [[Sicilian wolf]] | Canis lupus cristaldii | 8 | | [[File:Canis lupus cristaldii distribution.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 752 | [[:d:Q2118426|Q2118426]] | [[Canis lupus gregoryi]] | Canis lupus gregoryi | 8 | | [[File:Red Wolf LO5S5245 original.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis lupus rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 753 | [[:d:Q3785314|Q3785314]] | [[Herpestinae]] | Herpestinae | 7 | | [[File:Herpestes edwardsii at Hyderaba.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 754 | [[:d:Q10772632|Q10772632]] | [[Ichneumia]] | Ichneumia | 7 | | [[File:White-tailed mongoose (Ichneumia albicauda).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 755 | [[:d:Q15039839|Q15039839]] | [[Lycyaena]] | Lycyaena | 7 | | [[File:Lycyaena gr choerotis macrostoma.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 756 | [[:d:Q3516403|Q3516403]] | [[Taxidiinae]] | Taxidiinae | 7 | | [[File:AmericanBadger.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 757 | [[:d:Q3973471|Q3973471]] | [[Sthenictis]] | Sthenictis | 7 | | [[File:Sthenictis1.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 758 | [[:d:Q18325178|Q18325178]] | [[Chrotogale]] | Chrotogale | 7 | | | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Hemigalinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 759 | [[:d:Q19817059|Q19817059]] | [[Arctictis]] | Arctictis | 7 | | [[File:Binturong in Overloon.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 760 | [[:d:Q19817068|Q19817068]] | [[Arctogalidia]] | Arctogalidia | 7 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 761 | [[:d:Q5221764|Q5221764]] | [[Daphoeninae]] | Daphoeninae | 7 | | [[File:Large osborn daphaenus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 762 | [[:d:Q7095037|Q7095037]] | [[Ontocetus]] | Ontocetus | 7 | | [[File:Ontocetus emmonsi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 763 | [[:d:Q7205024|Q7205024]] | [[Pliopedia]] | Pliopedia | 7 | | [[File:Pliopedia pacifica.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 764 | [[:d:Q7698158|Q7698158]] | [[Temnocyon]] | Temnocyon | 7 | | [[File:Temnocyon ferox.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 765 | [[:d:Q7910699|Q7910699]] | [[Valenictus]] | Valenictus | 7 | | [[File:Valenictus chulavistensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 766 | [[:d:Q27486944|Q27486944]] | [[Angelarctocyon]] | Angelarctocyon | 7 | | [[File:Angelarctocyon australis dentary.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 767 | [[:d:Q4682833|Q4682833]] | [[Adilophontes]] | Adilophontes | 7 | | [[File:Adilophontes brachycolos.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Daphoeninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 768 | [[:d:Q4693297|Q4693297]] | [[Agnotherium]] | Agnotherium | 7 | | [[File:Naturhistorisches Museum Mainz- (8)-Bärenhund-Agnotherium antiquum.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 769 | [[:d:Q11950979|Q11950979]] | [[Taxidea]] | Taxidea | 7 | | [[File:AmericanBadger.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Taxidiinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 770 | [[:d:Q115867490|Q115867490]] | [[Spilogale yucatanensis]] | Spilogale yucatanensis | 7 | | [[File:Southern spotted skunk.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 771 | [[:d:Q3909942|Q3909942]] | [[Pratifelis]] | Pratifelis | 7 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 772 | [[:d:Q7782990|Q7782990]] | [[Theriodictis]] | Theriodictis | 7 | | [[File:Museo Malvinas - Cráneo fósil de Theriodictis platensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 773 | [[:d:Q21002394|Q21002394]] | [[Suphalak]] | Feline catus | 7 | | [[File:Suphalak Female in Thailand named AumDaengManee.jpg|center|48px]] | [[cat breed]] | [[catto domestic]] | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 774 | [[:d:Q30894451|Q30894451]] | [[Miopanthera]] | Miopanthera | 7 | | [[File:(MHNT) Miopanthera lorteti (Gaillard, 1899) - Hémimandibule gauche.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 775 | [[:d:Q104528100|Q104528100]] | [[Mustela aistoodonnivalis]] | Mustela aistoodonnivalis | 7 | | [[File:Mustela aistoodonnivalis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 776 | [[:d:Q19298222|Q19298222]] | [[Paradoxurus musanga]] | Paradoxurus musanga | 7 | | [[File:Paradoxurus musanga (side).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 777 | [[:d:Q20679566|Q20679566]] | [[Ailurinae]] | Ailurinae | 7 | | [[File:Ailurus fulgens - Karlsruhe Zoo 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ailuridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 778 | [[:d:Q107473188|Q107473188]] | [[Melogale subaurantiaca]] | Melogale subaurantiaca | 7 | | [[File:Formosan ferret-badger in Shoushan Zoo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 779 | [[:d:Q22285838|Q22285838]] | [[Eupleres major]] | Eupleres major | 7 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Eupleres]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 780 | [[:d:Q3441656|Q3441656]] | [[Parictis]] | Parictis | 7 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 781 | [[:d:Q11996479|Q11996479]] | [[Acinonychini]] | Acinonychini | 7 | | [[File:8th Place - Mountain Lion (7487178290).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 782 | [[:d:Q19817049|Q19817049]] | [[Profelis]] | Profelis | 7 | | [[File:FelisAurataKeulemans.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 783 | [[:d:Q7423823|Q7423823]] | [[Sardolutra]] | Sardolutra | 7 | | [[File:D2740 Sardolutra.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutrini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 784 | [[:d:Q2164552|Q2164552]] | [[Arctictis binturong whitei]] | Arctictis binturong whitei | 7 | | [[File:Palawan bearcat.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctictis binturong]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 785 | [[:d:Q21968197|Q21968197]] | [[Procyon minor]] | Procyon minor | 7 | | [[File:Procyon minor01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon (taxon)|Procyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 786 | [[:d:Q3395884|Q3395884]] | [[Urocyon progressus]] | Urocyon progressus | 7 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Urocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 787 | [[:d:Q3855276|Q3855276]] | [[Mesocyon]] | Mesocyon | 7 | | [[File:Mesocyon (white background).png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hesperocyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 788 | [[:d:Q4946288|Q4946288]] | [[Borophagini]] | Borophagini | 7 | | [[File:Aelurodon taxoides.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 789 | [[:d:Q5045846|Q5045846]] | [[Carpocyon]] | Carpocyon | 7 | | [[File:Carpocyon webbi.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 790 | [[:d:Q16956581|Q16956581]] | [[Rhizocyon]] | Rhizocyon | 7 | | | [[taxon monotypic]]<br/>[[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 791 | [[:d:Q4033270|Q4033270]] | [[Acinonyx aicha]] | Acinonyx aicha | 7 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Acinonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 792 | [[:d:Q16623301|Q16623301]] | [[Puma pumoides]] | Puma pumoides | 7 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 793 | [[:d:Q39080924|Q39080924]] | [[Leopardus emiliae]] | Leopardus emiliae | 7 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 794 | [[:d:Q112245916|Q112245916]] | [[Puma lacustris]] | Puma lacustris | 7 | | [[File:Puma lacustris holotype.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Puma]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 795 | [[:d:Q4117770|Q4117770]] | [[Vulpes vulpes barbara]] | Vulpes vulpes barbara | 7 | | [[File:Vulpes vulpes barbara - Mourad Harzallah - 291657321.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 796 | [[:d:Q7511533|Q7511533]] | [[Sierra Nevada red fox]] | Vulpes vulpes necator | 7 | | [[File:Sierra Nevada Red Fox, Lassen Volcanic National Park- Keith Slausen USFS 2002.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 797 | [[:d:Q9095072|Q9095072]] | [[Vulpes vulpes crucigera]] | Vulpes vulpes crucigera | 7 | | [[File:Red Fox drinking from a lake in Gennevilliers, France.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 798 | [[:d:Q10803425|Q10803425]] | [[Otocyon]] | Otocyon | 7 | | [[File:Otocyon megalotis (Namibia).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | [[Vulpe]] | [[Vulpini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 799 | [[:d:Q18926249|Q18926249]] | [[Cuon alpinus europaeus]] | Cuon alpinus europaeus | 7 | | [[File:Cuon alpinus Cova Negra.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cuon alpinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 800 | [[:d:Q20686185|Q20686185]] | [[Chadian wild dog]] | Lycaon pictus sharicus | 7 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycaon pictus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 801 | [[:d:Q20907543|Q20907543]] | [[Cape wild dog]] | Lycaon pictus pictus | 7 | | [[File:African wild dog lycaon pictus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycaon pictus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 802 | [[:d:Q20907544|Q20907544]] | [[East African wild dog]] | Lycaon pictus lupinus | 7 | | [[File:Laika ac African Wild Dog (9882202246) cropped.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycaon pictus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 803 | [[:d:Q56605486|Q56605486]] | [[Panthera shawi]] | Panthera shawi | 7 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 804 | [[:d:Q3699883|Q3699883]] | [[Cynarctoides]] | Cynarctoides | 7 | | [[File:Cynarctoides.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phlaocyonini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 805 | [[:d:Q17024721|Q17024721]] | [[Dinocyon]] | Dinocyon | 7 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hemicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 806 | [[:d:Q3893467|Q3893467]] | [[Panthera leo verneyi]] | Panthera leo verneyi | 7 | | [[File:Lion at krugerpark.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 807 | [[:d:Q7640416|Q7640416]] | [[Sunkahetanka geringensis]] | Sunkahetanka geringensis | 7 | | [[File:Sunkahetanka geringensis.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Sunkahetanka]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 808 | [[:d:Q55435725|Q55435725]] | [[Sunda Island tiger]] | Panthera tigris sondaica | 7 | | [[File:Sumatratiger-004.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 809 | [[:d:Q2710439|Q2710439]] | [[Panthera onca mesembrina]] | Panthera onca mesembrina | 7 | | [[File:Panthera onca mesembrina JF.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[jaguar]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 810 | [[:d:Q2882076|Q2882076]] | [[Panthera onca goldmani]] | Panthera onca goldmani | 7 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[jaguar]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 811 | [[:d:Q3768960|Q3768960]] | [[Panthera onca hernandesii]] | Panthera onca hernandesii | 7 | | [[File:Panthera onca hernandesii.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[jaguar]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 812 | [[:d:Q5442079|Q5442079]] | [[Felis chaus affinis]] | Felis chaus affinis | 7 | | [[File:Felis chaus affinis (walk).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Chaus|Felis chaus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 813 | [[:d:Q9055126|Q9055126]] | [[Panthera onca veraecruscis]] | Panthera onca veraecruscis | 7 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[jaguar]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 814 | [[:d:Q1388482|Q1388482]] | [[Ursus inopinatus]] | Ursus inopinatus | 7 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 815 | [[:d:Q3621833|Q3621833]] | [[Arctodus pristinus]] | Arctodus pristinus | 7 | | [[File:Arctodus pristinus mandible ANSP 98.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Arctodus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 816 | [[:d:Q9092017|Q9092017]] | [[Ursus arctos dalli]] | Ursus arctos dalli | 7 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 817 | [[:d:Q20717272|Q20717272]] | [[Canis familiaris]] | Canis familiaris | 7 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 818 | [[:d:Q61622321|Q61622321]] | [[Ursus arctos priscus]] | Ursus arctos priscus | 7 | | [[File:Fossil theriofauna from the Sudety Mts (SW Poland) (fig. 2).png|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 819 | [[:d:Q3655368|Q3655368]] | [[Canis aureus aureus]] | Canis aureus aureus | 7 | | [[File:Golden jackal in Otyrar District 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis aureus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 820 | [[:d:Q5032447|Q5032447]] | [[Canis lupus dingo]] | Canis lupus dingo | 7 | | [[File:Dingo on the road.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 821 | [[:d:Q7663269|Q7663269]] | [[Syrian jackal]] | Canis aureus syriacus | 7 | | [[File:Canis aureus syriacus 114837596.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis aureus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 822 | [[:d:Q20720561|Q20720561]] | [[Megafaunal wolf]] | Canis cf. lupus | 7 | | [[File:Canis lupus spelaeus holotype.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | [[prehistoric mammal]] | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 823 | [[:d:Q26972265|Q26972265]] | [[Canis lupus familiaris]] | Canis lupus familiaris | 7 | | [[File:Karakatschan.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[organismo modelo]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 824 | [[:d:Q48995852|Q48995852]] | [[Cave wolf]] | Canis lupus spelaeus | 7 | | [[File:Biochronology of Polish canids (late Pliocene to Holocene) - C. l. spelaeus.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 825 | [[:d:Q309741|Q309741]] | [[Kanuites]] | Kanuites | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 826 | [[:d:Q3906723|Q3906723]] | [[Plioviverrops]] | Plioviverrops | 6 | | [[File:Plioviverrops faventinus.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 827 | [[:d:Q5277916|Q5277916]] | [[Dinailurictis]] | Dinailurictis | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 828 | [[:d:Q28647726|Q28647726]] | [[Pliocrocuta]] | Pliocrocuta | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 829 | [[:d:Q19817073|Q19817073]] | [[Macrogalidia]] | Macrogalidia | 6 | | [[File:Macrogalidia musschenbroekii.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 830 | [[:d:Q19817078|Q19817078]] | [[Cynogale]] | Cynogale | 6 | | [[File:Mampalon (Cynogale Bennettii).png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hemigalinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 831 | [[:d:Q19817081|Q19817081]] | [[Hemigalus]] | Hemigalus | 6 | | [[File:Hemigalus derbyanus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Hemigalinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 832 | [[:d:Q1113347|Q1113347]] | [[Stenoplesictis]] | Stenoplesictis | 6 | | [[File:Stenoplesictis cayluxi mandibles.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Aeluroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 833 | [[:d:Q4699376|Q4699376]] | [[Aivukus]] | Aivukus | 6 | | [[File:Aivukus cedrosensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 834 | [[:d:Q7698159|Q7698159]] | [[Temnocyoninae]] | Temnocyoninae | 6 | | [[File:Temnocyon ferox.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 835 | [[:d:Q48557894|Q48557894]] | [[Archaeodobenus]] | Archaeodobenus | 6 | | [[File:Archaeodobenus restoration.PNG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 836 | [[:d:Q108462981|Q108462981]] | [[Gustafsonia]] | Gustafsonia | 6 | | [[File:Miacisreconstructedskull2.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 837 | [[:d:Q4723954|Q4723954]] | [[Algarolutra]] | Algarolutra | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 838 | [[:d:Q19817086|Q19817086]] | [[Viverricula]] | Viverricula | 6 | | [[File:Viverricula indica schlegelii 1868.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Viverrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 839 | [[:d:Q27997794|Q27997794]] | [[Herpestes ochraceus]] | Herpestes ochraceus | 6 | | [[File:HerpestesOchraceusWolf.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 840 | [[:d:Q28533150|Q28533150]] | [[Siamogale]] | Siamogale | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 841 | [[:d:Q65120443|Q65120443]] | [[Semigenetta]] | Semigenetta | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Viverrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 842 | [[:d:Q3906722|Q3906722]] | [[Pliophoca]] | Pliophoca | 6 | | [[File:Phocidae - Pliophoca etrusca-001.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 843 | [[:d:Q31507|Q31507]] | [[Neotherium mirum]] | Neotherium mirum | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Neotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 844 | [[:d:Q2307664|Q2307664]] | [[Acrophoca longirostris]] | Acrophoca longirostris | 6 | | [[File:Acrophoca BW.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Acrophoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 845 | [[:d:Q7134070|Q7134070]] | [[Paradaphoenus]] | Paradaphoenus | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Daphoeninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 846 | [[:d:Q8073240|Q8073240]] | [[Zodiolestes]] | Zodiolestes | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Oligobuninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 847 | [[:d:Q14943214|Q14943214]] | [[Ursoidea]] | Ursoidea | 6 | | [[File:Hemicyon sansaniensis.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursida]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 848 | [[:d:Q17113931|Q17113931]] | [[Monotherium]] | Monotherium | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Monachinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 849 | [[:d:Q3363458|Q3363458]] | [[Parahyaena]] | Parahyaena | 6 | | [[File:Parahyaena brunnea 3.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Hyaeninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 850 | [[:d:Q7254250|Q7254250]] | [[Pseudarctos]] | Pseudarctos | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 851 | [[:d:Q11683729|Q11683729]] | [[Ischyrocyon]] | Ischyrocyon | 6 | | | [[monotypic fossil taxon]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 852 | [[:d:Q25400575|Q25400575]] | [[Magericyon]] | Magericyon | 6 | | [[File:Magericyon anceps - Batallones 1 fossil site, Torrejón de Velasco, Madrid, Spain 02.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 853 | [[:d:Q30592526|Q30592526]] | [[Eomellivora]] | Eomellivora | 6 | | [[File:Eomellivora species.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mellivorinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 854 | [[:d:Q1607831|Q1607831]] | [[Herpestes javanicus palustris]] | Herpestes javanicus palustris | 6 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes javanicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 855 | [[:d:Q3886374|Q3886374]] | [[Osbornodon]] | Osbornodon | 6 | | [[File:Osbornodon iamonensis FLMNH.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 856 | [[:d:Q1793106|Q1793106]] | [[Phoca vitulina stejnegeri]] | Phoca vitulina stejnegeri | 6 | | [[File:Antur 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoca vitulina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 857 | [[:d:Q7134476|Q7134476]] | [[Paradoxurus aureus]] | Paradoxurus aureus | 6 | | [[File:Smit.Paradoxurus aureus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 858 | [[:d:Q18578655|Q18578655]] | [[Alopecocyon]] | Alopecocyon | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ailuridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 859 | [[:d:Q18923190|Q18923190]] | [[Paradoxurus philippinensis]] | Paradoxurus philippinensis | 6 | | [[File:Paradoxurus philippinensis 166221506.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 860 | [[:d:Q137294965|Q137294965]] | [[Mustela mopbie]] | Mustela mopbie | 6 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 861 | [[:d:Q9001446|Q9001446]] | [[Gulo gulo luscus]] | Gulo gulo luscus | 6 | | [[File:Wolverine on rock.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[glutton]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 862 | [[:d:Q124254177|Q124254177]] | [[Magerifelis]] | Magerifelis | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 863 | [[:d:Q9047282|Q9047282]] | [[Mustela erminea nippon]] | Mustela erminea nippon | 6 | | [[File:Mustela erminea nippon on backpack.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 864 | [[:d:Q11691227|Q11691227]] | [[Martes flavigula indochinensis]] | Martes flavigula indochinensis | 6 | | [[File:Martes flavigula, yellow-throated marten.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes flavigula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 865 | [[:d:Q25095338|Q25095338]] | [[Plesiogulo]] | Plesiogulo | 6 | | [[File:Plesiogulo brachygnathus - snhm191.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ischyrictini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 866 | [[:d:Q5102561|Q5102561]] | [[Vulpes skinneri]] | Vulpes skinneri | 6 | | [[File:Vulpes skinneri mandible.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 867 | [[:d:Q21368828|Q21368828]] | [[Promegantereon]] | Promegantereon | 6 | | [[File:M. Antón. (2013). Walking with sabertooths (fig. 7).png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 868 | [[:d:Q55391043|Q55391043]] | [[Tchadailurus]] | Tchadailurus | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 869 | [[:d:Q3699884|Q3699884]] | [[Cynarctus]] | Cynarctus | 6 | | [[File:Cynarctus.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 870 | [[:d:Q3718788|Q3718788]] | [[Ectopocynus]] | Ectopocynus | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hesperocyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 871 | [[:d:Q5016794|Q5016794]] | [[Caedocyon]] | Caedocyon | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hesperocyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 872 | [[:d:Q5815270|Q5815270]] | [[Dusicyon cultridens]] | Dusicyon cultridens | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Dusicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 873 | [[:d:Q16952940|Q16952940]] | [[Oxetocyon]] | Oxetocyon | 6 | | [[File:Oxetocyon range.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 874 | [[:d:Q5230606|Q5230606]] | [[Felis attica]] | Felis attica | 6 | | [[File:Felis attica skull.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cattos|catto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 875 | [[:d:Q15294488|Q15294488]] | [[Felis leo]] | Felis leo | 6 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cattos|catto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 876 | [[:d:Q20907578|Q20907578]] | [[Urocyon littoralis santacruzae]] | Urocyon littoralis santacruzae | 6 | | [[File:Urocyon littoralis santacruzae (Santa Cruz island fox) FWS 007.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon littoralis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 877 | [[:d:Q21366809|Q21366809]] | [[Ailuropoda wulingshanensis]] | Ailuropoda wulingshanensis | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ailuropoda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 878 | [[:d:Q30693238|Q30693238]] | [[Lynx spelaea]] | Lynx spelaea | 6 | | [[File:Lynx spelaea Cueva de los Moros.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx (taxon)]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 879 | [[:d:Q773688|Q773688]] | [[Vulpes vulpes vulpes]] | Vulpes vulpes vulpes | 6 | | [[File:Portrait of a red fox in Rautas fjällurskog (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 880 | [[:d:Q9095066|Q9095066]] | [[Vulpes vulpes cascadensis]] | Vulpes vulpes cascadensis | 6 | | [[File:Cross fox in Lewis 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 881 | [[:d:Q9095106|Q9095106]] | [[Vulpes vulpes montana]] | Vulpes vulpes montana | 6 | | [[File:Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) on a High-Altitude Road in India.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 882 | [[:d:Q3021005|Q3021005]] | [[Panthera crassidens]] | Panthera crassidens | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 883 | [[:d:Q21220510|Q21220510]] | [[Stenailurus]] | Stenailurus | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Metailurini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 884 | [[:d:Q3762044|Q3762044]] | [[Prohesperocyon wilsoni]] | Prohesperocyon wilsoni | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Prohesperocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 885 | [[:d:Q4946287|Q4946287]] | [[Borophagina]] | Borophagina | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophagini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 886 | [[:d:Q7186298|Q7186298]] | [[Philotrox condoni]] | Philotrox condoni | 6 | | [[File:Philotrox condoni.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Philotrox]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 887 | [[:d:Q55621783|Q55621783]] | [[Mainland Asian tiger]] | Panthera tigris tigris | 6 | | [[File:Panthera tigris7.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 888 | [[:d:Q3655943|Q3655943]] | [[Sardinian lynx]] | Lynx lynx sardiniae | 6 | | | [[extinct taxon]]<br/>[[taxon synonyme]] | | [[Lynx lynx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 889 | [[:d:Q5035205|Q5035205]] | [[Leptailurus serval serval]] | Leptailurus serval serval | 6 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 890 | [[:d:Q3768893|Q3768893]] | [[Panthera onca paraguensis]] | Panthera onca paraguensis | 6 | | [[File:Panthera onca palustris (2).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[jaguar]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 891 | [[:d:Q3768898|Q3768898]] | [[Panthera onca onca]] | Panthera onca onca | 6 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[jaguar]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 892 | [[:d:Q3768922|Q3768922]] | [[Panthera onca centralis]] | Panthera onca centralis | 6 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[jaguar]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 893 | [[:d:Q8262837|Q8262837]] | [[Caracal caracal schmitzi]] | Caracal caracal schmitzi | 6 | | [[File:Caracal Caracal-001.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 894 | [[:d:Q5471368|Q5471368]] | [[Puma yagouaroundi cacomitli]] | Puma yagouaroundi cacomitli | 6 | | [[File:Herpailurus yagouaroundi cacomitli.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma yagouaroundi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 895 | [[:d:Q7071001|Q7071001]] | [[Nyctereutes abdeslami]] | Nyctereutes abdeslami | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nyctereutes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 896 | [[:d:Q21356805|Q21356805]] | [[Agriarctos]] | Agriarctos | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ailuropodini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 897 | [[:d:Q5893611|Q5893611]] | [[Helarctos malayanus malayanus]] | Helarctos malayanus malayanus | 6 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Helarctos malayanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 898 | [[:d:Q30682080|Q30682080]] | [[Canis arnensis]] | Canis arnensis | 6 | | [[File:Canis arnensis 4.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 899 | [[:d:Q6804141|Q6804141]] | [[Canis latrans mearnsi]] | Canis latrans mearnsi | 6 | | [[File:Coyote Canis latrans mearnsi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 900 | [[:d:Q11911981|Q11911981]] | [[Canis latrans ochropus]] | Canis latrans ochropus | 6 | | [[File:Coyote Beverley Hills CA.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 901 | [[:d:Q18128816|Q18128816]] | [[Canis latrans thamnos]] | Canis latrans thamnos | 6 | | [[File:Coyote Union Station.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 902 | [[:d:Q20907491|Q20907491]] | [[Canis aureus cruesemanni]] | Canis aureus cruesemanni | 6 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis aureus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 903 | [[:d:Q1328566|Q1328566]] | [[Promephitis]] | Promephitis | 5 | | [[File:Promephitis sp. skull - Batallones 3 fossil site, Torrejón de Velasco, Madrid, Spain.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mephitidae|Moffetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 904 | [[:d:Q16183098|Q16183098]] | [[Nanosmilus]] | Nanosmilus | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 905 | [[:d:Q85989880|Q85989880]] | [[Oriensmilus]] | Oriensmilus | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Barbourofelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 906 | [[:d:Q114701730|Q114701730]] | [[Pangurban]] | Pangurban | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 907 | [[:d:Q137299275|Q137299275]] | [[Taotienimravus]] | Taotienimravus | 5 | | | [[monotypic fossil taxon]] | | [[Nimravidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 908 | [[:d:Q3305190|Q3305190]] | [[Mellivorinae]] | Mellivorinae | 5 | | [[File:Honey badger.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 909 | [[:d:Q3605635|Q3605635]] | [[Asiavorator]] | Asiavorator | 5 | | [[File:Asiavorator gracilis limbs.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 910 | [[:d:Q3762001|Q3762001]] | [[Eosictis]] | Eosictis | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[carnivoros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 911 | [[:d:Q9708646|Q9708646]] | [[Nandiniidae]] | Nandiniidae | 5 | | [[File:Nandinia binotata, Manchester Museum.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 912 | [[:d:Q10760579|Q10760579]] | [[Galidia]] | Galidia | 5 | | [[File:Stavenn Galidia elegans.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galidiinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 913 | [[:d:Q19817074|Q19817074]] | [[Paguma]] | Paguma | 5 | | [[File:Palm civet on tree (detail).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 914 | [[:d:Q19817094|Q19817094]] | [[Mungotictis]] | Mungotictis | 5 | | [[File:Schmalstreifenmungo.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galidiinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 915 | [[:d:Q4690064|Q4690064]] | [[Africanictis]] | Africanictis | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Aeluroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 916 | [[:d:Q7161149|Q7161149]] | [[Pelagiarctos]] | Pelagiarctos | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 917 | [[:d:Q10388280|Q10388280]] | [[Ursida]] | Ursida | 5 | | [[File:Braunbär, Bärenrefugium von Kuterevo, Kroatien.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 918 | [[:d:Q21230720|Q21230720]] | [[Pseudotaria]] | Pseudotaria | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 919 | [[:d:Q29381283|Q29381283]] | [[Imagotaria]] | Imagotaria | 5 | | | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 920 | [[:d:Q64605261|Q64605261]] | [[Prototaria]] | Prototaria | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 921 | [[:d:Q67153819|Q67153819]] | [[Nanodobenus]] | Nanodobenus | 5 | | [[File:Nanodobenus arandai mandible.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 922 | [[:d:Q110266169|Q110266169]] | [[Dusignathus]] | Dusignathus | 5 | | [[File:Dusignathus santacruzensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 923 | [[:d:Q19758218|Q19758218]] | [[Satherium]] | Satherium | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 924 | [[:d:Q30892873|Q30892873]] | [[Herpestes auropunctatus]] | Herpestes auropunctatus | 5 | | [[File:Huirimongoose2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 925 | [[:d:Q15115406|Q15115406]] | [[Hadrokirus]] | Hadrokirus | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 926 | [[:d:Q16919139|Q16919139]] | [[Piscophoca]] | Piscophoca | 5 | | [[File:Piscophoca pacifica.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 927 | [[:d:Q19817140|Q19817140]] | [[Otaria]] | Otaria | 5 | | [[File:Mähnenrobben (auch Südamerikanischer Seelöwe - Otaria flavescens) (Peninsula de Valdes, Jan 1984).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Otariidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 928 | [[:d:Q6745736|Q6745736]] | [[Mammacyon]] | Mammacyon | 5 | | [[File:Mammacyon obtusidens.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Temnocyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 929 | [[:d:Q7062942|Q7062942]] | [[Nothocyon geismarianus]] | Nothocyon geismarianus | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nothocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 930 | [[:d:Q7086806|Q7086806]] | [[Oligobunis]] | Oligobunis | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Oligobuninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 931 | [[:d:Q16964564|Q16964564]] | [[Brachyrhynchocyon]] | Brachyrhynchocyon | 5 | | [[File:Brachyrhynchocyon cropped 2.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Daphoeninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 932 | [[:d:Q41152037|Q41152037]] | [[Callophoca]] | Callophoca | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Monachinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 933 | [[:d:Q4781890|Q4781890]] | [[Pliocyon]] | Pliocyon | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 934 | [[:d:Q4953387|Q4953387]] | [[Brachycyon]] | Brachycyon | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 935 | [[:d:Q55341828|Q55341828]] | [[Pliotaxidea]] | Pliotaxidea | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Taxidiinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 936 | [[:d:Q3893367|Q3893367]] | [[Pannonictis]] | Pannonictis | 5 | | [[File:Pannonictis nestii.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ictonychinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 937 | [[:d:Q15631638|Q15631638]] | [[Eira]] | Eira | 5 | | [[File:Eira barbara.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Guloninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 938 | [[:d:Q16948102|Q16948102]] | [[Leptophoca]] | Leptophoca | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 939 | [[:d:Q30693570|Q30693570]] | [[Platyphoca]] | Platyphoca | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 940 | [[:d:Q104530185|Q104530185]] | [[Jinomrefu]] | Jinomrefu | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Barbourofelinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 941 | [[:d:Q3725386|Q3725386]] | [[Enhydrocyon]] | Enhydrocyon | 5 | | [[File:A Lower Miocene fauna from South Dakota (1907) fig. 6.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 942 | [[:d:Q3756923|Q3756923]] | [[Chailicyon]] | Chailicyon | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 943 | [[:d:Q10786017|Q10786017]] | [[Liberiictis]] | Liberiictis | 5 | | | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Mungosinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 944 | [[:d:Q12047050|Q12047050]] | [[Proailurinae]] | Proailurinae | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 945 | [[:d:Q48773165|Q48773165]] | [[Hyperailurictis]] | Hyperailurictis | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 946 | [[:d:Q59828609|Q59828609]] | [[Sivaelurus]] | Sivaelurus | 5 | | [[File:GSI-D 150.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 947 | [[:d:Q16987391|Q16987391]] | [[Paradoxurus stenocephalus]] | Paradoxurus stenocephalus | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 948 | [[:d:Q1502692|Q1502692]] | [[Pusa hispida saimensis]] | Pusa hispida saimensis | 5 | | [[File:Pusa hispida saimensis 304551354.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoca hispida]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 949 | [[:d:Q6048872|Q6048872]] | [[Odobenus rosmarus divergens]] | Odobenus rosmarus divergens | 5 | | [[File:Walrus2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Morsa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 950 | [[:d:Q6048875|Q6048875]] | [[Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus]] | Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus | 5 | | [[File:'Thor' the Walrus at Blyth Harbour, Northumberland 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Morsa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 951 | [[:d:Q127599093|Q127599093]] | [[Lontra annectens]] | Lontra annectens | 5 | | [[File:Lontra longicaudis 236215952.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 952 | [[:d:Q5907226|Q5907226]] | [[Hose's mongoose]] | Herpestes brachyurus hosei | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[short-tailed mongoose]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 953 | [[:d:Q108422513|Q108422513]] | [[Mellivora benfieldi]] | Mellivora benfieldi | 5 | | [[File:Mellivora benfieldi mandible.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mellivora]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 954 | [[:d:Q9047340|Q9047340]] | [[Mustela nivalis namiyei]] | Mustela nivalis namiyei | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 955 | [[:d:Q9047344|Q9047344]] | [[Mustela nivalis nivalis]] | Mustela nivalis nivalis | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 956 | [[:d:Q9047345|Q9047345]] | [[Mustela nivalis numidica]] | Mustela nivalis numidica | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 957 | [[:d:Q3264046|Q3264046]] | [[Aonyx capensis capensis]] | Aonyx capensis capensis | 5 | | [[File:Aonyx capensis ssp. capensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Aonyx capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 958 | [[:d:Q30594557|Q30594557]] | [[Sivapanthera]] | Sivapanthera | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 959 | [[:d:Q48965927|Q48965927]] | [[Leptofelis]] | Leptofelis | 5 | | [[File:Leptofelis vallesiensis skull - Batallones 1 fossil site, Torrejón de Velasco, Madrid, Spain.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 960 | [[:d:Q511973|Q511973]] | [[Meles meles meles]] | Meles meles meles | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 961 | [[:d:Q950379|Q950379]] | [[Martes zibellina princeps]] | Martes zibellina princeps | 5 | | [[File:Zibellino del Barguzin (2) (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 962 | [[:d:Q3767894|Q3767894]] | [[Mustela lutreola turovi]] | Mustela lutreola turovi | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela lutreola]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 963 | [[:d:Q9047257|Q9047257]] | [[Mustela erminea hibernica]] | Mustela erminea hibernica | 5 | | [[File:Mustela erminea hibernica - Shawn O'Donnell - 42129165.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 964 | [[:d:Q9047305|Q9047305]] | [[Mustela erminea stabilis]] | Mustela erminea stabilis | 5 | | [[File:A pair of curious stoats (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 965 | [[:d:Q9029584|Q9029584]] | [[Martes flavigula borealis]] | Martes flavigula borealis | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes flavigula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 966 | [[:d:Q9029588|Q9029588]] | [[Martes flavigula chrysospila]] | Martes flavigula chrysospila | 5 | | [[File:台灣黃喉貂Formosan yellow-throated marten.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes flavigula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 967 | [[:d:Q9029590|Q9029590]] | [[Martes flavigula flavigula]] | Martes flavigula flavigula | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes flavigula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 968 | [[:d:Q9029607|Q9029607]] | [[Martes flavigula saba]] | Martes flavigula saba | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes flavigula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 969 | [[:d:Q122092338|Q122092338]] | [[Pachypanthera]] | Pachypanthera | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pantherinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 970 | [[:d:Q9047216|Q9047216]] | [[Mustela altaica raddei]] | Mustela altaica raddei | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela altaica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 971 | [[:d:Q19818516|Q19818516]] | [[Hemimachairodus]] | Hemimachairodus | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 972 | [[:d:Q6823285|Q6823285]] | [[Metatomarctus]] | Metatomarctus | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 973 | [[:d:Q11681078|Q11681078]] | [[Desmocyon]] | Desmocyon | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 974 | [[:d:Q4787629|Q4787629]] | [[Arctonasua]] | Arctonasua | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Procyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 975 | [[:d:Q65141542|Q65141542]] | [[Magerictis]] | Magerictis | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ailurinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 976 | [[:d:Q111144936|Q111144936]] | [[Felis wenzensis]] | Felis wenzensis | 5 | | [[File:Felis wenzensis holotype 1961.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cattos|catto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 977 | [[:d:Q4930837|Q4930837]] | [[Blynx]] | Lynx rufus × Lynx canadensis | 5 | | [[File:Ernest Ingersoll - lynx rufus & lynx canadensis.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[hybrid]] | [[Lynx (taxon)]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 978 | [[:d:Q56316534|Q56316534]] | [[Miracinonyx trumani]] | Miracinonyx trumani | 5 | | [[File:Miracinonyx (american cheetah).png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Miracinonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 979 | [[:d:Q2836818|Q2836818]] | [[Vulpes vulpes deletrix]] | Vulpes vulpes deletrix | 5 | | [[File:Vulpes vulpes deletrix (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 980 | [[:d:Q9095048|Q9095048]] | [[Vulpes vulpes alascensis]] | Vulpes vulpes alascensis | 5 | | [[File:Red Fox in Denali (43175455902).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 981 | [[:d:Q9095051|Q9095051]] | [[Vulpes vulpes alpherakyi]] | Vulpes vulpes alpherakyi | 5 | | [[File:Лиса в Актау-Бузачинском природном заказнике. 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 982 | [[:d:Q9095061|Q9095061]] | [[Vulpes vulpes beringiana]] | Vulpes vulpes beringiana | 5 | | [[File:Лиса-огневка в Южно-Камчатском природном парке.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 983 | [[:d:Q9095075|Q9095075]] | [[Vulpes vulpes daurica]] | Vulpes vulpes daurica | 5 | | [[File:Vulpes vulpes daurica in Olkhonsky (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 984 | [[:d:Q9095078|Q9095078]] | [[Vulpes vulpes dolichocrania]] | Vulpes vulpes dolichocrania | 5 | | [[File:Дикая свободная хитрая.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 985 | [[:d:Q9095093|Q9095093]] | [[Vulpes vulpes indutus]] | Vulpes vulpes indutus | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 986 | [[:d:Q9095103|Q9095103]] | [[Vulpes vulpes macroura]] | Vulpes vulpes macroura | 5 | | [[File:Red fox runs in the road (55104387242).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 987 | [[:d:Q9095123|Q9095123]] | [[Vulpes vulpes rubricosa]] | Vulpes vulpes rubricosa | 5 | | [[File:PEI-002 - Red Fox (2015).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 988 | [[:d:Q9095125|Q9095125]] | [[Vulpes vulpes silacea]] | Vulpes vulpes silacea | 5 | | [[File:Vulpes vulpes 4.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 989 | [[:d:Q11705189|Q11705189]] | [[Vulpes vulpes anatolica]] | Vulpes vulpes anatolica | 5 | | [[File:Vulpes vulpes anatolica.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 990 | [[:d:Q11705191|Q11705191]] | [[Vulpes vulpes bangsi]] | Vulpes vulpes bangsi | 5 | | [[File:Vulpes vulpes bangsi in Quebec (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 991 | [[:d:Q11705192|Q11705192]] | [[Vulpes vulpes griffithi]] | Vulpes vulpes griffithi | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 992 | [[:d:Q11705194|Q11705194]] | [[Vulpes vulpes niloticus]] | Vulpes vulpes niloticus | 5 | | [[File:Red Fox in Egypt.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 993 | [[:d:Q11705195|Q11705195]] | [[Vulpes vulpes palaestina]] | Vulpes vulpes palaestina | 5 | | [[File:Vulpes vulpes at Eshel HaNasi3, israel.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 994 | [[:d:Q65119065|Q65119065]] | [[Panthera balamoides]] | Panthera balamoides | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 995 | [[:d:Q6871399|Q6871399]] | [[Miomachairodus]] | Miomachairodus | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 996 | [[:d:Q17484766|Q17484766]] | [[Melursus]] | Melursus | 5 | | [[File:Sloth Bear Washington DC.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Ursinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 997 | [[:d:Q56326812|Q56326812]] | [[Protarctos]] | Protarctos | 5 | | [[File:Protarctos abstrusus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 998 | [[:d:Q3207725|Q3207725]] | [[Panthera leo hollisteri]] | Panthera leo hollisteri | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 999 | [[:d:Q3658126|Q3658126]] | [[Caracal caracal michaelis]] | Caracal caracal michaelis | 5 | | [[File:Caracal caracal michaelis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1000 | [[:d:Q3922877|Q3922877]] | [[Promegantereon ogygia]] | Promegantereon ogygia | 5 | | [[File:M. Antón. (2013). Walking with sabertooths (fig. 7).png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Promegantereon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1001 | [[:d:Q7186602|Q7186602]] | [[Phoberogale]] | Phoberogale | 5 | | [[File:Phoberogale shareri.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phoberocyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1002 | [[:d:Q7251553|Q7251553]] | [[Protepicyon raki]] | Protepicyon raki | 5 | | [[File:Protepicyon raki.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Protepicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1003 | [[:d:Q8262825|Q8262825]] | [[Caracal caracal caracal]] | Caracal caracal caracal | 5 | | [[File:Caracal caracal ssp. caracal.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1004 | [[:d:Q8961145|Q8961145]] | [[Felis silvestris caudata]] | Felis silvestris caudata | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1005 | [[:d:Q9021709|Q9021709]] | [[Leptailurus serval constantinus]] | Leptailurus serval constantinus | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1006 | [[:d:Q9021721|Q9021721]] | [[Leptailurus serval lipostictus]] | Leptailurus serval lipostictus | 5 | | [[File:Leptailurus serval lipostictus 451988107.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1007 | [[:d:Q4038688|Q4038688]] | [[Felis chaus kutas]] | Felis chaus kutas | 5 | | [[File:Jungle Cat Felis Chaus Sundarbans India 30.12.2014.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Chaus|Felis chaus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1008 | [[:d:Q5442078|Q5442078]] | [[Felis chaus chaus]] | Felis chaus chaus | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Chaus|Felis chaus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1009 | [[:d:Q5442088|Q5442088]] | [[Felis chaus nilotica]] | Felis chaus nilotica | 5 | | [[File:Jungle cat at Giza Zoo by Hatem Moushir 81.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Chaus|Felis chaus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1010 | [[:d:Q9055122|Q9055122]] | [[Panthera onca peruviana]] | Panthera onca peruviana | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[jaguar]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1011 | [[:d:Q16352096|Q16352096]] | [[Ursus savini]] | Ursus savini | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1012 | [[:d:Q2641484|Q2641484]] | [[Arctotherium angustidens]] | Arctotherium angustidens | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Arctotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1013 | [[:d:Q7071002|Q7071002]] | [[Nyctereutes donnezani]] | Nyctereutes donnezani | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nyctereutes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1014 | [[:d:Q18644716|Q18644716]] | [[Kretzoiarctos]] | Kretzoiarctos | 5 | | [[File:Kretzoiarctos beatrix lower jaws.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ailuropodini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1015 | [[:d:Q4246186|Q4246186]] | [[Canis apolloniensis]] | Canis apolloniensis | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1016 | [[:d:Q5032440|Q5032440]] | [[Canis ferox]] | Canis ferox | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1017 | [[:d:Q9092015|Q9092015]] | [[Ursus americanus pugnax]] | Ursus americanus pugnax | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus americanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1018 | [[:d:Q1290602|Q1290602]] | [[Canis lupus deitanus]] | Canis lupus deitanus | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1019 | [[:d:Q2365956|Q2365956]] | [[Canis lupus indica]] | Canis lupus indica | 5 | | [[File:Wolf Islamabad Pakistan.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1020 | [[:d:Q3655369|Q3655369]] | [[Canis aureus algirensis]] | Canis aureus algirensis | 5 | | [[File:Canis anthus algirensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis aureus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1021 | [[:d:Q20720501|Q20720501]] | [[Canis latrans orcutti]] | Canis latrans orcutti | 5 | | [[File:Canis latrans orcutti.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1022 | [[:d:Q39198|Q39198]] | [[Canis lupus palustris]] | Canis lupus palustris | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1023 | [[:d:Q105272263|Q105272263]] | [[Canis lupaster]] | Canis lupaster | 5 | | [[File:Grey jackal from Haizer Algeria 4.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1024 | [[:d:Q1687644|Q1687644]] | [[Martinogale]] | Martinogale | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mephitidae|Moffetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1025 | [[:d:Q3985453|Q3985453]] | [[Thalassictis]] | Thalassictis | 4 | | [[File:鼬鬣狗 Thalassictis sp..jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1026 | [[:d:Q10751356|Q10751356]] | [[Cynictis]] | Cynictis | 4 | | [[File:Vosmangoesten zoo Lille.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Herpestidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1027 | [[:d:Q15057297|Q15057297]] | [[Hyaenictis]] | Hyaenictis | 4 | | [[File:Hyaenictis graeca.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1028 | [[:d:Q17635404|Q17635404]] | [[Leptoplesictis]] | Leptoplesictis | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1029 | [[:d:Q21446722|Q21446722]] | [[Protelinae]] | Protelinae | 4 | | [[File:Aardwolf ProtelesCristatus56.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1030 | [[:d:Q85990246|Q85990246]] | [[Syrtosmilus]] | Syrtosmilus | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Barbourofelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1031 | [[:d:Q85990324|Q85990324]] | [[Vampyrictis]] | Vampyrictis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Barbourofelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1032 | [[:d:Q136680096|Q136680096]] | [[Mungosinae]] | Mungosinae | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1033 | [[:d:Q3530085|Q3530085]] | [[Afrodon]] | Afrodon | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Adapisoriculidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1034 | [[:d:Q3534841|Q3534841]] | [[Bustylus]] | Bustylus | 4 | | [[File:Bustylus marandati lower jaw fragment.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Adapisoriculidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1035 | [[:d:Q10262706|Q10262706]] | [[Cynoidea]] | Cynoidea | 4 | | [[File:Asian red dog.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caniformia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1036 | [[:d:Q30693680|Q30693680]] | [[Pteronarctos]] | Pteronarctos | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pinnipedimorpha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1037 | [[:d:Q19817088|Q19817088]] | [[Fossa]] | Fossa | 4 | | [[File:Fossa fossana (JoRoRe 2004-08-17 18h15m26s).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Euplerinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1038 | [[:d:Q33120866|Q33120866]] | [[Protodobenus]] | Protodobenus | 4 | | [[File:Protodobenus japonicus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1039 | [[:d:Q64623706|Q64623706]] | [[Proneotherium]] | Proneotherium | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1040 | [[:d:Q10809475|Q10809475]] | [[Pteronura]] | Pteronura | 4 | | [[File:Giantotter.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1041 | [[:d:Q10960505|Q10960505]] | [[Herpestes lemanensis]] | Herpestes lemanensis | 4 | | [[File:Herpestes.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1042 | [[:d:Q11802093|Q11802093]] | [[Pachycrocuta brevirostris]] | Pachycrocuta brevirostris | 4 | | [[File:Pachycrocuta brevirostris licenti holotype.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pachycrocuta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1043 | [[:d:Q18520866|Q18520866]] | [[Eumetopias]] | Eumetopias | 4 | | [[File:Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) on rocks.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Otariidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1044 | [[:d:Q19817146|Q19817146]] | [[Phocarctos]] | Phocarctos | 4 | | [[File:New Zealand Sea Lion.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Otariidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1045 | [[:d:Q19817175|Q19817175]] | [[Erignathus]] | Erignathus | 4 | | [[File:Bearded Seal.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1046 | [[:d:Q19817211|Q19817211]] | [[Leptonychotes]] | Leptonychotes | 4 | | [[File:Phoque de Weddell - Weddell Seal.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1047 | [[:d:Q19817237|Q19817237]] | [[Lobodon]] | Lobodon | 4 | | [[File:Krabbenfresser.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1048 | [[:d:Q19817251|Q19817251]] | [[Ommatophoca]] | Ommatophoca | 4 | | [[File:Rossrobbe.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1049 | [[:d:Q21344958|Q21344958]] | [[Afrophoca]] | Afrophoca | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1050 | [[:d:Q53014899|Q53014899]] | [[Noriphoca]] | Noriphoca | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1051 | [[:d:Q108635322|Q108635322]] | [[Oriensarctos]] | Oriensarctos | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Otariidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1052 | [[:d:Q121397638|Q121397638]] | [[Pithanotaria]] | Pithanotaria | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Otariidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1053 | [[:d:Q4953543|Q4953543]] | [[Brachypsalis]] | Brachypsalis | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Oligobuninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1054 | [[:d:Q5221762|Q5221762]] | [[Daphoenictis]] | Daphoenictis | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Daphoeninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1055 | [[:d:Q7249679|Q7249679]] | [[Promartes]] | Promartes | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Oligobuninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1056 | [[:d:Q30693599|Q30693599]] | [[Homiphoca]] | Homiphoca | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Monachinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1057 | [[:d:Q7254717|Q7254717]] | [[Pseudocyonopsis]] | Pseudocyonopsis | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1058 | [[:d:Q19817304|Q19817304]] | [[Lyncodon]] | Lyncodon | 4 | | [[File:Lyncodon patagonicus1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Ictonychinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1059 | [[:d:Q97370757|Q97370757]] | [[Pithanotaria starri]] | Pithanotaria starri | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pithanotaria]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1060 | [[:d:Q4138182|Q4138182]] | [[Hyaenictitherium]] | Hyaenictitherium | 4 | | [[File:Hyaenictitherium DB24.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ictitheriinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1061 | [[:d:Q25001246|Q25001246]] | [[Brachyprotoma obtusata]] | Brachyprotoma obtusata | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Brachyprotoma]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1062 | [[:d:Q30693586|Q30693586]] | [[Praepusa]] | Praepusa | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1063 | [[:d:Q52987100|Q52987100]] | [[Frisiphoca]] | Frisiphoca | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1064 | [[:d:Q3267918|Q3267918]] | [[Lutra euxena]] | Lutra euxena | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1065 | [[:d:Q4184819|Q4184819]] | [[Atelocynus]] | Atelocynus | 4 | | [[File:Short-eared Dog.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1066 | [[:d:Q7252154|Q7252154]] | [[Prototocyon]] | Prototocyon | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1067 | [[:d:Q4499913|Q4499913]] | [[Polecat-ferret hybrid]] | Mustela putorius × Mustela putorius furo | 4 | | [[File:F1-Ferret-Hybrids.jpg|center|48px]] | [[hybrid]]<br/>[[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1068 | [[:d:Q20907619|Q20907619]] | [[Halichoerus grypus grypus]] | Halichoerus grypus grypus | 4 | | [[File:Two seals in the water.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Halichoerus grypus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1069 | [[:d:Q63464071|Q63464071]] | [[Simocyoninae]] | Simocyoninae | 4 | | [[File:Simocyon batalleri head.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ailuridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1070 | [[:d:Q2165789|Q2165789]] | [[Genetta servalina archeri]] | Genetta servalina archeri | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta servalina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1071 | [[:d:Q12146924|Q12146924]] | [[Procyoninae]] | Procyoninae | 4 | | [[File:Raccoon (Procyon lotor) 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1072 | [[:d:Q92891178|Q92891178]] | [[Enhydra macrodonta]] | Enhydra macrodonta | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Enhydra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1073 | [[:d:Q7426144|Q7426144]] | [[Satherium piscinarium]] | Satherium piscinarium | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Satherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1074 | [[:d:Q108422392|Q108422392]] | [[Proteles amplidentus]] | Proteles amplidentus | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Proteles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1075 | [[:d:Q108486660|Q108486660]] | [[Suricata major]] | Suricata major | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Suricata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1076 | [[:d:Q427373|Q427373]] | [[Mustela erminea minima]] | Mustela erminea minima | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1077 | [[:d:Q951014|Q951014]] | [[Mustela nivalis tonkinensis]] | Mustela nivalis tonkinensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1078 | [[:d:Q5796505|Q5796505]] | [[Mustela nivalis campestris]] | Mustela nivalis campestris | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1079 | [[:d:Q9001438|Q9001438]] | [[Gulo gulo gulo]] | Gulo gulo gulo | 4 | | [[File:Wolverine (10597551303).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[glutton]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1080 | [[:d:Q9001440|Q9001440]] | [[Gulo gulo albus]] | Gulo gulo albus | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[glutton]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1081 | [[:d:Q9001442|Q9001442]] | [[Gulo gulo katschemakensis]] | Gulo gulo katschemakensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[glutton]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1082 | [[:d:Q9001448|Q9001448]] | [[Gulo gulo vancouverensis]] | Gulo gulo vancouverensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[glutton]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1083 | [[:d:Q9047328|Q9047328]] | [[Mustela nivalis allegheniensis]] | Mustela nivalis allegheniensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1084 | [[:d:Q9047333|Q9047333]] | [[Mustela nivalis boccamela]] | Mustela nivalis boccamela | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1085 | [[:d:Q9047334|Q9047334]] | [[Mustela nivalis eskimo]] | Mustela nivalis eskimo | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1086 | [[:d:Q9047335|Q9047335]] | [[Mustela nivalis heptneri]] | Mustela nivalis heptneri | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1087 | [[:d:Q9047349|Q9047349]] | [[Mustela nivalis pygmaea]] | Mustela nivalis pygmaea | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1088 | [[:d:Q9047352|Q9047352]] | [[Mustela nivalis pallida]] | Mustela nivalis pallida | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1089 | [[:d:Q9047357|Q9047357]] | [[Mustela nivalis russelliana]] | Mustela nivalis russelliana | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1090 | [[:d:Q9047360|Q9047360]] | [[Mustela nivalis stoliczkana]] | Mustela nivalis stoliczkana | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1091 | [[:d:Q9047361|Q9047361]] | [[Mustela nivalis vulgaris]] | Mustela nivalis vulgaris | 4 | | [[File:Brehms Het Leven der Dieren Zoogdieren Orde 4 Wezel (Putorius vulgaris).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1092 | [[:d:Q11682279|Q11682279]] | [[Gulo gulo luteus]] | Gulo gulo luteus | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[glutton]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1093 | [[:d:Q14531833|Q14531833]] | [[Mustela nivalis rixosa]] | Mustela nivalis rixosa | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1094 | [[:d:Q121348857|Q121348857]] | [[Paludocyon]] | Paludocyon | 4 | | [[File:Paludocyon moyasolai skull - Morales et al 2026.webp|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1095 | [[:d:Q5479287|Q5479287]] | [[Martes foina bunites]] | Martes foina bunites | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes foina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1096 | [[:d:Q5555448|Q5555448]] | [[Martes foina syriaca]] | Martes foina syriaca | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes foina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1097 | [[:d:Q9029611|Q9029611]] | [[Martes foina foina]] | Martes foina foina | 4 | | [[File:Martes foina 1 (Bohuš Číčel).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes foina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1098 | [[:d:Q9029617|Q9029617]] | [[Martes foina kozlovi]] | Martes foina kozlovi | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes foina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1099 | [[:d:Q9029619|Q9029619]] | [[Martes foina mediterranea]] | Martes foina mediterranea | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes foina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1100 | [[:d:Q9029623|Q9029623]] | [[Martes foina nehringi]] | Martes foina nehringi | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes foina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1101 | [[:d:Q9029627|Q9029627]] | [[Martes foina toufoeus]] | Martes foina toufoeus | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes foina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1102 | [[:d:Q11691232|Q11691232]] | [[Martes foina bosniaca]] | Martes foina bosniaca | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes foina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1103 | [[:d:Q11691237|Q11691237]] | [[Martes foina intermedia]] | Martes foina intermedia | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes foina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1104 | [[:d:Q11691241|Q11691241]] | [[Martes foina milleri]] | Martes foina milleri | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes foina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1105 | [[:d:Q11691246|Q11691246]] | [[Martes foina rosanowi]] | Martes foina rosanowi | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes foina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1106 | [[:d:Q19819898|Q19819898]] | [[Otocolobus]] | Otocolobus | 4 | | [[File:Manoel.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1107 | [[:d:Q20907659|Q20907659]] | [[Lutra lutra seistanica]] | Lutra lutra seistanica | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1108 | [[:d:Q21368827|Q21368827]] | [[Pristifelis]] | Pristifelis | 4 | | [[File:Pristifelis attica - mandible and left metacarpus.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1109 | [[:d:Q96405791|Q96405791]] | [[Sivapardus]] | Sivapardus | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1110 | [[:d:Q2879318|Q2879318]] | [[Martes zibellina zibellina]] | Martes zibellina zibellina | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1111 | [[:d:Q2890761|Q2890761]] | [[Martes zibellina yeniseensis]] | Martes zibellina yeniseensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1112 | [[:d:Q5552433|Q5552433]] | [[Martes martes notialis]] | Martes martes notialis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1113 | [[:d:Q5657825|Q5657825]] | [[Mustela erminea ricinae]] | Mustela erminea ricinae | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1114 | [[:d:Q5798528|Q5798528]] | [[Martes zibellina ilimpiensis]] | Martes zibellina ilimpiensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1115 | [[:d:Q5847312|Q5847312]] | [[Martes zibellina jakutensis]] | Martes zibellina jakutensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1116 | [[:d:Q5852088|Q5852088]] | [[Mustela erminea invicta]] | Mustela erminea invicta | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1117 | [[:d:Q9029630|Q9029630]] | [[Martes martes latinorum]] | Martes martes latinorum | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1118 | [[:d:Q9029633|Q9029633]] | [[Martes martes lorenzi]] | Martes martes lorenzi | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1119 | [[:d:Q9029636|Q9029636]] | [[Martes martes martes]] | Martes martes martes | 4 | | [[File:Pine Marten BWC.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1120 | [[:d:Q9029642|Q9029642]] | [[Martes martes ruthena]] | Martes martes ruthena | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1121 | [[:d:Q9029645|Q9029645]] | [[Martes zibellina angarensis]] | Martes zibellina angarensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1122 | [[:d:Q9029647|Q9029647]] | [[Martes zibellina arsenjevi]] | Martes zibellina arsenjevi | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1123 | [[:d:Q9029653|Q9029653]] | [[Martes zibellina kamtschadalica]] | Martes zibellina kamtschadalica | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1124 | [[:d:Q9029655|Q9029655]] | [[Martes zibellina obscura]] | Martes zibellina obscura | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1125 | [[:d:Q9029659|Q9029659]] | [[Martes zibellina sahalinensis]] | Martes zibellina sahalinensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1126 | [[:d:Q9029666|Q9029666]] | [[Martes zibellina tomensis]] | Martes zibellina tomensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1127 | [[:d:Q9031320|Q9031320]] | [[Meles meles arcalus]] | Meles meles arcalus | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1128 | [[:d:Q9031324|Q9031324]] | [[Meles meles heptneri]] | Meles meles heptneri | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1129 | [[:d:Q9031328|Q9031328]] | [[Meles meles milleri]] | Meles meles milleri | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1130 | [[:d:Q9031329|Q9031329]] | [[Meles meles rhodius]] | Meles meles rhodius | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1131 | [[:d:Q9031330|Q9031330]] | [[Meles meles severzovi]] | Meles meles severzovi | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1132 | [[:d:Q9047231|Q9047231]] | [[Mustela erminea aestiva]] | Mustela erminea aestiva | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1133 | [[:d:Q9047235|Q9047235]] | [[Mustela erminea alascensis]] | Mustela erminea alascensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1134 | [[:d:Q9047241|Q9047241]] | [[Mustela erminea anguinae]] | Mustela erminea anguinae | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1135 | [[:d:Q9047246|Q9047246]] | [[Mustela erminea celenda]] | Mustela erminea celenda | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1136 | [[:d:Q9047247|Q9047247]] | [[Mustela erminea cigognanii]] | Mustela erminea cigognanii | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1137 | [[:d:Q9047252|Q9047252]] | [[Mustela erminea fallenda]] | Mustela erminea fallenda | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1138 | [[:d:Q9047255|Q9047255]] | [[Mustela erminea gulosa]] | Mustela erminea gulosa | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1139 | [[:d:Q9047260|Q9047260]] | [[Mustela erminea kadiacensis]] | Mustela erminea kadiacensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1140 | [[:d:Q9047265|Q9047265]] | [[Mustela erminea kaneii]] | Mustela erminea kaneii | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1141 | [[:d:Q9047267|Q9047267]] | [[Mustela erminea karaginensis]] | Mustela erminea karaginensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1142 | [[:d:Q9047272|Q9047272]] | [[Mustela erminea lymani]] | Mustela erminea lymani | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1143 | [[:d:Q9047275|Q9047275]] | [[Mustela erminea mongolica]] | Mustela erminea mongolica | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1144 | [[:d:Q9047277|Q9047277]] | [[Mustela erminea muricus]] | Mustela erminea muricus | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1145 | [[:d:Q9047286|Q9047286]] | [[Mustela erminea ognevi]] | Mustela erminea ognevi | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1146 | [[:d:Q9047288|Q9047288]] | [[Mustela erminea olympica]] | Mustela erminea olympica | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1147 | [[:d:Q9047290|Q9047290]] | [[Mustela erminea polaris]] | Mustela erminea polaris | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1148 | [[:d:Q9047291|Q9047291]] | [[Mustela erminea richardsonii]] | Mustela erminea richardsonii | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1149 | [[:d:Q9047295|Q9047295]] | [[Mustela erminea salva]] | Mustela erminea salva | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1150 | [[:d:Q9047298|Q9047298]] | [[Mustela erminea seclusa]] | Mustela erminea seclusa | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1151 | [[:d:Q9047302|Q9047302]] | [[Mustela erminea semplei]] | Mustela erminea semplei | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1152 | [[:d:Q9047309|Q9047309]] | [[Mustela erminea teberdina]] | Mustela erminea teberdina | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1153 | [[:d:Q9047311|Q9047311]] | [[Mustela lutreola biedermanni]] | Mustela lutreola biedermanni | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela lutreola]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1154 | [[:d:Q9047312|Q9047312]] | [[Mustela lutreola binominata]] | Mustela lutreola binominata | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela lutreola]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1155 | [[:d:Q9047316|Q9047316]] | [[Mustela lutreola cylipena]] | Mustela lutreola cylipena | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela lutreola]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1156 | [[:d:Q9047318|Q9047318]] | [[Mustela lutreola lutreola]] | Mustela lutreola lutreola | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela lutreola]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1157 | [[:d:Q9047319|Q9047319]] | [[Mustela lutreola novikovi]] | Mustela lutreola novikovi | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela lutreola]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1158 | [[:d:Q9047322|Q9047322]] | [[Mustela lutreola transsylvanica]] | Mustela lutreola transsylvanica | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela lutreola]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1159 | [[:d:Q11691251|Q11691251]] | [[Martes martes borealis]] | Martes martes borealis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1160 | [[:d:Q11691256|Q11691256]] | [[Martes martes minoricensis]] | Martes martes minoricensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1161 | [[:d:Q11691261|Q11691261]] | [[Martes martes uralensis]] | Martes martes uralensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1162 | [[:d:Q11691266|Q11691266]] | [[Martes zibellina averini]] | Martes zibellina averini | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1163 | [[:d:Q11691271|Q11691271]] | [[Martes zibellina sajanensis]] | Martes zibellina sajanensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1164 | [[:d:Q11691276|Q11691276]] | [[Martes zibellina schantaricus]] | Martes zibellina schantaricus | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1165 | [[:d:Q11691282|Q11691282]] | [[Martes zibellina tungussensis]] | Martes zibellina tungussensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1166 | [[:d:Q11691947|Q11691947]] | [[Meles meles marianensis]] | Meles meles marianensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1167 | [[:d:Q11694606|Q11694606]] | [[Mustela erminea arctica]] | Mustela erminea arctica | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1168 | [[:d:Q11694611|Q11694611]] | [[Mustela erminea bangsi]] | Mustela erminea bangsi | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1169 | [[:d:Q11694614|Q11694614]] | [[Mustela erminea erminea]] | Mustela erminea erminea | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1170 | [[:d:Q11694618|Q11694618]] | [[Mustela erminea ferghanae]] | Mustela erminea ferghanae | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1171 | [[:d:Q11694623|Q11694623]] | [[Mustela erminea haidarum]] | Mustela erminea haidarum | 4 | | [[File:Haida Ermine (Mustela haidarum).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1172 | [[:d:Q11694628|Q11694628]] | [[Mustela erminea initis]] | Mustela erminea initis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1173 | [[:d:Q11694635|Q11694635]] | [[Mustela erminea martinoi]] | Mustela erminea martinoi | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1174 | [[:d:Q11694638|Q11694638]] | [[Mustela erminea streatori]] | Mustela erminea streatori | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1175 | [[:d:Q11694639|Q11694639]] | [[Mustela erminea tobolica]] | Mustela erminea tobolica | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1176 | [[:d:Q12185009|Q12185009]] | [[Mustela putorius caledoniae]] | Mustela putorius caledoniae | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela putorius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1177 | [[:d:Q5549250|Q5549250]] | [[Martes americana vulpina]] | Martes americana vulpina | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes americana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1178 | [[:d:Q9029564|Q9029564]] | [[Martes americana americana]] | Martes americana americana | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes americana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1179 | [[:d:Q9029566|Q9029566]] | [[Martes americana humboldtensis]] | Martes americana humboldtensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes americana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1180 | [[:d:Q9029569|Q9029569]] | [[Martes americana kenaiensis]] | Martes americana kenaiensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes americana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1181 | [[:d:Q9029570|Q9029570]] | [[Martes americana nesophila]] | Martes americana nesophila | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes americana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1182 | [[:d:Q9029591|Q9029591]] | [[Martes flavigula hainana]] | Martes flavigula hainana | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes flavigula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1183 | [[:d:Q9029592|Q9029592]] | [[Martes flavigula henrici]] | Martes flavigula henrici | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes flavigula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1184 | [[:d:Q9029599|Q9029599]] | [[Martes flavigula peninsularis]] | Martes flavigula peninsularis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes flavigula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1185 | [[:d:Q9029601|Q9029601]] | [[Martes flavigula robinsoni]] | Martes flavigula robinsoni | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes flavigula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1186 | [[:d:Q115800580|Q115800580]] | [[Leontoceryx]] | Leontoceryx | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pantherinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1187 | [[:d:Q122058803|Q122058803]] | [[Atopotarus]] | Atopotarus | 4 | | [[File:Atopotarus courseni LACM 1376.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Allodesminae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1188 | [[:d:Q20907775|Q20907775]] | [[Mellivora capensis cottoni]] | Mellivora capensis cottoni | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mellivora capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1189 | [[:d:Q7186603|Q7186603]] | [[Phoberocyon]] | Phoberocyon | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hemicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1190 | [[:d:Q9029571|Q9029571]] | [[Martes americana origensis]] | Martes americana origensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes americana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1191 | [[:d:Q9029573|Q9029573]] | [[Martes americana sierrae]] | Martes americana sierrae | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes americana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1192 | [[:d:Q9047211|Q9047211]] | [[Mustela altaica altaica]] | Mustela altaica altaica | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela altaica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1193 | [[:d:Q9047219|Q9047219]] | [[Mustela altaica temon]] | Mustela altaica temon | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela altaica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1194 | [[:d:Q11691204|Q11691204]] | [[Martes americana abieticola]] | Martes americana abieticola | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes americana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1195 | [[:d:Q11691209|Q11691209]] | [[Martes americana actuosa]] | Martes americana actuosa | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes americana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1196 | [[:d:Q11691215|Q11691215]] | [[Martes americana vancourverensis]] | Martes americana vancourverensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes americana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1197 | [[:d:Q11694601|Q11694601]] | [[Mustela altaica birulai]] | Mustela altaica birulai | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela altaica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1198 | [[:d:Q20907645|Q20907645]] | [[Lontra longicaudis annectens]] | Lontra longicaudis annectens | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra longicaudis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1199 | [[:d:Q3612250|Q3612250]] | [[Psalidocyon]] | Psalidocyon | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1200 | [[:d:Q3729451|Q3729451]] | [[Paracynarctus]] | Paracynarctus | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1201 | [[:d:Q5409872|Q5409872]] | [[Euoplocyon]] | Euoplocyon | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1202 | [[:d:Q7252035|Q7252035]] | [[Protomarctus]] | Protomarctus | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1203 | [[:d:Q7701327|Q7701327]] | [[Tephrocyon]] | Tephrocyon | 4 | | [[File:Tephrocyon (white background).png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1204 | [[:d:Q11694596|Q11694596]] | [[Mustela africana stolzmanni]] | Mustela africana stolzmanni | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela africana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1205 | [[:d:Q2303349|Q2303349]] | [[Cyonasua argentina]] | Cyonasua argentina | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cyonasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1206 | [[:d:Q10808340|Q10808340]] | [[Potos]] | Potos | 4 | | [[File:Kinkajou2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Potosinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1207 | [[:d:Q65141603|Q65141603]] | [[Protursus]] | Protursus | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Simocyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1208 | [[:d:Q5985095|Q5985095]] | [[Lycalopex culpaeus magellanicus]] | Lycalopex culpaeus magellanicus | 4 | | [[File:Fox -Puerto Natales, Patagonia, Chile-8.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex culpaeus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1209 | [[:d:Q5985097|Q5985097]] | [[Lycalopex culpaeus reissii]] | Lycalopex culpaeus reissii | 4 | | [[File:Pes horský.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex culpaeus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1210 | [[:d:Q56316454|Q56316454]] | [[Miracinonyx inexpectatus]] | Miracinonyx inexpectatus | 4 | | [[File:Miracinonyx inexpectatus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Miracinonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1211 | [[:d:Q123260114|Q123260114]] | [[Acinonyx intermedius]] | Acinonyx intermedius | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Acinonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1212 | [[:d:Q5800406|Q5800406]] | [[Vulpes vulpes tschiliensis]] | Vulpes vulpes tschiliensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1213 | [[:d:Q9095047|Q9095047]] | [[Vulpes vulpes abietorum]] | Vulpes vulpes abietorum | 4 | | [[File:Red fox.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1214 | [[:d:Q9095054|Q9095054]] | [[Vulpes vulpes atlantica]] | Vulpes vulpes atlantica | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1215 | [[:d:Q9095067|Q9095067]] | [[Vulpes vulpes caucasica]] | Vulpes vulpes caucasica | 4 | | [[File:Steppe Family by Mashin Rostislav.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1216 | [[:d:Q9095084|Q9095084]] | [[Vulpes vulpes harrimani]] | Vulpes vulpes harrimani | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1217 | [[:d:Q9095088|Q9095088]] | [[Vulpes vulpes hoole]] | Vulpes vulpes hoole | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1218 | [[:d:Q9095098|Q9095098]] | [[Vulpes vulpes jakutensis]] | Vulpes vulpes jakutensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1219 | [[:d:Q9095099|Q9095099]] | [[Vulpes vulpes karagan]] | Vulpes vulpes karagan | 4 | | [[File:Лисица.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1220 | [[:d:Q9095115|Q9095115]] | [[Vulpes vulpes ochroxantha]] | Vulpes vulpes ochroxantha | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1221 | [[:d:Q9095118|Q9095118]] | [[Vulpes vulpes regalis]] | Vulpes vulpes regalis | 4 | | [[File:Vulpes vulpes regalis (2).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1222 | [[:d:Q9095135|Q9095135]] | [[Vulpes vulpes tobolica]] | Vulpes vulpes tobolica | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1223 | [[:d:Q11705193|Q11705193]] | [[Vulpes vulpes kenaiensis]] | Vulpes vulpes kenaiensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1224 | [[:d:Q11705196|Q11705196]] | [[Vulpes vulpes splendidissima]] | Vulpes vulpes splendidissima | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1225 | [[:d:Q11705198|Q11705198]] | [[Vulpes vulpes stepensis]] | Vulpes vulpes stepensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1226 | [[:d:Q11955017|Q11955017]] | [[Vulpes vulpes dorsalis]] | Vulpes vulpes dorsalis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1227 | [[:d:Q1028475|Q1028475]] | [[Procyon lotor minor]] | Procyon lotor minor | 4 | | [[File:Procyon minor01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1228 | [[:d:Q3362472|Q3362472]] | [[Panthera schreuderi]] | Panthera schreuderi | 4 | | [[File:Panthera schreuderi.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1229 | [[:d:Q7228360|Q7228360]] | [[Pontosmilus]] | Pontosmilus | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Metailurini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1230 | [[:d:Q9087635|Q9087635]] | [[tigard]] | Panthera pardus × Panthera tigris | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | [[Panthera hybrid]] | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1231 | [[:d:Q118612732|Q118612732]] | [[Panthera principialis]] | Panthera principialis | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1232 | [[:d:Q3879909|Q3879909]] | [[Nurocyon chonokhariensis]] | Nurocyon chonokhariensis | 4 | | [[File:Nurocyon.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nurocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1233 | [[:d:Q5199889|Q5199889]] | [[Cynarctina]] | Cynarctina | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophagini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1234 | [[:d:Q112147455|Q112147455]] | [[Taowu]] | Taowu | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1235 | [[:d:Q3922171|Q3922171]] | [[Pristifelis attica]] | Pristifelis attica | 4 | | [[File:Pristifelis attica - mandible and left metacarpus.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pristifelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1236 | [[:d:Q8262823|Q8262823]] | [[Caracal caracal algira]] | Caracal caracal algira | 4 | | [[File:Caracal caracal algira - Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria - Genoa, Italy - DSC02737.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1237 | [[:d:Q5814436|Q5814436]] | [[Felis silvestris jordansi]] | Felis silvestris jordansi | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1238 | [[:d:Q5901456|Q5901456]] | [[Homotherium latidens]] | Homotherium latidens | 4 | | [[File:Homotherium latidens cub mummy fig2 (cropped).webp|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Homotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1239 | [[:d:Q5901460|Q5901460]] | [[Homotherium serum]] | Homotherium serum | 4 | | [[File:Homotherium serum.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Homotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1240 | [[:d:Q5901463|Q5901463]] | [[Homotherium venezuelensis]] | Homotherium venezuelensis | 4 | | [[File:Homotherium venezuelensis7.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Homotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1241 | [[:d:Q8961147|Q8961147]] | [[Felis silvestris foxi]] | Felis silvestris foxi | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1242 | [[:d:Q8961157|Q8961157]] | [[Felis silvestris ocreata]] | Felis silvestris ocreata | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1243 | [[:d:Q2202668|Q2202668]] | [[Prionailurus bengalensis heaneyi]] | Prionailurus bengalensis heaneyi | 4 | | [[File:Kočka palawanská Zoo Praha 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus bengalensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1244 | [[:d:Q2632995|Q2632995]] | [[Prionailurus bengalensis rabori]] | Prionailurus bengalensis rabori | 4 | | [[File:Visayan Leopard Cat.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus bengalensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1245 | [[:d:Q4173311|Q4173311]] | [[Panthera pardus sickenbergi]] | Panthera pardus sickenbergi | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1246 | [[:d:Q5442081|Q5442081]] | [[Felis chaus fulvidina]] | Felis chaus fulvidina | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Chaus|Felis chaus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1247 | [[:d:Q5442087|Q5442087]] | [[Felis chaus prateri]] | Felis chaus prateri | 4 | | [[File:Melanistic Jungle Cat Asani Bhaduri.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Chaus|Felis chaus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1248 | [[:d:Q6092774|Q6092774]] | [[Puma concolor anthonyi]] | Puma concolor anthonyi | 4 | | [[File:Puma en reserva Guaycolec, Formosa, Argentina 06g.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma|Puma concolor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1249 | [[:d:Q8262827|Q8262827]] | [[Caracal caracal damarensis]] | Caracal caracal damarensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1250 | [[:d:Q8262829|Q8262829]] | [[Caracal caracal limpopoensis]] | Caracal caracal limpopoensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1251 | [[:d:Q8262831|Q8262831]] | [[Caracal caracal lucani]] | Caracal caracal lucani | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1252 | [[:d:Q8262833|Q8262833]] | [[Caracal caracal nubica]] | Caracal caracal nubica | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1253 | [[:d:Q8262836|Q8262836]] | [[Caracal caracal poecilotis]] | Caracal caracal poecilotis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1254 | [[:d:Q9064709|Q9064709]] | [[Puma concolor puma]] | Puma concolor puma | 4 | | [[File:Puma concolor puma 1.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma|Puma concolor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1255 | [[:d:Q20907115|Q20907115]] | [[Prionailurus bengalensis bengalensis]] | Prionailurus bengalensis bengalensis | 4 | | [[File:Prionailurus bengalensis bengalensis 2-Découpe.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus bengalensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1256 | [[:d:Q5442092|Q5442092]] | [[Felis margarita harrisoni]] | Felis margarita harrisoni | 4 | | [[File:Felis margarita harrisoni - Sandkatze.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[catto del deserto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1257 | [[:d:Q5442095|Q5442095]] | [[Felis margarita thinobia]] | Felis margarita thinobia | 4 | | [[File:Persian sand CAT.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[catto del deserto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1258 | [[:d:Q6158080|Q6158080]] | [[Ursus dolinensis]] | Ursus dolinensis | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1259 | [[:d:Q3742297|Q3742297]] | [[Felis lybica sarda]] | Felis lybica sarda | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage african]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1260 | [[:d:Q4021771|Q4021771]] | [[Xenocyon lycaonoides]] | Xenocyon lycaonoides | 4 | | [[File:Xenocyon falconeri 2.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Xenocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1261 | [[:d:Q111519517|Q111519517]] | [[Aenocyon]] | Aenocyon | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1262 | [[:d:Q120765693|Q120765693]] | [[Taowu liui]] | Taowu liui | 4 | | [[File:Taowu liui skull.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Taowu]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1263 | [[:d:Q5032439|Q5032439]] | [[Canis cedazoensis]] | Canis cedazoensis | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1264 | [[:d:Q5032445|Q5032445]] | [[Canis nehringi]] | Canis nehringi | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1265 | [[:d:Q5477997|Q5477997]] | [[Ursus americanus californiensis]] | Ursus americanus californiensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus americanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1266 | [[:d:Q5674669|Q5674669]] | [[Ursus americanus vancouveri]] | Ursus americanus vancouveri | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus americanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1267 | [[:d:Q5893608|Q5893608]] | [[Helarctos malayanus euryspilus]] | Helarctos malayanus euryspilus | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Helarctos malayanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1268 | [[:d:Q9092007|Q9092007]] | [[Ursus americanus altifrontalis]] | Ursus americanus altifrontalis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus americanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1269 | [[:d:Q9092009|Q9092009]] | [[Ursus americanus americanus]] | Ursus americanus americanus | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus americanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1270 | [[:d:Q9092014|Q9092014]] | [[Ursus americanus eremicus]] | Ursus americanus eremicus | 4 | | [[File:Ursus americanus eremicus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus americanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1271 | [[:d:Q9092036|Q9092036]] | [[Ursus thibetanus thibetanus]] | Ursus thibetanus thibetanus | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus thibetanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1272 | [[:d:Q11704936|Q11704936]] | [[Ursus americanus amblyceps]] | Ursus americanus amblyceps | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus americanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1273 | [[:d:Q20907548|Q20907548]] | [[Nyctereutes procyonoides koreensis]] | Nyctereutes procyonoides koreensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nyctereutes procyonoides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1274 | [[:d:Q20907612|Q20907612]] | [[Ursus thibetanus mupinensis]] | Ursus thibetanus mupinensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus thibetanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1275 | [[:d:Q21401250|Q21401250]] | [[Ursus arctos yesoensis]] | Ursus arctos yesoensis | 4 | | [[File:Ussuri Brown Bear Noboribetsu 2019.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1276 | [[:d:Q18148124|Q18148124]] | [[Canis latrans lestes]] | Canis latrans lestes | 4 | | [[File:Coyote Yellowstone (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1277 | [[:d:Q18158082|Q18158082]] | [[Canis latrans incolatus]] | Canis latrans incolatus | 4 | | [[File:Coyote in Alaska.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1278 | [[:d:Q122839865|Q122839865]] | [[Nyctereutes viverrinus viverrinus]] | Nyctereutes viverrinus viverrinus | 4 | | [[File:Nyctereutes viverrinus viverrinus - Timur Kalininsky - 114239829.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nyctereutes viverrinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1279 | [[:d:Q126678468|Q126678468]] | [[Canis lupaster soudanicus]] | Canis lupaster soudanicus | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis lupaster]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1280 | [[:d:Q10803995|Q10803995]] | [[Paracynictis]] | Paracynictis | 3 | | [[File:Paracynictis selousi Smit.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Herpestidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1281 | [[:d:Q21446410|Q21446410]] | [[Hoplophoninae]] | Hoplophoninae | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1282 | [[:d:Q20721864|Q20721864]] | [[Helictidinae]] | Helictidinae | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1283 | [[:d:Q21358817|Q21358817]] | [[Ferinestrix]] | Ferinestrix | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1284 | [[:d:Q56328384|Q56328384]] | [[Amphicticeps]] | Amphicticeps | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[carnivoros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1285 | [[:d:Q85989123|Q85989123]] | [[Alagtsavbaatar]] | Alagtsavbaatar | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1286 | [[:d:Q85989920|Q85989920]] | [[Palaeogalidae]] | Palaeogalidae | 3 | | [[File:Palaeogale skull lateral Matthew 1902.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1287 | [[:d:Q119015399|Q119015399]] | [[Subparictidae]] | Subparictidae | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Caniformia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1288 | [[:d:Q132170502|Q132170502]] | [[Peignictis]] | Peignictis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[carnivoros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1289 | [[:d:Q2166001|Q2166001]] | [[Conepatus mesoleucus]] | Conepatus mesoleucus | 3 | | [[File:Hog-nosed-skunk.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1290 | [[:d:Q19817079|Q19817079]] | [[Diplogale]] | Diplogale | 3 | | [[File:HemigaleHoseiSmit.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Hemigalinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1291 | [[:d:Q4690268|Q4690268]] | [[Afrocyon]] | Afrocyon | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1292 | [[:d:Q4748237|Q4748237]] | [[Amphicyanis]] | Amphicyanis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1293 | [[:d:Q4764524|Q4764524]] | [[Anictis]] | Anictis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Aeluroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1294 | [[:d:Q5305892|Q5305892]] | [[Drassonax]] | Drassonax | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1295 | [[:d:Q6890585|Q6890585]] | [[Moghradictis]] | Moghradictis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Aeluroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1296 | [[:d:Q19817095|Q19817095]] | [[Nandinia]] | Nandinia | 3 | | [[File:Nandinia binotata, Manchester Museum.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Nandiniidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1297 | [[:d:Q21446607|Q21446607]] | [[Canoidea]] | Canoidea | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1298 | [[:d:Q56328139|Q56328139]] | [[Necromites]] | Necromites | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Semantoridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1299 | [[:d:Q85989435|Q85989435]] | [[Haplogale]] | Haplogale | 3 | | [[File:Haplogale media.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Aeluroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1300 | [[:d:Q85989541|Q85989541]] | [[Izmirictis]] | Izmirictis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lophocyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1301 | [[:d:Q85990177|Q85990177]] | [[Shandgolictis]] | Shandgolictis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Aeluroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1302 | [[:d:Q85990185|Q85990185]] | [[Sivanasua]] | Sivanasua | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lophocyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1303 | [[:d:Q111620850|Q111620850]] | [[Osodobenus]] | Osodobenus | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1304 | [[:d:Q111802261|Q111802261]] | [[Titanotaria]] | Titanotaria | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1305 | [[:d:Q121409576|Q121409576]] | [[Palaeoprionodon]] | Palaeoprionodon | 3 | | [[File:Palaeoprionodon lamandini.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Aeluroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1306 | [[:d:Q123015318|Q123015318]] | [[Pinnarctidion]] | Pinnarctidion | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pinnipediformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1307 | [[:d:Q18272206|Q18272206]] | [[Hydrictis]] | Hydrictis | 3 | | [[File:Spotted-necked otter 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1308 | [[:d:Q60978099|Q60978099]] | [[Paralutra]] | Paralutra | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1309 | [[:d:Q108030101|Q108030101]] | [[Genetta plesictoides]] | Genetta plesictoides | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1310 | [[:d:Q122070113|Q122070113]] | [[Vishnuictis]] | Vishnuictis | 3 | | [[File:Vishnuictis reconstruction.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Viverrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1311 | [[:d:Q3724927|Q3724927]] | [[Enaliarctidae]] | Enaliarctidae | 3 | | [[File:Enaliarctos mealsi.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pinnipedia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1312 | [[:d:Q16975912|Q16975912]] | [[Hydrurga]] | Hydrurga | 3 | | [[File:Seeleopard.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1313 | [[:d:Q18001682|Q18001682]] | [[Halichoerus]] | Halichoerus | 3 | | [[File:Foka szara mateusz wlodarczyk.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1314 | [[:d:Q19817156|Q19817156]] | [[Cystophora]] | Cystophora | 3 | | [[File:Klappmuetze MK.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1315 | [[:d:Q19817285|Q19817285]] | [[Pagophilus]] | Pagophilus | 3 | | [[File:Blanchon-idlm2006.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1316 | [[:d:Q30693564|Q30693564]] | [[Pontophoca]] | Pontophoca | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1317 | [[:d:Q105722413|Q105722413]] | [[Eotaria]] | Eotaria | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Otariidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1318 | [[:d:Q106209973|Q106209973]] | [[Oaxacagale]] | Oaxacagale | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1319 | [[:d:Q108146761|Q108146761]] | [[Corumictis]] | Corumictis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1320 | [[:d:Q112959022|Q112959022]] | [[Aragonictis]] | Aragonictis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1321 | [[:d:Q112959105|Q112959105]] | [[Vishnuonyx]] | Vishnuonyx | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1322 | [[:d:Q123015506|Q123015506]] | [[Sivaonyx]] | Sivaonyx | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1323 | [[:d:Q131851334|Q131851334]] | [[Trochictis]] | Trochictis | 3 | | [[File:(MHNT) Trochictis artenensis (Ginsburg, 1968) Hémimandibule droite.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1324 | [[:d:Q28182554|Q28182554]] | [[Pleistocene New Zealand sea lion]] | Neophoca palatina | 3 | | [[File:Neophoca palatina (AM LM76-8).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Neophoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1325 | [[:d:Q55221346|Q55221346]] | [[Auroraphoca]] | Auroraphoca | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Monachinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1326 | [[:d:Q55370786|Q55370786]] | [[Goupilictis]] | Goupilictis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1327 | [[:d:Q56328001|Q56328001]] | [[Melodon]] | Melodon | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Melinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1328 | [[:d:Q108422375|Q108422375]] | [[Atilax mesotes]] | Atilax mesotes | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Atilax]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1329 | [[:d:Q111280772|Q111280772]] | [[Namibiocyon]] | Namibiocyon | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1330 | [[:d:Q3181107|Q3181107]] | [[Haplocyonopsis]] | Haplocyonopsis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1331 | [[:d:Q5411680|Q5411680]] | [[Euroamphicyon]] | Euroamphicyon | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1332 | [[:d:Q5651728|Q5651728]] | [[Haplocyon]] | Haplocyon | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1333 | [[:d:Q5651730|Q5651730]] | [[Haplocyonoides]] | Haplocyonoides | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1334 | [[:d:Q98456157|Q98456157]] | [[Conepatus amazonicus]] | Conepatus amazonicus | 3 | | [[File:Conepatus amazonicus - ....Christopher Borges.... - 533154117.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1335 | [[:d:Q107882731|Q107882731]] | [[Spilogale leucoparia]] | Spilogale leucoparia | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1336 | [[:d:Q108800477|Q108800477]] | [[Spilogale interrupta]] | Spilogale interrupta | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1337 | [[:d:Q123015110|Q123015110]] | [[Eodesmus]] | Eodesmus | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Desmatophocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1338 | [[:d:Q10808040|Q10808040]] | [[Poecilogale]] | Poecilogale | 3 | | [[File:Whitenapedweasellg2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonychinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1339 | [[:d:Q16696649|Q16696649]] | [[Semantor macrurus]] | Semantor macrurus | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Semantor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1340 | [[:d:Q18002457|Q18002457]] | [[Palaeomephitis steinheimensis]] | Palaeomephitis steinheimensis | 3 | | [[File:Palaeomephitis steinheimensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Palaeomephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1341 | [[:d:Q25436860|Q25436860]] | [[Archaeodobenus akamatsui]] | Archaeodobenus akamatsui | 3 | | [[File:Archaeodobenus.PNG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Archaeodobenus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1342 | [[:d:Q33177251|Q33177251]] | [[Ictonychini]] | Ictonychini | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonychinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1343 | [[:d:Q108030483|Q108030483]] | [[Enhydrictis]] | Enhydrictis | 3 | | [[File:Enhydrictis galictoides.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonychinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1344 | [[:d:Q135257780|Q135257780]] | [[Lyncodontini]] | Lyncodontini | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonychinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1345 | [[:d:Q765132|Q765132]] | [[Thaumastocyon]] | Thaumastocyon | 3 | | [[File:Thaumastocyon bourgeoisi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Thaumastocyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1346 | [[:d:Q2477712|Q2477712]] | [[Imagotaria downsi]] | Imagotaria downsi | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Imagotaria]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1347 | [[:d:Q16929812|Q16929812]] | [[Hyaenotherium]] | Hyaenotherium | 3 | | [[File:似鬣狗鼬鬣狗 Hyaenotherium hyaeneides.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ictitheriinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1348 | [[:d:Q30693544|Q30693544]] | [[Nanophoca]] | Nanophoca | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1349 | [[:d:Q30693561|Q30693561]] | [[Phocanella]] | Phocanella | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1350 | [[:d:Q30693573|Q30693573]] | [[Gryphoca]] | Gryphoca | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1351 | [[:d:Q135102360|Q135102360]] | [[Circamustela]] | Circamustela | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Guloninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1352 | [[:d:Q5782651|Q5782651]] | [[Conepatus chinga chinga]] | Conepatus chinga chinga | 3 | | [[File:Chingue (Conepatus chinga) Inao Vásquez 001.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus chinga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1353 | [[:d:Q5782653|Q5782653]] | [[Conepatus chinga rex]] | Conepatus chinga rex | 3 | | [[File:Conepatus chinga rex (8392210869).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus chinga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1354 | [[:d:Q20907246|Q20907246]] | [[Genetta genetta felina]] | Genetta genetta felina | 3 | | [[File:Genetta genetta felina (Wroclaw zoo).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1355 | [[:d:Q20907613|Q20907613]] | [[Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus]] | Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus | 3 | | [[File:Arctocephalus pusillus 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctocephalus pusillus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1356 | [[:d:Q20907614|Q20907614]] | [[Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus]] | Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctocephalus pusillus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1357 | [[:d:Q20907943|Q20907943]] | [[Mephitis mephitis hudsonica]] | Mephitis mephitis hudsonica | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1358 | [[:d:Q20907945|Q20907945]] | [[Mephitis mephitis mesomelas]] | Mephitis mephitis mesomelas | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1359 | [[:d:Q20907946|Q20907946]] | [[Mephitis mephitis nigra]] | Mephitis mephitis nigra | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1360 | [[:d:Q20907970|Q20907970]] | [[Spilogale putorius interrupta]] | Spilogale putorius interrupta | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale putorius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1361 | [[:d:Q13563535|Q13563535]] | [[Namaqua slender mongoose]] | Galerella sanguinea swalius | 3 | | [[File:2009-slender-mongoose.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1362 | [[:d:Q20907920|Q20907920]] | [[Conepatus chinga suffocans]] | Conepatus chinga suffocans | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus chinga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1363 | [[:d:Q5575498|Q5575498]] | [[Gobicyon]] | Gobicyon | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1364 | [[:d:Q11840392|Q11840392]] | [[Dologale]] | Dologale | 3 | | | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Mungosinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1365 | [[:d:Q21368149|Q21368149]] | [[Asilifelis]] | Asilifelis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1366 | [[:d:Q21368361|Q21368361]] | [[Diamantofelis]] | Diamantofelis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1367 | [[:d:Q21368812|Q21368812]] | [[Namafelis]] | Namafelis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1368 | [[:d:Q110967286|Q110967286]] | [[Katifelis]] | Katifelis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1369 | [[:d:Q117815835|Q117815835]] | [[Vinayakia]] | Vinayakia | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1370 | [[:d:Q1571102|Q1571102]] | [[Grammogale]] | Grammogale | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1371 | [[:d:Q20907620|Q20907620]] | [[Halichoerus grypus macrorhynchus]] | Halichoerus grypus macrorhynchus | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Halichoerus grypus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1372 | [[:d:Q20907621|Q20907621]] | [[Phoca vitulina vitulina]] | Phoca vitulina vitulina | 3 | | [[File:Common Seal Phoca vitulina.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoca vitulina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1373 | [[:d:Q20907622|Q20907622]] | [[Phoca vitulina concolor]] | Phoca vitulina concolor | 3 | | [[File:Harbor seal in Holyoke, MA. Connecticut River. 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoca vitulina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1374 | [[:d:Q20907624|Q20907624]] | [[Phoca vitulina richardii]] | Phoca vitulina richardii | 3 | | [[File:Phoca vitulina richardii.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoca vitulina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1375 | [[:d:Q27898177|Q27898177]] | [[Mustela]] | Mustela | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1376 | [[:d:Q104841186|Q104841186]] | [[Phoca vitulina mellonae]] | Phoca vitulina mellonae | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoca vitulina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1377 | [[:d:Q16987383|Q16987383]] | [[Paradoxurus montanus]] | Paradoxurus montanus | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1378 | [[:d:Q20907922|Q20907922]] | [[Conepatus humboldtii castaneus]] | Conepatus humboldtii castaneus | 3 | | [[File:Conepatus humboldtii 1847.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus humboldtii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1379 | [[:d:Q20907925|Q20907925]] | [[Conepatus leuconotus leuconotus]] | Conepatus leuconotus leuconotus | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus leuconotus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1380 | [[:d:Q135249380|Q135249380]] | [[Ictonyx harrisoni]] | Ictonyx harrisoni | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1381 | [[:d:Q12116479|Q12116479]] | [[Potosinae]] | Potosinae | 3 | | [[File:Olinguito ZooKeys 324, solo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1382 | [[:d:Q20907625|Q20907625]] | [[Pusa hispida hispida]] | Pusa hispida hispida | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoca hispida]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1383 | [[:d:Q107994795|Q107994795]] | [[Cretan otter]] | Lutrogale cretensis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutrogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1384 | [[:d:Q108422524|Q108422524]] | [[Callorhinus gilmorei]] | Callorhinus gilmorei | 3 | | [[File:Callorhinus gilmorei.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Callorhinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1385 | [[:d:Q20907962|Q20907962]] | [[Spilogale gracilis amphialus]] | Spilogale gracilis amphialus | 3 | | [[File:Spilogale gracilis amphiala.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale gracilis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1386 | [[:d:Q3497608|Q3497608]] | [[Chamitataxus avitus]] | Chamitataxus avitus | 3 | | [[File:Chamitataxus BW.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Chamitataxus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1387 | [[:d:Q108422505|Q108422505]] | [[Mellivora sivalensis]] | Mellivora sivalensis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mellivora]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1388 | [[:d:Q2857972|Q2857972]] | [[Aonyx capensis hindei]] | Aonyx capensis hindei | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Aonyx capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1389 | [[:d:Q2857973|Q2857973]] | [[Aonyx capensis meneleki]] | Aonyx capensis meneleki | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Aonyx capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1390 | [[:d:Q11908163|Q11908163]] | [[Barbourofelis fricki]] | Barbourofelis fricki | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Barbourofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1391 | [[:d:Q16595094|Q16595094]] | [[Lycalopex ensenadensis]] | Lycalopex ensenadensis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lycalopex]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1392 | [[:d:Q20907635|Q20907635]] | [[Enhydra lutris nereis]] | Enhydra lutris nereis | 3 | | [[File:California Sea Otters - Enhydra lutris nereis, Elkhorn Slough, Moss Landing, California.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Enhydra lutris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1393 | [[:d:Q20907655|Q20907655]] | [[Lutra lutra meridionalis]] | Lutra lutra meridionalis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1394 | [[:d:Q28432836|Q28432836]] | [[Felini]] | Felini | 3 | | [[File:Bengalkatze.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1395 | [[:d:Q121339769|Q121339769]] | [[Vishnufelis]] | Vishnufelis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1396 | [[:d:Q9047364|Q9047364]] | [[Mustela putorius anglia]] | Mustela putorius anglia | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela putorius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1397 | [[:d:Q9047369|Q9047369]] | [[Mustela putorius mosquensis]] | Mustela putorius mosquensis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela putorius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1398 | [[:d:Q12185005|Q12185005]] | [[Mustela putorius rothschildi]] | Mustela putorius rothschildi | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela putorius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1399 | [[:d:Q20907870|Q20907870]] | [[Mustela putorius putorius]] | Mustela putorius putorius | 3 | | [[File:Ilder.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela putorius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1400 | [[:d:Q20907890|Q20907890]] | [[Neovison vison evergladensis]] | Neogale vison evergladensis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1401 | [[:d:Q920221|Q920221]] | [[Martes americana caurina]] | Martes americana caurina | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes americana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1402 | [[:d:Q9029559|Q9029559]] | [[Martes americana abietinoides]] | Martes americana abietinoides | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes americana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1403 | [[:d:Q122095502|Q122095502]] | [[Palaeopanthera]] | Palaeopanthera | 3 | | [[File:Panthera blytheae NT.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pantherinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1404 | [[:d:Q30693567|Q30693567]] | [[Pachyphoca]] | Pachyphoca | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cystophorini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1405 | [[:d:Q125749307|Q125749307]] | [[Neogale frenata]] | Neogale frenata | 3 | | [[File:Mustela frenata new.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1406 | [[:d:Q135942454|Q135942454]] | [[Mionictis]] | Mionictis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutrini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1407 | [[:d:Q869465|Q869465]] | [[Nasua nelsoni]] | Nasua nelsoni | 3 | | [[File:Cozumel Island Coati .jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1408 | [[:d:Q4064599|Q4064599]] | [[Mustela eversmanii amurensis]] | Mustela eversmanii amurensis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela eversmanii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1409 | [[:d:Q118469371|Q118469371]] | [[Sivasmilus]] | Sivasmilus | 3 | | [[File:Sivasmilus holotype Pilgrim1915.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1410 | [[:d:Q6840433|Q6840433]] | [[Microtomarctus]] | Microtomarctus | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1411 | [[:d:Q7105820|Q7105820]] | [[Osbornodon iamonensis]] | Osbornodon iamonensis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Osbornodon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1412 | [[:d:Q7134499|Q7134499]] | [[Paraenhydrocyon]] | Paraenhydrocyon | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hesperocyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1413 | [[:d:Q11318742|Q11318742]] | [[Martes melampus tsuensis]] | Martes melampus tsuensis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes melampus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1414 | [[:d:Q11338316|Q11338316]] | [[Martes melampus melampus]] | Martes melampus melampus | 3 | | [[File:Japanese Marten.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes melampus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1415 | [[:d:Q3853467|Q3853467]] | [[Mececyon trinilensis]] | Mececyon trinilensis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mececyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1416 | [[:d:Q3853916|Q3853916]] | [[Megacyon merriami]] | Megacyon merriami | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Megacyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1417 | [[:d:Q5378828|Q5378828]] | [[Enhydritherium terraenovae]] | Enhydritherium terraenovae | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Enhydritherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1418 | [[:d:Q60741848|Q60741848]] | [[Enhydriodon dikikae]] | Enhydriodon dikikae | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Enhydriodon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1419 | [[:d:Q65141617|Q65141617]] | [[Actiocyon]] | Actiocyon | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Simocyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1420 | [[:d:Q2322950|Q2322950]] | [[Vulpes macrotis mutica]] | Vulpes macrotis mutica | 3 | | [[File:Vulpes macrotis mutica with pups.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes macrotis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1421 | [[:d:Q5985089|Q5985089]] | [[Lycalopex culpaeus andinus]] | Lycalopex culpaeus andinus | 3 | | [[File:Culpeo MC.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex culpaeus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1422 | [[:d:Q5985091|Q5985091]] | [[Lycalopex culpaeus culpaeus]] | Lycalopex culpaeus culpaeus | 3 | | [[File:Lycalopex culpaeus culpaeus, Pseudalopex culpaeus culpaeus zorro culpeo (Chile central) 04.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex culpaeus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1423 | [[:d:Q5985093|Q5985093]] | [[Lycalopex culpaeus lycoides]] | Lycalopex culpaeus lycoides | 3 | | [[File:Lycalopex culpaeus lycoides in Ushuaia, Argentina..jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex culpaeus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1424 | [[:d:Q5985099|Q5985099]] | [[Lycalopex culpaeus smithersi]] | Lycalopex culpaeus smithersi | 3 | | [[File:Keulemans Culpeo.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex culpaeus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1425 | [[:d:Q7838042|Q7838042]] | [[Tremarctini]] | Tremarctini | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Tremarctinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1426 | [[:d:Q20907574|Q20907574]] | [[Urocyon littoralis littoralis]] | Urocyon littoralis littoralis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon littoralis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1427 | [[:d:Q20907575|Q20907575]] | [[Urocyon littoralis catalinae]] | Urocyon littoralis catalinae | 3 | | [[File:CatalinaIslandFox.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon littoralis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1428 | [[:d:Q20907576|Q20907576]] | [[Urocyon littoralis clementae]] | Urocyon littoralis clementae | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon littoralis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1429 | [[:d:Q20907577|Q20907577]] | [[Urocyon littoralis dickeyi]] | Urocyon littoralis dickeyi | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon littoralis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1430 | [[:d:Q20907579|Q20907579]] | [[Urocyon littoralis santarosae]] | Urocyon littoralis santarosae | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon littoralis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1431 | [[:d:Q16590238|Q16590238]] | [[Leopardus vorohuensis]] | Leopardus vorohuensis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1432 | [[:d:Q118612748|Q118612748]] | [[Puma incurva]] | Puma incurva | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1433 | [[:d:Q20908051|Q20908051]] | [[Ailurus fulgens fulgens]] | Ailurus fulgens fulgens | 3 | | [[File:RedPanda SingalilaNationalPark DFrame.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ailurus fulgens]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1434 | [[:d:Q131304188|Q131304188]] | [[Prionailurus kurteni]] | Prionailurus kurteni | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Prionailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1435 | [[:d:Q20907580|Q20907580]] | [[Vulpes corsac corsac]] | Vulpes corsac corsac | 3 | | [[File:Vulpes corsac corsac 409278970.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes corsac]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1436 | [[:d:Q20907582|Q20907582]] | [[Vulpes corsac kalmykorum]] | Vulpes corsac kalmykorum | 3 | | [[File:Vulpes corsac 127174928.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes corsac]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1437 | [[:d:Q20908036|Q20908036]] | [[Procyon lotor hernandezii]] | Procyon lotor hernandezii | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1438 | [[:d:Q8066568|Q8066568]] | [[Zaragocyon daamsi]] | Zaragocyon daamsi | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Zaragocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1439 | [[:d:Q21369112|Q21369112]] | [[Adelpharctos]] | Adelpharctos | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hemicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1440 | [[:d:Q23752930|Q23752930]] | [[Caracal aurata]] | Caracal aurata | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1441 | [[:d:Q23772769|Q23772769]] | [[Catopuma temminckii]] | Catopuma temminckii | 3 | | [[File:Asian Golden cat.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Catopuma]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1442 | [[:d:Q106199641|Q106199641]] | [[Miomaci]] | Miomaci | 3 | | | [[monotypic fossil taxon]] | | [[Ailuropodinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1443 | [[:d:Q110448412|Q110448412]] | [[Aurorarctos]] | Aurorarctos | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1444 | [[:d:Q120024195|Q120024195]] | [[Huracan]] | Huracan | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ailuropodinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1445 | [[:d:Q4287837|Q4287837]] | [[Alopex lagopus semenovi]] | Alopex lagopus semenovi | 3 | | [[File:ArcticFoxSummer.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Alopex lagopus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1446 | [[:d:Q16615644|Q16615644]] | [[Panthera tigris oxygnatha]] | Panthera tigris oxygnatha | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1447 | [[:d:Q22285672|Q22285672]] | [[Ethiopian lion]] | Panthera leo roosevelti | 3 | | [[File:Lion zoo Addis Ababa 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[leon]] | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1448 | [[:d:Q582960|Q582960]] | [[Leptailurus serval phillipsi]] | Leptailurus serval phillipsi | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1449 | [[:d:Q966549|Q966549]] | [[Leptailurus serval kivuensis]] | Leptailurus serval kivuensis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1450 | [[:d:Q5392035|Q5392035]] | [[Leptailurus serval pococki]] | Leptailurus serval pococki | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1451 | [[:d:Q5477080|Q5477080]] | [[Leptailurus serval lonnbergi]] | Leptailurus serval lonnbergi | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1452 | [[:d:Q5985179|Q5985179]] | [[Lynx rufus gigas]] | Lynx rufus gigas | 3 | | [[File:Bobcat2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1453 | [[:d:Q8961149|Q8961149]] | [[Felis silvestris griselda]] | Felis silvestris griselda | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1454 | [[:d:Q8961150|Q8961150]] | [[Felis silvestris haussa]] | Felis silvestris haussa | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1455 | [[:d:Q8961152|Q8961152]] | [[Felis silvestris iraki]] | Felis silvestris iraki | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1456 | [[:d:Q8961153|Q8961153]] | [[Felis silvestris mellandi]] | Felis silvestris mellandi | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1457 | [[:d:Q8961155|Q8961155]] | [[Felis silvestris nesterovi]] | Felis silvestris nesterovi | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1458 | [[:d:Q8961158|Q8961158]] | [[Felis silvestris tristrami]] | Felis silvestris tristrami | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1459 | [[:d:Q8961159|Q8961159]] | [[Felis silvestris rubida]] | Felis silvestris rubida | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1460 | [[:d:Q8961160|Q8961160]] | [[Felis silvestris ugandae]] | Felis silvestris ugandae | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1461 | [[:d:Q9021703|Q9021703]] | [[Leptailurus serval beirae]] | Leptailurus serval beirae | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1462 | [[:d:Q9021710|Q9021710]] | [[Leptailurus serval faradjius]] | Leptailurus serval faradjius | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1463 | [[:d:Q9021712|Q9021712]] | [[Leptailurus serval ferrarii]] | Leptailurus serval ferrarii | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1464 | [[:d:Q9021713|Q9021713]] | [[Leptailurus serval hamiltoni]] | Leptailurus serval hamiltoni | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1465 | [[:d:Q9021716|Q9021716]] | [[Leptailurus serval hindei]] | Leptailurus serval hindei | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1466 | [[:d:Q9021724|Q9021724]] | [[Leptailurus serval pantastictus]] | Leptailurus serval pantastictus | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1467 | [[:d:Q9021728|Q9021728]] | [[Leptailurus serval robertsi]] | Leptailurus serval robertsi | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1468 | [[:d:Q9021732|Q9021732]] | [[Leptailurus serval togoensis]] | Leptailurus serval togoensis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1469 | [[:d:Q11681812|Q11681812]] | [[Felis silvestris chutuchta]] | Felis silvestris chutuchta | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1470 | [[:d:Q11688829|Q11688829]] | [[Leptailurus serval brachyurus]] | Leptailurus serval brachyurus | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1471 | [[:d:Q11688832|Q11688832]] | [[Leptailurus serval kempi]] | Leptailurus serval kempi | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1472 | [[:d:Q11688834|Q11688834]] | [[Leptailurus serval mababiensis]] | Leptailurus serval mababiensis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1473 | [[:d:Q5442082|Q5442082]] | [[Felis chaus furax]] | Felis chaus furax | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Chaus|Felis chaus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1474 | [[:d:Q5442083|Q5442083]] | [[Felis chaus kelaarti]] | Felis chaus kelaarti | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Chaus|Felis chaus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1475 | [[:d:Q5442084|Q5442084]] | [[Felis chaus maimanah]] | Felis chaus maimanah | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Chaus|Felis chaus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1476 | [[:d:Q5442085|Q5442085]] | [[Felis chaus oxiana]] | Felis chaus oxiana | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Chaus|Felis chaus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1477 | [[:d:Q20907141|Q20907141]] | [[Neofelis nebulosa macrosceloides]] | Neofelis nebulosa macrosceloides | 3 | | [[File:Neofelis nebulosa macrosceloides.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neofelis nebulosa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1478 | [[:d:Q4006547|Q4006547]] | [[Ursus ladinicus]] | Ursus ladinicus | 3 | | [[File:Ursus ladinicus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1479 | [[:d:Q9367140|Q9367140]] | [[Ursus wenzensis]] | Ursus wenzensis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1480 | [[:d:Q4043537|Q4043537]] | [[Machairodus aphanistus]] | Machairodus aphanistus | 3 | | [[File:Machairodus aphanistus female skull - Batallones fossil sites, Torrejón de Velasco, Madrid, Spain.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1481 | [[:d:Q15695549|Q15695549]] | [[Nyctereutes tingi]] | Nyctereutes tingi | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nyctereutes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1482 | [[:d:Q122936769|Q122936769]] | [[Stenailurus teilhardi]] | Stenailurus teilhardi | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Stenailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1483 | [[:d:Q128263021|Q128263021]] | [[North African wildcat]] | Felis lybica lybica | 3 | | [[File:Felis silvestris lybica 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage african]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1484 | [[:d:Q6741612|Q6741612]] | [[Borophagus parvus]] | Borophagus parvus | 3 | | [[File:Borophagus cyonoides 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophagus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1485 | [[:d:Q16975227|Q16975227]] | [[Borophagus diversidens]] | Borophagus diversidens | 3 | | [[File:Borophagus diversidens.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophagus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1486 | [[:d:Q16975237|Q16975237]] | [[Borophagus hilli]] | Borophagus hilli | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophagus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1487 | [[:d:Q16975242|Q16975242]] | [[Borophagus littoralis]] | Borophagus littoralis | 3 | | [[File:Borophagus littoralis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophagus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1488 | [[:d:Q16975253|Q16975253]] | [[Borophagus pugnator]] | Borophagus pugnator | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophagus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1489 | [[:d:Q16975257|Q16975257]] | [[Borophagus secundus]] | Borophagus secundus | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophagus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1490 | [[:d:Q20907551|Q20907551]] | [[Nyctereutes procyonoides ussuriensis]] | Nyctereutes procyonoides ussuriensis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nyctereutes procyonoides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1491 | [[:d:Q20907603|Q20907603]] | [[Melursus ursinus ursinus]] | Melursus ursinus ursinus | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melursus ursinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1492 | [[:d:Q20907606|Q20907606]] | [[Ursus americanus machetes]] | Ursus americanus machetes | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus americanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1493 | [[:d:Q20907607|Q20907607]] | [[Ursus americanus perniger]] | Ursus americanus perniger | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus americanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1494 | [[:d:Q20720126|Q20720126]] | [[Canis lupus variabilis]] | Canis mosbachensis variabilis | 3 | | [[File:Canis variabilis mandible.tif|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis mosbachensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1495 | [[:d:Q20907492|Q20907492]] | [[Canis aureus ecsedensis]] | Canis aureus ecsedensis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis aureus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1496 | [[:d:Q20907500|Q20907500]] | [[Canis latrans clepticus]] | Canis latrans clepticus | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1497 | [[:d:Q20907513|Q20907513]] | [[Canis latrans texensis]] | Canis latrans texensis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1498 | [[:d:Q20907515|Q20907515]] | [[Canis latrans umpquensis]] | Canis latrans umpquensis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1499 | [[:d:Q20907516|Q20907516]] | [[Canis latrans vigilis]] | Canis latrans vigilis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1500 | [[:d:Q20907522|Q20907522]] | [[Canis mesomelas mesomelas]] | Canis mesomelas mesomelas | 3 | | [[File:L. m. mesomelas, Sunday's River Valley Local Municipality 1.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis mesomelas]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1501 | [[:d:Q20907523|Q20907523]] | [[Canis mesomelas schmidti]] | Canis mesomelas schmidti | 3 | | [[File:Lupulella mesomelas schmidti Kenya 2020 1.jpg (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis mesomelas]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1502 | [[:d:Q20907552|Q20907552]] | [[Otocyon megalotis megalotis]] | Otocyon megalotis megalotis | 3 | | [[File:187 Bat-eared fox in Otjozondjupa Region Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Otocyon megalotis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1503 | [[:d:Q110266161|Q110266161]] | [[Canis borjgali]] | Canis borjgali | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1504 | [[:d:Q122840720|Q122840720]] | [[Nyctereutes viverrinus albus]] | Nyctereutes viverrinus albus | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nyctereutes viverrinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1505 | [[:d:Q10811693|Q10811693]] | [[Rhynchogale]] | Rhynchogale | 2 | | [[File:Smit.m.rhinogale.melleri.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Herpestidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1506 | [[:d:Q16983083|Q16983083]] | [[Herpestides]] | Herpestides | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1507 | [[:d:Q21446239|Q21446239]] | [[Barbourofelinae]] | Barbourofelinae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Barbourofelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1508 | [[:d:Q28309613|Q28309613]] | [[Xenogale]] | Xenogale | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1509 | [[:d:Q85989669|Q85989669]] | [[Legetetia]] | Legetetia | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Herpestidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1510 | [[:d:Q85989765|Q85989765]] | [[Mioprionodon]] | Mioprionodon | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1511 | [[:d:Q97372855|Q97372855]] | [[Mungotinae]] | Mungotinae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1512 | [[:d:Q106918005|Q106918005]] | [[Dunictis]] | Dunictis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1513 | [[:d:Q116761711|Q116761711]] | [[Allohyaena]] | Allohyaena | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1514 | [[:d:Q125902653|Q125902653]] | [[Buisnictis]] | Buisnictis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mephitidae|Moffetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1515 | [[:d:Q126888234|Q126888234]] | [[Mephitinae]] | Mephitinae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitidae|Moffetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1516 | [[:d:Q135090907|Q135090907]] | [[Tungurictis]] | Tungurictis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1517 | [[:d:Q136655510|Q136655510]] | [[Kichechia]] | Kichechia | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Herpestidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1518 | [[:d:Q16993011|Q16993011]] | [[Teruelictis]] | Teruelictis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1519 | [[:d:Q17465087|Q17465087]] | [[Prionodontidae]] | Prionodontidae | 2 | | [[File:Prionodon maculosus.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1520 | [[:d:Q21661407|Q21661407]] | [[Parataxidea]] | Parataxidea | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1521 | [[:d:Q28031449|Q28031449]] | [[Ekorus]] | Ekorus | 2 | | [[File:Ekorus and Viverra.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]]<br/>[[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1522 | [[:d:Q33139904|Q33139904]] | [[Leptarctinae]] | Leptarctinae | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1523 | [[:d:Q59780239|Q59780239]] | [[Plesiogale]] | Plesiogale | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1524 | [[:d:Q105658688|Q105658688]] | [[Zanclonychopus]] | Zanclonychopus | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Caniformia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1525 | [[:d:Q5663088|Q5663088]] | [[Harpagophagus]] | Harpagophagus | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1526 | [[:d:Q7254211|Q7254211]] | [[Pseudamphicyon]] | Pseudamphicyon | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1527 | [[:d:Q10334025|Q10334025]] | [[Mustelida]] | Mustelida | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1528 | [[:d:Q18001804|Q18001804]] | [[Neotherium]] | Neotherium | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1529 | [[:d:Q19758225|Q19758225]] | [[Trigonictis]] | Trigonictis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1530 | [[:d:Q21344937|Q21344937]] | [[Arctomeles]] | Arctomeles | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1531 | [[:d:Q33147923|Q33147923]] | [[Thaumastocyoninae]] | Thaumastocyoninae | 2 | | [[File:Naturhistorisches Museum Mainz- (8)-Bärenhund-Agnotherium antiquum.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1532 | [[:d:Q48465840|Q48465840]] | [[Kamtschatarctos]] | Kamtschatarctos | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1533 | [[:d:Q48528770|Q48528770]] | [[Semantor]] | Semantor | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]]<br/>[[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Semantoridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1534 | [[:d:Q85989695|Q85989695]] | [[Lophocyon]] | Lophocyon | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lophocyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1535 | [[:d:Q119320064|Q119320064]] | [[Subparictis]] | Subparictis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Subparictidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1536 | [[:d:Q119332064|Q119332064]] | [[Eoarctos]] | Eoarctos | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Subparictidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1537 | [[:d:Q122216409|Q122216409]] | [[Lonchocyon]] | Lonchocyon | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Arctoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1538 | [[:d:Q123015160|Q123015160]] | [[Pacificotaria]] | Pacificotaria | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pinnipediformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1539 | [[:d:Q3757593|Q3757593]] | [[Galerella swalius]] | Galerella swalius | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1540 | [[:d:Q21445893|Q21445893]] | [[Osbornictis]] | Osbornictis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1541 | [[:d:Q125459871|Q125459871]] | [[Genetta fieldiana]] | Genetta fieldiana | 2 | | [[File:Genetta fieldinana.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1542 | [[:d:Q135973229|Q135973229]] | [[Megencephalon]] | Megencephalon | 2 | | | [[monotypic fossil taxon]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1543 | [[:d:Q61474546|Q61474546]] | [[Leptarctus]] | Leptarctus | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1544 | [[:d:Q108475852|Q108475852]] | [[Kawas]] | Kawas | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1545 | [[:d:Q110448466|Q110448466]] | [[Baranogale]] | Baranogale | 2 | | [[File:Baranogale helbingi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1546 | [[:d:Q121345006|Q121345006]] | [[Plionictis]] | Plionictis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1547 | [[:d:Q123014940|Q123014940]] | [[Hydrarctos]] | Hydrarctos | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Otariidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1548 | [[:d:Q123015011|Q123015011]] | [[Miophoca]] | Miophoca | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1549 | [[:d:Q123015038|Q123015038]] | [[Virginiaphoca]] | Virginiaphoca | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1550 | [[:d:Q123015074|Q123015074]] | [[Properiptychus]] | Properiptychus | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1551 | [[:d:Q123015092|Q123015092]] | [[Messiphoca]] | Messiphoca | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1552 | [[:d:Q131160761|Q131160761]] | [[Hoplictis]] | Hoplictis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1553 | [[:d:Q33176727|Q33176727]] | [[Monachini]] | Monachini | 2 | | [[File:Hawaiian monk seal at French Frigate Shoals 07.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Monachinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1554 | [[:d:Q33177856|Q33177856]] | [[Miroungini]] | Miroungini | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Monachinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1555 | [[:d:Q85989383|Q85989383]] | [[Euboictis]] | Euboictis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Viverroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1556 | [[:d:Q131905160|Q131905160]] | [[Saketoteron]] | Saketoteron | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1557 | [[:d:Q135095196|Q135095196]] | [[Pachycynodon]] | Pachycynodon | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicynodontidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1558 | [[:d:Q16988557|Q16988557]] | [[Prosansanosmilus peregrinus]] | Prosansanosmilus peregrinus | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Prosansanosmilus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1559 | [[:d:Q25436875|Q25436875]] | [[Kamtschatarctos sinelnikovae]] | Kamtschatarctos sinelnikovae | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Kamtschatarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1560 | [[:d:Q28936311|Q28936311]] | [[Eotaria citrica]] | Eotaria citrica | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Eotaria]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1561 | [[:d:Q108635403|Q108635403]] | [[Oriensarctos watasei]] | Oriensarctos watasei | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Oriensarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1562 | [[:d:Q111034276|Q111034276]] | [[Oriensmilus liupanensis]] | Oriensmilus liupanensis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Oriensmilus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1563 | [[:d:Q112959024|Q112959024]] | [[Aragonictis araid]] | Aragonictis araid | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Aragonictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1564 | [[:d:Q3906719|Q3906719]] | [[Pliocrocuta perrieri]] | Pliocrocuta perrieri | 2 | | [[File:Pliocrocuta perrieri - skull.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pliocrocuta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1565 | [[:d:Q3999197|Q3999197]] | [[Trocharion albanense]] | Trocharion albanense | 2 | | [[File:Trocharion.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Trocharion]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1566 | [[:d:Q30893535|Q30893535]] | [[Protodobenus japonicus]] | Protodobenus japonicus | 2 | | [[File:Protodobenus japonicus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Protodobenus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1567 | [[:d:Q33176599|Q33176599]] | [[Phocini]] | Phocini | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1568 | [[:d:Q33177423|Q33177423]] | [[Cystophorini]] | Cystophorini | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1569 | [[:d:Q33177565|Q33177565]] | [[Erignathini]] | Erignathini | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1570 | [[:d:Q115382200|Q115382200]] | [[Ammitocyon]] | Ammitocyon | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Thaumastocyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1571 | [[:d:Q123015101|Q123015101]] | [[Devinophoca]] | Devinophoca | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Devinophocinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1572 | [[:d:Q20907243|Q20907243]] | [[Genetta genetta genetta]] | Genetta genetta genetta | 2 | | [[File:Genetta genetta felina (Wroclaw zoo).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1573 | [[:d:Q20907915|Q20907915]] | [[Conepatus chinga budini]] | Conepatus chinga budini | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus chinga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1574 | [[:d:Q20907938|Q20907938]] | [[Mephitis mephitis mephitis]] | Mephitis mephitis mephitis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1575 | [[:d:Q20907939|Q20907939]] | [[Mephitis mephitis avia]] | Mephitis mephitis avia | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1576 | [[:d:Q20907940|Q20907940]] | [[Mephitis mephitis elongata]] | Mephitis mephitis elongata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1577 | [[:d:Q20907941|Q20907941]] | [[Mephitis mephitis estor]] | Mephitis mephitis estor | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1578 | [[:d:Q20907942|Q20907942]] | [[Mephitis mephitis holzneri]] | Mephitis mephitis holzneri | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1579 | [[:d:Q20907944|Q20907944]] | [[Mephitis mephitis major]] | Mephitis mephitis major | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1580 | [[:d:Q20907947|Q20907947]] | [[Mephitis mephitis notata]] | Mephitis mephitis notata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1581 | [[:d:Q20907948|Q20907948]] | [[Mephitis mephitis occidentalis]] | Mephitis mephitis occidentalis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1582 | [[:d:Q20907949|Q20907949]] | [[Mephitis mephitis spissigrada]] | Mephitis mephitis spissigrada | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1583 | [[:d:Q20907950|Q20907950]] | [[Mephitis mephitis varians]] | Mephitis mephitis varians | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1584 | [[:d:Q20907968|Q20907968]] | [[Spilogale putorius putorius]] | Spilogale putorius putorius | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale putorius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1585 | [[:d:Q20907969|Q20907969]] | [[Spilogale putorius ambarvalis]] | Spilogale putorius ambarvalis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale putorius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1586 | [[:d:Q41084394|Q41084394]] | [[Lutra simplicidens]] | Lutra simplicidens | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1587 | [[:d:Q107987062|Q107987062]] | [[Lutra castiglionis]] | Lutra castiglionis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1588 | [[:d:Q124036891|Q124036891]] | [[Lutra franconica]] | Lutra franconica | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1589 | [[:d:Q138589737|Q138589737]] | [[Lutrogale]] | Lutrogale | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1590 | [[:d:Q138589741|Q138589741]] | [[Lutra]] | Lutra | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1591 | [[:d:Q20907321|Q20907321]] | [[Cynictis penicillata bradfieldi]] | Cynictis penicillata bradfieldi | 2 | | [[File:082 Yellow mongoose in Khomas Region Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynictis penicillata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1592 | [[:d:Q20907916|Q20907916]] | [[Conepatus chinga gibsoni]] | Conepatus chinga gibsoni | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus chinga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1593 | [[:d:Q20907917|Q20907917]] | [[Conepatus chinga inca]] | Conepatus chinga inca | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus chinga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1594 | [[:d:Q20907918|Q20907918]] | [[Conepatus chinga mendosus]] | Conepatus chinga mendosus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus chinga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1595 | [[:d:Q20907928|Q20907928]] | [[Conepatus semistriatus semistriatus]] | Conepatus semistriatus semistriatus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus semistriatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1596 | [[:d:Q20907930|Q20907930]] | [[Conepatus semistriatus taxinus]] | Conepatus semistriatus taxinus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus semistriatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1597 | [[:d:Q20907931|Q20907931]] | [[Conepatus semistriatus trichurus]] | Conepatus semistriatus trichurus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus semistriatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1598 | [[:d:Q20907932|Q20907932]] | [[Conepatus semistriatus yucatanicus]] | Conepatus semistriatus yucatanicus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus semistriatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1599 | [[:d:Q20907933|Q20907933]] | [[Conepatus semistriatus zorrino]] | Conepatus semistriatus zorrino | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus semistriatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1600 | [[:d:Q20907951|Q20907951]] | [[Mydaus javanensis javanensis]] | Mydaus javanensis javanensis | 2 | | [[File:Zoological researches in Java, and the neighbouring islands BHL47293032.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mydaus javanensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1601 | [[:d:Q20907952|Q20907952]] | [[Mydaus javanensis lucifer]] | Mydaus javanensis lucifer | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mydaus javanensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1602 | [[:d:Q20907953|Q20907953]] | [[Mydaus javanensis ollula]] | Mydaus javanensis ollula | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mydaus javanensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1603 | [[:d:Q223410|Q223410]] | [[Alopex]] | Alopex | 2 | | [[File:Eisfuchscele4.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1604 | [[:d:Q6992706|Q6992706]] | [[Neocynodesmus]] | Neocynodesmus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1605 | [[:d:Q16963604|Q16963604]] | [[Metalopex]] | Metalopex | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1606 | [[:d:Q21368804|Q21368804]] | [[Mececyon]] | Mececyon | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1607 | [[:d:Q21368805|Q21368805]] | [[Megacyon]] | Megacyon | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1608 | [[:d:Q21445604|Q21445604]] | [[Acinonychinae]] | Acinonychinae | 2 | | [[File:Cheetah.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1609 | [[:d:Q55374881|Q55374881]] | [[Protemnocyon]] | Protemnocyon | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1610 | [[:d:Q85989052|Q85989052]] | [[Aeluropsis]] | Aeluropsis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1611 | [[:d:Q4499772|Q4499772]] | [[Polecat-mink hybrid]] | Mustela putorius × Mustela lutreola | 2 | | | [[hybrid taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1612 | [[:d:Q20907623|Q20907623]] | [[Phoca vitulina mellonae]] | Phoca vitulina mellonae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoca vitulina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1613 | [[:d:Q24694602|Q24694602]] | [[Martes]] | Martes | 2 | | [[File:American Marten.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1614 | [[:d:Q27898163|Q27898163]] | [[Kolonokus]] | Kolonokus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1615 | [[:d:Q59420993|Q59420993]] | [[Halichoerus grypus atlantica]] | Halichoerus grypus atlantica | 2 | | [[File:Grey Seals, Rathlin Island.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Halichoerus grypus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1616 | [[:d:Q131451883|Q131451883]] | [[Martes crassidens]] | Martes crassidens | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1617 | [[:d:Q138664073|Q138664073]] | [[Charronia]] | Charronia | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1618 | [[:d:Q14136913|Q14136913]] | [[Pogonodon pseudocanaricus]] | Pogonodon pseudocanaricus | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pogonodon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1619 | [[:d:Q20907921|Q20907921]] | [[Conepatus humboldtii humboldtii]] | Conepatus humboldtii humboldtii | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus humboldtii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1620 | [[:d:Q20907924|Q20907924]] | [[Conepatus humboldtii proteus]] | Conepatus humboldtii proteus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus humboldtii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1621 | [[:d:Q20907926|Q20907926]] | [[Conepatus leuconotus figginsi]] | Conepatus leuconotus figginsi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus leuconotus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1622 | [[:d:Q20907927|Q20907927]] | [[Conepatus leuconotus telmalestes]] | Conepatus leuconotus telmalestes | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus leuconotus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1623 | [[:d:Q17620514|Q17620514]] | [[Amphicyon ingens]] | Amphicyon ingens | 2 | | [[File:Amphicyon ingens White Background.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1624 | [[:d:Q20907615|Q20907615]] | [[Odobenus rosmarus laptevi]] | Odobenus rosmarus laptevi | 2 | | [[File:RR5109-0037R Лаптевский морж.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Morsa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1625 | [[:d:Q20907616|Q20907616]] | [[Erignathus barbatus barbatus]] | Erignathus barbatus barbatus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Erignathus barbatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1626 | [[:d:Q20907618|Q20907618]] | [[Erignathus barbatus nautica]] | Erignathus barbatus nautica | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Erignathus barbatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1627 | [[:d:Q20907626|Q20907626]] | [[Pusa hispida ochotensis]] | Pusa hispida ochotensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoca hispida]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1628 | [[:d:Q20907971|Q20907971]] | [[Spilogale pygmaea pygmaea]] | Spilogale pygmaea pygmaea | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale pygmaea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1629 | [[:d:Q20907972|Q20907972]] | [[Spilogale pygmaea australis]] | Spilogale pygmaea australis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale pygmaea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1630 | [[:d:Q20907973|Q20907973]] | [[Spilogale pygmaea intermedia]] | Spilogale pygmaea intermedia | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale pygmaea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1631 | [[:d:Q63525119|Q63525119]] | [[Crocuta crocuta ultima]] | Crocuta crocuta ultima | 2 | | [[File:最后的鬣狗 大庆.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Crocuta crocuta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1632 | [[:d:Q138497596|Q138497596]] | [[Pocockictis]] | Pocockictis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1633 | [[:d:Q141366979|Q141366979]] | [[Cryptoprocta bevatabe]] | Cryptoprocta bevatabe | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cryptoprocta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1634 | [[:d:Q6427869|Q6427869]] | [[Kolponomos clallamensis]] | Kolponomos clallamensis | 2 | | [[File:Kolponomos clallamensis mandible.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Kolponomos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1635 | [[:d:Q108872331|Q108872331]] | [[Allodesmus uraiporensis]] | Allodesmus uraiporensis | 2 | | [[File:Allodesmus uraiporensis — skull of holotype AMP 25 (Royal Society Open Science).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Allodesmus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1636 | [[:d:Q6009542|Q6009542]] | [[Meles iberica]] | Meles iberica | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1637 | [[:d:Q20907934|Q20907934]] | [[Mephitis macroura macroura]] | Mephitis macroura macroura | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis macroura]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1638 | [[:d:Q20907935|Q20907935]] | [[Mephitis macroura eximius]] | Mephitis macroura eximius | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis macroura]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1639 | [[:d:Q20907936|Q20907936]] | [[Mephitis macroura milleri]] | Mephitis macroura milleri | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis macroura]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1640 | [[:d:Q20907937|Q20907937]] | [[Mephitis macroura richardsoni]] | Mephitis macroura richardsoni | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis macroura]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1641 | [[:d:Q20907954|Q20907954]] | [[Spilogale angustifrons angustifrons]] | Spilogale angustifrons angustifrons | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale angustifrons]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1642 | [[:d:Q20907955|Q20907955]] | [[Spilogale angustifrons celeris]] | Spilogale angustifrons celeris | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale angustifrons]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1643 | [[:d:Q20907956|Q20907956]] | [[Spilogale angustifrons elata]] | Spilogale angustifrons elata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale angustifrons]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1644 | [[:d:Q20907957|Q20907957]] | [[Spilogale angustifrons tropicalis]] | Spilogale angustifrons tropicalis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale angustifrons]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1645 | [[:d:Q20907958|Q20907958]] | [[Spilogale angustifrons yucatanensis]] | Spilogale angustifrons yucatanensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale angustifrons]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1646 | [[:d:Q20907960|Q20907960]] | [[Spilogale gracilis gracilis]] | Spilogale gracilis gracilis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale gracilis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1647 | [[:d:Q20907963|Q20907963]] | [[Spilogale gracilis latifrons]] | Spilogale gracilis latifrons | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale gracilis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1648 | [[:d:Q20907964|Q20907964]] | [[Spilogale gracilis leucoparia]] | Spilogale gracilis leucoparia | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale gracilis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1649 | [[:d:Q20907965|Q20907965]] | [[Spilogale gracilis lucasana]] | Spilogale gracilis lucasana | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale gracilis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1650 | [[:d:Q20907966|Q20907966]] | [[Spilogale gracilis martirensis]] | Spilogale gracilis martirensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale gracilis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1651 | [[:d:Q20907967|Q20907967]] | [[Spilogale gracilis phenax]] | Spilogale gracilis phenax | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale gracilis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1652 | [[:d:Q135914448|Q135914448]] | [[Meles amurensis]] | Meles amurensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1653 | [[:d:Q7271357|Q7271357]] | [[Quercylurus major]] | Quercylurus major | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Quercylurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1654 | [[:d:Q108422364|Q108422364]] | [[Civettictis braini]] | Civettictis braini | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Civettictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1655 | [[:d:Q124282736|Q124282736]] | [[Gulo sudorus]] | Gulo sudorus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Gulo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1656 | [[:d:Q125026543|Q125026543]] | [[Gulo minor]] | Gulo minor | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Gulo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1657 | [[:d:Q11694640|Q11694640]] | [[Mustela nivalis aistoodonnivalis]] | Mustela nivalis aistoodonnivalis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1658 | [[:d:Q20907861|Q20907861]] | [[Mustela nivalis caucasica]] | Mustela nivalis caucasica | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1659 | [[:d:Q20907862|Q20907862]] | [[Mustela nivalis mosanensis]] | Mustela nivalis mosanensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1660 | [[:d:Q20907865|Q20907865]] | [[Mustela nivalis rossica]] | Mustela nivalis rossica | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1661 | [[:d:Q20907628|Q20907628]] | [[Aonyx capensis microdon]] | Aonyx capensis microdon | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Aonyx capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1662 | [[:d:Q20907629|Q20907629]] | [[Aonyx capensis philippsi]] | Aonyx capensis philippsi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Aonyx capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1663 | [[:d:Q20907633|Q20907633]] | [[Enhydra lutris lutris]] | Enhydra lutris lutris | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Enhydra lutris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1664 | [[:d:Q20907634|Q20907634]] | [[Enhydra lutris kenyoni]] | Enhydra lutris kenyoni | 2 | | [[File:Northern Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) - Flickr - Gregory "Slobirdr" Smith.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Enhydra lutris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1665 | [[:d:Q20907648|Q20907648]] | [[Lutra lutra lutra]] | Lutra lutra lutra | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1666 | [[:d:Q20907649|Q20907649]] | [[Lutra lutra angustifrons]] | Lutra lutra angustifrons | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1667 | [[:d:Q20907650|Q20907650]] | [[Lutra lutra aurobrunneus]] | Lutra lutra aurobrunneus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1668 | [[:d:Q20907651|Q20907651]] | [[Lutra lutra barang]] | Lutra lutra barang | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1669 | [[:d:Q20907652|Q20907652]] | [[Lutra lutra chinensis]] | Lutra lutra chinensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1670 | [[:d:Q20907653|Q20907653]] | [[Lutra lutra hainana]] | Lutra lutra hainana | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1671 | [[:d:Q20907654|Q20907654]] | [[Lutra lutra kutab]] | Lutra lutra kutab | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1672 | [[:d:Q20907656|Q20907656]] | [[Lutra lutra monticolus]] | Lutra lutra monticolus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1673 | [[:d:Q20907657|Q20907657]] | [[Lutra lutra nair]] | Lutra lutra nair | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1674 | [[:d:Q20907662|Q20907662]] | [[Pteronura brasiliensis brasiliensis]] | Pteronura brasiliensis brasiliensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Pteronura brasiliensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1675 | [[:d:Q20907663|Q20907663]] | [[Pteronura brasiliensis paraguensis]] | Pteronura brasiliensis paraguensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Pteronura brasiliensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1676 | [[:d:Q20907698|Q20907698]] | [[Ictonyx libyca libyca]] | Ictonyx libyca libyca | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx libyca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1677 | [[:d:Q20907700|Q20907700]] | [[Ictonyx libyca multivittata]] | Ictonyx libyca multivittata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx libyca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1678 | [[:d:Q20907703|Q20907703]] | [[Ictonyx libyca oralis]] | Ictonyx libyca oralis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx libyca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1679 | [[:d:Q20907705|Q20907705]] | [[Ictonyx libyca rothschildi]] | Ictonyx libyca rothschildi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx libyca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1680 | [[:d:Q20907857|Q20907857]] | [[Mustela kathiah kathiah]] | Mustela kathiah kathiah | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela kathiah]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1681 | [[:d:Q20907858|Q20907858]] | [[Mustela kathiah caporiaccoi]] | Mustela kathiah caporiaccoi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela kathiah]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1682 | [[:d:Q20907899|Q20907899]] | [[Neovison vison vulgivaga]] | Neovison vison vulgivaga | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1683 | [[:d:Q20907910|Q20907910]] | [[Vormela peregusna peregusna]] | Vormela peregusna peregusna | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vormela peregusna]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1684 | [[:d:Q20907911|Q20907911]] | [[Vormela peregusna koshewnikowi]] | Vormela peregusna koshewnikowi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vormela peregusna]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1685 | [[:d:Q20907912|Q20907912]] | [[Vormela peregusna negans]] | Vormela peregusna negans | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vormela peregusna]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1686 | [[:d:Q20907913|Q20907913]] | [[Vormela peregusna pallidior]] | Vormela peregusna pallidior | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vormela peregusna]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1687 | [[:d:Q20907914|Q20907914]] | [[Vormela peregusna syriaca]] | Vormela peregusna syriaca | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vormela peregusna]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1688 | [[:d:Q27450850|Q27450850]] | [[Herpailurus]] | Herpailurus | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1689 | [[:d:Q11691942|Q11691942]] | [[Meles meles canescens]] | Meles meles canescens | 2 | | [[File:MelesCanescens.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1690 | [[:d:Q20907801|Q20907801]] | [[Mustela erminea augustidens]] | Mustela erminea augustidens | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1691 | [[:d:Q20907871|Q20907871]] | [[Mustela putorius aureola]] | Mustela putorius aureola | 2 | | [[File:Mustelaputoriusaureola.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela putorius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1692 | [[:d:Q20907885|Q20907885]] | [[Neovison vison vison]] | Neovison vison vison | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1693 | [[:d:Q20907886|Q20907886]] | [[Neovison vison aestuarina]] | Neovison vison aestuarina | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1694 | [[:d:Q20907887|Q20907887]] | [[Neovison vison aniakensis]] | Neovison vison aniakensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1695 | [[:d:Q20907888|Q20907888]] | [[Neovison vison energumenos]] | Neovison vison energumenos | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1696 | [[:d:Q20907889|Q20907889]] | [[Neovison vison evagor]] | Neovison vison evagor | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1697 | [[:d:Q20907891|Q20907891]] | [[Neovison vison ingens]] | Neovison vison ingens | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1698 | [[:d:Q20907892|Q20907892]] | [[Neovison vison lacustris]] | Neovison vison lacustris | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1699 | [[:d:Q20907893|Q20907893]] | [[Neovison vison letifera]] | Neovison vison letifera | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1700 | [[:d:Q20907894|Q20907894]] | [[Neovison vison lowii]] | Neovison vison lowii | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1701 | [[:d:Q20907895|Q20907895]] | [[Neovison vison lutensis]] | Neovison vison lutensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1702 | [[:d:Q20907896|Q20907896]] | [[Neovison vison melampeplus]] | Neovison vison melampeplus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1703 | [[:d:Q20907897|Q20907897]] | [[Neovison vison mink]] | Neovison vison mink | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1704 | [[:d:Q20907898|Q20907898]] | [[Neovison vison nesolestes]] | Neovison vison nesolestes | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1705 | [[:d:Q9029580|Q9029580]] | [[Martes flavigula aterrima]] | Martes flavigula aterrima | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes flavigula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1706 | [[:d:Q20907630|Q20907630]] | [[Aonyx cinerea cinerea]] | Aonyx cinerea cinerea | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Aonyx cinerea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1707 | [[:d:Q20907631|Q20907631]] | [[Aonyx cinerea concolor]] | Aonyx cinerea concolor | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Aonyx cinerea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1708 | [[:d:Q20907632|Q20907632]] | [[Aonyx cinerea nirnai]] | Aonyx cinerea nirnai | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Aonyx cinerea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1709 | [[:d:Q20907671|Q20907671]] | [[Eira barbara barbara]] | Eira barbara barbara | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Eira barbara]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1710 | [[:d:Q20907672|Q20907672]] | [[Eira barbara biologiae]] | Eira barbara biologiae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Eira barbara]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1711 | [[:d:Q20907673|Q20907673]] | [[Eira barbara inserta]] | Eira barbara inserta | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Eira barbara]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1712 | [[:d:Q20907674|Q20907674]] | [[Eira barbara madeirensis]] | Eira barbara madeirensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Eira barbara]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1713 | [[:d:Q20907675|Q20907675]] | [[Eira barbara peruana]] | Eira barbara peruana | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Eira barbara]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1714 | [[:d:Q20907676|Q20907676]] | [[Eira barbara poliocephala]] | Eira barbara poliocephala | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Eira barbara]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1715 | [[:d:Q20907677|Q20907677]] | [[Eira barbara senex]] | Eira barbara senex | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Eira barbara]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1716 | [[:d:Q20907678|Q20907678]] | [[Eira barbara senilis]] | Eira barbara senilis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Eira barbara]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1717 | [[:d:Q20907679|Q20907679]] | [[Eira barbara sinuensis]] | Eira barbara sinuensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Eira barbara]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1718 | [[:d:Q20907681|Q20907681]] | [[Galictis cuja cuja]] | Galictis cuja cuja | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galictis cuja]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1719 | [[:d:Q20907683|Q20907683]] | [[Galictis cuja furax]] | Galictis cuja furax | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galictis cuja]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1720 | [[:d:Q20907685|Q20907685]] | [[Galictis cuja huronax]] | Galictis cuja huronax | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galictis cuja]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1721 | [[:d:Q20907687|Q20907687]] | [[Galictis cuja luteola]] | Galictis cuja luteola | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galictis cuja]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1722 | [[:d:Q20907689|Q20907689]] | [[Galictis vittata vittata]] | Galictis vittata vittata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galictis vittata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1723 | [[:d:Q20907691|Q20907691]] | [[Galictis vittata andina]] | Galictis vittata andina | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galictis vittata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1724 | [[:d:Q20907692|Q20907692]] | [[Galictis vittata brasiliensis]] | Galictis vittata brasiliensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galictis vittata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1725 | [[:d:Q20907694|Q20907694]] | [[Galictis vittata canaster]] | Galictis vittata canaster | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galictis vittata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1726 | [[:d:Q20907706|Q20907706]] | [[Ictonyx striatus striatus]] | Ictonyx striatus striatus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1727 | [[:d:Q20907708|Q20907708]] | [[Ictonyx striatus albescens]] | Ictonyx striatus albescens | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1728 | [[:d:Q20907710|Q20907710]] | [[Ictonyx striatus arenarius]] | Ictonyx striatus arenarius | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1729 | [[:d:Q20907711|Q20907711]] | [[Ictonyx striatus elgonis]] | Ictonyx striatus elgonis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1730 | [[:d:Q20907713|Q20907713]] | [[Ictonyx striatus erythreae]] | Ictonyx striatus erythreae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1731 | [[:d:Q20907715|Q20907715]] | [[Ictonyx striatus ghansiensis]] | Ictonyx striatus ghansiensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1732 | [[:d:Q20907719|Q20907719]] | [[Ictonyx striatus giganteus]] | Ictonyx striatus giganteus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1733 | [[:d:Q20907721|Q20907721]] | [[Ictonyx striatus intermedius]] | Ictonyx striatus intermedius | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1734 | [[:d:Q20907723|Q20907723]] | [[Ictonyx striatus kalaharicus]] | Ictonyx striatus kalaharicus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1735 | [[:d:Q20907724|Q20907724]] | [[Ictonyx striatus lancasteri]] | Ictonyx striatus lancasteri | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1736 | [[:d:Q20907726|Q20907726]] | [[Ictonyx striatus limpopoensis]] | Ictonyx striatus limpopoensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1737 | [[:d:Q20907728|Q20907728]] | [[Ictonyx striatus maximus]] | Ictonyx striatus maximus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1738 | [[:d:Q20907730|Q20907730]] | [[Ictonyx striatus obscuratus]] | Ictonyx striatus obscuratus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1739 | [[:d:Q20907732|Q20907732]] | [[Ictonyx striatus orangiae]] | Ictonyx striatus orangiae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1740 | [[:d:Q20907734|Q20907734]] | [[Ictonyx striatus ovamboensis]] | Ictonyx striatus ovamboensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1741 | [[:d:Q20907736|Q20907736]] | [[Ictonyx striatus pretoriae]] | Ictonyx striatus pretoriae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1742 | [[:d:Q20907737|Q20907737]] | [[Ictonyx striatus senegalensis]] | Ictonyx striatus senegalensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1743 | [[:d:Q20907739|Q20907739]] | [[Ictonyx striatus shoae]] | Ictonyx striatus shoae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1744 | [[:d:Q20907741|Q20907741]] | [[Ictonyx striatus shortridgei]] | Ictonyx striatus shortridgei | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1745 | [[:d:Q20907873|Q20907873]] | [[Mustela sibirica sibirica]] | Mustela sibirica sibirica | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela sibirica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1746 | [[:d:Q20907874|Q20907874]] | [[Mustela sibirica canigula]] | Mustela sibirica canigula | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela sibirica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1747 | [[:d:Q20907875|Q20907875]] | [[Mustela sibirica charbinensis]] | Mustela sibirica charbinensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela sibirica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1748 | [[:d:Q20907877|Q20907877]] | [[Mustela sibirica coreanus]] | Mustela sibirica coreana | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela sibirica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1749 | [[:d:Q20907878|Q20907878]] | [[Mustela sibirica davidiana]] | Mustela sibirica davidiana | 2 | | [[File:Milne Edwards - Mustela sibirica davidiana.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela sibirica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1750 | [[:d:Q20907879|Q20907879]] | [[Mustela sibirica fontanierii]] | Mustela sibirica fontanierii | 2 | | [[File:Milne Edwards - Mustela sibirica fontanierii.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela sibirica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1751 | [[:d:Q20907880|Q20907880]] | [[Mustela sibirica hodgsoni]] | Mustela sibirica hodgsoni | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela sibirica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1752 | [[:d:Q20907881|Q20907881]] | [[Mustela sibirica manchurica]] | Mustela sibirica manchurica | 2 | | [[File:Mustela sibirica 230828854.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela sibirica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1753 | [[:d:Q20907882|Q20907882]] | [[Mustela sibirica moupinensis]] | Mustela sibirica moupinensis | 2 | | [[File:Milne Edwards - Mustela sibirica moupinensis.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela sibirica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1754 | [[:d:Q20907883|Q20907883]] | [[Mustela sibirica quelpartis]] | Mustela sibirica quelpartis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela sibirica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1755 | [[:d:Q20907884|Q20907884]] | [[Mustela sibirica subhemachalana]] | Mustela sibirica subhemachalana | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela sibirica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1756 | [[:d:Q20907905|Q20907905]] | [[Taxidea taxus taxus]] | Taxidea taxus taxus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Taxidea taxus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1757 | [[:d:Q20907907|Q20907907]] | [[Taxidea taxus jacksoni]] | Taxidea taxus jacksoni | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Taxidea taxus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1758 | [[:d:Q20907908|Q20907908]] | [[Taxidea taxus jeffersonii]] | Taxidea taxus jeffersonii | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Taxidea taxus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1759 | [[:d:Q20907909|Q20907909]] | [[Taxidea taxus marylandica]] | Taxidea taxus marylandica | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Taxidea taxus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1760 | [[:d:Q109264590|Q109264590]] | [[Ammitocyon kainos]] | Ammitocyon kainos | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ammitocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1761 | [[:d:Q122759313|Q122759313]] | [[Urva javanica]] | Urva javanica | 2 | | [[File:Small asian mongoose.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Urva]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1762 | [[:d:Q123014947|Q123014947]] | [[Proterozetes]] | Proterozetes | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Zalophini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1763 | [[:d:Q137210673|Q137210673]] | [[Vishnuictis plectilodous]] | Vishnuictis plectilodous | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vishnuictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1764 | [[:d:Q20907479|Q20907479]] | [[Suricata suricatta suricatta]] | Suricata suricatta suricatta | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Suricata suricatta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1765 | [[:d:Q20907770|Q20907770]] | [[Mellivora capensis capensis]] | Mellivora capensis capensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mellivora capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1766 | [[:d:Q20907771|Q20907771]] | [[Mellivora capensis abyssinica]] | Mellivora capensis abyssinica | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mellivora capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1767 | [[:d:Q20907772|Q20907772]] | [[Mellivora capensis buechneri]] | Mellivora capensis buechneri | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mellivora capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1768 | [[:d:Q20907774|Q20907774]] | [[Mellivora capensis concisa]] | Mellivora capensis concisa | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mellivora capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1769 | [[:d:Q20907776|Q20907776]] | [[Mellivora capensis inaurita]] | Mellivora capensis inaurita | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mellivora capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1770 | [[:d:Q20907777|Q20907777]] | [[Mellivora capensis indica]] | Mellivora capensis indica | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mellivora capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1771 | [[:d:Q20907778|Q20907778]] | [[Mellivora capensis leuconota]] | Mellivora capensis leuconota | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mellivora capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1772 | [[:d:Q20907779|Q20907779]] | [[Mellivora capensis maxwelli]] | Mellivora capensis maxwelli | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mellivora capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1773 | [[:d:Q20907780|Q20907780]] | [[Mellivora capensis pumilio]] | Mellivora capensis pumilio | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mellivora capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1774 | [[:d:Q20907781|Q20907781]] | [[Mellivora capensis signata]] | Mellivora capensis signata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mellivora capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1775 | [[:d:Q20907782|Q20907782]] | [[Mellivora capensis wilsoni]] | Mellivora capensis wilsoni | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mellivora capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1776 | [[:d:Q21349881|Q21349881]] | [[Vulpes hassani]] | Vulpes hassani | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1777 | [[:d:Q121910826|Q121910826]] | [[Vulpes alopecoides]] | Vulpes alopecoides | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1778 | [[:d:Q126858050|Q126858050]] | [[Vulpes mathisoni]] | Vulpes mathisoni | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1779 | [[:d:Q9047225|Q9047225]] | [[Mustela altaica tsaidamensis]] | Mustela altaica tsaidamensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela altaica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1780 | [[:d:Q20907184|Q20907184]] | [[Paguma larvata taivana]] | Paguma larvata taivana | 2 | | [[File:Formosan Masked Palm Civet in Shoushan Zoo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1781 | [[:d:Q20907186|Q20907186]] | [[Paguma larvata tytlerii]] | Paguma larvata tytlerii | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1782 | [[:d:Q20907636|Q20907636]] | [[Lontra canadensis canadensis]] | Lontra canadensis canadensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra canadensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1783 | [[:d:Q20907637|Q20907637]] | [[Lontra canadensis kodiacensis]] | Lontra canadensis kodiacensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra canadensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1784 | [[:d:Q20907638|Q20907638]] | [[Lontra canadensis lataxina]] | Lontra canadensis lataxina | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra canadensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1785 | [[:d:Q20907639|Q20907639]] | [[Lontra canadensis mira]] | Lontra canadensis mira | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra canadensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1786 | [[:d:Q20907640|Q20907640]] | [[Lontra canadensis pacifica]] | Lontra canadensis pacifica | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra canadensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1787 | [[:d:Q20907641|Q20907641]] | [[Lontra canadensis periclyzomae]] | Lontra canadensis periclyzomae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra canadensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1788 | [[:d:Q20907643|Q20907643]] | [[Lontra canadensis sonora]] | Lontra canadensis sonora | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra canadensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1789 | [[:d:Q20907758|Q20907758]] | [[Martes pennanti pennanti]] | Martes pennanti pennanti | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes pennanti]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1790 | [[:d:Q20907759|Q20907759]] | [[Martes pennanti columbiana]] | Martes pennanti columbiana | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes pennanti]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1791 | [[:d:Q20907760|Q20907760]] | [[Martes pennanti pacifica]] | Martes pennanti pacifica | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes pennanti]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1792 | [[:d:Q20907783|Q20907783]] | [[Melogale moschata moschata]] | Melogale moschata moschata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale moschata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1793 | [[:d:Q20907784|Q20907784]] | [[Melogale moschata ferreogrisea]] | Melogale moschata ferreogrisea | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale moschata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1794 | [[:d:Q20907785|Q20907785]] | [[Melogale moschata hainanensis]] | Melogale moschata hainanensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale moschata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1795 | [[:d:Q20907786|Q20907786]] | [[Melogale moschata millsi]] | Melogale moschata millsi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale moschata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1796 | [[:d:Q20907788|Q20907788]] | [[Melogale moschata sorella]] | Melogale moschata sorella | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale moschata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1797 | [[:d:Q20907789|Q20907789]] | [[Melogale moschata subaurantiaca]] | Melogale moschata subaurantiaca | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale moschata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1798 | [[:d:Q20907790|Q20907790]] | [[Melogale moschata taxilla]] | Melogale moschata taxilla | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale moschata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1799 | [[:d:Q20907812|Q20907812]] | [[Mustela frenata frenata]] | Mustela frenata frenata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1800 | [[:d:Q20907814|Q20907814]] | [[Mustela frenata affinis]] | Mustela frenata affinis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1801 | [[:d:Q20907815|Q20907815]] | [[Mustela frenata agilis]] | Mustela frenata agilis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1802 | [[:d:Q20907816|Q20907816]] | [[Mustela frenata alleni]] | Mustela frenata alleni | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1803 | [[:d:Q20907817|Q20907817]] | [[Mustela frenata altifrontalis]] | Mustela frenata altifrontalis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1804 | [[:d:Q20907818|Q20907818]] | [[Mustela frenata arizonensis]] | Mustela frenata arizonensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1805 | [[:d:Q20907819|Q20907819]] | [[Mustela frenata arthuri]] | Mustela frenata arthuri | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1806 | [[:d:Q20907820|Q20907820]] | [[Mustela frenata aureoventris]] | Mustela frenata aureoventris | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1807 | [[:d:Q20907821|Q20907821]] | [[Mustela frenata boliviensis]] | Mustela frenata boliviensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1808 | [[:d:Q20907822|Q20907822]] | [[Mustela frenata costaricensis]] | Mustela frenata costaricensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1809 | [[:d:Q20907823|Q20907823]] | [[Mustela frenata effera]] | Mustela frenata effera | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1810 | [[:d:Q20907824|Q20907824]] | [[Mustela frenata goldmani]] | Mustela frenata goldmani | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1811 | [[:d:Q20907825|Q20907825]] | [[Mustela frenata gracilis]] | Mustela frenata gracilis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1812 | [[:d:Q20907826|Q20907826]] | [[Mustela frenata helleri]] | Mustela frenata helleri | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1813 | [[:d:Q20907827|Q20907827]] | [[Mustela frenata inyoensis]] | Mustela frenata inyoensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1814 | [[:d:Q20907828|Q20907828]] | [[Mustela frenata latirostra]] | Mustela frenata latirostra | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1815 | [[:d:Q20907829|Q20907829]] | [[Mustela frenata leucoparia]] | Mustela frenata leucoparia | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1816 | [[:d:Q20907830|Q20907830]] | [[Mustela frenata longicauda]] | Mustela frenata longicauda | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1817 | [[:d:Q20907831|Q20907831]] | [[Mustela frenata macrophonius]] | Mustela frenata macrophonius | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1818 | [[:d:Q20907832|Q20907832]] | [[Mustela frenata munda]] | Mustela frenata munda | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1819 | [[:d:Q20907833|Q20907833]] | [[Mustela frenata neomexicanus]] | Mustela frenata neomexicanus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1820 | [[:d:Q20907834|Q20907834]] | [[Mustela frenata nevadensis]] | Mustela frenata nevadensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1821 | [[:d:Q20907836|Q20907836]] | [[Mustela frenata nigriauris]] | Mustela frenata nigriauris | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1822 | [[:d:Q20907837|Q20907837]] | [[Mustela frenata notius]] | Mustela frenata notius | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1823 | [[:d:Q20907838|Q20907838]] | [[Mustela frenata noveboracensis]] | Mustela frenata noveboracensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1824 | [[:d:Q20907839|Q20907839]] | [[Mustela frenata occisor]] | Mustela frenata occisor | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1825 | [[:d:Q20907840|Q20907840]] | [[Mustela frenata olivacea]] | Mustela frenata olivacea | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1826 | [[:d:Q20907841|Q20907841]] | [[Mustela frenata oregonensis]] | Mustela frenata oregonensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1827 | [[:d:Q20907842|Q20907842]] | [[Mustela frenata oribasus]] | Mustela frenata oribasus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1828 | [[:d:Q20907843|Q20907843]] | [[Mustela frenata panamensis]] | Mustela frenata panamensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1829 | [[:d:Q20907844|Q20907844]] | [[Mustela frenata peninsulae]] | Mustela frenata peninsulae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1830 | [[:d:Q20907845|Q20907845]] | [[Mustela frenata perda]] | Mustela frenata perda | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1831 | [[:d:Q20907846|Q20907846]] | [[Mustela frenata perotae]] | Mustela frenata perotae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1832 | [[:d:Q20907847|Q20907847]] | [[Mustela frenata primulina]] | Mustela frenata primulina | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1833 | [[:d:Q20907849|Q20907849]] | [[Mustela frenata pulchra]] | Mustela frenata pulchra | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1834 | [[:d:Q20907850|Q20907850]] | [[Mustela frenata saturata]] | Mustela frenata saturata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1835 | [[:d:Q20907851|Q20907851]] | [[Mustela frenata spadix]] | Mustela frenata spadix | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1836 | [[:d:Q20907852|Q20907852]] | [[Mustela frenata texensis]] | Mustela frenata texensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1837 | [[:d:Q20907854|Q20907854]] | [[Mustela frenata tropicalis]] | Mustela frenata tropicalis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1838 | [[:d:Q3786481|Q3786481]] | [[Homotheriini]] | Homotheriini | 2 | | [[File:Homotherium serum.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1839 | [[:d:Q20907263|Q20907263]] | [[Viverra zibetha ashtoni]] | Viverra zibetha ashtoni | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverra zibetha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1840 | [[:d:Q20907264|Q20907264]] | [[Viverra zibetha hainana]] | Viverra zibetha hainana | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverra zibetha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1841 | [[:d:Q20907266|Q20907266]] | [[Viverra zibetha picta]] | Viverra zibetha picta | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverra zibetha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1842 | [[:d:Q20907267|Q20907267]] | [[Viverra zibetha pruinosus]] | Viverra zibetha pruinosus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverra zibetha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1843 | [[:d:Q20907644|Q20907644]] | [[Lontra longicaudis longicaudis]] | Lontra longicaudis longicaudis | 2 | | [[File:Lontra longicaudis longicaudis 1847.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra longicaudis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1844 | [[:d:Q20907647|Q20907647]] | [[Lontra longicaudis enudris]] | Lontra longicaudis enudris | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra longicaudis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1845 | [[:d:Q20907660|Q20907660]] | [[Lutrogale perspicillata perspicillata]] | Lutrogale perspicillata perspicillata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[lutra de pelle lisie]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1846 | [[:d:Q20907661|Q20907661]] | [[Lutrogale perspicillata sindica]] | Lutrogale perspicillata sindica | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[lutra de pelle lisie]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1847 | [[:d:Q20907664|Q20907664]] | [[Arctonyx collaris collaris]] | Arctonyx collaris collaris | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctonyx collaris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1848 | [[:d:Q20907665|Q20907665]] | [[Arctonyx collaris albogularis]] | Arctonyx collaris albogularis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctonyx collaris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1849 | [[:d:Q20907666|Q20907666]] | [[Arctonyx collaris consul]] | Arctonyx collaris consul | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctonyx collaris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1850 | [[:d:Q20907667|Q20907667]] | [[Arctonyx collaris dictator]] | Arctonyx collaris dictator | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctonyx collaris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1851 | [[:d:Q20907669|Q20907669]] | [[Arctonyx collaris hoevenii]] | Arctonyx collaris hoevenii | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctonyx collaris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1852 | [[:d:Q20907670|Q20907670]] | [[Arctonyx collaris leucolaemus]] | Arctonyx collaris leucolaemus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctonyx collaris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1853 | [[:d:Q20907765|Q20907765]] | [[Meles leucurus leucurus]] | Meles leucurus leucurus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles leucurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1854 | [[:d:Q20907767|Q20907767]] | [[Meles leucurus arenarius]] | Meles leucurus arenarius | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles leucurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1855 | [[:d:Q20907768|Q20907768]] | [[Meles leucurus sibiricus]] | Meles leucurus sibiricus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles leucurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1856 | [[:d:Q20907769|Q20907769]] | [[Meles leucurus tianschanensis]] | Meles leucurus tianschanensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles leucurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1857 | [[:d:Q20907805|Q20907805]] | [[Mustela eversmanii eversmanii]] | Mustela eversmanii eversmanii | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela eversmanii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1858 | [[:d:Q20907806|Q20907806]] | [[Mustela eversmanii admirata]] | Mustela eversmanii admirata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela eversmanii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1859 | [[:d:Q20907808|Q20907808]] | [[Mustela eversmanii hungarica]] | Mustela eversmanii hungarica | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela eversmanii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1860 | [[:d:Q20907809|Q20907809]] | [[Mustela eversmanii larvatus]] | Mustela eversmanii larvatus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela eversmanii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1861 | [[:d:Q20907810|Q20907810]] | [[Mustela eversmanii michnoi]] | Mustela eversmanii michnoi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela eversmanii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1862 | [[:d:Q20907811|Q20907811]] | [[Mustela eversmanii talassicus]] | Mustela eversmanii talassicus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela eversmanii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1863 | [[:d:Q20907855|Q20907855]] | [[Mustela frenata washingtoni]] | Mustela frenata washingtoni | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1864 | [[:d:Q20907856|Q20907856]] | [[Mustela frenata xanthogenys]] | Mustela frenata xanthogenys | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1865 | [[:d:Q40521214|Q40521214]] | [[Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli]] | Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[lutra de pelle lisie]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1866 | [[:d:Q1815757|Q1815757]] | [[Archaeocyon falkenbachi]] | Archaeocyon falkenbachi | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Archaeocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1867 | [[:d:Q2194817|Q2194817]] | [[Archaeocyon leptodus]] | Archaeocyon leptodus | 2 | | [[File:Cormocyon leptodus.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Archaeocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1868 | [[:d:Q2862449|Q2862449]] | [[Archaeocyon pavidus]] | Archaeocyon pavidus | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Archaeocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1869 | [[:d:Q3015313|Q3015313]] | [[Simocyon batalleri]] | Simocyon batalleri | 2 | | [[File:Simocyon batalleri.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Simocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1870 | [[:d:Q18578603|Q18578603]] | [[Cynotherium]] | Cynotherium | 2 | | [[File:Cynotherium.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Caninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1871 | [[:d:Q20907259|Q20907259]] | [[Viverra tangalunga tangalunga]] | Viverra tangalunga tangalunga | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverra tangalunga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1872 | [[:d:Q20907260|Q20907260]] | [[Viverra tangalunga lankavensis]] | Viverra tangalunga lankavensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverra tangalunga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1873 | [[:d:Q20907743|Q20907743]] | [[Lyncodon patagonicus patagonicus]] | Lyncodon patagonicus patagonicus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lyncodon patagonicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1874 | [[:d:Q20907745|Q20907745]] | [[Lyncodon patagonicus thomasi]] | Lyncodon patagonicus thomasi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lyncodon patagonicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1875 | [[:d:Q20907756|Q20907756]] | [[Martes melampus coreensis]] | Martes melampus coreensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes melampus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1876 | [[:d:Q20907791|Q20907791]] | [[Melogale orientalis orientalis]] | Melogale orientalis orientalis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale orientalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1877 | [[:d:Q20907792|Q20907792]] | [[Melogale orientalis sundaicus]] | Melogale orientalis sundaicus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale orientalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1878 | [[:d:Q20907793|Q20907793]] | [[Melogale personata personata]] | Melogale personata personata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale personata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1879 | [[:d:Q20907794|Q20907794]] | [[Melogale personata laotum]] | Melogale personata laotum | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale personata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1880 | [[:d:Q20907796|Q20907796]] | [[Melogale personata nipalensis]] | Melogale personata nipalensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale personata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1881 | [[:d:Q20907797|Q20907797]] | [[Melogale personata pierrei]] | Melogale personata pierrei | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale personata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1882 | [[:d:Q20907798|Q20907798]] | [[Melogale personata tonquinia]] | Melogale personata tonquinia | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale personata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1883 | [[:d:Q20907799|Q20907799]] | [[Mustela africana africana]] | Mustela africana africana | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela africana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1884 | [[:d:Q20907868|Q20907868]] | [[Mustela nudipes nudipes]] | Mustela nudipes nudipes | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nudipes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1885 | [[:d:Q20907869|Q20907869]] | [[Mustela nudipes leucocephalus]] | Mustela nudipes leucocephalus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nudipes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1886 | [[:d:Q20907900|Q20907900]] | [[Poecilogale albinucha albinucha]] | Poecilogale albinucha albinucha | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Poecilogale albinucha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1887 | [[:d:Q20907901|Q20907901]] | [[Poecilogale albinucha bechuanae]] | Poecilogale albinucha bechuanae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Poecilogale albinucha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1888 | [[:d:Q20907902|Q20907902]] | [[Poecilogale albinucha doggetti]] | Poecilogale albinucha doggetti | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Poecilogale albinucha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1889 | [[:d:Q20907903|Q20907903]] | [[Poecilogale albinucha lebombo]] | Poecilogale albinucha lebombo | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Poecilogale albinucha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1890 | [[:d:Q20907904|Q20907904]] | [[Poecilogale albinucha transvaalensis]] | Poecilogale albinucha transvaalensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Poecilogale albinucha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1891 | [[:d:Q110969473|Q110969473]] | [[Pratifelis martini]] | Pratifelis martini | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pratifelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1892 | [[:d:Q3625119|Q3625119]] | [[Asilifelis coteae]] | Asilifelis coteae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Asilifelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1893 | [[:d:Q3706712|Q3706712]] | [[Diamantofelis ferox]] | Diamantofelis ferox | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Diamantofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1894 | [[:d:Q3870029|Q3870029]] | [[Namafelis minor]] | Namafelis minor | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Namafelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1895 | [[:d:Q107417536|Q107417536]] | [[Miopanthera lorteti]] | Miopanthera lorteti | 2 | | [[File:(MHNT) Miopanthera lorteti (Gaillard, 1899) - Hémimandibule gauche.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Miopanthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1896 | [[:d:Q111033557|Q111033557]] | [[Parailurus anglicus]] | Parailurus anglicus | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Parailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1897 | [[:d:Q123169212|Q123169212]] | [[Sivaelurus chinjiensis]] | Sivaelurus chinjiensis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Sivaelurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1898 | [[:d:Q20907554|Q20907554]] | [[Speothos venaticus venaticus]] | Speothos venaticus venaticus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Speothos venaticus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1899 | [[:d:Q20907555|Q20907555]] | [[Speothos venaticus panamensis]] | Speothos venaticus panamensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Speothos venaticus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1900 | [[:d:Q20907556|Q20907556]] | [[Speothos venaticus wingei]] | Speothos venaticus wingei | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Speothos venaticus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1901 | [[:d:Q20907557|Q20907557]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus cinereoargenteus]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus cinereoargenteus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1902 | [[:d:Q20907558|Q20907558]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus borealis]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus borealis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1903 | [[:d:Q20907559|Q20907559]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus californicus]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus californicus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1904 | [[:d:Q20907560|Q20907560]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus costaricensis]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus costaricensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1905 | [[:d:Q20907561|Q20907561]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus floridanus]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus floridanus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1906 | [[:d:Q20907562|Q20907562]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus fraterculus]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus fraterculus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1907 | [[:d:Q20907563|Q20907563]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus furvus]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus furvus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1908 | [[:d:Q20907564|Q20907564]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus guatemalae]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus guatemalae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1909 | [[:d:Q20907565|Q20907565]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus madrensis]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus madrensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1910 | [[:d:Q20907566|Q20907566]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus nigrirostris]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus nigrirostris | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1911 | [[:d:Q20907567|Q20907567]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus ocythous]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus ocythous | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1912 | [[:d:Q20907570|Q20907570]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus peninsularis]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus peninsularis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1913 | [[:d:Q20907572|Q20907572]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus townsendi]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus townsendi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1914 | [[:d:Q20907573|Q20907573]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus venezuelae]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus venezuelae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1915 | [[:d:Q20907482|Q20907482]] | [[Atelocynus microtis microtis]] | Atelocynus microtis microtis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Atelocynus microtis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1916 | [[:d:Q20907483|Q20907483]] | [[Atelocynus microtis sclateri]] | Atelocynus microtis sclateri | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Atelocynus microtis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1917 | [[:d:Q20907526|Q20907526]] | [[Cerdocyon thous thous]] | Cerdocyon thous thous | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cerdocyon thous]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1918 | [[:d:Q20907527|Q20907527]] | [[Cerdocyon thous aquilus]] | Cerdocyon thous aquilus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cerdocyon thous]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1919 | [[:d:Q20907529|Q20907529]] | [[Cerdocyon thous azarae]] | Cerdocyon thous azarae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cerdocyon thous]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1920 | [[:d:Q20907530|Q20907530]] | [[Cerdocyon thous entrerianus]] | Cerdocyon thous entrerianus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cerdocyon thous]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1921 | [[:d:Q20907531|Q20907531]] | [[Cerdocyon thous germanus]] | Cerdocyon thous germanus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cerdocyon thous]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1922 | [[:d:Q20907532|Q20907532]] | [[Cerdocyon thous soudanicus]] | Cerdocyon thous soudanicus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cerdocyon thous]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1923 | [[:d:Q20907587|Q20907587]] | [[Vulpes pallida pallida]] | Vulpes pallida pallida | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes pallida]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1924 | [[:d:Q20907588|Q20907588]] | [[Vulpes pallida cyrenaica]] | Vulpes pallida cyrenaica | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes pallida]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1925 | [[:d:Q20907589|Q20907589]] | [[Vulpes pallida edwardsi]] | Vulpes pallida edwardsi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes pallida]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1926 | [[:d:Q20907590|Q20907590]] | [[Vulpes pallida harterti]] | Vulpes pallida harterti | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes pallida]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1927 | [[:d:Q20907591|Q20907591]] | [[Vulpes pallida oertzeni]] | Vulpes pallida oertzeni | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes pallida]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1928 | [[:d:Q20907986|Q20907986]] | [[Bassariscus astutus saxicola]] | Bassariscus astutus saxicola | 2 | | [[File:Bassariscus astutus saxicola 293508486.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[bassarisco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1929 | [[:d:Q20907995|Q20907995]] | [[Nasua narica narica]] | Nasua narica narica | 2 | | [[File:Nasua narica - Anthony Batista - 465439895.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua narica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1930 | [[:d:Q20907996|Q20907996]] | [[Nasua narica molaris]] | Nasua narica molaris | 2 | | [[File:Nasua narica molaris.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua narica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1931 | [[:d:Q112892960|Q112892960]] | [[Ailuropoda fovealis]] | Ailuropoda fovealis | 2 | | [[File:Ailuropoda fovealis skull.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ailuropoda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1932 | [[:d:Q121010961|Q121010961]] | [[Lynx hei]] | Lynx hei | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lynx (taxon)]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1933 | [[:d:Q121011228|Q121011228]] | [[Lynx thomasi]] | Lynx thomasi | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lynx (taxon)]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1934 | [[:d:Q126372014|Q126372014]] | [[Acinonyx pleistocaenicus]] | Acinonyx pleistocaenicus | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Acinonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1935 | [[:d:Q138662753|Q138662753]] | [[Lynchailurus]] | Lynchailurus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1936 | [[:d:Q12203786|Q12203786]] | [[Vulpes rueppellii cyrenaica]] | Vulpes rueppellii cyrenaica | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes rueppellii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1937 | [[:d:Q20907592|Q20907592]] | [[Vulpes rueppellii rueppellii]] | Vulpes rueppellii rueppellii | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes rueppellii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1938 | [[:d:Q20907593|Q20907593]] | [[Vulpes rueppellii caesia]] | Vulpes rueppellii caesia | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes rueppellii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1939 | [[:d:Q20907596|Q20907596]] | [[Vulpes rueppellii sabaea]] | Vulpes rueppellii sabaea | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes rueppellii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1940 | [[:d:Q20907598|Q20907598]] | [[Vulpes rueppellii zarudnyi]] | Vulpes rueppellii zarudnyi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes rueppellii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1941 | [[:d:Q20907583|Q20907583]] | [[Vulpes lagopus lagopus]] | Vulpes lagopus lagopus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes lagopus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1942 | [[:d:Q20907584|Q20907584]] | [[Vulpes lagopus beringensis]] | Vulpes lagopus beringensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes lagopus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1943 | [[:d:Q20908052|Q20908052]] | [[Ailurus fulgens refulgens]] | Ailurus fulgens refulgens | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ailurus fulgens]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1944 | [[:d:Q56326409|Q56326409]] | [[Katifelis nightingalei]] | Katifelis nightingalei | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Katifelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1945 | [[:d:Q56327289|Q56327289]] | [[Dromopanthera leiodon]] | Dromopanthera leiodon | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Dromopanthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1946 | [[:d:Q5160551|Q5160551]] | [[Congolese spotted lion]] | Panthera leo♂ × Panthera pardus × Panthera onca♀ | 2 | | | [[hybrid taxon]] | [[hybrid]] | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1947 | [[:d:Q10977278|Q10977278]] | [[lipard]] | Panthera leo × Panthera pardus | 2 | | | [[hybrid taxon]] | [[Panthera hybrid]] | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1948 | [[:d:Q20907585|Q20907585]] | [[Vulpes lagopus fuliginosus]] | Vulpes lagopus fuliginosus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes lagopus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1949 | [[:d:Q20907586|Q20907586]] | [[Vulpes lagopus pribilofensis]] | Vulpes lagopus pribilofensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes lagopus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1950 | [[:d:Q20908032|Q20908032]] | [[Procyon lotor elucus]] | Procyon lotor elucus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1951 | [[:d:Q22112446|Q22112446]] | [[Proailurus lemanensis]] | Proailurus lemanensis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Proailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1952 | [[:d:Q121036111|Q121036111]] | [[Panthera dhokpathanensis]] | Panthera dhokpathanensis | 2 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1953 | [[:d:Q122026707|Q122026707]] | [[Fortunictis]] | Fortunictis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Metailurini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1954 | [[:d:Q18644718|Q18644718]] | [[Ailuropodini]] | Ailuropodini | 2 | | [[File:Kretzoiarctos beatrix lower jaws.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ailuropodinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1955 | [[:d:Q20716815|Q20716815]] | [[Agriotherium sivalensis]] | Agriotherium sivalensis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Agriotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1956 | [[:d:Q20907538|Q20907538]] | [[Lycalopex gymnocercus gymnocercus]] | Lycalopex gymnocercus gymnocercus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex gymnocercus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1957 | [[:d:Q20907539|Q20907539]] | [[Lycalopex gymnocercus antiquus]] | Lycalopex gymnocercus antiquus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex gymnocercus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1958 | [[:d:Q20907540|Q20907540]] | [[Lycalopex gymnocercus domeykoanus]] | Lycalopex gymnocercus domeykoanus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex gymnocercus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1959 | [[:d:Q20907541|Q20907541]] | [[Lycalopex gymnocercus gracilis]] | Lycalopex gymnocercus gracilis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex gymnocercus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1960 | [[:d:Q20907542|Q20907542]] | [[Lycalopex gymnocercus maullinicus]] | Lycalopex gymnocercus maullinicus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex gymnocercus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1961 | [[:d:Q20907998|Q20907998]] | [[Nasua narica yucatanica]] | Nasua narica yucatanica | 2 | | [[File:194 White-nosed coati at the beach in Yucatán Photo by Giles Laurent (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua narica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1962 | [[:d:Q111745070|Q111745070]] | [[Longchuansmilus]] | Longchuansmilus | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]]<br/>[[saber-toothed cat]] | | [[Machairodontini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1963 | [[:d:Q134355622|Q134355622]] | [[Caracal auratus]] | Caracal auratus | 2 | | [[File:FelisAurataKeulemans.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1964 | [[:d:Q3893465|Q3893465]] | [[Panthera leo somaliensis]] | Panthera leo somaliensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1965 | [[:d:Q17581454|Q17581454]] | [[Panthera tigris lecoqi]] | Panthera tigris lecoqi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1966 | [[:d:Q19717304|Q19717304]] | [[Ursulus stehlini]] | Ursulus stehlini | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursulus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1967 | [[:d:Q20907142|Q20907142]] | [[Panthera leo kamptzi]] | Panthera leo kamptzi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1968 | [[:d:Q33177334|Q33177334]] | [[Agriotheriini]] | Agriotheriini | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Agriotheriinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1969 | [[:d:Q47249071|Q47249071]] | [[Edaphocyon]] | Edaphocyon | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Procyonini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1970 | [[:d:Q111781346|Q111781346]] | [[Panthera uncia pyrenaica]] | Panthera uncia pyrenaica | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera uncia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1971 | [[:d:Q122092402|Q122092402]] | [[Pachypanthera piriyai]] | Pachypanthera piriyai | 2 | | [[File:Pachypanthera piriyai Skull Reconstruction.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pachypanthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1972 | [[:d:Q122096627|Q122096627]] | [[Palaeopanthera blytheae]] | Palaeopanthera blytheae | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Palaeopanthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1973 | [[:d:Q122711684|Q122711684]] | [[Vishnufelis laticeps]] | Vishnufelis laticeps | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vishnufelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1974 | [[:d:Q122961405|Q122961405]] | [[Sivapardus punjabiensis]] | Sivapardus punjabiensis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Sivapardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1975 | [[:d:Q124254179|Q124254179]] | [[Magerifelis peignei]] | Magerifelis peignei | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Magerifelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1976 | [[:d:Q132147256|Q132147256]] | [[Cape black-backed jackal]] | Lupulella mesomelas mesomelas | 2 | | [[File:135 Black-backed jackal hunting for food at Cape cross Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lupulella mesomelas]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1977 | [[:d:Q132147283|Q132147283]] | [[Lupulella mesomelas schmidti]] | Lupulella mesomelas schmidti | 2 | | [[File:Chacal chabraque.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lupulella mesomelas]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1978 | [[:d:Q133258041|Q133258041]] | [[Paranasua]] | Paranasua | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Procyonini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1979 | [[:d:Q133799716|Q133799716]] | [[Nasua olivacea meridensis]] | Nasua olivacea meridensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua olivacea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1980 | [[:d:Q2715753|Q2715753]] | [[Dinofelis barlowi]] | Dinofelis barlowi | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Dinofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1981 | [[:d:Q8961162|Q8961162]] | [[Felis silvestris vellerosa]] | Felis silvestris vellerosa | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1982 | [[:d:Q20907100|Q20907100]] | [[Lynx rufus rufus]] | Lynx rufus rufus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1983 | [[:d:Q20907104|Q20907104]] | [[Lynx rufus fasciatus]] | Lynx rufus fasciatus | 2 | | [[File:Lynx rufus fasciatus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1984 | [[:d:Q20907112|Q20907112]] | [[Pardofelis marmorata marmorata]] | Pardofelis marmorata marmorata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto marmorate]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1985 | [[:d:Q20907113|Q20907113]] | [[Pardofelis marmorata charltonii]] | Pardofelis marmorata charltonii | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto marmorate]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1986 | [[:d:Q6059901|Q6059901]] | [[Panthera pardus pernigra]] | Panthera pardus pernigra | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1987 | [[:d:Q6059904|Q6059904]] | [[Balochistan leopard]] | Panthera pardus sindica | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1988 | [[:d:Q9055129|Q9055129]] | [[Panthera pardus ciscaucasica]] | Panthera pardus ciscaucasica | 2 | | [[File:Persian Leopard sitting.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1989 | [[:d:Q20907067|Q20907067]] | [[Leopardus pardalis aequatorialis]] | Leopardus pardalis aequatorialis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pardalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1990 | [[:d:Q20907118|Q20907118]] | [[Prionailurus bengalensis borneoensis]] | Prionailurus bengalensis borneoensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus bengalensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1991 | [[:d:Q20907121|Q20907121]] | [[Prionailurus bengalensis javanensis]] | Prionailurus bengalensis javanensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus bengalensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1992 | [[:d:Q20907139|Q20907139]] | [[Neofelis nebulosa nebulosa]] | Neofelis nebulosa nebulosa | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neofelis nebulosa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1993 | [[:d:Q21355721|Q21355721]] | [[Puma concolor greeni]] | Puma concolor greeni | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma|Puma concolor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1994 | [[:d:Q21401249|Q21401249]] | [[Ailuropoda melanoleuca melanoleuca]] | Ailuropoda melanoleuca melanoleuca | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ailuropoda melanoleuca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1995 | [[:d:Q5442089|Q5442089]] | [[Felis margarita airensis]] | Felis margarita airensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto del deserto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1996 | [[:d:Q5442090|Q5442090]] | [[Felis margarita margarita]] | Felis margarita margarita | 2 | | [[File:Felis margarita 12.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[catto del deserto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1997 | [[:d:Q5442091|Q5442091]] | [[Felis margarita meinertzhageni]] | Felis margarita meinertzhageni | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto del deserto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1998 | [[:d:Q5442093|Q5442093]] | [[Felis margarita scheffeli]] | Felis margarita scheffeli | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto del deserto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1999 | [[:d:Q20716453|Q20716453]] | [[Adelphailurus kansensis]] | Adelphailurus kansensis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Adelphailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2000 | [[:d:Q20907046|Q20907046]] | [[Felis nigripes nigripes]] | Felis nigripes nigripes | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto a pedes nigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2001 | [[:d:Q20907047|Q20907047]] | [[Felis nigripes thomasi]] | Felis nigripes thomasi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto a pedes nigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2002 | [[:d:Q20907076|Q20907076]] | [[Leopardus tigrinus tigrinus]] | Leopardus tigrinus tigrinus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus tigrinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2003 | [[:d:Q20907079|Q20907079]] | [[Leopardus tigrinus pardinoides]] | Leopardus tigrinus pardinoides | 2 | | [[File:Leopardus pardinoides.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus tigrinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2004 | [[:d:Q20907090|Q20907090]] | [[Leopardus wiedii yucatanicus]] | Leopardus wiedii yucatanicus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus wiedii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2005 | [[:d:Q20907093|Q20907093]] | [[Lynx canadensis canadensis]] | Lynx canadensis canadensis | 2 | | [[File:Lynx du Canada .jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx canadensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2006 | [[:d:Q20907094|Q20907094]] | [[Lynx canadensis mollipilosus]] | Lynx canadensis mollipilosus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx canadensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2007 | [[:d:Q20907095|Q20907095]] | [[Lynx canadensis subsolanus]] | Lynx canadensis subsolanus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx canadensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2008 | [[:d:Q20907129|Q20907129]] | [[Profelis aurata aurata]] | Profelis aurata aurata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal aurata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2009 | [[:d:Q20907130|Q20907130]] | [[Profelis aurata cottoni]] | Profelis aurata cottoni | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal aurata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2010 | [[:d:Q2881618|Q2881618]] | [[Leopardus pajeros steinbachi]] | Leopardus pajeros steinbachi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pajeros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2011 | [[:d:Q5703270|Q5703270]] | [[Arctotherium tarijense]] | Arctotherium tarijense | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Arctotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2012 | [[:d:Q5703273|Q5703273]] | [[Arctotherium vetustum]] | Arctotherium vetustum | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2013 | [[:d:Q6387853|Q6387853]] | [[Arctotherium bonariense]] | Arctotherium bonariense | 2 | | [[File:Arctotherium.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Arctotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2014 | [[:d:Q7186480|Q7186480]] | [[Phlaocyon achoros]] | Phlaocyon achoros | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phlaocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2015 | [[:d:Q7186481|Q7186481]] | [[Phlaocyon annectens]] | Phlaocyon annectens | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phlaocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2016 | [[:d:Q7186482|Q7186482]] | [[Phlaocyon latidens]] | Phlaocyon latidens | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phlaocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2017 | [[:d:Q7186483|Q7186483]] | [[Phlaocyon mariae]] | Phlaocyon mariae | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phlaocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2018 | [[:d:Q16667334|Q16667334]] | [[Nyctereutes lockwoodi]] | Nyctereutes lockwoodi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nyctereutes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2019 | [[:d:Q18388298|Q18388298]] | [[Phlaocyon minor]] | Phlaocyon minor | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phlaocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2020 | [[:d:Q18392570|Q18392570]] | [[Phlaocyon yatkolai]] | Phlaocyon yatkolai | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phlaocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2021 | [[:d:Q111032084|Q111032084]] | [[Miomachairodus pseudailuroides]] | Miomachairodus pseudailuroides | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Miomachairodus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2022 | [[:d:Q6169186|Q6169186]] | [[Xenocyon africanus]] | Xenocyon africanus | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Xenocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2023 | [[:d:Q6169188|Q6169188]] | [[Xenocyon antonii]] | Xenocyon antonii | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Xenocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2024 | [[:d:Q6169190|Q6169190]] | [[Xenocyon falconeri]] | Xenocyon falconeri | 2 | | [[File:Xenocyon falconeri 2.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Xenocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2025 | [[:d:Q63525329|Q63525329]] | [[Miomaci pannonicum]] | Miomaci pannonicum | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Miomaci]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2026 | [[:d:Q116547814|Q116547814]] | [[cyonarctos dessei]] | Cyonarctos dessei | 2 | | [[File:Cyonarctos dessei.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[cyonarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2027 | [[:d:Q131742962|Q131742962]] | [[Filholictis]] | Filholictis | 2 | | | [[monotypic fossil taxon]] | | [[Cephalogalini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2028 | [[:d:Q5747530|Q5747530]] | [[Canis gezi]] | Canis gezi | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2029 | [[:d:Q16975232|Q16975232]] | [[Borophagus dudleyi]] | Borophagus dudleyi | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophagus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2030 | [[:d:Q16975248|Q16975248]] | [[Borophagus orc]] | Borophagus orc | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophagus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2031 | [[:d:Q20907547|Q20907547]] | [[Nyctereutes procyonoides procyonoides]] | Nyctereutes procyonoides procyonoides | 2 | | [[File:Nyctereutes procyonoides procyonoides Hardwicke.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nyctereutes procyonoides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2032 | [[:d:Q20907550|Q20907550]] | [[Nyctereutes procyonoides orestes]] | Nyctereutes procyonoides orestes | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nyctereutes procyonoides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2033 | [[:d:Q7915859|Q7915859]] | [[Variegated jackal]] | Canis aureus soudanicus | 2 | | [[File:Paintedthousdog.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis aureus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2034 | [[:d:Q20907484|Q20907484]] | [[Canis adustus adustus]] | Canis adustus adustus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis adustus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2035 | [[:d:Q20907485|Q20907485]] | [[Canis adustus bweha]] | Canis adustus bweha | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis adustus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2036 | [[:d:Q20907486|Q20907486]] | [[Canis adustus grayi]] | Canis adustus grayi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis adustus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2037 | [[:d:Q20907487|Q20907487]] | [[Canis adustus kaffensis]] | Canis adustus kaffensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis adustus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2038 | [[:d:Q20907488|Q20907488]] | [[Canis adustus lateralis]] | Canis adustus lateralis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis adustus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2039 | [[:d:Q20907489|Q20907489]] | [[Canis adustus notatus]] | Canis adustus notatus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis adustus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2040 | [[:d:Q20907490|Q20907490]] | [[Canis aureus bea]] | Canis aureus bea | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis aureus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2041 | [[:d:Q20907496|Q20907496]] | [[Canis aureus riparius]] | Canis aureus riparius | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis aureus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2042 | [[:d:Q20907499|Q20907499]] | [[Canis latrans cagottis]] | Canis latrans cagottis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2043 | [[:d:Q20907501|Q20907501]] | [[Canis latrans dickeyi]] | Canis latrans dickeyi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2044 | [[:d:Q20907502|Q20907502]] | [[Canis latrans frustror]] | Canis latrans frustror | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2045 | [[:d:Q20907504|Q20907504]] | [[Canis latrans goldmani]] | Canis latrans goldmani | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2046 | [[:d:Q20907505|Q20907505]] | [[Canis latrans hondurensis]] | Canis latrans hondurensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2047 | [[:d:Q20907506|Q20907506]] | [[Canis latrans impavidus]] | Canis latrans impavidus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2048 | [[:d:Q20907508|Q20907508]] | [[Canis latrans jamesi]] | Canis latrans jamesi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2049 | [[:d:Q20907511|Q20907511]] | [[Canis latrans microdon]] | Canis latrans microdon | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2050 | [[:d:Q20907512|Q20907512]] | [[Canis latrans peninsulae]] | Canis latrans peninsulae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2051 | [[:d:Q20907519|Q20907519]] | [[Canis lupus floridanus]] | Canis lupus floridanus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2052 | [[:d:Q20907524|Q20907524]] | [[Canis simensis simensis]] | Canis simensis simensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis simensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2053 | [[:d:Q30062848|Q30062848]] | [[Lupo aurate senegalese]] | Canis anthus anthus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis anthus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2054 | [[:d:Q126678458|Q126678458]] | [[Canis anthus soudanicus]] | Canis anthus soudanicus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis anthus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2055 | [[:d:Q20907553|Q20907553]] | [[Otocyon megalotis canescens]] | Otocyon megalotis canescens | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Otocyon megalotis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2056 | [[:d:Q21400754|Q21400754]] | [[Smilodon fatalis californicus]] | Smilodon fatalis californicus | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Smilodon fatalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2057 | [[:d:Q55693842|Q55693842]] | [[Canis lycaon]] | Canis lycaon | 2 | | [[File:Eastern wolf in Algonquin Provincial Park 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2058 | [[:d:Q97126596|Q97126596]] | [[Canis adoxus]] | Canis adoxus | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2059 | [[:d:Q113407746|Q113407746]] | [[Agriarctos nikolovi]] | Agriarctos nikolovi | 2 | | [[File:Teeth of Agriarctos nikolovi.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Agriarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2060 | [[:d:Q139959555|Q139959555]] | [[Vitasta Wolf]] | Canis vitastensis | 2 | | [[File:Canis vitastensis fossil fragments.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | [[Canides|Canidae]] | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2061 | [[:d:Q135219483|Q135219483]] | [[Serengeti wolf]] | Canis lupaster bea | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis lupaster]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2062 | [[:d:Q18003134|Q18003134]] | [[Mephitini]] | Mephitini | 1 | | [[File:Striped Skunk.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitidae|Moffetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2063 | [[:d:Q21368778|Q21368778]] | [[Ikelohyaena]] | Ikelohyaena | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2064 | [[:d:Q85989065|Q85989065]] | [[Afrosmilinae]] | Afrosmilinae | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Barbourofelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2065 | [[:d:Q85989326|Q85989326]] | [[Dinailurictinae]] | Dinailurictinae | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2066 | [[:d:Q119809215|Q119809215]] | [[Phocoidea]] | Phocoidea | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Pinnipedia]]<br/>[[Pinnipediformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2067 | [[:d:Q122070164|Q122070164]] | [[Tugenictis]] | Tugenictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2068 | [[:d:Q125857211|Q125857211]] | [[Osmotherium]] | Osmotherium | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitidae|Moffetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2069 | [[:d:Q134625973|Q134625973]] | [[Belbus]] | Belbus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2070 | [[:d:Q134697831|Q134697831]] | [[Werdelinus]] | Werdelinus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2071 | [[:d:Q134892962|Q134892962]] | [[Metahyaena]] | Metahyaena | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2072 | [[:d:Q135008938|Q135008938]] | [[Tongxinictis]] | Tongxinictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2073 | [[:d:Q138656105|Q138656105]] | [[Mydainae]] | Mydainae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitidae|Moffetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2074 | [[:d:Q7250487|Q7250487]] | [[Proremiculus]] | Proremiculus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Adapisoriculidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2075 | [[:d:Q21359045|Q21359045]] | [[Trichomanis]] | Trichomanis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2076 | [[:d:Q21368849|Q21368849]] | [[Trocharion]] | Trocharion | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2077 | [[:d:Q25606482|Q25606482]] | [[Grison]] | Grison | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2078 | [[:d:Q38456345|Q38456345]] | [[Marcetia]] | Marcetia | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2079 | [[:d:Q41157347|Q41157347]] | [[Poecilictis]] | Poecilictis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2080 | [[:d:Q85989033|Q85989033]] | [[Adracon]] | Adracon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[carnivoros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2081 | [[:d:Q85989290|Q85989290]] | [[Cryptailurus]] | Cryptailurus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2082 | [[:d:Q85989733|Q85989733]] | [[Mellivorodon]] | Mellivorodon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2083 | [[:d:Q85990097|Q85990097]] | [[Pseudictis]] | Pseudictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2084 | [[:d:Q107658391|Q107658391]] | [[Ailuridae]] | Ailuridae | 1 | | | [[taxon]]<br/>[[former entity]] | | [[carnivoros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2085 | [[:d:Q119810865|Q119810865]] | [[Pinnipediformes]] | Pinnipediformes | 1 | | | [[taxon]]<br/>[[clado]] | | [[Pinnipedimorpha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2086 | [[:d:Q121795517|Q121795517]] | [[Ursavinae]] | Ursavinae | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Caniformia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2087 | [[:d:Q132190887|Q132190887]] | [[Nimravoidea]] | Nimravoidea | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2088 | [[:d:Q141450433|Q141450433]] | [[Huntictis]] | Hunctis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[carnivoros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2089 | [[:d:Q5703256|Q5703256]] | [[Arctophoca]] | Arctophoca | 1 | | [[File:Arctocephalus tropicalis CrozetIslands female.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctocephalinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2090 | [[:d:Q85989592|Q85989592]] | [[Stenoplesictis muhoronii]] | Stenoplesictis muhoronii | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Stenoplesictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2091 | [[:d:Q124837460|Q124837460]] | [[Phoca procaspica]] | Phoca procaspica | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Phoca (genere)|Phoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2092 | [[:d:Q140311946|Q140311946]] | [[Paradoxurini]] | Paradoxurini | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2093 | [[:d:Q11757624|Q11757624]] | [[Prionodontinae]] | Prionodontinae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionodontidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2094 | [[:d:Q16948001|Q16948001]] | [[Nothocyon]] | Nothocyon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Subparictidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2095 | [[:d:Q16983499|Q16983499]] | [[Ictiocyon]] | Ictiocyon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2096 | [[:d:Q21361392|Q21361392]] | [[Deccanolestes narmadensis]] | Deccanolestes narmadensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Deccanolestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2097 | [[:d:Q25101708|Q25101708]] | [[Vishnucyon]] | Vishnucyon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2098 | [[:d:Q107290797|Q107290797]] | [[Afrodon ivani]] | Afrodon ivani | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Afrodon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2099 | [[:d:Q113900911|Q113900911]] | [[Odobeninae]] | Odobeninae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2100 | [[:d:Q116223872|Q116223872]] | [[Myacyon]] | Myacyon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2101 | [[:d:Q119809978|Q119809978]] | [[Pan-Pinnipedia]] | Pan-Pinnipedia | 1 | | | [[taxon]]<br/>[[clado]] | | [[Arctoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2102 | [[:d:Q122070604|Q122070604]] | [[Ketketictis]] | Ketketictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2103 | [[:d:Q130342018|Q130342018]] | [[Megaviverra]] | Megaviverra | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2104 | [[:d:Q131825406|Q131825406]] | [[Nandinioidea]] | Nandinioidea | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Aeluroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2105 | [[:d:Q133282075|Q133282075]] | [[Mioparadoxurus]] | Mioparadoxurus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2106 | [[:d:Q3812870|Q3812870]] | [[Kanuites lewisae]] | Kanuites lewisae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Kanuites]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2107 | [[:d:Q20717547|Q20717547]] | [[Chasmaporthetes ossifragus]] | Chasmaporthetes ossifragus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Chasmaporthetes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2108 | [[:d:Q27994178|Q27994178]] | [[Herpestes sanguineus]] | Herpestes sanguineus | 1 | | [[File:Neue Wirbelthiere zu der Fauna von Abyssinien gehörig (Taf. 8 Fig.1,2) (6961545439).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2109 | [[:d:Q27998228|Q27998228]] | [[Herpestes pulverulentus]] | Herpestes pulverulentus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2110 | [[:d:Q41083658|Q41083658]] | [[Genetta letabae]] | Genetta letabae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2111 | [[:d:Q85989480|Q85989480]] | [[Hoplophoneus strigidens]] | Hoplophoneus strigidens | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hoplophoneus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2112 | [[:d:Q112899114|Q112899114]] | [[Lutraeximia]] | Lutraeximia | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2113 | [[:d:Q118852976|Q118852976]] | [[Genetta nyakitongwer]] | Genetta nyakitongwer | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2114 | [[:d:Q133271769|Q133271769]] | [[Tyrrhenolutra]] | Tyrrhenolutra | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2115 | [[:d:Q133277781|Q133277781]] | [[Tisisthenes]] | Tisisthenes | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2116 | [[:d:Q139645718|Q139645718]] | [[Viverrictis]] | Viverrictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Viverrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2117 | [[:d:Q140402596|Q140402596]] | [[ermine]] | | 1 | | [[File:L’Hermine & Le Rosselet - Ermine & Stoat - Galica - Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére, t. 7, Paris, Imprimerie Royale, 1758.jpg|center|48px]] | [[organisms known by a particular common name]] | | [[Mustelinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2118 | [[:d:Q141861382|Q141861382]] | [[Skopelogale]] | Skopelogale | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Mustelinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2119 | [[:d:Q33142418|Q33142418]] | [[Devinophocinae]] | Devinophocinae | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2120 | [[:d:Q41153969|Q41153969]] | [[Gryphoca]] | Gryphoca | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2121 | [[:d:Q41155783|Q41155783]] | [[Monachopsis]] | Monachopsis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2122 | [[:d:Q41157012|Q41157012]] | [[Phocanella]] | Phocanella | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2123 | [[:d:Q41157488|Q41157488]] | [[Prophoca]] | Prophoca | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2124 | [[:d:Q107272854|Q107272854]] | [[Amblonyx]] | Amblonyx | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2125 | [[:d:Q116788226|Q116788226]] | [[Sonitictis]] | Sonitictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2126 | [[:d:Q116788227|Q116788227]] | [[Magnotherium]] | Magnotherium | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2127 | [[:d:Q121338703|Q121338703]] | [[Planopusa]] | Planopusa | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2128 | [[:d:Q121410416|Q121410416]] | [[Craterogale]] | Craterogale | 1 | | [[File:Craterogale simus skull.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2129 | [[:d:Q121539482|Q121539482]] | [[Pristiphoca]] | Pristiphoca | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2130 | [[:d:Q122084103|Q122084103]] | [[Erokomellivora]] | Erokomellivora | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2131 | [[:d:Q123014800|Q123014800]] | [[Australophoca]] | Australophoca | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2132 | [[:d:Q123014818|Q123014818]] | [[Cryptophoca]] | Cryptophoca | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2133 | [[:d:Q123015025|Q123015025]] | [[Sarmatonectes]] | Sarmatonectes | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2134 | [[:d:Q123015048|Q123015048]] | [[Terranectes]] | Terranectes | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2135 | [[:d:Q123015063|Q123015063]] | [[Sarcodectes]] | Sarcodectes | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2136 | [[:d:Q123015085|Q123015085]] | [[Palmidophoca]] | Palmidophoca | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2137 | [[:d:Q125622520|Q125622520]] | [[Magophoca]] | Magophoca | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2138 | [[:d:Q126698037|Q126698037]] | [[Promellivora]] | Promellivora | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2139 | [[:d:Q126708170|Q126708170]] | [[Dinogale]] | Dinogale | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2140 | [[:d:Q132156979|Q132156979]] | [[Shansictis]] | Shansictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2141 | [[:d:Q135160819|Q135160819]] | [[Paratethyphoca]] | Paratethyphoca | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2142 | [[:d:Q136655494|Q136655494]] | [[Floridictis]] | Floridictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2143 | [[:d:Q136655544|Q136655544]] | [[Legionarictis]] | Legionarictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2144 | [[:d:Q136655560|Q136655560]] | [[Lartetictis]] | Lartetictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2145 | [[:d:Q136655625|Q136655625]] | [[Promeles]] | Promeles | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2146 | [[:d:Q138497907|Q138497907]] | [[Canimartes]] | Canimartes | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2147 | [[:d:Q138507147|Q138507147]] | [[Matanomictis]] | Matanomictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2148 | [[:d:Q139570330|Q139570330]] | [[Galanthisictis]] | Galanthisictis | 1 | | | [[monotypic fossil taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2149 | [[:d:Q141266967|Q141266967]] | [[Icaphoca]] | Icaphoca | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2150 | [[:d:Q3553549|Q3553549]] | [[Valenictus chulavistensis]] | Valenictus chulavistensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Valenictus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2151 | [[:d:Q10354179|Q10354179]] | [[Procyonoidea]] | Procyonoidea | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelida]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2152 | [[:d:Q16613229|Q16613229]] | [[Teruelictis riparius]] | Teruelictis riparius | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Teruelictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2153 | [[:d:Q21230314|Q21230314]] | [[Mydeus]] | Mydeus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2154 | [[:d:Q85990402|Q85990402]] | [[Viretictis]] | Viretictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Feloidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2155 | [[:d:Q108680579|Q108680579]] | [[Eumetopias ojiyaensis]] | Eumetopias ojiyaensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Eumetopias]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2156 | [[:d:Q108698491|Q108698491]] | [[Odobenus mandanoensis]] | Odobenus mandanoensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2157 | [[:d:Q111038014|Q111038014]] | [[Ginsburgsmilus napakensis]] | Ginsburgsmilus napakensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ginsburgsmilus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2158 | [[:d:Q116969147|Q116969147]] | [[Bonisicyon]] | Bonisicyon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2159 | [[:d:Q117312355|Q117312355]] | [[Delotrochanter]] | Delotrochanter | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Temnocyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2160 | [[:d:Q123080822|Q123080822]] | [[Dinocrocuta gigantea]] | Dinocrocuta gigantea | 1 | | [[File:Dinocrocuta.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Dinocrocuta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2161 | [[:d:Q126811602|Q126811602]] | [[Hyaenictis graeca]] | Hyaenictis graeca | 1 | | [[File:Hyaenictis graeca.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2162 | [[:d:Q134168438|Q134168438]] | [[Crocuta dietrichi]] | Crocuta dietrichi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Crocuta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2163 | [[:d:Q134725561|Q134725561]] | [[Piscophoca pacifica]] | Piscophoca pacifica | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Piscophoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2164 | [[:d:Q134740719|Q134740719]] | [[Pseudarctini]] | Pseudarctini | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2165 | [[:d:Q135237645|Q135237645]] | [[Askazansoria]] | Askazansoria | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2166 | [[:d:Q136746351|Q136746351]] | [[Allocyon]] | Allocyon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicynodontidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2167 | [[:d:Q139414568|Q139414568]] | [[Crocuta eturono]] | Crocuta eturono | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Crocuta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2168 | [[:d:Q141838481|Q141838481]] | [[Neoyunnanotherium]] | Neoyunnanotherium | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Melinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2169 | [[:d:Q7711432|Q7711432]] | [[Thaumastocyonini]] | Thaumastocyonini | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2170 | [[:d:Q18002428|Q18002428]] | [[Martinogale alveodens]] | Martinogale alveodens | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Martinogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2171 | [[:d:Q76763353|Q76763353]] | [[Conepatus carloschebezi]] | Conepatus carloschebezi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2172 | [[:d:Q76763364|Q76763364]] | [[Conepatus feuillei]] | Conepatus feuillei | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2173 | [[:d:Q85924242|Q85924242]] | [[Adcrocuta eximia]] | Adcrocuta eximia | 1 | | [[File:Adcrocuta eximia, Asenovgrad.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Adcrocuta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2174 | [[:d:Q108030083|Q108030083]] | [[Conepatus robustus]] | Conepatus robustus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Conepatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2175 | [[:d:Q108804968|Q108804968]] | [[Africanictis meini]] | Africanictis meini | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Africanictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2176 | [[:d:Q108805049|Q108805049]] | [[Africanictis schmidtkittleri]] | Africanictis schmidtkittleri | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Africanictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2177 | [[:d:Q108805170|Q108805170]] | [[Africanictis hyaenoides]] | Africanictis hyaenoides | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Africanictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2178 | [[:d:Q110390918|Q110390918]] | [[Pliophoca etrusca]] | Pliophoca etrusca | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Pliophoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2179 | [[:d:Q111034865|Q111034865]] | [[Albanosmilus jourdani]] | Albanosmilus jourdani | 1 | | [[File:Albanosmilus jourdani - crani.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Albanosmilus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2180 | [[:d:Q111036376|Q111036376]] | [[Sansanosmilus palmidens]] | Sansanosmilus palmidens | 1 | | [[File:Sansanosmilus palmidens skull.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Sansanosmilus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2181 | [[:d:Q119132618|Q119132618]] | [[Prosansanosmilus eggeri]] | Prosansanosmilus eggeri | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Prosansanosmilus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2182 | [[:d:Q138657888|Q138657888]] | [[Bdeogale]] | Bdeogale | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bdeogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2183 | [[:d:Q138657890|Q138657890]] | [[Galeriscus]] | Galeriscus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bdeogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2184 | [[:d:Q139959735|Q139959735]] | [[Dehmictis]] | Dehmictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mellivorinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2185 | [[:d:Q139959817|Q139959817]] | [[Namibictis]] | Namibictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mellivorinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2186 | [[:d:Q141838663|Q141838663]] | [[Mellalictis]] | Mellalictis | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Mellivorinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2187 | [[:d:Q4359298|Q4359298]] | [[Perunium ursogulo]] | Perunium ursogulo | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Perunium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2188 | [[:d:Q97371092|Q97371092]] | [[Craterogale simus]] | Craterogale simus | 1 | | [[File:Craterogale simus skull.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Craterogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2189 | [[:d:Q109264769|Q109264769]] | [[Vishnuonyx neptuni]] | Vishnuonyx neptuni | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vishnuonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2190 | [[:d:Q112867515|Q112867515]] | [[Prototaria planicephala]] | Prototaria planicephala | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Prototaria]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2191 | [[:d:Q112867572|Q112867572]] | [[Prototaria primigena]] | Prototaria primigena | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Prototaria]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2192 | [[:d:Q114975699|Q114975699]] | [[Oaxacagale ruizi]] | Oaxacagale ruizi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Oaxacagale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2193 | [[:d:Q116630687|Q116630687]] | [[Dusignathus seftoni]] | Dusignathus seftoni | 1 | | [[File:Dusignathus seftoni SDNHM 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Dusignathus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2194 | [[:d:Q116631155|Q116631155]] | [[Dusignathus santacruzensis]] | Dusignathus santacruzensis | 1 | | [[File:Dusignathus santacruzensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Dusignathus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2195 | [[:d:Q116761715|Q116761715]] | [[Allohyaena kadici]] | Allohyaena kadici | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Allohyaena]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2196 | [[:d:Q116788436|Q116788436]] | [[Sonitictis moralesi]] | Sonitictis moralesi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Sonitictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2197 | [[:d:Q116788439|Q116788439]] | [[Magnotherium johnsii]] | Magnotherium johnsii | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Magnotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2198 | [[:d:Q116944503|Q116944503]] | [[Titanotaria orangensis]] | Titanotaria orangensis | 1 | | [[File:Titanotaria skull.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Titanotaria]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2199 | [[:d:Q121338708|Q121338708]] | [[Planopusa semenovi]] | Planopusa semenovi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Planopusa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2200 | [[:d:Q133150883|Q133150883]] | [[Propoecilogale]] | Propoecilogale | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ictonychinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2201 | [[:d:Q135189133|Q135189133]] | [[Odobenini]] | Odobenini | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Odobeninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2202 | [[:d:Q138732872|Q138732872]] | [[Vishnuonyx chinjiensis]] | Vishnuonyx chinjiensis | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Vishnuonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2203 | [[:d:Q141199764|Q141199764]] | [[Erokomellivora lothagamensis]] | Erokomellivora lothagamensis | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Erokomellivora]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2204 | [[:d:Q3792499|Q3792499]] | [[Ikelohyaena abronia]] | Ikelohyaena abronia | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ikelohyaena]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2205 | [[:d:Q21236814|Q21236814]] | [[Afrophoca libyca]] | Afrophoca libyca | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Afrophoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2206 | [[:d:Q27440964|Q27440964]] | [[Xenogale naso]] | Xenogale naso | 1 | | [[File:Long-nosed mongoose (without bg).png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Xenogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2207 | [[:d:Q108670197|Q108670197]] | [[Pseudotaria muramotoi]] | Pseudotaria muramotoi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pseudotaria]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2208 | [[:d:Q123014993|Q123014993]] | [[Batavipusa]] | Batavipusa | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2209 | [[:d:Q126687247|Q126687247]] | [[Mustelavus]] | Mustelavus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelavinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2210 | [[:d:Q130356555|Q130356555]] | [[Peignecyon]] | Peignecyon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Thaumastocyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2211 | [[:d:Q132883666|Q132883666]] | [[Gansuyaena]] | Gansuyaena | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Protelinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2212 | [[:d:Q139959705|Q139959705]] | [[Iberictis]] | Iberictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Guloninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2213 | [[:d:Q141838652|Q141838652]] | [[Ferinestrix vorax]] | Ferinestrix vorax | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Ferinestrix]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2214 | [[:d:Q20907244|Q20907244]] | [[Genetta genetta afra]] | Genetta genetta afra | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2215 | [[:d:Q20907245|Q20907245]] | [[Genetta genetta dongolana]] | Genetta genetta dongolana | 1 | | [[File:Wild life of the world (Plate 13) (9135271764).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2216 | [[:d:Q20907247|Q20907247]] | [[Genetta genetta senegalensis]] | Genetta genetta senegalensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2217 | [[:d:Q20907436|Q20907436]] | [[Herpestes semitorquatus semitorquatus]] | Herpestes semitorquatus semitorquatus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes semitorquatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2218 | [[:d:Q20907437|Q20907437]] | [[Herpestes semitorquatus uniformis]] | Herpestes semitorquatus uniformis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes semitorquatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2219 | [[:d:Q24266216|Q24266216]] | [[Lutra maculicollis]] | Lutra maculicollis | 1 | | [[File:Spotted-necked otter 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2220 | [[:d:Q61885243|Q61885243]] | [[Lutra canadensis]] | Lutra canadensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2221 | [[:d:Q109647346|Q109647346]] | [[Lutra piscinaria]] | Lutra piscinaria | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2222 | [[:d:Q122889511|Q122889511]] | [[Lutra capensis]] | Lutra capensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2223 | [[:d:Q123080462|Q123080462]] | [[Lutra trinacriae]] | Lutra trinacriae | 1 | | [[File:Lutra trinacriae.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2224 | [[:d:Q124036776|Q124036776]] | [[Lutra palaeoleptonyx]] | Lutra palaeoleptonyx | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2225 | [[:d:Q124036877|Q124036877]] | [[Lutra lybica]] | Lutra lybica | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2226 | [[:d:Q124036883|Q124036883]] | [[Lutra licenti]] | Lutra licenti | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2227 | [[:d:Q124036908|Q124036908]] | [[Lutra fatimazohrae]] | Lutra fatimazohrae | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2228 | [[:d:Q124036923|Q124036923]] | [[Lutra bressana]] | Lutra bressana | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2229 | [[:d:Q124036933|Q124036933]] | [[Lutra bravardi]] | Lutra bravardi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2230 | [[:d:Q124036937|Q124036937]] | [[Lutra affinis]] | Lutra affinis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2231 | [[:d:Q124039976|Q124039976]] | [[Lutra hessica]] | Lutra hessica | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2232 | [[:d:Q132457290|Q132457290]] | [[Lutra hearsti]] | Lutra hearsti | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2233 | [[:d:Q138589738|Q138589738]] | [[Aonyx]] | Aonyx | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2234 | [[:d:Q138589739|Q138589739]] | [[Amblonyx]] | Amblonyx | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2235 | [[:d:Q5703259|Q5703259]] | [[Arctophoca australis australis]] | Arctophoca australis australis | 1 | | [[File:Arctophoca australis australis (3).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctocephalus australis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2236 | [[:d:Q20907292|Q20907292]] | [[Nandinia binotata binotata]] | Nandinia binotata binotata | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[civetta de palma african]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2237 | [[:d:Q20907293|Q20907293]] | [[Nandinia binotata arborea]] | Nandinia binotata arborea | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[civetta de palma african]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2238 | [[:d:Q20907295|Q20907295]] | [[Nandinia binotata gerrardi]] | Nandinia binotata gerrardi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[civetta de palma african]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2239 | [[:d:Q20907296|Q20907296]] | [[Nandinia binotata intensa]] | Nandinia binotata intensa | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[civetta de palma african]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2240 | [[:d:Q20907317|Q20907317]] | [[Cynictis penicillata penicillata]] | Cynictis penicillata penicillata | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynictis penicillata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2241 | [[:d:Q20907318|Q20907318]] | [[Cynictis penicillata bechuanae]] | Cynictis penicillata bechuanae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynictis penicillata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2242 | [[:d:Q20907319|Q20907319]] | [[Cynictis penicillata brachyura]] | Cynictis penicillata brachyura | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynictis penicillata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2243 | [[:d:Q20907324|Q20907324]] | [[Cynictis penicillata cinderella]] | Cynictis penicillata cinderella | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynictis penicillata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2244 | [[:d:Q20907326|Q20907326]] | [[Cynictis penicillata coombsi]] | Cynictis penicillata coombsi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynictis penicillata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2245 | [[:d:Q20907328|Q20907328]] | [[Cynictis penicillata intensa]] | Cynictis penicillata intensa | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynictis penicillata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2246 | [[:d:Q20907329|Q20907329]] | [[Cynictis penicillata kalaharica]] | Cynictis penicillata kalaharica | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynictis penicillata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2247 | [[:d:Q20907330|Q20907330]] | [[Cynictis penicillata karasensis]] | Cynictis penicillata karasensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynictis penicillata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2248 | [[:d:Q20907332|Q20907332]] | [[Cynictis penicillata lepturus]] | Cynictis penicillata lepturus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynictis penicillata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2249 | [[:d:Q20907333|Q20907333]] | [[Cynictis penicillata ogilbyii]] | Cynictis penicillata ogilbyii | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynictis penicillata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2250 | [[:d:Q20907334|Q20907334]] | [[Cynictis penicillata pallidior]] | Cynictis penicillata pallidior | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynictis penicillata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2251 | [[:d:Q20907350|Q20907350]] | [[Galerella sanguinea sanguinea]] | Galerella sanguinea sanguinea | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2252 | [[:d:Q20907352|Q20907352]] | [[Galerella sanguinea canus]] | Galerella sanguinea canus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2253 | [[:d:Q20907353|Q20907353]] | [[Galerella sanguinea cauui]] | Galerella sanguinea cauui | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2254 | [[:d:Q20907354|Q20907354]] | [[Galerella sanguinea dasilvai]] | Galerella sanguinea dasilvai | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2255 | [[:d:Q20907355|Q20907355]] | [[Galerella sanguinea dentifer]] | Galerella sanguinea dentifer | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2256 | [[:d:Q20907356|Q20907356]] | [[Galerella sanguinea fulvidior]] | Galerella sanguinea fulvidior | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2257 | [[:d:Q20907357|Q20907357]] | [[Galerella sanguinea galbus]] | Galerella sanguinea galbus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2258 | [[:d:Q20907358|Q20907358]] | [[Galerella sanguinea gracilis]] | Galerella sanguinea gracilis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2259 | [[:d:Q20907359|Q20907359]] | [[Galerella sanguinea grantii]] | Galerella sanguinea grantii | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2260 | [[:d:Q20907361|Q20907361]] | [[Galerella sanguinea ibeae]] | Galerella sanguinea ibeae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2261 | [[:d:Q20907364|Q20907364]] | [[Galerella sanguinea ignitus]] | Galerella sanguinea ignitus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2262 | [[:d:Q20907367|Q20907367]] | [[Galerella sanguinea lancasteri]] | Galerella sanguinea lancasteri | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2263 | [[:d:Q20907369|Q20907369]] | [[Galerella sanguinea melanura]] | Galerella sanguinea melanura | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2264 | [[:d:Q20907372|Q20907372]] | [[Galerella sanguinea mossambica]] | Galerella sanguinea mossambica | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2265 | [[:d:Q20907374|Q20907374]] | [[Galerella sanguinea mustela]] | Galerella sanguinea mustela | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2266 | [[:d:Q20907375|Q20907375]] | [[Galerella sanguinea mutgigella]] | Galerella sanguinea mutgigella | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2267 | [[:d:Q20907377|Q20907377]] | [[Galerella sanguinea orestes]] | Galerella sanguinea orestes | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2268 | [[:d:Q20907378|Q20907378]] | [[Galerella sanguinea parvipes]] | Galerella sanguinea parvipes | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2269 | [[:d:Q20907380|Q20907380]] | [[Galerella sanguinea perfulvidus]] | Galerella sanguinea perfulvidus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2270 | [[:d:Q20907382|Q20907382]] | [[Galerella sanguinea phoenicurus]] | Galerella sanguinea phoenicurus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2271 | [[:d:Q20907383|Q20907383]] | [[Galerella sanguinea proteus]] | Galerella sanguinea proteus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2272 | [[:d:Q20907384|Q20907384]] | [[Galerella sanguinea rendilis]] | Galerella sanguinea rendilis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2273 | [[:d:Q20907385|Q20907385]] | [[Galerella sanguinea saharae]] | Galerella sanguinea saharae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2274 | [[:d:Q20907386|Q20907386]] | [[Galerella sanguinea swinnyi]] | Galerella sanguinea swinnyi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2275 | [[:d:Q20907387|Q20907387]] | [[Galerella sanguinea ugandae]] | Galerella sanguinea ugandae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2276 | [[:d:Q20907412|Q20907412]] | [[Herpestes ichneumon ichneumon]] | Herpestes ichneumon ichneumon | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes ichneumon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2277 | [[:d:Q20907413|Q20907413]] | [[Herpestes ichneumon angolensis]] | Herpestes ichneumon angolensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes ichneumon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2278 | [[:d:Q20907414|Q20907414]] | [[Herpestes ichneumon cafra]] | Herpestes ichneumon cafra | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes ichneumon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2279 | [[:d:Q20907415|Q20907415]] | [[Herpestes ichneumon centralis]] | Herpestes ichneumon centralis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes ichneumon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2280 | [[:d:Q20907416|Q20907416]] | [[Herpestes ichneumon funestus]] | Herpestes ichneumon funestus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes ichneumon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2281 | [[:d:Q20907417|Q20907417]] | [[Herpestes ichneumon mababiensis]] | Herpestes ichneumon mababiensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes ichneumon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2282 | [[:d:Q20907418|Q20907418]] | [[Herpestes ichneumon numidicus]] | Herpestes ichneumon numidicus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes ichneumon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2283 | [[:d:Q20907419|Q20907419]] | [[Herpestes ichneumon parvidens]] | Herpestes ichneumon parvidens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes ichneumon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2284 | [[:d:Q20907420|Q20907420]] | [[Herpestes ichneumon sabiensis]] | Herpestes ichneumon sabiensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes ichneumon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2285 | [[:d:Q20907421|Q20907421]] | [[Herpestes ichneumon sangronizi]] | Herpestes ichneumon sangronizi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes ichneumon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2286 | [[:d:Q20907422|Q20907422]] | [[Herpestes ichneumon widdringtonii]] | Herpestes ichneumon widdringtonii | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes ichneumon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2287 | [[:d:Q20907423|Q20907423]] | [[Herpestes javanicus javanicus]] | Herpestes javanicus javanicus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes javanicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2288 | [[:d:Q20907424|Q20907424]] | [[Herpestes javanicus auropunctatus]] | Herpestes javanicus auropunctatus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes javanicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2289 | [[:d:Q20907425|Q20907425]] | [[Herpestes javanicus exilis]] | Herpestes javanicus exilis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes javanicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2290 | [[:d:Q20907428|Q20907428]] | [[Herpestes javanicus orientalis]] | Herpestes javanicus orientalis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes javanicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2291 | [[:d:Q20907429|Q20907429]] | [[Herpestes javanicus pallipes]] | Herpestes javanicus pallipes | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes javanicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2292 | [[:d:Q20907430|Q20907430]] | [[Herpestes javanicus peninsulae]] | Herpestes javanicus peninsulae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes javanicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2293 | [[:d:Q20907431|Q20907431]] | [[Herpestes javanicus perakensis]] | Herpestes javanicus perakensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes javanicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2294 | [[:d:Q20907432|Q20907432]] | [[Herpestes javanicus rafflesii]] | Herpestes javanicus rafflesii | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes javanicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2295 | [[:d:Q20907433|Q20907433]] | [[Herpestes javanicus rubrifrons]] | Herpestes javanicus rubrifrons | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes javanicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2296 | [[:d:Q20907434|Q20907434]] | [[Herpestes javanicus siamensis]] | Herpestes javanicus siamensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes javanicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2297 | [[:d:Q20907435|Q20907435]] | [[Herpestes javanicus tjerapai]] | Herpestes javanicus tjerapai | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes javanicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2298 | [[:d:Q20907447|Q20907447]] | [[Herpestes vitticollis vitticollis]] | Herpestes vitticollis vitticollis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes vitticollis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2299 | [[:d:Q20907448|Q20907448]] | [[Herpestes vitticollis inornatus]] | Herpestes vitticollis inornatus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes vitticollis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2300 | [[:d:Q20907929|Q20907929]] | [[Conepatus semistriatus amazonicus]] | Conepatus semistriatus amazonicus | 1 | | [[File:Conepatus amazonicus - ....Christopher Borges.... - 533154117.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus semistriatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2301 | [[:d:Q20916509|Q20916509]] | [[Herpestes edwardsi edwardsi]] | Herpestes edwardsi edwardsi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes edwardsi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2302 | [[:d:Q20916511|Q20916511]] | [[Herpestes edwardsi ferrugineus]] | Herpestes edwardsi ferrugineus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes edwardsi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2303 | [[:d:Q20916514|Q20916514]] | [[Herpestes edwardsi lanka]] | Herpestes edwardsi lanka | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes edwardsi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2304 | [[:d:Q20916516|Q20916516]] | [[Herpestes edwardsi montanus]] | Herpestes edwardsi montanus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes edwardsi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2305 | [[:d:Q20916518|Q20916518]] | [[Herpestes edwardsi nyula]] | Herpestes edwardsi nyula | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes edwardsi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2306 | [[:d:Q135649961|Q135649961]] | [[Conepatus semistriatus elieceri]] | Conepatus semistriatus elieceri | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus semistriatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2307 | [[:d:Q60978126|Q60978126]] | [[Tungurictis spocki]] | Tungurictis spocki | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Tungurictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2308 | [[:d:Q113011945|Q113011945]] | [[Adeilosmilus]] | Adeilosmilus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2309 | [[:d:Q134725558|Q134725558]] | [[Miophoca vetusta]] | Miophoca vetusta | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Miophoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2310 | [[:d:Q135702373|Q135702373]] | [[Messiphoca mauretanica]] | Messiphoca mauretanica | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Messiphoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2311 | [[:d:Q135726251|Q135726251]] | [[Hydrarctos lomasiensis]] | Hydrarctos lomasiensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Hydrarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2312 | [[:d:Q137325126|Q137325126]] | [[Pliogale]] | Pliogale | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mephitinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2313 | [[:d:Q137325217|Q137325217]] | [[Miomustela madisonae]] | Miomustela madisonae | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Miomustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2314 | [[:d:Q137592820|Q137592820]] | [[Taotienimravus songi]] | Taotienimravus songi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Taotienimravus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2315 | [[:d:Q140460422|Q140460422]] | [[Brachyopsigale]] | Brachyopsigale | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mephitinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2316 | [[:d:Q141200725|Q141200725]] | [[Promellivora punjabiensis]] | Promellivora punjabiensis | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Promellivora]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2317 | [[:d:Q10915457|Q10915457]] | [[Mustela formosana]] | Mustela formosana | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2318 | [[:d:Q10960092|Q10960092]] | [[Mustela amurensis]] | Mustela amurensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2319 | [[:d:Q27898194|Q27898194]] | [[Gale]] | Gale | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2320 | [[:d:Q55636015|Q55636015]] | [[Tonkin weasel]] | Mustela tonkinensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2321 | [[:d:Q108939086|Q108939086]] | [[Martes ten]] | Martes ten | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2322 | [[:d:Q122171688|Q122171688]] | [[Mustela furo]] | Mustela furo | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2323 | [[:d:Q131451931|Q131451931]] | [[Martes ginsburgi]] | Martes ginsburgi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2324 | [[:d:Q132643625|Q132643625]] | [[Martes vetus]] | Martes vetus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2325 | [[:d:Q3363349|Q3363349]] | [[Paradoxurus niger]] | Paradoxurus niger | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2326 | [[:d:Q20907297|Q20907297]] | [[Atilax paludinosus paludinosus]] | Atilax paludinosus paludinosus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Atilax paludinosus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2327 | [[:d:Q20907299|Q20907299]] | [[Atilax paludinosus macrodon]] | Atilax paludinosus macrodon | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Atilax paludinosus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2328 | [[:d:Q20907300|Q20907300]] | [[Atilax paludinosus mitis]] | Atilax paludinosus mitis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Atilax paludinosus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2329 | [[:d:Q20907301|Q20907301]] | [[Atilax paludinosus mordax]] | Atilax paludinosus mordax | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Atilax paludinosus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2330 | [[:d:Q20907302|Q20907302]] | [[Atilax paludinosus nigerianus]] | Atilax paludinosus nigerianus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Atilax paludinosus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2331 | [[:d:Q20907304|Q20907304]] | [[Atilax paludinosus pluto]] | Atilax paludinosus pluto | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Atilax paludinosus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2332 | [[:d:Q20907305|Q20907305]] | [[Atilax paludinosus robustus]] | Atilax paludinosus robustus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Atilax paludinosus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2333 | [[:d:Q20907306|Q20907306]] | [[Atilax paludinosus rubellus]] | Atilax paludinosus rubellus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Atilax paludinosus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2334 | [[:d:Q20907307|Q20907307]] | [[Atilax paludinosus rubescens]] | Atilax paludinosus rubescens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Atilax paludinosus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2335 | [[:d:Q20907308|Q20907308]] | [[Atilax paludinosus spadiceus]] | Atilax paludinosus spadiceus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Atilax paludinosus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2336 | [[:d:Q20907309|Q20907309]] | [[Atilax paludinosus transvaalensis]] | Atilax paludinosus transvaalensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Atilax paludinosus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2337 | [[:d:Q20907441|Q20907441]] | [[Herpestes urva urva]] | Herpestes urva urva | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes urva]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2338 | [[:d:Q20907442|Q20907442]] | [[Herpestes urva annamensis]] | Herpestes urva annamensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes urva]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2339 | [[:d:Q20907444|Q20907444]] | [[Herpestes urva formosanus]] | Herpestes urva formosanus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes urva]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2340 | [[:d:Q20907445|Q20907445]] | [[Herpestes urva sinensis]] | Herpestes urva sinensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes urva]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2341 | [[:d:Q20907449|Q20907449]] | [[Ichneumia albicauda albicauda]] | Ichneumia albicauda albicauda | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ichneumia albicauda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2342 | [[:d:Q20907450|Q20907450]] | [[Ichneumia albicauda dialeucos]] | Ichneumia albicauda dialeucos | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ichneumia albicauda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2343 | [[:d:Q20907451|Q20907451]] | [[Ichneumia albicauda grandis]] | Ichneumia albicauda grandis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ichneumia albicauda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2344 | [[:d:Q20907452|Q20907452]] | [[Ichneumia albicauda haagneri]] | Ichneumia albicauda haagneri | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ichneumia albicauda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2345 | [[:d:Q20907453|Q20907453]] | [[Ichneumia albicauda ibeanus]] | Ichneumia albicauda ibeanus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ichneumia albicauda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2346 | [[:d:Q20907454|Q20907454]] | [[Ichneumia albicauda loandae]] | Ichneumia albicauda loandae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ichneumia albicauda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2347 | [[:d:Q20907455|Q20907455]] | [[Ichneumia albicauda loempo]] | Ichneumia albicauda loempo | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ichneumia albicauda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2348 | [[:d:Q20907473|Q20907473]] | [[Paracynictis selousi selousi]] | Paracynictis selousi selousi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paracynictis selousi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2349 | [[:d:Q20907474|Q20907474]] | [[Paracynictis selousi bechuanae]] | Paracynictis selousi bechuanae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paracynictis selousi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2350 | [[:d:Q20907475|Q20907475]] | [[Paracynictis selousi ngamiensis]] | Paracynictis selousi ngamiensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paracynictis selousi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2351 | [[:d:Q41086461|Q41086461]] | [[Paradoxurus macrodus]] | Paradoxurus macrodus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2352 | [[:d:Q65144472|Q65144472]] | [[Amphictinae]] | Amphictinae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ailuridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2353 | [[:d:Q108060418|Q108060418]] | [[Enaliarctos mealsi]] | Enaliarctos mealsi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Enaliarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2354 | [[:d:Q696562|Q696562]] | [[Amphicyon major]] | Amphicyon major | 1 | | [[File:Amphicyon major jaw.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2355 | [[:d:Q11910009|Q11910009]] | [[Broiliana]] | Broiliana | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2356 | [[:d:Q19716898|Q19716898]] | [[Stromeriella]] | Stromeriella | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2357 | [[:d:Q20907248|Q20907248]] | [[Genetta servalina servalina]] | Genetta servalina servalina | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta servalina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2358 | [[:d:Q20907249|Q20907249]] | [[Genetta servalina bettoni]] | Genetta servalina bettoni | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta servalina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2359 | [[:d:Q20907250|Q20907250]] | [[Genetta servalina lowei]] | Genetta servalina lowei | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta servalina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2360 | [[:d:Q20907251|Q20907251]] | [[Genetta servalina schwarzi]] | Genetta servalina schwarzi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta servalina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2361 | [[:d:Q20907252|Q20907252]] | [[Genetta tigrina tigrina]] | Genetta tigrina tigrina | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta tigrina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2362 | [[:d:Q20907253|Q20907253]] | [[Genetta tigrina methi]] | Genetta tigrina methi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta tigrina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2363 | [[:d:Q20907255|Q20907255]] | [[Poiana richardsonii richardsonii]] | Poiana richardsonii richardsonii | 1 | | | [[taxon]]<br/>[[recombination]] | | [[Poiana richardsonii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2364 | [[:d:Q20907257|Q20907257]] | [[Poiana richardsonii ochracea]] | Poiana richardsonii ochracea | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Poiana richardsonii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2365 | [[:d:Q21357705|Q21357705]] | [[Mungos minutus]] | Mungos minutus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2366 | [[:d:Q21418779|Q21418779]] | [[Bassariscinae]] | Bassariscinae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2367 | [[:d:Q28549487|Q28549487]] | [[Bassaricyonoides]] | Bassaricyonoides | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2368 | [[:d:Q55350625|Q55350625]] | [[Amphicyon giganteus]] | Amphicyon giganteus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Amphicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2369 | [[:d:Q55518697|Q55518697]] | [[Amphicyon galushai]] | Amphicyon galushai | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Amphicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2370 | [[:d:Q55593487|Q55593487]] | [[Amphicyon frendens]] | Amphicyon frendens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Amphicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2371 | [[:d:Q55593524|Q55593524]] | [[Amphicyon palaeindicus]] | Amphicyon palaeindicus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Amphicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2372 | [[:d:Q55593573|Q55593573]] | [[Amphicyon lydekkeri]] | Amphicyon lydekkeri | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Amphicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2373 | [[:d:Q105722164|Q105722164]] | [[Parahyaenodon]] | Parahyaenodon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2374 | [[:d:Q123471619|Q123471619]] | [[Angustictis]] | Angustictis | 1 | | | [[monotypic fossil taxon]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2375 | [[:d:Q131406234|Q131406234]] | [[Mustela stromeri]] | Mustela stromeri | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2376 | [[:d:Q133042723|Q133042723]] | [[Tetraprothomo]] | Tetraprothomo | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2377 | [[:d:Q136655585|Q136655585]] | [[Protoprocyon]] | Protoprocyon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2378 | [[:d:Q136655692|Q136655692]] | [[Parapotos]] | Parapotos | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2379 | [[:d:Q141267957|Q141267957]] | [[Mustela leporinum]] | Mustela leporinum | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2380 | [[:d:Q5782647|Q5782647]] | [[Conepatus castaneus castaneus]] | Conepatus castaneus castaneus | 1 | | [[File:Conepatus humboldtii 1847.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus castaneus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2381 | [[:d:Q5782649|Q5782649]] | [[Conepatus castaneus proteus]] | Conepatus castaneus proteus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus castaneus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2382 | [[:d:Q6427870|Q6427870]] | [[Kolponomos newportensis]] | Kolponomos newportensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Kolponomos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2383 | [[:d:Q18479382|Q18479382]] | [[Conepatus mesoleucus telmalestes]] | Conepatus mesoleucus telmalestes | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus mesoleucus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2384 | [[:d:Q20907335|Q20907335]] | [[Galerella ochracea ochracea]] | Galerella ochracea ochracea | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella ochracea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2385 | [[:d:Q20907336|Q20907336]] | [[Galerella ochracea bocagei]] | Galerella ochracea bocagei | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella ochracea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2386 | [[:d:Q20907338|Q20907338]] | [[Galerella ochracea fulvidior]] | Galerella ochracea fulvidior | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella ochracea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2387 | [[:d:Q20907342|Q20907342]] | [[Galerella ochracea perfulvidus]] | Galerella ochracea perfulvidus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella ochracea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2388 | [[:d:Q20907438|Q20907438]] | [[Herpestes smithii smithii]] | Herpestes smithii smithii | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes smithii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2389 | [[:d:Q20907439|Q20907439]] | [[Herpestes smithii thysanurus]] | Herpestes smithii thysanurus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes smithii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2390 | [[:d:Q20907440|Q20907440]] | [[Herpestes smithii zeylanius]] | Herpestes smithii zeylanius | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes smithii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2391 | [[:d:Q55621237|Q55621237]] | [[Lontra weiri]] | Lontra weiri | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lontra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2392 | [[:d:Q108872622|Q108872622]] | [[Allodesmus kernensis]] | Allodesmus kernensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Allodesmus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2393 | [[:d:Q108872886|Q108872886]] | [[Allodesmus naorai]] | Allodesmus naorai | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Allodesmus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2394 | [[:d:Q112796039|Q112796039]] | [[Allodesmus sinanoensis]] | Allodesmus sinanoensis | 1 | | [[File:Allodesmus sinanoensis 『Eumetopias sinanoensis』1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Allodesmus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2395 | [[:d:Q115597690|Q115597690]] | [[Adilophontes brachykolos]] | Adilophontes brachykolos | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Adilophontes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2396 | [[:d:Q115607206|Q115607206]] | [[Daphoenictis tedfordi]] | Daphoenictis tedfordi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Daphoenictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2397 | [[:d:Q115607436|Q115607436]] | [[Euroamphicyon olisiponensis]] | Euroamphicyon olisiponensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Euroamphicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2398 | [[:d:Q115619198|Q115619198]] | [[Pseudarctos bavaricus]] | Pseudarctos bavaricus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pseudarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2399 | [[:d:Q122170303|Q122170303]] | [[Viverra ichneumon]] | Viverra ichneumon | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2400 | [[:d:Q124036227|Q124036227]] | [[Enhydra reevei]] | Enhydra reevei | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Enhydra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2401 | [[:d:Q134499808|Q134499808]] | [[Viverra zeylonensis]] | Viverra zeylonensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2402 | [[:d:Q136815570|Q136815570]] | [[Parahyaena howelli]] | Parahyaena howelli | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Parahyaena]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2403 | [[:d:Q3143618|Q3143618]] | [[Hyaena perrieri]] | Hyaena perrieri | 1 | | [[File:Paleozoological exhibition, 2009, in the Gravensteen, Zierikzee 08.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hyaena]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2404 | [[:d:Q20907310|Q20907310]] | [[Bdeogale crassicauda crassicauda]] | Bdeogale crassicauda crassicauda | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bdeogale crassicauda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2405 | [[:d:Q20907311|Q20907311]] | [[Bdeogale crassicauda nigrescens]] | Bdeogale crassicauda nigrescens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bdeogale crassicauda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2406 | [[:d:Q20907312|Q20907312]] | [[Bdeogale crassicauda omnivora]] | Bdeogale crassicauda omnivora | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bdeogale crassicauda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2407 | [[:d:Q20907313|Q20907313]] | [[Bdeogale crassicauda puisa]] | Bdeogale crassicauda puisa | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bdeogale crassicauda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2408 | [[:d:Q20907314|Q20907314]] | [[Bdeogale crassicauda tenuis]] | Bdeogale crassicauda tenuis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bdeogale crassicauda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2409 | [[:d:Q20907344|Q20907344]] | [[Galerella pulverulenta pulverulenta]] | Galerella pulverulenta pulverulenta | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella pulverulenta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2410 | [[:d:Q20907347|Q20907347]] | [[Galerella pulverulenta basuticus]] | Galerella pulverulenta basuticus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella pulverulenta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2411 | [[:d:Q20907349|Q20907349]] | [[Galerella pulverulenta ruddi]] | Galerella pulverulenta ruddi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella pulverulenta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2412 | [[:d:Q20907400|Q20907400]] | [[Herpestes brachyurus brachyurus]] | Herpestes brachyurus brachyurus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[short-tailed mongoose]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2413 | [[:d:Q20907403|Q20907403]] | [[Herpestes brachyurus javanensis]] | Herpestes brachyurus javanensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[short-tailed mongoose]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2414 | [[:d:Q20907404|Q20907404]] | [[Herpestes brachyurus palawanus]] | Herpestes brachyurus palawanus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[short-tailed mongoose]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2415 | [[:d:Q20907405|Q20907405]] | [[Herpestes brachyurus parvus]] | Herpestes brachyurus parvus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[short-tailed mongoose]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2416 | [[:d:Q20907406|Q20907406]] | [[Herpestes brachyurus sumatrius]] | Herpestes brachyurus sumatrius | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[short-tailed mongoose]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2417 | [[:d:Q20907407|Q20907407]] | [[Herpestes fuscus fuscus]] | Herpestes fuscus fuscus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes fuscus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2418 | [[:d:Q20907408|Q20907408]] | [[Herpestes fuscus flavidens]] | Herpestes fuscus flavidens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes fuscus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2419 | [[:d:Q20907409|Q20907409]] | [[Herpestes fuscus maccarthiae]] | Herpestes fuscus maccarthiae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes fuscus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2420 | [[:d:Q20907410|Q20907410]] | [[Herpestes fuscus rubidior]] | Herpestes fuscus rubidior | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes fuscus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2421 | [[:d:Q20907411|Q20907411]] | [[Herpestes fuscus siccatus]] | Herpestes fuscus siccatus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes fuscus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2422 | [[:d:Q20907476|Q20907476]] | [[Paracynictis selousi sengaani]] | Paracynictis selousi sengaani | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paracynictis selousi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2423 | [[:d:Q20907477|Q20907477]] | [[Rhynchogale melleri melleri]] | Rhynchogale melleri melleri | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Rhynchogale melleri]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2424 | [[:d:Q20907478|Q20907478]] | [[Rhynchogale melleri langi]] | Rhynchogale melleri langi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Rhynchogale melleri]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2425 | [[:d:Q21360327|Q21360327]] | [[Cynodictis elegans]] | Cynodictis elegans | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cynodictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2426 | [[:d:Q109647682|Q109647682]] | [[Viverra mungo]] | Viverra mungo | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2427 | [[:d:Q125569584|Q125569584]] | [[Meles thorali]] | Meles thorali | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2428 | [[:d:Q132731439|Q132731439]] | [[Meles magnus]] | Meles magnus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2429 | [[:d:Q6652290|Q6652290]] | [[Cynogale lowei]] | Cynogale lowei | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2430 | [[:d:Q7841789|Q7841789]] | [[Trigonitis macrodon]] | Trigonictis macrodon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Trigonictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2431 | [[:d:Q20718776|Q20718776]] | [[Monotherium delognii]] | Monotherium delognii | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Monotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2432 | [[:d:Q21237227|Q21237227]] | [[Arctomeles dimolodontus]] | Arctomeles dimolodontus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Arctomeles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2433 | [[:d:Q122789605|Q122789605]] | [[Viverricula indica]] | Viverricula indica | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverricula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2434 | [[:d:Q125026524|Q125026524]] | [[Gulo schlosseri]] | Gulo schlosseri | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Gulo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2435 | [[:d:Q125226254|Q125226254]] | [[Proteles septentrionalis]] | Proteles septentrionalis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Proteles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2436 | [[:d:Q126811409|Q126811409]] | [[Proteles transvaalensis]] | Proteles transvaalensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Proteles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2437 | [[:d:Q126817535|Q126817535]] | [[Civettictis howelli]] | Civettictis howelli | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Civettictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2438 | [[:d:Q131451924|Q131451924]] | [[Hydrictis gudho]] | Hydrictis gudho | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hydrictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2439 | [[:d:Q141893647|Q141893647]] | [[Taxidea mexicana]] | Taxidea mexicana | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Taxidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2440 | [[:d:Q141893725|Q141893725]] | [[Arctomeles pliocaenicus]] | Arctomeles pliocaenicus | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Arctomeles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2441 | [[:d:Q20907188|Q20907188]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus hermaphroditus]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus hermaphroditus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2442 | [[:d:Q20907189|Q20907189]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus balicus]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus balicus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2443 | [[:d:Q20907190|Q20907190]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus bondar]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus bondar | 1 | | [[File:Paradoxurus hermaphroditus bondar Hardwicke.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2444 | [[:d:Q20907191|Q20907191]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus canescens]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus canescens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2445 | [[:d:Q20907192|Q20907192]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus canus]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus canus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2446 | [[:d:Q20907193|Q20907193]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus cochinensis]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus cochinensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2447 | [[:d:Q20907194|Q20907194]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus dongfangensis]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus dongfangensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2448 | [[:d:Q20907195|Q20907195]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus enganus]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus enganus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2449 | [[:d:Q20907196|Q20907196]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus exitus]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus exitus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2450 | [[:d:Q20907197|Q20907197]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus javanica]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus javanica | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2451 | [[:d:Q20907198|Q20907198]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus kangeanus]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus kangeanus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2452 | [[:d:Q20907199|Q20907199]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus laotum]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus laotum | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2453 | [[:d:Q20907200|Q20907200]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus lignicolor]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus lignicolor | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2454 | [[:d:Q20907201|Q20907201]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus milleri]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus milleri | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2455 | [[:d:Q20907202|Q20907202]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus minor]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus minor | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2456 | [[:d:Q20907203|Q20907203]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus musanga]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus musanga | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2457 | [[:d:Q20907204|Q20907204]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus nictitans]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus nictitans | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2458 | [[:d:Q20907205|Q20907205]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus pallasii]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus pallasii | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2459 | [[:d:Q20907206|Q20907206]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus pallens]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus pallens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2460 | [[:d:Q20907207|Q20907207]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus parvus]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus parvus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2461 | [[:d:Q20907208|Q20907208]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus philippinensis]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus philippinensis | 1 | | [[File:Paradoxurus hermaphroditus philippensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2462 | [[:d:Q20907209|Q20907209]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus pugnax]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus pugnax | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2463 | [[:d:Q20907211|Q20907211]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus pulcher]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus pulcher | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2464 | [[:d:Q20907213|Q20907213]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus sacer]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus sacer | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2465 | [[:d:Q20907214|Q20907214]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus scindiae]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus scindiae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2466 | [[:d:Q20907215|Q20907215]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus senex]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus senex | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2467 | [[:d:Q20907217|Q20907217]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus setosus]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus setosus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2468 | [[:d:Q20907218|Q20907218]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus simplex]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus simplex | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2469 | [[:d:Q20907219|Q20907219]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus sumbanus]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus sumbanus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2470 | [[:d:Q20907222|Q20907222]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus vellerosus]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus vellerosus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2471 | [[:d:Q20907456|Q20907456]] | [[Mungos mungo mungo]] | Mungos mungo mungo | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2472 | [[:d:Q20907457|Q20907457]] | [[Mungos mungo adailensis]] | Mungos mungo adailensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2473 | [[:d:Q20907458|Q20907458]] | [[Mungos mungo bororensis]] | Mungos mungo bororensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2474 | [[:d:Q20907459|Q20907459]] | [[Mungos mungo caurinus]] | Mungos mungo caurinus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2475 | [[:d:Q20907460|Q20907460]] | [[Mungos mungo colonus]] | Mungos mungo colonus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2476 | [[:d:Q20907461|Q20907461]] | [[Mungos mungo grisonax]] | Mungos mungo grisonax | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2477 | [[:d:Q20907462|Q20907462]] | [[Mungos mungo mandjarum]] | Mungos mungo mandjarum | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2478 | [[:d:Q20907463|Q20907463]] | [[Mungos mungo marcrurus]] | Mungos mungo macrurus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2479 | [[:d:Q20907464|Q20907464]] | [[Mungos mungo ngamiensis]] | Mungos mungo ngamiensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2480 | [[:d:Q20907465|Q20907465]] | [[Mungos mungo pallidipes]] | Mungos mungo pallidipes | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2481 | [[:d:Q20907466|Q20907466]] | [[Mungos mungo rossi]] | Mungos mungo rossi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2482 | [[:d:Q20907468|Q20907468]] | [[Mungos mungo senescens]] | Mungos mungo senescens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2483 | [[:d:Q20907469|Q20907469]] | [[Mungos mungo somalicus]] | Mungos mungo somalicus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2484 | [[:d:Q20907470|Q20907470]] | [[Mungos mungo talboti]] | Mungos mungo talboti | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2485 | [[:d:Q20907471|Q20907471]] | [[Mungos mungo zebra]] | Mungos mungo zebra | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2486 | [[:d:Q20907472|Q20907472]] | [[Mungos mungo zebroides]] | Mungos mungo zebroides | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2487 | [[:d:Q138835710|Q138835710]] | [[Laphictis mustelinus]] | Laphictis mustelinus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Laphictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2488 | [[:d:Q141197939|Q141197939]] | [[Namibictis senuti]] | Namibictis senuti | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Namibictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2489 | [[:d:Q141198148|Q141198148]] | [[Iberictis azanzae]] | Iberictis azanzae | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Iberictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2490 | [[:d:Q141198525|Q141198525]] | [[Brachyopsigale dubia]] | Brachyopsigale dubia | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Brachyopsigale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2491 | [[:d:Q141200692|Q141200692]] | [[Dehmictis vorax]] | Dehmictis vorax | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Dehmictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2492 | [[:d:Q141838665|Q141838665]] | [[Mellalictis mellalensis]] | Mellalictis mellalensis | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Mellalictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2493 | [[:d:Q141861516|Q141861516]] | [[Skopelogale melitodes]] | Skopelogale melitodes | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Skopelogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2494 | [[:d:Q4389469|Q4389469]] | [[Lutra lutra whiteleyi]] | Lutra lutra whiteleyi | 1 | | [[File:Japanese otter.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2495 | [[:d:Q27150056|Q27150056]] | [[Pseudaelurus turnauensis]] | Pseudaelurus turnauensis | 1 | | [[File:(MHNT) Pseudaelurus turnauensis (Hoernes, 1882) - Hémimandibule gauche.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pseudaelurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2496 | [[:d:Q111039026|Q111039026]] | [[Barbourofelis morrisi]] | Barbourofelis morrisi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Barbourofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2497 | [[:d:Q111039508|Q111039508]] | [[Barbourofelis piveteaui]] | Barbourofelis piveteaui | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Barbourofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2498 | [[:d:Q111040147|Q111040147]] | [[Barbourofelis whitfordi]] | Barbourofelis whitfordi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Barbourofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2499 | [[:d:Q126896083|Q126896083]] | [[Lycalopex cultridens]] | Lycalopex cultridens | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lycalopex]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2500 | [[:d:Q133861149|Q133861149]] | [[Poecilictis libyca oralis]] | Poecilictis libyca oralis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx libyca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2501 | [[:d:Q11290156|Q11290156]] | [[Mustela erminea orientalis]] | Mustela erminea orientalis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2502 | [[:d:Q19817052|Q19817052]] | [[Uncia]] | Uncia | 1 | | [[File:Uncia uncia.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pantherinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2503 | [[:d:Q20907147|Q20907147]] | [[Arctictis binturong kerkhoveni]] | Arctictis binturong kerkhoveni | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctictis binturong]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2504 | [[:d:Q20907148|Q20907148]] | [[Arctictis binturong menglaensis]] | Arctictis binturong menglaensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctictis binturong]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2505 | [[:d:Q20907149|Q20907149]] | [[Arctictis binturong penicillatus]] | Arctictis binturong penicillatus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctictis binturong]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2506 | [[:d:Q20907236|Q20907236]] | [[Civettictis civetta civetta]] | Civettictis civetta civetta | 1 | | [[File:Civettictis civetta 12.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Civettictis civetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2507 | [[:d:Q20907237|Q20907237]] | [[Civettictis civetta australis]] | Civettictis civetta australis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Civettictis civetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2508 | [[:d:Q20907238|Q20907238]] | [[Civettictis civetta congica]] | Civettictis civetta congica | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Civettictis civetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2509 | [[:d:Q20907239|Q20907239]] | [[Civettictis civetta pauli]] | Civettictis civetta pauli | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Civettictis civetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2510 | [[:d:Q20907240|Q20907240]] | [[Civettictis civetta schwarzi]] | Civettictis civetta schwarzi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Civettictis civetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2511 | [[:d:Q20907241|Q20907241]] | [[Civettictis civetta volkmanni]] | Civettictis civetta volkmanni | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Civettictis civetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2512 | [[:d:Q20907388|Q20907388]] | [[Helogale hirtula hirtula]] | Helogale hirtula hirtula | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Helogale hirtula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2513 | [[:d:Q20907389|Q20907389]] | [[Helogale hirtula ahlselli]] | Helogale hirtula ahlselli | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Helogale hirtula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2514 | [[:d:Q20907390|Q20907390]] | [[Helogale hirtula annulata]] | Helogale hirtula annulata | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Helogale hirtula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2515 | [[:d:Q20907391|Q20907391]] | [[Helogale hirtula lutescens]] | Helogale hirtula lutescens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Helogale hirtula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2516 | [[:d:Q20907392|Q20907392]] | [[Helogale hirtula powelli]] | Helogale hirtula powelli | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Helogale hirtula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2517 | [[:d:Q20907906|Q20907906]] | [[Taxidea taxus berlandieri]] | Taxidea taxus berlandieri | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Taxidea taxus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2518 | [[:d:Q21359274|Q21359274]] | [[Taxidea taxus berlanderi]] | Taxidea taxus berlanderi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Taxidea taxus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2519 | [[:d:Q119166409|Q119166409]] | [[Civettictis civetta europaeus]] | Civettictis civetta europaeus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Civettictis civetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2520 | [[:d:Q122602504|Q122602504]] | [[Tigris]] | Tigris | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Pantherinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2521 | [[:d:Q29578874|Q29578874]] | [[Megalenhydris]] | Megalenhydris | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutrini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2522 | [[:d:Q41163124|Q41163124]] | [[Callophoca obscura]] | Callophoca obscura | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Callophoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2523 | [[:d:Q41167209|Q41167209]] | [[Platyphoca vulgaris]] | Platyphoca vulgaris | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Platyphoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2524 | [[:d:Q55348097|Q55348097]] | [[Howellictis valentini]] | Howellictis valentini | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Howellictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2525 | [[:d:Q60840033|Q60840033]] | [[Paralutra garganensis]] | Paralutra garganensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Paralutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2526 | [[:d:Q97290828|Q97290828]] | [[Lutraeximia umbra]] | Lutraeximia umbra | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutraeximia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2527 | [[:d:Q99217642|Q99217642]] | [[Urva semitorquata]] | Urva semitorquata | 1 | | [[File:Herpestes semitorquatus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Urva]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2528 | [[:d:Q101765792|Q101765792]] | [[Eomonachus]] | Eomonachus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Monachini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2529 | [[:d:Q115607913|Q115607913]] | [[Guangxicyon sinoamericanus]] | Guangxicyon sinoamericanus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Guangxicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2530 | [[:d:Q115607931|Q115607931]] | [[Goupilictis minor]] | Goupilictis minor | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Goupilictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2531 | [[:d:Q123862361|Q123862361]] | [[Urva edwardsii]] | Urva edwardsii | 1 | | [[File:Herpestes edwardsii at Hyderaba.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Urva]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2532 | [[:d:Q123913995|Q123913995]] | [[Urva urva]] | Urva urva | 1 | | [[File:Urva urva 77938111.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Urva]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2533 | [[:d:Q126718606|Q126718606]] | [[Devinophoca emryi]] | Devinophoca emryi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Devinophoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2534 | [[:d:Q126718837|Q126718837]] | [[Devinophoca claytoni]] | Devinophoca claytoni | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Devinophoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2535 | [[:d:Q131624490|Q131624490]] | [[Vishnuictis durandi]] | Vishnuictis durandi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vishnuictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2536 | [[:d:Q131787805|Q131787805]] | [[Vishnuictis salmontanus]] | Vishnuictis salmontanus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vishnuictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2537 | [[:d:Q131808847|Q131808847]] | [[Vishnuictis hariensis]] | Vishnuictis hariensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vishnuictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2538 | [[:d:Q131824716|Q131824716]] | [[Vishnuictis chinjiensis]] | Vishnuictis chinjiensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vishnuictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2539 | [[:d:Q131824739|Q131824739]] | [[Vishnuictis africana]] | Vishnuictis africana | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vishnuictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2540 | [[:d:Q131905086|Q131905086]] | [[Saketoteron tatroinse]] | Saketoteron tatroinse | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Saketoteron]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2541 | [[:d:Q133865750|Q133865750]] | [[Limnonyx]] | Limnonyx | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutrini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2542 | [[:d:Q136746071|Q136746071]] | [[Martellictis]] | Martellictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Galictini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2543 | [[:d:Q137210550|Q137210550]] | [[Vishnuictis hasnoti]] | Vishnuictis hasnoti | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vishnuictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2544 | [[:d:Q141838440|Q141838440]] | [[Eomellivora wimani]] | Eomellivora wimani | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Eomellivora]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2545 | [[:d:Q141838758|Q141838758]] | [[Melodon majori]] | Melodon majori | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Melodon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2546 | [[:d:Q141861290|Q141861290]] | [[Stipanicicia]] | Stipanicicia | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Lyncodontini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2547 | [[:d:Q141861349|Q141861349]] | [[Sminthosinis]] | Sminthosinis | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Lyncodontini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2548 | [[:d:Q141934029|Q141934029]] | [[Plantopusa]] | Plantopusa | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Phocini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2549 | [[:d:Q5399006|Q5399006]] | [[Protocyon scagliorum]] | Protocyon scagliorum | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Protocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2550 | [[:d:Q6088658|Q6088658]] | [[Protocyon tarijensis]] | Protocyon tarijensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Protocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2551 | [[:d:Q6088661|Q6088661]] | [[Protocyon troglodytes]] | Protocyon troglodytes | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Protocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2552 | [[:d:Q16689175|Q16689175]] | [[Vulpes praeglacialis]] | Vulpes praeglacialis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2553 | [[:d:Q20907145|Q20907145]] | [[Arctictis binturong binturong]] | Arctictis binturong binturong | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctictis binturong]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2554 | [[:d:Q20907146|Q20907146]] | [[Arctictis binturong albifrons]] | Arctictis binturong albifrons | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctictis binturong]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2555 | [[:d:Q20907281|Q20907281]] | [[Eupleres goudotii goudotii]] | Eupleres goudotii goudotii | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Eupleres goudotii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2556 | [[:d:Q20907283|Q20907283]] | [[Eupleres goudotii major]] | Eupleres goudotii major | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Eupleres goudotii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2557 | [[:d:Q20907290|Q20907290]] | [[Mungotictis decemlineata decemlineata]] | Mungotictis decemlineata decemlineata | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungotictis decemlineata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2558 | [[:d:Q20907291|Q20907291]] | [[Mungotictis decemlineata lineatus]] | Mungotictis decemlineata lineatus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungotictis decemlineata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2559 | [[:d:Q20907480|Q20907480]] | [[Suricata suricatta iona]] | Suricata suricatta iona | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Suricata suricatta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2560 | [[:d:Q20907481|Q20907481]] | [[Suricata suricatta marjoriae]] | Suricata suricatta marjoriae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Suricata suricatta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2561 | [[:d:Q21360683|Q21360683]] | [[Leptocyon douglassi]] | Leptocyon douglassi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Leptocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2562 | [[:d:Q21360688|Q21360688]] | [[Leptocyon leidyi]] | Leptocyon leidyi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Leptocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2563 | [[:d:Q21360693|Q21360693]] | [[Leptocyon matthewi]] | Leptocyon matthewi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Leptocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2564 | [[:d:Q21360698|Q21360698]] | [[Leptocyon tejonensis]] | Leptocyon tejonensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Leptocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2565 | [[:d:Q118645088|Q118645088]] | [[Barbourofelis loveorum]] | Barbourofelis loveorum | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Barbourofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2566 | [[:d:Q121911931|Q121911931]] | [[Vulpes praecorsac]] | Vulpes praecorsac | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2567 | [[:d:Q126857734|Q126857734]] | [[Vulpes stenognathus]] | Vulpes stenognathus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2568 | [[:d:Q126857899|Q126857899]] | [[Vulpes kernensis]] | Vulpes kernensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2569 | [[:d:Q126858238|Q126858238]] | [[Vulpes rooki]] | Vulpes rooki | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2570 | [[:d:Q126858440|Q126858440]] | [[Vulpes angustidens]] | Vulpes angustidens | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2571 | [[:d:Q126858566|Q126858566]] | [[Vulpes chikushanensis]] | Vulpes chikushanensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2572 | [[:d:Q126858675|Q126858675]] | [[Vulpes galaticus]] | Vulpes galaticus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2573 | [[:d:Q126858811|Q126858811]] | [[Vulpes beihaiensis]] | Vulpes beihaiensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2574 | [[:d:Q126870810|Q126870810]] | [[Nasua pronarica]] | Nasua pronarica | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2575 | [[:d:Q132337392|Q132337392]] | [[Nasua meridensis]] | Nasua meridensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2576 | [[:d:Q140562249|Q140562249]] | [[Procyon rexroadensis]] | Procyon rexroadensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Procyon (taxon)|Procyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2577 | [[:d:Q20907167|Q20907167]] | [[Paguma larvata larvata]] | Paguma larvata larvata | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2578 | [[:d:Q20907168|Q20907168]] | [[Paguma larvata chichingensis]] | Paguma larvata chichingensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2579 | [[:d:Q20907169|Q20907169]] | [[Paguma larvata grayi]] | Paguma larvata grayi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2580 | [[:d:Q20907170|Q20907170]] | [[Paguma larvata hainana]] | Paguma larvata hainana | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2581 | [[:d:Q20907172|Q20907172]] | [[Paguma larvata intrudens]] | Paguma larvata intrudens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2582 | [[:d:Q20907173|Q20907173]] | [[Paguma larvata janetta]] | Paguma larvata janetta | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2583 | [[:d:Q20907174|Q20907174]] | [[Paguma larvata jourdanii]] | Paguma larvata jourdanii | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2584 | [[:d:Q20907175|Q20907175]] | [[Paguma larvata lanigera]] | Paguma larvata lanigera | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2585 | [[:d:Q20907177|Q20907177]] | [[Paguma larvata leucomystax]] | Paguma larvata leucomystax | 1 | | [[File:Paguma larvata leucomystax.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2586 | [[:d:Q20907178|Q20907178]] | [[Paguma larvata neglecta]] | Paguma larvata neglecta | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2587 | [[:d:Q20907179|Q20907179]] | [[Paguma larvata nigriceps]] | Paguma larvata nigriceps | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2588 | [[:d:Q20907181|Q20907181]] | [[Paguma larvata ogilbyi]] | Paguma larvata ogilbyi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2589 | [[:d:Q20907182|Q20907182]] | [[Paguma larvata robusta]] | Paguma larvata robusta | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2590 | [[:d:Q20907187|Q20907187]] | [[Paguma larvata wroughtoni]] | Paguma larvata wroughtoni | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2591 | [[:d:Q20907225|Q20907225]] | [[Cynogale bennettii bennettii]] | Cynogale bennettii bennettii | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynogale bennettii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2592 | [[:d:Q20907226|Q20907226]] | [[Cynogale bennettii lowei]] | Cynogale bennettii lowei | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynogale bennettii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2593 | [[:d:Q20907284|Q20907284]] | [[Galidia elegans elegans]] | Galidia elegans elegans | 1 | | [[File:Ring-tailed Mongoose (Galidia elegans) (30504192017).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galidia elegans]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2594 | [[:d:Q20907285|Q20907285]] | [[Galidia elegans dambrensis]] | Galidia elegans dambrensis | 1 | | [[File:Northern Ring-tailed Mongoose (Galidia elegans dambrensis) (44337443224).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galidia elegans]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2595 | [[:d:Q20907286|Q20907286]] | [[Galidia elegans occidentalis]] | Galidia elegans occidentalis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galidia elegans]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2596 | [[:d:Q20907315|Q20907315]] | [[Crossarchus ansorgei ansorgei]] | Crossarchus ansorgei ansorgei | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Crossarchus ansorgei]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2597 | [[:d:Q20907316|Q20907316]] | [[Crossarchus ansorgei nigricolor]] | Crossarchus ansorgei nigricolor | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Crossarchus ansorgei]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2598 | [[:d:Q20907835|Q20907835]] | [[Mustela frenata nicaraguae]] | Mustela frenata nicaraguae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2599 | [[:d:Q21356760|Q21356760]] | [[Martes americana albeietinoides]] | Martes americana albeietinoides | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes americana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2600 | [[:d:Q20907150|Q20907150]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata trivirgata]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata trivirgata | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2601 | [[:d:Q20907151|Q20907151]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata bancana]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata bancana | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2602 | [[:d:Q20907152|Q20907152]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata fusca]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata fusca | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2603 | [[:d:Q20907153|Q20907153]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata inornata]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata inornata | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2604 | [[:d:Q20907154|Q20907154]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata leucotis]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata leucotis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2605 | [[:d:Q20907156|Q20907156]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata macra]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata macra | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2606 | [[:d:Q20907157|Q20907157]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata major]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata major | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2607 | [[:d:Q20907158|Q20907158]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata millsi]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata millsi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2608 | [[:d:Q20907160|Q20907160]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata minor]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata minor | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2609 | [[:d:Q20907161|Q20907161]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata simplex]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata simplex | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2610 | [[:d:Q20907227|Q20907227]] | [[Hemigalus derbyanus derbyanus]] | Hemigalus derbyanus derbyanus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Hemigalus derbyanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2611 | [[:d:Q20907228|Q20907228]] | [[Hemigalus derbyanus boiei]] | Hemigalus derbyanus boiei | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Hemigalus derbyanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2612 | [[:d:Q20907229|Q20907229]] | [[Hemigalus derbyanus minor]] | Hemigalus derbyanus minor | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Hemigalus derbyanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2613 | [[:d:Q20907230|Q20907230]] | [[Hemigalus derbyanus sipora]] | Hemigalus derbyanus sipora | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Hemigalus derbyanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2614 | [[:d:Q20907231|Q20907231]] | [[Prionodon linsang linsang]] | Prionodon linsang linsang | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionodon linsang]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2615 | [[:d:Q20907232|Q20907232]] | [[Prionodon linsang fredericae]] | Prionodon linsang fredericae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionodon linsang]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2616 | [[:d:Q20907233|Q20907233]] | [[Prionodon linsang gracilis]] | Prionodon linsang gracilis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionodon linsang]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2617 | [[:d:Q20907261|Q20907261]] | [[Viverra zibetha zibetha]] | Viverra zibetha zibetha | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverra zibetha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2618 | [[:d:Q20907268|Q20907268]] | [[Viverricula indica indica]] | Viverricula indica indica | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverricula indica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2619 | [[:d:Q20907269|Q20907269]] | [[Viverricula indica atchinensis]] | Viverricula indica atchinensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverricula indica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2620 | [[:d:Q20907271|Q20907271]] | [[Viverricula indica baliensis]] | Viverricula indica baliensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverricula indica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2621 | [[:d:Q20907272|Q20907272]] | [[Viverricula indica baptistae]] | Viverricula indica baptistae | 1 | | [[File:Viverricula indica baptistae Hardwicke.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverricula indica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2622 | [[:d:Q20907273|Q20907273]] | [[Viverricula indica deserti]] | Viverricula indica deserti | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverricula indica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2623 | [[:d:Q20907274|Q20907274]] | [[Viverricula indica klossi]] | Viverricula indica klossi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverricula indica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2624 | [[:d:Q20907275|Q20907275]] | [[Viverricula indica mayori]] | Viverricula indica mayori | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverricula indica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2625 | [[:d:Q20907276|Q20907276]] | [[Viverricula indica muriavensis]] | Viverricula indica muriavensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverricula indica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2626 | [[:d:Q20907277|Q20907277]] | [[Viverricula indica pallida]] | Viverricula indica pallida | 1 | | [[File:Viverricula indica pallida Hardwicke.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverricula indica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2627 | [[:d:Q20907278|Q20907278]] | [[Viverricula indica schlegelii]] | Viverricula indica schlegelii | 1 | | [[File:Viverricula indica schlegelii 1868.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverricula indica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2628 | [[:d:Q20907279|Q20907279]] | [[Viverricula indica thai]] | Viverricula indica thai | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverricula indica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2629 | [[:d:Q20907280|Q20907280]] | [[Viverricula indica wellsi]] | Viverricula indica wellsi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverricula indica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2630 | [[:d:Q20907393|Q20907393]] | [[Helogale parvula parvula]] | Helogale parvula parvula | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Helogale parvula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2631 | [[:d:Q20907394|Q20907394]] | [[Helogale parvula ivori]] | Helogale parvula ivori | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Helogale parvula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2632 | [[:d:Q20907395|Q20907395]] | [[Helogale parvula mimetra]] | Helogale parvula mimetra | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Helogale parvula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2633 | [[:d:Q20907396|Q20907396]] | [[Helogale parvula nero]] | Helogale parvula nero | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Helogale parvula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2634 | [[:d:Q20907397|Q20907397]] | [[Helogale parvula ruficeps]] | Helogale parvula ruficeps | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Helogale parvula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2635 | [[:d:Q20907398|Q20907398]] | [[Helogale parvula undulatus]] | Helogale parvula undulatus | 1 | | [[File:Helogale parvula undulata - Zoo Frankfurt 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Helogale parvula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2636 | [[:d:Q20907399|Q20907399]] | [[Helogale parvula varia]] | Helogale parvula varia | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Helogale parvula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2637 | [[:d:Q20907766|Q20907766]] | [[Meles leucurus amurensis]] | Meles leucurus amurensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles leucurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2638 | [[:d:Q21358523|Q21358523]] | [[Mustela frenata nicaraquae]] | Mustela frenata nicaraquae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2639 | [[:d:Q124610884|Q124610884]] | [[Urocyon webbi]] | Urocyon webbi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2640 | [[:d:Q124610886|Q124610886]] | [[Urocyon citrinus]] | Urocyon citrinus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2641 | [[:d:Q124610887|Q124610887]] | [[Urocyon seminolensis]] | Urocyon seminolensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Urocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2642 | [[:d:Q124610888|Q124610888]] | [[Urocyon minicephalus]] | Urocyon minicephalus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2643 | [[:d:Q124610889|Q124610889]] | [[Urocyon galushai]] | Urocyon galushai | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2644 | [[:d:Q135225872|Q135225872]] | [[Mustela eversmanii beringiae]] | Mustela eversmanii beringiae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela eversmanii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2645 | [[:d:Q5378831|Q5378831]] | [[Enhydrocyon basilatus]] | Enhydrocyon basilatus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Enhydrocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2646 | [[:d:Q20907162|Q20907162]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata stigmaticus]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata stigmaticus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2647 | [[:d:Q20907163|Q20907163]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata sumatrana]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata sumatrana | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2648 | [[:d:Q20907164|Q20907164]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata tingia]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata tingia | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2649 | [[:d:Q20907166|Q20907166]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata trilineata]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata trilineata | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2650 | [[:d:Q20907223|Q20907223]] | [[Paradoxurus jerdoni jerdoni]] | Paradoxurus jerdoni jerdoni | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus jerdoni]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2651 | [[:d:Q20907224|Q20907224]] | [[Paradoxurus jerdoni caniscus]] | Paradoxurus jerdoni caniscus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus jerdoni]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2652 | [[:d:Q20907234|Q20907234]] | [[Prionodon pardicolor pardicolor]] | Prionodon pardicolor pardicolor | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionodon pardicolor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2653 | [[:d:Q20907235|Q20907235]] | [[Prionodon pardicolor presina]] | Prionodon pardicolor presina | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionodon pardicolor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2654 | [[:d:Q20907287|Q20907287]] | [[Galidictis fasciata fasciata]] | Galidictis fasciata fasciata | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galidictis fasciata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2655 | [[:d:Q20907288|Q20907288]] | [[Galidictis fasciata striatus]] | Galidictis fasciata striatus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galidictis fasciata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2656 | [[:d:Q21078784|Q21078784]] | [[Protepicyon]] | Protepicyon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2657 | [[:d:Q119139126|Q119139126]] | [[Styriofelis turnauensis]] | Styriofelis turnauensis | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Styriofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2658 | [[:d:Q124605078|Q124605078]] | [[Chapalmalania altaefrontis]] | Chapalmalania altaefrontis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Chapalmalania]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2659 | [[:d:Q5703261|Q5703261]] | [[Arctophoca philippii philippii]] | Arctophoca philippii philippii | 1 | | [[File:Lobo fino.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctophoca philippii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2660 | [[:d:Q16360463|Q16360463]] | [[Cubacyon transversidens]] | Cubacyon transversidens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cubacyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2661 | [[:d:Q61714762|Q61714762]] | [[Parahyaenodon argentinus]] | Parahyaenodon argentinus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Parahyaenodon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2662 | [[:d:Q101768609|Q101768609]] | [[Eomonachus belegaerensis]] | Eomonachus belegaerensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Eomonachus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2663 | [[:d:Q107410997|Q107410997]] | [[Yoshi garevskii]] | Yoshi garevskii | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Yoshi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2664 | [[:d:Q107411031|Q107411031]] | [[Yoshi minor]] | Yoshi minor | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Yoshi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2665 | [[:d:Q111033552|Q111033552]] | [[Parailurus baikalicus]] | Parailurus baikalicus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Parailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2666 | [[:d:Q111033555|Q111033555]] | [[Parailurus hungaricus]] | Parailurus hungaricus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Parailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2667 | [[:d:Q111038372|Q111038372]] | [[Afrosmilus turkanae]] | Afrosmilus turkanae | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Afrosmilus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2668 | [[:d:Q111038430|Q111038430]] | [[Afrosmilus hispanicus]] | Afrosmilus hispanicus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Afrosmilus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2669 | [[:d:Q111038672|Q111038672]] | [[Afrosmilus africanus]] | Afrosmilus africanus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Afrosmilus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2670 | [[:d:Q115619210|Q115619210]] | [[Protemnocyon inflatus]] | Protemnocyon inflatus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Protemnocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2671 | [[:d:Q117008010|Q117008010]] | [[Lycaon chakowheon]] | Lycaon chakowheon | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycaon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2672 | [[:d:Q119122831|Q119122831]] | [[Miopanthera pamiri]] | Miopanthera pamiri | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Miopanthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2673 | [[:d:Q120433497|Q120433497]] | [[Yoshi faie]] | Yoshi faie | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Yoshi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2674 | [[:d:Q120433536|Q120433536]] | [[Yoshi yongdengensis]] | Yoshi yongdengensis | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Yoshi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2675 | [[:d:Q126418855|Q126418855]] | [[Cuon priscus]] | Cuon priscus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cuon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2676 | [[:d:Q141838559|Q141838559]] | [[Melogale cucphuongensis cucphuongensis]] | Melogale cucphuongensis cucphuongensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale cucphuongensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2677 | [[:d:Q141838678|Q141838678]] | [[Melogale cucphuongensis guadunensis]] | Melogale cucphuongensis guadunensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale cucphuongensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2678 | [[:d:Q141861326|Q141861326]] | [[Enhydriodon sivalensis]] | Enhydriodon sivalensis | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Enhydriodon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2679 | [[:d:Q20907568|Q20907568]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus orinomus]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus orinomus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2680 | [[:d:Q20907571|Q20907571]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus scottii]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus scottii | 1 | | [[File:Urocyon cinereoargenteus scottii.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2681 | [[:d:Q21357303|Q21357303]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus orinomous]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus orinomous | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2682 | [[:d:Q21357310|Q21357310]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus scotti]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus scotti | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2683 | [[:d:Q23772782|Q23772782]] | [[Felis temminckii]] | Felis temminckii | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cattos|catto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2684 | [[:d:Q111144853|Q111144853]] | [[Felis rexroadensis]] | Felis rexroadensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cattos|catto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2685 | [[:d:Q111146975|Q111146975]] | [[Felis obscura]] | Felis obscura | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cattos|catto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2686 | [[:d:Q1863207|Q1863207]] | [[Otarocyon macdonaldi]] | Otarocyon macdonaldi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Otarocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2687 | [[:d:Q3051678|Q3051678]] | [[Otarocyon cooki]] | Otarocyon cooki | 1 | | [[File:Otarocyon cooki.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Otarocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2688 | [[:d:Q3895278|Q3895278]] | [[Pararctotherium]] | Pararctotherium | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Tremarctinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2689 | [[:d:Q20907974|Q20907974]] | [[Bassariscus astutus astutus]] | Bassariscus astutus astutus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[bassarisco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2690 | [[:d:Q20907975|Q20907975]] | [[Bassariscus astutus arizonensis]] | Bassariscus astutus arizonensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[bassarisco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2691 | [[:d:Q20907976|Q20907976]] | [[Bassariscus astutus bolei]] | Bassariscus astutus bolei | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[bassarisco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2692 | [[:d:Q20907978|Q20907978]] | [[Bassariscus astutus consitus]] | Bassariscus astutus consitus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[bassarisco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2693 | [[:d:Q20907979|Q20907979]] | [[Bassariscus astutus flavus]] | Bassariscus astutus flavus | 1 | | [[File:Bassariscus astutus flavus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[bassarisco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2694 | [[:d:Q20907980|Q20907980]] | [[Bassariscus astutus insulicola]] | Bassariscus astutus insulicola | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[bassarisco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2695 | [[:d:Q20907981|Q20907981]] | [[Bassariscus astutus macdougalli]] | Bassariscus astutus macdougalli | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[bassarisco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2696 | [[:d:Q20907982|Q20907982]] | [[Bassariscus astutus nevadensis]] | Bassariscus astutus nevadensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[bassarisco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2697 | [[:d:Q20907983|Q20907983]] | [[Bassariscus astutus octavus]] | Bassariscus astutus octavus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[bassarisco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2698 | [[:d:Q20907984|Q20907984]] | [[Bassariscus astutus palmarius]] | Bassariscus astutus palmarius | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[bassarisco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2699 | [[:d:Q20907985|Q20907985]] | [[Bassariscus astutus raptor]] | Bassariscus astutus raptor | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[bassarisco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2700 | [[:d:Q20907987|Q20907987]] | [[Bassariscus astutus willetti]] | Bassariscus astutus willetti | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[bassarisco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2701 | [[:d:Q20907988|Q20907988]] | [[Bassariscus astutus yumanensis]] | Bassariscus astutus yumanensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[bassarisco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2702 | [[:d:Q20908025|Q20908025]] | [[Procyon cancrivorus cancrivorus]] | Procyon cancrivorus cancrivorus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon cancrivorus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2703 | [[:d:Q20908026|Q20908026]] | [[Procyon cancrivorus aequatorialis]] | Procyon cancrivorus aequatorialis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon cancrivorus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2704 | [[:d:Q20908027|Q20908027]] | [[Procyon cancrivorus nigripes]] | Procyon cancrivorus nigripes | 1 | | [[File:Mano pelada (Procyon cancrivorus nigripes).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon cancrivorus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2705 | [[:d:Q20908028|Q20908028]] | [[Procyon cancrivorus panamensis]] | Procyon cancrivorus panamensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon cancrivorus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2706 | [[:d:Q96575733|Q96575733]] | [[Leopardus munoai]] | Leopardus munoai | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2707 | [[:d:Q97374060|Q97374060]] | [[Gepard abisyński]] | Gepard abisyński | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Acinonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2708 | [[:d:Q124799012|Q124799012]] | [[Acinonyx venator]] | Acinonyx venator | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Acinonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2709 | [[:d:Q135553622|Q135553622]] | [[Leopardus jacobitus]] | Leopardus jacobitus | 1 | | [[File:Andean cat 1 Jim Sanderson.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2710 | [[:d:Q137674958|Q137674958]] | [[Vulpes macrotis macrotis]] | Vulpes macrotis macrotis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes macrotis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2711 | [[:d:Q138662749|Q138662749]] | [[Leopardus]] | Leopardus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2712 | [[:d:Q138662755|Q138662755]] | [[Margay]] | Margay | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2713 | [[:d:Q138662760|Q138662760]] | [[Oreailurus]] | Oreailurus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2714 | [[:d:Q21355817|Q21355817]] | [[Puma jagouaroundi]] | Puma jagouaroundi | 1 | | [[File:Puma yaguarondi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2715 | [[:d:Q49560916|Q49560916]] | [[Vulpes velox macrotis]] | Vulpes velox macrotis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes velox]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2716 | [[:d:Q110461396|Q110461396]] | [[Paludocyon bohemicus]] | Paludocyon bohemicus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Paludocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2717 | [[:d:Q123205003|Q123205003]] | [[Vinayakia nocturna]] | Vinayakia nocturna | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vinayakia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2718 | [[:d:Q123471632|Q123471632]] | [[Angustictis mayri]] | Angustictis mayri | 1 | | | [[monotypic fossil taxon]] | | [[Angustictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2719 | [[:d:Q126738250|Q126738250]] | [[Urva urva sinensis]] | Urva urva sinensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urva urva]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2720 | [[:d:Q126739319|Q126739319]] | [[Urva urva formosanus]] | Urva urva formosanus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urva urva]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2721 | [[:d:Q126739709|Q126739709]] | [[Urva urva annamensis]] | Urva urva annamensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urva urva]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2722 | [[:d:Q126740382|Q126740382]] | [[Urva urva urva]] | Urva urva urva | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urva urva]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2723 | [[:d:Q132063888|Q132063888]] | [[Vinayakia sarcophaga]] | Vinayakia sarcophaga | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vinayakia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2724 | [[:d:Q132069947|Q132069947]] | [[Vinayakia intermedia]] | Vinayakia intermedia | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vinayakia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2725 | [[:d:Q140469992|Q140469992]] | [[Paludocyon moyasolai]] | Paludocyon moyasolai | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Paludocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2726 | [[:d:Q141861293|Q141861293]] | [[Stipanicicia pettorutii]] | Stipanicicia pettorutii | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Stipanicicia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2727 | [[:d:Q141861352|Q141861352]] | [[Sminthosinis bowleri]] | Sminthosinis bowleri | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Sminthosinis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2728 | [[:d:Q141861575|Q141861575]] | [[Mionictis incertus]] | Mionictis incertus | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Mionictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2729 | [[:d:Q141934030|Q141934030]] | [[Plantopusa semenovi]] | Plantopusa semenovi | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Plantopusa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2730 | [[:d:Q20719562|Q20719562]] | [[Xenosmilus hodsonae]] | Xenosmilus hodsonae | 1 | | [[File:Xenosmilus hodsonae.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Xenosmilus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2731 | [[:d:Q20908000|Q20908000]] | [[Nasua nasua nasua]] | Nasua nasua nasua | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2732 | [[:d:Q20908001|Q20908001]] | [[Nasua nasua aricana]] | Nasua nasua aricana | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2733 | [[:d:Q20908002|Q20908002]] | [[Nasua nasua boliviensis]] | Nasua nasua boliviensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2734 | [[:d:Q20908003|Q20908003]] | [[Nasua nasua candace]] | Nasua nasua candace | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2735 | [[:d:Q20908004|Q20908004]] | [[Nasua nasua cinerascens]] | Nasua nasua cinerascens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2736 | [[:d:Q20908005|Q20908005]] | [[Nasua nasua dorsalis]] | Nasua nasua dorsalis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2737 | [[:d:Q20908006|Q20908006]] | [[Nasua nasua manium]] | Nasua nasua manium | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2738 | [[:d:Q20908007|Q20908007]] | [[Nasua nasua molaris]] | Nasua nasua molaris | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2739 | [[:d:Q20908008|Q20908008]] | [[Nasua nasua montana]] | Nasua nasua montana | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2740 | [[:d:Q20908009|Q20908009]] | [[Nasua nasua quichua]] | Nasua nasua quichua | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2741 | [[:d:Q20908010|Q20908010]] | [[Nasua nasua solitaria]] | Nasua nasua solitaria | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2742 | [[:d:Q20908012|Q20908012]] | [[Nasua nasua spadicea]] | Nasua nasua spadicea | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2743 | [[:d:Q20908013|Q20908013]] | [[Nasua nasua vittata]] | Nasua nasua vittata | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2744 | [[:d:Q20908014|Q20908014]] | [[Nasuella olivacea olivacea]] | Nasuella olivacea olivacea | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasuella olivacea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2745 | [[:d:Q20908016|Q20908016]] | [[Nasuella olivacea quitensis]] | Nasuella olivacea quitensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasuella olivacea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2746 | [[:d:Q20908029|Q20908029]] | [[Procyon lotor lotor]] | Procyon lotor lotor | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2747 | [[:d:Q20908031|Q20908031]] | [[Procyon lotor auspicatus]] | Procyon lotor auspicatus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2748 | [[:d:Q20908033|Q20908033]] | [[Procyon lotor excelsus]] | Procyon lotor excelsus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2749 | [[:d:Q20908034|Q20908034]] | [[Procyon lotor fuscipes]] | Procyon lotor fuscipes | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2750 | [[:d:Q20908035|Q20908035]] | [[Procyon lotor grinnelli]] | Procyon lotor grinnelli | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2751 | [[:d:Q20908037|Q20908037]] | [[Procyon lotor hirtus]] | Procyon lotor hirtus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2752 | [[:d:Q20908038|Q20908038]] | [[Procyon lotor incautus]] | Procyon lotor incautus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2753 | [[:d:Q20908040|Q20908040]] | [[Procyon lotor inesperatus]] | Procyon lotor inesperatus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2754 | [[:d:Q20908041|Q20908041]] | [[Procyon lotor litoreus]] | Procyon lotor litoreus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2755 | [[:d:Q20908042|Q20908042]] | [[Procyon lotor marinus]] | Procyon lotor marinus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2756 | [[:d:Q20908044|Q20908044]] | [[Procyon lotor megalodous]] | Procyon lotor megalodous | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2757 | [[:d:Q20908045|Q20908045]] | [[Procyon lotor pacificus]] | Procyon lotor pacificus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2758 | [[:d:Q20908046|Q20908046]] | [[Procyon lotor pallidus]] | Procyon lotor pallidus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2759 | [[:d:Q20908047|Q20908047]] | [[Procyon lotor psora]] | Procyon lotor psora | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2760 | [[:d:Q20908048|Q20908048]] | [[Procyon lotor pumilus]] | Procyon lotor pumilus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2761 | [[:d:Q20908049|Q20908049]] | [[Procyon lotor simus]] | Procyon lotor simus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2762 | [[:d:Q20908050|Q20908050]] | [[Procyon lotor vancouverensis]] | Procyon lotor vancouverensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2763 | [[:d:Q138662846|Q138662846]] | [[Jaguarius]] | Jaguarius | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2764 | [[:d:Q138662847|Q138662847]] | [[Leo]] | Leo | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2765 | [[:d:Q138662848|Q138662848]] | [[Panthera]] | Panthera | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2766 | [[:d:Q138662851|Q138662851]] | [[Uncia]] | Uncia | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2767 | [[:d:Q2496604|Q2496604]] | [[Oxetocyon cuspidatus]] | Oxetocyon cuspidatus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Oxetocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2768 | [[:d:Q7134501|Q7134501]] | [[Paraenhydrocyon josephi]] | Paraenhydrocyon josephi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Paraenhydrocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2769 | [[:d:Q15041370|Q15041370]] | [[Microtomarctus conferta]] | Microtomarctus conferta | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Microtomarctus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2770 | [[:d:Q20907990|Q20907990]] | [[Bassariscus sumichrasti sumichrasti]] | Bassariscus sumichrasti sumichrasti | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bassariscus sumichrasti]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2771 | [[:d:Q20907991|Q20907991]] | [[Bassariscus sumichrasti latrans]] | Bassariscus sumichrasti latrans | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bassariscus sumichrasti]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2772 | [[:d:Q20907992|Q20907992]] | [[Bassariscus sumichrasti notinus]] | Bassariscus sumichrasti notinus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bassariscus sumichrasti]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2773 | [[:d:Q20907993|Q20907993]] | [[Bassariscus sumichrasti oaxacensis]] | Bassariscus sumichrasti oaxacensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bassariscus sumichrasti]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2774 | [[:d:Q20907994|Q20907994]] | [[Bassariscus sumichrasti variabilis]] | Bassariscus sumichrasti variabilis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bassariscus sumichrasti]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2775 | [[:d:Q21070611|Q21070611]] | [[Agriotherium inexpectans]] | Agriotherium inexpectans | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Agriotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2776 | [[:d:Q24910173|Q24910173]] | [[Cynarctus wangi]] | Cynarctus wangi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cynarctus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2777 | [[:d:Q25585437|Q25585437]] | [[Dinobastis]] | Dinobastis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Homotherini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2778 | [[:d:Q33176416|Q33176416]] | [[Cephalogalini]] | Cephalogalini | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hemicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2779 | [[:d:Q110473411|Q110473411]] | [[Phoberocyon hispanicus]] | Phoberocyon hispanicus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phoberocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2780 | [[:d:Q110971730|Q110971730]] | [[Amphimachairodus alvarezi]] | Amphimachairodus alvarezi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphimachairodus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2781 | [[:d:Q110973654|Q110973654]] | [[Amphimachairodus kurteni]] | Amphimachairodus kurteni | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphimachairodus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2782 | [[:d:Q110973970|Q110973970]] | [[Amphimachairodus coloradensis]] | Amphimachairodus coloradensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphimachairodus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2783 | [[:d:Q110974030|Q110974030]] | [[Amphimachairodus kabir]] | Amphimachairodus kabir | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphimachairodus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2784 | [[:d:Q110979133|Q110979133]] | [[Amphimachairodus giganteus]] | Amphimachairodus giganteus | 1 | | [[File:Machairodus giganteus 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphimachairodus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2785 | [[:d:Q111025870|Q111025870]] | [[Caracal depereti]] | Caracal depereti | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2786 | [[:d:Q111033701|Q111033701]] | [[Rhizosmilodon fiteae]] | Rhizosmilodon fiteae | 1 | | [[File:Rhizosmilodon UF 124634 01.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Rhizosmilodon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2787 | [[:d:Q116547818|Q116547818]] | [[cyonarctos]] | Cyonarctos | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hemicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2788 | [[:d:Q141193849|Q141193849]] | [[Arctonasua fricki]] | Arctonasua fricki | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Arctonasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2789 | [[:d:Q141195855|Q141195855]] | [[Arctonasua minima]] | Arctonasua minima | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Arctonasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2790 | [[:d:Q141199427|Q141199427]] | [[Arctonasua gracilis]] | Arctonasua gracilis | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Arctonasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2791 | [[:d:Q141200277|Q141200277]] | [[Arctonasua eurybates]] | Arctonasua eurybates | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Arctonasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2792 | [[:d:Q141200653|Q141200653]] | [[Arctonasua floridana]] | Arctonasua floridana | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Arctonasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2793 | [[:d:Q3893455|Q3893455]] | [[Panthera leo goojratensis]] | Panthera leo goojratensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2794 | [[:d:Q12823232|Q12823232]] | [[Uncia uncia]] | Uncia uncia | 1 | | | [[taxon]]<br/>[[taxon synonyme]] | | [[Uncia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2795 | [[:d:Q18420311|Q18420311]] | [[Pristinailurus bristoli]] | Pristinailurus bristoli | 1 | | [[File:Skull of Pristinailurus bristoli 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pristinailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2796 | [[:d:Q20907037|Q20907037]] | [[Acinonyx jubatus velox]] | Acinonyx jubatus velox | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[gepardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2797 | [[:d:Q20907144|Q20907144]] | [[Panthera leo nyanzae]] | Panthera leo nyanzae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2798 | [[:d:Q25685473|Q25685473]] | [[Panthera leo mesopotamica]] | Panthera leo mesopotamica | 1 | | [[File:Iranian - Cylinder Seal with a Lion Hunt - Walters 42797.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2799 | [[:d:Q27450846|Q27450846]] | [[Herpailurus yagouaroundi]] | Herpailurus yagouaroundi | 1 | | [[File:Herpailurus yagouaroundi 26409745.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2800 | [[:d:Q79136002|Q79136002]] | [[Leptofelis vallesiensis]] | Leptofelis vallesiensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Leptofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2801 | [[:d:Q107410903|Q107410903]] | [[Tchadailurus adei]] | Tchadailurus adei | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Tchadailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2802 | [[:d:Q118242375|Q118242375]] | [[Protursus simpsoni]] | Protursus simpsoni | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Protursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2803 | [[:d:Q119105084|Q119105084]] | [[Hemimachairodus zwierzyckii]] | Hemimachairodus zwierzyckii | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hemimachairodus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2804 | [[:d:Q132147252|Q132147252]] | [[Lupulella adusta kaffensis]] | Lupulella adusta kaffensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lupulella adusta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2805 | [[:d:Q132147254|Q132147254]] | [[Lupulella adusta adusta]] | Lupulella adusta adusta | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lupulella adusta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2806 | [[:d:Q132147257|Q132147257]] | [[Lupulella adusta lateralis]] | Lupulella adusta lateralis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lupulella adusta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2807 | [[:d:Q132147266|Q132147266]] | [[Lupulella adusta notata]] | Lupulella adusta notata | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lupulella adusta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2808 | [[:d:Q132147269|Q132147269]] | [[Lupulella adusta grayi]] | Lupulella adusta grayi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lupulella adusta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2809 | [[:d:Q132147302|Q132147302]] | [[Lupulella adusta bweha]] | Lupulella adusta bweha | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lupulella adusta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2810 | [[:d:Q140835452|Q140835452]] | [[Leontoceryx bessarabiae]] | Leontoceryx bessarabiae | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Leontoceryx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2811 | [[:d:Q5278583|Q5278583]] | [[Dinofelis paleoonca]] | Dinofelis paleoonca | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Dinofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2812 | [[:d:Q18746553|Q18746553]] | [[Homotherium crusafonti]] | Homotherium crusafonti | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Homotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2813 | [[:d:Q20907051|Q20907051]] | [[Leopardus braccatus braccatus]] | Leopardus braccatus braccatus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus braccatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2814 | [[:d:Q20907052|Q20907052]] | [[Leopardus braccatus munoai]] | Leopardus braccatus munoai | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus braccatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2815 | [[:d:Q20907058|Q20907058]] | [[Leopardus geoffroyi paraguae]] | Leopardus geoffroyi paraguae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto de Geoffroy]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2816 | [[:d:Q20907059|Q20907059]] | [[Leopardus geoffroyi salinarum]] | Leopardus geoffroyi salinarum | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto de Geoffroy]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2817 | [[:d:Q20907098|Q20907098]] | [[Lynx lynx kozlovi]] | Lynx lynx kozlovi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx lynx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2818 | [[:d:Q20907099|Q20907099]] | [[Lynx lynx stroganovi]] | Lynx lynx stroganovi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx lynx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2819 | [[:d:Q20907102|Q20907102]] | [[Lynx rufus baileyi]] | Lynx rufus baileyi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2820 | [[:d:Q20907103|Q20907103]] | [[Lynx rufus californicus]] | Lynx rufus californicus | 1 | | [[File:Bobcat in the Santa Monica foothills. (14534364089).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2821 | [[:d:Q20907105|Q20907105]] | [[Lynx rufus floridanus]] | Lynx rufus floridanus | 1 | | [[File:Florida Bobcat.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2822 | [[:d:Q20907106|Q20907106]] | [[Lynx rufus oaxacensis]] | Lynx rufus oaxacensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2823 | [[:d:Q20907107|Q20907107]] | [[Lynx rufus pallescens]] | Lynx rufus pallescens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2824 | [[:d:Q20907108|Q20907108]] | [[Lynx rufus peninsularis]] | Lynx rufus peninsularis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2825 | [[:d:Q20907109|Q20907109]] | [[Lynx rufus superiorensis]] | Lynx rufus superiorensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2826 | [[:d:Q20907110|Q20907110]] | [[Lynx rufus texensis]] | Lynx rufus texensis | 1 | | [[File:Lynx rufus texensis - Mount Angel Abbey Museum - Mount Angel Abbey - Mount Angel, Oregon - DSC00081.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2827 | [[:d:Q21353187|Q21353187]] | [[Felis silvestris brockmani]] | Felis silvestris brockmani | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2828 | [[:d:Q21353941|Q21353941]] | [[Felis silvestris euxina]] | Felis silvestris euxina | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2829 | [[:d:Q21353946|Q21353946]] | [[Felis silvestris molisana]] | Felis silvestris molisana | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2830 | [[:d:Q21353951|Q21353951]] | [[Felis silvestris morea]] | Felis silvestris morea | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2831 | [[:d:Q21353957|Q21353957]] | [[Felis silvestris pyrrhus]] | Felis silvestris pyrrhus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2832 | [[:d:Q21353961|Q21353961]] | [[Felis silvestris shawiana]] | Felis silvestris shawiana | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2833 | [[:d:Q21353966|Q21353966]] | [[Felis silvestris tartesia]] | Felis silvestris tartesia | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2834 | [[:d:Q23047459|Q23047459]] | [[Felis silvestris sarda]] | Felis silvestris sarda | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2835 | [[:d:Q111520503|Q111520503]] | [[Pardofelis marmorata longicaudata]] | Pardofelis marmorata longicaudata | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto marmorate]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2836 | [[:d:Q122841708|Q122841708]] | [[Megantereon cultridens]] | Megantereon cultridens | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Megantereon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2837 | [[:d:Q10317429|Q10317429]] | [[Panthera pardus ciscaucasia]] | Panthera pardus ciscaucasia | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2838 | [[:d:Q12843808|Q12843808]] | [[Kashmir leopard]] | Panthera pardus millardi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2839 | [[:d:Q20021838|Q20021838]] | [[Panthera onca georgica]] | Panthera onca georgica | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[jaguar]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2840 | [[:d:Q20907055|Q20907055]] | [[Leopardus geoffroyi geoffroyi]] | Leopardus geoffroyi geoffroyi | 1 | | [[File:Geoffroy's Cat 1d.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[catto de Geoffroy]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2841 | [[:d:Q20907056|Q20907056]] | [[Leopardus geoffroyi euxanthus]] | Leopardus geoffroyi euxanthus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto de Geoffroy]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2842 | [[:d:Q20907057|Q20907057]] | [[Leopardus geoffroyi leucobaptus]] | Leopardus geoffroyi leucobaptus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto de Geoffroy]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2843 | [[:d:Q20907066|Q20907066]] | [[Leopardus pardalis pardalis]] | Leopardus pardalis pardalis | 1 | | [[File:Leopardus pardalis pardalis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pardalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2844 | [[:d:Q20907068|Q20907068]] | [[Leopardus pardalis albescens]] | Leopardus pardalis albescens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pardalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2845 | [[:d:Q20907069|Q20907069]] | [[Leopardus pardalis melanurus]] | Leopardus pardalis melanurus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pardalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2846 | [[:d:Q20907070|Q20907070]] | [[Leopardus pardalis mitis]] | Leopardus pardalis mitis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pardalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2847 | [[:d:Q20907071|Q20907071]] | [[Leopardus pardalis nelsoni]] | Leopardus pardalis nelsoni | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pardalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2848 | [[:d:Q20907072|Q20907072]] | [[Leopardus pardalis pseudopardalis]] | Leopardus pardalis pseudopardalis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pardalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2849 | [[:d:Q20907073|Q20907073]] | [[Leopardus pardalis pusaeus]] | Leopardus pardalis pusaeus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pardalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2850 | [[:d:Q20907074|Q20907074]] | [[Leopardus pardalis sonoriensis]] | Leopardus pardalis sonoriensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pardalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2851 | [[:d:Q20907075|Q20907075]] | [[Leopardus pardalis steinbachi]] | Leopardus pardalis steinbachi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pardalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2852 | [[:d:Q20907116|Q20907116]] | [[Prionailurus bengalensis alleni]] | Prionailurus bengalensis alleni | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus bengalensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2853 | [[:d:Q20907119|Q20907119]] | [[Prionailurus bengalensis chinensis]] | Prionailurus bengalensis chinensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus bengalensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2854 | [[:d:Q20907120|Q20907120]] | [[Prionailurus bengalensis horsfieldii]] | Prionailurus bengalensis horsfieldii | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus bengalensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2855 | [[:d:Q20907123|Q20907123]] | [[Prionailurus bengalensis sumatranus]] | Prionailurus bengalensis sumatranus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus bengalensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2856 | [[:d:Q20907124|Q20907124]] | [[Prionailurus bengalensis trevelyani]] | Prionailurus bengalensis trevelyani | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus bengalensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2857 | [[:d:Q21355717|Q21355717]] | [[Puma concolor capricornensis]] | Puma concolor capricornensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma|Puma concolor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2858 | [[:d:Q22977963|Q22977963]] | [[Panthera pardus adusta]] | Panthera pardus adusta | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2859 | [[:d:Q40494132|Q40494132]] | [[Felis chaus valbalala]] | Felis chaus valbalala | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Chaus|Felis chaus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2860 | [[:d:Q102849874|Q102849874]] | [[Puma concolor shorgeri]] | Puma concolor shorgeri | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma|Puma concolor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2861 | [[:d:Q139764685|Q139764685]] | [[Panthera pardus antiqua]] | Panthera pardus antiqua | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2862 | [[:d:Q139765127|Q139765127]] | [[Panthera pardus begoueni]] | Panthera pardus begoueni | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2863 | [[:d:Q9338658|Q9338658]] | [[Smilodon neogaeus]] | Smilodon neogaeus | 1 | | [[File:Smilodon skeleton.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Smilodon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2864 | [[:d:Q20907053|Q20907053]] | [[Leopardus colocolo colocolo]] | Leopardus colocolo colocolo | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Colocolo|Leopardus colocolo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2865 | [[:d:Q20907054|Q20907054]] | [[Leopardus colocolo wolffsohni]] | Leopardus colocolo wolffsohni | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Colocolo|Leopardus colocolo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2866 | [[:d:Q20907060|Q20907060]] | [[Leopardus guigna guigna]] | Leopardus guigna guigna | 1 | | [[File:Guigna 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Guigna|Leopardus guigna]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2867 | [[:d:Q20907061|Q20907061]] | [[Leopardus guigna tigrillo]] | Leopardus guigna tigrillo | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Guigna|Leopardus guigna]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2868 | [[:d:Q20907077|Q20907077]] | [[Leopardus tigrinus guttulus]] | Leopardus tigrinus guttulus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus tigrinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2869 | [[:d:Q20907078|Q20907078]] | [[Leopardus tigrinus oncilla]] | Leopardus tigrinus oncilla | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus tigrinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2870 | [[:d:Q20907080|Q20907080]] | [[Leopardus wiedii wiedii]] | Leopardus wiedii wiedii | 1 | | [[File:Leopardus wiedii.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus wiedii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2871 | [[:d:Q20907081|Q20907081]] | [[Leopardus wiedii amazonicus]] | Leopardus wiedii amazonicus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus wiedii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2872 | [[:d:Q20907082|Q20907082]] | [[Leopardus wiedii boliviae]] | Leopardus wiedii boliviae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus wiedii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2873 | [[:d:Q20907083|Q20907083]] | [[Leopardus wiedii cooperi]] | Leopardus wiedii cooperi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus wiedii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2874 | [[:d:Q20907084|Q20907084]] | [[Leopardus wiedii glauculus]] | Leopardus wiedii glauculus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus wiedii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2875 | [[:d:Q20907085|Q20907085]] | [[Leopardus wiedii nicaraguae]] | Leopardus wiedii nicaraguae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus wiedii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2876 | [[:d:Q20907086|Q20907086]] | [[Leopardus wiedii oaxacensis]] | Leopardus wiedii oaxacensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus wiedii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2877 | [[:d:Q20907087|Q20907087]] | [[Leopardus wiedii pirrensis]] | Leopardus wiedii pirrensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus wiedii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2878 | [[:d:Q20907088|Q20907088]] | [[Leopardus wiedii salvinius]] | Leopardus wiedii salvinius | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus wiedii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2879 | [[:d:Q20907089|Q20907089]] | [[Leopardus wiedii vigens]] | Leopardus wiedii vigens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus wiedii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2880 | [[:d:Q20907132|Q20907132]] | [[Puma yagouaroundi yagouaroundi]] | Puma yagouaroundi yagouaroundi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma yagouaroundi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2881 | [[:d:Q20907133|Q20907133]] | [[Puma yagouaroundi ameghinoi]] | Puma yagouaroundi ameghinoi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma yagouaroundi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2882 | [[:d:Q20907134|Q20907134]] | [[Puma yagouaroundi eyra]] | Puma yagouaroundi eyra | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma yagouaroundi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2883 | [[:d:Q20907135|Q20907135]] | [[Puma yagouaroundi fossata]] | Puma yagouaroundi fossata | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma yagouaroundi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2884 | [[:d:Q20907136|Q20907136]] | [[Puma yagouaroundi melantho]] | Puma yagouaroundi melantho | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma yagouaroundi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2885 | [[:d:Q20907137|Q20907137]] | [[Puma yagouaroundi panamensis]] | Puma yagouaroundi panamensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma yagouaroundi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2886 | [[:d:Q20907138|Q20907138]] | [[Puma yagouaroundi tolteca]] | Puma yagouaroundi tolteca | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma yagouaroundi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2887 | [[:d:Q40719646|Q40719646]] | [[Ursus lasiotus]] | Ursus lasiotus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2888 | [[:d:Q40719711|Q40719711]] | [[Ursus nasutus]] | Ursus nasutus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2889 | [[:d:Q111017868|Q111017868]] | [[Otocolobus manul manul]] | Otocolobus manul manul | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Otocolobus manul]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2890 | [[:d:Q111017909|Q111017909]] | [[Otocolobus manul ferrugineus]] | Otocolobus manul ferrugineus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Otocolobus manul]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2891 | [[:d:Q111017929|Q111017929]] | [[Otocolobus manul nigripectus]] | Otocolobus manul nigripectus | 1 | | [[File:Felis nigripectus (Otocolobus manul nigripectus) by Raj Man Singh.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Otocolobus manul]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2892 | [[:d:Q123037942|Q123037942]] | [[Leopardus colocolo braccatus]] | Leopardus colocola braccatus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Colocolo|Leopardus colocolo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2893 | [[:d:Q126723012|Q126723012]] | [[Ursus kokeni]] | Ursus kokeni | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2894 | [[:d:Q131624461|Q131624461]] | [[Megantereon falconeri]] | Megantereon falconeri | 1 | | [[File:Left maxilla of Megantereon falconeri.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Megantereon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2895 | [[:d:Q131841517|Q131841517]] | [[Megantereon adroveri]] | Megantereon adroveri | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Megantereon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2896 | [[:d:Q131841541|Q131841541]] | [[Megantereon hesperus]] | Megantereon hesperus | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Megantereon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2897 | [[:d:Q131841563|Q131841563]] | [[Megantereon vakshensis]] | Megantereon vakshensis | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Megantereon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2898 | [[:d:Q131841571|Q131841571]] | [[Megantereon whitei]] | Megantereon whitei | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Megantereon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2899 | [[:d:Q141493703|Q141493703]] | [[Leopardus tigrinus antisuyo]] | Leopardus tigrinus antisuyo | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus tigrinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2900 | [[:d:Q5199891|Q5199891]] | [[Cynarctoides gawnae]] | Cynarctoides gawnae | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cynarctoides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2901 | [[:d:Q5199892|Q5199892]] | [[Cynarctoides emryi]] | Cynarctoides emryi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cynarctoides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2902 | [[:d:Q5199894|Q5199894]] | [[Cynarctoides harlowi]] | Cynarctoides harlowi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cynarctoides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2903 | [[:d:Q5199895|Q5199895]] | [[Cynarctoides lemur]] | Cynarctoides lemur | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cynarctoides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2904 | [[:d:Q5199896|Q5199896]] | [[Cynarctoides luskensis]] | Cynarctoides luskensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cynarctoides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2905 | [[:d:Q5199897|Q5199897]] | [[Cynarctoides roii]] | Cynarctoides roii | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cynarctoides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2906 | [[:d:Q5489312|Q5489312]] | [[Arctotherium wingei]] | Arctotherium wingei | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Arctotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2907 | [[:d:Q11765234|Q11765234]] | [[Machairodus africanus]] | Machairodus africanus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2908 | [[:d:Q16667336|Q16667336]] | [[Nyctereutes terblanchei]] | Nyctereutes terblanchei | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nyctereutes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2909 | [[:d:Q19755931|Q19755931]] | [[Cynarctoides acridens]] | Cynarctoides acridens | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cynarctoides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2910 | [[:d:Q20907062|Q20907062]] | [[Leopardus pajeros pajeros]] | Leopardus pajeros pajeros | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pajeros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2911 | [[:d:Q20907063|Q20907063]] | [[Leopardus pajeros budini]] | Leopardus pajeros budini | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pajeros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2912 | [[:d:Q20907064|Q20907064]] | [[Leopardus pajeros garleppi]] | Leopardus pajeros garleppi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pajeros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2913 | [[:d:Q20907065|Q20907065]] | [[Leopardus pajeros thomasi]] | Leopardus pajeros thomasi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pajeros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2914 | [[:d:Q20907127|Q20907127]] | [[Prionailurus rubiginosus rubiginosus]] | Prionailurus rubiginosus rubiginosus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus rubiginosus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2915 | [[:d:Q20907128|Q20907128]] | [[Prionailurus rubiginosus phillipsi]] | Prionailurus rubiginosus phillipsi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus rubiginosus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2916 | [[:d:Q20908017|Q20908017]] | [[Potos flavus flavus]] | Potos flavus flavus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[kinkajou]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2917 | [[:d:Q20908018|Q20908018]] | [[Potos flavus chapadensis]] | Potos flavus chapadensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[kinkajou]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2918 | [[:d:Q20908019|Q20908019]] | [[Potos flavus chiriquensis]] | Potos flavus chiriquensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[kinkajou]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2919 | [[:d:Q20908020|Q20908020]] | [[Potos flavus megalotus]] | Potos flavus megalotus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[kinkajou]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2920 | [[:d:Q20908021|Q20908021]] | [[Potos flavus meridensis]] | Potos flavus meridensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[kinkajou]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2921 | [[:d:Q20908023|Q20908023]] | [[Potos flavus modestus]] | Potos flavus modestus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[kinkajou]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2922 | [[:d:Q20908024|Q20908024]] | [[Potos flavus nocturnus]] | Potos flavus nocturnus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[kinkajou]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2923 | [[:d:Q107412464|Q107412464]] | [[Lokotunjailurus emageritus]] | Lokotunjailurus emageritus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lokotunjailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2924 | [[:d:Q107412507|Q107412507]] | [[Lokotunjailurus fanonei]] | Lokotunjailurus fanonei | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lokotunjailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2925 | [[:d:Q107421814|Q107421814]] | [[Lynx issiodorensis valdarnensis]] | Lynx issiodorensis valdarnensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lynx issiodorensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2926 | [[:d:Q107421860|Q107421860]] | [[Lynx issiodorensis kurteni]] | Lynx issiodorensis kurteni | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lynx issiodorensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2927 | [[:d:Q108583865|Q108583865]] | [[Arctotherium latidens]] | Arctotherium latidens | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Arctotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2928 | [[:d:Q111041029|Q111041029]] | [[Nimravides hibbardi]] | Nimravides hibbardi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2929 | [[:d:Q111041041|Q111041041]] | [[Nimravides galiani]] | Nimravides galiani | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2930 | [[:d:Q111041069|Q111041069]] | [[Nimravides pedionomus]] | Nimravides pedionomus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2931 | [[:d:Q111041238|Q111041238]] | [[Nimravides thinobates]] | Nimravides thinobates | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2932 | [[:d:Q112863605|Q112863605]] | [[Hemicyon barbouri]] | Hemicyon barbouri | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Hemicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2933 | [[:d:Q120277194|Q120277194]] | [[Plithocyon ursinus]] | Plithocyon ursinus | 1 | | [[File:Plithocyon ursinus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Plithocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2934 | [[:d:Q121787783|Q121787783]] | [[Metailurus major]] | Metailurus major | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Metailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2935 | [[:d:Q122127214|Q122127214]] | [[Metailurus boodon]] | Metailurus boodon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Metailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2936 | [[:d:Q130243529|Q130243529]] | [[Ursus kudarensis]] | Ursus kudarensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2937 | [[:d:Q130243540|Q130243540]] | [[Ursus kanivetz]] | Ursus kanivetz | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2938 | [[:d:Q133820498|Q133820498]] | [[Ursus praekudarensis]] | Ursus praekudarensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2939 | [[:d:Q138497627|Q138497627]] | [[Euarctos]] | Euarctos | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2940 | [[:d:Q138497629|Q138497629]] | [[Selenarctos]] | Selenarctos | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2941 | [[:d:Q138497631|Q138497631]] | [[Ursus]] | Ursus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2942 | [[:d:Q139470334|Q139470334]] | [[Nyctereutes urartuensis]] | Nyctereutes urartuensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nyctereutes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2943 | [[:d:Q139818767|Q139818767]] | [[Nyctereutes vulpinus]] | Nyctereutes vulpinus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nyctereutes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2944 | [[:d:Q5278577|Q5278577]] | [[Dinocyon thenardi]] | Dinocyon thenardi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Dinocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2945 | [[:d:Q20907038|Q20907038]] | [[Catopuma temminckii temminckii]] | Catopuma temminckii temminckii | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Catopuma temminckii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2946 | [[:d:Q20907040|Q20907040]] | [[Catopuma temminckii dominicanorum]] | Catopuma temminckii dominicanorum | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Catopuma temminckii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2947 | [[:d:Q20907041|Q20907041]] | [[Catopuma temminckii tristis]] | Catopuma temminckii tristis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Catopuma temminckii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2948 | [[:d:Q20907043|Q20907043]] | [[Felis manul manul]] | Felis manul manul | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Felis manul]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2949 | [[:d:Q20907044|Q20907044]] | [[Felis manul ferruginea]] | Felis manul ferruginea | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Felis manul]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2950 | [[:d:Q20907045|Q20907045]] | [[Felis manul nigripecta]] | Felis manul nigripecta | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Felis manul]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2951 | [[:d:Q21353356|Q21353356]] | [[Panthera sondaica sondaica]] | Panthera sondaica sondaica | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Panthera sondaica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2952 | [[:d:Q56313824|Q56313824]] | [[Protarctos abstrusus]] | Protarctos abstrusus | 1 | | [[File:Protarctos abstrusus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Protarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2953 | [[:d:Q109312424|Q109312424]] | [[Herpailurus yagouaroundi ameghinoi]] | Herpailurus yagouaroundi ameghinoi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpailurus yagouaroundi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2954 | [[:d:Q111027511|Q111027511]] | [[Caracal aurata celidogaster]] | Caracal aurata celidogaster | 1 | | [[File:Felis celidogaster - 1834 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam - UBA01 IZ22100376.tif|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal aurata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2955 | [[:d:Q111027611|Q111027611]] | [[Caracal aurata aurata]] | Caracal aurata aurata | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal aurata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2956 | [[:d:Q131981277|Q131981277]] | [[Helarctos namadicus]] | Helarctos namadicus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Helarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2957 | [[:d:Q140381432|Q140381432]] | [[Xenocyon trinilensis]] | Xenocyon trinilensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Xenocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2958 | [[:d:Q140906498|Q140906498]] | [[Prionailurus javanensis sumatranus]] | Prionailurus javanensis sumatranus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus javanensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2959 | [[:d:Q5032443|Q5032443]] | [[Canis falconeri]] | Canis falconeri | 1 | | [[File:Canisfalc.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2960 | [[:d:Q6111761|Q6111761]] | [[Nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus]] | Nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus | 1 | | [[File:202308 Japanese raccoon dog.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nyctereutes procyonoides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2961 | [[:d:Q21354981|Q21354981]] | [[Canis ursinus]] | Canis ursinus | 1 | | [[File:Hemicyon sansaniensis.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2962 | [[:d:Q21399595|Q21399595]] | [[Canis group]] | Canis group | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2963 | [[:d:Q40685874|Q40685874]] | [[Ursus arctos shanorum]] | Ursus arctos shanorum | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2964 | [[:d:Q124668428|Q124668428]] | [[Ursus arctos penghuensis]] | Ursus arctos penghuensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2965 | [[:d:Q141200436|Q141200436]] | [[Paranasua biradica]] | Paranasua biradica | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Paranasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2966 | [[:d:Q5032446|Q5032446]] | [[Canis rufus rufus]] | Canis rufus rufus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2967 | [[:d:Q20907493|Q20907493]] | [[Canis aureus moreotica]] | Canis aureus moreotica | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis aureus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2968 | [[:d:Q20907525|Q20907525]] | [[Canis simensis citernii]] | Canis simensis citernii | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis simensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2969 | [[:d:Q22286695|Q22286695]] | [[Austro-hungarian wolf]] | Canis lupus minor | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2970 | [[:d:Q6080752|Q6080752]] | [[Plionarctos edensis]] | Plionarctos edensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Plionarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2971 | [[:d:Q6080755|Q6080755]] | [[Plionarctos harroldorum]] | Plionarctos harroldorum | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Plionarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2972 | [[:d:Q107368660|Q107368660]] | [[Canis antonii]] | Canis antonii | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2973 | [[:d:Q109647079|Q109647079]] | [[Canis alpinus]] | Canis alpinus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2974 | [[:d:Q122069773|Q122069773]] | [[Indarctos arctoides]] | Indarctos arctoides | 1 | | [[File:Indarctos arctoides skull - Batallones 3 fossil site, Torrejón de Velasco, Madrid, Spain.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Indarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2975 | [[:d:Q126893244|Q126893244]] | [[Ursus spelaeus eremus]] | Ursus spelaeus eremus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Urso del cavernas|Ursus spelaeus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2976 | [[:d:Q126893260|Q126893260]] | [[Ursus spelaeus ladinicus]] | Ursus spelaeus ladinicus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Urso del cavernas|Ursus spelaeus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2977 | [[:d:Q133853184|Q133853184]] | [[Canis dirus]] | Canis dirus | 1 | | [[File:Aenocyon dirus restoration & skeleton.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2978 | [[:d:Q140590815|Q140590815]] | [[Xenocyon]] | Xenocyon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2979 | [[:d:Q140590792|Q140590792]] | [[Canis trinilensis]] | Canis trinilensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Xenocyon]] | |} ---- &sum; 2979 items. {{Wikidata list end}} l03jjowz3cf1q2z5a011te152j45mjx 102 39529 705244 705103 2026-10-31T15:48:04Z ListeriaBot 24326 Wikidata list updated [V2] 705244 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q509686 } |wdq= |columns=item,P41,P94,label,P242,P300,P36,description |thumb=48 |links= |references=all }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! item ! imagine del bandiera ! imagine del scuto ! label ! position geographic ! ISO 3166-2 ! capital ! description |- | [[:d:Q166706|Q166706]] | | | ''[[:d:Q166706|San Pablo Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province San Pablo in Cajamarca.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1134076|San Pablo]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q188098|Q188098]] | [[File:Bandera de la provincia de Lauricocha.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q188098|Lauricocha Province]]'' | [[File:Dep. Huánuco - Provincia de Lauricocha.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q125646|Jesús]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q268277|Q268277]] | [[File:Bandera de Luya.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q268277|Luya Province]]'' | [[File:Provincia de Luya.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2475775|Lámud]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q384980|Q384980]] | | | ''[[:d:Q384980|Morropón Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Morropón in Piura.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1089449|Chulucanas]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q514494|Q514494]] | | | ''[[:d:Q514494|La Mar Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q2726675|San Miguel, La Mar Province]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q537708|Q537708]] | | | ''[[:d:Q537708|Vilcas Huamán Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q2475760|Vilcashuamán]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q546559|Q546559]] | | | ''[[:d:Q546559|Chiclayo province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q260911|Chiclayo]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q548556|Q548556]] | | | ''[[:d:Q548556|Padre Abad Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q2723604|Aguaytía]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q549969|Q549969]] | | [[File:Escudo de Parinacochas - Coracora.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q549969|Parinacochas Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q763662|Coracora]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q578912|Q578912]] | | | ''[[:d:Q578912|Chincheros Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q878820|Chincheros]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q579240|Q579240]] | [[File:Flag of Lima.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Lima.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q579240|Lima]]'' | [[File:Location of Lima Province in Peru.svg|center|48px]] | PE-LMA | [[Lima]] | |- | [[:d:Q579906|Q579906]] | [[File:Bandera de Pucallpa.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Pucallpa.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q579906|Coronel Portillo Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Atalaya in Ucayali.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Pucallpa]] | |- | [[:d:Q583300|Q583300]] | | | ''[[:d:Q583300|Otuzco Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3056421|Otuzco]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q584864|Q584864]] | | | ''[[:d:Q584864|Chumbivilcas Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Chumbivilcas in Cusco.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1974445|Santo Tomás]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q588491|Q588491]] | | | ''[[:d:Q588491|San Martín Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q927933|Tarapoto]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q589047|Q589047]] | | | ''[[:d:Q589047|Jorge Basadre Province]]'' | [[File:Location of Tacna region.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2989650|Locumba]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q590394|Q590394]] | | | ''[[:d:Q590394|Picota Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3344087|Picota]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q601118|Q601118]] | [[File:Flag of Arequipa.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Armas de Arequipa.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q601118|Arequipa Province]]'' | | | [[Arequipa]] | |- | [[:d:Q612923|Q612923]] | [[File:Bandera de Sullana 2010.PNG|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q612923|Sullana Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q510413|Sullana]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q614628|Q614628]] | | [[File:Escudo Municipalidad de Castilla.jpg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q614628|Castilla Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Castilla in Arequipa.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2423691|Aplao]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q615891|Q615891]] | [[File:Bandera de Aija.png|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Aija.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q615891|Aija Province]]'' | [[File:Dep. Ancash - Provincia de Aija.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3317408|Aija]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q629428|Q629428]] | | | ''[[:d:Q629428|San Marcos Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3348299|San Marcos]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q629736|Q629736]] | | | ''[[:d:Q629736|Huaytará Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3344099|Huaytará]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q632826|Q632826]] | [[File:..Lambayeque Flag(PERU).png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q632826|Lambayeque Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q768086|Lambayeque]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q633478|Q633478]] | [[File:Bandera Fitzcarrald.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo Fitzcarrald.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q633478|Carlos Fermín Fitzcarrald Province]]'' | [[File:Dep. Ancash - Provincia de San Luis.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3322620|San Luis]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q639598|Q639598]] | | | ''[[:d:Q639598|Churcampa Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3348281|Churcampa]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q644721|Q644721]] | | [[File:Escudo regional Junín.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q644721|Junín Province]]'' | [[File:Provincia de Junín.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2640092|Junín]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q672921|Q672921]] | | | ''[[:d:Q672921|Purús Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3344870|Esperanza]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q676572|Q676572]] | [[File:Bandera de Piura.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo ciudad de Piura.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q676572|Piura Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Piura in Piura.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q223966|Piura]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q683949|Q683949]] | [[File:Bandera de Jaen (Peru).png|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo Provincial de Jaén en Perú.jpg|center|48px]] | [[Provincia Jaen (Peru)|Provincia Jaen]] | [[File:Location of the province Jaén in Cajamarca.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1229885|Jaén]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q731515|Q731515]] | [[File:Bandera de Saposoa.png|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Saposoa.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q731515|Huallaga Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3344065|Saposoa]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q746434|Q746434]] | [[File:Bandera paucartambo.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q746434|Paucartambo Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Paucartambo in Cusco.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2989631|Paucartambo]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q747503|Q747503]] | [[File:Bandera de Casma.png|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Casma.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q747503|Casma Province]]'' | [[File:Dep. Ancash - Provincia de Casma.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3236687|Casma]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q751373|Q751373]] | [[File:Bandera de Cajabamba.png|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Cajabamba.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q751373|Cajabamba Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3344351|Cajabamba]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q764487|Q764487]] | | | ''[[:d:Q764487|Marañón Province]]'' | [[File:Dep. Huánuco - Provincia de Marañón.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3344853|Huacrachuco]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q765311|Q765311]] | [[File:Flag of Chanchamayo.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q765311|Chanchamayo Province]]'' | [[File:Provincia de Chanchamayo.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1014543|La Merced]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q783136|Q783136]] | | | ''[[:d:Q783136|Palpa Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Palpa in Ica.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2640020|Palpa]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q922867|Q922867]] | | [[File:Escudo de Jauja.jpg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q922867|Jauja Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q917434|Jauja]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q927324|Q927324]] | [[File:Bandera ascope.png|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo ascope.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q927324|Ascope Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3344017|Ascope]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q930214|Q930214]] | [[File:Banderahuanta.jpg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Huanta.jpg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q930214|Huanta Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q2158344|Huanta]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q938322|Q938322]] | | | ''[[:d:Q938322|Nasca Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Nasca in Ica.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1711521|Nazca]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q941183|Q941183]] | [[File:Flag of Utcubamba.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Utcubamba.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q941183|Utcubamba Province]]'' | [[File:Provincia de Utcubamba.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q793765|Bagua Grande]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q945636|Q945636]] | | | ''[[:d:Q945636|Tahuamanu Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q1899785|Iñapari]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q946269|Q946269]] | [[File:Bandera tarma.png|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo De Tarma.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q946269|Tarma Province]]'' | [[File:Provincia de Tarma.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1759366|Tarma]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q951287|Q951287]] | [[File:Bandera Canchis.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q951287|Canchis Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Canchis in Cusco.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q4419079|Sicuani]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q951816|Q951816]] | | | ''[[:d:Q951816|Bolívar Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3344072|Bolívar]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q960169|Q960169]] | [[File:Flag of Oxapampa.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Oxapampa.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q960169|Oxapampa Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Oxapampa in Pasco.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1014523|Oxapampa]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q976034|Q976034]] | [[File:Bandera de Cerro de Pasco.JPG|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo regional Pasco.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q976034|Pasco Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Pasco in Pasco.PNG|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q674320|Cerro de Pasco]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q980098|Q980098]] | | | ''[[:d:Q980098|Ambo Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3317423|Ambo]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q997406|Q997406]] | [[File:Flag of Chachapoyas.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Chachapoyas.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q997406|Chachapoyas Province]]'' | [[File:Provincia de Chachapoyas.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q757133|Chachapoyas]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1132101|Q1132101]] | [[File:Flag of Cusco (2021).svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Cusco Emblem.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1132101|Cusco Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Cusco in Cusco.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q5582862|Cusco]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1140995|Q1140995]] | [[File:Bandera de Huaraz.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Huaraz.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1140995|Huaraz province]]'' | [[File:Dep. Ancash - Provincia de Huaraz.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q793809|Huaraz]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1166113|Q1166113]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1166113|Bolognesi Province]]'' | [[File:Dep. Ancash - Provincia de Bolognesi.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1074644|Chiquián]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1166116|Q1166116]] | | [[File:Chacas-escudo.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1166116|Asunción Province]]'' | [[File:Dep. Ancash - Provincia de Asunción.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2423013|Chacas]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1166121|Q1166121]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1166121|Antonio Raymondi Province]]'' | [[File:Dep. Ancash - Provincia de Antonio Raimondi.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3317415|Llamellín]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1166124|Q1166124]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1166124|Corongo Province]]'' | [[File:Dep. Ancash - Provincia de Corongo.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3318939|Corongo]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1166126|Q1166126]] | [[File:Bandera de Carhuaz.png|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Carhuaz.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1166126|Carhuaz Province]]'' | [[File:Dep. Ancash - Provincia de Carhuaz.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1036082|Carhuaz]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1288434|Q1288434]] | [[File:Flag of Condorcanqui.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Nieva.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1288434|Condorcanqui Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3347407|Santa María de Nieva]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1325771|Q1325771]] | [[File:Bandera de Chincha alta.png|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Chincha alta.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1325771|Chincha Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Chincha in Ica.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q990685|Chincha Alta]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1335384|Q1335384]] | | [[File:Satipo.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1335384|Satipo Province]]'' | [[File:Provincia de Satipo.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3057885|Satipo]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1342814|Q1342814]] | [[File:BanderaBongará.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1342814|Bongará Province]]'' | [[File:Provincia de Bongará.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3344197|Jumbilla]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1342828|Q1342828]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1342828|Yauli Province]]'' | [[File:Provincia de Yauli.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1759360|La Oroya]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1343276|Q1343276]] | [[File:Bandera La Convención-Quillabamba.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1343276|La Convención Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province La Convención in Cusco.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2534936|Quillabamba]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1355960|Q1355960]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1355960|Tacna]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Tacna in Tacna.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q272795|Tacna]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1366038|Q1366038]] | [[File:Bandera de Rodríguez de Mendoza.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1366038|Rodríguez de Mendoza Province]]'' | [[File:Provincia de Rodríguez de Mendoza.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3305659|Mendoza]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1366050|Q1366050]] | [[File:Bandera de Pisco.png|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Pisco.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1366050|Pisco Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Pisco in Ica.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q290504|Pisco]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1366082|Q1366082]] | [[File:Bandera Provincial de Bagua.png|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo Provincial de Bagua.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1366082|Bagua Province]]'' | [[File:Provincia de Bagua.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q800155|Bagua]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1367672|Q1367672]] | [[File:Flag of Ayabaca.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1367672|Ayabaca Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Ayabaca in Piura.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q792713|Ayabaca]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1367991|Q1367991]] | | [[File:Escudo de Provincia Huarochirí.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1367991|Huarochirí Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Huarochirí in Lima.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q580017|Matucana]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1410654|Q1410654]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1410654|Tarata]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Tarata in Tacna.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2588449|Tarata]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1422587|Q1422587]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1422587|Cajatambo Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Cajatambo in Lima.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2638247|Cajatambo]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1422590|Q1422590]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1422590|Contralmirante Villar Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Contralmirante Villar in Tumbes.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3317432|Zorritos]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1422596|Q1422596]] | [[File:Bandera de Barranca.png|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Barranca.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1422596|Barranca Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Barranca in Lima.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2582671|Barranca]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1422601|Q1422601]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1422601|Yauyos Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Yauyos in Lima.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1812040|Yauyos]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1422606|Q1422606]] | [[File:Bandera Huaral.png|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo Huaral.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1422606|Huaral Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Huaral in Lima.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q723677|Huaral]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1422611|Q1422611]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1422611|Canta Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Canta in Lima.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3322638|Canta]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1422619|Q1422619]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1422619|Huancabamba Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Huancabamba in Piura.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2307821|Huancabamba]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1422624|Q1422624]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1422624|Oyón province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Oyón in Lima.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3344010|Oyón]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1431135|Q1431135]] | [[File:Bandera de Cajamarca.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Cajamarca.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1431135|Cajamarca Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Cajamarca in Cajamarca.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q205119|Cajamarca]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1431140|Q1431140]] | | [[File:Escudo de chota.jpg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1431140|Chota Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Chota in Cajamarca.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2964558|Chota]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1431153|Q1431153]] | [[File:Bandera de Celendín.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Celendín.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1431153|Celendín Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Celendín in Cajamarca.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3344002|Celendín]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1431156|Q1431156]] | [[File:Bandera de San vicente.png|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de San vicente.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1431156|Cañete Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Cañete in Lima.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1853969|San Vicente de Cañete]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1433001|Q1433001]] | [[File:Bandera de Huacho.jpg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Huacho.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1433001|Huaura province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Huaura in Lima.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1002052|Huacho]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1468138|Q1468138]] | [[File:Bandera de tingo maria.jpg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Tingo María.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1468138|Leoncio Prado Province]]'' | [[File:Dep. Huánuco - Provincia de Leoncio Prado.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1974467|Tingo María]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1477797|Q1477797]] | [[File:Bandera de Zarumilla.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1477797|Zarumilla Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Zarumilla in Tumbes.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2877763|Zarumilla]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1479348|Q1479348]] | [[File:Bandera de Tumbes.png|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Tumbes.jpg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1479348|Tumbes]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Tumbes in Tumbes.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q827640|Tumbes]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1771870|Q1771870]] | | [[File:Escudo de Abancay.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1771870|Abancay Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q215238|Abancay]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1771879|Q1771879]] | [[File:Bandera urubamba.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1771879|Urubamba Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Urubamba in Cusco.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2304483|Urubamba]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1777621|Q1777621]] | [[File:Flag of Huancayo.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Pe ehuan.gif|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1777621|Huancayo Province]]'' | [[File:Provincia de Huancayo.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q468782|Huancayo]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1777631|Q1777631]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1777631|Chupaca Province]]'' | [[File:Provincia de Chupaca.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3344173|Chupaca]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1779624|Q1779624]] | [[File:Bandera de Huarmey.png|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo Huarmey Perú.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1779624|Huarmey Province]]'' | [[File:Dep. Ancash - Provincia de Huarmey.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q430862|Huarmey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1779635|Q1779635]] | [[File:Bandera de Ocros.jpg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Ocros.jpg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1779635|Ocros Province]]'' | [[File:Dep. Ancash - Provincia de Ocros.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3317427|Ocros]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1779643|Q1779643]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1779643|Pomabamba Province]]'' | [[File:Dep. Ancash - Provincia de Pomabamba.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3322611|Pomabamba]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1779654|Q1779654]] | [[File:Bandera de Cabana (Ancash).png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1779654|Pallasca Province]]'' | [[File:Dep. Ancash - Provincia de Pallasca.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3305646|Cabana]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1779663|Q1779663]] | [[File:Bandera de Mariscal Luzuriaga.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Logo de la Municipalidad Provincial de Mariscal Luzuriaga.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1779663|Mariscal Luzuriaga Province]]'' | [[File:Dep. Ancash - Provincia de Mariscal Luzuriaga.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3319310|Piscobamba]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1779670|Q1779670]] | [[File:Flag of Caraz.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Caras escudo.jpg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1779670|Huaylas Province]]'' | [[File:Dep. Ancash - Provincia de Huaylas.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1035471|Caraz]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1779677|Q1779677]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1779677|Maynas Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Maynas in Loreto.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q193289|Iquitos]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1779688|Q1779688]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1779688|Islay Province]]'' | [[File:Provincia de Islay.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2351948|Mollendo]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1779698|Q1779698]] | [[File:Bandera La Union.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1779698|La Unión Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province La Unión in Arequipa.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2638258|Cotahuasi]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1779705|Q1779705]] | [[File:Bandera de Huari.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Huari.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1779705|Huari Province]]'' | [[File:Dep. Ancash - Provincia de Huari.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3322143|Huari]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q9063361|Q9063361]] | | | ''[[:d:Q9063361|Iquique]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q23011145|Iquique]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q16622605|Q16622605]] | | | ''[[:d:Q16622605|Chancay Province]]'' | | | | |- | [[:d:Q16942171|Q16942171]] | | | ''[[:d:Q16942171|Putumayo Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Putumayo in Loreto.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q19799162|San Antonio del Estrecho]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q84575363|Q84575363]] | | | ''[[:d:Q84575363|Tinta province]]'' | [[File:Provincia de tinta.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2435935|Tinta]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q116693755|Q116693755]] | | | ''[[:d:Q116693755|Callao]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q105037|Callao]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1779714|Q1779714]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1779714|Sihuas Province]]'' | [[File:Dep. Ancash - Provincia de Sihuas.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3055947|Sihuas]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1779720|Q1779720]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1779720|Recuay Province]]'' | [[File:Dep. Ancash - Provincia de Recuay.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1701738|Recuay]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1779727|Q1779727]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1779727|Caravelí Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Caravelí in Arequipa.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q968765|Caravelí]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1779734|Q1779734]] | [[File:Bandera de Chimbote.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Chimbote.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1779734|Santa Province]]'' | [[File:Dep. Ancash - Provincia de Santa.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q518431|Chimbote]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1784851|Q1784851]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1784851|Camaná Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Camaná in Arequipa.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1028011|Camaná]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1784857|Q1784857]] | [[File:Flag of Ayacucho.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Ayacucho.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1784857|Huamanga Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q504215|Ayacucho]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1798739|Q1798739]] | [[File:Bandera de Yungay.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo Yungay.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1798739|Yungay Province]]'' | [[File:Dep. Ancash - Provincia de Yungay.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q919678|Yungay]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1798747|Q1798747]] | [[File:Bandera Andahuaylas.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Andahuaylas.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1798747|Andahuaylas Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q489660|Andahuaylas]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1806435|Q1806435]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1806435|Caylloma Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q2351933|Chivay]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1806437|Q1806437]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1806437|Paucar del Sara Sara Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q2726628|Pausa]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1808513|Q1808513]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1808513|Huanca Sancos Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3344909|Sancos]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1814172|Q1814172]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1814172|Grau Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Grau in Apurímac.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q879071|Chuquibambilla]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1814180|Q1814180]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1814180|Sucre Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q2918849|Querobamba]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1814190|Q1814190]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1814190|Cangallo Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3344124|Cangallo]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1814197|Q1814197]] | [[File:Flag of San Ignacio.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1814197|San Ignacio Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q11011907|San Ignacio de la Frontera]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1814203|Q1814203]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1814203|Lucanas Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q2726653|Puquio]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1814228|Q1814228]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1814228|Antabamba Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q879057|Antabamba]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1814234|Q1814234]] | [[File:Bandera Aymaraes-Chalhuanca.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1814234|Aymaraes Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q879065|Chalhuanca]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1814244|Q1814244]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1814244|Cotabambas Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q879051|Tambobamba]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1814253|Q1814253]] | [[File:Bandera de Condesuyos - Chuquibamba.png|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Condesuyos - Chuquibamba.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1814253|Condesuyos Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Condesuyos in Arequipa.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3305671|Chuquibamba]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1819840|Q1819840]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1819840|Huamalíes Province]]'' | [[File:Dep. Huánuco - Provincia de Huamalíes.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3344864|Llata]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1920482|Q1920482]] | [[File:Bandera anta.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1920482|Anta Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Anta in Cusco.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3348268|Anta]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1920491|Q1920491]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1920491|Julcán Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3344059|Julcán]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1920500|Q1920500]] | [[File:Bandera canas.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1920500|Canas Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Canas in Cusco.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2989624|Yanaoca]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1920509|Q1920509]] | | [[File:Escudo Atalaya.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1920509|Atalaya Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Atalaya in Ucayali.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3322627|Atalaya]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1920520|Q1920520]] | [[File:Bandera quispicanchi.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1920520|Quispicanchi Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Quispicanchi in Cusco.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2989619|Urcos]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1920564|Q1920564]] | | [[File:Escudo de Cascas.jpg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1920564|Gran Chimú Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3344040|Cascas]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1920572|Q1920572]] | [[File:Bandera de Yurimaguas-Alto Amazonas.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1920572|Alto Amazonas Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Alto Amazonas in Loreto.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q117625|Yurimaguas]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1920599|Q1920599]] | [[File:Banderachepen.jpg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Chepen.jpg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1920599|Chepén Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Chepén in La Libertad.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2962698|Chepén]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1920602|Q1920602]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1920602|Acomayo Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Acomayo in Cusco.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2582682|Acomayo]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1920613|Q1920613]] | [[File:Bandera paruro.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1920613|Paruro Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Paruro in Cusco.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2989645|Paruro]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1920922|Q1920922]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1920922|Mariscal Ramón Castilla Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Mariscal Ramón Castilla in Loreto.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3317724|Caballococha]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1935565|Q1935565]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1935565|San Antonio de Putina Provinceprovincia de San Antonio de Putina]]'' | [[File:Location of the province San Antonio de Putina in Puno.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3344150|Putina]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1944216|Q1944216]] | [[File:Bandera de Macusani.png|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Macusani.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1944216|Carabaya Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Carabaya in Puno.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3348229|Macusani]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1944227|Q1944227]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1944227|Huancané Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Huancane in Puno.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2638267|Huancané]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1944238|Q1944238]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1944238|Santiago de Chuco Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3344084|Santiago de Chuco]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1944245|Q1944245]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1944245|Sánchez Carrión Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q1632770|Huamachuco]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1944257|Q1944257]] | [[File:Bandera de Ilo.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of the province of Ilo, Peru.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1944257|Ilo Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q1000341|Ilo]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1944266|Q1944266]] | [[File:Bandera de San Pedro de Lloc.png|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Guadalupe Pacasmayo.jpg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1944266|Pacasmayo Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q1014474|San Pedro de Lloc]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1944276|Q1944276]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1944276|Puerto Inca Province]]'' | [[File:Dep. Huánuco - Provincia de Puerto Inca.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3348305|Puerto Inca]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1944288|Q1944288]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1944288|Daniel Alcides Carrión Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3344095|Yanahuanca]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1944299|Q1944299]] | [[File:BanderaCandarave.png|center|48px]] | [[File:EscudoCandarave.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1944299|Candarave Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Candarave in Tacna.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3344236|Candarave]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1944312|Q1944312]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1944312|Castrovirreyna Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Castrovirreyna in Huancavelica.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3348254|Castrovirreyna]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1944325|Q1944325]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1944325|Requena Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Requena in Loreto.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3344103|Requena]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1944337|Q1944337]] | [[File:Bandera de San Román.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1944337|San Román Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province San Román in Puno.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q696074|Juliaca]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1944347|Q1944347]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1944347|Lampa Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Lampa in Puno.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2638295|Lampa]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1944356|Q1944356]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1944356|Melgar Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Melgar in Puno.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3344141|Ayaviri]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1944431|Q1944431]] | [[File:Bandera de Moquegua.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo Moquegua Perú.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1944431|Mariscal Nieto Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q1000346|Moquegua]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1947116|Q1947116]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1947116|Víctor Fajardo Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q950080|Huancapi]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1947893|Q1947893]] | [[File:Bandera de Omate.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1947893|General Sánchez Cerro Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3322634|Omate]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1947910|Q1947910]] | [[File:Cutervo flag.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1947910|Cutervo Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3348263|Cutervo]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1947926|Q1947926]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1947926|Hualgayoc Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3348274|Bambamarca]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1947944|Q1947944]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1947944|Mariscal Cáceres Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Mariscal Caceres in San Martín.PNG|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2671983|Juanjuí]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1947960|Q1947960]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1947960|San Miguel Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q11002429|San Miguel de Pallaques]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1947973|Q1947973]] | [[File:Bandera espinar.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1947973|Espinar Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3345555|Yauri]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1948003|Q1948003]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1948003|Contumazá Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3344032|Contumazá]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1948019|Q1948019]] | [[File:Bandera calca.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1948019|Calca Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3344215|Calca]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1948039|Q1948039]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1948039|Acobamba Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Acobamba in Huancavelica.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3344877|Acobamba]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1948051|Q1948051]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1948051|Virú Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3344843|Virú]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1948067|Q1948067]] | | [[File:ESCUDO FERREÑAFE.jpg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1948067|Ferreñafe Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q2143690|Ferreñafe]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1948135|Q1948135]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1948135|Sandia Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Sandia in Puno.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3344209|Sandia]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1948150|Q1948150]] | | [[File:Escudo de la ciudad de Moyobamba.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1948150|Moyobamba Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Moyobamba in San Martín.PNG|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q285672|Moyobamba]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1948180|Q1948180]] | [[File:Bandera de Pataz.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Pataz.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1948180|Pataz Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Pataz in La Libertad.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3344090|Tayabamba]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1948195|Q1948195]] | [[File:Bandera Tayacaja.png|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Tayacaja.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1948195|Tayacaja Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Tayacaja in Huancavelica.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2725364|Pampas]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1991124|Q1991124]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1991124|Concepción Province]]'' | [[File:Provincia de Concepción.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q43418|Concepción]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1995145|Q1995145]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1995145|Loreto Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Loreto in Loreto.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3309417|Nauta]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1999122|Q1999122]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1999122|Tambopata Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q541435|Puerto Maldonado]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2013418|Q2013418]] | | | ''[[:d:Q2013418|Ucayali Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Ucayali in Loreto.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3317773|Contamana]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2013427|Q2013427]] | [[File:Flag of Trujillo (Peru).svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Trujillo (Perú).svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q2013427|Trujillo province]]'' | | | [[Trujillo (Peru)|Trujillo]] | |- | [[:d:Q2017690|Q2017690]] | | | ''[[:d:Q2017690|Datem del Marañón Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Datem del Marañón in Loreto.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3317765|San Lorenzo]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2084618|Q2084618]] | [[File:Flag of Paita.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Paita.jpg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q2084618|Paita Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q1026270|Paita]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2084630|Q2084630]] | | | ''[[:d:Q2084630|Santa Cruz Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q11043230|Santa Cruz de Succhubamba]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2084641|Q2084641]] | | | ''[[:d:Q2084641|Pachitea Province]]'' | [[File:Dep. Huánuco - Provincia de Pachitea.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3344024|Panao]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2084648|Q2084648]] | | | ''[[:d:Q2084648|Rioja Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3344069|Rioja]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2084659|Q2084659]] | | | ''[[:d:Q2084659|Tocache Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3344048|Tocache]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2084668|Q2084668]] | [[File:Bandera huacaybamba.jpg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2084668|Huacaybamba Province]]'' | [[File:Dep. Huánuco - Provincia de Huacaybamba.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3344109|Huacaybamba]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2084675|Q2084675]] | | [[File:Escudo-dorado.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q2084675|El Dorado Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q11034041|San José de Sisa]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2084681|Q2084681]] | [[File:Flag of Puno.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Puno.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q2084681|Puno Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Puno in Puno.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q232842|Puno]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2084689|Q2084689]] | | | ''[[:d:Q2084689|Bellavista Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3344055|Bellavista]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2084696|Q2084696]] | [[File:Flag of Ica.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of Arms of Ica.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q2084696|Ica Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q840712|Ica]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2084862|Q2084862]] | | | ''[[:d:Q2084862|Angaraes Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3344061|Lircay]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2088810|Q2088810]] | | | ''[[:d:Q2088810|Dos de Mayo Province]]'' | [[File:Dep. Huánuco - Provincia de Dos de Mayo.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q595441|La Unión]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2088824|Q2088824]] | | | ''[[:d:Q2088824|Azángaro Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Azángaro in Puno.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2638284|Azángaro]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2088833|Q2088833]] | [[File:Bandera El Collao-Ilave.png|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de El Collao-Ilave.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q2088833|El Collao Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3348236|Ilave]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2088849|Q2088849]] | | | ''[[:d:Q2088849|Yarowilca Province]]'' | [[File:Dep. Huánuco - Provincia de Yarowilca.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3344081|Chavinillo]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2088859|Q2088859]] | [[File:Bandera de Huancavelica.png|center|48px]] | [[File:08hvescudo.jpg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q2088859|Huancavelica Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q1000333|Huancavelica]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2088871|Q2088871]] | | | ''[[:d:Q2088871|Chucuito Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Chucuito in Puno.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2588438|Juli]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2088882|Q2088882]] | | | ''[[:d:Q2088882|Yunguyo Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q2306609|Yunguyo]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2089123|Q2089123]] | | | ''[[:d:Q2089123|Moho Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q934450|Moho]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2100624|Q2100624]] | [[File:Flag of Huánuco.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo De Huanuco.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q2100624|Huánuco Province]]'' | [[File:Dep. Huánuco - Provincia de Huánuco.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q504394|Huánuco]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2281473|Q2281473]] | [[File:Bandera de Lamas.png|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Lamas.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q2281473|Lamas Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3139869|Lamas]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2287233|Q2287233]] | [[File:Flag of Sechura.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo Sechura.jpg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q2287233|Sechura Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3236446|Sechura]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2287241|Q2287241]] | | | ''[[:d:Q2287241|Talara Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q723584|Talara]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2320717|Q2320717]] | | | ''[[:d:Q2320717|Manú Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3348291|Villa Salvación]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2634400|Q2634400]] | [[File:Bandera del Callao.png|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo del Callao.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q2634400|Constitutional Province of Callao]]'' | [[File:Peru - Callao, Constitutional Province of (locator map).svg|center|48px]] | PE-CAL | ''[[:d:Q105037|Callao]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4790285|Q4790285]] | | [[File:Coat of Arms of Arica.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q4790285|Arica]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q2203|Arica]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q5240570|Q5240570]] | | | ''[[:d:Q5240570|Tarapacá]]'' | [[File:Mapa comercial del Peru - por Gabriel Cueto, 1874 - btv1b84411262.jpg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q14440|Iquique]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q6088838|Q6088838]] | | | ''[[:d:Q6088838|Moquegua Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q1000346|Moquegua]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q7685484|Q7685484]] | | | ''[[:d:Q7685484|Tarapacá]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3471546|San Lorenzo de Tarapacá]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q9063356|Q9063356]] | | | ''[[:d:Q9063356|Conchucos Province]]'' | [[File:Provincia de Conchucos (1820-1839).svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3319310|Piscobamba]]'' | |} {{Wikidata list end}} kwyn2dsfevyueob3fb8gdvrysh3n2ij 102 41382 705251 705106 2026-11-01T02:39:39Z ListeriaBot 24326 Wikidata list updated [V2] 705251 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item ?sl { ?item wdt:P171* wd:Q7377 . OPTIONAL {?item wikibase:sitelinks ?sl } . FILTER (?sl >= 50) } ORDER BY DESC(?sl) |section= |sort= |columns=number:#,item,label:Article,P225,?sl,description,P18,P31,P279,P171,P361 |thumb=48 |min_section= |links=red_only |summary=itemnumber }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! # ! item ! Article ! nomine del taxon ! ?sl ! description ! imagine ! instantia de ! subclasse de ! taxon superior immediate ! parte de |- | style='text-align:right'| 1 | [[:d:Q58697|Q58697]] | [[wild boar]] | Sus scrofa | 163 | | [[File:Wildschwein, Nähe Pulverstampftor.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Sus]] | [[Sus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2 | [[:d:Q9482|Q9482]] | [[Sciuridae]] | Sciuridae | 158 | | [[File:Sciurus carolinensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Sciuromorpha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 3 | [[:d:Q10850|Q10850]] | [[Rodent]] | Rodentia | 155 | | [[File:Tamias striatus CT.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[fur-bearing animal]] | [[Glires]]<br/>[[Simplicidentata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 4 | [[:d:Q34718|Q34718]] | [[Rhinocerotidae]] | Rhinocerotidae | 155 | | [[File:Waterberg Nashorn1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[perissodactylos]]<br/>[[Rhinocerotoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 5 | [[:d:Q34505|Q34505]] | [[Hippopotamus amphibius]] | Hippopotamus amphibius | 149 | | [[File:Portrait Hippopotamus in the water.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hippopotamus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 6 | [[:d:Q33602|Q33602]] | [[Ailuropoda melanoleuca]] | Ailuropoda melanoleuca | 146 | | [[File:Giant Panda 2004-03-2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Ursidae]] | [[Ailuropoda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 7 | [[:d:Q42046|Q42046]] | [[Hyaenidae]] | Hyaenidae | 144 | | [[File:Crocuta-hejda.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestoidea]]<br/>[[Aeluroidea]]<br/>[[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 8 | [[:d:Q46076|Q46076]] | [[Lepus]] | Lepus | 142 | | [[File:Hare Hare (20300967221).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leporidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 9 | [[:d:Q15083|Q15083]] | [[Giraffa camelopardalis]] | Giraffa camelopardalis | 140 | | [[File:Rothschild's giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi) - Murchison Falls National Park.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Giraffa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 10 | [[:d:Q36341|Q36341]] | [[Ursus arctos]] | Ursus arctos | 138 | | [[File:202309 Ezo brown bear.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[bear]] | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 11 | [[:d:Q30197|Q30197]] | [[Panthera uncia]] | Panthera uncia | 132 | | [[File:Uncia uncia.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[apex predator]]<br/>[[flagship species]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 12 | [[:d:Q35517|Q35517]] | [[Alces alces]] | Alces alces | 130 | | [[File:A male moose takes a rest in a field during a light rainshower.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Alces]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 13 | [[:d:Q36101|Q36101]] | [[Phascolarctos cinereus]] | Phascolarctos cinereus | 129 | | [[File:Koala climbing tree.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phascolarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 14 | [[:d:Q25311|Q25311]] | [[Mustela nivalis]] | Mustela nivalis | 123 | | [[File:Mustela nivalis -British Wildlife Centre-4.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 15 | [[:d:Q27066|Q27066]] | [[Meles meles]] | Meles meles | 123 | | [[File:European badger (Meles meles taxus) Drenthe.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 16 | [[:d:Q29995|Q29995]] | [[Lutra lutra]] | Lutra lutra | 122 | | [[File:Otter.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 17 | [[:d:Q83310|Q83310]] | [[Mus musculus]] | Mus musculus | 121 | | [[File:202101 Mouse.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 18 | [[:d:Q39624|Q39624]] | [[Rangifer tarandus]] | Rangifer tarandus | 121 | | [[File:Caribou.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Cervides|Cervidae]] | [[Rangifer]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 19 | [[:d:Q26843|Q26843]] | [[Orcinus orca]] | Orcinus orca | 116 | | [[File:202402 Killer whale.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Odontoceti]] | [[Orcinus]] | [[Blackfish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 20 | [[:d:Q41960|Q41960]] | [[Ailurus fulgens]] | Ailurus fulgens | 113 | | [[File:RedPanda SingalilaNationalPark DFrame.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 21 | [[:d:Q80479|Q80479]] | [[Herpestidae]] | Herpestidae | 112 | | [[File:Dwarf mongoose Korkeasaari zoo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]]<br/>[[Herpestoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 22 | [[:d:Q4388|Q4388]] | [[Sciurus vulgaris]] | Sciurus vulgaris | 111 | | [[File:Squirrel posing.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Sciurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 23 | [[:d:Q41692|Q41692]] | [[mule]] | Equus asinus × Equus caballus | 111 | | [[File:Juancito.jpg|center|48px]] | [[hybrid taxon]] | [[packhorse]]<br/>[[horse–donkey hybrid]] | [[Equus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 24 | [[:d:Q42196|Q42196]] | [[Balaenoptera musculus]] | Balaenoptera musculus | 111 | | [[File:202501 Blue whale.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Cetacea]]<br/>[[Balaenoptera physalus]] | [[Balaenoptera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 25 | [[:d:Q25345|Q25345]] | [[Mustela erminea]] | Mustela erminea | 110 | | [[File:Røyskatt (Mustela erminea erminea), Lista, Norway.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 26 | [[:d:Q30847|Q30847]] | [[Caracal caracal]] | Caracal caracal | 109 | | [[File:Caracal Caracal-001.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[big cat]] | [[Caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 27 | [[:d:Q79794|Q79794]] | [[Cervus elaphus]] | Cervus elaphus | 109 | | [[File:Cervus elaphus Luc Viatour 6.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cervus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 28 | [[:d:Q79803|Q79803]] | [[Cavia porcellus]] | Cavia porcellus | 108 | | [[File:Conill porquí gàbia.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[organismo modelo]] | [[mammifero domesticate]] | [[Cavia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 29 | [[:d:Q122069|Q122069]] | [[Capreolus capreolus]] | Capreolus capreolus | 108 | | [[File:Capreolus (js)11.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Capreolus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 30 | [[:d:Q30263|Q30263]] | [[Pinnipedia]] | Pinnipedia | 107 | | [[File:Common seal (Phoca vitulina) 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Mammiferos]] | [[Caniformia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 31 | [[:d:Q46212|Q46212]] | [[Orycteropus afer]] | Orycteropus afer | 107 | | [[File:Orycteropus afer 175359469 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[insectivore]]<br/>[[Mammiferos]] | [[Orycteropus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 32 | [[:d:Q14334|Q14334]] | [[glutton]] | Gulo gulo | 106 | mammifero carnivore | [[File:Gulo gulo 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Gulo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 33 | [[:d:Q82738|Q82738]] | [[Vulpes lagopus]] | Vulpes lagopus | 105 | | [[File:Vulpes lagopus in Iceland (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 34 | [[:d:Q41631|Q41631]] | [[Soricidae]] | Soricidae | 105 | | [[File:Southern short-tailed shrew.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eulipotyphla]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 35 | [[:d:Q159429|Q159429]] | [[Papio]] | Papio | 103 | | [[File:Olive baboon.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cercopithecinae]]<br/>[[Papionini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 36 | [[:d:Q200184|Q200184]] | [[Lutrinae]] | Lutrinae | 102 | | [[File:LutraCanadensis fullres.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 37 | [[:d:Q125525|Q125525]] | [[jackal]] | | 102 | | [[File:Golden jackal (Canis aureus indicus) male head.jpg|center|48px]] | [[organisms known by a particular common name]] | [[Canina]] | [[Canina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 38 | [[:d:Q25437|Q25437]] | [[Mustelidae]] | Mustelidae | 101 | | [[File:Marten with Flowers.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Musteloidea]]<br/>[[Caniformia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 39 | [[:d:Q128098|Q128098]] | [[Canis aureus]] | Canis aureus | 101 | | [[File:033 Golden jackal in Keoladeo National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 40 | [[:d:Q25851|Q25851]] | [[Oryctolagus cuniculus]] | Oryctolagus cuniculus | 100 | | [[File:Oryctolagus cuniculus Tasmania 2 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[conilio]] | [[Oryctolagus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 41 | [[:d:Q122783|Q122783]] | [[Ursus americanus]] | Ursus americanus | 99 | | [[File:American black bear (19647087094).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Ursidae]] | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 42 | [[:d:Q19537|Q19537]] | [[bonobo]] | Pan paniscus | 99 | specie de primate | [[File:Bonobo at Nsele Valley Park, Kinshasa, DR Congo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Chimpanze]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 43 | [[:d:Q862089|Q862089]] | [[Giraffa]] | Giraffa | 99 | | [[File:Giraffe Mikumi National Park.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Giraffina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 44 | [[:d:Q82037|Q82037]] | [[Okapia johnstoni]] | Okapia johnstoni | 98 | | [[File:Okapi and son.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Okapia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 45 | [[:d:Q25374|Q25374]] | [[perissodactylos]] | Perissodactyla | 97 | | [[File:00296 zebra.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Mammiferos]] | [[Perissodactylamorpha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 46 | [[:d:Q10798|Q10798]] | [[Sus]] | Sus | 97 | | [[File:Zwijntje.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[animal]] | [[Suini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 47 | [[:d:Q81214|Q81214]] | [[Physeter macrocephalus]] | Physeter macrocephalus | 97 | | [[File:Mother and baby sperm whale.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[whale]] | [[Physeter]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 48 | [[:d:Q123102|Q123102]] | [[Thylacinus cynocephalus]] | Thylacinus cynocephalus | 96 | | [[File:Thylacines.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Thylacinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 49 | [[:d:Q26046|Q26046]] | [[Martes martes]] | Martes martes | 96 | | [[File:Pine Marten (48173751702).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 50 | [[:d:Q2274076|Q2274076]] | [[Folivora]] | Folivora | 95 | | [[File:Bradypus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pilosa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 51 | [[:d:Q42797|Q42797]] | [[Trichechus]] | Trichechus | 95 | | [[File:Endangered Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus) (7636816484).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Trichechidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 52 | [[:d:Q185939|Q185939]] | [[Hylobatidae]] | Hylobatidae | 95 | | [[File:Hylobates lar pair of white and black 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hominoide]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 53 | [[:d:Q133006|Q133006]] | [[Elephas maximus]] | Elephas maximus | 95 | | [[File:Asian elephant - melbourne zoo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[elephante]] | [[Elephas]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 54 | [[:d:Q25401|Q25401]] | [[Lagomorpha]] | Lagomorpha | 94 | | [[File:Oryctolagus cuniculus Tasmania 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Glires]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 55 | [[:d:Q6120|Q6120]] | [[Erinaceinae]] | Erinaceinae | 93 | | [[File:Erinaceus europaeus (Linnaeus, 1758).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Erinaceidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 56 | [[:d:Q80952|Q80952]] | [[Panthera tigris tigris]] | Panthera tigris tigris | 93 | | [[File:Bengal tiger in Sanjay Dubri Tiger Reserve December 2024 by Tisha Mukherjee 05.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[tigre]] | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 57 | [[:d:Q6573|Q6573]] | [[Cricetinae]] | Cricetinae | 93 | | [[File:A pet hamster named Peach.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Cricetidae]] | [[Cricetidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 58 | [[:d:Q173128|Q173128]] | [[Mellivora capensis]] | Mellivora capensis | 92 | | [[File:Honey badger.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mellivora]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 59 | [[:d:Q134015|Q134015]] | [[Suricata suricatta]] | Suricata suricatta | 92 | | [[File:Meerkat (Suricata suricatta).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Suricata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 60 | [[:d:Q173651|Q173651]] | [[Lycaon pictus]] | Lycaon pictus | 92 | | [[File:Lycaon pictus (Temminck, 1820).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycaon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 61 | [[:d:Q124410|Q124410]] | [[Ursus thibetanus]] | Ursus thibetanus | 91 | | [[File:Ursus thibetanus 3 (Wroclaw zoo).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus]]<br/>[[Selenarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 62 | [[:d:Q166794|Q166794]] | [[Otocolobus manul]] | Otocolobus manul | 90 | | [[File:Otocolobus manul -Zurich Zoo-8a.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Otocolobus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 63 | [[:d:Q104825|Q104825]] | [[Talpidae]] | Talpidae | 90 | | [[File:Talpa europaea MHNT.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eulipotyphla]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 64 | [[:d:Q177601|Q177601]] | [[Macaca]] | Macaca | 90 | | [[File:Bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata) Photograph By Shantanu Kuveskar.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cercopithecinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 65 | [[:d:Q36557|Q36557]] | [[Loxodonta africana]] | Loxodonta africana | 90 | | [[File:178 Male African bush elephant in Etosha National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Loxodonta]] | [[Loxodonta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 66 | [[:d:Q47867|Q47867]] | [[Dasypodidae]] | Dasypodidae | 89 | | [[File:Nine-banded Armadillo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cingulata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 67 | [[:d:Q26838|Q26838]] | [[Lepus europaeus]] | Lepus europaeus | 89 | | [[File:European Brown Hare (50341079472).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eulagos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 68 | [[:d:Q166898|Q166898]] | [[Suidae]] | Suidae | 89 | | [[File:Lightmatter unidentified pig-like animal.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Suina]]<br/>[[Suoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 69 | [[:d:Q172923|Q172923]] | [[Capra]] | Capra | 89 | | [[File:Bouquetin01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caprini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 70 | [[:d:Q25431|Q25431]] | [[Sirenia]] | Sirenia | 88 | | [[File:FL fig04.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Placentarios]]<br/>[[Mammiferos]]<br/>[[Tethytheria]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 71 | [[:d:Q28521|Q28521]] | [[Mustela]] | Mustela | 88 | | [[File:Mustela species mosaic.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 72 | [[:d:Q38584|Q38584]] | [[Canis lupus dingo]] | Canis familiaris dingo | 88 | | [[File:Dingo Side.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[racia can]]<br/>[[organisms known by a particular common name]] | [[feral dog]] | [[Canis familiaris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 73 | [[:d:Q103237|Q103237]] | [[Australopithecus]] | Australopithecus | 88 | | [[File:Australopithecus Afarensis - Transparent Background.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Australopithecinae]]<br/>[[Australopithecine]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 74 | [[:d:Q131564|Q131564]] | [[Vulpes zerda]] | Vulpes zerda | 87 | | [[File:Fennec Fox (9163009503).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 75 | [[:d:Q132585|Q132585]] | [[Cuon alpinus]] | Cuon alpinus | 87 | | [[File:Dhole (Asiatic wild dog) cropped.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cuon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 76 | [[:d:Q26533|Q26533]] | [[Martes]] | Martes | 86 | | [[File:Martes martes crop.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Guloninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 77 | [[:d:Q185194|Q185194]] | [[Vulpes]] | Vulpes | 86 | | [[File:Genus vulpes.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpini]]<br/>[[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 78 | [[:d:Q26423|Q26423]] | [[Martes zibellina]] | Martes zibellina | 86 | | [[File:Sobol bur.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 79 | [[:d:Q128001|Q128001]] | [[Tapirus]] | Tapirus | 86 | | [[File:Malayan Tapir.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tapiridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 80 | [[:d:Q26283|Q26283]] | [[Ondatra zibethicus]] | Ondatra zibethicus | 86 | | [[File:Ondatra zibethicus FWS.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ondatra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 81 | [[:d:Q159918|Q159918]] | [[Ceratotherium simum]] | Ceratotherium simum | 86 | | [[File:White rhinoceros africa.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ceratotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 82 | [[:d:Q132905|Q132905]] | [[Megaptera novaeangliae]] | Megaptera novaeangliae | 86 | | [[File:202312 Humpback whale.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Megaptera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 83 | [[:d:Q21834|Q21834]] | [[Didelphidae]] | Didelphidae | 85 | | [[File:Opossum 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Didelphimorphia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 84 | [[:d:Q26582|Q26582]] | [[Mustela putorius]] | Mustela putorius | 85 | | [[File:Ilder.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 85 | [[:d:Q95036|Q95036]] | [[Diceros bicornis]] | Diceros bicornis | 85 | | [[File:2012 Black Rhinoceros Gemsbokvlakte.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Diceros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 86 | [[:d:Q184004|Q184004]] | [[Ovibos moschatus]] | Ovibos moschatus | 85 | | [[File:Ovibos moschatus qtl3.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ovibos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 87 | [[:d:Q159857|Q159857]] | [[Dama dama]] | Dama dama | 85 | | [[File:Fallow deer in field.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[deer]] | [[Dama]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 88 | [[:d:Q132072|Q132072]] | [[Delphinapterus leucas]] | Delphinapterus leucas | 85 | | [[File:Beluga oceanografic.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Delphinapterus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 89 | [[:d:Q21824|Q21824]] | [[echidna]] | Tachyglossidae | 84 | | [[File:Tachyglossus aculeatus side on.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Monotremas|Monotremata]]<br/>[[Ornithorhynchoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 90 | [[:d:Q69581|Q69581]] | [[Panthera tigris altaica]] | Panthera tigris altaica | 84 | | [[File:P.t.altaica Tomak Male.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 91 | [[:d:Q5452918|Q5452918]] | [[Simiiformes]] | Simiiformes | 84 | | [[File:Simiiformes.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Haplorrhini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 92 | [[:d:Q131340|Q131340]] | [[Rupicapra rupicapra]] | Rupicapra rupicapra | 84 | | [[File:064 Wild Chamois Parc régional Chasseral Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Rupicapra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 93 | [[:d:Q23175|Q23175]] | [[Vombatidae]] | Vombatidae | 83 | | [[File:Vombatus ursinus (Wombat in snow).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vombatiformes]]<br/>[[Vombatoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 94 | [[:d:Q6145|Q6145]] | [[Erinaceus europaeus]] | Erinaceus europaeus | 83 | | [[File:Erinaceus europaeus (Linnaeus, 1758).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Erinaceus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 95 | [[:d:Q42627|Q42627]] | [[Prionailurus bengalensis]] | Prionailurus bengalensis | 83 | | [[File:Close-up of a Leopard Cat in Sundarban.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 96 | [[:d:Q36135|Q36135]] | [[Neofelis nebulosa]] | Neofelis nebulosa | 83 | | [[File:Clouded Leopard (205918213).jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 97 | [[:d:Q129544|Q129544]] | [[Dugong dugon]] | Dugong dugon | 82 | | [[File:Dugong Marsa Alam.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Dugong]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 98 | [[:d:Q27366|Q27366]] | [[Martes foina]] | Martes foina | 82 | | [[File:Beech Marten.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 99 | [[:d:Q133189|Q133189]] | [[Nyctereutes procyonoides]] | Nyctereutes procyonoides | 82 | | [[File:Енотовидная собака Гродно (cropped 2).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nyctereutes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 100 | [[:d:Q129727|Q129727]] | [[Lynx pardinus]] | Lynx pardinus | 81 | | [[File:Lince ibérico (Lynx pardinus), Almuradiel, Ciudad Real, España, 2021-12-19, DD 07.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx (taxon)]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 101 | [[:d:Q144923|Q144923]] | [[Helarctos malayanus]] | Helarctos malayanus | 81 | | [[File:Sitting sun bear.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Helarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 102 | [[:d:Q184224|Q184224]] | [[Rattus norvegicus]] | Rattus norvegicus | 81 | | [[File:A river rat.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[organismo modelo]] | | [[Ratto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 103 | [[:d:Q180404|Q180404]] | [[Cervus canadensis]] | Cervus canadensis | 81 | | [[File:Jasper.Wapiti-Hirsch.P1033401.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cervus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 104 | [[:d:Q46889|Q46889]] | [[Bos primigenius indicus]] | Bos primigenius indicus | 81 | | [[File:A well-fed bull in Kuno WS AJTJ P1070807.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[milk yielding animal]] | [[Bos taurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 105 | [[:d:Q147114|Q147114]] | [[Procyonidae]] | Procyonidae | 80 | | [[File:Procyonidae-01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Musteloidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 106 | [[:d:Q182347|Q182347]] | [[leon asiatic]] | Panthera leo persica | 80 | | [[File:Asiatic Lioness in Gir Forest.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 107 | [[:d:Q971343|Q971343]] | [[Microchiroptera]] | Microchiroptera | 79 | | [[File:Big-eared-townsend-fledermaus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vespertilion|Chiroptera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 108 | [[:d:Q41407|Q41407]] | [[Enhydra lutris]] | Enhydra lutris | 79 | | [[File:Otter in Seward, Alaska, April 2017.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Enhydra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 109 | [[:d:Q209067|Q209067]] | [[Talpa europaea]] | Talpa europaea | 78 | | [[File:Talpa europaea MHNT.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Talpa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 110 | [[:d:Q126683|Q126683]] | [[Saiga tatarica]] | Saiga tatarica | 78 | | [[File:Saiga antelope at the Stepnoi Sanctuary.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Saiga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 111 | [[:d:Q10867|Q10867]] | [[Phocoenidae]] | Phocoenidae | 78 | | [[File:Porpoise 042.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Delphinoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 112 | [[:d:Q185864|Q185864]] | [[Viverridae]] | Viverridae | 77 | | [[File:Genetta genetta felina (Wroclaw zoo).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 113 | [[:d:Q178089|Q178089]] | [[Crocuta crocuta]] | Crocuta crocuta | 77 | | [[File:Hiena manchada (Crocuta crocuta), parque nacional Kruger, Sudáfrica, 2018-07-26, DD 22.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Crocuta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 114 | [[:d:Q171004|Q171004]] | [[Ursus arctos horribilis]] | Ursus arctos horribilis | 77 | | [[File:Grizzly Denali edit.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 115 | [[:d:Q185038|Q185038]] | [[Loxodonta]] | Loxodonta | 77 | | [[File:African Bush Elephant.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[elephante]] | [[Elephante|Elephantidae]]<br/>[[Loxodontini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 116 | [[:d:Q174296|Q174296]] | [[Gauro]] | Bos gaurus | 77 | | [[File:Gaur Indian Bison.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 117 | [[:d:Q47910|Q47910]] | [[Rhinoceros unicornis]] | Rhinoceros unicornis | 77 | | [[File:Greater one-horned rhinoceros at Chitwan.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Mammiferos]] | [[Rhinoceros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 118 | [[:d:Q190858|Q190858]] | [[Gazella]] | Gazella | 77 | | [[File:Chinkara - Shreeram M V - Bikaner.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Antilopini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 119 | [[:d:Q185231|Q185231]] | [[Mirounga]] | Mirounga | 76 | | [[File:Mirounga leonina.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Monachinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 120 | [[:d:Q42602|Q42602]] | [[felinos]] | Felinae | 76 | | [[File:Felinae diversity 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 121 | [[:d:Q146457|Q146457]] | [[Lynx canadensis]] | Lynx canadensis | 76 | | [[File:Canada lynx by Michael Zahra.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx (taxon)]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 122 | [[:d:Q187704|Q187704]] | [[Myocastor coypus]] | Myocastor coypus | 76 | | [[File:202401 Myocastor coypus.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Myocastor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 123 | [[:d:Q156606|Q156606]] | [[Macaca mulatta]] | Macaca mulatta | 76 | | [[File:112 Baby rhesus macaque in Jim Corbett National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[organismo modelo]] | | [[Macaca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 124 | [[:d:Q26547|Q26547]] | [[Yak salvage]] | Bos mutus | 76 | | [[File:Wild Yak Stuffed.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[taxon synonyme]] | | [[Bos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 125 | [[:d:Q23193|Q23193]] | [[Macropodidae]] | Macropodidae | 75 | | [[File:Kangaroo.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Macropodiformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 126 | [[:d:Q27179|Q27179]] | [[Neovison vison]] | Neogale vison | 75 | | [[File:American Mink.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison]]<br/>[[Neogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 127 | [[:d:Q190674|Q190674]] | [[Prionailurus viverrinus]] | Prionailurus viverrinus | 75 | | [[File:Prionailurus viverrinus 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 128 | [[:d:Q192231|Q192231]] | [[Caracal aurata]] | Profelis aurata | 75 | | [[File:FelisAurataKeulemans.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 129 | [[:d:Q182968|Q182968]] | [[Cercopithecidae]] | Cercopithecidae | 75 | | [[File:Olive baboon Ngorongoro.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cercopithecoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 130 | [[:d:Q183339|Q183339]] | [[Antilope cervicapra]] | Antilope cervicapra | 75 | | [[File:Blackbuck in Tal Chhapar Sanctuary November 2025 by Tisha Mukherjee 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Antilope]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 131 | [[:d:Q213084|Q213084]] | [[Antidorcas marsupialis]] | Antidorcas marsupialis | 75 | | [[File:174 Male Springbok in Etosha National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Antidorcas]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 132 | [[:d:Q26559|Q26559]] | [[Mustela lutreola]] | Mustela lutreola | 74 | | [[File:Europäischer Nerz.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 133 | [[:d:Q188657|Q188657]] | [[Hyaena hyaena]] | Hyaena hyaena | 74 | | [[File:Museo della Specola (Florence) - Hyaena hyaena.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hyaena]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 134 | [[:d:Q180035|Q180035]] | [[Lepus timidus]] | Lepus timidus | 74 | | [[File:Lepus timidus in Volgograd Oblast.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lepus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 135 | [[:d:Q190516|Q190516]] | [[Cervus nippon]] | Cervus nippon | 74 | | [[File:202308 Japanese deer.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cervus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 136 | [[:d:Q182304|Q182304]] | [[Puma yagouaroundi]] | Puma yagouaroundi | 73 | | [[File:Puma yagouaroundi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 137 | [[:d:Q108235|Q108235]] | [[Gliridae]] | Gliridae | 73 | | [[File:Graphiurus spec -murinus-1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Sciuromorpha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 138 | [[:d:Q29220|Q29220]] | [[Dicerorhinus sumatrensis]] | Dicerorhinus sumatrensis | 73 | | [[File:Sumatran Rhino 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Dicerorhinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 139 | [[:d:Q216815|Q216815]] | [[Taurotragus oryx]] | Taurotragus oryx | 73 | | [[File:Taurotragus oryx - young bull - Etosha 2015.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Taurotragus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 140 | [[:d:Q168327|Q168327]] | [[Capra ibex]] | Capra ibex | 73 | | [[File:094 Wild female Alpine Ibex at Creux du Van (crop) Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Capra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 141 | [[:d:Q174199|Q174199]] | [[Tursiops truncatus]] | Tursiops truncatus | 73 | | [[File:Tursiops truncatus 01-cropped.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tursiops]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 142 | [[:d:Q26913|Q26913]] | [[Phoca vitulina]] | Phoca vitulina | 72 | | [[File:Common Seal Phoca vitulina.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoca (genere)|Phoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 143 | [[:d:Q185295|Q185295]] | [[Proteles cristata]] | Proteles cristata | 72 | | [[File:Proteles cristatus1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Proteles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 144 | [[:d:Q145016|Q145016]] | [[Melursus ursinus]] | Melursus ursinus | 72 | | [[File:SlothBear.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Melursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 145 | [[:d:Q231550|Q231550]] | [[Scandentia]] | Scandentia | 72 | | [[File:Tupaia belangeri -Kaeng Krachan.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Euarchonta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 146 | [[:d:Q192930|Q192930]] | [[Chinchilla]] | Chinchilla | 72 | | [[File:Chinchilla lanigera (Wroclaw zoo)-2.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Rodent]] | [[Chinchillidae]]<br/>[[Chinchillinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 147 | [[:d:Q186778|Q186778]] | [[Daubentonia madagascariensis]] | Daubentonia madagascariensis | 72 | | [[File:Aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis), Tsimbazaza Zoo, Madagascar (3897947810).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Daubentonia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 148 | [[:d:Q185385|Q185385]] | [[Lemur catta]] | Lemur catta | 72 | | [[File:Lemur catta 001.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lemur]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 149 | [[:d:Q180960|Q180960]] | [[Equus hemionus]] | Equus hemionus | 72 | | [[File:Kulan (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Equus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 150 | [[:d:Q189514|Q189514]] | [[Loxodonta cyclotis]] | Loxodonta cyclotis | 71 | | [[File:Loxodontacyclotis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Loxodonta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 151 | [[:d:Q186267|Q186267]] | [[Ovis ammon]] | Ovis ammon | 71 | | [[File:Ovis ammon (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ovis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 152 | [[:d:Q179020|Q179020]] | [[Balaenoptera physalus]] | Balaenoptera physalus | 71 | | [[File:Finhval.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Balaenidae]] | [[Balaenoptera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 153 | [[:d:Q243359|Q243359]] | [[Ursus]] | Ursus | 70 | | [[File:Black bear large.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 154 | [[:d:Q147128|Q147128]] | [[Glis glis]] | Glis glis | 70 | | [[File:Glis glis 4058.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Glis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 155 | [[:d:Q26332|Q26332]] | [[Diprotodontia]] | Diprotodontia | 69 | | [[File:Macropus agilis - 02.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mammiferos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 156 | [[:d:Q230177|Q230177]] | [[Pantherinae]] | Pantherinae | 69 | | [[File:Jaguar head shot.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 157 | [[:d:Q183330|Q183330]] | [[Cryptoprocta ferox]] | Cryptoprocta ferox | 69 | | [[File:Cryptoprocta Ferox.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cryptoprocta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 158 | [[:d:Q213141|Q213141]] | [[Arctictis binturong]] | Arctictis binturong | 69 | | [[File:Binturong in Overloon.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 159 | [[:d:Q187024|Q187024]] | [[Vulpes corsac]] | Vulpes corsac | 69 | | [[File:Vulpes corsac.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 160 | [[:d:Q188717|Q188717]] | [[Smilodon]] | Smilodon | 69 | | [[File:Smilodon californicus mount.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Smilodontini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 161 | [[:d:Q185239|Q185239]] | [[Galagidae]] | Galagidae | 69 | | [[File:Greater Bush Baby.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lorisiformes]]<br/>[[Lorisoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 162 | [[:d:Q106133|Q106133]] | [[Rattus rattus]] | Rattus rattus | 69 | | [[File:20191212 Szczury w Świątyni Karni Maty w Deśnok 1038 8111 DxO.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ratto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 163 | [[:d:Q200444|Q200444]] | [[Boselaphus tragocamelus]] | Boselaphus tragocamelus | 69 | | [[File:Female neelgai 1 gir 2006 karthick.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Boselaphus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 164 | [[:d:Q185230|Q185230]] | [[Pteropodidae]] | Pteropodidae | 68 | | [[File:Pteropus conspicillatus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vespertilion|Chiroptera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 165 | [[:d:Q178973|Q178973]] | [[Mustela putorius furo]] | Mustela furo | 68 | | [[File:202305 Mustela putorius furo.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 166 | [[:d:Q18764|Q18764]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus | 68 | | [[File:Asian palm civet in Rabindra Sarobar October 2024 by Tisha Mukherjee 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 167 | [[:d:Q214835|Q214835]] | [[Vulpes bengalensis]] | Vulpes bengalensis | 68 | | [[File:Bengal Fox - Shreeram M V - Rajasthan, India.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 168 | [[:d:Q182573|Q182573]] | [[liger]] | Panthera leo × Panthera tigris | 68 | | [[File:Liger couple.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[hybrid]] | [[Panthera hybrid]] | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 169 | [[:d:Q187927|Q187927]] | [[Capra falconeri]] | Capra falconeri | 68 | | [[File:Markhor Schraubenziege Capra falconeri Zoo Augsburg-02.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Capra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 170 | [[:d:Q186154|Q186154]] | [[Giraffidae]] | Giraffidae | 68 | | [[File:Okapi.bristol.600pix.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Giraffoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 171 | [[:d:Q174652|Q174652]] | [[Balaena mysticetus]] | Balaena mysticetus | 68 | | [[File:Bowheads42.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Balaena]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 172 | [[:d:Q130942|Q130942]] | [[Theria]] | Theria | 67 | | [[File:Theria.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Boreosphenida]]<br/>[[Holotheria]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 173 | [[:d:Q82261|Q82261]] | [[Haplorrhini]] | Haplorhini | 67 | | [[File:Totenkopfaeffchen.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[primate]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 174 | [[:d:Q82265|Q82265]] | [[Strepsirrhini]] | Strepsirrhini | 67 | | [[File:Propithecus verreauxi.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[primate]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 175 | [[:d:Q232866|Q232866]] | [[Tayassuidae]] | Tayassuidae | 67 | | [[File:Collared peccary02 - melbourne zoo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Suina]]<br/>[[artiodactylos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 176 | [[:d:Q199251|Q199251]] | [[Spermophilus]] | Spermophilus | 67 | | [[File:Europäischer Ziesel in Hockstellung.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Marmotini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 177 | [[:d:Q199962|Q199962]] | [[Macaca sylvanus]] | Macaca sylvanus | 67 | | [[File:Portrait of a father.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Macaca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 178 | [[:d:Q13408062|Q13408062]] | [[Yak domestic]] | Bos grunniens | 67 | | [[File:Bos grunniens at Letdar on Annapurna Circuit.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 179 | [[:d:Q189868|Q189868]] | [[Mandrillus sphinx]] | Mandrillus sphinx | 67 | | [[File:Mandrill (4531340530).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mandrillus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 180 | [[:d:Q192029|Q192029]] | [[Nasalis larvatus]] | Nasalis larvatus | 67 | specie de mammifero | [[File:Proboscis Monkey in Borneo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Nasalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 181 | [[:d:Q190154|Q190154]] | [[Addax nasomaculatus]] | Addax nasomaculatus | 67 | | [[File:Addax (Addax nasomaculatus) adult male and juvenile.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Addax]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 182 | [[:d:Q232054|Q232054]] | [[Axis axis]] | Axis axis | 67 | | [[File:Chital in Sundarbans National Park July 2025 by Tisha Mukherjee 02.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Axis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 183 | [[:d:Q726151|Q726151]] | [[Setonix brachyurus]] | Setonix brachyurus | 66 | | [[File:Rottnest Quokka 2004 SeanMcClean.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Setonix]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 184 | [[:d:Q1231177|Q1231177]] | [[Ungulata]] | Ungulata | 66 | | [[File:Donkey in Clovelly, North Devon, England.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Tetrapoda]] | [[Placentarios]]<br/>[[Epitheria]]<br/>[[Fereuungulata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 185 | [[:d:Q80191|Q80191]] | [[catto marmorate]] | Pardofelis marmorata | 66 | | [[File:Marbled cat borneo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pardofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 186 | [[:d:Q184067|Q184067]] | [[Ochotona]] | Ochotona | 66 | | [[File:American pika (ochotona princeps) with a mouthful of flowers.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ochotonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 187 | [[:d:Q193061|Q193061]] | [[Cricetidae]] | Cricetidae | 66 | | [[File:European hamster in Vienna.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Rodent]] | [[Muroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 188 | [[:d:Q186462|Q186462]] | [[Lemuridae]] | Lemuridae | 66 | | [[File:Eulemur coronatus Madagascar 16-07-2004.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lemuroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 189 | [[:d:Q22110899|Q22110899]] | [[Choeropsis liberiensis]] | Choeropsis liberiensis | 66 | | [[File:Pygmy hippopotamus pair.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Choeropsis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 190 | [[:d:Q105777|Q105777]] | [[Homo ergaster]] | Homo ergaster | 66 | | [[File:Homo ergaster.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Homo (taxon)|Homo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 191 | [[:d:Q210872|Q210872]] | [[Platanista gangetica]] | Platanista gangetica | 66 | | [[File:Ganges River Dolphin cropped.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Platanista]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 192 | [[:d:Q188130|Q188130]] | [[Lipotes vexillifer]] | Lipotes vexillifer | 66 | | [[File:Baiji Dolphin killed by Charles Hoy 1914.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lipotes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 193 | [[:d:Q27370|Q27370]] | [[Halichoerus grypus]] | Halichoerus grypus | 65 | | [[File:Halichoerus grypus male.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Halichoerus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 194 | [[:d:Q9490|Q9490]] | [[Pteromyini]] | Pteromyini | 65 | | [[File:Glaucomys sabrinus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Sciurinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 195 | [[:d:Q229337|Q229337]] | [[Rusa unicolor]] | Rusa unicolor | 65 | | [[File:A Sambal Deer at Peace.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Rusa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 196 | [[:d:Q45969|Q45969]] | [[Equus quagga quagga]] | Equus quagga quagga | 65 | | [[File:Berlin Quagga.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Equus quagga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 197 | [[:d:Q187943|Q187943]] | [[Antilocapra americana]] | Antilocapra americana | 65 | | [[File:Antilocapra americana female (Wyoming, 2012).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Antilocapra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 198 | [[:d:Q186663|Q186663]] | [[Hydrurga leptonyx]] | Hydrurga leptonyx | 64 | | [[File:Hydrurga leptonyx edit1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hydrurga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 199 | [[:d:Q241256|Q241256]] | [[Civettictis civetta]] | Civettictis civetta | 64 | | [[File:African civet.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Civettictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 200 | [[:d:Q191129|Q191129]] | [[Panthera tigris sumatrae]] | Panthera tigris sumatrae | 64 | | [[File:Sumatran Tiger Berlin Tierpark.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 201 | [[:d:Q231625|Q231625]] | [[Lepus arcticus]] | Lepus arcticus | 64 | | [[File:Arctic Hare 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lepus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 202 | [[:d:Q188949|Q188949]] | [[Coelodonta antiquitatis]] | Coelodonta antiquitatis | 64 | | [[File:Coelodonta antiquitatis .jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Coelodonta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 203 | [[:d:Q234121|Q234121]] | [[Muntiacus]] | Muntiacus | 64 | | [[File:Muntiacus reevesi, Cologne Zoo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Muntiacini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 204 | [[:d:Q207114|Q207114]] | [[Delphinus delphis]] | Delphinus delphis | 64 | | [[File:Delphinus delphis 326708883.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Delphinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 205 | [[:d:Q972452|Q972452]] | [[Vermilingua]] | Vermilingua | 63 | | [[File:DirkvdM tamandua.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pilosa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 206 | [[:d:Q203033|Q203033]] | [[Myrmecophaga tridactyla]] | Myrmecophaga tridactyla | 63 | | [[File:Giant anteater at MAV-USP.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Myrmecophaga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 207 | [[:d:Q208549|Q208549]] | [[Monachus monachus]] | Monachus monachus | 63 | | [[File:Billy monk seal 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Monachus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 208 | [[:d:Q184389|Q184389]] | [[Chrysocyon brachyurus]] | Chrysocyon brachyurus | 63 | | [[File:Chrysocyon brachyurus no Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra por Celso Ferrarezi Jr (07).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Chrysocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 209 | [[:d:Q302006|Q302006]] | [[Hystricidae]] | Hystricidae | 63 | | [[File:Porcupine Berlin Zoo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[porcupine]] | [[Hystricognathi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 210 | [[:d:Q8535351|Q8535351]] | [[Tragulidae]] | Tragulidae | 63 | | [[File:Mouse-deer Singapore Zoo 2012.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tragulina]]<br/>[[artiodactylos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 211 | [[:d:Q191781|Q191781]] | [[Macaca fuscata]] | Macaca fuscata | 63 | | [[File:202308 Japanese macaque.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[monkey]] | [[Macaca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 212 | [[:d:Q189484|Q189484]] | [[Papio hamadryas]] | Papio hamadryas | 63 | | [[File:Hamadryas baboon (Papio hamadryas) female.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Papio]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 213 | [[:d:Q242602|Q242602]] | [[Oreamnos americanus]] | Oreamnos americanus | 63 | | [[File:Mountain Goat Mount Massive.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Oreamnos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 214 | [[:d:Q193469|Q193469]] | [[Budorcas taxicolor]] | Budorcas taxicolor | 63 | | [[File:Budorcas taxicolor01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Budorcas]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 215 | [[:d:Q219565|Q219565]] | [[Equus grevyi]] | Equus grevyi | 63 | | [[File:Equus grevyi in Samburu.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Equus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 216 | [[:d:Q3699044|Q3699044]] | [[Woolly Mammoth]] | Mammuthus primigenius | 63 | | [[File:202003 Woolly mammoth.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mammuthus|Mammut]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 217 | [[:d:Q232829|Q232829]] | [[Balaenopteridae]] | Balaenopteridae | 63 | | [[File:Humpback Whale underwater shot.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Balaenopteroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 218 | [[:d:Q179154|Q179154]] | [[Eschrichtius robustus]] | Eschrichtius robustus | 63 | | [[File:Gray whale.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eschrichtius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 219 | [[:d:Q3887135|Q3887135]] | [[Otariinae]] | Otariinae | 62 | | [[File:California sea lion in La Jolla (70568).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Otariidae]] | [[Otariidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 220 | [[:d:Q204322|Q204322]] | [[Felis bieti]] | Felis bieti | 62 | | [[File:Chinese Mountain Cat (Felis Bieti) in XiNing Wild Zoo 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cattos|catto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 221 | [[:d:Q200400|Q200400]] | [[Otocyon megalotis]] | Otocyon megalotis | 62 | | [[File:187 Bat-eared fox in Otjozondjupa Region Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Otocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 222 | [[:d:Q273071|Q273071]] | [[Dipodidae]] | Dipodidae | 62 | | [[File:Jaculus orientalis Plzen zoo 02.2011.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Dipodoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 223 | [[:d:Q207148|Q207148]] | [[Muscardinus avellanarius]] | Muscardinus avellanarius | 62 | | [[File:Hazel dormouse (Muscardinus avellanarius), Skole, Lviv Oblast, Ukraine (50540055351) (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Muscardinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 224 | [[:d:Q139487|Q139487]] | [[Tragelaphus strepsiceros]] | Tragelaphus strepsiceros | 62 | | [[File:Greater kudu skeleton at MAV-USP.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Kudu]] | [[Tragelaphus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 225 | [[:d:Q243213|Q243213]] | [[Equus zebra]] | Equus zebra | 62 | | [[File:Equus zebra - Disney's Animal Kingdom Lodge, Orlando, Florida, USA - 20100119.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Equus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 226 | [[:d:Q192993|Q192993]] | [[Homo erectus erectus]] | Homo erectus erectus | 62 | | [[File:Javamensch Replik Rosensteinmuseum.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Homo erectus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 227 | [[:d:Q185097|Q185097]] | [[Balaenoptera borealis]] | Balaenoptera borealis | 62 | | [[File:Balaenoptera borealis 3.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Balaenoptera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 228 | [[:d:Q28157482|Q28157482]] | [[Parahyaena brunnea]] | Parahyaena brunnea | 61 | | [[File:Brown Hyena (Parahyaena brunnea) (6472940707).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Parahyaena]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 229 | [[:d:Q192742|Q192742]] | [[Panthera tigris corbetti]] | Panthera tigris corbetti | 61 | | [[File:Indochinese tiger in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 230 | [[:d:Q208561|Q208561]] | [[Papio anubis]] | Papio anubis | 61 | | [[File:Male Olive Baboon 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Papio]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 231 | [[:d:Q623434|Q623434]] | [[Kobus ellipsiprymnus]] | Kobus ellipsiprymnus | 61 | | [[File:Antílope acuático (Kobus ellipsiprymnus), parque nacional de Chobe, Botsuana, 2018-07-28, DD 49.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Kobus]] | [[Wasserbock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 232 | [[:d:Q213889|Q213889]] | [[Symphalangus syndactylus]] | Symphalangus syndactylus | 61 | | [[File:Siamang 2014.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Symphalangus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 233 | [[:d:Q644255|Q644255]] | [[Cervus]] | Cervus | 61 | | [[File:Cervus elaphus Luc Viatour 6.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cervini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 234 | [[:d:Q45931|Q45931]] | [[Peking Man]] | Homo erectus pekinensis | 61 | | [[File:Sinathropus pekinensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Homo erectus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 235 | [[:d:Q27027|Q27027]] | [[Phocoena phocoena]] | Phocoena phocoena | 61 | | [[File:Daan Close Up.PNG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocoena]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 236 | [[:d:Q213333|Q213333]] | [[Dasyuromorphia]] | Dasyuromorphia | 60 | | [[File:Dasyurus maculatus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Australidelphia]]<br/>[[Marsupiales|Marsupialia]]<br/>[[Mammiferos]]<br/>[[Agreodontia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 237 | [[:d:Q190691|Q190691]] | [[Desmodontinae]] | Desmodontinae | 60 | | [[File:Desmo-boden.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phyllostomidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 238 | [[:d:Q43221|Q43221]] | [[Genetta]] | Genetta | 60 | | [[File:Genetta genetta felina (Wroclaw zoo).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 239 | [[:d:Q147267|Q147267]] | [[Didelphis virginiana]] | Didelphis virginiana | 60 | | [[File:Opossum 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Didelphis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 240 | [[:d:Q149405|Q149405]] | [[Erignathus barbatus]] | Erignathus barbatus | 60 | | [[File:Bartrobbe 3-2002.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Pinnipedia]] | [[Erignathus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 241 | [[:d:Q254630|Q254630]] | [[kinkajou]] | Potos flavus | 60 | | [[File:Potos flavus (22985770100).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Potos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 242 | [[:d:Q185401|Q185401]] | [[Panthera tigris balica]] | Panthera tigris balica | 60 | | [[File:BaronOscarVojnich3Nov1911Ti.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 243 | [[:d:Q237260|Q237260]] | [[Ursus arctos middendorffi]] | Ursus arctos middendorffi | 60 | | [[File:2010-kodiak-bear-1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 244 | [[:d:Q188957|Q188957]] | [[Canis simensis]] | Canis simensis | 60 | | [[File:Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis citernii) 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 245 | [[:d:Q30359|Q30359]] | [[Cynomys]] | Cynomys | 60 | | [[File:Black-Tailed Prairie Dog Eating.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Marmotini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 246 | [[:d:Q258244|Q258244]] | [[Ateles]] | Ateles | 60 | | [[File:Ateles fusciceps Colombia.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Atelinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 247 | [[:d:Q193400|Q193400]] | [[Tragelaphus eurycerus]] | Tragelaphus eurycerus | 60 | | [[File:Bongo Burger Zoo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tragelaphus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 248 | [[:d:Q622880|Q622880]] | [[Alcelaphus buselaphus]] | Alcelaphus buselaphus | 60 | | [[File:Coke's Hartebeest, running.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Alcelaphus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 249 | [[:d:Q207043|Q207043]] | [[Oryx gazella]] | Oryx gazella | 60 | | [[File:Gemsbok (Oryx gazella) female ... (50917402268).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Oryx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 250 | [[:d:Q212185|Q212185]] | [[Apodemus sylvaticus]] | Apodemus sylvaticus | 60 | | [[File:Apodemus sylvaticus (Sardinia).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Apodemus]]<br/>[[Sylvaemus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 251 | [[:d:Q215887|Q215887]] | [[Odocoileus virginianus]] | Odocoileus virginianus | 60 | | [[File:White tailed doe odocoileus virginianus standing alertly in low brush and looking.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Odocoileus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 252 | [[:d:Q208112|Q208112]] | [[Litocranius walleri]] | Litocranius walleri | 60 | | [[File:Giraffe gazelle africa.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Litocranius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 253 | [[:d:Q201808|Q201808]] | [[Balaenoptera acutorostrata]] | Balaenoptera acutorostrata | 60 | | [[File:Balaenoptera-acutorostrata.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Balaenoptera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 254 | [[:d:Q205329|Q205329]] | [[Inia geoffrensis]] | Inia geoffrensis | 60 | | [[File:Amazonas Flussdelfin Apure Orinoco Duisburg 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Inia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 255 | [[:d:Q191737|Q191737]] | [[Speothos venaticus]] | Speothos venaticus | 59 | | [[File:Bush dog.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Speothos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 256 | [[:d:Q309274|Q309274]] | [[Prionailurus rubiginosus]] | Prionailurus rubiginosus | 59 | | [[File:Rostkatze.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 257 | [[:d:Q188535|Q188535]] | [[Panthera tigris virgata]] | Panthera tigris virgata | 59 | | [[File:Panthera tigris virgata.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 258 | [[:d:Q192967|Q192967]] | [[Panthera pardus orientalis]] | Panthera pardus orientalis | 59 | | [[File:Amur Leopard Panthera pardus orientalis Facing Forward 1761px.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 259 | [[:d:Q237157|Q237157]] | [[Platyrrhini]] | Platyrrhini | 59 | | [[File:BrownSpiderMonkey (edit2).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Simiiformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 260 | [[:d:Q243339|Q243339]] | [[Pteromys volans]] | Pteromys volans | 59 | | [[File:Lendorava pabulad.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pteromys]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 261 | [[:d:Q192272|Q192272]] | [[Mammut]] | Mammut | 59 | | [[File:American mastodon with calf.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mammutidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 262 | [[:d:Q208140|Q208140]] | [[Equus africanus]] | Equus africanus | 59 | | [[File:African wild Ass.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Equus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 263 | [[:d:Q271459|Q271459]] | [[Mustela sibirica]] | Mustela sibirica | 58 | | [[File:Mustela sibirica Russia5.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 264 | [[:d:Q70529|Q70529]] | [[Vormela peregusna]] | Vormela peregusna | 58 | | [[File:Marbled Polecat, Suzakskiy, Kazakhstan 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vormela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 265 | [[:d:Q215250|Q215250]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus | 58 | | [[File:Gray fox.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 266 | [[:d:Q14592562|Q14592562]] | [[Bassaricyon neblina]] | Bassaricyon neblina | 58 | | [[File:Olinguito ZooKeys 324, solo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bassaricyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 267 | [[:d:Q203868|Q203868]] | [[Indri indri]] | Indri indri | 58 | | [[File:Indri indri 001.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Indri]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 268 | [[:d:Q27016|Q27016]] | [[Arvicola amphibius]] | Arvicola amphibius | 58 | | [[File:Water.vole.arp.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[homotypic synonym]] | | [[Arvicola]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 269 | [[:d:Q658179|Q658179]] | [[Oryx]] | Oryx | 58 | | [[File:Oryx gazella (Chudop).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hippotraginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 270 | [[:d:Q208077|Q208077]] | [[Cricetus cricetus]] | Cricetus cricetus | 58 | | [[File:European hamster in Vienna.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cricetus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 271 | [[:d:Q194080|Q194080]] | [[Theropithecus gelada]] | Theropithecus gelada | 58 | | [[File:Southern gelada (Theropithecus gelada obscura) female with baby.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Theropithecus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 272 | [[:d:Q275615|Q275615]] | [[Ourebia ourebi]] | Ourebia ourebi | 58 | | [[File:Sudan Oribi (Ourebia montana) female (18199933351).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ourebia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 273 | [[:d:Q599672|Q599672]] | [[Pongo pygmaeus]] | Pongo pygmaeus | 58 | | [[File:Nanga with male baby.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[endemic species]] | | [[Pongo (taxon)|Pongo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 274 | [[:d:Q311212|Q311212]] | [[Paraceratherium]] | Paraceratherium | 58 | | [[File:Indricotherium skeleton.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]]<br/>[[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Paraceratheriidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 275 | [[:d:Q273331|Q273331]] | [[Orcaella brevirostris]] | Orcaella brevirostris | 58 | | [[File:Irrawaddy Dolphin.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Orcaella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 276 | [[:d:Q203897|Q203897]] | [[Grampus griseus]] | Grampus griseus | 58 | | [[File:Rundkopfdelfin.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Grampus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 277 | [[:d:Q242419|Q242419]] | [[numbat]] | Myrmecobius fasciatus | 57 | | [[File:Numbat.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Myrmecobius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 278 | [[:d:Q203208|Q203208]] | [[Phoca hispida]] | Pusa hispida | 57 | | [[File:Phoca hispida.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pusa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 279 | [[:d:Q187484|Q187484]] | [[Hydrodamalis gigas]] | Hydrodamalis gigas | 57 | | [[File:Hydrodamalis gigas skeleton - Finnish Museum of Natural History - DSC04529.JPG|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Hydrodamalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 280 | [[:d:Q83774|Q83774]] | [[Pteronura brasiliensis]] | Pteronura brasiliensis | 57 | | [[File:Giantotter.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pteronura]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 281 | [[:d:Q232129|Q232129]] | [[Taxidea taxus]] | Taxidea taxus | 57 | | [[File:AmericanBadger.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Taxidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 282 | [[:d:Q272933|Q272933]] | [[Vulpes chama]] | Vulpes chama | 57 | | [[File:Vulpes chama (Etosha).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 283 | [[:d:Q141490808|Q141490808]] | [[Leopardus tilcayo]] | Leopardus tilcayo | 57 | | [[File:Leopardus tilcayo (5x3 cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 284 | [[:d:Q200848|Q200848]] | [[Panthera tigris amoyensis]] | Panthera tigris amoyensis | 57 | | [[File:2012 Suedchinesischer Tiger.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 285 | [[:d:Q328809|Q328809]] | [[gnu blau]] | Connochaetes taurinus | 57 | | [[File:Blue Wildebeest, Ngorongoro.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[gnu]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 286 | [[:d:Q192710|Q192710]] | [[Tapirus indicus]] | Tapirus indicus | 57 | | [[File:Malayan Tapir.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tapirus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 287 | [[:d:Q234597|Q234597]] | [[Tragelaphus spekii]] | Tragelaphus spekii | 57 | | [[File:Sitatunga at Oji Zoo.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tragelaphus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 288 | [[:d:Q239381|Q239381]] | [[Hippotragus niger]] | Hippotragus niger | 57 | | [[File:Sable antelope (Hippotragus niger) adult male.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hippotragus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 289 | [[:d:Q218792|Q218792]] | [[Pseudoryx nghetinhensis]] | Pseudoryx nghetinhensis | 57 | | [[File:Pseudoryx nghetinhensis.PNG|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Pseudoryx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 290 | [[:d:Q460977|Q460977]] | [[Gazella subgutturosa]] | Gazella subgutturosa | 57 | | [[File:Female goitered gazelle, Shirvan National Park, Azerbaijan.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Gazella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 291 | [[:d:Q506308|Q506308]] | [[Rucervus duvaucelii]] | Rucervus duvaucelii | 57 | | [[File:Barasingha females.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Rucervus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 292 | [[:d:Q1241332|Q1241332]] | [[Pteropus]] | Pteropus | 56 | | [[File:Bristol.zoo.livfruitbat.arp.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pteropodidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 293 | [[:d:Q4535|Q4535]] | [[Pusa sibirica]] | Pusa sibirica | 56 | | [[File:Из жизни байкальской нерпы близ Ушканьих островов 02.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pusa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 294 | [[:d:Q193182|Q193182]] | [[Tachyglossus aculeatus]] | Tachyglossus aculeatus | 56 | | [[File:Wild shortbeak echidna.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tachyglossus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 295 | [[:d:Q319070|Q319070]] | [[Vulpes ferrilata]] | Vulpes ferrilata | 56 | | [[File:Vulpes ferrilata.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 296 | [[:d:Q200442|Q200442]] | [[Canis lupus rufus]] | Canis lupus rufus | 56 | | [[File:07-03-23RedWolfAlbanyGAChehaw.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 297 | [[:d:Q685772|Q685772]] | [[Caviidae]] | Caviidae | 56 | | [[File:Wildmeerschweinchen-06.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hystricognathi]]<br/>[[Cavioidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 298 | [[:d:Q209516|Q209516]] | [[Micromys minutus]] | Micromys minutus | 56 | | [[File:Micromys minutus - British Wildlife Centre.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[animal]] | | [[Micromys]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 299 | [[:d:Q301676|Q301676]] | [[Macaca fascicularis]] | Macaca fascicularis | 56 | | [[File:Macaca fascicularis, Ubud Monkey Forest, Bali, 20220822 1053 0059.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Macaca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 300 | [[:d:Q216263|Q216263]] | [[Madoqua]] | Madoqua | 56 | | [[File:Dik-dik (male) -Tarangire National Park -Tanzania.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neotragini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 301 | [[:d:Q322141|Q322141]] | [[Ammotragus lervia]] | Ammotragus lervia | 56 | | [[File:Two Barbary sheep.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ammotragus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 302 | [[:d:Q20962857|Q20962857]] | [[Homo naledi]] | Homo naledi | 56 | | [[File:Homo naledi skeletal specimens.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Homo (taxon)|Homo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 303 | [[:d:Q210358|Q210358]] | [[Vespertilionidae]] | Vespertilionidae | 55 | | [[File:Abendsegler-drawing.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Microchiroptera]]<br/>[[Vespertilion|Chiroptera]]<br/>[[Vespertilionoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 304 | [[:d:Q9324400|Q9324400]] | [[Macroscelididae]] | Macroscelididae | 55 | | [[File:Elephantulus rupestris 57766063.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Macroscelidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 305 | [[:d:Q244277|Q244277]] | [[Aonyx cinerea]] | Aonyx cinerea | 55 | | [[File:Small-clawed otter from Western Ghats.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Aonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 306 | [[:d:Q373558|Q373558]] | [[Lycalopex culpaeus]] | Lycalopex culpaeus | 55 | | [[File:Culpeo MC.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 307 | [[:d:Q217291|Q217291]] | [[Vulpes cana]] | Vulpes cana | 55 | | [[File:Blandford's fox 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 308 | [[:d:Q200381|Q200381]] | [[Panthera tigris sondaica]] | Panthera tigris sondaica | 55 | | [[File:Panthera tigris sondaica 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 309 | [[:d:Q215836|Q215836]] | [[Panthera tigris jacksoni]] | Panthera tigris jacksoni | 55 | | [[File:MalayanTiger.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[tigre]]<br/>[[Mainland Asian tiger]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 310 | [[:d:Q496689|Q496689]] | [[Aenocyon dirus]] | Aenocyon dirus | 55 | | [[File:Canis dirus Skeleton.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Aenocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 311 | [[:d:Q206930|Q206930]] | [[Catarrhini]] | Catarrhini | 55 | | [[File:Petit-cercopithecus-hamlyni.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Simiiformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 312 | [[:d:Q81063|Q81063]] | [[Lepus americanus]] | Lepus americanus | 55 | | [[File:Lepus americanus 5459 cropped.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Poecilolagus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 313 | [[:d:Q216580|Q216580]] | [[bank vole]] | Myodes glareolus | 55 | | [[File:BankVole.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[red-backed vole]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 314 | [[:d:Q272293|Q272293]] | [[Pantholops hodgsonii]] | Pantholops hodgsonii | 55 | | [[File:Atilope du Tibet.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pantholops]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 315 | [[:d:Q237267|Q237267]] | [[Kobus kob]] | Kobus kob | 55 | | [[File:Ugandan kob (Kobus kob thomasi) male.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Kobus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 316 | [[:d:Q237286|Q237286]] | [[Oryx leucoryx]] | Oryx leucoryx | 55 | | [[File:Oryx.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Oryx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 317 | [[:d:Q243727|Q243727]] | [[Microtus arvalis]] | Microtus arvalis | 55 | | [[File:Feldmaus Microtus arvalis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Microtus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 318 | [[:d:Q107685|Q107685]] | [[Australopithecus afarensis]] | Australopithecus afarensis | 55 | | [[File:Lucy Mexico.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | [[early human migrations]] | [[Australopithecus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 319 | [[:d:Q533451|Q533451]] | [[Muntiacus muntjak]] | Muntiacus muntjak | 55 | | [[File:Muntiacus muntjak 34068208 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Muntiacus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 320 | [[:d:Q192573|Q192573]] | [[Hydropotes inermis]] | Hydropotes inermis | 55 | | [[File:Hydropotes inermis male.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hydropotes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 321 | [[:d:Q310846|Q310846]] | [[Homo antecessor]] | Homo antecessor | 55 | | [[File:Homo antecessor.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | [[Hominini]] | [[Homo (taxon)|Homo]]<br/>[[Homo erectus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 322 | [[:d:Q190508|Q190508]] | [[Moschus moschiferus]] | Moschus moschiferus | 55 | | [[File:Moschus moschiferus in Plzen zoo (12.02.2011).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Moschus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 323 | [[:d:Q40261|Q40261]] | [[Trichechus manatus]] | Trichechus manatus | 54 | | [[File:Manatee with calf.PD - colour corrected.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Trichechus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 324 | [[:d:Q210708|Q210708]] | [[Plecotus auritus]] | Plecotus auritus | 54 | | [[File:Plecotus auritus 2013-2 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Plecotus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 325 | [[:d:Q649306|Q649306]] | [[Herpestes ichneumon]] | Herpestes ichneumon | 54 | | [[File:Herpestes ichneumon Египетский мангуст, или фараонова крыса, или ихневмо́н.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 326 | [[:d:Q209324|Q209324]] | [[Pagophilus groenlandicus]] | Pagophilus groenlandicus | 54 | | [[File:Harp Seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus), Greenland Sea IMG 5006.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pagophilus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 327 | [[:d:Q215343|Q215343]] | [[Mirounga leonina]] | Mirounga leonina | 54 | | [[File:0046 Tiere der Antarktis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mirounga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 328 | [[:d:Q269871|Q269871]] | [[Neofelis]] | Neofelis | 54 | | [[File:Neofelis nebulosa.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pantherinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 329 | [[:d:Q176901|Q176901]] | [[Pipistrellus pipistrellus]] | Pipistrellus pipistrellus | 54 | | [[File:Pipistrellus pipistrellus lateral.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pipistrellus (Pipistrellus)]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 330 | [[:d:Q205935|Q205935]] | [[Dusicyon australis]] | Dusicyon australis | 54 | | [[File:Falkland Island wolf, Dusicyon australis OMNZVT2369 !1pub (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Dusicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 331 | [[:d:Q321376|Q321376]] | [[Cerdocyon thous]] | Cerdocyon thous | 54 | | [[File:Cerdocyon thous MG 9503.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cerdocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 332 | [[:d:Q274177|Q274177]] | [[Prionailurus planiceps]] | Prionailurus planiceps | 54 | | [[File:Flat-headed cat 1 Jim Sanderson 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 333 | [[:d:Q23340|Q23340]] | [[Tenrecidae]] | Tenrecidae | 54 | | [[File:Gewone tenrek 5.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tenrecomorpha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 334 | [[:d:Q369889|Q369889]] | [[Suncus etruscus]] | Suncus etruscus | 54 | | [[File:Suncus etruscus crop.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Suncus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 335 | [[:d:Q323847|Q323847]] | [[Procavia capensis]] | Procavia capensis | 54 | | [[File:Cape Dassie.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Procavia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 336 | [[:d:Q244770|Q244770]] | [[Gerbillinae]] | Gerbillinae | 54 | | [[File:Chibita gerbil 2002 10 04.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Murides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 337 | [[:d:Q60205|Q60205]] | [[Tarsius]] | Tarsius | 54 | | [[File:Tarsius spectrumgurskyae.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tarsiidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 338 | [[:d:Q329187|Q329187]] | [[Tamias sibiricus]] | Tamias sibiricus | 54 | | [[File:Streifenhoernchen.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[invasive species]] | | [[Eutamias]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 339 | [[:d:Q471785|Q471785]] | [[Hippotragus equinus]] | Hippotragus equinus | 54 | | [[File:Hippotragus equinus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hippotragus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 340 | [[:d:Q207906|Q207906]] | [[Elaphurus davidianus]] | Elaphurus davidianus | 54 | | [[File:Elaphurus davidianus - 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Elaphurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 341 | [[:d:Q273580|Q273580]] | [[Tetracerus quadricornis]] | Tetracerus quadricornis | 54 | | [[File:Four-horned Antelope.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tetracerus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 342 | [[:d:Q233608|Q233608]] | [[Equus ferus ferus]] | Equus ferus ferus | 54 | | [[File:Kherson tarpan.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Equus ferus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 343 | [[:d:Q782603|Q782603]] | [[Balaenidae]] | Balaenidae | 54 | | [[File:Eubalaena glacialis with calf.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Cetacea]] | [[Balaenoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 344 | [[:d:Q446882|Q446882]] | [[Lutra]] | Lutra | 53 | | [[File:Fischotter Lutra lutra1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 345 | [[:d:Q513081|Q513081]] | [[civetta de palma african]] | Nandinia binotata | 53 | specie de mammifero carnivore | [[File:Nandinia binotata, crop.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nandinia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 346 | [[:d:Q220248|Q220248]] | [[Martes flavigula]] | Martes flavigula | 53 | | [[File:Martes flavigula, yellow-throated marten.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]]<br/>[[Charronia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 347 | [[:d:Q584064|Q584064]] | [[Martes pennanti]] | Martes pennanti | 53 | | [[File:Fisher (animal).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 348 | [[:d:Q295994|Q295994]] | [[Vulpes rueppellii]] | Vulpes rueppellii | 53 | | [[File:Rüppell's fox.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 349 | [[:d:Q37212|Q37212]] | [[Lemuriformes]] | Lemuriformes | 53 | | [[File:Indri Indri.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Strepsirrhini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 350 | [[:d:Q748185|Q748185]] | [[Lepus capensis]] | Lepus capensis | 53 | | [[File:Cape Hare, near Prince Albert, Western Cape, South Africa - panoramio.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lepus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 351 | [[:d:Q1114471|Q1114471]] | [[Tarsiidae]] | Tarsiidae | 53 | | [[File:Tarsier Hugs Mossy Branch.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tarsiiformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 352 | [[:d:Q286088|Q286088]] | [[Cavia]] | Cavia | 53 | | [[File:Wildmeerschweinchen-06.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caviinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 353 | [[:d:Q204175|Q204175]] | [[Mesocricetus auratus]] | Mesocricetus auratus | 53 | | [[File:Golden hamster front 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Cricetinae]] | [[Mesocricetus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 354 | [[:d:Q751636|Q751636]] | [[Papio cynocephalus]] | Papio cynocephalus | 53 | | [[File:Amboseli National Park, Kenya (53470637505).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Papio]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 355 | [[:d:Q369817|Q369817]] | [[Oryx dammah]] | Oryx dammah | 53 | | [[File:Oryx Dammah.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Oryx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 356 | [[:d:Q221434|Q221434]] | [[Mandrillus leucophaeus]] | Mandrillus leucophaeus | 53 | | [[File:Drill Lincolnparkzoo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mandrillus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 357 | [[:d:Q494436|Q494436]] | [[Naemorhedus goral]] | Naemorhedus goral | 53 | | [[File:The Himalayan Ghoral.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Naemorhedus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 358 | [[:d:Q372169|Q372169]] | [[Axis porcinus]] | Axis porcinus | 53 | | [[File:Axis porcinus - Flickr - Lip Kee (1).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hyelaphus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 359 | [[:d:Q232558|Q232558]] | [[Babyrousa]] | Babyrousa | 53 | | [[File:Hirscheber1a.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Babyrousini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 360 | [[:d:Q543424|Q543424]] | [[Pongo abelii]] | Pongo abelii | 53 | | [[File:Orangutan 103.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[endemic species]] | | [[Pongo (taxon)|Pongo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 361 | [[:d:Q221056|Q221056]] | [[Balaenoptera brydei]] | Balaenoptera brydei | 53 | | [[File:Balaenoptera brydei.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Balaenoptera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 362 | [[:d:Q215332|Q215332]] | [[Stenella coeruleoalba]] | Stenella coeruleoalba | 53 | | [[File:Stenella coeruleoalba.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Stenella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 363 | [[:d:Q193683|Q193683]] | [[Eubalaena glacialis]] | Eubalaena glacialis | 53 | | [[File:Eubalaena glacialis with calf.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eubalaena]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 364 | [[:d:Q737413|Q737413]] | [[Rhinolophus ferrumequinum]] | Rhinolophus ferrumequinum | 52 | | [[File:Greater horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum) Hrdovicka.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Rhinolophus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 365 | [[:d:Q626023|Q626023]] | [[Mirounga angustirostris]] | Mirounga angustirostris | 52 | | [[File:Elephant seals fighting.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mirounga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 366 | [[:d:Q42592|Q42592]] | [[Prionailurus]] | Prionailurus | 52 | | [[File:Bengalkatze.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 367 | [[:d:Q270748|Q270748]] | [[Puma]] | Puma | 52 | | [[File:Puma - 49044464307.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 368 | [[:d:Q1383362|Q1383362]] | [[tigon]] | Panthera tigris × Panthera leo | 52 | | [[File:Tigon tiger x lion hybrid by artbyjrc df4918k.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[hybrid]] | [[Panthera hybrid]] | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 369 | [[:d:Q275163|Q275163]] | [[Neofelis diardi]] | Neofelis diardi | 52 | | [[File:Borneo clouded leopard.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 370 | [[:d:Q221094|Q221094]] | [[leon berbere]] | Panthera leo leo | 52 | | [[File:Barbary lion.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[population]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 371 | [[:d:Q368623|Q368623]] | [[Lorisidae]] | Lorisidae | 52 | | [[File:Loris tardigradus tardigradus 001.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lorisiformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 372 | [[:d:Q271785|Q271785]] | [[Cheirogaleidae]] | Cheirogaleidae | 52 | | [[File:Microcebus myoxinus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cheirogaleoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 373 | [[:d:Q752467|Q752467]] | [[Manis crassicaudata]] | Manis crassicaudata | 52 | | [[File:IndianPangolin.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Manis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 374 | [[:d:Q842283|Q842283]] | [[Manis pentadactyla]] | Manis pentadactyla | 52 | | [[File:Manis pentadactyla (29054818144).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Manis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 375 | [[:d:Q504247|Q504247]] | [[Alouatta]] | Alouatta | 52 | | [[File:Mantled howler monkey and baby (81337)2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Alouattinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 376 | [[:d:Q269728|Q269728]] | [[Manis javanica]] | Manis javanica | 52 | | [[File:Pangolin borneo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paramanis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 377 | [[:d:Q239032|Q239032]] | [[Tragelaphus angasii]] | Tragelaphus angasii | 52 | | [[File:Nyala (Tragelaphus angasii) female.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tragelaphus]]<br/>[[Nyala]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 378 | [[:d:Q273565|Q273565]] | [[Kobus leche]] | Kobus leche | 52 | | [[File:Leaping Lechwe.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Kobus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 379 | [[:d:Q216871|Q216871]] | [[Apodemus flavicollis]] | Apodemus flavicollis | 52 | | [[File:Apodemus.flavicollis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Apodemus]]<br/>[[Sylvaemus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 380 | [[:d:Q208043|Q208043]] | [[Hylobates lar]] | Hylobates lar | 52 | | [[File:Hylobates lar - Kaeng Krachan WB.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hylobates]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 381 | [[:d:Q271705|Q271705]] | [[Eudorcas thomsonii]] | Eudorcas thomsonii | 52 | | [[File:Eudorcas thomsonii 313407401 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eudorcas]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 382 | [[:d:Q312054|Q312054]] | [[Megaloceros giganteus]] | Megaloceros giganteus | 52 | | [[File:Megaloceros 1856.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Megaloceros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 383 | [[:d:Q208132|Q208132]] | [[Pseudorca crassidens]] | Pseudorca crassidens | 52 | | [[File:False killer whale 890002.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pseudorca]] | [[Blackfish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 384 | [[:d:Q244410|Q244410]] | [[Eubalaena australis]] | Eubalaena australis | 52 | | [[File:Southern right whale6.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eubalaena]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 385 | [[:d:Q244587|Q244587]] | [[Peramelemorphia]] | Peramelemorphia | 51 | | [[File:Taxidermied Bandicoot.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Australidelphia]]<br/>[[Marsupiales|Marsupialia]]<br/>[[Mammiferos]]<br/>[[Agreodontia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 386 | [[:d:Q206538|Q206538]] | [[Myrmecophagidae]] | Myrmecophagidae | 51 | | [[File:Myresluger2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vermilingua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 387 | [[:d:Q613760|Q613760]] | [[Herpestes edwardsi]] | Herpestes edwardsii | 51 | | [[File:Herpestes edwardsii at Hyderaba.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 388 | [[:d:Q322145|Q322145]] | [[Martes americana]] | Martes americana | 51 | | [[File:Marten bounding through the snow (512488bd-68e6-4b67-8e14-95657c022029).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 389 | [[:d:Q214869|Q214869]] | [[Eptesicus serotinus]] | Eptesicus serotinus | 51 | | [[File:Eptesicus serotinus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eptesicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 390 | [[:d:Q734351|Q734351]] | [[Viverricula indica]] | Viverricula indica | 51 | | [[File:Small Indian Civet (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverricula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 391 | [[:d:Q745751|Q745751]] | [[Vulpes macrotis]] | Vulpes macrotis | 51 | | [[File:San Joaquin kit fox male.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 392 | [[:d:Q216441|Q216441]] | [[Canis lupus arctos]] | Canis lupus arctos | 51 | | [[File:Arctic Wolf in Aulavik National Park 04 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 393 | [[:d:Q23351|Q23351]] | [[Chrysochloridae]] | Chrysochloridae | 51 | | [[File:NHM Chrysospalax trevelyani (cropped).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Chrysochloridea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 394 | [[:d:Q58949|Q58949]] | [[Muroidea]] | Muroidea | 51 | | [[File:Feldmaus Microtus arvalis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Rodent]] | [[Myomorpha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 395 | [[:d:Q1192405|Q1192405]] | [[Lemuroidea]] | Lemuroidea | 51 | | [[File:Indri Indri.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lemuriformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 396 | [[:d:Q244372|Q244372]] | [[Sorex minutus]] | Sorex minutus | 51 | | [[File:Sorex minutus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Sorex]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 397 | [[:d:Q465786|Q465786]] | [[Eliomys quercinus]] | Eliomys quercinus | 51 | | [[File:Eliomys quercinus01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eliomys]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 398 | [[:d:Q262307|Q262307]] | [[Hystrix cristata]] | Hystrix cristata | 51 | | [[File:0 Hystrix cristata - Porc-épics à crête (1).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hystrix]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 399 | [[:d:Q339418|Q339418]] | [[Rattus exulans]] | Rattus exulans | 51 | | [[File:Pacific rat.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ratto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 400 | [[:d:Q215997|Q215997]] | [[Tapirus bairdii]] | Tapirus bairdii | 51 | | [[File:Baird's tapir mother with baby (92151).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tapirus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 401 | [[:d:Q220271|Q220271]] | [[Tapirus terrestris]] | Tapirus terrestris | 51 | | [[File:Brazilian tapir zoo.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tapirus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 402 | [[:d:Q223960|Q223960]] | [[Tapirus pinchaque]] | Tapirus pinchaque | 51 | | [[File:Mountain Tapir.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tapirus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 403 | [[:d:Q465019|Q465019]] | [[Pseudois nayaur]] | Pseudois nayaur | 51 | | [[File:Bharal - Shreeram M V - Kibber, Spiti Valley, Himachal Pradesh, India.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pseudois]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 404 | [[:d:Q111463|Q111463]] | [[Paranthropus]] | Paranthropus | 51 | | [[File:Paranthropus-boisei-Nairobi.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Australopithecinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 405 | [[:d:Q189466|Q189466]] | [[Ovis canadensis]] | Ovis canadensis | 51 | | [[File:Big Horn Sheep.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ovis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 406 | [[:d:Q239272|Q239272]] | [[Australopithecus africanus]] | Australopithecus africanus | 51 | | [[File:Mrs Ples Face.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Australopithecus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 407 | [[:d:Q328516|Q328516]] | [[Capra nubiana]] | Capra nubiana | 51 | | [[File:Israel. Nubian ibex (15625972648).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Capra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 408 | [[:d:Q754947|Q754947]] | [[Capra sibirica]] | Capra sibirica | 51 | | [[File:Siberian Ibex.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Capra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 409 | [[:d:Q501491|Q501491]] | [[Capreolus pygargus]] | Capreolus pygargus | 51 | | [[File:Siberian roe deer.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Capreolus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 410 | [[:d:Q3645260|Q3645260]] | [[Phacochoerus]] | Phacochoerus | 51 | | [[File:Desert Warthog, Samburu, Kenya 04.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phacochoerini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 411 | [[:d:Q498993|Q498993]] | [[Erinaceus]] | Erinaceus | 50 | | [[File:Erinaceus europeaus (DarkAn9el).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Erinaceinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 412 | [[:d:Q370965|Q370965]] | [[Craseonycteris thonglongyai]] | Craseonycteris thonglongyai | 50 | | [[File:Kitti's hog-nosed bat Stuffed specimen.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[Vespertilion|Chiroptera]] | | [[Craseonycteris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 413 | [[:d:Q723123|Q723123]] | [[Myotis nattereri]] | Myotis nattereri | 50 | | [[File:Myotis nattereri (2862347369).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Myotis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 414 | [[:d:Q214287|Q214287]] | [[Cystophora cristata]] | Cystophora cristata | 50 | | [[File:2016-klappmützemuseumkoenig.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cystophora]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 415 | [[:d:Q434197|Q434197]] | [[Mustela altaica]] | Mustela altaica | 50 | | [[File:Mountain Weasel (Mustela altaica).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 416 | [[:d:Q757265|Q757265]] | [[Viverra zibetha]] | Viverra zibetha | 50 | | [[File:Large Indian Civet, Viverra zibetha in Kaeng Krachan national park.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 417 | [[:d:Q626049|Q626049]] | [[Paguma larvata]] | Paguma larvata | 50 | | [[File:202309 Masked palm civet.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 418 | [[:d:Q832036|Q832036]] | [[Lycalopex gymnocercus]] | Lycalopex gymnocercus | 50 | specie de mammal | [[File:Leão baio.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 419 | [[:d:Q148462|Q148462]] | [[Nasua nasua]] | Nasua nasua | 50 | | [[File:N. nasua, Duisburg (DE) -- 2023 -- 0219.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 420 | [[:d:Q270098|Q270098]] | [[Macropus giganteus]] | Macropus giganteus | 50 | | [[File:Eastern grey kangaroo dec07 02.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Macropus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 421 | [[:d:Q175626|Q175626]] | [[Indridae]] | Indriidae | 50 | | [[File:Indri Indri.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[primate]]<br/>[[Lemuroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 422 | [[:d:Q465986|Q465986]] | [[Neomys fodiens]] | Neomys fodiens | 50 | | [[File:Neomys fodiens TF 090829.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neomys]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 423 | [[:d:Q244361|Q244361]] | [[Callithrix pygmaea]] | Callithrix pygmaea | 50 | | [[File:Dværgsilkeabe Callithrix pygmaea.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Callithrix]]<br/>[[Cebuella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 424 | [[:d:Q276290|Q276290]] | [[Heterocephalus glaber]] | Heterocephalus glaber | 50 | | [[File:Nacktmull.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Heterocephalus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 425 | [[:d:Q506518|Q506518]] | [[Macaca silenus]] | Macaca silenus | 50 | | [[File:Lion Tailed Macaque aggression.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Macaca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 426 | [[:d:Q728636|Q728636]] | [[Hemitragus jemlahicus]] | Hemitragus jemlahicus | 50 | | [[File:Himalayan Tahr Kedarnath Musk Deer Sanctuary Uttarakhand India 30.11.2015.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hemitragus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 427 | [[:d:Q106565|Q106565]] | [[Ardipithecus]] | Ardipithecus | 50 | | [[File:Ardi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Preanthropinae]]<br/>[[Australopithecine]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 428 | [[:d:Q221380|Q221380]] | [[Equus kiang]] | Equus kiang | 50 | | [[File:Equus kiang holdereri02.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Equus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 429 | [[:d:Q591305|Q591305]] | [[Elephas maximus indicus]] | Elephas maximus indicus | 50 | | [[File:Elephas maximus (Bandipur).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Elephas maximus]] | [[Elephas maximus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 430 | [[:d:Q623173|Q623173]] | [[Ziphius cavirostris]] | Ziphius cavirostris | 50 | | [[File:Ziphius cavirostris 47619123 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ziphius]] | |} ---- &sum; 430 items. {{Wikidata list end}} 7smexq1my7tocp1rx1j5ymb4utwqclp 0 44274 705352 613600 2026-11-01T11:34:01Z ArthurMcGill 41357 705352 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Gedächtniskapelle bei Neu Lohn.jpg|thumb|right|Le cappella in memoria de Lohn]] '''Lohn''' esseva un quartiero in le nord del citate [[Eschweiler]] in le [[region urban de Aquisgrano]] in [[Rhenania del Nord-Westfalia]]. In le annos 1980, le village del [[seculo 13]] con circa 690 habitantes esseva detruite a causa de un [[mina a celo aperte]] de lignite. In memoria de Lohn, esseva construite un quartiero ''Nove Lohn'' ([[Neu-Lohn]]) e un cappella. [[Categoria:Quartieros de Eschweiler]] [[Categoria:Localitates disparite]] 93lwhi2itpuf0b7xf9dliltb5qzou1x 0 59738 705340 702229 2026-11-01T11:12:39Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Epipaleolithico e Mesolithico */ 705340 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Historia de Portugal}} Le '''prehistoria in le peninsula iberic''' comencia con le arrivata del prime representantes del [[genere]] ''[[Homo]]'' ab [[Africa]], lo que pote variar de {{Circa}} 1,5 milliones de annos (Ma) retro a {{Circa}} 1,25 Ma retro, dependente del [[Archaeological science#Dating techniques|technica de datation]] empleate, assi que on lo fixa a {{Circa}} 1,3 Ma retro pro convenientia.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Menéndez |first=Mario |title=Prehistoria de la Península Ibérica : el progreso de la cognición, el mestizaje y las desigualdades durante más de un millón de años |publisher=Alianza Editorial |year=2019 |isbn=978-84-9181-602-7 |location=Madrid |pages=17–37 |oclc=1120111673}}</ref> Le fin del prehistoria iberic coincide con le prime entrata del armea [[Roman people|roman]] in le peninsula, in 218 a.Chr., lo que duceva al dissolution progressive del [[Pre-Roman People of the Iberian Peninsula|populos preroman]] in le cultura roman. Iste data final es anque conventional, post que le [[Paleohispanic scripts|systemas de scriptura preroman]] pote esser traciate usque al 5e seculo a.Chr.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Valério |first=Miguel |date=2008 |title=Origin and development of the Paleohispanic scripts: the orthography and phonology of the Southwestern alphabet |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=3339686 |journal=Revista portuguesa de arqueologia |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=107–138 |issn=0874-2782}}</ref> == Panorama general == Le prehistoria in Iberia occupa circa 60 pro cento del [[Quaternario]], con le [[written history|historia scripte]] occupante a pena 0,08 pro cento. Durante le altere 40 pro cento, illo esseva inhabitate per humanos.<ref name=":0" /> Le [[Pleistoceno]], prime [[Geologic time scale#Divisions of geologic time|epocha]] del Quaternario, se characterisava per [[Quaternary glaciation|oscillationes climatic]] inter [[ice age|etates de glacie]] e [[interglacial|periodos interglacial]] que produceva cambios significative in le [[orographia]] de Iberia. Le prime e le plus grande periodo in le prehistoria de Iberia es le [[Paleolithico]], que comencia {{Circa}} 1,3 Ma e fini quasi coincidente con le fin del Pleistoceno, {{Circa}} 11.500 annos retro (11,5 [[Year#SI prefix multipliers|ka]]). Evidentia significative de un occupation extense de Iberia durante iste periodo per ''[[Homo neanderthalensis]]'' ha essite discoperite. Le prime restos de ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' ha essite datate verso le fin del Paleolithico.{{When|date=January 2026|reason=Could we be more specific?}} Durante un tempore, circa 5 ka, ambe [[species]] coexisteva, usque le prime esseva finalmente ducite al extinction.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Crespo Garay |first=Cristina |date=2021-11-27 |title=¿Qué homínidos han poblado España a lo largo de la historia? |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.es/historia/que-hominidos-han-habitado-en-espana-a-lo-largo-de-la-historia |access-date=2023-03-07 |publisher=[[National Geographic]] |language=es-es}}</ref> Le [[Holoceno]] sequeva le Pleistoceno con un clima plus homogenee e humide, e le presentia exclusive de ''Homo sapiens''. Illo include le [[Mesolithico]] ({{Circa}} 11,5 ka retro - 5,6 ka a.Chr.), le [[Neolithico]] ({{Circa}} 5,6 - 3,2 ka a.Chr.) e le [[Metal Ages|Etates del Metallos]]: [[Chalcolithico]] o Etate de Cupre ({{Circa}} 3,2 - 1,9 ka a.Chr.), [[Bronze Age|Etate de Bronzo]] ({{Circa}} 1,9 ka - 750 a.Chr.) e [[Iron Age|Etate de Ferro]] ({{Circa}} 750 - 218 a.Chr.). Le Mesolithico e le Chalcolithico es periodos de transition, ubi on pote trovar characteristicas de ambe etates, le precedente e le sequente. Le Holoceno albergava plure transformationes progressive: differentiation territorial e cultural inter le gruppos de ''Homo sapiens'', nascentia de nove [[social organization|organisationes social]] e [[Economy|economias]], transition del [[hunting-gathering|chassa-recollection]] al [[agriculture|agricultura]] e [[animal husbandry|elevamento de animales]], e arrivata de nove populos ab le [[Mediterranean Sea|Mar Mediterranee]] e [[central Europe|Europa central]], con le fundation de [[Colony|colonias]].<ref name=":0" /> Il ha restos prehistoric spergite per tote le peninsula. De importantia notabile es le [[archaeological site of Atapuerca]], in le nord de [[Spain|Espania]], que contine un millon de annos de [[human evolution|evolution human]] e esseva declarate [[World Heritage Site|Patrimonio del Humanitate]] per le [[UNESCO]] in 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archaeological Site of Atapuerca |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/989/ |access-date=8 March 2023 |publisher=[[UNESCO World Heritage Centre]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> == Paleolithico == {{main|Paleolithic Iberia}} === Paleolithico inferior === Le [[Paleolithico inferior]] comencia in Iberia con le prime habitation human {{Circa}} 1,3 Ma retro, e fini conventionalmente 128 ka retro,<ref name=":0" /> lo que lo face le periodo le plus longe del Paleolithico de Iberia. Illo es studiate principalmente a partir del [[fossil|fossiles]] human e [[stone tool|instrumentos de petra]] trovate in sitos archeologic, del quales Atapuerca es de importantia significative. Illo contine multe fossiles de animales e de ''[[Homo antecessor]]'' que monstra signos de manipulation con instrumentos de petra pro attinger le [[spinal cord|medulla spinal]], lo que constitue le prime evidentia de [[Human cannibalism|cannibalismo]] inter ''Homo''.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |date=2022 |title=Atapuerca |url=https://www.despertaferro-ediciones.com/revistas/numero/arqueologia-e-historia-45-atapuerca-prehistoria/ |journal=Desperta Ferro Arqueología e Historia |volume=45 |issn=2387-1237}}</ref> In le [[Sima de los huesos|Sima de los Huesos]], le archeologos ha trovate fossiles de ''[[Homo heidelbergensis]]'', datate {{circa}} 430 ka retro, correspondente a circa 30 individuos e sin evidentia de habitation ni de un evento catastrophic, essente assi hypothetisate como le prime evidentia de sepultura de ''Homo''.<ref name=":4" /> Le analyse de [[DNA]] de iste fossiles suggere anque un processo de [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridisation]] continue inter le [[species]] de ''Homo'' durante iste periodo, usque le arrivata final de ''Homo neanderthalensis''.<ref name=":4" /> === Paleolithico medie === Le [[Paleolithico medie]] ({{Circa}} 128 – 40 ka retro) es dominate per un occupation extense de Iberia per ''Homo neanderthalensis'' o, plus popularmente, ''Neanderthales'', qui habeva un corpore plus pesante, un major [[Lung volumes|volumine pulmonar]] e un [[brain|cerebro]] plus grande que ''Homo sapiens''. Le [[Gorham's Cave|caverna de Gorham]] ([[Gibraltar]]) contine arte rupestre neanderthal, lo que suggere que illes habeva major capacitates de pensamento [[Symbolic communication|symbolic]] de lo que on supponeva anteriormente. Iste periodo, como le precedente, es studiate principalmente a partir de fossiles e instrumentos de petra, que evolve verso le Modo 3 o [[Mousterian|Musteriense]]. Non existe un uso extense de [[bone|osso]] o [[antler|cornos]] pro le fabrication de instrumentos, e remane multo pauc evidentia del uso de [[wood|ligno]] a causa del [[decomposition|decomposition]]. In contrasto con le Paleolithico inferior, quando le habitation esseva usualmente al aere libere e le cavernas se usava circumstantialmente (sepultura, fabrication de instrumentos, [[butcher|carniceria]]), durante iste periodo le cavernas se usa de plus in plus pro le habitation, con restos de archaic conditionamento domestic.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Menéndez |first=Mario |title=Prehistoria de la Península Ibérica : el progreso de la cognición, el mestizaje y las desigualdades durante más de un millón de años |publisher=Alianza Editorial |year=2019 |isbn=978-84-9181-602-7 |location=Madrid |oclc=1120111673}}</ref> Le cultura [[Châtelperronian|Chatelperroniense]], trovate principalmente in le sud de [[France|Francia]], es contemporanee al periodo de tempore in que ambe ''Homo neanderthalensis'' e ''Homo sapiens'' coexisteva in Europa, e assi al initio illo esseva attribuite a iste ultime, sed le discoperta de un skeleto complete del prime cambiava su attribution a ''Homo neanderthalensis''.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Roussel |first1=M. |last2=Soressi |first2=M. |last3=Hublin |first3=J. -J. |date=2016-06-01 |title=The Châtelperronian conundrum: Blade and bladelet lithic technologies from Quinçay, France |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248416000270 |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |language=en |volume=95 |pages=13–32 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.02.003 |pmid=27260172 |bibcode=2016JHumE..95...13R |issn=0047-2484|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Alcun academicos prefere nominar lo Musteriense tardive, e existe un debaite sur si on debe considerar lo o un industria proprie o un transitional, post que chronologicamente illo pertine al Paleolithico medie sed monstra characteristicas del industrias del Paleolithico superior.<ref name=":6" /> === Paleolithico superior === [[File:Cave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain-110113.jpg|alt=Paleolithic cave art|thumb|Arte rupestre paleolithic]] Le [[Paleolithico superior]] ({{Circa}} 40 - 11,5 ka retro) comencia con le cultura [[Aurignacian|Aurignaciense]], que se trova principalmente in le nord de Iberia (actual [[Asturias]], [[Cantabria]], [[Pais Basc]] e [[Catalonia]]) al initio, e es le obra de ''Homo sapiens''. Postea illo se expande per tote le peninsula iberic e es sequite per le [[Gravettian|Gravetiense]]. In Cantabria, le major parte del restos gravetiense se trova miscite con technologia aurignaciense, per lo que illo es considerate "intrusive", in contrasto con le area mediterranee, ubi illo probabilemente significa un colonisation real.<ref name="Jordá">F. Jordá Cerdá et al., ''Historia de España I: Prehistoria'', 1986. {{ISBN|84-249-1015-X}}</ref> Le prime indicationes de colonisation human moderne del interior e del west del peninsula se trova solmente in iste phase cultural. A causa del [[Last Glacial Maximum|ultime maximo glacial]], Europa occidental esseva isolate e developpava le cultura [[Solutrean|Solutrense]], que monstra su prime apparitiones in Les Mallaetes ([[Valencian Community|Valencia]]), con un data de radiocarbon de 20.890 BP.<ref name="Jordá" /> In le nord de Iberia existe duo tendentias marcatemente differente in Asturias e le area [[Vasco-Cantabrian|Vasco-Cantabric]]. Sitos importante es [[Altamira (cave)|Altamira]] e [[Santimamiñe]]. Le proxime phase es le [[Magdalenian culture|Magdaleniense]], mesmo si in le area mediterranee le influentia gravetiense es ancora persistente.<ref name="Jordá" /> In Portugal ha habite alcun discopertas al nord de [[Lisbon|Lisbona]] (Casa da Moura, Lapa do Suão).<ref name="Jordá" /> === Arte === [[Image:Techo de Altamira (replica)-Museo Arqueológico Nacional.jpg|thumb|Tecto del [[Altamira Cave|Caverna de Altamira]]]] Iberia es sede de impressionante [[Cave art|arte rupestre]] e de caverna paleolithic. Le [[Altamira Cave|caverna de Altamira]] es le exemplo le plus cognoscite del prime, essente un [[World Heritage Site|Patrimonio del Humanitate]] desde 1985.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/310/ |access-date=2023-03-08 |publisher=[[UNESCO World Heritage Centre]] |language=en}}</ref> Le [[Côa Valley|Valle del Côa]], in [[Portugal]], e [[Siega Verde]], in Espania, formate circa [[Tributary|tributarios]] del [[Douro]], contine le arte rupestre le plus ben preservate, formante insimul un altere Patrimonio del Humanitate desde 1998.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=Prehistoric Rock Art Sites in the Côa Valley and Siega Verde |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/866 |access-date=8 March 2023 |publisher=[[UNESCO World Heritage Centre]]}}</ref> Le manifestation artistic se trova plus importantemente in le area [[Cantabria|cantabric]] del nord, ubi le manifestationes le plus antique, per exemplo le [[Caves of Monte Castillo|Cavernas de Monte Castillo]], es tan antique como le epochas aurignaciense. Le practica de iste arte mural augmenta in frequentia in le periodo solutrense, quando le prime animales es deliniate, sed il non es usque le phase cultural magdaleniense quando illo deveni vermente extense, trovante se in quasi omne caverna. Le major parte del representationes es de animales (bisontes, cavallos, cervos, tauros, renos, capras, ursos, mammuthes, alces) e es pingite in colores ochre e nigre, sed existe exceptiones e formas humanoides assi como designos abstracte que anque appare in alcun sitos. In le areas mediterranee e del interior, le presentia de arte mural non es tan abundante sed existe equalmente desde le Solutrense. Le monumental Valle del Côa ha [[petroglyph|petroglyphos]] que data de usque a 22.000 annos retro. Istos documenta un occupation human continue desde le fin del Etate Paleolithic. Altere exemplos include [[Chimachias]], [[Cueva de los Casares|Los Casares]] o [[Cueva de La Pasiega|La Pasiega]], o, in general, le cavernas principalmente in Cantabria (in Espania). <gallery> File:Teverga 06.jpg|Sculptura paleolithic File:Teverga 08.jpg|Sculptura paleolithic </gallery> == Epipaleolithico e Mesolithico == {{See also|Epipalaeolithic Europe|Mesolithic Europe}} [[File:Art rupestre chimiachas.jpg|thumb|Pictura rupestre de Chimiachas]] Circa 10.000 a.Chr., occurreva un [[Glaciation|deglaciation]] interstadial appellate le [[Allerød Oscillation|Oscillation de Allerød]], debilitante le conditiones rigorose del [[Last glacial period|ultime etate de glacie]]. Iste cambio climatic representa anque le fin del periodo [[Upper Palaeolithic|Paleolithico superior]], initiante le [[Epipaleolithic|Epipaleolithico]]. Dependente del terminologia preferite per qualcunque fonte particular, le [[Mesolithic|Mesolithico]] comencia post le Epipaleolithico, o lo include. Si le Epipaleolithico non es includite in illo, le Mesolithico es un periodo relativemente breve in Iberia. A mesura que le [[climate|clima]] deveniva plus calide, le populos magdaleniense tardive de Iberia modificava lor technologia e cultura. Le principal cambio techno-cultural es le processo de [[microlith|microlithisation]]: le reduction del dimension del instrumentos de petra e osso, anque trovate in altere partes del mundo. Anque le sanctuarios in cavernas pare esser abandonate e le arte deveni plus rar e facite principalmente sur objectos portabile, tal como calculos o instrumentos. Illo implica anque cambios in le dieta, post que le [[megafauna]] virtualmente dispare quando le steppa se transforma in boscos. In iste periodo, le animales chassate es de dimension plus parve, typicamente cervos o capras salvage, e le fructos de mar deveni un parte importante del dieta ubi illos es disponibile. === Aziliense e Asturiense === Le prime cultura epipaleolithic es le [[Azilian|Aziliense]], anque cognoscite como ''microlithismo microlaminar'' in le Mediterraneo. Iste cultura es le evolution local del Magdaleniense, parallel a altere derivatos regional trovate in Europa Central e del Nord. Originalmente trovate in le ancian territorio magdaleniense de [[Vasco-Cantabria]] e le plus ample [[Franco-Cantabrian region|region franco-cantabric]], le cultura de stylo aziliense eventualmente se expandeva anque a partes del Iberia mediterranee. Illo reflecteva un clima multo plus calide, ducente a boscos dense, e le substitution de grande animales de grege per habitante de boscage plus parve e elusive. Un sito aziliense archetypic in le peninsula iberic es Zatoya ([[Navarre|Navarra]]), ubi es difficile discerner le elementos aziliense antique de illos del Magdaleniense tardive (iste transition es datate a 11.760 BP).<ref name="Jordá"/> Le Aziliense plen in le mesme sito es datate a 8.150 BP, sequite per le apparition de elementos geometric a un data posterior, que continua usque le arrivata del ceramica (stadio [[subneolithic|subneolithic]]). In le area mediterranee, virtualmente iste mesme cultura material es sovente nominate ''microlithismo microlaminar'' proque illo care del [[bone industry|industria de osso]] typic del Aziliense franco-cantabric. On lo trova in partes de Catalonia, le Comunitate Valencian, Murcia e Andalusia mediterranee. Illo ha essite datate in Les Mallaetes a 10.370 BP.<ref name="Jordá"/> Le [[Asturian culture|cultura asturiense]] esseva un successor del Aziliense, movite legiermente verso le west, cuje instrumento distinctive esseva un picco pro recolliger [[limpet|lepadis]] del roccas. === Microlithismo geometric === [[File:064 Pintures de la cova dels Moros, exposició al Museu de Gavà.JPG|thumb|[[Roca dels Moros|Le Dansa de Cogul]], calco per [[Henri Breuil]]]] In le phases tardive del Epipaleolithico un nove tendentia arriva del nord: le microlithismo geometric, directemente ligate al culturas [[Sauveterrian|Sauveterriense]] e [[Tardenoisian|Tardenoisiense]] del region [[Rhine|Rheno]]-[[Danube|Danubio]]. Dum in le region franco-cantabric illo ha un impacto minor, sin alterar le cultura aziliense substantialmente, in le Iberia mediterranee e Portugal su arrivata es plus notabile. Le microlithismo geometric mediterranee ha duo facies: * Le facies Filador es directemente ligate al Sauveterriense francese e se trova in Catalonia, al nord del fluvio Ebro. * Le facies Cocina es plus extense e, in multe sitos ([[Málaga (province)|Málaga]], Espania), monstra un forte dependentia del pisca e del recollection de fructos de mar. Le sitos portuguese (al sud del Tajo, ''gruppo Muge'') ha date datas de circa 7350 BP.<ref name="Jordá"/> === Arte === {{main|Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin}} Le arte rupestre trovate in plus de 700 sitos al longo del latere oriental de Iberia es le plus avantiate e extense que supervive de iste periodo, certemente in Europa, e possibilemente in le mundo. Illo es marcatemente differente del arte del Paleolithico superior trovate al longo del costa del nord, con scenas narrative con grande numeros de parve figuras human pingite de forma schematic, in loco del figuras animal individual superbemente observate que characterisa le periodo anterior. Quando illo appare in le mesme scena que le animales, le figura human curre verso illos. Le scenas le plus commun es, de longe, de chassa, e existe scenas de battalia e dansa, e possibilemente de tascas agricole e de gestion de animales domesticate. In alcun scenas on monstra le recollection de melle, le plus famosemente in le Cuevas de la Araña in Bicorp (illustrate infra). Le humanos es nude del cinctura in alto, sed le feminas ha faldettas e le homines a vices faldettas o gamberas o pantalones de alcun typo, e on vide a vices adornamentos de capite e mascaras, lo que pote indicar rango o stato. == Neolithico == {{See also|Neolithic Europe}} [[File:Dolmen de Menga. Interior 2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Dolmen of Menga]], [[Antequera Dolmens Site]], c. 3700 a.Chr.]] In le sexte millennio a.Chr., [[Andalusia]] experientia le arrivata del prime agricultores. Lor origine es incerte, sed illes arriva con culturas jam developpate ([[cereals|cereales]] e [[legumes|leguminosas]]). Le presentia de animales domestic, in cambio, es improbabile, post que solmente restos de [[pig|porco]] e [[rabbit|conilio]] ha essite trovate e istos poterea pertiner a animales salvage. Illes anque consumeva grande quantitates de [[olive|olivas]] sed es incerte anque si iste arbore esseva cultivate o mermente recolligite in su forma salvage. Lor artefacto typic es le ceramica de stylo [[La Almagra]], multo variate.<ref name="Jordá"/> Le Neolithico andaluse anque influentiava altere areas, notabilemente le sud de Portugal, ubi, pauc post le arrivata del agricultura, le prime tumbas de [[dolmen]] comencia a esser construite circa 4800 a.Chr., essente possibilemente le plus antique de lor typo in omne parte.<ref name="Jordá"/> Circa 5700 a.Chr. le cultura neolithic del [[Cardium pottery|ceramica cardial]] (anque cognoscite como ''Neolithico mediterranee'') arriva al est de Iberia. Ben que alcun restos de iste cultura ha essite trovate tan al west como Portugal, su distribution es fundamentalmente mediterranee (Catalonia, region valencian, valle del Ebro, insulas Balear). Le interior e le areas costere del nord remane largemente marginal in iste processo de diffusion del [[agriculture|agricultura]]. In le major parte del casos illo arrivarea solmente in un phase multo tardive o mesmo jam in le etate chalcolithic, insimul con le [[Megalith|megalithismo]]. [[Image:Megalithic Culture.PNG|thumb|Un interpretation del developpamento del cultura megalithic europee]] On pensa que le location de Perdigões, in [[Reguengos de Monsaraz]], esseva un loco importante. Vinti parve statuas de ebore datante de 4.500 annos BP ha essite discoperite ibi desde 2011. Illo ha constructiones que data de circa 5.500 annos. Illo ha un [[necropolis]]. Foras del location existe un [[Dolmen|cromlech]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.publico.pt/Cultura/estatuetas-descobertas-no-alentejo-tem-4500-anos-e-cabem-na-palma-da-mao-1558397 |title = Estatuetas descobertas no Alentejo têm 4500 anos e cabem na palma da mão |author = Lucinda Canelas and Marta Portocarrero |date = 8 August 2012 |access-date = 10 August 2012 |work = [[Público (Portugal)|Público]] |language = pt |accessdate = 10 March 2026 |archivedate = 11 August 2012 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120811223350/http://www.publico.pt/Cultura/estatuetas-descobertas-no-alentejo-tem-4500-anos-e-cabem-na-palma-da-mao-1558397 }}</ref> Le sito del [[Almendres Cromlech|Cromlech de Almendres]], in [[Évora]], ha [[megalith|megalithos]] del final del [[6th millennium BC|sexte]] al initio del tertie millennio a.Chr.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.igespar.pt/en/patrimonio/pesquisa/geral/patrimonioimovel/detail/69690/ |title = Cromeleque e menir, na Herdade dos Almendres |access-date = 14 August 2012 |work = igespar.pt |publisher = [[Government of Portugal]] |language = pt }}</ref> Le [[Anta Grande do Zambujeiro]], anque in Évora, es datate inter 4000 e 3000 a.Chr.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.igespar.pt/en/patrimonio/pesquisa/geral/patrimonioimovel/detail/70498/ |title = Anta Grande do Zambujeiro de Valverde |access-date = 14 August 2012 |work = igespar.pt |publisher = [[Government of Portugal]] |language = pt }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.monumentos.pt/Site/APP_PagesUser/SIPA.aspx?id=1233 |title = Anta Grande do Zambujeiro / Anta Grande do Zambujeiro de Valverde |access-date = 14 August 2012 |author = Manuel Branco |year = 1993 |work = Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico (SIPA) |publisher = Instituto da Habitação e da Reabilitación Urbana |language = pt }}</ref> Le [[Antequera Dolmens Site|Dolmenes de Antequera]] data de post circa 3700 a.Chr. Le [[Dolmen of Cunha Baixa]], in le [[Mangualde Municipality|municipio de Mangualde]], es datate inter 3000 e 2500 a.Chr.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.monumentos.pt/Site/APP_PagesUser/SIPA.aspx?id=2378 |title = Anta da Cunha Baixa / Casa da Orca |author = Lina Marques |year = 1995 |access-date = 14 August 2012 |work = Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico (SIPA) |publisher = Instituto da Habitação e da Reabilitación Urbana |language = pt }}</ref> Le Caverna de Salemas esseva usate como un loco de sepultura durante le Neolithico.<ref name="igespar">{{cite web |title=Gruta de Salemas |url=http://arqueologia.igespar.pt/index.php?sid=sitios.resultados&subsid=54492&vt=120614 |access-date=14 August 2012 |work=Portal do Arqueólogo |publisher=[[IGESPAR]] |language=pt}}</ref> <gallery class="center"> File:Cromeleque dos Almendres - Portugal (4073246028).jpg|[[Almendres Cromlech]], Portugal, 6000-4000 a.Chr. File:Dolmen de Soto de Trigueros (48732082068).jpg|[[Dolmen de Soto]], Espania, c. 3000 a.Chr. File:Vas amb decoració cardial impresa, Museu de Prehistòria de València.JPG|[[Cardium pottery|Ceramica cardial]], Espania, c. 5500 a.Chr. File:Fragmento de cerámica impresa de pinta. Cova de l´Or.jpg|Fragmento de ceramica cardial File:Callais necklace, 99+9.jpg|Joieles de [[Callaïs]] del sud-west de Iberia, trovate in [[Carnac stones|Carnac]] in le nord-west de Francia. c. 4500 a.Chr. File:Venus de Gavà.jpg|Venus de Gavà, [[Sepulcres de fossa culture|cultura del Sepulcros de Fossa]] </gallery> == Chalcolithico == {{See also|Chalcolithic Europe}} [[File:Los Millares recreacion cuadro.jpg|thumb|left|Un modello del citate prehistoric de [[Los Millares]], con su muros. (Andalusia, Espania)|241x241px]] Le [[Chalcolithic Europe|Chalcolithico]] o Etate de Cupre es le phase le plus antique del [[metallurgy|metallurgia]]. Le [[Copper|cupre]], le [[silver|argento]] e le [[gold|auro]] comenciava a esser laborate tunc, ben que iste metallos molle a pena poteva substituer le instrumentos de petra pro le major parte del propositos. Le Chalcolithico es anque un periodo de major complexitate e stratification social e, in le caso de Iberia, illo del surgimento del prime [[civilization|civilisationes]] e de extense retes de intercambio que arrivarea usque al [[Baltic Sea|Mar Baltic]] e [[Africa]]. Le data conventional pro le initio del Chalcolithico in Iberia es circa 3200 a.Chr. In le seculos sequente, specialmente in le sud del peninsula, le benes de metallo, sovente decorative o ritual, deveni de plus in plus commun. Additionalmente existe un major evidentia de intercambios con areas multo distante: [[amber|succino]] del Baltico e productos de [[ivory|ebore]] e de ovo de [[ostrich|struz]] del [[Northern Africa|Africa del Nord]].<ref name="Jordá"/> Un exemplo notabile in iste respecto es le [[Tholos de Montelirio#Ivory Lady|Dama de Ebore]] del [[Tholos de Montelirio]]. [[File:Dolmen de la Pastora 1.png|thumb|[[Dolmen de la Pastora]], c. 3e millennio a.Chr.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Journal of World Prehistory |date=2018 |last=García Sanjuán |first=Leonardo |title=Assembling the Dead, Gathering the Living: Radiocarbon Dating and Bayesian Modelling for Copper Age Valencina de la Concepción (Seville, Spain)|volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=179–313 |doi=10.1007/s10963-018-9114-2 |pmid=29962659 |pmc=5984651 |bibcode=2018JWPre..31..179G }}</ref>|215x215px]] Le [[Bell Beaker culture|cultura campaniforme]] esseva presente in Iberia durante le Chalcolithico.<ref name="hdp"/> [[Gordon Childe]] interpretava le presentia de su artefacto characteristic como le intrusion de "missionarios" expandente se ab Iberia al longo del costa atlantic, diffundente le cognoscentia del metallurgia del cupre mediterranee. Stephen Shennan interpretava lor artefactos como pertinente a un elite cultural mobile imponente se sur le populationes de substrato indigene. Similemente, Sangmeister (1972) interpretava le "populo campaniforme" (Glockenbecherleute) como parve gruppos de commerciantes e artesanos multo mobile. Christian Strahm (1995) usava le termino "phenomeno campaniforme" (Glockenbecher-Phänomen) como un compromisso pro evitar le termino "cultura". Le artefactos campaniforme, al minus in lor phase initial, non es distribuite a transverso de un area contigue como es usual pro le culturas archeologic, sed se trova in concentrationes insular spergite per Europa. Lor presentia non es associate con un typo characteristic de architectura o de costumes de sepultura. Tamen, le cultura campaniforme pare coalescer in un cultura archeologic coherente in su phase posterior. Analyses plus recente del "phenomeno campaniforme", publicate desde le annos 2000, ha persistite in describer le origine del "phenomeno campaniforme" como surgente de un synthese de elementos, representante "un idea e stylo uniente differente regiones con differente traditiones cultural e antecedentes." Studios de archeogenetica del annos 2010 ha potite resolver le question "migrationista vs. diffusionista" usque a certe puncto. Le studio per Olalde et al. (2017) trovava solmente un "affinitate genetic limitate" inter individuos associate con le complexo campaniforme in Iberia e in Europa Central, suggerente que le migration jocava un rolo limitate in su diffusion initial ab Iberia. Tamen, le mesme studio trovava que le ulterior dissemination del complexo campaniforme matur esseva multo fortemente ligate al migration. Le diffusion e fluiditate del cultura campaniforme de retro e a vante inter le Rheno e su fonte de origine in le peninsula pote haber introducite nivellos alte de [[steppe-related ancestry|ascendentia ligate al steppa]], resultante in un transformation quasi complete del patrimonio genetic local in pauc seculos, usque al puncto de substitution de circa 90% del lineages patrilineal mesolithic-neolithic local.[[File:Campaniforme M.A.N. 04.JPG|thumb|Sepultura del [[Bell Beaker culture|cultura campaniforme]]]] [[File:Architectural model of the Castro do Zambujal, Portugal.png|left|thumb|203x203px|[[Castro of Zambujal]]]] Le origine del artefacto "campaniforme" ipse ha essite traciate al initio del tertie millennio. Le exemplos le plus antique del designo campaniforme "maritime" ha essite trovate in le estuario del Tajo in Portugal, datate per radiocarbon a circa le 28e seculo a.Chr. On argue que le inspiration pro le vaso campaniforme maritime esseva le vasos Copoz, plus parve e antique, que ha decoration imprimite e que se trova amplemente circa le estuario del Tajo in Portugal. Turek ha registrate precursores neolithic tardive in le Africa del nord, arguente que le stylo maritime emergeva como resultato de contactos per mar inter Iberia e Marocco in le prime medietate del tertie millennio a.Chr. In solmente pauc seculos de su expansion maritime, verso 2600 a.Chr., illos habeva attingite le ric estuario del Rheno inferior e plus in alto verso Bohemia e ultra le [[Elbe]] ubi illos se fusionava con le [[Corded Ware culture|cultura del ceramica cordate]], como anque in le costa francese de Provence e in alto del Rhone verso le Alpes e le [[Danube|Danubio]]. Sitos chalcolithic importante in Iberia include [[Valencina de la Concepción]], [[:es:Marroquíes Bajos|Marroquíes Bajos]] e [[Los Millares]]. Un sito archeologic chalcolithic significative in Portugal es le [[Castro of Vila Nova de São Pedro]]. Altere colonias de iste periodo include Pedra do Ouro e le [[Castro of Zambujal]].<ref name="hdp"/> [[Megalith|Megalithos]] esseva create durante iste periodo, habente comenciate plus ad ante, durante le final del [[5th millennium BC|quinte millennio]], e durate usque le initio del [[2nd millennium BC|secunde millennio a.Chr.]]<ref name="hdp"/> Le [[Castelo Velho de Freixo de Numão]], in le [[Vila Nova de Foz Côa Municipality|municipio de Vila Nova de Foz Côa]], esseva populate de circa 3000 a 1300 a.Chr.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.igespar.pt/pt/patrimonio/pesquisa/geral/patrimonioimovel/detail/323273/ |title = Castelo Velho de Freixo de Numão |access-date = 14 August 2012 |work = igespar.pt |publisher = [[Government of Portugal]] |language = pt }}</ref> Le Cerro do Castelo de Santa Justa, in [[Alcoutim]], es datate al tertie millennio a.Chr.,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.igespar.pt/pt/patrimonio/pesquisa/geral/patrimonioimovel/detail/69679/ |title = Cerro do Castelo de Santa Justa |access-date = 14 August 2012 |work = igespar.pt |publisher = [[Government of Portugal]] |language = pt }}</ref> inter 2400 e 1900 a.Chr.<ref name="hdp"/> [[Image:Beaker culture.png|thumb|Extension del cultura campaniforme]] [[File:Alabarda o daga (30555085342).jpg|thumb|left|Lama de daga de crystallo del [[Tholos de Montelirio]] in [[Valencina de la Concepción]], 3000-2500 a.Chr.|181x181px]] Illo es anque le periodo del grande expansion del megalithismo, con su practicas associate de sepultura collective. In le periodo chalcolithic antique iste phenomeno cultural, forsan de matices religiose, se expande al longo del regiones atlantic e anque a transverso del sud del peninsula (additionalmente on lo trova anque in virtualmente tote le regiones atlantic europee). In contrasto, le major parte del interior e del regiones mediterranee remane refractari a iste phenomeno. {{Referentias}} {{Espania}}{{Historia de Espania}} [[Categoria:Historia de Espania]] [[Categoria:Historia de Portugal]] d125bnxfjfyten3tzz3l5yqr7fq80wu 705341 705340 2026-11-01T11:12:49Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Epipaleolithico e Mesolithico */ 705341 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Historia de Portugal}} Le '''prehistoria in le peninsula iberic''' comencia con le arrivata del prime representantes del [[genere]] ''[[Homo]]'' ab [[Africa]], lo que pote variar de {{Circa}} 1,5 milliones de annos (Ma) retro a {{Circa}} 1,25 Ma retro, dependente del [[Archaeological science#Dating techniques|technica de datation]] empleate, assi que on lo fixa a {{Circa}} 1,3 Ma retro pro convenientia.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Menéndez |first=Mario |title=Prehistoria de la Península Ibérica : el progreso de la cognición, el mestizaje y las desigualdades durante más de un millón de años |publisher=Alianza Editorial |year=2019 |isbn=978-84-9181-602-7 |location=Madrid |pages=17–37 |oclc=1120111673}}</ref> Le fin del prehistoria iberic coincide con le prime entrata del armea [[Roman people|roman]] in le peninsula, in 218 a.Chr., lo que duceva al dissolution progressive del [[Pre-Roman People of the Iberian Peninsula|populos preroman]] in le cultura roman. Iste data final es anque conventional, post que le [[Paleohispanic scripts|systemas de scriptura preroman]] pote esser traciate usque al 5e seculo a.Chr.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Valério |first=Miguel |date=2008 |title=Origin and development of the Paleohispanic scripts: the orthography and phonology of the Southwestern alphabet |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=3339686 |journal=Revista portuguesa de arqueologia |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=107–138 |issn=0874-2782}}</ref> == Panorama general == Le prehistoria in Iberia occupa circa 60 pro cento del [[Quaternario]], con le [[written history|historia scripte]] occupante a pena 0,08 pro cento. Durante le altere 40 pro cento, illo esseva inhabitate per humanos.<ref name=":0" /> Le [[Pleistoceno]], prime [[Geologic time scale#Divisions of geologic time|epocha]] del Quaternario, se characterisava per [[Quaternary glaciation|oscillationes climatic]] inter [[ice age|etates de glacie]] e [[interglacial|periodos interglacial]] que produceva cambios significative in le [[orographia]] de Iberia. Le prime e le plus grande periodo in le prehistoria de Iberia es le [[Paleolithico]], que comencia {{Circa}} 1,3 Ma e fini quasi coincidente con le fin del Pleistoceno, {{Circa}} 11.500 annos retro (11,5 [[Year#SI prefix multipliers|ka]]). Evidentia significative de un occupation extense de Iberia durante iste periodo per ''[[Homo neanderthalensis]]'' ha essite discoperite. Le prime restos de ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' ha essite datate verso le fin del Paleolithico.{{When|date=January 2026|reason=Could we be more specific?}} Durante un tempore, circa 5 ka, ambe [[species]] coexisteva, usque le prime esseva finalmente ducite al extinction.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Crespo Garay |first=Cristina |date=2021-11-27 |title=¿Qué homínidos han poblado España a lo largo de la historia? |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.es/historia/que-hominidos-han-habitado-en-espana-a-lo-largo-de-la-historia |access-date=2023-03-07 |publisher=[[National Geographic]] |language=es-es}}</ref> Le [[Holoceno]] sequeva le Pleistoceno con un clima plus homogenee e humide, e le presentia exclusive de ''Homo sapiens''. Illo include le [[Mesolithico]] ({{Circa}} 11,5 ka retro - 5,6 ka a.Chr.), le [[Neolithico]] ({{Circa}} 5,6 - 3,2 ka a.Chr.) e le [[Metal Ages|Etates del Metallos]]: [[Chalcolithico]] o Etate de Cupre ({{Circa}} 3,2 - 1,9 ka a.Chr.), [[Bronze Age|Etate de Bronzo]] ({{Circa}} 1,9 ka - 750 a.Chr.) e [[Iron Age|Etate de Ferro]] ({{Circa}} 750 - 218 a.Chr.). Le Mesolithico e le Chalcolithico es periodos de transition, ubi on pote trovar characteristicas de ambe etates, le precedente e le sequente. Le Holoceno albergava plure transformationes progressive: differentiation territorial e cultural inter le gruppos de ''Homo sapiens'', nascentia de nove [[social organization|organisationes social]] e [[Economy|economias]], transition del [[hunting-gathering|chassa-recollection]] al [[agriculture|agricultura]] e [[animal husbandry|elevamento de animales]], e arrivata de nove populos ab le [[Mediterranean Sea|Mar Mediterranee]] e [[central Europe|Europa central]], con le fundation de [[Colony|colonias]].<ref name=":0" /> Il ha restos prehistoric spergite per tote le peninsula. De importantia notabile es le [[archaeological site of Atapuerca]], in le nord de [[Spain|Espania]], que contine un millon de annos de [[human evolution|evolution human]] e esseva declarate [[World Heritage Site|Patrimonio del Humanitate]] per le [[UNESCO]] in 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archaeological Site of Atapuerca |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/989/ |access-date=8 March 2023 |publisher=[[UNESCO World Heritage Centre]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> == Paleolithico == {{main|Paleolithic Iberia}} === Paleolithico inferior === Le [[Paleolithico inferior]] comencia in Iberia con le prime habitation human {{Circa}} 1,3 Ma retro, e fini conventionalmente 128 ka retro,<ref name=":0" /> lo que lo face le periodo le plus longe del Paleolithico de Iberia. Illo es studiate principalmente a partir del [[fossil|fossiles]] human e [[stone tool|instrumentos de petra]] trovate in sitos archeologic, del quales Atapuerca es de importantia significative. Illo contine multe fossiles de animales e de ''[[Homo antecessor]]'' que monstra signos de manipulation con instrumentos de petra pro attinger le [[spinal cord|medulla spinal]], lo que constitue le prime evidentia de [[Human cannibalism|cannibalismo]] inter ''Homo''.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |date=2022 |title=Atapuerca |url=https://www.despertaferro-ediciones.com/revistas/numero/arqueologia-e-historia-45-atapuerca-prehistoria/ |journal=Desperta Ferro Arqueología e Historia |volume=45 |issn=2387-1237}}</ref> In le [[Sima de los huesos|Sima de los Huesos]], le archeologos ha trovate fossiles de ''[[Homo heidelbergensis]]'', datate {{circa}} 430 ka retro, correspondente a circa 30 individuos e sin evidentia de habitation ni de un evento catastrophic, essente assi hypothetisate como le prime evidentia de sepultura de ''Homo''.<ref name=":4" /> Le analyse de [[DNA]] de iste fossiles suggere anque un processo de [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridisation]] continue inter le [[species]] de ''Homo'' durante iste periodo, usque le arrivata final de ''Homo neanderthalensis''.<ref name=":4" /> === Paleolithico medie === Le [[Paleolithico medie]] ({{Circa}} 128 – 40 ka retro) es dominate per un occupation extense de Iberia per ''Homo neanderthalensis'' o, plus popularmente, ''Neanderthales'', qui habeva un corpore plus pesante, un major [[Lung volumes|volumine pulmonar]] e un [[brain|cerebro]] plus grande que ''Homo sapiens''. Le [[Gorham's Cave|caverna de Gorham]] ([[Gibraltar]]) contine arte rupestre neanderthal, lo que suggere que illes habeva major capacitates de pensamento [[Symbolic communication|symbolic]] de lo que on supponeva anteriormente. Iste periodo, como le precedente, es studiate principalmente a partir de fossiles e instrumentos de petra, que evolve verso le Modo 3 o [[Mousterian|Musteriense]]. Non existe un uso extense de [[bone|osso]] o [[antler|cornos]] pro le fabrication de instrumentos, e remane multo pauc evidentia del uso de [[wood|ligno]] a causa del [[decomposition|decomposition]]. In contrasto con le Paleolithico inferior, quando le habitation esseva usualmente al aere libere e le cavernas se usava circumstantialmente (sepultura, fabrication de instrumentos, [[butcher|carniceria]]), durante iste periodo le cavernas se usa de plus in plus pro le habitation, con restos de archaic conditionamento domestic.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Menéndez |first=Mario |title=Prehistoria de la Península Ibérica : el progreso de la cognición, el mestizaje y las desigualdades durante más de un millón de años |publisher=Alianza Editorial |year=2019 |isbn=978-84-9181-602-7 |location=Madrid |oclc=1120111673}}</ref> Le cultura [[Châtelperronian|Chatelperroniense]], trovate principalmente in le sud de [[France|Francia]], es contemporanee al periodo de tempore in que ambe ''Homo neanderthalensis'' e ''Homo sapiens'' coexisteva in Europa, e assi al initio illo esseva attribuite a iste ultime, sed le discoperta de un skeleto complete del prime cambiava su attribution a ''Homo neanderthalensis''.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Roussel |first1=M. |last2=Soressi |first2=M. |last3=Hublin |first3=J. -J. |date=2016-06-01 |title=The Châtelperronian conundrum: Blade and bladelet lithic technologies from Quinçay, France |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248416000270 |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |language=en |volume=95 |pages=13–32 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.02.003 |pmid=27260172 |bibcode=2016JHumE..95...13R |issn=0047-2484|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Alcun academicos prefere nominar lo Musteriense tardive, e existe un debaite sur si on debe considerar lo o un industria proprie o un transitional, post que chronologicamente illo pertine al Paleolithico medie sed monstra characteristicas del industrias del Paleolithico superior.<ref name=":6" /> === Paleolithico superior === [[File:Cave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain-110113.jpg|alt=Paleolithic cave art|thumb|Arte rupestre paleolithic]] Le [[Paleolithico superior]] ({{Circa}} 40 - 11,5 ka retro) comencia con le cultura [[Aurignacian|Aurignaciense]], que se trova principalmente in le nord de Iberia (actual [[Asturias]], [[Cantabria]], [[Pais Basc]] e [[Catalonia]]) al initio, e es le obra de ''Homo sapiens''. Postea illo se expande per tote le peninsula iberic e es sequite per le [[Gravettian|Gravetiense]]. In Cantabria, le major parte del restos gravetiense se trova miscite con technologia aurignaciense, per lo que illo es considerate "intrusive", in contrasto con le area mediterranee, ubi illo probabilemente significa un colonisation real.<ref name="Jordá">F. Jordá Cerdá et al., ''Historia de España I: Prehistoria'', 1986. {{ISBN|84-249-1015-X}}</ref> Le prime indicationes de colonisation human moderne del interior e del west del peninsula se trova solmente in iste phase cultural. A causa del [[Last Glacial Maximum|ultime maximo glacial]], Europa occidental esseva isolate e developpava le cultura [[Solutrean|Solutrense]], que monstra su prime apparitiones in Les Mallaetes ([[Valencian Community|Valencia]]), con un data de radiocarbon de 20.890 BP.<ref name="Jordá" /> In le nord de Iberia existe duo tendentias marcatemente differente in Asturias e le area [[Vasco-Cantabrian|Vasco-Cantabric]]. Sitos importante es [[Altamira (cave)|Altamira]] e [[Santimamiñe]]. Le proxime phase es le [[Magdalenian culture|Magdaleniense]], mesmo si in le area mediterranee le influentia gravetiense es ancora persistente.<ref name="Jordá" /> In Portugal ha habite alcun discopertas al nord de [[Lisbon|Lisbona]] (Casa da Moura, Lapa do Suão).<ref name="Jordá" /> === Arte === [[Image:Techo de Altamira (replica)-Museo Arqueológico Nacional.jpg|thumb|Tecto del [[Altamira Cave|Caverna de Altamira]]]] Iberia es sede de impressionante [[Cave art|arte rupestre]] e de caverna paleolithic. Le [[Altamira Cave|caverna de Altamira]] es le exemplo le plus cognoscite del prime, essente un [[World Heritage Site|Patrimonio del Humanitate]] desde 1985.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/310/ |access-date=2023-03-08 |publisher=[[UNESCO World Heritage Centre]] |language=en}}</ref> Le [[Côa Valley|Valle del Côa]], in [[Portugal]], e [[Siega Verde]], in Espania, formate circa [[Tributary|tributarios]] del [[Douro]], contine le arte rupestre le plus ben preservate, formante insimul un altere Patrimonio del Humanitate desde 1998.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=Prehistoric Rock Art Sites in the Côa Valley and Siega Verde |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/866 |access-date=8 March 2023 |publisher=[[UNESCO World Heritage Centre]]}}</ref> Le manifestation artistic se trova plus importantemente in le area [[Cantabria|cantabric]] del nord, ubi le manifestationes le plus antique, per exemplo le [[Caves of Monte Castillo|Cavernas de Monte Castillo]], es tan antique como le epochas aurignaciense. Le practica de iste arte mural augmenta in frequentia in le periodo solutrense, quando le prime animales es deliniate, sed il non es usque le phase cultural magdaleniense quando illo deveni vermente extense, trovante se in quasi omne caverna. Le major parte del representationes es de animales (bisontes, cavallos, cervos, tauros, renos, capras, ursos, mammuthes, alces) e es pingite in colores ochre e nigre, sed existe exceptiones e formas humanoides assi como designos abstracte que anque appare in alcun sitos. In le areas mediterranee e del interior, le presentia de arte mural non es tan abundante sed existe equalmente desde le Solutrense. Le monumental Valle del Côa ha [[petroglyph|petroglyphos]] que data de usque a 22.000 annos retro. Istos documenta un occupation human continue desde le fin del Etate Paleolithic. Altere exemplos include [[Chimachias]], [[Cueva de los Casares|Los Casares]] o [[Cueva de La Pasiega|La Pasiega]], o, in general, le cavernas principalmente in Cantabria (in Espania). <gallery> File:Teverga 06.jpg|Sculptura paleolithic File:Teverga 08.jpg|Sculptura paleolithic </gallery> == Epipaleolithico e Mesolithico == {{Vide etiam|Epipalaeolithic Europe|Mesolithic Europe}} [[File:Art rupestre chimiachas.jpg|thumb|Pictura rupestre de Chimiachas]] Circa 10.000 a.Chr., occurreva un [[Glaciation|deglaciation]] interstadial appellate le [[Allerød Oscillation|Oscillation de Allerød]], debilitante le conditiones rigorose del [[Last glacial period|ultime etate de glacie]]. Iste cambio climatic representa anque le fin del periodo [[Upper Palaeolithic|Paleolithico superior]], initiante le [[Epipaleolithic|Epipaleolithico]]. Dependente del terminologia preferite per qualcunque fonte particular, le [[Mesolithic|Mesolithico]] comencia post le Epipaleolithico, o lo include. Si le Epipaleolithico non es includite in illo, le Mesolithico es un periodo relativemente breve in Iberia. A mesura que le [[climate|clima]] deveniva plus calide, le populos magdaleniense tardive de Iberia modificava lor technologia e cultura. Le principal cambio techno-cultural es le processo de [[microlith|microlithisation]]: le reduction del dimension del instrumentos de petra e osso, anque trovate in altere partes del mundo. Anque le sanctuarios in cavernas pare esser abandonate e le arte deveni plus rar e facite principalmente sur objectos portabile, tal como calculos o instrumentos. Illo implica anque cambios in le dieta, post que le [[megafauna]] virtualmente dispare quando le steppa se transforma in boscos. In iste periodo, le animales chassate es de dimension plus parve, typicamente cervos o capras salvage, e le fructos de mar deveni un parte importante del dieta ubi illos es disponibile. === Aziliense e Asturiense === Le prime cultura epipaleolithic es le [[Azilian|Aziliense]], anque cognoscite como ''microlithismo microlaminar'' in le Mediterraneo. Iste cultura es le evolution local del Magdaleniense, parallel a altere derivatos regional trovate in Europa Central e del Nord. Originalmente trovate in le ancian territorio magdaleniense de [[Vasco-Cantabria]] e le plus ample [[Franco-Cantabrian region|region franco-cantabric]], le cultura de stylo aziliense eventualmente se expandeva anque a partes del Iberia mediterranee. Illo reflecteva un clima multo plus calide, ducente a boscos dense, e le substitution de grande animales de grege per habitante de boscage plus parve e elusive. Un sito aziliense archetypic in le peninsula iberic es Zatoya ([[Navarre|Navarra]]), ubi es difficile discerner le elementos aziliense antique de illos del Magdaleniense tardive (iste transition es datate a 11.760 BP).<ref name="Jordá"/> Le Aziliense plen in le mesme sito es datate a 8.150 BP, sequite per le apparition de elementos geometric a un data posterior, que continua usque le arrivata del ceramica (stadio [[subneolithic|subneolithic]]). In le area mediterranee, virtualmente iste mesme cultura material es sovente nominate ''microlithismo microlaminar'' proque illo care del [[bone industry|industria de osso]] typic del Aziliense franco-cantabric. On lo trova in partes de Catalonia, le Comunitate Valencian, Murcia e Andalusia mediterranee. Illo ha essite datate in Les Mallaetes a 10.370 BP.<ref name="Jordá"/> Le [[Asturian culture|cultura asturiense]] esseva un successor del Aziliense, movite legiermente verso le west, cuje instrumento distinctive esseva un picco pro recolliger [[limpet|lepadis]] del roccas. === Microlithismo geometric === [[File:064 Pintures de la cova dels Moros, exposició al Museu de Gavà.JPG|thumb|[[Roca dels Moros|Le Dansa de Cogul]], calco per [[Henri Breuil]]]] In le phases tardive del Epipaleolithico un nove tendentia arriva del nord: le microlithismo geometric, directemente ligate al culturas [[Sauveterrian|Sauveterriense]] e [[Tardenoisian|Tardenoisiense]] del region [[Rhine|Rheno]]-[[Danube|Danubio]]. Dum in le region franco-cantabric illo ha un impacto minor, sin alterar le cultura aziliense substantialmente, in le Iberia mediterranee e Portugal su arrivata es plus notabile. Le microlithismo geometric mediterranee ha duo facies: * Le facies Filador es directemente ligate al Sauveterriense francese e se trova in Catalonia, al nord del fluvio Ebro. * Le facies Cocina es plus extense e, in multe sitos ([[Málaga (province)|Málaga]], Espania), monstra un forte dependentia del pisca e del recollection de fructos de mar. Le sitos portuguese (al sud del Tajo, ''gruppo Muge'') ha date datas de circa 7350 BP.<ref name="Jordá"/> === Arte === {{main|Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin}} Le arte rupestre trovate in plus de 700 sitos al longo del latere oriental de Iberia es le plus avantiate e extense que supervive de iste periodo, certemente in Europa, e possibilemente in le mundo. Illo es marcatemente differente del arte del Paleolithico superior trovate al longo del costa del nord, con scenas narrative con grande numeros de parve figuras human pingite de forma schematic, in loco del figuras animal individual superbemente observate que characterisa le periodo anterior. Quando illo appare in le mesme scena que le animales, le figura human curre verso illos. Le scenas le plus commun es, de longe, de chassa, e existe scenas de battalia e dansa, e possibilemente de tascas agricole e de gestion de animales domesticate. In alcun scenas on monstra le recollection de melle, le plus famosemente in le Cuevas de la Araña in Bicorp (illustrate infra). Le humanos es nude del cinctura in alto, sed le feminas ha faldettas e le homines a vices faldettas o gamberas o pantalones de alcun typo, e on vide a vices adornamentos de capite e mascaras, lo que pote indicar rango o stato. == Neolithico == {{See also|Neolithic Europe}} [[File:Dolmen de Menga. Interior 2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Dolmen of Menga]], [[Antequera Dolmens Site]], c. 3700 a.Chr.]] In le sexte millennio a.Chr., [[Andalusia]] experientia le arrivata del prime agricultores. Lor origine es incerte, sed illes arriva con culturas jam developpate ([[cereals|cereales]] e [[legumes|leguminosas]]). Le presentia de animales domestic, in cambio, es improbabile, post que solmente restos de [[pig|porco]] e [[rabbit|conilio]] ha essite trovate e istos poterea pertiner a animales salvage. Illes anque consumeva grande quantitates de [[olive|olivas]] sed es incerte anque si iste arbore esseva cultivate o mermente recolligite in su forma salvage. Lor artefacto typic es le ceramica de stylo [[La Almagra]], multo variate.<ref name="Jordá"/> Le Neolithico andaluse anque influentiava altere areas, notabilemente le sud de Portugal, ubi, pauc post le arrivata del agricultura, le prime tumbas de [[dolmen]] comencia a esser construite circa 4800 a.Chr., essente possibilemente le plus antique de lor typo in omne parte.<ref name="Jordá"/> Circa 5700 a.Chr. le cultura neolithic del [[Cardium pottery|ceramica cardial]] (anque cognoscite como ''Neolithico mediterranee'') arriva al est de Iberia. Ben que alcun restos de iste cultura ha essite trovate tan al west como Portugal, su distribution es fundamentalmente mediterranee (Catalonia, region valencian, valle del Ebro, insulas Balear). Le interior e le areas costere del nord remane largemente marginal in iste processo de diffusion del [[agriculture|agricultura]]. In le major parte del casos illo arrivarea solmente in un phase multo tardive o mesmo jam in le etate chalcolithic, insimul con le [[Megalith|megalithismo]]. [[Image:Megalithic Culture.PNG|thumb|Un interpretation del developpamento del cultura megalithic europee]] On pensa que le location de Perdigões, in [[Reguengos de Monsaraz]], esseva un loco importante. Vinti parve statuas de ebore datante de 4.500 annos BP ha essite discoperite ibi desde 2011. Illo ha constructiones que data de circa 5.500 annos. Illo ha un [[necropolis]]. Foras del location existe un [[Dolmen|cromlech]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.publico.pt/Cultura/estatuetas-descobertas-no-alentejo-tem-4500-anos-e-cabem-na-palma-da-mao-1558397 |title = Estatuetas descobertas no Alentejo têm 4500 anos e cabem na palma da mão |author = Lucinda Canelas and Marta Portocarrero |date = 8 August 2012 |access-date = 10 August 2012 |work = [[Público (Portugal)|Público]] |language = pt |accessdate = 10 March 2026 |archivedate = 11 August 2012 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120811223350/http://www.publico.pt/Cultura/estatuetas-descobertas-no-alentejo-tem-4500-anos-e-cabem-na-palma-da-mao-1558397 }}</ref> Le sito del [[Almendres Cromlech|Cromlech de Almendres]], in [[Évora]], ha [[megalith|megalithos]] del final del [[6th millennium BC|sexte]] al initio del tertie millennio a.Chr.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.igespar.pt/en/patrimonio/pesquisa/geral/patrimonioimovel/detail/69690/ |title = Cromeleque e menir, na Herdade dos Almendres |access-date = 14 August 2012 |work = igespar.pt |publisher = [[Government of Portugal]] |language = pt }}</ref> Le [[Anta Grande do Zambujeiro]], anque in Évora, es datate inter 4000 e 3000 a.Chr.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.igespar.pt/en/patrimonio/pesquisa/geral/patrimonioimovel/detail/70498/ |title = Anta Grande do Zambujeiro de Valverde |access-date = 14 August 2012 |work = igespar.pt |publisher = [[Government of Portugal]] |language = pt }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.monumentos.pt/Site/APP_PagesUser/SIPA.aspx?id=1233 |title = Anta Grande do Zambujeiro / Anta Grande do Zambujeiro de Valverde |access-date = 14 August 2012 |author = Manuel Branco |year = 1993 |work = Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico (SIPA) |publisher = Instituto da Habitação e da Reabilitación Urbana |language = pt }}</ref> Le [[Antequera Dolmens Site|Dolmenes de Antequera]] data de post circa 3700 a.Chr. Le [[Dolmen of Cunha Baixa]], in le [[Mangualde Municipality|municipio de Mangualde]], es datate inter 3000 e 2500 a.Chr.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.monumentos.pt/Site/APP_PagesUser/SIPA.aspx?id=2378 |title = Anta da Cunha Baixa / Casa da Orca |author = Lina Marques |year = 1995 |access-date = 14 August 2012 |work = Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico (SIPA) |publisher = Instituto da Habitação e da Reabilitación Urbana |language = pt }}</ref> Le Caverna de Salemas esseva usate como un loco de sepultura durante le Neolithico.<ref name="igespar">{{cite web |title=Gruta de Salemas |url=http://arqueologia.igespar.pt/index.php?sid=sitios.resultados&subsid=54492&vt=120614 |access-date=14 August 2012 |work=Portal do Arqueólogo |publisher=[[IGESPAR]] |language=pt}}</ref> <gallery class="center"> File:Cromeleque dos Almendres - Portugal (4073246028).jpg|[[Almendres Cromlech]], Portugal, 6000-4000 a.Chr. File:Dolmen de Soto de Trigueros (48732082068).jpg|[[Dolmen de Soto]], Espania, c. 3000 a.Chr. File:Vas amb decoració cardial impresa, Museu de Prehistòria de València.JPG|[[Cardium pottery|Ceramica cardial]], Espania, c. 5500 a.Chr. File:Fragmento de cerámica impresa de pinta. Cova de l´Or.jpg|Fragmento de ceramica cardial File:Callais necklace, 99+9.jpg|Joieles de [[Callaïs]] del sud-west de Iberia, trovate in [[Carnac stones|Carnac]] in le nord-west de Francia. c. 4500 a.Chr. File:Venus de Gavà.jpg|Venus de Gavà, [[Sepulcres de fossa culture|cultura del Sepulcros de Fossa]] </gallery> == Chalcolithico == {{See also|Chalcolithic Europe}} [[File:Los Millares recreacion cuadro.jpg|thumb|left|Un modello del citate prehistoric de [[Los Millares]], con su muros. (Andalusia, Espania)|241x241px]] Le [[Chalcolithic Europe|Chalcolithico]] o Etate de Cupre es le phase le plus antique del [[metallurgy|metallurgia]]. Le [[Copper|cupre]], le [[silver|argento]] e le [[gold|auro]] comenciava a esser laborate tunc, ben que iste metallos molle a pena poteva substituer le instrumentos de petra pro le major parte del propositos. Le Chalcolithico es anque un periodo de major complexitate e stratification social e, in le caso de Iberia, illo del surgimento del prime [[civilization|civilisationes]] e de extense retes de intercambio que arrivarea usque al [[Baltic Sea|Mar Baltic]] e [[Africa]]. Le data conventional pro le initio del Chalcolithico in Iberia es circa 3200 a.Chr. In le seculos sequente, specialmente in le sud del peninsula, le benes de metallo, sovente decorative o ritual, deveni de plus in plus commun. Additionalmente existe un major evidentia de intercambios con areas multo distante: [[amber|succino]] del Baltico e productos de [[ivory|ebore]] e de ovo de [[ostrich|struz]] del [[Northern Africa|Africa del Nord]].<ref name="Jordá"/> Un exemplo notabile in iste respecto es le [[Tholos de Montelirio#Ivory Lady|Dama de Ebore]] del [[Tholos de Montelirio]]. [[File:Dolmen de la Pastora 1.png|thumb|[[Dolmen de la Pastora]], c. 3e millennio a.Chr.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Journal of World Prehistory |date=2018 |last=García Sanjuán |first=Leonardo |title=Assembling the Dead, Gathering the Living: Radiocarbon Dating and Bayesian Modelling for Copper Age Valencina de la Concepción (Seville, Spain)|volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=179–313 |doi=10.1007/s10963-018-9114-2 |pmid=29962659 |pmc=5984651 |bibcode=2018JWPre..31..179G }}</ref>|215x215px]] Le [[Bell Beaker culture|cultura campaniforme]] esseva presente in Iberia durante le Chalcolithico.<ref name="hdp"/> [[Gordon Childe]] interpretava le presentia de su artefacto characteristic como le intrusion de "missionarios" expandente se ab Iberia al longo del costa atlantic, diffundente le cognoscentia del metallurgia del cupre mediterranee. Stephen Shennan interpretava lor artefactos como pertinente a un elite cultural mobile imponente se sur le populationes de substrato indigene. Similemente, Sangmeister (1972) interpretava le "populo campaniforme" (Glockenbecherleute) como parve gruppos de commerciantes e artesanos multo mobile. Christian Strahm (1995) usava le termino "phenomeno campaniforme" (Glockenbecher-Phänomen) como un compromisso pro evitar le termino "cultura". Le artefactos campaniforme, al minus in lor phase initial, non es distribuite a transverso de un area contigue como es usual pro le culturas archeologic, sed se trova in concentrationes insular spergite per Europa. Lor presentia non es associate con un typo characteristic de architectura o de costumes de sepultura. Tamen, le cultura campaniforme pare coalescer in un cultura archeologic coherente in su phase posterior. Analyses plus recente del "phenomeno campaniforme", publicate desde le annos 2000, ha persistite in describer le origine del "phenomeno campaniforme" como surgente de un synthese de elementos, representante "un idea e stylo uniente differente regiones con differente traditiones cultural e antecedentes." Studios de archeogenetica del annos 2010 ha potite resolver le question "migrationista vs. diffusionista" usque a certe puncto. Le studio per Olalde et al. (2017) trovava solmente un "affinitate genetic limitate" inter individuos associate con le complexo campaniforme in Iberia e in Europa Central, suggerente que le migration jocava un rolo limitate in su diffusion initial ab Iberia. Tamen, le mesme studio trovava que le ulterior dissemination del complexo campaniforme matur esseva multo fortemente ligate al migration. Le diffusion e fluiditate del cultura campaniforme de retro e a vante inter le Rheno e su fonte de origine in le peninsula pote haber introducite nivellos alte de [[steppe-related ancestry|ascendentia ligate al steppa]], resultante in un transformation quasi complete del patrimonio genetic local in pauc seculos, usque al puncto de substitution de circa 90% del lineages patrilineal mesolithic-neolithic local.[[File:Campaniforme M.A.N. 04.JPG|thumb|Sepultura del [[Bell Beaker culture|cultura campaniforme]]]] [[File:Architectural model of the Castro do Zambujal, Portugal.png|left|thumb|203x203px|[[Castro of Zambujal]]]] Le origine del artefacto "campaniforme" ipse ha essite traciate al initio del tertie millennio. Le exemplos le plus antique del designo campaniforme "maritime" ha essite trovate in le estuario del Tajo in Portugal, datate per radiocarbon a circa le 28e seculo a.Chr. On argue que le inspiration pro le vaso campaniforme maritime esseva le vasos Copoz, plus parve e antique, que ha decoration imprimite e que se trova amplemente circa le estuario del Tajo in Portugal. Turek ha registrate precursores neolithic tardive in le Africa del nord, arguente que le stylo maritime emergeva como resultato de contactos per mar inter Iberia e Marocco in le prime medietate del tertie millennio a.Chr. In solmente pauc seculos de su expansion maritime, verso 2600 a.Chr., illos habeva attingite le ric estuario del Rheno inferior e plus in alto verso Bohemia e ultra le [[Elbe]] ubi illos se fusionava con le [[Corded Ware culture|cultura del ceramica cordate]], como anque in le costa francese de Provence e in alto del Rhone verso le Alpes e le [[Danube|Danubio]]. Sitos chalcolithic importante in Iberia include [[Valencina de la Concepción]], [[:es:Marroquíes Bajos|Marroquíes Bajos]] e [[Los Millares]]. Un sito archeologic chalcolithic significative in Portugal es le [[Castro of Vila Nova de São Pedro]]. Altere colonias de iste periodo include Pedra do Ouro e le [[Castro of Zambujal]].<ref name="hdp"/> [[Megalith|Megalithos]] esseva create durante iste periodo, habente comenciate plus ad ante, durante le final del [[5th millennium BC|quinte millennio]], e durate usque le initio del [[2nd millennium BC|secunde millennio a.Chr.]]<ref name="hdp"/> Le [[Castelo Velho de Freixo de Numão]], in le [[Vila Nova de Foz Côa Municipality|municipio de Vila Nova de Foz Côa]], esseva populate de circa 3000 a 1300 a.Chr.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.igespar.pt/pt/patrimonio/pesquisa/geral/patrimonioimovel/detail/323273/ |title = Castelo Velho de Freixo de Numão |access-date = 14 August 2012 |work = igespar.pt |publisher = [[Government of Portugal]] |language = pt }}</ref> Le Cerro do Castelo de Santa Justa, in [[Alcoutim]], es datate al tertie millennio a.Chr.,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.igespar.pt/pt/patrimonio/pesquisa/geral/patrimonioimovel/detail/69679/ |title = Cerro do Castelo de Santa Justa |access-date = 14 August 2012 |work = igespar.pt |publisher = [[Government of Portugal]] |language = pt }}</ref> inter 2400 e 1900 a.Chr.<ref name="hdp"/> [[Image:Beaker culture.png|thumb|Extension del cultura campaniforme]] [[File:Alabarda o daga (30555085342).jpg|thumb|left|Lama de daga de crystallo del [[Tholos de Montelirio]] in [[Valencina de la Concepción]], 3000-2500 a.Chr.|181x181px]] Illo es anque le periodo del grande expansion del megalithismo, con su practicas associate de sepultura collective. In le periodo chalcolithic antique iste phenomeno cultural, forsan de matices religiose, se expande al longo del regiones atlantic e anque a transverso del sud del peninsula (additionalmente on lo trova anque in virtualmente tote le regiones atlantic europee). In contrasto, le major parte del interior e del regiones mediterranee remane refractari a iste phenomeno. {{Referentias}} {{Espania}}{{Historia de Espania}} [[Categoria:Historia de Espania]] [[Categoria:Historia de Portugal]] gjritccqhigxlc83dr9fezeyx34eqne 705349 705341 2026-11-01T11:32:08Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Panorama general */ 705349 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Historia de Portugal}} Le '''prehistoria in le peninsula iberic''' comencia con le arrivata del prime representantes del [[genere]] ''[[Homo]]'' ab [[Africa]], lo que pote variar de {{Circa}} 1,5 milliones de annos (Ma) retro a {{Circa}} 1,25 Ma retro, dependente del [[Archaeological science#Dating techniques|technica de datation]] empleate, assi que on lo fixa a {{Circa}} 1,3 Ma retro pro convenientia.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Menéndez |first=Mario |title=Prehistoria de la Península Ibérica : el progreso de la cognición, el mestizaje y las desigualdades durante más de un millón de años |publisher=Alianza Editorial |year=2019 |isbn=978-84-9181-602-7 |location=Madrid |pages=17–37 |oclc=1120111673}}</ref> Le fin del prehistoria iberic coincide con le prime entrata del armea [[Roman people|roman]] in le peninsula, in 218 a.Chr., lo que duceva al dissolution progressive del [[Pre-Roman People of the Iberian Peninsula|populos preroman]] in le cultura roman. Iste data final es anque conventional, post que le [[Paleohispanic scripts|systemas de scriptura preroman]] pote esser traciate usque al 5e seculo a.Chr.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Valério |first=Miguel |date=2008 |title=Origin and development of the Paleohispanic scripts: the orthography and phonology of the Southwestern alphabet |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=3339686 |journal=Revista portuguesa de arqueologia |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=107–138 |issn=0874-2782}}</ref> == Panorama general == Le prehistoria in Iberia occupa circa 60 pro cento del [[Quaternario]], con le [[written history|historia scripte]] occupante a pena 0,08 pro cento. Durante le altere 40 pro cento, illo esseva inhabitate per humanos.<ref name=":0" /> Le [[Pleistoceno]], prime [[Geologic time scale#Divisions of geologic time|epocha]] del Quaternario, se characterisava per [[Quaternary glaciation|oscillationes climatic]] inter [[ice age|etates de glacie]] e [[interglacial|periodos interglacial]] que produceva cambios significative in le [[orographia]] de Iberia. Le prime e le plus grande periodo in le prehistoria de Iberia es le [[Paleolithico]], que comencia {{Circa}} 1,3 Ma e fini quasi coincidente con le fin del Pleistoceno, {{Circa}} 11.500 annos retro (11,5 [[Year#SI prefix multipliers|ka]]). Evidentia significative de un occupation extense de Iberia durante iste periodo per ''[[Homo neanderthalensis]]'' ha essite discoperite. Le prime restos de ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' ha essite datate verso le fin del Paleolithico. Durante un tempore, circa 5 ka, ambe [[species]] coexisteva, usque le prime esseva finalmente ducite al extinction.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Crespo Garay |first=Cristina |date=2021-11-27 |title=¿Qué homínidos han poblado España a lo largo de la historia? |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.es/historia/que-hominidos-han-habitado-en-espana-a-lo-largo-de-la-historia |access-date=2023-03-07 |publisher=[[National Geographic]] |language=es-es}}</ref> Le [[Holoceno]] sequeva le Pleistoceno con un clima plus homogenee e humide, e le presentia exclusive de ''Homo sapiens''. Illo include le [[Mesolithico]] ({{Circa}} 11,5 ka retro - 5,6 ka a.Chr.), le [[Neolithico]] ({{Circa}} 5,6 - 3,2 ka a.Chr.) e le [[Metal Ages|Etates del Metallos]]: [[Chalcolithico]] o Etate de Cupre ({{Circa}} 3,2 - 1,9 ka a.Chr.), [[Bronze Age|Etate de Bronzo]] ({{Circa}} 1,9 ka - 750 a.Chr.) e [[Iron Age|Etate de Ferro]] ({{Circa}} 750 - 218 a.Chr.). Le Mesolithico e le Chalcolithico es periodos de transition, ubi on pote trovar characteristicas de ambe etates, le precedente e le sequente. Le Holoceno albergava plure transformationes progressive: differentiation territorial e cultural inter le gruppos de ''Homo sapiens'', nascentia de nove [[social organization|organisationes social]] e [[Economy|economias]], transition del [[hunting-gathering|chassa-recollection]] al [[agriculture|agricultura]] e [[animal husbandry|elevamento de animales]], e arrivata de nove populos ab le [[Mediterranean Sea|Mar Mediterranee]] e [[central Europe|Europa central]], con le fundation de [[Colony|colonias]].<ref name=":0" /> Il ha restos prehistoric spergite per tote le peninsula. De importantia notabile es le [[archaeological site of Atapuerca]], in le nord de [[Spain|Espania]], que contine un millon de annos de [[human evolution|evolution human]] e esseva declarate [[World Heritage Site|Patrimonio del Humanitate]] per le [[UNESCO]] in 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archaeological Site of Atapuerca |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/989/ |access-date=8 March 2023 |publisher=[[UNESCO World Heritage Centre]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> == Paleolithico == {{main|Paleolithic Iberia}} === Paleolithico inferior === Le [[Paleolithico inferior]] comencia in Iberia con le prime habitation human {{Circa}} 1,3 Ma retro, e fini conventionalmente 128 ka retro,<ref name=":0" /> lo que lo face le periodo le plus longe del Paleolithico de Iberia. Illo es studiate principalmente a partir del [[fossil|fossiles]] human e [[stone tool|instrumentos de petra]] trovate in sitos archeologic, del quales Atapuerca es de importantia significative. Illo contine multe fossiles de animales e de ''[[Homo antecessor]]'' que monstra signos de manipulation con instrumentos de petra pro attinger le [[spinal cord|medulla spinal]], lo que constitue le prime evidentia de [[Human cannibalism|cannibalismo]] inter ''Homo''.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |date=2022 |title=Atapuerca |url=https://www.despertaferro-ediciones.com/revistas/numero/arqueologia-e-historia-45-atapuerca-prehistoria/ |journal=Desperta Ferro Arqueología e Historia |volume=45 |issn=2387-1237}}</ref> In le [[Sima de los huesos|Sima de los Huesos]], le archeologos ha trovate fossiles de ''[[Homo heidelbergensis]]'', datate {{circa}} 430 ka retro, correspondente a circa 30 individuos e sin evidentia de habitation ni de un evento catastrophic, essente assi hypothetisate como le prime evidentia de sepultura de ''Homo''.<ref name=":4" /> Le analyse de [[DNA]] de iste fossiles suggere anque un processo de [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridisation]] continue inter le [[species]] de ''Homo'' durante iste periodo, usque le arrivata final de ''Homo neanderthalensis''.<ref name=":4" /> === Paleolithico medie === Le [[Paleolithico medie]] ({{Circa}} 128 – 40 ka retro) es dominate per un occupation extense de Iberia per ''Homo neanderthalensis'' o, plus popularmente, ''Neanderthales'', qui habeva un corpore plus pesante, un major [[Lung volumes|volumine pulmonar]] e un [[brain|cerebro]] plus grande que ''Homo sapiens''. Le [[Gorham's Cave|caverna de Gorham]] ([[Gibraltar]]) contine arte rupestre neanderthal, lo que suggere que illes habeva major capacitates de pensamento [[Symbolic communication|symbolic]] de lo que on supponeva anteriormente. Iste periodo, como le precedente, es studiate principalmente a partir de fossiles e instrumentos de petra, que evolve verso le Modo 3 o [[Mousterian|Musteriense]]. Non existe un uso extense de [[bone|osso]] o [[antler|cornos]] pro le fabrication de instrumentos, e remane multo pauc evidentia del uso de [[wood|ligno]] a causa del [[decomposition|decomposition]]. In contrasto con le Paleolithico inferior, quando le habitation esseva usualmente al aere libere e le cavernas se usava circumstantialmente (sepultura, fabrication de instrumentos, [[butcher|carniceria]]), durante iste periodo le cavernas se usa de plus in plus pro le habitation, con restos de archaic conditionamento domestic.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Menéndez |first=Mario |title=Prehistoria de la Península Ibérica : el progreso de la cognición, el mestizaje y las desigualdades durante más de un millón de años |publisher=Alianza Editorial |year=2019 |isbn=978-84-9181-602-7 |location=Madrid |oclc=1120111673}}</ref> Le cultura [[Châtelperronian|Chatelperroniense]], trovate principalmente in le sud de [[France|Francia]], es contemporanee al periodo de tempore in que ambe ''Homo neanderthalensis'' e ''Homo sapiens'' coexisteva in Europa, e assi al initio illo esseva attribuite a iste ultime, sed le discoperta de un skeleto complete del prime cambiava su attribution a ''Homo neanderthalensis''.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Roussel |first1=M. |last2=Soressi |first2=M. |last3=Hublin |first3=J. -J. |date=2016-06-01 |title=The Châtelperronian conundrum: Blade and bladelet lithic technologies from Quinçay, France |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248416000270 |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |language=en |volume=95 |pages=13–32 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.02.003 |pmid=27260172 |bibcode=2016JHumE..95...13R |issn=0047-2484|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Alcun academicos prefere nominar lo Musteriense tardive, e existe un debaite sur si on debe considerar lo o un industria proprie o un transitional, post que chronologicamente illo pertine al Paleolithico medie sed monstra characteristicas del industrias del Paleolithico superior.<ref name=":6" /> === Paleolithico superior === [[File:Cave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain-110113.jpg|alt=Paleolithic cave art|thumb|Arte rupestre paleolithic]] Le [[Paleolithico superior]] ({{Circa}} 40 - 11,5 ka retro) comencia con le cultura [[Aurignacian|Aurignaciense]], que se trova principalmente in le nord de Iberia (actual [[Asturias]], [[Cantabria]], [[Pais Basc]] e [[Catalonia]]) al initio, e es le obra de ''Homo sapiens''. Postea illo se expande per tote le peninsula iberic e es sequite per le [[Gravettian|Gravetiense]]. In Cantabria, le major parte del restos gravetiense se trova miscite con technologia aurignaciense, per lo que illo es considerate "intrusive", in contrasto con le area mediterranee, ubi illo probabilemente significa un colonisation real.<ref name="Jordá">F. Jordá Cerdá et al., ''Historia de España I: Prehistoria'', 1986. {{ISBN|84-249-1015-X}}</ref> Le prime indicationes de colonisation human moderne del interior e del west del peninsula se trova solmente in iste phase cultural. A causa del [[Last Glacial Maximum|ultime maximo glacial]], Europa occidental esseva isolate e developpava le cultura [[Solutrean|Solutrense]], que monstra su prime apparitiones in Les Mallaetes ([[Valencian Community|Valencia]]), con un data de radiocarbon de 20.890 BP.<ref name="Jordá" /> In le nord de Iberia existe duo tendentias marcatemente differente in Asturias e le area [[Vasco-Cantabrian|Vasco-Cantabric]]. Sitos importante es [[Altamira (cave)|Altamira]] e [[Santimamiñe]]. Le proxime phase es le [[Magdalenian culture|Magdaleniense]], mesmo si in le area mediterranee le influentia gravetiense es ancora persistente.<ref name="Jordá" /> In Portugal ha habite alcun discopertas al nord de [[Lisbon|Lisbona]] (Casa da Moura, Lapa do Suão).<ref name="Jordá" /> === Arte === [[Image:Techo de Altamira (replica)-Museo Arqueológico Nacional.jpg|thumb|Tecto del [[Altamira Cave|Caverna de Altamira]]]] Iberia es sede de impressionante [[Cave art|arte rupestre]] e de caverna paleolithic. Le [[Altamira Cave|caverna de Altamira]] es le exemplo le plus cognoscite del prime, essente un [[World Heritage Site|Patrimonio del Humanitate]] desde 1985.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/310/ |access-date=2023-03-08 |publisher=[[UNESCO World Heritage Centre]] |language=en}}</ref> Le [[Côa Valley|Valle del Côa]], in [[Portugal]], e [[Siega Verde]], in Espania, formate circa [[Tributary|tributarios]] del [[Douro]], contine le arte rupestre le plus ben preservate, formante insimul un altere Patrimonio del Humanitate desde 1998.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=Prehistoric Rock Art Sites in the Côa Valley and Siega Verde |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/866 |access-date=8 March 2023 |publisher=[[UNESCO World Heritage Centre]]}}</ref> Le manifestation artistic se trova plus importantemente in le area [[Cantabria|cantabric]] del nord, ubi le manifestationes le plus antique, per exemplo le [[Caves of Monte Castillo|Cavernas de Monte Castillo]], es tan antique como le epochas aurignaciense. Le practica de iste arte mural augmenta in frequentia in le periodo solutrense, quando le prime animales es deliniate, sed il non es usque le phase cultural magdaleniense quando illo deveni vermente extense, trovante se in quasi omne caverna. Le major parte del representationes es de animales (bisontes, cavallos, cervos, tauros, renos, capras, ursos, mammuthes, alces) e es pingite in colores ochre e nigre, sed existe exceptiones e formas humanoides assi como designos abstracte que anque appare in alcun sitos. In le areas mediterranee e del interior, le presentia de arte mural non es tan abundante sed existe equalmente desde le Solutrense. Le monumental Valle del Côa ha [[petroglyph|petroglyphos]] que data de usque a 22.000 annos retro. Istos documenta un occupation human continue desde le fin del Etate Paleolithic. Altere exemplos include [[Chimachias]], [[Cueva de los Casares|Los Casares]] o [[Cueva de La Pasiega|La Pasiega]], o, in general, le cavernas principalmente in Cantabria (in Espania). <gallery> File:Teverga 06.jpg|Sculptura paleolithic File:Teverga 08.jpg|Sculptura paleolithic </gallery> == Epipaleolithico e Mesolithico == {{Vide etiam|Epipalaeolithic Europe|Mesolithic Europe}} [[File:Art rupestre chimiachas.jpg|thumb|Pictura rupestre de Chimiachas]] Circa 10.000 a.Chr., occurreva un [[Glaciation|deglaciation]] interstadial appellate le [[Allerød Oscillation|Oscillation de Allerød]], debilitante le conditiones rigorose del [[Last glacial period|ultime etate de glacie]]. Iste cambio climatic representa anque le fin del periodo [[Upper Palaeolithic|Paleolithico superior]], initiante le [[Epipaleolithic|Epipaleolithico]]. Dependente del terminologia preferite per qualcunque fonte particular, le [[Mesolithic|Mesolithico]] comencia post le Epipaleolithico, o lo include. Si le Epipaleolithico non es includite in illo, le Mesolithico es un periodo relativemente breve in Iberia. A mesura que le [[climate|clima]] deveniva plus calide, le populos magdaleniense tardive de Iberia modificava lor technologia e cultura. Le principal cambio techno-cultural es le processo de [[microlith|microlithisation]]: le reduction del dimension del instrumentos de petra e osso, anque trovate in altere partes del mundo. Anque le sanctuarios in cavernas pare esser abandonate e le arte deveni plus rar e facite principalmente sur objectos portabile, tal como calculos o instrumentos. Illo implica anque cambios in le dieta, post que le [[megafauna]] virtualmente dispare quando le steppa se transforma in boscos. In iste periodo, le animales chassate es de dimension plus parve, typicamente cervos o capras salvage, e le fructos de mar deveni un parte importante del dieta ubi illos es disponibile. === Aziliense e Asturiense === Le prime cultura epipaleolithic es le [[Azilian|Aziliense]], anque cognoscite como ''microlithismo microlaminar'' in le Mediterraneo. Iste cultura es le evolution local del Magdaleniense, parallel a altere derivatos regional trovate in Europa Central e del Nord. Originalmente trovate in le ancian territorio magdaleniense de [[Vasco-Cantabria]] e le plus ample [[Franco-Cantabrian region|region franco-cantabric]], le cultura de stylo aziliense eventualmente se expandeva anque a partes del Iberia mediterranee. Illo reflecteva un clima multo plus calide, ducente a boscos dense, e le substitution de grande animales de grege per habitante de boscage plus parve e elusive. Un sito aziliense archetypic in le peninsula iberic es Zatoya ([[Navarre|Navarra]]), ubi es difficile discerner le elementos aziliense antique de illos del Magdaleniense tardive (iste transition es datate a 11.760 BP).<ref name="Jordá"/> Le Aziliense plen in le mesme sito es datate a 8.150 BP, sequite per le apparition de elementos geometric a un data posterior, que continua usque le arrivata del ceramica (stadio [[subneolithic|subneolithic]]). In le area mediterranee, virtualmente iste mesme cultura material es sovente nominate ''microlithismo microlaminar'' proque illo care del [[bone industry|industria de osso]] typic del Aziliense franco-cantabric. On lo trova in partes de Catalonia, le Comunitate Valencian, Murcia e Andalusia mediterranee. Illo ha essite datate in Les Mallaetes a 10.370 BP.<ref name="Jordá"/> Le [[Asturian culture|cultura asturiense]] esseva un successor del Aziliense, movite legiermente verso le west, cuje instrumento distinctive esseva un picco pro recolliger [[limpet|lepadis]] del roccas. === Microlithismo geometric === [[File:064 Pintures de la cova dels Moros, exposició al Museu de Gavà.JPG|thumb|[[Roca dels Moros|Le Dansa de Cogul]], calco per [[Henri Breuil]]]] In le phases tardive del Epipaleolithico un nove tendentia arriva del nord: le microlithismo geometric, directemente ligate al culturas [[Sauveterrian|Sauveterriense]] e [[Tardenoisian|Tardenoisiense]] del region [[Rhine|Rheno]]-[[Danube|Danubio]]. Dum in le region franco-cantabric illo ha un impacto minor, sin alterar le cultura aziliense substantialmente, in le Iberia mediterranee e Portugal su arrivata es plus notabile. Le microlithismo geometric mediterranee ha duo facies: * Le facies Filador es directemente ligate al Sauveterriense francese e se trova in Catalonia, al nord del fluvio Ebro. * Le facies Cocina es plus extense e, in multe sitos ([[Málaga (province)|Málaga]], Espania), monstra un forte dependentia del pisca e del recollection de fructos de mar. Le sitos portuguese (al sud del Tajo, ''gruppo Muge'') ha date datas de circa 7350 BP.<ref name="Jordá"/> === Arte === {{main|Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin}} Le arte rupestre trovate in plus de 700 sitos al longo del latere oriental de Iberia es le plus avantiate e extense que supervive de iste periodo, certemente in Europa, e possibilemente in le mundo. Illo es marcatemente differente del arte del Paleolithico superior trovate al longo del costa del nord, con scenas narrative con grande numeros de parve figuras human pingite de forma schematic, in loco del figuras animal individual superbemente observate que characterisa le periodo anterior. Quando illo appare in le mesme scena que le animales, le figura human curre verso illos. Le scenas le plus commun es, de longe, de chassa, e existe scenas de battalia e dansa, e possibilemente de tascas agricole e de gestion de animales domesticate. In alcun scenas on monstra le recollection de melle, le plus famosemente in le Cuevas de la Araña in Bicorp (illustrate infra). Le humanos es nude del cinctura in alto, sed le feminas ha faldettas e le homines a vices faldettas o gamberas o pantalones de alcun typo, e on vide a vices adornamentos de capite e mascaras, lo que pote indicar rango o stato. == Neolithico == {{See also|Neolithic Europe}} [[File:Dolmen de Menga. Interior 2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Dolmen of Menga]], [[Antequera Dolmens Site]], c. 3700 a.Chr.]] In le sexte millennio a.Chr., [[Andalusia]] experientia le arrivata del prime agricultores. Lor origine es incerte, sed illes arriva con culturas jam developpate ([[cereals|cereales]] e [[legumes|leguminosas]]). Le presentia de animales domestic, in cambio, es improbabile, post que solmente restos de [[pig|porco]] e [[rabbit|conilio]] ha essite trovate e istos poterea pertiner a animales salvage. Illes anque consumeva grande quantitates de [[olive|olivas]] sed es incerte anque si iste arbore esseva cultivate o mermente recolligite in su forma salvage. Lor artefacto typic es le ceramica de stylo [[La Almagra]], multo variate.<ref name="Jordá"/> Le Neolithico andaluse anque influentiava altere areas, notabilemente le sud de Portugal, ubi, pauc post le arrivata del agricultura, le prime tumbas de [[dolmen]] comencia a esser construite circa 4800 a.Chr., essente possibilemente le plus antique de lor typo in omne parte.<ref name="Jordá"/> Circa 5700 a.Chr. le cultura neolithic del [[Cardium pottery|ceramica cardial]] (anque cognoscite como ''Neolithico mediterranee'') arriva al est de Iberia. Ben que alcun restos de iste cultura ha essite trovate tan al west como Portugal, su distribution es fundamentalmente mediterranee (Catalonia, region valencian, valle del Ebro, insulas Balear). Le interior e le areas costere del nord remane largemente marginal in iste processo de diffusion del [[agriculture|agricultura]]. In le major parte del casos illo arrivarea solmente in un phase multo tardive o mesmo jam in le etate chalcolithic, insimul con le [[Megalith|megalithismo]]. [[Image:Megalithic Culture.PNG|thumb|Un interpretation del developpamento del cultura megalithic europee]] On pensa que le location de Perdigões, in [[Reguengos de Monsaraz]], esseva un loco importante. Vinti parve statuas de ebore datante de 4.500 annos BP ha essite discoperite ibi desde 2011. Illo ha constructiones que data de circa 5.500 annos. Illo ha un [[necropolis]]. Foras del location existe un [[Dolmen|cromlech]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.publico.pt/Cultura/estatuetas-descobertas-no-alentejo-tem-4500-anos-e-cabem-na-palma-da-mao-1558397 |title = Estatuetas descobertas no Alentejo têm 4500 anos e cabem na palma da mão |author = Lucinda Canelas and Marta Portocarrero |date = 8 August 2012 |access-date = 10 August 2012 |work = [[Público (Portugal)|Público]] |language = pt |accessdate = 10 March 2026 |archivedate = 11 August 2012 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120811223350/http://www.publico.pt/Cultura/estatuetas-descobertas-no-alentejo-tem-4500-anos-e-cabem-na-palma-da-mao-1558397 }}</ref> Le sito del [[Almendres Cromlech|Cromlech de Almendres]], in [[Évora]], ha [[megalith|megalithos]] del final del [[6th millennium BC|sexte]] al initio del tertie millennio a.Chr.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.igespar.pt/en/patrimonio/pesquisa/geral/patrimonioimovel/detail/69690/ |title = Cromeleque e menir, na Herdade dos Almendres |access-date = 14 August 2012 |work = igespar.pt |publisher = [[Government of Portugal]] |language = pt }}</ref> Le [[Anta Grande do Zambujeiro]], anque in Évora, es datate inter 4000 e 3000 a.Chr.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.igespar.pt/en/patrimonio/pesquisa/geral/patrimonioimovel/detail/70498/ |title = Anta Grande do Zambujeiro de Valverde |access-date = 14 August 2012 |work = igespar.pt |publisher = [[Government of Portugal]] |language = pt }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.monumentos.pt/Site/APP_PagesUser/SIPA.aspx?id=1233 |title = Anta Grande do Zambujeiro / Anta Grande do Zambujeiro de Valverde |access-date = 14 August 2012 |author = Manuel Branco |year = 1993 |work = Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico (SIPA) |publisher = Instituto da Habitação e da Reabilitación Urbana |language = pt }}</ref> Le [[Antequera Dolmens Site|Dolmenes de Antequera]] data de post circa 3700 a.Chr. Le [[Dolmen of Cunha Baixa]], in le [[Mangualde Municipality|municipio de Mangualde]], es datate inter 3000 e 2500 a.Chr.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.monumentos.pt/Site/APP_PagesUser/SIPA.aspx?id=2378 |title = Anta da Cunha Baixa / Casa da Orca |author = Lina Marques |year = 1995 |access-date = 14 August 2012 |work = Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico (SIPA) |publisher = Instituto da Habitação e da Reabilitación Urbana |language = pt }}</ref> Le Caverna de Salemas esseva usate como un loco de sepultura durante le Neolithico.<ref name="igespar">{{cite web |title=Gruta de Salemas |url=http://arqueologia.igespar.pt/index.php?sid=sitios.resultados&subsid=54492&vt=120614 |access-date=14 August 2012 |work=Portal do Arqueólogo |publisher=[[IGESPAR]] |language=pt}}</ref> <gallery class="center"> File:Cromeleque dos Almendres - Portugal (4073246028).jpg|[[Almendres Cromlech]], Portugal, 6000-4000 a.Chr. File:Dolmen de Soto de Trigueros (48732082068).jpg|[[Dolmen de Soto]], Espania, c. 3000 a.Chr. File:Vas amb decoració cardial impresa, Museu de Prehistòria de València.JPG|[[Cardium pottery|Ceramica cardial]], Espania, c. 5500 a.Chr. File:Fragmento de cerámica impresa de pinta. Cova de l´Or.jpg|Fragmento de ceramica cardial File:Callais necklace, 99+9.jpg|Joieles de [[Callaïs]] del sud-west de Iberia, trovate in [[Carnac stones|Carnac]] in le nord-west de Francia. c. 4500 a.Chr. File:Venus de Gavà.jpg|Venus de Gavà, [[Sepulcres de fossa culture|cultura del Sepulcros de Fossa]] </gallery> == Chalcolithico == {{See also|Chalcolithic Europe}} [[File:Los Millares recreacion cuadro.jpg|thumb|left|Un modello del citate prehistoric de [[Los Millares]], con su muros. (Andalusia, Espania)|241x241px]] Le [[Chalcolithic Europe|Chalcolithico]] o Etate de Cupre es le phase le plus antique del [[metallurgy|metallurgia]]. Le [[Copper|cupre]], le [[silver|argento]] e le [[gold|auro]] comenciava a esser laborate tunc, ben que iste metallos molle a pena poteva substituer le instrumentos de petra pro le major parte del propositos. Le Chalcolithico es anque un periodo de major complexitate e stratification social e, in le caso de Iberia, illo del surgimento del prime [[civilization|civilisationes]] e de extense retes de intercambio que arrivarea usque al [[Baltic Sea|Mar Baltic]] e [[Africa]]. Le data conventional pro le initio del Chalcolithico in Iberia es circa 3200 a.Chr. In le seculos sequente, specialmente in le sud del peninsula, le benes de metallo, sovente decorative o ritual, deveni de plus in plus commun. Additionalmente existe un major evidentia de intercambios con areas multo distante: [[amber|succino]] del Baltico e productos de [[ivory|ebore]] e de ovo de [[ostrich|struz]] del [[Northern Africa|Africa del Nord]].<ref name="Jordá"/> Un exemplo notabile in iste respecto es le [[Tholos de Montelirio#Ivory Lady|Dama de Ebore]] del [[Tholos de Montelirio]]. [[File:Dolmen de la Pastora 1.png|thumb|[[Dolmen de la Pastora]], c. 3e millennio a.Chr.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Journal of World Prehistory |date=2018 |last=García Sanjuán |first=Leonardo |title=Assembling the Dead, Gathering the Living: Radiocarbon Dating and Bayesian Modelling for Copper Age Valencina de la Concepción (Seville, Spain)|volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=179–313 |doi=10.1007/s10963-018-9114-2 |pmid=29962659 |pmc=5984651 |bibcode=2018JWPre..31..179G }}</ref>|215x215px]] Le [[Bell Beaker culture|cultura campaniforme]] esseva presente in Iberia durante le Chalcolithico.<ref name="hdp"/> [[Gordon Childe]] interpretava le presentia de su artefacto characteristic como le intrusion de "missionarios" expandente se ab Iberia al longo del costa atlantic, diffundente le cognoscentia del metallurgia del cupre mediterranee. Stephen Shennan interpretava lor artefactos como pertinente a un elite cultural mobile imponente se sur le populationes de substrato indigene. Similemente, Sangmeister (1972) interpretava le "populo campaniforme" (Glockenbecherleute) como parve gruppos de commerciantes e artesanos multo mobile. Christian Strahm (1995) usava le termino "phenomeno campaniforme" (Glockenbecher-Phänomen) como un compromisso pro evitar le termino "cultura". Le artefactos campaniforme, al minus in lor phase initial, non es distribuite a transverso de un area contigue como es usual pro le culturas archeologic, sed se trova in concentrationes insular spergite per Europa. Lor presentia non es associate con un typo characteristic de architectura o de costumes de sepultura. Tamen, le cultura campaniforme pare coalescer in un cultura archeologic coherente in su phase posterior. Analyses plus recente del "phenomeno campaniforme", publicate desde le annos 2000, ha persistite in describer le origine del "phenomeno campaniforme" como surgente de un synthese de elementos, representante "un idea e stylo uniente differente regiones con differente traditiones cultural e antecedentes." Studios de archeogenetica del annos 2010 ha potite resolver le question "migrationista vs. diffusionista" usque a certe puncto. Le studio per Olalde et al. (2017) trovava solmente un "affinitate genetic limitate" inter individuos associate con le complexo campaniforme in Iberia e in Europa Central, suggerente que le migration jocava un rolo limitate in su diffusion initial ab Iberia. Tamen, le mesme studio trovava que le ulterior dissemination del complexo campaniforme matur esseva multo fortemente ligate al migration. Le diffusion e fluiditate del cultura campaniforme de retro e a vante inter le Rheno e su fonte de origine in le peninsula pote haber introducite nivellos alte de [[steppe-related ancestry|ascendentia ligate al steppa]], resultante in un transformation quasi complete del patrimonio genetic local in pauc seculos, usque al puncto de substitution de circa 90% del lineages patrilineal mesolithic-neolithic local.[[File:Campaniforme M.A.N. 04.JPG|thumb|Sepultura del [[Bell Beaker culture|cultura campaniforme]]]] [[File:Architectural model of the Castro do Zambujal, Portugal.png|left|thumb|203x203px|[[Castro of Zambujal]]]] Le origine del artefacto "campaniforme" ipse ha essite traciate al initio del tertie millennio. Le exemplos le plus antique del designo campaniforme "maritime" ha essite trovate in le estuario del Tajo in Portugal, datate per radiocarbon a circa le 28e seculo a.Chr. On argue que le inspiration pro le vaso campaniforme maritime esseva le vasos Copoz, plus parve e antique, que ha decoration imprimite e que se trova amplemente circa le estuario del Tajo in Portugal. Turek ha registrate precursores neolithic tardive in le Africa del nord, arguente que le stylo maritime emergeva como resultato de contactos per mar inter Iberia e Marocco in le prime medietate del tertie millennio a.Chr. In solmente pauc seculos de su expansion maritime, verso 2600 a.Chr., illos habeva attingite le ric estuario del Rheno inferior e plus in alto verso Bohemia e ultra le [[Elbe]] ubi illos se fusionava con le [[Corded Ware culture|cultura del ceramica cordate]], como anque in le costa francese de Provence e in alto del Rhone verso le Alpes e le [[Danube|Danubio]]. Sitos chalcolithic importante in Iberia include [[Valencina de la Concepción]], [[:es:Marroquíes Bajos|Marroquíes Bajos]] e [[Los Millares]]. Un sito archeologic chalcolithic significative in Portugal es le [[Castro of Vila Nova de São Pedro]]. Altere colonias de iste periodo include Pedra do Ouro e le [[Castro of Zambujal]].<ref name="hdp"/> [[Megalith|Megalithos]] esseva create durante iste periodo, habente comenciate plus ad ante, durante le final del [[5th millennium BC|quinte millennio]], e durate usque le initio del [[2nd millennium BC|secunde millennio a.Chr.]]<ref name="hdp"/> Le [[Castelo Velho de Freixo de Numão]], in le [[Vila Nova de Foz Côa Municipality|municipio de Vila Nova de Foz Côa]], esseva populate de circa 3000 a 1300 a.Chr.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.igespar.pt/pt/patrimonio/pesquisa/geral/patrimonioimovel/detail/323273/ |title = Castelo Velho de Freixo de Numão |access-date = 14 August 2012 |work = igespar.pt |publisher = [[Government of Portugal]] |language = pt }}</ref> Le Cerro do Castelo de Santa Justa, in [[Alcoutim]], es datate al tertie millennio a.Chr.,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.igespar.pt/pt/patrimonio/pesquisa/geral/patrimonioimovel/detail/69679/ |title = Cerro do Castelo de Santa Justa |access-date = 14 August 2012 |work = igespar.pt |publisher = [[Government of Portugal]] |language = pt }}</ref> inter 2400 e 1900 a.Chr.<ref name="hdp"/> [[Image:Beaker culture.png|thumb|Extension del cultura campaniforme]] [[File:Alabarda o daga (30555085342).jpg|thumb|left|Lama de daga de crystallo del [[Tholos de Montelirio]] in [[Valencina de la Concepción]], 3000-2500 a.Chr.|181x181px]] Illo es anque le periodo del grande expansion del megalithismo, con su practicas associate de sepultura collective. In le periodo chalcolithic antique iste phenomeno cultural, forsan de matices religiose, se expande al longo del regiones atlantic e anque a transverso del sud del peninsula (additionalmente on lo trova anque in virtualmente tote le regiones atlantic europee). In contrasto, le major parte del interior e del regiones mediterranee remane refractari a iste phenomeno. {{Referentias}} {{Espania}}{{Historia de Espania}} [[Categoria:Historia de Espania]] [[Categoria:Historia de Portugal]] 6ndlrcut6ijx180mswe5pcrn81ocai9 0 59740 705310 705190 2026-11-01T10:19:19Z Interlingvisto 60932 705310 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} '''Historia antique del Peninsula Iberic''' es le periodo del historia del Peninsula Iberic que se extende desde le primevas sociedades historicemente documentate, durante le prime millennio ante nostre era, usque al fin del dominio roman e le formation del regnos post-romane in le prime seculos del Medioevo. Illo comprende le culturas indigene, le contactos con le populos del Mediterraneo oriental, le expansion de Cartago, le conquista roman e le evolution del societate hispano-roman. Le historia antique del peninsula es marcate per un grande diversitate geographic, ethnic, linguistic e cultural. Le differentias inter le regiones costal e interior, le contactos commercial e le influentias externe contribuiva al formation de societates distincte, inter le quales se trovava Tartessos, le populos iberic, le Celtas e le Celtiberos. == Prehistoria e formation del culturas protohistoric == Le peninsula esseva habitate desde le Paleolithico inferior. Le restos human de Atapuerca, in le hodierne provincia de Burgos, constitue un del plus importante complexos archeologic del Europa pro le studio del evolution human. Inter le restos trovate se trova fossiles attribuite a Homo antecessor e a altere species del genere Homo. Durante le Paleolithico superior, gruppos de cacciatores e collectores produceva pinturas e gravuras rupestre. Le arte parietal del cavernas de Altamira, in Cantabria, es un del exemplos le plus famose. Altere sitios importante se trova in le region Cantabric e in le peninsula meridional. Le revolution neolithic arrivava al peninsula durante le sexte millennio a.C., con le diffusion del agricultura, del allevamento e del vita sedentari. Le communitates agricole se establiva in differente regiones e developava ceramica, utensiles de petra polito e novas formas de organisation social. Durante le Calcolithico, le utilisation del metalles se expandiva. Le cultura de Los Millares, in le sud-est, es un exemplo de societate fortificate con necropoles e constructiones funerari monumentale. Plus tarde, durante le etate del bronzo, se developava le cultura argaric in le sud-est del peninsula, caracterisate per settlements fortificate, metallurgia e sepulturas individual. In le nord-este, le contactos con le regiones del Europa central contribueva al diffusion de practicas funerari e de elementos cultural associate al tradition del campos de urnas. Durante le prime millennio a.C., le metallurgia del ferro, le expansion del commercio e le transformation del organisation politic e social favoriva le formation del culturas protohistoric. == Le peninsula ante le conquista roman == Le geographia del peninsula — con su montanias, planuras, valles fluvial e costas — favoriva le formation de numerosas communitates regional. Le fontes grec e roman usa appellationes general como «Iberes» e «Celtas», ma le population indigene non formava un sol populo homogenee. Le nomine «Iberia» esseva usate originalmente per autores grec pro designar partes del costa mediterranee del peninsula. Su extension deveniva plus tarde plus vaste, usque a referer se al peninsula quasi integre. === Tartessos === Tartessos esseva un area e un tradition cultural del sud-west del peninsula, particularmente associate al valle del Guadalquivir e al regiones de Huelva, Cadiz e Sevilla. Le fontes grec e roman describe un territorio ric e commercialmente prospere, ma le natura exacte de su organisation politic resta discutite. Le cultura tartessic floriva principalmente inter le seculos VIII e VI a.C. Su prosperitate dependeva in parte del exploitation del metalles, specialmente argento, cupro e stanno, e del commercio con altere regiones del Mediterraneo. Le contactos con le Phoenicios exerceva un influentia importante super le societates local. Objectos, technicas artisanal, formas architectonic e practicas religiose de origine oriental se diffundeva in le regiones del sud. Le relation inter Tartessos e le stabilimentos phoenicie esseva complexe e variava secundo le regiones e le periodos. Le declino del cultura tartessic durante le sexte seculo a.C. es un phenomeno cuje causas non es completemente clar. Transformationes economic, politic e commercial, insimul con le reorganisation del rete de commercio mediterranee, poteva haber contribuite al apparition de nove formas de organisation regional. === Phoenicios === Le Phoenicios, originari del citates del Levante mediterranee, establiva contactos commercial con le costa meridional del peninsula desde le prime parte del prime millennio a.C. Illes fundava o developava portos e stabilimentos commercial, inter le quales Gadir (hodie Cadiz), Malaka (Malaga), Sexi (Almuñécar) e Abdera (Adra). Le chronologia del fundation de Gadir es discutite. Le tradition antique le attribueva un origine multo ancian, ma le datos archeologic sustene un establimento phoenicie durante le seculo VIII a.C. Le Phoenicios participava al commercio de metalles, productos agricole e objectos manufacturate. Illes introduceva o diffundeva technicas de metallurgia, formas de ceramica, practicas de navigation e elementos del alphabeto phoenicie. Le contactos con le population indigene produceva transformationes cultural e economic importante. === Grecos === Le Grecos arrivava al costa nord-oriental e oriental del peninsula durante le prime millennio a.C. Le colones e mercatores proveniva principalmente del mundo grec occidental, specialmente de Phocaea e Massilia. Inter le stabilimentos grec plus importante se trovava Emporion (hodie Empúries) e Rhode (hodie Roses), in le costa nord-oriental. Le Grecos establiva relationes commercial con le communitates indigene e participava al circulation de ceramica, vino, oleo, metalles e altere productos. Le influentia grec se manifesta in le arte, le moneta, le formas urban e le contactos cultural. Non tote le sitios que le fontes antique attribue a colonos grec esseva necessariamente colonias in le senso politic del termino; alcunes poteva haber functionate principalmente como portos commercial o emporios. === Cartagineses === Cartago, fundate per colones phoenicie in le nord de Africa, deveniva gradualmente un potentia maritime e commercial importante in le Mediterraneo occidental. Con le declino del potentia phoenicie del Levante, Cartago assumeva un rolo plus importante in le rete de stabilimentos del costa iberic. Durante le seculo III a.C., le familia Barca promoveva un expansion militar e politic in le peninsula. Hamilcar Barca arrivava in Iberia in 237 a.C. e initiava le consolidation del dominio cartaginese in le sud e in le regiones ric in ressources mineral. Su genero Hasdrubal le Succession continuava le expansion e fundava Carthago Nova (hodie Cartagena), que deveniva un centro politic, militar e commercial importante. Hannibal Barca, filio de Hamilcar, succedeva a Hasdrubal e usava le ressources e le tropas iberic in su campania contra Roma. == Le populos indigene == Le population del peninsula esseva dividite in numerose gruppos, cuje nomines e limites geographic varia in le fontes antique. Le distinction general inter Iberes e Celtas es utile, ma non representa un division simple o uniforme. === Iberes === Le Iberes habitava principalmente le regiones oriental e meridional del peninsula, ab le nord-est usque al sud-est e partes del costa mediterranee. Illes includeva gruppos como le Edetanos, Contestanos, Ilergetes, Laietanos e Turdetanos. Le societates iberic habeva grados variabile de urbanisation e organisation politic. Alcunes viveva in citates fortificate, o oppida, governate per elites local. Le agricultura, le allevamento, le metallurgia e le commercio formava le base de lor economias. Le Iberes developava formas proprie de scriptura, cognoscite per inscriptiones sur monetas, ceramica e laminas de plumbo. Le lingua iberic es cognoscite per su inscriptiones, ma su signification non ha essite completemente decifrate. Le arte iberic es representate per sculpturas, ceramicas decorate e objectos metallic. Inter le obras plus cognoscite se trova le Dama de Elche e le Dama de Baza, ambes importante pro le studio del arte e del practicas funerari iberic. === Celtas e Celtiberos === Le Celtas habitava principalmente le regiones del interior, del nord e del west del peninsula, ben que le distribution del linguas e culturas celtic esseva plus complexe que un simple division geographic. Le societates celtic includeva communitates rural e fortificate, con economias fundate super agricultura, allevamento e metallurgia. Le oppida e castros, settlements fortificate situate sovente sur elevationes, esseva formas de habitation importante in varie regiones. Le Celtiberos habitava principalmente le regiones del alte valle del Ebro e del systema Iberic, in le zona de contacto inter le culturas iberic e celtic. Illes possedeva traditiones militar, monetari e linguistic proprie. Numantia, in le hodierne provincia de Soria, deveniva un centro importante del resistentia contra Roma. Altere populos mentionate per le autores antique includeva le Lusitanos, in le west; le Gallaecos, in le nord-west; le Astures e Cantabros, in le nord; e le Vascones, in le area del Pyrenees occidental. === Lusitanos === Le Lusitanos habitava un vaste territorio in le parte occidental del peninsula, principalmente in le regiones que corresponde hodie a partes de Portugal e de Extremadura. Illes es cognoscite in le fontes roman pro lor resistentia contra le expansion de Roma. Viriato, un chef militar lusitano del secunde medietate del seculo II a.C., deveniva le figura plus notabile del resistentia. Su strategia se basava super le mobilitate, le surprisa e le utilisation del terreno. Post su assassination in 139 a.C., le resistentia lusitano perdeva parte de su capacitate de coordination. == Le guerras punic e le initio del conquista roman == Le rivalitate inter Roma e Cartago pro le dominio del Mediterraneo occidental conduceva a duo guerras major, cognoscite como le guerras punic. Le peninsula iberic deveniva un teatro importante de iste conflicto. Le secunde guerra punic initiava in 218 a.C. post le assedio cartaginese de Saguntum, un citate que habeva relationes con Roma. Hannibal traversava le Pyrenees e le Alpes con su armea e entrava in Italia. In le mesme anno, tropas roman sbarcava in Emporion, initiando le intervention militar roman in Iberia. Le romanos cercava a cortar le communicationes e le ressources cartaginese. Durante le conflicto, le fratres Publius e Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio conduceva le operationes roman in le peninsula. Post lor mortes, Scipio Africanus arrivava e assumeva le commandamento. In 209 a.C., Scipio capturava Carthago Nova, un victoria strategic que permitteva a Roma de controlar un centro logistic e economic essential. Le cartagineses esseva finalmente expellite del peninsula in 206 a.C. == Le conquista roman == Le victoria super Cartago non significava le immediate submission de tote le peninsula. Roma divideva inicialmente le territorio in Hispania Citerior e Hispania Ulterior, ma le expansion roman incontrava resistentia durante quasi duo seculos. === Le guerras contra le populos indigene === Durante le seculo II a.C., Roma combatteva contra numerose communitates indigene. Le guerras lusitanic e celtiberic esseva inter le conflictos plus importante. Le resistentia lusitano, conducite per Viriato, causava difficultates considerabile al exercitos roman. Viriato obteneva diverse victorias usante tacticas de guerrilla, ma esseva assassinate in 139 a.C. per membros de su proprie circulo, secundo le tradition antique. Le guerras celtiberic culminava in le assedio de Numantia. Le citate resistiva durante multe annos al exercitos roman e cadeva in 133 a.C., post un assedio organisate per Scipio Aemilianus. Le destruction de Numantia deveniva un episodio emblematic del conquista roman. Le regiones del nord e del nord-west restava difficile a controlar. Le campanias contra Astures e Cantabros, inter 29 e 19 a.C., durante le regno de Augusto, marca le ultime grande fase del conquista militar roman del peninsula. === Romanisation === Le conquista roman esseva sequite per un processo gradual de integration politic, economic e cultural, sovente designate como romanisation. Le processo non esseva uniforme: illo variava inter le citates, le regiones rural e le communitates montaniose. Le administration roman introduceva novas structuras politic e juridic, le uso del latino, le moneta e le institutiones urban roman. Le construction de vias, pontes, aqueductos e edificios public facilitava le circulation de personas e merces. Le citates deveniva centros del vita politic e economic. Inter le centros urban importante se trovava Tarraco (Tarragona), Emerita Augusta (Mérida), Corduba (Cordoba), Hispalis (Sevilla), Caesaraugusta (Zaragoza) e Italica. Le latino deveniva gradualmente le lingua dominante del administration e del communication public. Le linguas indigene perdeva progressivemente lor uso scribite, ben que alcunes continuava a esser parlate durante un periodo. Le basco, in particular, surviventiva al expansion del latino. Le religion roman se diffundeva in le citates e le regiones rural. Le cultos traditional continuava a coexister con cultos roman e oriental. Le christianismo comenciava a establir se in le peninsula durante le prime seculos de nostre era. == Hispania roman == === Organisation territorial e administrative === Durante le periodo republican, le territorio roman esseva dividite in duo provincias: Hispania Citerior e Hispania Ulterior. Le limites e le organisation administrative cambiava con le expansion del dominio roman. Augusto reorganisava le provincias hispanic in tres partes principal: Baetica, Lusitania e Tarraconensis. Baetica, in le sud, habeva un statuto senatorial; Lusitania e Tarraconensis dependeva directemente del imperator. Durante le reforma administrative de Diocletian, al fin del seculo III, le organisation esseva modificate. Le grande provincia Tarraconensis esseva dividite, e nove provincias, includente Gallaecia e Carthaginiensis, faceva parte del structura administrative del Imperio. Le insulas Balearic deveniva etiam un provincia distincte. === Economia === Le economia de Hispania se basava super agricultura, allevamento, exploitation minari, piscicultura e commercio. Le peninsula produceva cereales, oleo de oliva e vino, que esseva exportate verso altere partes del Imperio. Le exploitation del metalles habeva un importantia particular. Le minas de argento, cupro, auro, ferro e plombo attraheva investimentos e labor. Le regiones de Sierra Morena, Rio Tinto, Asturia e le nord-west esseva importante pro le extraction minari. Le production de garum, un salsa de pisce fermentate, e le industria de saladura del pisces esseva importante in le costas. Le amphoras producite in Hispania serviva al transporto de oleo, vino e altere productos. Le commercio se effectuava per le vias terrestre e maritime. Le rete de vias roman conectava le citates principal e facilitava le movemento del exercitos, del administration e del mercantias. === Societate === Le societate hispano-roman esseva hierarchic. Le elites urban possedeva terras e exerceva cargos municipal e administrative. Le population includeva liberos, libertos e sclavos, con conditiones juridic e economic multo differente. Le citates e le villas rural constituiva elementos central del organisation social. Le villas, proprietates agricole de grande dimensiones, poteva includer habitationes luxuose, installations de production e terras cultivate. Le processo de integration in le mundo roman permitteva a alcun elites local de obtener le citizenship roman e acceder a cargos politic. Le imperatores Trajano e Hadriano, ambes originari de Italica, e le familia de Theodosius, originari del peninsula, illustrava le importantia del elites hispanic in le Imperio. === Cultura e religion === Le cultura hispano-roman participava al vita intellectual del Imperio. Inter le autores originari del peninsula se trova Seneca, philosopho e scriptor de Corduba; Lucano, poeta epic; Quintiliano, theorico del rhetoric; e Martial, poeta originari de Bilbilis. Le christianismo se diffundeva gradualmente durante le prime seculos de nostre era. Le communitates christian deveniva plus visibile in le seculo III e adquiriva un position plus importante post le recognition imperial del religion durante le seculo IV. Le concilio de Elvira, celebrate probabilmente al initio del seculo IV, es un del plus ancian reuniones ecclesiastic documentate in le peninsula. Durante le seculo IV, le christianismo deveniva progressivemente le religion dominante del Imperio roman. == Le crisi del Imperio e le invasiones del seculo V == Durante le seculos III e IV, le Imperio roman experimentava transformationes politic, militar e economic. Le instabilitate del poter central, le difficultates fiscal e le pression militar super le frontieras affectava etiam Hispania. In 409, gruppos germanic — Suevos, Vandalos e Alanos — penetrava in le peninsula. Le autoritates roman non poteva impedir lor establimento in diverse regiones. Le Suevos formava un regno in Gallaecia, que durava usque al annexion per le Visigothos in 585. Le Vandalos passava plus tarde in Africa del Nord, ubi illes fundava un regno. Le Alanos esseva in grande parte integrate o dispergite durante le conflictos subsequente. Le autoritate roman in Hispania non dispariva subito. Durante le seculo V, le Imperio occidental continuava a exercitar un influentia in certe regiones, e le relationes inter le autoritates roman, le elites local e le nove potentias germanic variava secundo le regiones. == Le regno visigothic == Le Visigothos, un populo germanic que habeva intrate in le Imperio roman e establite relationes politic e militar con Roma, deveniva gradualmente le potentia dominante in partes del peninsula. Post lor derrota contra le Francos al battalia de Vouillé in 507, le Visigothos perdeva le major parte de lor territorio in Galia e consolidava lor position in Hispania. Toledo deveniva le capital politic del regno. Le regno visigothic non esseva formate per un conquista rapide e uniforme. Su consolidation involveva guerras, accordos con elites local e integration progressive del structuras administrative roman. Le reges visigothic conservava multe elementos del organisation provincial e juridic del Imperio. Durante le regno de Leovigildo (568–586), le potentia visigothic se expandiva e le regno suevic de Gallaecia esseva annexate in 585. Le rege tentava etiam de reforçar le unitate politic e territorial del regno. Un transformation religiose importante occurreva durante le regno de Reccaredo. In 589, al tertie concilio de Toledo, le rege e le elites visigothic renunciava al arianismo e adoptava le catholicismo nicen. Iste decision facilitava le integration religiose del population majoritari, que esseva in grande parte catholic. Le regno visigothic developava un tradition juridic e cultural proprie. Le legislatores combinava elementos del derecto roman con le traditiones germanic. Le *Liber Iudiciorum*, compilate in su forma definitive durante le seculo VII, deveniva un importante collection de leges del regno. Inter le figuras intellectual del periodo se distingueva Isidoro de Sevilla, autor del *Etymologiae*, un obra encyclopedic que preservava multe elementos del cultura antique. Le ecclesias e monasterios deveniva centros importante del cultura e del transmission del textos. Le regno visigothic finiva como potentia dominante in 711, quando un armea musulman traversava le Stricto de Gibraltar e vinceva le rege Roderico. Iste invasion initiava un nove periodo del historia del peninsula. == Hereditage del Antiquitate == Le Antiquitate lassava un hereditage durabile in le Peninsula Iberic. Le linguas romanica que se developava in le region deriva del latino vulgar, e le structuras urban, vias, pontes, aqueductos e edificios public roman continuava a influentiar le organisation del territorio. Le christianismo, le derecto roman e multe elementos del cultura classic esseva transmitte al societates post-roman e medieval. Le traditiones local, in lor torno, continuava a influentiar le culturas del peninsula. Le historia antique del Peninsula Iberic non esseva un processo linear de substitu­tion de un cultura per un altere. Illo esseva un succession de contactos, conflictos, negotiationes e formas de integration inter societates diverse. == Referentias == * Lorrio, A. e Sanmartí, J. (2019). «The Iberian peninsula in pre-Roman times: An archaeological and ethnographical survey». In: *Palaeohispanic Languages and Epigraphies*. Oxford University Press. * Keay, Simon J. (2016). «Spain». *Oxford Classical Dictionary*. Oxford University Press. * López Castro, José Luis. «The Iberian Peninsula». In: *The Oxford Handbook of the Phoenician and Punic Mediterranean*. * Rubio, Gonzalo (2020). «Phoenicians in the Iberian Peninsula and the Matter of Tartessos». *Journal of the American Oriental Society*, 140(1), pp. 219–226. * Scullard, H. H. «The Carthaginians in Spain». *The Cambridge Ancient History*. * Tejerizo, Carlos; Sastre de Diego, Isaac; Martínez Jiménez, Javier (2018). «The settings of late Roman Hispania». In: *The Iberian Peninsula between 300 and 850*. Amsterdam University Press. * Wood, Jamie (2015). «Borders, Centres and Peripheries in late Roman and Visigothic Iberia». *International Journal of Regional and Local History*, 10(1), pp. 1–17. * Instituto Geográfico Nacional de España. «Referencias históricas», *Atlas Nacional de España*. == Vide etiam == * [[Prehistoria del Peninsula Iberic]] * [[Iberes]] * [[Celtas]] * [[Tartessos]] * [[Hispania]] * [[Conquista roman del Peninsula Iberic]] * [[Imperio roman]] * [[Regno visigothic]] [[Categoria:Historia del Peninsula Iberic]] [[Categoria:Historia antique per pais]] [[Categoria:Hispania roman]] [[Categoria:Antiquitate]] {{Espania}}{{Historia de Espania}} [[Categoria:Historia antique de Espania]] [[Categoria:Historia de Portugal]] s3gizca150c13qbynqsojwqh82uzuxm 705311 705310 2026-11-01T10:20:21Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Referentias */ 705311 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} '''Historia antique del Peninsula Iberic''' es le periodo del historia del Peninsula Iberic que se extende desde le primevas sociedades historicemente documentate, durante le prime millennio ante nostre era, usque al fin del dominio roman e le formation del regnos post-romane in le prime seculos del Medioevo. Illo comprende le culturas indigene, le contactos con le populos del Mediterraneo oriental, le expansion de Cartago, le conquista roman e le evolution del societate hispano-roman. Le historia antique del peninsula es marcate per un grande diversitate geographic, ethnic, linguistic e cultural. Le differentias inter le regiones costal e interior, le contactos commercial e le influentias externe contribuiva al formation de societates distincte, inter le quales se trovava Tartessos, le populos iberic, le Celtas e le Celtiberos. == Prehistoria e formation del culturas protohistoric == Le peninsula esseva habitate desde le Paleolithico inferior. Le restos human de Atapuerca, in le hodierne provincia de Burgos, constitue un del plus importante complexos archeologic del Europa pro le studio del evolution human. Inter le restos trovate se trova fossiles attribuite a Homo antecessor e a altere species del genere Homo. Durante le Paleolithico superior, gruppos de cacciatores e collectores produceva pinturas e gravuras rupestre. Le arte parietal del cavernas de Altamira, in Cantabria, es un del exemplos le plus famose. Altere sitios importante se trova in le region Cantabric e in le peninsula meridional. Le revolution neolithic arrivava al peninsula durante le sexte millennio a.C., con le diffusion del agricultura, del allevamento e del vita sedentari. Le communitates agricole se establiva in differente regiones e developava ceramica, utensiles de petra polito e novas formas de organisation social. Durante le Calcolithico, le utilisation del metalles se expandiva. Le cultura de Los Millares, in le sud-est, es un exemplo de societate fortificate con necropoles e constructiones funerari monumentale. Plus tarde, durante le etate del bronzo, se developava le cultura argaric in le sud-est del peninsula, caracterisate per settlements fortificate, metallurgia e sepulturas individual. In le nord-este, le contactos con le regiones del Europa central contribueva al diffusion de practicas funerari e de elementos cultural associate al tradition del campos de urnas. Durante le prime millennio a.C., le metallurgia del ferro, le expansion del commercio e le transformation del organisation politic e social favoriva le formation del culturas protohistoric. == Le peninsula ante le conquista roman == Le geographia del peninsula — con su montanias, planuras, valles fluvial e costas — favoriva le formation de numerosas communitates regional. Le fontes grec e roman usa appellationes general como «Iberes» e «Celtas», ma le population indigene non formava un sol populo homogenee. Le nomine «Iberia» esseva usate originalmente per autores grec pro designar partes del costa mediterranee del peninsula. Su extension deveniva plus tarde plus vaste, usque a referer se al peninsula quasi integre. === Tartessos === Tartessos esseva un area e un tradition cultural del sud-west del peninsula, particularmente associate al valle del Guadalquivir e al regiones de Huelva, Cadiz e Sevilla. Le fontes grec e roman describe un territorio ric e commercialmente prospere, ma le natura exacte de su organisation politic resta discutite. Le cultura tartessic floriva principalmente inter le seculos VIII e VI a.C. Su prosperitate dependeva in parte del exploitation del metalles, specialmente argento, cupro e stanno, e del commercio con altere regiones del Mediterraneo. Le contactos con le Phoenicios exerceva un influentia importante super le societates local. Objectos, technicas artisanal, formas architectonic e practicas religiose de origine oriental se diffundeva in le regiones del sud. Le relation inter Tartessos e le stabilimentos phoenicie esseva complexe e variava secundo le regiones e le periodos. Le declino del cultura tartessic durante le sexte seculo a.C. es un phenomeno cuje causas non es completemente clar. Transformationes economic, politic e commercial, insimul con le reorganisation del rete de commercio mediterranee, poteva haber contribuite al apparition de nove formas de organisation regional. === Phoenicios === Le Phoenicios, originari del citates del Levante mediterranee, establiva contactos commercial con le costa meridional del peninsula desde le prime parte del prime millennio a.C. Illes fundava o developava portos e stabilimentos commercial, inter le quales Gadir (hodie Cadiz), Malaka (Malaga), Sexi (Almuñécar) e Abdera (Adra). Le chronologia del fundation de Gadir es discutite. Le tradition antique le attribueva un origine multo ancian, ma le datos archeologic sustene un establimento phoenicie durante le seculo VIII a.C. Le Phoenicios participava al commercio de metalles, productos agricole e objectos manufacturate. Illes introduceva o diffundeva technicas de metallurgia, formas de ceramica, practicas de navigation e elementos del alphabeto phoenicie. Le contactos con le population indigene produceva transformationes cultural e economic importante. === Grecos === Le Grecos arrivava al costa nord-oriental e oriental del peninsula durante le prime millennio a.C. Le colones e mercatores proveniva principalmente del mundo grec occidental, specialmente de Phocaea e Massilia. Inter le stabilimentos grec plus importante se trovava Emporion (hodie Empúries) e Rhode (hodie Roses), in le costa nord-oriental. Le Grecos establiva relationes commercial con le communitates indigene e participava al circulation de ceramica, vino, oleo, metalles e altere productos. Le influentia grec se manifesta in le arte, le moneta, le formas urban e le contactos cultural. Non tote le sitios que le fontes antique attribue a colonos grec esseva necessariamente colonias in le senso politic del termino; alcunes poteva haber functionate principalmente como portos commercial o emporios. === Cartagineses === Cartago, fundate per colones phoenicie in le nord de Africa, deveniva gradualmente un potentia maritime e commercial importante in le Mediterraneo occidental. Con le declino del potentia phoenicie del Levante, Cartago assumeva un rolo plus importante in le rete de stabilimentos del costa iberic. Durante le seculo III a.C., le familia Barca promoveva un expansion militar e politic in le peninsula. Hamilcar Barca arrivava in Iberia in 237 a.C. e initiava le consolidation del dominio cartaginese in le sud e in le regiones ric in ressources mineral. Su genero Hasdrubal le Succession continuava le expansion e fundava Carthago Nova (hodie Cartagena), que deveniva un centro politic, militar e commercial importante. Hannibal Barca, filio de Hamilcar, succedeva a Hasdrubal e usava le ressources e le tropas iberic in su campania contra Roma. == Le populos indigene == Le population del peninsula esseva dividite in numerose gruppos, cuje nomines e limites geographic varia in le fontes antique. Le distinction general inter Iberes e Celtas es utile, ma non representa un division simple o uniforme. === Iberes === Le Iberes habitava principalmente le regiones oriental e meridional del peninsula, ab le nord-est usque al sud-est e partes del costa mediterranee. Illes includeva gruppos como le Edetanos, Contestanos, Ilergetes, Laietanos e Turdetanos. Le societates iberic habeva grados variabile de urbanisation e organisation politic. Alcunes viveva in citates fortificate, o oppida, governate per elites local. Le agricultura, le allevamento, le metallurgia e le commercio formava le base de lor economias. Le Iberes developava formas proprie de scriptura, cognoscite per inscriptiones sur monetas, ceramica e laminas de plumbo. Le lingua iberic es cognoscite per su inscriptiones, ma su signification non ha essite completemente decifrate. Le arte iberic es representate per sculpturas, ceramicas decorate e objectos metallic. Inter le obras plus cognoscite se trova le Dama de Elche e le Dama de Baza, ambes importante pro le studio del arte e del practicas funerari iberic. === Celtas e Celtiberos === Le Celtas habitava principalmente le regiones del interior, del nord e del west del peninsula, ben que le distribution del linguas e culturas celtic esseva plus complexe que un simple division geographic. Le societates celtic includeva communitates rural e fortificate, con economias fundate super agricultura, allevamento e metallurgia. Le oppida e castros, settlements fortificate situate sovente sur elevationes, esseva formas de habitation importante in varie regiones. Le Celtiberos habitava principalmente le regiones del alte valle del Ebro e del systema Iberic, in le zona de contacto inter le culturas iberic e celtic. Illes possedeva traditiones militar, monetari e linguistic proprie. Numantia, in le hodierne provincia de Soria, deveniva un centro importante del resistentia contra Roma. Altere populos mentionate per le autores antique includeva le Lusitanos, in le west; le Gallaecos, in le nord-west; le Astures e Cantabros, in le nord; e le Vascones, in le area del Pyrenees occidental. === Lusitanos === Le Lusitanos habitava un vaste territorio in le parte occidental del peninsula, principalmente in le regiones que corresponde hodie a partes de Portugal e de Extremadura. Illes es cognoscite in le fontes roman pro lor resistentia contra le expansion de Roma. Viriato, un chef militar lusitano del secunde medietate del seculo II a.C., deveniva le figura plus notabile del resistentia. Su strategia se basava super le mobilitate, le surprisa e le utilisation del terreno. Post su assassination in 139 a.C., le resistentia lusitano perdeva parte de su capacitate de coordination. == Le guerras punic e le initio del conquista roman == Le rivalitate inter Roma e Cartago pro le dominio del Mediterraneo occidental conduceva a duo guerras major, cognoscite como le guerras punic. Le peninsula iberic deveniva un teatro importante de iste conflicto. Le secunde guerra punic initiava in 218 a.C. post le assedio cartaginese de Saguntum, un citate que habeva relationes con Roma. Hannibal traversava le Pyrenees e le Alpes con su armea e entrava in Italia. In le mesme anno, tropas roman sbarcava in Emporion, initiando le intervention militar roman in Iberia. Le romanos cercava a cortar le communicationes e le ressources cartaginese. Durante le conflicto, le fratres Publius e Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio conduceva le operationes roman in le peninsula. Post lor mortes, Scipio Africanus arrivava e assumeva le commandamento. In 209 a.C., Scipio capturava Carthago Nova, un victoria strategic que permitteva a Roma de controlar un centro logistic e economic essential. Le cartagineses esseva finalmente expellite del peninsula in 206 a.C. == Le conquista roman == Le victoria super Cartago non significava le immediate submission de tote le peninsula. Roma divideva inicialmente le territorio in Hispania Citerior e Hispania Ulterior, ma le expansion roman incontrava resistentia durante quasi duo seculos. === Le guerras contra le populos indigene === Durante le seculo II a.C., Roma combatteva contra numerose communitates indigene. Le guerras lusitanic e celtiberic esseva inter le conflictos plus importante. Le resistentia lusitano, conducite per Viriato, causava difficultates considerabile al exercitos roman. Viriato obteneva diverse victorias usante tacticas de guerrilla, ma esseva assassinate in 139 a.C. per membros de su proprie circulo, secundo le tradition antique. Le guerras celtiberic culminava in le assedio de Numantia. Le citate resistiva durante multe annos al exercitos roman e cadeva in 133 a.C., post un assedio organisate per Scipio Aemilianus. Le destruction de Numantia deveniva un episodio emblematic del conquista roman. Le regiones del nord e del nord-west restava difficile a controlar. Le campanias contra Astures e Cantabros, inter 29 e 19 a.C., durante le regno de Augusto, marca le ultime grande fase del conquista militar roman del peninsula. === Romanisation === Le conquista roman esseva sequite per un processo gradual de integration politic, economic e cultural, sovente designate como romanisation. Le processo non esseva uniforme: illo variava inter le citates, le regiones rural e le communitates montaniose. Le administration roman introduceva novas structuras politic e juridic, le uso del latino, le moneta e le institutiones urban roman. Le construction de vias, pontes, aqueductos e edificios public facilitava le circulation de personas e merces. Le citates deveniva centros del vita politic e economic. Inter le centros urban importante se trovava Tarraco (Tarragona), Emerita Augusta (Mérida), Corduba (Cordoba), Hispalis (Sevilla), Caesaraugusta (Zaragoza) e Italica. Le latino deveniva gradualmente le lingua dominante del administration e del communication public. Le linguas indigene perdeva progressivemente lor uso scribite, ben que alcunes continuava a esser parlate durante un periodo. Le basco, in particular, surviventiva al expansion del latino. Le religion roman se diffundeva in le citates e le regiones rural. Le cultos traditional continuava a coexister con cultos roman e oriental. Le christianismo comenciava a establir se in le peninsula durante le prime seculos de nostre era. == Hispania roman == === Organisation territorial e administrative === Durante le periodo republican, le territorio roman esseva dividite in duo provincias: Hispania Citerior e Hispania Ulterior. Le limites e le organisation administrative cambiava con le expansion del dominio roman. Augusto reorganisava le provincias hispanic in tres partes principal: Baetica, Lusitania e Tarraconensis. Baetica, in le sud, habeva un statuto senatorial; Lusitania e Tarraconensis dependeva directemente del imperator. Durante le reforma administrative de Diocletian, al fin del seculo III, le organisation esseva modificate. Le grande provincia Tarraconensis esseva dividite, e nove provincias, includente Gallaecia e Carthaginiensis, faceva parte del structura administrative del Imperio. Le insulas Balearic deveniva etiam un provincia distincte. === Economia === Le economia de Hispania se basava super agricultura, allevamento, exploitation minari, piscicultura e commercio. Le peninsula produceva cereales, oleo de oliva e vino, que esseva exportate verso altere partes del Imperio. Le exploitation del metalles habeva un importantia particular. Le minas de argento, cupro, auro, ferro e plombo attraheva investimentos e labor. Le regiones de Sierra Morena, Rio Tinto, Asturia e le nord-west esseva importante pro le extraction minari. Le production de garum, un salsa de pisce fermentate, e le industria de saladura del pisces esseva importante in le costas. Le amphoras producite in Hispania serviva al transporto de oleo, vino e altere productos. Le commercio se effectuava per le vias terrestre e maritime. Le rete de vias roman conectava le citates principal e facilitava le movemento del exercitos, del administration e del mercantias. === Societate === Le societate hispano-roman esseva hierarchic. Le elites urban possedeva terras e exerceva cargos municipal e administrative. Le population includeva liberos, libertos e sclavos, con conditiones juridic e economic multo differente. Le citates e le villas rural constituiva elementos central del organisation social. Le villas, proprietates agricole de grande dimensiones, poteva includer habitationes luxuose, installations de production e terras cultivate. Le processo de integration in le mundo roman permitteva a alcun elites local de obtener le citizenship roman e acceder a cargos politic. Le imperatores Trajano e Hadriano, ambes originari de Italica, e le familia de Theodosius, originari del peninsula, illustrava le importantia del elites hispanic in le Imperio. === Cultura e religion === Le cultura hispano-roman participava al vita intellectual del Imperio. Inter le autores originari del peninsula se trova Seneca, philosopho e scriptor de Corduba; Lucano, poeta epic; Quintiliano, theorico del rhetoric; e Martial, poeta originari de Bilbilis. Le christianismo se diffundeva gradualmente durante le prime seculos de nostre era. Le communitates christian deveniva plus visibile in le seculo III e adquiriva un position plus importante post le recognition imperial del religion durante le seculo IV. Le concilio de Elvira, celebrate probabilmente al initio del seculo IV, es un del plus ancian reuniones ecclesiastic documentate in le peninsula. Durante le seculo IV, le christianismo deveniva progressivemente le religion dominante del Imperio roman. == Le crisi del Imperio e le invasiones del seculo V == Durante le seculos III e IV, le Imperio roman experimentava transformationes politic, militar e economic. Le instabilitate del poter central, le difficultates fiscal e le pression militar super le frontieras affectava etiam Hispania. In 409, gruppos germanic — Suevos, Vandalos e Alanos — penetrava in le peninsula. Le autoritates roman non poteva impedir lor establimento in diverse regiones. Le Suevos formava un regno in Gallaecia, que durava usque al annexion per le Visigothos in 585. Le Vandalos passava plus tarde in Africa del Nord, ubi illes fundava un regno. Le Alanos esseva in grande parte integrate o dispergite durante le conflictos subsequente. Le autoritate roman in Hispania non dispariva subito. Durante le seculo V, le Imperio occidental continuava a exercitar un influentia in certe regiones, e le relationes inter le autoritates roman, le elites local e le nove potentias germanic variava secundo le regiones. == Le regno visigothic == Le Visigothos, un populo germanic que habeva intrate in le Imperio roman e establite relationes politic e militar con Roma, deveniva gradualmente le potentia dominante in partes del peninsula. Post lor derrota contra le Francos al battalia de Vouillé in 507, le Visigothos perdeva le major parte de lor territorio in Galia e consolidava lor position in Hispania. Toledo deveniva le capital politic del regno. Le regno visigothic non esseva formate per un conquista rapide e uniforme. Su consolidation involveva guerras, accordos con elites local e integration progressive del structuras administrative roman. Le reges visigothic conservava multe elementos del organisation provincial e juridic del Imperio. Durante le regno de Leovigildo (568–586), le potentia visigothic se expandiva e le regno suevic de Gallaecia esseva annexate in 585. Le rege tentava etiam de reforçar le unitate politic e territorial del regno. Un transformation religiose importante occurreva durante le regno de Reccaredo. In 589, al tertie concilio de Toledo, le rege e le elites visigothic renunciava al arianismo e adoptava le catholicismo nicen. Iste decision facilitava le integration religiose del population majoritari, que esseva in grande parte catholic. Le regno visigothic developava un tradition juridic e cultural proprie. Le legislatores combinava elementos del derecto roman con le traditiones germanic. Le *Liber Iudiciorum*, compilate in su forma definitive durante le seculo VII, deveniva un importante collection de leges del regno. Inter le figuras intellectual del periodo se distingueva Isidoro de Sevilla, autor del *Etymologiae*, un obra encyclopedic que preservava multe elementos del cultura antique. Le ecclesias e monasterios deveniva centros importante del cultura e del transmission del textos. Le regno visigothic finiva como potentia dominante in 711, quando un armea musulman traversava le Stricto de Gibraltar e vinceva le rege Roderico. Iste invasion initiava un nove periodo del historia del peninsula. == Hereditage del Antiquitate == Le Antiquitate lassava un hereditage durabile in le Peninsula Iberic. Le linguas romanica que se developava in le region deriva del latino vulgar, e le structuras urban, vias, pontes, aqueductos e edificios public roman continuava a influentiar le organisation del territorio. Le christianismo, le derecto roman e multe elementos del cultura classic esseva transmitte al societates post-roman e medieval. Le traditiones local, in lor torno, continuava a influentiar le culturas del peninsula. Le historia antique del Peninsula Iberic non esseva un processo linear de substitu­tion de un cultura per un altere. Illo esseva un succession de contactos, conflictos, negotiationes e formas de integration inter societates diverse. == Referentias == * Lorrio, A. e Sanmartí, J. (2019). «The Iberian peninsula in pre-Roman times: An archaeological and ethnographical survey». In: ''Palaeohispanic Languages and Epigraphies''. Oxford University Press. * Keay, Simon J. (2016). «Spain». ''Oxford Classical Dictionary''. Oxford University Press. * López Castro, José Luis. «The Iberian Peninsula». In: ''The Oxford Handbook of the Phoenician and Punic Mediterranean''. * Rubio, Gonzalo (2020). «Phoenicians in the Iberian Peninsula and the Matter of Tartessos». ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'', 140(1), pp. 219–226. * Scullard, H. H. «The Carthaginians in Spain». ''The Cambridge Ancient History''. * Tejerizo, Carlos; Sastre de Diego, Isaac; Martínez Jiménez, Javier (2018). «The settings of late Roman Hispania». In: ''The Iberian Peninsula between 300 and 850''. Amsterdam University Press. * Wood, Jamie (2015). «Borders, Centres and Peripheries in late Roman and Visigothic Iberia». ''International Journal of Regional and Local History'', 10(1), pp. 1–17. * Instituto Geográfico Nacional de España. «Referencias históricas», ''Atlas Nacional de España''. == Vide etiam == * [[Prehistoria del Peninsula Iberic]] * [[Iberes]] * [[Celtas]] * [[Tartessos]] * [[Hispania]] * [[Conquista roman del Peninsula Iberic]] * [[Imperio roman]] * [[Regno visigothic]] [[Categoria:Historia del Peninsula Iberic]] [[Categoria:Historia antique per pais]] [[Categoria:Hispania roman]] [[Categoria:Antiquitate]] {{Espania}}{{Historia de Espania}} [[Categoria:Historia antique de Espania]] [[Categoria:Historia de Portugal]] bhqsw8re98j86d6e1wv6tt2kn8ojt7z 10 59741 705300 695474 2026-11-01T09:05:34Z Interlingvisto 60932 705300 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox generic | name = Historia de Espania | state = collapsed | title =[[Historia de Espania]] | above = | groupstyle = text-align:right; | liststyle = text-align:left; | group1 = [[Prehistoria in le Peninsula Iberic|Prehistoria]] | list1 = [[Neolithico in le Peninsula Iberic|Neolithico]] | group2 = [[Historia antique del Peninsula Iberic|Antiquitate]] | list2 = [[Populos pre-roman]] • [[Conquesta roman del Peninsula Iberic|Conquesta roman]] • [[Peninsula Iberic sub domination roman|Hispania roman]] | group3 = [[Medievo in Espania|Medievo]] | list3 = [[Invasiones germanic in le Peninsula Iberic|Invasiones germanic]] • [[Regno visigothic de Tolosa|Regno visigothic]] • [[Conquesta islamic del Peninsula Iberic|Conquesta islamic]] • [[Al-Andalus]] • [[Reconquesta]] | group4 = [[Etate Moderne en Espania|Etate Moderne]] | list4 = [[Reges Catholic]] • [[Imperio Hispanic]] • [[Sentenio Oro espaniol]] • [[Lumina en Espania|Lumina]] | group5 = [[Etate Contemporanee en Espania|Etate Contemporanee]] | list5 = [[Prima Republica]] • [[Restora]] • [[Desastre de 1898]] • [[Secunde Republica espaniol|Secunde Republica]] • [[Gerra Interna Espaniol]] • [[Espania franciste]] • [[Traversa al democrasia]] }} <noinclude> [[Categoria:Patronos de navigation|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Patronos de historia|{{PAGENAME}}]] </noinclude> 1j3vue1ygm3klcytb6cxf7yh33vz96l 705312 705300 2026-11-01T10:20:57Z Interlingvisto 60932 705312 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox generic | name = Historia de Espania | state = collapsed | title =[[Historia de Espania]] | above = | groupstyle = text-align:right; 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| liststyle = text-align:left; | group1 = [[Prehistoria in le Peninsula Iberic|Prehistoria]] | list1 = [[Neolithico in le Peninsula Iberic|Neolithico]] | group2 = [[Historia antique del Peninsula Iberic|Antiquitate]] | list2 = [[Historia antique del Peninsula Iberic#Le populos indigene|Populos pre-roman]] • [[Conquesta roman del Peninsula Iberic|Conquesta roman]] • [[Peninsula Iberic sub domination roman|Hispania roman]] | group3 = [[Medievo in Espania|Medievo]] | list3 = [[Invasiones germanic in le Peninsula Iberic|Invasiones germanic]] • [[Regno visigothic de Tolosa|Regno visigothic]] • [[Conquesta islamic del Peninsula Iberic|Conquesta islamic]] • [[Al-Andalus]] • [[Reconquesta]] | group4 = [[Etate Moderne en Espania|Etate Moderne]] | list4 = [[Reges Catholic]] • [[Imperio Hispanic]] • [[Seculo Auree Espaniol]] • [[Illuminismo en Espania|Illuminismo]] | group5 = [[Etate Contemporanee en Espania|Etate Contemporanee]] | list5 = [[Prime Republica Espaniol|Prime Republica]] • [[Restauracion borbonic in Espania|Restauracion borbonic]] • [[Secunde Republica espaniol|Secunde Republica]] • [[Gerra Interna Espaniol]] • [[Espania franciste]] • [[Transition espaniol]] }} <noinclude> [[Categoria:Patronos de navigation|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Patronos de historia|{{PAGENAME}}]] </noinclude> lom24fd9m855hp0a23kpgdw103j9od3 705333 705332 2026-11-01T10:53:28Z Interlingvisto 60932 705333 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox generic | name = Historia de Espania | state = collapsed | title =[[Historia de Espania]] | above = | groupstyle = text-align:right; | liststyle = text-align:left; | group1 = [[Prehistoria in le Peninsula Iberic|Prehistoria]] | list1 = [[Neolithico in le Peninsula Iberic|Neolithico]] | group2 = [[Historia antique del Peninsula Iberic|Antiquitate]] | list2 = [[Historia antique del Peninsula Iberic#Le populos indigene|Populos pre-roman]] • [[Conquesta roman del Peninsula Iberic|Conquesta roman]] • [[Peninsula Iberic sub domination roman|Hispania roman]] | group3 = [[Medievo in Espania|Medievo]] | list3 = [[Invasiones germanic in le Peninsula Iberic|Invasiones germanic]] • [[Regno visigothic de Tolosa|Regno visigothic]] • [[Conquesta islamic del Peninsula Iberic|Conquesta islamic]] • [[Al-Andalus]] • [[Reconquesta]] | group4 = [[Etate Moderne en Espania|Etate Moderne]] | list4 = [[Reges Catholic]] • [[Imperio Hispanic]] • [[Seculo Auree Espaniol]] • [[Illuminismo en Espania|Illuminismo]] | group5 = [[Etate Contemporanee en Espania|Etate Contemporanee]] | list5 = [[Prime Republica Espaniol|Prime Republica]] • [[Restauracion borbonic in Espania|Restauracion borbonic]] • [[Secunde Republica espaniol|Secunde Republica]] • [[Guerra civil espaniol]] • [[Franquismo]] • [[Transition espaniol]] }} <noinclude> [[Categoria:Patronos de navigation|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Patronos de historia|{{PAGENAME}}]] </noinclude> fjco5uocnjdvu2c3juwxdgvfbbzllc2 0 59911 705247 685333 2026-10-31T22:41:01Z Tim Ocean 30221 gram? 705247 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Chopin competition 2010.jpg|thumb|right|Presidente de Polonia, [[Bronisław Komorowski]] durante le concurso in 2010.]] Le '''Concurso international de piano Frédéric Chopin''' es un del plus vetere e prestigiose concursos musical in tote le mundo in [[piano]], habente loco cata 5 annos in [[Varsovia]]. Illo es un del rar concursos monographic, proque in tote su stadios solmente operas de un compositor ([[Frédéric Chopin|Frederic Chopin]]) es representate. Le concurso ha essite initiate in 1927 per un [[pianista]] [[Polonia|polonese]], prof. Jerzy Żurawlew, gratias a garantias financiari per Henryk Rewkiewicz. Al presente, solmente personas in le etate de 16 a 30 annos pote participar. Le laureatos ha le possibilitate practicamente garantite de manifestar se in le scena international pianista e derecto de apparer in le plus grande salas de concertos e pro registrar [[Album (musica)|albumes]] musical in editores renominate. == Initios == Le interesse in le musica de Frederic Chopin in le initio del XXe seculo constitueva pro pianistas e musicologos un enigma de interpretation. Jerzy Waldorff cita un serie de phenomenos, le quales contribueva al emergentia de dubitas sur le stilo in le qual representar Chopin: opiniones sur su arte como "ex conservatorio e insalubre"; activitate de apprentisses de Chopin, qui in lor representationes comenciava introducer elementos de "rubato hysteric" e reducer lo a un "insignia del captivitate national ligate per un banda nigre de lucto"; le activitate del theoreticos e compositores polonese (inter alteres Jan Kleczyński o Władysław Żeleński), le quales in lor obras characterisava alcun operas como "bizarre" e "abortate". Post le Prime Guerra Mundial in le musica mundial cursos neoclassic appareva - con Igor Strawiński e Sergey Prokofyeyev al fronte - e le interesse in le musica [[Romanticismo|romantic]] comenciava a subsider. Le objectivo primordial de fundar un concurso esseva tunc - per le intention del initiator, prof. Jerzy Żurawlew, un studente del pianista Aleksander Michałowski, le qual tamben dava un incentivo pro organisar un grande foro - un discussion sur como representar Chopin. Le obstaculos esseva: le manco del Ministerio de Cultura in Polonia e disinteresse in le arte per le autoritate. In iste situation difficile Henryk Rewkiewicz, un interpenditor, amator de musica, un membro del consilio del Societate Musical in Varsovia, veniva con adjuta, spondente pagar con su proprie moneta tote le deficit eventual del concurso. Post annos Jerzy Żurawlew diceva: : ''Mi amico, Henryk Rewkiewicz, un director del Monopolio de [[Flammifero|Flammiferos]], adjutava me multo impartiente al concurso un summa non parve tunc de 15,000 zł.''    Ultimatemente un cambio del autoritate e le patronato del novemente eligite presidente de Polonia - [[Ignacy Mościcki]] - decideva re le continuation del concurso. Le presidente assecurava que ille assumerea un patronato honorific. == Laureatos == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Edition !Anno !Victor !Secunde loco |- |I |1927 |Lev Oborin, {{SOV}}[[Union Sovietic|Le Union Sovietic]] |Stanisław Szpinalski, {{POL}}Polonia |- |II |1932 |Alexander Uninsky, {{SOV}}Le Union Sovietic |Imre Ungar, {{HUN|[[Hungaria]]}} |- |III |1937 |Yakov Zak, {{SOV}}Le Union Sovietic |Rosa Tomarkina, {{SOV}}Le Union Sovietic |- |IV |1949 |Bella Davidovich, {{SOV}}Le Union Sovietic, Halina Czerny-Stefańska, {{POL}}[[Polonia]] |Barbara Hesse-Bukowska, {{POL}}Polonia |- |V |1955 |Adam Harasiewicz, {{POL}}Polonia |Vladimir Ashkenazy, {{SOV}}Le Union Sovietic |- |VI |1960 |Maurizio Pollini, {{ITA}}[[Italia]] |Irina Zaritskaya, {{SOV}}Le Union Sovietic |- |VII |1965 |Martha Argerich, {{ARG}}[[Argentina]] |Arthur Moreira Lima, {{BRA|[[Brasil]]}} |- |VIII |1970 |Garrick Ohlsson, {{USA}}[[Statos Unite de America|Le Statos Unite]] |Mitsuko Uchida, {{JPN|[[Japon]]}} |- |IX |1975 |Krystian Zimerman, {{POL}}Polonia |Dina Joffe, {{SOV}}Le Union Sovietic |- |X |1980 |Dang Thai Son, {{VNM|[[Vietnam]]}} |Tatyana Shebanova, {{SOV}}Le Union Sovietic |- |XI |1985 |Stanisalv Bunin, {{SOV}}Le Union Sovietic |Marc Laforet, {{FRA}}[[Francia]] |- |XII |1990 |Non seligite |Kevin Kenner, {{USA}}Le Statos Unite |- |XIII |1995 |Non seligite |Philippe Giusiano, {{FRA}}Francia, Alexei Sultanov, {{UZB}}[[Uzbekistan]] |- |XIV |2000 |Yundi Li, {{CHN}}[[China]] |Ingrid Fliter, {{ARG|Argentina}} |- |XV |2005 |Rafał Blechacz, {{POL}}Polonia |Non seligite |- |XVI |2010 |Yulianna Avdeeva, {{RUS}}[[Russia]] |Lukas Geniušas, {{RUS}}Russia, {{LIT|[[Lituania]]}}, Ingolf Wunder, {{AUS}}[[Austria]] |- |XVII |2015 |Seon-Jin Cho, {{COR}}[[Corea del Sud|Corea de Sud]] |Charles Richard-Hamelin, {{CAN}}Canada |- |XVIII |2021 |Bruce Liu, {{CAN}}[[Canada]] |Kyohei Sorita, {{JPN}}Japon, Alexander Gadjiev, {{ITA}}Italia, {{SLN}}[[Slovenia]] |- |XIX |2025 |Eric Lu, {{USA|Le Statos Unite}} |Kevin Chen, {{CAN|Canada}} |} {{Traduction|pl|Międzynarodowy Konkurs Pianistyczny im. Fryderyka Chopina|76835045|incomplete=si}} [[Categoria:Musica]] qst9u499umyppu12tt765t1t01qdaft 705248 705247 2026-10-31T22:50:26Z Tim Ocean 30221 /* Initios */ ort. 705248 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Chopin competition 2010.jpg|thumb|right|Presidente de Polonia, [[Bronisław Komorowski]] durante le concurso in 2010.]] Le '''Concurso international de piano Frédéric Chopin''' es un del plus vetere e prestigiose concursos musical in tote le mundo in [[piano]], habente loco cata 5 annos in [[Varsovia]]. Illo es un del rar concursos monographic, proque in tote su stadios solmente operas de un compositor ([[Frédéric Chopin|Frederic Chopin]]) es representate. Le concurso ha essite initiate in 1927 per un [[pianista]] [[Polonia|polonese]], prof. Jerzy Żurawlew, gratias a garantias financiari per Henryk Rewkiewicz. Al presente, solmente personas in le etate de 16 a 30 annos pote participar. Le laureatos ha le possibilitate practicamente garantite de manifestar se in le scena international pianista e derecto de apparer in le plus grande salas de concertos e pro registrar [[Album (musica)|albumes]] musical in editores renominate. == Initios == Le interesse in le musica de Frederic Chopin in le initio del XXe seculo constitueva pro pianistas e musicologos un enigma de interpretation. Jerzy Waldorff cita un serie de phenomenos, le quales contribueva al emergentia de dubitas sur le stilo in le qual representar Chopin: opiniones sur su arte como "ex conservatorio e insalubre"; activitate de apprentisses de Chopin, qui in lor representationes comenciava introducer elementos de "rubato hysteric" e reducer lo a un "insignia del captivitate national ligate per un banda nigre de lucto"; le activitate del theoreticos e compositores polonese (inter alteres Jan Kleczyński o Władysław Żeleński), le quales in lor obras characterisava alcun operas como "bizarre" e "abortate". Post le Prime Guerra Mundial in le musica mundial cursos neoclassic appareva - con Igor Stravinski e Sergey Prokofyeyev al fronte - e le interesse in le musica [[Romanticismo|romantic]] comenciava a subsider. Le objectivo primordial de fundar un concurso esseva tunc - per le intention del initiator, prof. Jerzy Żurawlew, un studente del pianista Aleksander Michałowski, le qual tamben dava un incentivo pro organisar un grande foro - un discussion sur como representar Chopin. Le obstaculos esseva: le manco del Ministerio de Cultura in Polonia e disinteresse in le arte per le autoritate. In iste situation difficile Henryk Rewkiewicz, un interpenditor, amator de musica, un membro del consilio del Societate Musical in Varsovia, veniva con adjuta, spondente pagar con su proprie moneta tote le deficit eventual del concurso. Post annos Jerzy Żurawlew diceva: : ''Mi amico, Henryk Rewkiewicz, un director del Monopolio de [[Flammifero|Flammiferos]], adjutava me multo impartiente al concurso un summa non parve tunc de 15,000 zł.''    Ultimatemente un cambio del autoritate e le patronato del novemente eligite presidente de Polonia - [[Ignacy Mościcki]] - decideva re le continuation del concurso. Le presidente assecurava que ille assumerea un patronato honorific. == Laureatos == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Edition !Anno !Victor !Secunde loco |- |I |1927 |Lev Oborin, {{SOV}}[[Union Sovietic|Le Union Sovietic]] |Stanisław Szpinalski, {{POL}}Polonia |- |II |1932 |Alexander Uninsky, {{SOV}}Le Union Sovietic |Imre Ungar, {{HUN|[[Hungaria]]}} |- |III |1937 |Yakov Zak, {{SOV}}Le Union Sovietic |Rosa Tomarkina, {{SOV}}Le Union Sovietic |- |IV |1949 |Bella Davidovich, {{SOV}}Le Union Sovietic, Halina Czerny-Stefańska, {{POL}}[[Polonia]] |Barbara Hesse-Bukowska, {{POL}}Polonia |- |V |1955 |Adam Harasiewicz, {{POL}}Polonia |Vladimir Ashkenazy, {{SOV}}Le Union Sovietic |- |VI |1960 |Maurizio Pollini, {{ITA}}[[Italia]] |Irina Zaritskaya, {{SOV}}Le Union Sovietic |- |VII |1965 |Martha Argerich, {{ARG}}[[Argentina]] |Arthur Moreira Lima, {{BRA|[[Brasil]]}} |- |VIII |1970 |Garrick Ohlsson, {{USA}}[[Statos Unite de America|Le Statos Unite]] |Mitsuko Uchida, {{JPN|[[Japon]]}} |- |IX |1975 |Krystian Zimerman, {{POL}}Polonia |Dina Joffe, {{SOV}}Le Union Sovietic |- |X |1980 |Dang Thai Son, {{VNM|[[Vietnam]]}} |Tatyana Shebanova, {{SOV}}Le Union Sovietic |- |XI |1985 |Stanisalv Bunin, {{SOV}}Le Union Sovietic |Marc Laforet, {{FRA}}[[Francia]] |- |XII |1990 |Non seligite |Kevin Kenner, {{USA}}Le Statos Unite |- |XIII |1995 |Non seligite |Philippe Giusiano, {{FRA}}Francia, Alexei Sultanov, {{UZB}}[[Uzbekistan]] |- |XIV |2000 |Yundi Li, {{CHN}}[[China]] |Ingrid Fliter, {{ARG|Argentina}} |- |XV |2005 |Rafał Blechacz, {{POL}}Polonia |Non seligite |- |XVI |2010 |Yulianna Avdeeva, {{RUS}}[[Russia]] |Lukas Geniušas, {{RUS}}Russia, {{LIT|[[Lituania]]}}, Ingolf Wunder, {{AUS}}[[Austria]] |- |XVII |2015 |Seon-Jin Cho, {{COR}}[[Corea del Sud|Corea de Sud]] |Charles Richard-Hamelin, {{CAN}}Canada |- |XVIII |2021 |Bruce Liu, {{CAN}}[[Canada]] |Kyohei Sorita, {{JPN}}Japon, Alexander Gadjiev, {{ITA}}Italia, {{SLN}}[[Slovenia]] |- |XIX |2025 |Eric Lu, {{USA|Le Statos Unite}} |Kevin Chen, {{CAN|Canada}} |} {{Traduction|pl|Międzynarodowy Konkurs Pianistyczny im. Fryderyka Chopina|76835045|incomplete=si}} [[Categoria:Musica]] 5dolqbbxvzft0mamjouc3gu6au86f43 705249 705248 2026-10-31T22:50:41Z Tim Ocean 30221 /* Initios */ lig. 705249 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Chopin competition 2010.jpg|thumb|right|Presidente de Polonia, [[Bronisław Komorowski]] durante le concurso in 2010.]] Le '''Concurso international de piano Frédéric Chopin''' es un del plus vetere e prestigiose concursos musical in tote le mundo in [[piano]], habente loco cata 5 annos in [[Varsovia]]. Illo es un del rar concursos monographic, proque in tote su stadios solmente operas de un compositor ([[Frédéric Chopin|Frederic Chopin]]) es representate. Le concurso ha essite initiate in 1927 per un [[pianista]] [[Polonia|polonese]], prof. Jerzy Żurawlew, gratias a garantias financiari per Henryk Rewkiewicz. Al presente, solmente personas in le etate de 16 a 30 annos pote participar. Le laureatos ha le possibilitate practicamente garantite de manifestar se in le scena international pianista e derecto de apparer in le plus grande salas de concertos e pro registrar [[Album (musica)|albumes]] musical in editores renominate. == Initios == Le interesse in le musica de Frederic Chopin in le initio del XXe seculo constitueva pro pianistas e musicologos un enigma de interpretation. Jerzy Waldorff cita un serie de phenomenos, le quales contribueva al emergentia de dubitas sur le stilo in le qual representar Chopin: opiniones sur su arte como "ex conservatorio e insalubre"; activitate de apprentisses de Chopin, qui in lor representationes comenciava introducer elementos de "rubato hysteric" e reducer lo a un "insignia del captivitate national ligate per un banda nigre de lucto"; le activitate del theoreticos e compositores polonese (inter alteres Jan Kleczyński o Władysław Żeleński), le quales in lor obras characterisava alcun operas como "bizarre" e "abortate". Post le Prime Guerra Mundial in le musica mundial cursos neoclassic appareva - con [[Igor Stravinski]] e Sergey Prokofyeyev al fronte - e le interesse in le musica [[Romanticismo|romantic]] comenciava a subsider. Le objectivo primordial de fundar un concurso esseva tunc - per le intention del initiator, prof. Jerzy Żurawlew, un studente del pianista Aleksander Michałowski, le qual tamben dava un incentivo pro organisar un grande foro - un discussion sur como representar Chopin. Le obstaculos esseva: le manco del Ministerio de Cultura in Polonia e disinteresse in le arte per le autoritate. In iste situation difficile Henryk Rewkiewicz, un interpenditor, amator de musica, un membro del consilio del Societate Musical in Varsovia, veniva con adjuta, spondente pagar con su proprie moneta tote le deficit eventual del concurso. Post annos Jerzy Żurawlew diceva: : ''Mi amico, Henryk Rewkiewicz, un director del Monopolio de [[Flammifero|Flammiferos]], adjutava me multo impartiente al concurso un summa non parve tunc de 15,000 zł.''    Ultimatemente un cambio del autoritate e le patronato del novemente eligite presidente de Polonia - [[Ignacy Mościcki]] - decideva re le continuation del concurso. Le presidente assecurava que ille assumerea un patronato honorific. == Laureatos == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Edition !Anno !Victor !Secunde loco |- |I |1927 |Lev Oborin, {{SOV}}[[Union Sovietic|Le Union Sovietic]] |Stanisław Szpinalski, {{POL}}Polonia |- |II |1932 |Alexander Uninsky, {{SOV}}Le Union Sovietic |Imre Ungar, {{HUN|[[Hungaria]]}} |- |III |1937 |Yakov Zak, {{SOV}}Le Union Sovietic |Rosa Tomarkina, {{SOV}}Le Union Sovietic |- |IV |1949 |Bella Davidovich, {{SOV}}Le Union Sovietic, Halina Czerny-Stefańska, {{POL}}[[Polonia]] |Barbara Hesse-Bukowska, {{POL}}Polonia |- |V |1955 |Adam Harasiewicz, {{POL}}Polonia |Vladimir Ashkenazy, {{SOV}}Le Union Sovietic |- |VI |1960 |Maurizio Pollini, {{ITA}}[[Italia]] |Irina Zaritskaya, {{SOV}}Le Union Sovietic |- |VII |1965 |Martha Argerich, {{ARG}}[[Argentina]] |Arthur Moreira Lima, {{BRA|[[Brasil]]}} |- |VIII |1970 |Garrick Ohlsson, {{USA}}[[Statos Unite de America|Le Statos Unite]] |Mitsuko Uchida, {{JPN|[[Japon]]}} |- |IX |1975 |Krystian Zimerman, {{POL}}Polonia |Dina Joffe, {{SOV}}Le Union Sovietic |- |X |1980 |Dang Thai Son, {{VNM|[[Vietnam]]}} |Tatyana Shebanova, {{SOV}}Le Union Sovietic |- |XI |1985 |Stanisalv Bunin, {{SOV}}Le Union Sovietic |Marc Laforet, {{FRA}}[[Francia]] |- |XII |1990 |Non seligite |Kevin Kenner, {{USA}}Le Statos Unite |- |XIII |1995 |Non seligite |Philippe Giusiano, {{FRA}}Francia, Alexei Sultanov, {{UZB}}[[Uzbekistan]] |- |XIV |2000 |Yundi Li, {{CHN}}[[China]] |Ingrid Fliter, {{ARG|Argentina}} |- |XV |2005 |Rafał Blechacz, {{POL}}Polonia |Non seligite |- |XVI |2010 |Yulianna Avdeeva, {{RUS}}[[Russia]] |Lukas Geniušas, {{RUS}}Russia, {{LIT|[[Lituania]]}}, Ingolf Wunder, {{AUS}}[[Austria]] |- |XVII |2015 |Seon-Jin Cho, {{COR}}[[Corea del Sud|Corea de Sud]] |Charles Richard-Hamelin, {{CAN}}Canada |- |XVIII |2021 |Bruce Liu, {{CAN}}[[Canada]] |Kyohei Sorita, {{JPN}}Japon, Alexander Gadjiev, {{ITA}}Italia, {{SLN}}[[Slovenia]] |- |XIX |2025 |Eric Lu, {{USA|Le Statos Unite}} |Kevin Chen, {{CAN|Canada}} |} {{Traduction|pl|Międzynarodowy Konkurs Pianistyczny im. Fryderyka Chopina|76835045|incomplete=si}} [[Categoria:Musica]] 3jiksej4bbtm7ploeuylpmm5x5ivmhp 0 60683 705257 694558 2026-11-01T08:09:46Z Interlingvisto 60932 705257 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/articulo}} Le '''Alte Medievo''' es le periodo del [[Historia de Europa|historia de Europa]] e [[Oriente Medie]] que comencia in le 5e seculo e termina in le 10e seculo, distinguente assi iste periodo del sequentes, cognoscite como Plen Medievo (11e-13e seculos) e Basse Medievo (14e-15e seculos). Generalmente se admitte que illo comencia in 476, con le deposition del ultime imperator roman de Occidente, Romulo Augustulo, ben que hodie on opta pro indicar simplemente le 5e seculo, in su ultime decennios. Le fin de iste epocha es usualmente placiate in le anno 1000, sed tal data ha cessate de esser significative pro le historiographia e on prefere le fin del 9e seculo, con le comenciamento del institutiones feudal, le incursiones viking e magyar, le renovation del poter imperial in Oriente con le dynastia macedonie e le decadentia del califato abbaside. Durante le Alte Etate Medie le [[christianismo]] se consolidava in Europa e arrivava a populos situate foras del ambito roman (slavos, magyaros, germanos) al mesme tempore que se consolida le poter del musulmanes in Oriente Medie e le nord de Africa. In lo politic, illo es marcate per le existentia de duo grande imperios: le romano de Oriente e le Califato Rashidun (e su successores, le Califato Omeya e le Califato Abbaside), insimul con le apparition in Occidente del regnos romano-barbare e le apparition del ephimere Imperio Carolingie. In lo cultural, le imperio de Oriente disveloppa un cultura christian de lingua grec, preserva un grande parte del saper del Antiquitate, sed disveloppate de maniera proprie, durante que le Levante mediterranee, Egypto, le nord de Africa e le peninsula iberic se integra in le nascente cultura arabe islamic e in Occidente le monasterios compli le rolo de transmitter le restos del cultura latin, durante que se disveloppa le [[linguas romanic]]. Multe del tendentias mentionate se invertiva posteriormente in le periodo. In le anno 800, le titulo de imperator resurgeva in Europa Occidental con [[Carolo Magne]], cuje Imperio carolingie influentiava profundemente le structura social e le historia europee posterior. Europa experimentava un retorno al agricultura systematic in forma del feudalismo, que adoptava innovationes como le rotation triennial e le aratro pesante. Le migration barbare se stabilisava in grande parte de Europa, ben que le expansion viking afficeva considerabilemente le nord de Europa. == Ligamines externe == * ''[https://www.interlingua.com/e-libros/le-medievo/ Le Medievo]'', de [[Vicente Costalago]], in le ''Bibliotheca electronic in Interlingua'' [[Categoria:Medievo]] lgghfbtjcgl39d3jmtbwkj8nlrrv3xx 0 60685 705259 694560 2026-11-01T08:10:20Z Interlingvisto 60932 705259 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/articulo}} Le '''Basse Medievo''' constitue le ultime periodo del [[Medievo]] e comprende le 14 e 15e seculos. Ben que alcun historicos situa su initio in le 9e seculo, negante le existentia del periodo del [[Plen Medievo]] (9e al 13e seculos), il ha anque personas qui considera que le [[Basse Medievo]] include le Plen Medievo como un prime etapa, considerante iste ultime seculos como le etapa del Crise del Medievo. Iste epocha esseva marcate per le crise provocate per le impacto del [[Peste nigre|peste nigre]], que comenciava in 1348 e reduceva le population europee a minus del medietate. == Ligamines externe == * ''[https://www.interlingua.com/e-libros/le-medievo/ Le Medievo]'', de [[Vicente Costalago]], in le ''Bibliotheca electronic in Interlingua'' [[Categoria:Medievo]] 6yrdozbt4sq55up11s5g5cvs7txj8jg 0 60690 705358 704929 2026-11-01T11:51:14Z Interlingvisto 60932 705358 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Conflicto militar | conflict = Fortification militar del Statos Unite in le Medio Oriente in 2026 | partof = [[Crisis Iran–Statos Unite (2025–2026)]] | image = [[File:Abraham Lincoln Carrier Strike Group Conducts Photo Exercise.jpg|197px]] | caption = Gruppo de Attacco de Porta-aviones 3 naviga in formation in le Mar Arabe, le 6 de februario 2026. | data = 26 de januario 2026 – presente | place = [[Oriente Medie]] | resultato = Escalation del tensiones regional; attaccos aere coordinate contra Iran | combatant1 = Statos Unite | combatant2 = Iran | commander1 = [[Donald Trump]] | commander2 = | strength1 = Duo gruppos de portaviones<br />Plus de 100 aviones de combat<br />Navos de guerra e systemas antimissilia | strength2 = | casualties1 = | casualties2 = }} Comenciante in le fin de januario 2026, le [[Statos Unite]] realisava su plus grande concentration militar in le Oriente Medie desde le [[invasion de Iraq de 2003]], disployante ressources de defensa aeree, naval e de missiles in medio de [[crise de 2026 inter Iran e le Statos Unite|tensiones escalante]] con [[Iran]], lo que le Statos Unite ha attribuite al [[programma nuclear de Iran]], al [[protestas iranian de 2025–2026]], e a un [[massacres de 2026 in Iran|repression governamental que occideva milles de demonstrantes]].<ref name="Cancian">{{Cite journal |last=Cancian |first=Mark F. |last2=Park |first2=Chris H. |date=20 February 2026 |title=U.S. Military in the Middle East: Numbers Behind Trump's Threats Against Iran |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/us-military-middle-east-numbers-behind-trumps-threats-against-iran |journal=Center for Strategic and International Studies |language=en |archive-date=24 February 2026 |access-date=22 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260224203756/https://www.csis.org/analysis/us-military-middle-east-numbers-behind-trumps-threats-against-iran |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 February 2026 |title=Over 150 U.S. aircraft sweep into Europe, Middle East as Trump mulls strikes |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/2026/02/24/united-states-iran-buildup/ |access-date=27 February 2026 |work=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=24 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260224170056/https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/2026/02/24/united-states-iran-buildup/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Le 28 de februario 2026, isto culminava in un [[attacos de 2026 de Israel e le Statos Unite contra Iran|serie de attaccos militar juncte]] in Iran per le Statos Unite e [[Israel]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2026 |title=US and Israel launch strikes against Iran |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/israel-launches-preemptive-strike-against-iran/ |access-date=28 February 2026 |website=Politico |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2026 |title=US and Israel launch attack on Iran, as Trump says 'major combat operations' under way - follow live |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cn5ge95q6y7t |access-date=28 February 2026 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228065750/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cn5ge95q6y7t |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Boxerman |first=Aaron |last2=Pager |first2=Tyler |last3=Fassihi |first3=Farnaz |last4=Bergman |first4=Ronen |date=28 February 2026 |title=U.S. and Israel Attack Iran as Trump Calls for Change in Government: Live Updates |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/02/28/world/iran-strikes-trump |access-date=28 February 2026 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Le ressources displaciate includeva le [[Carrier Strike Group 3]] e le [[Carrier Strike Group 12]] del [[United States Navy|Marina del Statos Unite]], ducite respectivemente per le [[USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72)|USS ''Abraham Lincoln'']] e le [[USS Gerald R. Ford|USS ''Gerald R. Ford'']]. Iste gruppos supporta missiles de cruisera, chassatores [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35C Lightning II]] e [[Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet|F/A-18E Super Hornet]], e altere aeronaves. Le [[Fortia Aeree del Statos Unite]] displaciava chassatores additional [[Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor|F-22 Raptor]] e [[McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle|F-15E Strike Eagle]] a bases in [[Israel]] e [[Jordania]] respectivemente, assi como grande numeros de [[tanker aircraft|aviones cisternas]]. In tarde januario, le [[Statos del Golfo (Medie Oriente)|statos del Golfo]] secundo reportos blocava le accesso a bases militar e al spatio aeree al SUA per timor de retaliation iranian.<ref name="Ward" /><ref name="Heinrich" /> == Antecedentes == {{AP|Protestos iranian de 2025–2026|Massacres de Iran de 2026|Reactiones al protestos iranian de 2025–2026}} Le Statos Unite ha mantenite un presentia militar in le [[Oriente Medie]] depost le initio del era del [[Guerra Frigide]], expandente lo significatemente post le [[Guerra del Golfo]] e le invasion de Iraq in 2003, mantenente installationes militar in al minus dece-novem sitos in le Oriente Medie, in paises incluse [[Bahrain]], [[Iraq]], [[Jordania]], [[Kuwait]], [[Qatar]], [[Arabia Saudita]], e le [[Emiratos Arabe Unite]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 de junio 2025 |title=Fortias del S.U. in le Oriente Medie: Mappante le Presentia Militar |url=https://www.cfr.org/articles/us-forces-middle-east-mapping-military-presence |access-date=27 de februario 2026 |website=Council on Foreign Relations |language=en |archive-date=14 de februario 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260214182910/https://www.cfr.org/articles/us-forces-middle-east-mapping-military-presence |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=14 de januario 2026 |title=Ubi es le principal bases militar del S.U. in le Oriente Medie? |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/us-military-facilities-middle-east-2025-06-22/ |url-status= |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=5 de februario 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Burgess |first=Annika |last2=Lim |first2=Alex |date=23 de junio 2025 |title=Naves de guerra, truppas, bases: Un mirada al activos militar del S.U. in le Oriente Medie |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-06-24/us-military-assets-bases-middle-east-iran-israel-conflict/105427980 |access-date=28 de januario 2026 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU |archive-date=28 de januario 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260128232359/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-06-24/us-military-assets-bases-middle-east-iran-israel-conflict/105427980 |url-status=live }}</ref> Le pression del Statos Unite sur Iran se intensificava durante le [[Prime presidentia de Donald Trump|prime mandato de Trump]]. In maio 2018, le administration de Trump annunciava que le Statos Unite exirea del [[Plan de Action Conjuncte e Comprehensive]] e applicarea un politica de [[Campania de pression maxime|pression maxime]] sur le economia de Iran, centrante le strategia sur sanctiones economic comprehensive.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Possibile retorno del S.U. al Accordo Nuclear con Iran: Questiones Frequente |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R46663 |access-date=27 de februario 2026 |website=congress.gov |archive-date=2 de april 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250402083143/https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R46663 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |year=2020 |title=Le Campania de 'Pression Maxime' del Presidente Trump e le Final de Iran |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09700161.2020.1841099?journalCode=rsan20 |archive-date=28 de novembre 2021 |access-date=10 de februario 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128202314/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09700161.2020.1841099?journalCode=rsan20 |url-status=live }}</ref> Le 4 de februario 2025, al initio de su [[Secunde presidentia de Donald Trump|secunde mandato]], Trump signava un [[Memorando Presidential de Securitate National]] restorante le politica de pression maxime, dirigente le [[Departimento del Tresor del Statos Unite]] a imponer sanctiones economic maxime sur Iran e le [[Departimento de Stato del Statos Unite]] a ducer un campania visante a reducer le exportationes de petroleo iranian a zero.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Wagner |first1=Meg |last2=Rocha |first2=Veronica |date=9 de maio 2018 |title=Trump se retira del accordo nuclear con Iran: Actualisationes in vivo |url=https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/trump-iran-nuclear-deal |access-date=22 de februario 2026 |publisher=CNN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509005943/https://edition.cnn.com/politics/live-news/trump-iran-nuclear-deal/ |archive-date=9 de maio 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald J. |date=5 de februario 2025 |title=Fact Sheet: Presidente Donald J. Trump restora le Pression Maxime sur Iran |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/fact-sheets/2025/02/fact-sheet-president-donald-j-trump-restores-maximum-pressure-on-iran/ |access-date=27 de februario 2026 |website=The White House |language=en-US |archive-date=22 de februario 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260222074530/https://www.whitehouse.gov/fact-sheets/2025/02/fact-sheet-president-donald-j-trump-restores-maximum-pressure-on-iran/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Le tensiones escalava acutemente al fin de 2025. Le 28 de decembre 2025, protestos erumpeva post un collapso subite del [[Rial iranian|numerario de Iran]], in medio de un [[Inflation in Iran|inflation]] galopante e conditiones de vita pejorante, comenciante con le commerciantes in le [[Grande Bazar de Teheran]] ante de extender se per tote le pais.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 de januario 2026 |title=Que occurreva in le protestos in Iran? |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2026/01/what-happened-at-the-protests-in-iran/ |access-date=27 de februario 2026 |publisher=Amnesty International |language=en |archive-date=26 de februario 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260226092409/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2026/01/what-happened-at-the-protests-in-iran/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Le autoritates iranian respondeva con un repression, e le 8 de januario 2026, [[Blocada de internet in Iran de 2026|trenchava omne accesso a internet al pais]]. [[Human Rights Watch]] trovava evidentia de un escalation coordinate in le uso de [[Fortia letal|fortia letal]] a partir del 8 de januario, con protestantes e spectatores colpate per ballas in le capite e le torso.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 de februario 2026 |title=Iran: Situation del Derectos Human entra in un crise plus profunde |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2026/02/04/iran-human-rights-situation-spirals-deeper-into-crisis |access-date=27 de februario 2026 |language=en |publisher=Human Rights Watch |archive-date=18 de februario 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260218213737/https://www.hrw.org/news/2026/02/04/iran-human-rights-situation-spirals-deeper-into-crisis |url-status=live }}</ref> Le numero de mortes remaneva contestate a causa del blocada de communicationes. Le governamento de Iran fixava le cifra a 3.117; activistas de derectos human contava al minus 6.126 mortos, recognoscente que le numero real non poteva esser verificate independentemente.<ref>{{Cite news |last=n.a. |agency=The Associated Press |date=27 de januario 2026 |title=Al minus 6.126 personas occidite in le repression de Iran contra le protestos national, dice activistas |url=https://www.npr.org/2026/01/27/nx-s1-5689793/6-126-iran-crackdown-protests-death-toll |access-date=27 de februario 2026 |publisher=NPR |language=en |archive-date=31 de januario 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260131162351/https://www.npr.org/2026/01/27/nx-s1-5689793/6-126-iran-crackdown-protests-death-toll |url-status=live }}</ref> Le 13 de januario, parlante in [[Detroit]], Trump diceva al protestantes iranian de "continuar a protestar" e que "le adjuta es in cammino," promittente punir le fortias de securitate responsabile pro le murtrios e annunciante que ille habeva cancellate omne reuniones con officiales iranian usque le repression cessava.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/jan/13/trump-promises-iran-help-tells-iranians-keep-protesting |title=Trump promitte que 'le adjuta es in cammino' e dice al iranianos de 'continuar a protestar' |work=The Guardian |date=13 de januario 2026 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Warsi |first=Zeba |date=13 de januario 2026 |title=Dum protestantes iranian fface un repression impitoyabile, Trump dice que le adjuta es 'in cammino' |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/as-iran-protesters-face-ruthless-crackdown-trump-says-help-on-its-way |access-date=27 de februario 2026 |website=PBS News |language=en-us |archive-date=19 de februario 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260219132611/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/as-iran-protesters-face-ruthless-crackdown-trump-says-help-on-its-way |url-status=live }}</ref> Le Statos Unite tunc comenciava a reinfortiar su presentia militar in le region.<ref name="Roth">{{Cite news |last=Roth |first=Andrew |date=27 de januario 2026 |title=S.U. annuncia exercitios militar aerial de plure dies in le Oriente Medie in medio de tensiones con Iran |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2026/jan/27/us-announces-multi-day-aerial-military-drills-in-the-middle-east-amid-iran-tensions |access-date=28 de januario 2026 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> == Displeiamento == [[File:US Navy Ships in the Middle East.png|thumb|369x369px|Displeiamentos de naves del Marina del SUA al Oriente Medie desde 2023]] Post le [[atacos del 7 de octobre]] in 2023, le Statos Unite manteneva al minus un porta-aviones in le Oriente Medie o le [[Mediterraneo oriental]]. Al initio del [[Secunde presidentia de Donald Trump|secunde mandato del Presidente Donald Trump]], duo porta-aviones esseva presente in le region durante que le Statos Unite realisava attaccos aeree e naval contra le fortias houthi como parte del [[Attacos del Statos Unite in Yemen de martio–maio 2025|Operation Rough Rider]]. Le copertura cessava brevemente a finales de 2025 quando le [[USS Gerald R. Ford]] esseva reassignate al [[Caribe]] como parte del [[Operation Southern Spear]]. Verso januario 2026, le augmento militar del SUA esseva reportate como le plus grande presentia naval in e circa le Oriente Medie desde que le [[crise regional (2023–presente)|crise regional]] comenciava in 2023.<ref name="Cancian" /> A medietate de januario 2026, le [[USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72)|USS Abraham Lincoln]] recipeva le ordine de ir al area de operationes del [[Commando Central del Statos Unite|CENTCOM]] e arrivava le 26 de januario con su gruppo de attacco, includente [[Contratorpedinero|contratorpedineros de missiles guidate]], [[cruciator]]es, vascellos de supporto, e aeronaves imbarcate tal como [[Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet|F/A-18E Super Hornets]], [[Boeing EA-18G Growler|EA-18G Growlers]], [[Grumman E-2 Hawkeye|E-2 Hawkeyes]], [[Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk#MH-60S|helicopteros MH-60]], e [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35C Lightning IIs]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2026/01/30/politics/us-military-equipment-middle-east-iran |title=Here's what military equipment the US has positioned in the Middle East as Trump considers an Iran strike |publisher=CNN |date=30 January 2026 |access-date=3 February 2026 |archive-date=1 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260201110758/https://edition.cnn.com/2026/01/30/politics/us-military-equipment-middle-east-iran/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Burchett |first=Caitlyn |date=26 January 2026 |title=Abraham Lincoln Carrier Strike Group Now in U.S. Central Command |url=https://news.usni.org/2026/01/26/abraham-lincoln-carrier-strike-group-now-in-u-s-central-command |access-date=22 February 2026 |website=USNI News |language=en-US |archive-date=10 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260210011913/https://news.usni.org/2026/01/26/abraham-lincoln-carrier-strike-group-now-in-u-s-central-command |url-status=live }}</ref> Ressources naval additional del SUA reportate in le region includeva naves de guerra positionate in le [[Stricto de Hormuz]], le [[Mar Rubie]], e le Mediterraneo, assi como [[nave de combatto littoral|naves de combatto littoral]] operante in le [[Golfo Persic]]. Componentes aeree esseva reinfortiate per [[McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle|F-15E Strike Eagle]] e altere aviones de chassa relocate de [[RAF Lakenheath]] al [[Base Aeree Muwaffaq Salti]] in [[Jordania]]. Fortias alliante, includente [[Eurofighter Typhoon]]s appertinente al [[Royal Air Force]], esseva anque stationate in le [[Base Aeree al-Udeid]] in [[Qatar]]. Durante tote le februario 2026, officiales del SUA signalava planes pro un presentia de porta-aviones expandite. [[The Wall Street Journal]] e altere medios reportava preparativos pro displayar le [[USS George H. W. Bush]], que completava exercitios proxime al costa de [[Virginia]] e indicava que porta-aviones additional poterea esser inviate pro reinfortiar le operationes.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Seligman |first1=Lara |last2=Holliday |first2=Shelby |last3=Weisgerber |first3=Marcus |date=11 February 2026 |title=Exclusive {{!}} Pentagon Prepares Second Aircraft Carrier to Deploy to the Middle East |url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/pentagon-prepares-second-aircraft-carrier-to-deploy-to-the-middle-east-e7140a64 |access-date=12 February 2026 |website=The Wall Street Journal |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cancian |first=Mark F. |last2=Park |first2=Chris H. |title=With Trump's Middle East Buildup, Think Desert Fox—Not Desert Storm |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/trumps-middle-east-buildup-think-desert-fox-not-desert-storm |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=Center for Strategic and International Studies |language=en}}</ref>{{multiple image | total_width = 400 | image1 = US bases in the Middle East.svg | caption1 = Mappa del bases del SUA in le Oriente Medie | image2 = | caption2 = }} Le 13 de februario 2026, fontes declarava que le USS Gerald R. Ford esseva in route al Oriente Medie, creante un displayamento pauc commun de duo porta-aviones in le theatro in un momento de [[crise inter Iran e le Statos Unite de 2026|tensiones elevate con Iran]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Liptak |first1=Kevin |last2=Sciutto |first2=Jim |date=13 February 2026 |title=US sending second aircraft carrier group to Middle East, sources say |url=https://www.cnn.com/2026/02/13/politics/us-iran-aircraft-carrier |access-date=15 February 2026 |publisher=CNN |language=en |archive-date=14 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260214211229/https://www.cnn.com/2026/02/13/politics/us-iran-aircraft-carrier |url-status=live }}</ref> Reportos de plure medios notava que iste concentration de ressources aeree e naval del SUA constitueva un del posturas de fortia plus significante in le region desde le [[invasion de Iraq de 2003]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Seligman |first1=Lara |last2=Gordon |first2=Michael R. |last3=Ward |first3=Alexander |last4=Holliday |first4=Shelby |date=18 February 2026 |title=U.S. Gathers the Most Air Power in the Mideast Since the 2003 Iraq Invasion |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/u-s-gathers-the-most-air-power-in-the-mideast-since-the-2003-iraq-invasion-98ced89f |access-date=19 February 2026 |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |archive-date=19 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260219013958/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/u-s-gathers-the-most-air-power-in-the-mideast-since-the-2003-iraq-invasion-98ced89f |url-status=live }}</ref> Le 20 de februario, on reportava que le nave esseva vidite proxime al costa de [[Gibraltar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reutersconnect.com/item/uss-gerald-r-ford-aircraft-carrier-in-the-sea-waters-as-seen-from-gibraltar/dGFnOnJldXRlcnMuY29tLDIwMjY6bmV3c21sX1JDMk5QSkFCVEdVOQ |title=USS Gerald R. Ford aircraft carrier in the sea waters as seen from Gibraltar |date=20 February 2026 |website=Reuters Connect |access-date=22 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Bath |first=Alison |url=https://www.stripes.com/branches/navy/2026-02-20/ford-middle-east-mediterranean-iran-20813486.html |title=Ford carrier group arrives in Mediterranean, bringing more potential strike options against Iran |date=20 February 2026 |website=Stars and Stripes |access-date=22 February 2026 |archive-date=22 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260222145747/https://www.stripes.com/branches/navy/2026-02-20/ford-middle-east-mediterranean-iran-20813486.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Le arrivata del USS Gerald Ford e su gruppo de attacco marca le plus grande displayamento de ressources naval al region desde que cinque gruppos de battalia de porta-aviones se reuniva al initio del [[invasion de Iraq de 2003|Operation Iraqi Freedom]].<ref name="Cancian" /> Le 24 de februario 2026, on reportava que dece-duo aviones de chassa [[Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor|F-22]] habeva essite displayate al [[Base Aeree de Ovda]] in le sud de Israel, que habeva disponibile [[refugio blindate pro aviones|refugios blindate pro aviones]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2026 |title=US Moves F-22s To Israel As USS John Finn Gathers Near Iran |url=https://thekenyatimes.com/middle-east-news/new-us-warship-gathers-near-iran-f-22s-deployed-to-israel-amid-possible-strike/ |access-date=24 February 2026 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2026 |title=US F-22 Raptor Stealth Fighters Deploy to Israel Ovda Airbase |url=https://www.aeronewsjournal.com/2026/02/us-f-22-raptor-stealth-fighters-deploy.html |access-date=24 February 2026 |website=Aero News Journal |language=en |archive-date=27 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260227081319/https://www.aeronewsjournal.com/2026/02/us-f-22-raptor-stealth-fighters-deploy.html |url-status=live |accessdate=2 March 2026 |archivedate=27 February 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260227081319/https://www.aeronewsjournal.com/2026/02/us-f-22-raptor-stealth-fighters-deploy.html }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2026 |title=12 F-22 fighter jets land in Israel amid US tensions with Iran |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20260224-12-f-22-fighter-jets-land-in-israel-amid-us-tensions-with-iran/ |access-date=24 February 2026 |website=Middle East Monitor |archive-date=24 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260224195138/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20260224-12-f-22-fighter-jets-land-in-israel-amid-us-tensions-with-iran/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Iste esseva le prime displayamento de armamento offensive del SUA in Israel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Segal |first=Amit |title=It's Noon in Israel: American Boots on Israeli Soil for the First Time |url=https://newsletter.amitsegal.net/p/its-noon-in-israel-american-boots |access-date=25 February 2026 |website=newsletter.amitsegal.net |language=en |archive-date=25 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260225203000/https://newsletter.amitsegal.net/p/its-noon-in-israel-american-boots |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Fox News]] e ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' habeva previemente reportate que le SUA habeva essite blocate per [[Statos arabe del Golfo Persic|alliados del Golfo]] de usar lor bases e spatio aeree pro attaccos contra Iran per timor de retaliation.<ref name="Ward">{{Cite web |last=Ward |first=Alexander |date=28 January 2026 |title=Key Gulf Allies Say They Won't Aid U.S. in an Iran Strike, Limiting Trump's Options |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/key-gulf-allies-say-they-wont-aid-u-s-in-an-iran-strike-limiting-trumps-options-47e1ce3d |access-date=25 February 2026 |website=The Wall Street Journal |language=en-US |last2=Gordon |first2=Michael R. |last3=Holliday |first3=Shelby |archive-date=5 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260205010725/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/key-gulf-allies-say-they-wont-aid-u-s-in-an-iran-strike-limiting-trumps-options-47e1ce3d |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Heinrich">{{Cite web |last=Heinrich |first=Jacqui |last2=Pinedo |first2=Peter |date=30 January 2026 |title=Saudis won't let the US use its bases or airspace for an attack on Iran, senior Gulf official reveals |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/saudis-wont-let-us-use-its-bases-airspace-attack-iran-says-senior-gulf-official |access-date=25 February 2026 |publisher=Fox News |language=en-US |archive-date=19 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260219111224/https://www.foxnews.com/politics/saudis-wont-let-us-use-its-bases-airspace-attack-iran-says-senior-gulf-official |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Arab states are terrified of US war with Iran {{!}} Responsible Statecraft |url=https://responsiblestatecraft.org/iran-war-gulf-states/ |access-date=25 February 2026 |website=responsiblestatecraft.org |language=en |archive-date=25 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260225090222/https://responsiblestatecraft.org/iran-war-gulf-states/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Le 26 de februario 2026, Fox News reportava que le [[Activitate de Supporto Naval Bahrain|Quartiero General del Flotta del SUA in Bahrain]] habeva essite reducite a minus de 100 personas de mission critic. Photos de satellite revelava que tote le naves del SUA basate in Bahrain habeva lassate le porto. Ambe passos habeva essite prendite previemente como mesuras defensive in 2025 ante le [[attaccos del Statos Unite contra sitos nuclear iranian]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Greg Norman-Diamond |first=Lucas Tomlinson |date=26 February 2026 |title=US Navy reduces staff to 'mission critical' levels in Bahrain ahead of potential strikes on Iran: officials |url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/us-navy-reduces-staff-mission-critical-levels-bahrain-ahead-potential-strikes-iran-officials |access-date=26 February 2026 |publisher=Fox News |language=en-US |archive-date=27 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260227124036/https://www.foxnews.com/us/us-navy-reduces-staff-mission-critical-levels-bahrain-ahead-potential-strikes-iran-officials |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2026 |title=US Navy withdraws all vessels from Bahrain base amid rising tensions with Iran |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20260226-us-navy-withdraws-all-vessels-from-bahrain-base-amid-rising-tensions-with-iran/ |access-date=26 February 2026 |website=Middle East Monitor |archive-date=26 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260226103501/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20260226-us-navy-withdraws-all-vessels-from-bahrain-base-amid-rising-tensions-with-iran/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Le 27 de februario, le [[USS Gerald R. Ford|USS ''Gerald R. Ford'']] esseva initialmente displayate proxime al costa de Israel. Le numero total de aviones cisterna de reabastimento del [[Fortia Aeree del Statos Unite]] displayate in le [[Aeroporto Ben Gurion]] de Israel ascendeva a 14, permittente al [[ala aeree de porta-aviones|alas aeree de porta-aviones]] del Ford un radio de action sufficiente pro poter attinger Iran.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |date=27 February 2026 |title=9 US refueling tankers arrived at Ben Gurion overnight, tracking data shows |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/9-us-refueling-tankers-arrived-at-ben-gurion-overnight-tracking-data-shows/ |access-date=28 February 2026 |work=The Times of Israel |language=en-US |issn=0040-7909}}</ref> Le 28 de februario, le Statos Unite e Israel reportava que illes habeva realisate attaccos militar contra Iran. Explosiones esseva reportate in le centro de Teheran, secundo le station e agentia de novas iranian semiofficial Fars.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Boxerman |first=Aaron |last2=Fassihi |first2=Farnaz |date=28 February 2026 |title=Live Updates: U.S. and Israel Conduct Strikes on Iran |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/02/28/world/iran-strikes-trump |access-date=28 February 2026 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Le [[Hevrat HaHadashot|Canal 12 de Novas]] de Israel revelava pauc post que le attaccos comenciava que le information super le displayamento del F-22 del SUA esseva filtrate como parte de un operation de deception conjuncte pro celar que le preparativos de attacco esseva plus avantiate in altere bases. Isto resultava in que grande gruppos de alte officiales iranian se reuniva, includente le [[Leader Supreme de Iran|Leader Supreme iranian]] [[Ali Khamenei]], qui esseva tunc targettate in le attaccos initial del guerra.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Avraham |first=Yaron |last2=Davori |first2=Nir |last3=Segal |first3=Amit |date=2026-02-28 |title=30 בכירים איראנים הותקפו בחצי דקה, חלקם הותקפו במקום המסתור |url=https://www.mako.co.il/news-military/2026_q1/Article-df96fd26975ac91026.htm |access-date=2026-03-01 |website=N12 |language=he}}</ref> === Incidentes === Le 3 de februario 2026, le [[Commando Central del SUA]] diceva que elementos del [[Marina del Corpore de Guardas del Revolution Islamic]] de Iran tentava intercepter e abordar le petroleiro de bandiera statounitese M/V Stena Imperative in le Stricto de Hormuz. Le vascello continuava su curso verso le [[Mar de Arabia]] sub le escorta del cruciator de missiles guidate [[USS McFaul]] post que le fortias naval del SUA interveniva.<ref>{{Cite news|date=3 February 2026|title=US military shoots down Iranian drone approaching USS Abraham Lincoln in Arabian Sea, official says|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/us-military-shoots-down-iranian-drone-approaching-uss-abraham-lincoln-arabian-sea-official-says|access-date=3 February 2026|publisher=Fox News|archive-date=3 February 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260203175355/https://www.foxnews.com/world/us-military-shoots-down-iranian-drone-approaching-uss-abraham-lincoln-arabian-sea-official-says|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=3 February 2026 |title=Iranian boats approach U.S.-flagged tanker in Strait of Hormuz, maritime sources say |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/armed-boats-attempt-intercept-vessel-strait-hormuz-ukmto-says-2026-02-03/ |access-date=3 February 2026 |work=Reuters}}</ref> Durante le mesme die, un F-35C del SUA assignate al USS Abraham Lincoln abbatteva un drone iranian [[Shahed 139|Shahed-139]] que volava verso le porta-aviones in le Mar de Arabia; le Commando Central del SUA characterisava le approche del drone como un menacia potential e declarava que il non habeva victimas ni damnos a ressources del SUA in le incontro. Medios de stato iranian diceva que le drone habeva completate un mission de vigilantia in aquas international.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ali |first=Idrees |last2=Stewart |first2=Phil |date=3 February 2026 |title=Exclusive: US shoots down Iranian drone approaching aircraft carrier, official says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/us-shoots-down-iranian-drone-approaching-aircraft-carrier-official-says-2026-02-03/ |access-date=3 February 2026 |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=3 February 2026|title=Iran's Fars News Agency says that an Iranian drone completed a 'surveillance mission in international waters' after U.S. military said it shot down an Iranian drone|url=https://www.marketscreener.com/news/iran-s-fars-news-agency-says-that-an-iranian-drone-completed-a-surveillance-mission-in-internationa-ce7e5bd3dd8ef227|publisher=MarketScreener|agency=Reuters|access-date=27 February 2026|archive-date=3 February 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260203195228/https://www.marketscreener.com/news/iran-s-fars-news-agency-says-that-an-iranian-drone-completed-a-surveillance-mission-in-internationa-ce7e5bd3dd8ef227|url-status=live}}</ref> Le 5 de februario, medios de stato iranian reportava que le [[Corpore de Guardas del Revolution Islamic|CGRI]] sasiva duo petroleiros de bandiera estranier proxime al [[Insula Farsi]] in le Golfo Persic, transferente los al porto de [[Bushehr]] e allegante que le vascellos esseva implicate in le contrabando de combustibile.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/amp/Business/wireStory/iran-seizes-2-foreign-oil-tankers-persian-gulf-129880932 |title=Iran seizes 2 foreign oil tankers in Persian Gulf, state media says |publisher=ABC News |date=5 February 2026 |access-date=5 February 2026 |archive-date=5 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260205153905/https://abcnews.go.com/amp/Business/wireStory/iran-seizes-2-foreign-oil-tankers-persian-gulf-129880932 |url-status=live }}</ref> Secundo Defense Express, un [[Northrop Grumman MQ-4C Triton]] dispariva super le Stricto de Hormuz post inviar un [[Lista de codices de transponder#7700|codice 7700]] que significa un emergentia.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Iran May Have Shot Down Second U.S. MQ-4C Triton Drone — In Exact Same Spot as 2019 Incident |date=26 February 2026 |url=https://en.defence-ua.com/news/iran_may_have_shot_down_second_us_mq_4c_triton_drone_in_exact_same_spot_as_2019_incident-17639.html |publisher=Defense Express |access-date=27 February 2026 |archive-date=27 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260227122343/https://en.defence-ua.com/news/iran_may_have_shot_down_second_us_mq_4c_triton_drone_in_exact_same_spot_as_2019_incident-17639.html |url-status=live }}</ref> {{Referentias}} {{Guerra de Iran de 2026}} [[Categoria:Era post-Guerra Frigide]] [[Categoria:Guerras]] [[Categoria:Secunde presidentia de Donald Trump]] [[Categoria:Marina del Statos Unite]] [[Categoria:Crise de Oriente Medie (2023–presente)]] [[Categoria:Relationes Iran–Statos Unite]] [[Categoria:Implication del Statos Unite in le cambio de regimine]] [[Categoria:Guerra Iran–Statos Unite de 2026]] iqdrbldhm81bzeqfozyn0bmo6nsyqsj 0 61072 705245 697863 2026-10-31T22:21:06Z Tortoise0308 17411 ligar datas; defaultsort; - cat redundante. 705245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/persona}} '''James Campbell Scott''' ([[2 de decembre]] [[1936]]&nbsp;– [[19 de julio]] [[2024]]) esseva un [[politologo]] e [[anthropologo]] american specialisate in [[politica comparative]]. Ille esseva un studioso comparative de societates [[societate agrari|agrari]] e non-statal. Formate como politologo, le obra academic de Scott tractava de societates paisan, del poter del stato e de resistentia politic. De 1968 a 1985, Scott scribeva de forma influente super le politica agrari in Malaysia peninsular.<ref name="Schuessler">{{cite news |last=Schuessler |first=Jennifer |title=James C. Scott: Farmer and Scholar of Anarchism |date=December 5, 2012 |newspaper=[[New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/05/books/james-c-scott-farmer-and-scholar-of-anarchism.html |access-date=February 24, 2015 |archive-date=April 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417182732/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/05/books/james-c-scott-farmer-and-scholar-of-anarchism.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Ben que ille manteneva un interesse de tote le vita pro le Sud-Est Asiatic e le paisaneria, su obras posterior tractava de un grande varietate de topicos: [[Resistentia quotidian|formas silentiose de resistentia politic]], le fiascos del transformationes social dirigite per le stato, technicas usate per societates non-statal pro evitar le controlo del stato, usos commun de principios [[anarchismo|anarchista]], e le emergentia del prime statos agricole. Scott recipeva su baccalaureato de [[Williams College]] e su maestria e doctorato in scientia politic de [[Yale University|Yale]]. Ille inseniava in le [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] usque a 1976 e postea in Yale, ubi ille esseva [[Sterling Professor|Professor Sterling de Scientia Politic]]. In 1991, ille deveniva director del Programma de Studios Agrari de Yale.<ref>{{cite web |title=Academic Prize 2010, Award Citation |website=Fukuoka Prize |date=2010 |url=http://fukuoka-prize.org/en/laureate/prize/acd/scott.php |access-date=February 24, 2015 |archive-date=August 20, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820172713/http://fukuoka-prize.org/en/laureate/prize/acd/scott.php |url-status=live }}</ref> Al momento de su morte, ''The New York Times'' describeva Scott como un del scientificos social le plus legite.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Gabriel |first1=Trip |title=James C. Scott, Iconoclastic Social Scientist, Dies at 87 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2024-07-28 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/28/books/james-scott-dead.html |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |df=mdy-all |access-date=July 28, 2024 |archive-date=July 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728212601/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/28/books/james-scott-dead.html |url-status=live }}</ref> {{Referentias}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Scott, James C.}} [[Categoria:Anthropologos]] [[Categoria:Scriptores]] [[Categoria:Academicos]] [[Categoria:Anarchistas]] [[Categoria:Politocologos]] [[Categoria:Ecologos politic]] 5qn24ubds1w1rs1yyvv7a6z1t6uhf04 2 61141 705255 705216 2026-11-01T08:08:14Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Espania */ 705255 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Babel|ia-2|io-1}} Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] * [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] * [[Bashar al-Assad]] * [[Erika Vélez]] * [[Pete Hegseth]] * [[Naomi Klein]] * [[Whitney Webb]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] * [[Navi Pillay]] * [[Antonio García-Trevijano]] * [[Valeria Racu]] * [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]] * [[JD Vance]] * [[Melania Trump]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastro del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] ** [[Movimento 15-M]] ** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]] ** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]] ** [[Alte Medievo del Peninsula Iberic]] ** [[Tarde Medievo in le Peninsula Iberic]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] ** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]] ** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] ** [[Folklore de Espania]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Casa de Su Majestate le Rege]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] ** Partitos politic *** [[Agenda Valenciana]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]] *** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Commando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographic National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] **** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]] **** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]] ** [[Advocato General del Stato]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]] ** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]] ** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]] ** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]] * Partitos politic ** [[Núcleo Nacional]] </div> </div> === Ecuador === * [[Alianza PAIS]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Pachakutik]] === Francia === * Historia ** [[Lutetia]] ** [[Revolution francese]] ** [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]] *** [[Union Syndicale Lycéenne]] * Architectura ** [[Turre Eiffel]] ** [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] ** [[Panthéon]] ** [[Opera Garnier]] ** [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] ** [[Palatio del Louvre]] ** [[Sainte-Chapelle]] ** [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] ** [[Campo de Marte]] ** [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] ** [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] ** [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] ** [[Palatio Bourbon]] ** [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * Altere ** [[Archivos public in Francia]] ** [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] * [[Italia central]] * [[Italia insular]] * [[Mezzogiorno]] * [[Relievo de Italia]] * [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]] * [[Disordines italian de 2026]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Statos Unite === * Historia ** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]] * Fortias Armate del Statos Unite ** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]] * [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]] * [[Theorias conspirative in le politica del Statos Unite]] * [[Politica del Statos Unite|Politica]] ** [[Trumpismo]] ** [[Movimento MAGA]] ** [[Presidente del Statos Unite de America]] ** [[Prime dama del Statos Unite]] ** [[Conservatismo in le Statos Unite]] * Geographia ** [[Valle del Silicio]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Scientia e technologia === * [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]] ==== Intelligentia artificial ==== * [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]] * [[Intelligentia artificial generative]] * [[Apprendimento profunde]] * [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]] * [[Accelerationismo efficace]] ==== Biologia ==== * [[Hippopotamidae]] ==== Chimia ==== <div style="column-count:2; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2;"> * [[Isotopos del germanium]] * [[Isotopos del lanthano]] * [[Isotopos del nickel]] * [[Isotopos del cobalt]] * [[Isotopos del indium]] * [[Isotopos del lithium]] * [[Isotopos del krypton]] * [[Isotopos del natrium]] * [[Isotopos del sulfure]] * [[Isotopos del gallium]] * [[Isotopos del yttrium]] * [[Isotopos del niobium]] * [[Isotopos del rhodium]] * [[Isotopos del cesium]] * [[Isotopos del samarium]] * [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]] * [[Isotopos del gadolinium]] * [[Isotopos del chromium]] * [[Isotopos del selenium]] * [[Isotopos del scandium]] * [[Isotopos del titanium]] * [[Isotopos del rubidium]] * [[Isotopos del silicium]] * [[Isotopos del manganese]] * [[Isotopos del magnesium]] * [[Isotopos del radium]] * [[Isotopos del phosphoro]] * [[Isotopos del strontium]] * [[Ununennium]] </div> === Historia === {{div col|2}} * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] * [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]] ** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]] * [[Guerra civil yemenita]] ** [[Huthi]] *** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]] ** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]] *** [[Conflicto huthi–saudita]] * [[Gruppo Wagner]] * [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]] * [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]] ** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]] *** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]] *** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]] *** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]] *** [[Prime Intifada]] *** [[Secunde Intifada]] *** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]] *** [[Guerra de Gaza]] * [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]] ** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] *** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] ** [[Guerra de Irak]] ** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]] ** [[Stato Islamic]] *** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]] * [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]] ** [[Conflicto inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]] ** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]] ** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]] *** [[Schema del guerra Iran de 2026]] *** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] **** [[Crise del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] * [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]] * [[Revolution Gloriose]] * [[Guerra civil syrie]] * [[Congresso de Vienna]] * [[Crise del euro]] * [[Guerra contra le drogas]] ** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]] *** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]] * [[Protestas de Generation Z]] ** [[Protestas del Gen Z in Asia]] * [[Historia de America]] ** [[Historia de America del Nord]] ** [[Historia de America Central]] *** [[Historia de Belize]] *** [[Historia de Guatemala]] *** [[Historia de Honduras]] *** [[Historia de Nicaragua]] *** [[Historia de El Salvador]] *** [[Historia de Panama]] *** [[Historia de Costa Rica]] ** [[Historia del Caribe]] *** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]] *** [[Historia de Bahamas]] *** [[Historia de Barbados]] *** [[Historia de Cuba]] *** [[Historia de Grenada]] *** [[Historia de Haiti]] *** [[Historia de Dominica]] *** [[Historia de Jamaica]] *** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]] *** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]] ** [[Historia de America del Sud]] *** [[Historia de Chile]] *** [[Historia de Colombia]] *** [[Historia de Ecuador]] *** [[Historia de Guyana]] *** [[Historia de Paraguay]] *** [[Historia de Peru]] *** [[Historia de Suriname]] *** [[Historia de Uruguay]] *** [[Historia de Venezuela]] ** [[Historia de Europa]] *** [[Historia de Danmark]] *** [[Historia de Islanda]] *** [[Historia de Norvegia]] *** [[Historia de Svedia]] *** [[Historia de Finlandia]] *** [[Historia de Estonia]] *** [[Historia de Lettonia]] *** [[Historia de Lituania]] *** [[Historia del Republica de Irlanda]] *** [[Historia de Belgica]] *** [[Historia de Luxemburg]] *** [[Historia de Austria]] *** [[Historia de Russia]] *** [[Historia de Slovenia]] *** [[Historia de Polonia]] *** [[Historia del Republic Chec]] *** [[Historia de Slovachia]] *** [[Historia de Moldavia]] *** [[Historia de Croatia]] *** [[Historia de Monaco]] *** [[Historia de Hungaria]] *** [[Historia de Bielorussia]] *** [[Historia de Switza]] *** [[Historia de Liechtenstein]] *** [[Historia de Ukraina]] *** [[Historia de Romania]] *** [[Historia de Bulgaria]] *** [[Historia de San Marino]] *** [[Historia del Vaticano]] *** [[Historia de Bosnia e Herzegovina]] *** [[Historia de Macedonia del Nord]] *** [[Historia de Serbia]] *** [[Historia de Kosovo]] *** [[Historia de Montenegro]] *** [[Historia de Albania]] *** [[Historia de Turchia]] *** [[Historia de Cypro]] ** [[Historia de Asia]] *** [[Historia de Afghanistan]] *** [[Historia del Philippinas]] *** [[Historia de Azerbaijan]] **** [[Azerbaijan in le Alte Medievo]] ** [[Historia de Oceania]] {{div col end}} === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] * [[Neoplatonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] ** [[Ginza Rabba]] * [[Jesus in le manicheismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] * [[Iberoamerica]] * [[Antarctica]] * [[America]] * [[Africa]] * [[Oceania]] * [[Asia]] === Politica === * [[Khomeinismo]] === Meliorate === * [[San Marino]] * [[8 (numero)]] * [[5 (numero)]] * [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]] * [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]] * [[Gaetano Mercurio]] * [[Consonante palatal]] * [[Societate cooperative europee]] * [[Unbitrium]] * [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Palestinos]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] * [[Marina]] * [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]] * [[Combatto]] * [[Conflicto]] * Ethica ** [[Vengiantia]] * [[Mantello]] * [[Lingua artificial]] * [[Systema]] == Altere == * Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos. [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] admostdwtnouflbtwaly1gbf217aqd7 705264 705255 2026-11-01T08:15:28Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Espania */ 705264 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Babel|ia-2|io-1}} Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] * [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] * [[Bashar al-Assad]] * [[Erika Vélez]] * [[Pete Hegseth]] * [[Naomi Klein]] * [[Whitney Webb]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] * [[Navi Pillay]] * [[Antonio García-Trevijano]] * [[Valeria Racu]] * [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]] * [[JD Vance]] * [[Melania Trump]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastro del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] ** [[Movimento 15-M]] ** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]] ** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]] ** [[Alte Medievo del Peninsula Iberic]] ** [[Tarde Medievo in le Peninsula Iberic]] ** [[Plen Medievo del Peninsula Iberic]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] ** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]] ** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] ** [[Folklore de Espania]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Casa de Su Majestate le Rege]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] ** Partitos politic *** [[Agenda Valenciana]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]] *** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Commando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographic National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] **** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]] **** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]] ** [[Advocato General del Stato]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]] ** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]] ** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]] ** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]] * Partitos politic ** [[Núcleo Nacional]] </div> </div> === Ecuador === * [[Alianza PAIS]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Pachakutik]] === Francia === * Historia ** [[Lutetia]] ** [[Revolution francese]] ** [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]] *** [[Union Syndicale Lycéenne]] * Architectura ** [[Turre Eiffel]] ** [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] ** [[Panthéon]] ** [[Opera Garnier]] ** [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] ** [[Palatio del Louvre]] ** [[Sainte-Chapelle]] ** [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] ** [[Campo de Marte]] ** [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] ** [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] ** [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] ** [[Palatio Bourbon]] ** [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * Altere ** [[Archivos public in Francia]] ** [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] * [[Italia central]] * [[Italia insular]] * [[Mezzogiorno]] * [[Relievo de Italia]] * [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]] * [[Disordines italian de 2026]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Statos Unite === * Historia ** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]] * Fortias Armate del Statos Unite ** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]] * [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]] * [[Theorias conspirative in le politica del Statos Unite]] * [[Politica del Statos Unite|Politica]] ** [[Trumpismo]] ** [[Movimento MAGA]] ** [[Presidente del Statos Unite de America]] ** [[Prime dama del Statos Unite]] ** [[Conservatismo in le Statos Unite]] * Geographia ** [[Valle del Silicio]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Scientia e technologia === * [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]] ==== Intelligentia artificial ==== * [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]] * [[Intelligentia artificial generative]] * [[Apprendimento profunde]] * [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]] * [[Accelerationismo efficace]] ==== Biologia ==== * [[Hippopotamidae]] ==== Chimia ==== <div style="column-count:2; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2;"> * [[Isotopos del germanium]] * [[Isotopos del lanthano]] * [[Isotopos del nickel]] * [[Isotopos del cobalt]] * [[Isotopos del indium]] * [[Isotopos del lithium]] * [[Isotopos del krypton]] * [[Isotopos del natrium]] * [[Isotopos del sulfure]] * [[Isotopos del gallium]] * [[Isotopos del yttrium]] * [[Isotopos del niobium]] * [[Isotopos del rhodium]] * [[Isotopos del cesium]] * [[Isotopos del samarium]] * [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]] * [[Isotopos del gadolinium]] * [[Isotopos del chromium]] * [[Isotopos del selenium]] * [[Isotopos del scandium]] * [[Isotopos del titanium]] * [[Isotopos del rubidium]] * [[Isotopos del silicium]] * [[Isotopos del manganese]] * [[Isotopos del magnesium]] * [[Isotopos del radium]] * [[Isotopos del phosphoro]] * [[Isotopos del strontium]] * [[Ununennium]] </div> === Historia === {{div col|2}} * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] * [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]] ** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]] * [[Guerra civil yemenita]] ** [[Huthi]] *** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]] ** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]] *** [[Conflicto huthi–saudita]] * [[Gruppo Wagner]] * [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]] * [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]] ** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]] *** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]] *** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]] *** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]] *** [[Prime Intifada]] *** [[Secunde Intifada]] *** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]] *** [[Guerra de Gaza]] * [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]] ** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] *** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] ** [[Guerra de Irak]] ** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]] ** [[Stato Islamic]] *** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]] * [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]] ** [[Conflicto inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]] ** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]] ** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]] *** [[Schema del guerra Iran de 2026]] *** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] **** [[Crise del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] * [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]] * [[Revolution Gloriose]] * [[Guerra civil syrie]] * [[Congresso de Vienna]] * [[Crise del euro]] * [[Guerra contra le drogas]] ** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]] *** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]] * [[Protestas de Generation Z]] ** [[Protestas del Gen Z in Asia]] * [[Historia de America]] ** [[Historia de America del Nord]] ** [[Historia de America Central]] *** [[Historia de Belize]] *** [[Historia de Guatemala]] *** [[Historia de Honduras]] *** [[Historia de Nicaragua]] *** [[Historia de El Salvador]] *** [[Historia de Panama]] *** [[Historia de Costa Rica]] ** [[Historia del Caribe]] *** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]] *** [[Historia de Bahamas]] *** [[Historia de Barbados]] *** [[Historia de Cuba]] *** [[Historia de Grenada]] *** [[Historia de Haiti]] *** [[Historia de Dominica]] *** [[Historia de Jamaica]] *** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]] *** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]] ** [[Historia de America del Sud]] *** [[Historia de Chile]] *** [[Historia de Colombia]] *** [[Historia de Ecuador]] *** [[Historia de Guyana]] *** [[Historia de Paraguay]] *** [[Historia de Peru]] *** [[Historia de Suriname]] *** [[Historia de Uruguay]] *** [[Historia de Venezuela]] ** [[Historia de Europa]] *** [[Historia de Danmark]] *** [[Historia de Islanda]] *** [[Historia de Norvegia]] *** [[Historia de Svedia]] *** [[Historia de Finlandia]] *** [[Historia de Estonia]] *** [[Historia de Lettonia]] *** [[Historia de Lituania]] *** [[Historia del Republica de Irlanda]] *** [[Historia de Belgica]] *** [[Historia de Luxemburg]] *** [[Historia de Austria]] *** [[Historia de Russia]] *** [[Historia de Slovenia]] *** [[Historia de Polonia]] *** [[Historia del Republic Chec]] *** [[Historia de Slovachia]] *** [[Historia de Moldavia]] *** [[Historia de Croatia]] *** [[Historia de Monaco]] *** [[Historia de Hungaria]] *** [[Historia de Bielorussia]] *** [[Historia de Switza]] *** [[Historia de Liechtenstein]] *** [[Historia de Ukraina]] *** [[Historia de Romania]] *** [[Historia de Bulgaria]] *** [[Historia de San Marino]] *** [[Historia del Vaticano]] *** [[Historia de Bosnia e Herzegovina]] *** [[Historia de Macedonia del Nord]] *** [[Historia de Serbia]] *** [[Historia de Kosovo]] *** [[Historia de Montenegro]] *** [[Historia de Albania]] *** [[Historia de Turchia]] *** [[Historia de Cypro]] ** [[Historia de Asia]] *** [[Historia de Afghanistan]] *** [[Historia del Philippinas]] *** [[Historia de Azerbaijan]] **** [[Azerbaijan in le Alte Medievo]] ** [[Historia de Oceania]] {{div col end}} === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] * [[Neoplatonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] ** [[Ginza Rabba]] * [[Jesus in le manicheismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] * [[Iberoamerica]] * [[Antarctica]] * [[America]] * [[Africa]] * [[Oceania]] * [[Asia]] === Politica === * [[Khomeinismo]] === Meliorate === * [[San Marino]] * [[8 (numero)]] * [[5 (numero)]] * [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]] * [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]] * [[Gaetano Mercurio]] * [[Consonante palatal]] * [[Societate cooperative europee]] * [[Unbitrium]] * [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Palestinos]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] * [[Marina]] * [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]] * [[Combatto]] * [[Conflicto]] * Ethica ** [[Vengiantia]] * [[Mantello]] * [[Lingua artificial]] * [[Systema]] == Altere == * Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos. [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] 6ij0ndgklquopih7qdbm2xjzv9gtohi 705266 705264 2026-11-01T08:19:49Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Religion */ 705266 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Babel|ia-2|io-1}} Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] * [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] * [[Bashar al-Assad]] * [[Erika Vélez]] * [[Pete Hegseth]] * [[Naomi Klein]] * [[Whitney Webb]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] * [[Navi Pillay]] * [[Antonio García-Trevijano]] * [[Valeria Racu]] * [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]] * [[JD Vance]] * [[Melania Trump]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastro del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] ** [[Movimento 15-M]] ** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]] ** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]] ** [[Alte Medievo del Peninsula Iberic]] ** [[Tarde Medievo in le Peninsula Iberic]] ** [[Plen Medievo del Peninsula Iberic]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] ** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]] ** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] ** [[Folklore de Espania]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Casa de Su Majestate le Rege]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] ** Partitos politic *** [[Agenda Valenciana]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]] *** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Commando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographic National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] **** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]] **** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]] ** [[Advocato General del Stato]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]] ** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]] ** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]] ** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]] * Partitos politic ** [[Núcleo Nacional]] </div> </div> === Ecuador === * [[Alianza PAIS]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Pachakutik]] === Francia === * Historia ** [[Lutetia]] ** [[Revolution francese]] ** [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]] *** [[Union Syndicale Lycéenne]] * Architectura ** [[Turre Eiffel]] ** [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] ** [[Panthéon]] ** [[Opera Garnier]] ** [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] ** [[Palatio del Louvre]] ** [[Sainte-Chapelle]] ** [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] ** [[Campo de Marte]] ** [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] ** [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] ** [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] ** [[Palatio Bourbon]] ** [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * Altere ** [[Archivos public in Francia]] ** [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] * [[Italia central]] * [[Italia insular]] * [[Mezzogiorno]] * [[Relievo de Italia]] * [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]] * [[Disordines italian de 2026]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Statos Unite === * Historia ** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]] * Fortias Armate del Statos Unite ** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]] * [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]] * [[Theorias conspirative in le politica del Statos Unite]] * [[Politica del Statos Unite|Politica]] ** [[Trumpismo]] ** [[Movimento MAGA]] ** [[Presidente del Statos Unite de America]] ** [[Prime dama del Statos Unite]] ** [[Conservatismo in le Statos Unite]] * Geographia ** [[Valle del Silicio]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Scientia e technologia === * [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]] ==== Intelligentia artificial ==== * [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]] * [[Intelligentia artificial generative]] * [[Apprendimento profunde]] * [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]] * [[Accelerationismo efficace]] ==== Biologia ==== * [[Hippopotamidae]] ==== Chimia ==== <div style="column-count:2; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2;"> * [[Isotopos del germanium]] * [[Isotopos del lanthano]] * [[Isotopos del nickel]] * [[Isotopos del cobalt]] * [[Isotopos del indium]] * [[Isotopos del lithium]] * [[Isotopos del krypton]] * [[Isotopos del natrium]] * [[Isotopos del sulfure]] * [[Isotopos del gallium]] * [[Isotopos del yttrium]] * [[Isotopos del niobium]] * [[Isotopos del rhodium]] * [[Isotopos del cesium]] * [[Isotopos del samarium]] * [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]] * [[Isotopos del gadolinium]] * [[Isotopos del chromium]] * [[Isotopos del selenium]] * [[Isotopos del scandium]] * [[Isotopos del titanium]] * [[Isotopos del rubidium]] * [[Isotopos del silicium]] * [[Isotopos del manganese]] * [[Isotopos del magnesium]] * [[Isotopos del radium]] * [[Isotopos del phosphoro]] * [[Isotopos del strontium]] * [[Ununennium]] </div> === Historia === {{div col|2}} * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] * [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]] ** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]] * [[Guerra civil yemenita]] ** [[Huthi]] *** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]] ** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]] *** [[Conflicto huthi–saudita]] * [[Gruppo Wagner]] * [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]] * [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]] ** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]] *** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]] *** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]] *** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]] *** [[Prime Intifada]] *** [[Secunde Intifada]] *** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]] *** [[Guerra de Gaza]] * [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]] ** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] *** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] ** [[Guerra de Irak]] ** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]] ** [[Stato Islamic]] *** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]] * [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]] ** [[Conflicto inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]] ** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]] ** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]] *** [[Schema del guerra Iran de 2026]] *** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] **** [[Crise del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] * [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]] * [[Revolution Gloriose]] * [[Guerra civil syrie]] * [[Congresso de Vienna]] * [[Crise del euro]] * [[Guerra contra le drogas]] ** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]] *** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]] * [[Protestas de Generation Z]] ** [[Protestas del Gen Z in Asia]] * [[Historia de America]] ** [[Historia de America del Nord]] ** [[Historia de America Central]] *** [[Historia de Belize]] *** [[Historia de Guatemala]] *** [[Historia de Honduras]] *** [[Historia de Nicaragua]] *** [[Historia de El Salvador]] *** [[Historia de Panama]] *** [[Historia de Costa Rica]] ** [[Historia del Caribe]] *** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]] *** [[Historia de Bahamas]] *** [[Historia de Barbados]] *** [[Historia de Cuba]] *** [[Historia de Grenada]] *** [[Historia de Haiti]] *** [[Historia de Dominica]] *** [[Historia de Jamaica]] *** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]] *** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]] ** [[Historia de America del Sud]] *** [[Historia de Chile]] *** [[Historia de Colombia]] *** [[Historia de Ecuador]] *** [[Historia de Guyana]] *** [[Historia de Paraguay]] *** [[Historia de Peru]] *** [[Historia de Suriname]] *** [[Historia de Uruguay]] *** [[Historia de Venezuela]] ** [[Historia de Europa]] *** [[Historia de Danmark]] *** [[Historia de Islanda]] *** [[Historia de Norvegia]] *** [[Historia de Svedia]] *** [[Historia de Finlandia]] *** [[Historia de Estonia]] *** [[Historia de Lettonia]] *** [[Historia de Lituania]] *** [[Historia del Republica de Irlanda]] *** [[Historia de Belgica]] *** [[Historia de Luxemburg]] *** [[Historia de Austria]] *** [[Historia de Russia]] *** [[Historia de Slovenia]] *** [[Historia de Polonia]] *** [[Historia del Republic Chec]] *** [[Historia de Slovachia]] *** [[Historia de Moldavia]] *** [[Historia de Croatia]] *** [[Historia de Monaco]] *** [[Historia de Hungaria]] *** [[Historia de Bielorussia]] *** [[Historia de Switza]] *** [[Historia de Liechtenstein]] *** [[Historia de Ukraina]] *** [[Historia de Romania]] *** [[Historia de Bulgaria]] *** [[Historia de San Marino]] *** [[Historia del Vaticano]] *** [[Historia de Bosnia e Herzegovina]] *** [[Historia de Macedonia del Nord]] *** [[Historia de Serbia]] *** [[Historia de Kosovo]] *** [[Historia de Montenegro]] *** [[Historia de Albania]] *** [[Historia de Turchia]] *** [[Historia de Cypro]] ** [[Historia de Asia]] *** [[Historia de Afghanistan]] *** [[Historia del Philippinas]] *** [[Historia de Azerbaijan]] **** [[Azerbaijan in le Alte Medievo]] ** [[Historia de Oceania]] {{div col end}} === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] * [[Neoplatonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] ** [[Ginza Rabba]] * [[Jesus in le manicheismo]] * [[Ramcharitmanas]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] * [[Iberoamerica]] * [[Antarctica]] * [[America]] * [[Africa]] * [[Oceania]] * [[Asia]] === Politica === * [[Khomeinismo]] === Meliorate === * [[San Marino]] * [[8 (numero)]] * [[5 (numero)]] * [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]] * [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]] * [[Gaetano Mercurio]] * [[Consonante palatal]] * [[Societate cooperative europee]] * [[Unbitrium]] * [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Palestinos]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] * [[Marina]] * [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]] * [[Combatto]] * [[Conflicto]] * Ethica ** [[Vengiantia]] * [[Mantello]] * [[Lingua artificial]] * [[Systema]] == Altere == * Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos. [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] 5cc4buesccvirl2b86ub8gjczlwo44u 705276 705266 2026-11-01T08:37:57Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Espania */ 705276 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Babel|ia-2|io-1}} Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] * [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] * [[Bashar al-Assad]] * [[Erika Vélez]] * [[Pete Hegseth]] * [[Naomi Klein]] * [[Whitney Webb]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] * [[Navi Pillay]] * [[Antonio García-Trevijano]] * [[Valeria Racu]] * [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]] * [[JD Vance]] * [[Melania Trump]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastro del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] ** [[Movimento 15-M]] ** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]] ** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]] ** [[Alte Medievo del Peninsula Iberic]] ** [[Tarde Medievo in le Peninsula Iberic]] ** [[Plen Medievo del Peninsula Iberic]] ** [[Guerra de Hispania (416–418)]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] ** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]] ** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] ** [[Folklore de Espania]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Casa de Su Majestate le Rege]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] ** Partitos politic *** [[Agenda Valenciana]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]] *** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Commando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographic National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] **** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]] **** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]] ** [[Advocato General del Stato]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]] ** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]] ** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]] ** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]] * Partitos politic ** [[Núcleo Nacional]] </div> </div> === Ecuador === * [[Alianza PAIS]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Pachakutik]] === Francia === * Historia ** [[Lutetia]] ** [[Revolution francese]] ** [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]] *** [[Union Syndicale Lycéenne]] * Architectura ** [[Turre Eiffel]] ** [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] ** [[Panthéon]] ** [[Opera Garnier]] ** [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] ** [[Palatio del Louvre]] ** [[Sainte-Chapelle]] ** [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] ** [[Campo de Marte]] ** [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] ** [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] ** [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] ** [[Palatio Bourbon]] ** [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * Altere ** [[Archivos public in Francia]] ** [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] * [[Italia central]] * [[Italia insular]] * [[Mezzogiorno]] * [[Relievo de Italia]] * [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]] * [[Disordines italian de 2026]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Statos Unite === * Historia ** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]] * Fortias Armate del Statos Unite ** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]] * [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]] * [[Theorias conspirative in le politica del Statos Unite]] * [[Politica del Statos Unite|Politica]] ** [[Trumpismo]] ** [[Movimento MAGA]] ** [[Presidente del Statos Unite de America]] ** [[Prime dama del Statos Unite]] ** [[Conservatismo in le Statos Unite]] * Geographia ** [[Valle del Silicio]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Scientia e technologia === * [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]] ==== Intelligentia artificial ==== * [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]] * [[Intelligentia artificial generative]] * [[Apprendimento profunde]] * [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]] * [[Accelerationismo efficace]] ==== Biologia ==== * [[Hippopotamidae]] ==== Chimia ==== <div style="column-count:2; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2;"> * [[Isotopos del germanium]] * [[Isotopos del lanthano]] * [[Isotopos del nickel]] * [[Isotopos del cobalt]] * [[Isotopos del indium]] * [[Isotopos del lithium]] * [[Isotopos del krypton]] * [[Isotopos del natrium]] * [[Isotopos del sulfure]] * [[Isotopos del gallium]] * [[Isotopos del yttrium]] * [[Isotopos del niobium]] * [[Isotopos del rhodium]] * [[Isotopos del cesium]] * [[Isotopos del samarium]] * [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]] * [[Isotopos del gadolinium]] * [[Isotopos del chromium]] * [[Isotopos del selenium]] * [[Isotopos del scandium]] * [[Isotopos del titanium]] * [[Isotopos del rubidium]] * [[Isotopos del silicium]] * [[Isotopos del manganese]] * [[Isotopos del magnesium]] * [[Isotopos del radium]] * [[Isotopos del phosphoro]] * [[Isotopos del strontium]] * [[Ununennium]] </div> === Historia === {{div col|2}} * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] * [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]] ** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]] * [[Guerra civil yemenita]] ** [[Huthi]] *** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]] ** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]] *** [[Conflicto huthi–saudita]] * [[Gruppo Wagner]] * [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]] * [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]] ** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]] *** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]] *** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]] *** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]] *** [[Prime Intifada]] *** [[Secunde Intifada]] *** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]] *** [[Guerra de Gaza]] * [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]] ** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] *** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] ** [[Guerra de Irak]] ** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]] ** [[Stato Islamic]] *** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]] * [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]] ** [[Conflicto inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]] ** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]] ** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]] *** [[Schema del guerra Iran de 2026]] *** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] **** [[Crise del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] * [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]] * [[Revolution Gloriose]] * [[Guerra civil syrie]] * [[Congresso de Vienna]] * [[Crise del euro]] * [[Guerra contra le drogas]] ** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]] *** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]] * [[Protestas de Generation Z]] ** [[Protestas del Gen Z in Asia]] * [[Historia de America]] ** [[Historia de America del Nord]] ** [[Historia de America Central]] *** [[Historia de Belize]] *** [[Historia de Guatemala]] *** [[Historia de Honduras]] *** [[Historia de Nicaragua]] *** [[Historia de El Salvador]] *** [[Historia de Panama]] *** [[Historia de Costa Rica]] ** [[Historia del Caribe]] *** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]] *** [[Historia de Bahamas]] *** [[Historia de Barbados]] *** [[Historia de Cuba]] *** [[Historia de Grenada]] *** [[Historia de Haiti]] *** [[Historia de Dominica]] *** [[Historia de Jamaica]] *** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]] *** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]] ** [[Historia de America del Sud]] *** [[Historia de Chile]] *** [[Historia de Colombia]] *** [[Historia de Ecuador]] *** [[Historia de Guyana]] *** [[Historia de Paraguay]] *** [[Historia de Peru]] *** [[Historia de Suriname]] *** [[Historia de Uruguay]] *** [[Historia de Venezuela]] ** [[Historia de Europa]] *** [[Historia de Danmark]] *** [[Historia de Islanda]] *** [[Historia de Norvegia]] *** [[Historia de Svedia]] *** [[Historia de Finlandia]] *** [[Historia de Estonia]] *** [[Historia de Lettonia]] *** [[Historia de Lituania]] *** [[Historia del Republica de Irlanda]] *** [[Historia de Belgica]] *** [[Historia de Luxemburg]] *** [[Historia de Austria]] *** [[Historia de Russia]] *** [[Historia de Slovenia]] *** [[Historia de Polonia]] *** [[Historia del Republic Chec]] *** [[Historia de Slovachia]] *** [[Historia de Moldavia]] *** [[Historia de Croatia]] *** [[Historia de Monaco]] *** [[Historia de Hungaria]] *** [[Historia de Bielorussia]] *** [[Historia de Switza]] *** [[Historia de Liechtenstein]] *** [[Historia de Ukraina]] *** [[Historia de Romania]] *** [[Historia de Bulgaria]] *** [[Historia de San Marino]] *** [[Historia del Vaticano]] *** [[Historia de Bosnia e Herzegovina]] *** [[Historia de Macedonia del Nord]] *** [[Historia de Serbia]] *** [[Historia de Kosovo]] *** [[Historia de Montenegro]] *** [[Historia de Albania]] *** [[Historia de Turchia]] *** [[Historia de Cypro]] ** [[Historia de Asia]] *** [[Historia de Afghanistan]] *** [[Historia del Philippinas]] *** [[Historia de Azerbaijan]] **** [[Azerbaijan in le Alte Medievo]] ** [[Historia de Oceania]] {{div col end}} === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] * [[Neoplatonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] ** [[Ginza Rabba]] * [[Jesus in le manicheismo]] * [[Ramcharitmanas]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] * [[Iberoamerica]] * [[Antarctica]] * [[America]] * [[Africa]] * [[Oceania]] * [[Asia]] === Politica === * [[Khomeinismo]] === Meliorate === * [[San Marino]] * [[8 (numero)]] * [[5 (numero)]] * [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]] * [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]] * [[Gaetano Mercurio]] * [[Consonante palatal]] * [[Societate cooperative europee]] * [[Unbitrium]] * [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Palestinos]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] * [[Marina]] * [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]] * [[Combatto]] * [[Conflicto]] * Ethica ** [[Vengiantia]] * [[Mantello]] * [[Lingua artificial]] * [[Systema]] == Altere == * Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos. [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] bzgy92m66ywp021lhnm0kf7s2rifr16 705298 705276 2026-11-01T09:04:13Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Espania */ 705298 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Babel|ia-2|io-1}} Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] * [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] * [[Bashar al-Assad]] * [[Erika Vélez]] * [[Pete Hegseth]] * [[Naomi Klein]] * [[Whitney Webb]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] * [[Navi Pillay]] * [[Antonio García-Trevijano]] * [[Valeria Racu]] * [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]] * [[JD Vance]] * [[Melania Trump]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastro del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] ** [[Movimento 15-M]] ** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]] ** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]] ** [[Alte Medievo del Peninsula Iberic]] ** [[Tarde Medievo in le Peninsula Iberic]] ** [[Plen Medievo del Peninsula Iberic]] ** [[Guerra de Hispania (416–418)]] ** [[Regno visigothic de Tolosa]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] ** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]] ** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] ** [[Folklore de Espania]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Casa de Su Majestate le Rege]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] ** Partitos politic *** [[Agenda Valenciana]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]] *** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Commando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographic National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] **** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]] **** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]] ** [[Advocato General del Stato]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]] ** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]] ** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]] ** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]] * Partitos politic ** [[Núcleo Nacional]] </div> </div> === Ecuador === * [[Alianza PAIS]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Pachakutik]] === Francia === * Historia ** [[Lutetia]] ** [[Revolution francese]] ** [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]] *** [[Union Syndicale Lycéenne]] * Architectura ** [[Turre Eiffel]] ** [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] ** [[Panthéon]] ** [[Opera Garnier]] ** [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] ** [[Palatio del Louvre]] ** [[Sainte-Chapelle]] ** [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] ** [[Campo de Marte]] ** [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] ** [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] ** [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] ** [[Palatio Bourbon]] ** [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * Altere ** [[Archivos public in Francia]] ** [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] * [[Italia central]] * [[Italia insular]] * [[Mezzogiorno]] * [[Relievo de Italia]] * [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]] * [[Disordines italian de 2026]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Statos Unite === * Historia ** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]] * Fortias Armate del Statos Unite ** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]] * [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]] * [[Theorias conspirative in le politica del Statos Unite]] * [[Politica del Statos Unite|Politica]] ** [[Trumpismo]] ** [[Movimento MAGA]] ** [[Presidente del Statos Unite de America]] ** [[Prime dama del Statos Unite]] ** [[Conservatismo in le Statos Unite]] * Geographia ** [[Valle del Silicio]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Scientia e technologia === * [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]] ==== Intelligentia artificial ==== * [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]] * [[Intelligentia artificial generative]] * [[Apprendimento profunde]] * [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]] * [[Accelerationismo efficace]] ==== Biologia ==== * [[Hippopotamidae]] ==== Chimia ==== <div style="column-count:2; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2;"> * [[Isotopos del germanium]] * [[Isotopos del lanthano]] * [[Isotopos del nickel]] * [[Isotopos del cobalt]] * [[Isotopos del indium]] * [[Isotopos del lithium]] * [[Isotopos del krypton]] * [[Isotopos del natrium]] * [[Isotopos del sulfure]] * [[Isotopos del gallium]] * [[Isotopos del yttrium]] * [[Isotopos del niobium]] * [[Isotopos del rhodium]] * [[Isotopos del cesium]] * [[Isotopos del samarium]] * [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]] * [[Isotopos del gadolinium]] * [[Isotopos del chromium]] * [[Isotopos del selenium]] * [[Isotopos del scandium]] * [[Isotopos del titanium]] * [[Isotopos del rubidium]] * [[Isotopos del silicium]] * [[Isotopos del manganese]] * [[Isotopos del magnesium]] * [[Isotopos del radium]] * [[Isotopos del phosphoro]] * [[Isotopos del strontium]] * [[Ununennium]] </div> === Historia === {{div col|2}} * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] * [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]] ** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]] * [[Guerra civil yemenita]] ** [[Huthi]] *** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]] ** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]] *** [[Conflicto huthi–saudita]] * [[Gruppo Wagner]] * [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]] * [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]] ** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]] *** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]] *** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]] *** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]] *** [[Prime Intifada]] *** [[Secunde Intifada]] *** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]] *** [[Guerra de Gaza]] * [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]] ** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] *** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] ** [[Guerra de Irak]] ** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]] ** [[Stato Islamic]] *** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]] * [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]] ** [[Conflicto inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]] ** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]] ** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]] *** [[Schema del guerra Iran de 2026]] *** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] **** [[Crise del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] * [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]] * [[Revolution Gloriose]] * [[Guerra civil syrie]] * [[Congresso de Vienna]] * [[Crise del euro]] * [[Guerra contra le drogas]] ** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]] *** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]] * [[Protestas de Generation Z]] ** [[Protestas del Gen Z in Asia]] * [[Historia de America]] ** [[Historia de America del Nord]] ** [[Historia de America Central]] *** [[Historia de Belize]] *** [[Historia de Guatemala]] *** [[Historia de Honduras]] *** [[Historia de Nicaragua]] *** [[Historia de El Salvador]] *** [[Historia de Panama]] *** [[Historia de Costa Rica]] ** [[Historia del Caribe]] *** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]] *** [[Historia de Bahamas]] *** [[Historia de Barbados]] *** [[Historia de Cuba]] *** [[Historia de Grenada]] *** [[Historia de Haiti]] *** [[Historia de Dominica]] *** [[Historia de Jamaica]] *** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]] *** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]] ** [[Historia de America del Sud]] *** [[Historia de Chile]] *** [[Historia de Colombia]] *** [[Historia de Ecuador]] *** [[Historia de Guyana]] *** [[Historia de Paraguay]] *** [[Historia de Peru]] *** [[Historia de Suriname]] *** [[Historia de Uruguay]] *** [[Historia de Venezuela]] ** [[Historia de Europa]] *** [[Historia de Danmark]] *** [[Historia de Islanda]] *** [[Historia de Norvegia]] *** [[Historia de Svedia]] *** [[Historia de Finlandia]] *** [[Historia de Estonia]] *** [[Historia de Lettonia]] *** [[Historia de Lituania]] *** [[Historia del Republica de Irlanda]] *** [[Historia de Belgica]] *** [[Historia de Luxemburg]] *** [[Historia de Austria]] *** [[Historia de Russia]] *** [[Historia de Slovenia]] *** [[Historia de Polonia]] *** [[Historia del Republic Chec]] *** [[Historia de Slovachia]] *** [[Historia de Moldavia]] *** [[Historia de Croatia]] *** [[Historia de Monaco]] *** [[Historia de Hungaria]] *** [[Historia de Bielorussia]] *** [[Historia de Switza]] *** [[Historia de Liechtenstein]] *** [[Historia de Ukraina]] *** [[Historia de Romania]] *** [[Historia de Bulgaria]] *** [[Historia de San Marino]] *** [[Historia del Vaticano]] *** [[Historia de Bosnia e Herzegovina]] *** [[Historia de Macedonia del Nord]] *** [[Historia de Serbia]] *** [[Historia de Kosovo]] *** [[Historia de Montenegro]] *** [[Historia de Albania]] *** [[Historia de Turchia]] *** [[Historia de Cypro]] ** [[Historia de Asia]] *** [[Historia de Afghanistan]] *** [[Historia del Philippinas]] *** [[Historia de Azerbaijan]] **** [[Azerbaijan in le Alte Medievo]] ** [[Historia de Oceania]] {{div col end}} === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] * [[Neoplatonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] ** [[Ginza Rabba]] * [[Jesus in le manicheismo]] * [[Ramcharitmanas]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] * [[Iberoamerica]] * [[Antarctica]] * [[America]] * [[Africa]] * [[Oceania]] * [[Asia]] === Politica === * [[Khomeinismo]] === Meliorate === * [[San Marino]] * [[8 (numero)]] * [[5 (numero)]] * [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]] * [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]] * [[Gaetano Mercurio]] * [[Consonante palatal]] * [[Societate cooperative europee]] * [[Unbitrium]] * [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Palestinos]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] * [[Marina]] * [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]] * [[Combatto]] * [[Conflicto]] * Ethica ** [[Vengiantia]] * [[Mantello]] * [[Lingua artificial]] * [[Systema]] == Altere == * Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos. [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] na2d3y3b4b3mcvmlejexth7hpisiee3 705303 705298 2026-11-01T09:18:22Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Francia */ 705303 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Babel|ia-2|io-1}} Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] * [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] * [[Bashar al-Assad]] * [[Erika Vélez]] * [[Pete Hegseth]] * [[Naomi Klein]] * [[Whitney Webb]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] * [[Navi Pillay]] * [[Antonio García-Trevijano]] * [[Valeria Racu]] * [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]] * [[JD Vance]] * [[Melania Trump]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastro del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] ** [[Movimento 15-M]] ** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]] ** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]] ** [[Alte Medievo del Peninsula Iberic]] ** [[Tarde Medievo in le Peninsula Iberic]] ** [[Plen Medievo del Peninsula Iberic]] ** [[Guerra de Hispania (416–418)]] ** [[Regno visigothic de Tolosa]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] ** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]] ** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] ** [[Folklore de Espania]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Casa de Su Majestate le Rege]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] ** Partitos politic *** [[Agenda Valenciana]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]] *** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Commando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographic National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] **** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]] **** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]] ** [[Advocato General del Stato]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]] ** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]] ** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]] ** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]] * Partitos politic ** [[Núcleo Nacional]] </div> </div> === Ecuador === * [[Alianza PAIS]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Pachakutik]] === Francia === * Historia ** [[Lutetia]] ** [[Revolution francese]] ** [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]] *** [[Union Syndicale Lycéenne]] * Architectura ** [[Turre Eiffel]] ** [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] ** [[Panthéon]] ** [[Opera Garnier]] ** [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] ** [[Palatio del Louvre]] ** [[Sainte-Chapelle]] ** [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] ** [[Campo de Marte]] ** [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] ** [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] ** [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] ** [[Palatio Bourbon]] ** [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] ** Ecclesias *** [[Ecclesia de Sainte-Croix de Cormeilles]] * Altere ** [[Archivos public in Francia]] ** [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] * [[Italia central]] * [[Italia insular]] * [[Mezzogiorno]] * [[Relievo de Italia]] * [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]] * [[Disordines italian de 2026]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Statos Unite === * Historia ** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]] * Fortias Armate del Statos Unite ** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]] * [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]] * [[Theorias conspirative in le politica del Statos Unite]] * [[Politica del Statos Unite|Politica]] ** [[Trumpismo]] ** [[Movimento MAGA]] ** [[Presidente del Statos Unite de America]] ** [[Prime dama del Statos Unite]] ** [[Conservatismo in le Statos Unite]] * Geographia ** [[Valle del Silicio]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Scientia e technologia === * [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]] ==== Intelligentia artificial ==== * [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]] * [[Intelligentia artificial generative]] * [[Apprendimento profunde]] * [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]] * [[Accelerationismo efficace]] ==== Biologia ==== * [[Hippopotamidae]] ==== Chimia ==== <div style="column-count:2; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2;"> * [[Isotopos del germanium]] * [[Isotopos del lanthano]] * [[Isotopos del nickel]] * [[Isotopos del cobalt]] * [[Isotopos del indium]] * [[Isotopos del lithium]] * [[Isotopos del krypton]] * [[Isotopos del natrium]] * [[Isotopos del sulfure]] * [[Isotopos del gallium]] * [[Isotopos del yttrium]] * [[Isotopos del niobium]] * [[Isotopos del rhodium]] * [[Isotopos del cesium]] * [[Isotopos del samarium]] * [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]] * [[Isotopos del gadolinium]] * [[Isotopos del chromium]] * [[Isotopos del selenium]] * [[Isotopos del scandium]] * [[Isotopos del titanium]] * [[Isotopos del rubidium]] * [[Isotopos del silicium]] * [[Isotopos del manganese]] * [[Isotopos del magnesium]] * [[Isotopos del radium]] * [[Isotopos del phosphoro]] * [[Isotopos del strontium]] * [[Ununennium]] </div> === Historia === {{div col|2}} * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] * [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]] ** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]] * [[Guerra civil yemenita]] ** [[Huthi]] *** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]] ** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]] *** [[Conflicto huthi–saudita]] * [[Gruppo Wagner]] * [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]] * [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]] ** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]] *** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]] *** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]] *** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]] *** [[Prime Intifada]] *** [[Secunde Intifada]] *** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]] *** [[Guerra de Gaza]] * [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]] ** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] *** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] ** [[Guerra de Irak]] ** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]] ** [[Stato Islamic]] *** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]] * [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]] ** [[Conflicto inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]] ** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]] ** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]] *** [[Schema del guerra Iran de 2026]] *** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] **** [[Crise del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] * [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]] * [[Revolution Gloriose]] * [[Guerra civil syrie]] * [[Congresso de Vienna]] * [[Crise del euro]] * [[Guerra contra le drogas]] ** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]] *** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]] * [[Protestas de Generation Z]] ** [[Protestas del Gen Z in Asia]] * [[Historia de America]] ** [[Historia de America del Nord]] ** [[Historia de America Central]] *** [[Historia de Belize]] *** [[Historia de Guatemala]] *** [[Historia de Honduras]] *** [[Historia de Nicaragua]] *** [[Historia de El Salvador]] *** [[Historia de Panama]] *** [[Historia de Costa Rica]] ** [[Historia del Caribe]] *** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]] *** [[Historia de Bahamas]] *** [[Historia de Barbados]] *** [[Historia de Cuba]] *** [[Historia de Grenada]] *** [[Historia de Haiti]] *** [[Historia de Dominica]] *** [[Historia de Jamaica]] *** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]] *** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]] ** [[Historia de America del Sud]] *** [[Historia de Chile]] *** [[Historia de Colombia]] *** [[Historia de Ecuador]] *** [[Historia de Guyana]] *** [[Historia de Paraguay]] *** [[Historia de Peru]] *** [[Historia de Suriname]] *** [[Historia de Uruguay]] *** [[Historia de Venezuela]] ** [[Historia de Europa]] *** [[Historia de Danmark]] *** [[Historia de Islanda]] *** [[Historia de Norvegia]] *** [[Historia de Svedia]] *** [[Historia de Finlandia]] *** [[Historia de Estonia]] *** [[Historia de Lettonia]] *** [[Historia de Lituania]] *** [[Historia del Republica de Irlanda]] *** [[Historia de Belgica]] *** [[Historia de Luxemburg]] *** [[Historia de Austria]] *** [[Historia de Russia]] *** [[Historia de Slovenia]] *** [[Historia de Polonia]] *** [[Historia del Republic Chec]] *** [[Historia de Slovachia]] *** [[Historia de Moldavia]] *** [[Historia de Croatia]] *** [[Historia de Monaco]] *** [[Historia de Hungaria]] *** [[Historia de Bielorussia]] *** [[Historia de Switza]] *** [[Historia de Liechtenstein]] *** [[Historia de Ukraina]] *** [[Historia de Romania]] *** [[Historia de Bulgaria]] *** [[Historia de San Marino]] *** [[Historia del Vaticano]] *** [[Historia de Bosnia e Herzegovina]] *** [[Historia de Macedonia del Nord]] *** [[Historia de Serbia]] *** [[Historia de Kosovo]] *** [[Historia de Montenegro]] *** [[Historia de Albania]] *** [[Historia de Turchia]] *** [[Historia de Cypro]] ** [[Historia de Asia]] *** [[Historia de Afghanistan]] *** [[Historia del Philippinas]] *** [[Historia de Azerbaijan]] **** [[Azerbaijan in le Alte Medievo]] ** [[Historia de Oceania]] {{div col end}} === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] * [[Neoplatonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] ** [[Ginza Rabba]] * [[Jesus in le manicheismo]] * [[Ramcharitmanas]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] * [[Iberoamerica]] * [[Antarctica]] * [[America]] * [[Africa]] * [[Oceania]] * [[Asia]] === Politica === * [[Khomeinismo]] === Meliorate === * [[San Marino]] * [[8 (numero)]] * [[5 (numero)]] * [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]] * [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]] * [[Gaetano Mercurio]] * [[Consonante palatal]] * [[Societate cooperative europee]] * [[Unbitrium]] * [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Palestinos]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] * [[Marina]] * [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]] * [[Combatto]] * [[Conflicto]] * Ethica ** [[Vengiantia]] * [[Mantello]] * [[Lingua artificial]] * [[Systema]] == Altere == * Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos. [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] kf9sgnc56wawar6oyd9yyz4l6twuem8 705313 705303 2026-11-01T10:21:46Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Espania */ 705313 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Babel|ia-2|io-1}} Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] * [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] * [[Bashar al-Assad]] * [[Erika Vélez]] * [[Pete Hegseth]] * [[Naomi Klein]] * [[Whitney Webb]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] * [[Navi Pillay]] * [[Antonio García-Trevijano]] * [[Valeria Racu]] * [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]] * [[JD Vance]] * [[Melania Trump]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastro del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] ** [[Movimento 15-M]] ** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]] ** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]] ** [[Alte Medievo del Peninsula Iberic]] ** [[Tarde Medievo in le Peninsula Iberic]] ** [[Plen Medievo del Peninsula Iberic]] ** [[Guerra de Hispania (416–418)]] ** [[Regno visigothic de Tolosa]] ** [[Historia antique del Peninsula Iberic]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] ** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]] ** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] ** [[Folklore de Espania]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Casa de Su Majestate le Rege]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] ** Partitos politic *** [[Agenda Valenciana]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]] *** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Commando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographic National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] **** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]] **** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]] ** [[Advocato General del Stato]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]] ** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]] ** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]] ** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]] * Partitos politic ** [[Núcleo Nacional]] </div> </div> === Ecuador === * [[Alianza PAIS]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Pachakutik]] === Francia === * Historia ** [[Lutetia]] ** [[Revolution francese]] ** [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]] *** [[Union Syndicale Lycéenne]] * Architectura ** [[Turre Eiffel]] ** [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] ** [[Panthéon]] ** [[Opera Garnier]] ** [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] ** [[Palatio del Louvre]] ** [[Sainte-Chapelle]] ** [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] ** [[Campo de Marte]] ** [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] ** [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] ** [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] ** [[Palatio Bourbon]] ** [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] ** Ecclesias *** [[Ecclesia de Sainte-Croix de Cormeilles]] * Altere ** [[Archivos public in Francia]] ** [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] * [[Italia central]] * [[Italia insular]] * [[Mezzogiorno]] * [[Relievo de Italia]] * [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]] * [[Disordines italian de 2026]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Statos Unite === * Historia ** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]] * Fortias Armate del Statos Unite ** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]] * [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]] * [[Theorias conspirative in le politica del Statos Unite]] * [[Politica del Statos Unite|Politica]] ** [[Trumpismo]] ** [[Movimento MAGA]] ** [[Presidente del Statos Unite de America]] ** [[Prime dama del Statos Unite]] ** [[Conservatismo in le Statos Unite]] * Geographia ** [[Valle del Silicio]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Scientia e technologia === * [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]] ==== Intelligentia artificial ==== * [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]] * [[Intelligentia artificial generative]] * [[Apprendimento profunde]] * [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]] * [[Accelerationismo efficace]] ==== Biologia ==== * [[Hippopotamidae]] ==== Chimia ==== <div style="column-count:2; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2;"> * [[Isotopos del germanium]] * [[Isotopos del lanthano]] * [[Isotopos del nickel]] * [[Isotopos del cobalt]] * [[Isotopos del indium]] * [[Isotopos del lithium]] * [[Isotopos del krypton]] * [[Isotopos del natrium]] * [[Isotopos del sulfure]] * [[Isotopos del gallium]] * [[Isotopos del yttrium]] * [[Isotopos del niobium]] * [[Isotopos del rhodium]] * [[Isotopos del cesium]] * [[Isotopos del samarium]] * [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]] * [[Isotopos del gadolinium]] * [[Isotopos del chromium]] * [[Isotopos del selenium]] * [[Isotopos del scandium]] * [[Isotopos del titanium]] * [[Isotopos del rubidium]] * [[Isotopos del silicium]] * [[Isotopos del manganese]] * [[Isotopos del magnesium]] * [[Isotopos del radium]] * [[Isotopos del phosphoro]] * [[Isotopos del strontium]] * [[Ununennium]] </div> === Historia === {{div col|2}} * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] * [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]] ** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]] * [[Guerra civil yemenita]] ** [[Huthi]] *** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]] ** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]] *** [[Conflicto huthi–saudita]] * [[Gruppo Wagner]] * [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]] * [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]] ** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]] *** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]] *** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]] *** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]] *** [[Prime Intifada]] *** [[Secunde Intifada]] *** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]] *** [[Guerra de Gaza]] * [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]] ** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] *** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] ** [[Guerra de Irak]] ** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]] ** [[Stato Islamic]] *** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]] * [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]] ** [[Conflicto inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]] ** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]] ** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]] *** [[Schema del guerra Iran de 2026]] *** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] **** [[Crise del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] * [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]] * [[Revolution Gloriose]] * [[Guerra civil syrie]] * [[Congresso de Vienna]] * [[Crise del euro]] * [[Guerra contra le drogas]] ** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]] *** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]] * [[Protestas de Generation Z]] ** [[Protestas del Gen Z in Asia]] * [[Historia de America]] ** [[Historia de America del Nord]] ** [[Historia de America Central]] *** [[Historia de Belize]] *** [[Historia de Guatemala]] *** [[Historia de Honduras]] *** [[Historia de Nicaragua]] *** [[Historia de El Salvador]] *** [[Historia de Panama]] *** [[Historia de Costa Rica]] ** [[Historia del Caribe]] *** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]] *** [[Historia de Bahamas]] *** [[Historia de Barbados]] *** [[Historia de Cuba]] *** [[Historia de Grenada]] *** [[Historia de Haiti]] *** [[Historia de Dominica]] *** [[Historia de Jamaica]] *** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]] *** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]] ** [[Historia de America del Sud]] *** [[Historia de Chile]] *** [[Historia de Colombia]] *** [[Historia de Ecuador]] *** [[Historia de Guyana]] *** [[Historia de Paraguay]] *** [[Historia de Peru]] *** [[Historia de Suriname]] *** [[Historia de Uruguay]] *** [[Historia de Venezuela]] ** [[Historia de Europa]] *** [[Historia de Danmark]] *** [[Historia de Islanda]] *** [[Historia de Norvegia]] *** [[Historia de Svedia]] *** [[Historia de Finlandia]] *** [[Historia de Estonia]] *** [[Historia de Lettonia]] *** [[Historia de Lituania]] *** [[Historia del Republica de Irlanda]] *** [[Historia de Belgica]] *** [[Historia de Luxemburg]] *** [[Historia de Austria]] *** [[Historia de Russia]] *** [[Historia de Slovenia]] *** [[Historia de Polonia]] *** [[Historia del Republic Chec]] *** [[Historia de Slovachia]] *** [[Historia de Moldavia]] *** [[Historia de Croatia]] *** [[Historia de Monaco]] *** [[Historia de Hungaria]] *** [[Historia de Bielorussia]] *** [[Historia de Switza]] *** [[Historia de Liechtenstein]] *** [[Historia de Ukraina]] *** [[Historia de Romania]] *** [[Historia de Bulgaria]] *** [[Historia de San Marino]] *** [[Historia del Vaticano]] *** [[Historia de Bosnia e Herzegovina]] *** [[Historia de Macedonia del Nord]] *** [[Historia de Serbia]] *** [[Historia de Kosovo]] *** [[Historia de Montenegro]] *** [[Historia de Albania]] *** [[Historia de Turchia]] *** [[Historia de Cypro]] ** [[Historia de Asia]] *** [[Historia de Afghanistan]] *** [[Historia del Philippinas]] *** [[Historia de Azerbaijan]] **** [[Azerbaijan in le Alte Medievo]] ** [[Historia de Oceania]] {{div col end}} === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] * [[Neoplatonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] ** [[Ginza Rabba]] * [[Jesus in le manicheismo]] * [[Ramcharitmanas]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] * [[Iberoamerica]] * [[Antarctica]] * [[America]] * [[Africa]] * [[Oceania]] * [[Asia]] === Politica === * [[Khomeinismo]] === Meliorate === * [[San Marino]] * [[8 (numero)]] * [[5 (numero)]] * [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]] * [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]] * [[Gaetano Mercurio]] * [[Consonante palatal]] * [[Societate cooperative europee]] * [[Unbitrium]] * [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Palestinos]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] * [[Marina]] * [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]] * [[Combatto]] * [[Conflicto]] * Ethica ** [[Vengiantia]] * [[Mantello]] * [[Lingua artificial]] * [[Systema]] == Altere == * Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos. [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] 6lbd64xr06r71c90chajq3zv6pyfd61 705315 705313 2026-11-01T10:29:30Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Espania */ 705315 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Babel|ia-2|io-1}} Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] * [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] * [[Bashar al-Assad]] * [[Erika Vélez]] * [[Pete Hegseth]] * [[Naomi Klein]] * [[Whitney Webb]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] * [[Navi Pillay]] * [[Antonio García-Trevijano]] * [[Valeria Racu]] * [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]] * [[JD Vance]] * [[Melania Trump]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastro del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] ** [[Movimento 15-M]] ** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]] ** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]] ** [[Alte Medievo del Peninsula Iberic]] ** [[Tarde Medievo in le Peninsula Iberic]] ** [[Plen Medievo del Peninsula Iberic]] ** [[Guerra de Hispania (416–418)]] ** [[Regno visigothic de Tolosa]] ** [[Historia antique del Peninsula Iberic]] ** [[Seculo Auree Espaniol]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] ** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]] ** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] ** [[Folklore de Espania]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Casa de Su Majestate le Rege]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] ** Partitos politic *** [[Agenda Valenciana]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]] *** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Commando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographic National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] **** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]] **** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]] ** [[Advocato General del Stato]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]] ** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]] ** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]] ** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]] * Partitos politic ** [[Núcleo Nacional]] </div> </div> === Ecuador === * [[Alianza PAIS]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Pachakutik]] === Francia === * Historia ** [[Lutetia]] ** [[Revolution francese]] ** [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]] *** [[Union Syndicale Lycéenne]] * Architectura ** [[Turre Eiffel]] ** [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] ** [[Panthéon]] ** [[Opera Garnier]] ** [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] ** [[Palatio del Louvre]] ** [[Sainte-Chapelle]] ** [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] ** [[Campo de Marte]] ** [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] ** [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] ** [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] ** [[Palatio Bourbon]] ** [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] ** Ecclesias *** [[Ecclesia de Sainte-Croix de Cormeilles]] * Altere ** [[Archivos public in Francia]] ** [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] * [[Italia central]] * [[Italia insular]] * [[Mezzogiorno]] * [[Relievo de Italia]] * [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]] * [[Disordines italian de 2026]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Statos Unite === * Historia ** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]] * Fortias Armate del Statos Unite ** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]] * [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]] * [[Theorias conspirative in le politica del Statos Unite]] * [[Politica del Statos Unite|Politica]] ** [[Trumpismo]] ** [[Movimento MAGA]] ** [[Presidente del Statos Unite de America]] ** [[Prime dama del Statos Unite]] ** [[Conservatismo in le Statos Unite]] * Geographia ** [[Valle del Silicio]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Scientia e technologia === * [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]] ==== Intelligentia artificial ==== * [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]] * [[Intelligentia artificial generative]] * [[Apprendimento profunde]] * [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]] * [[Accelerationismo efficace]] ==== Biologia ==== * [[Hippopotamidae]] ==== Chimia ==== <div style="column-count:2; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2;"> * [[Isotopos del germanium]] * [[Isotopos del lanthano]] * [[Isotopos del nickel]] * [[Isotopos del cobalt]] * [[Isotopos del indium]] * [[Isotopos del lithium]] * [[Isotopos del krypton]] * [[Isotopos del natrium]] * [[Isotopos del sulfure]] * [[Isotopos del gallium]] * [[Isotopos del yttrium]] * [[Isotopos del niobium]] * [[Isotopos del rhodium]] * [[Isotopos del cesium]] * [[Isotopos del samarium]] * [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]] * [[Isotopos del gadolinium]] * [[Isotopos del chromium]] * [[Isotopos del selenium]] * [[Isotopos del scandium]] * [[Isotopos del titanium]] * [[Isotopos del rubidium]] * [[Isotopos del silicium]] * [[Isotopos del manganese]] * [[Isotopos del magnesium]] * [[Isotopos del radium]] * [[Isotopos del phosphoro]] * [[Isotopos del strontium]] * [[Ununennium]] </div> === Historia === {{div col|2}} * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] * [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]] ** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]] * [[Guerra civil yemenita]] ** [[Huthi]] *** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]] ** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]] *** [[Conflicto huthi–saudita]] * [[Gruppo Wagner]] * [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]] * [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]] ** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]] *** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]] *** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]] *** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]] *** [[Prime Intifada]] *** [[Secunde Intifada]] *** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]] *** [[Guerra de Gaza]] * [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]] ** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] *** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] ** [[Guerra de Irak]] ** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]] ** [[Stato Islamic]] *** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]] * [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]] ** [[Conflicto inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]] ** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]] ** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]] *** [[Schema del guerra Iran de 2026]] *** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] **** [[Crise del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] * [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]] * [[Revolution Gloriose]] * [[Guerra civil syrie]] * [[Congresso de Vienna]] * [[Crise del euro]] * [[Guerra contra le drogas]] ** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]] *** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]] * [[Protestas de Generation Z]] ** [[Protestas del Gen Z in Asia]] * [[Historia de America]] ** [[Historia de America del Nord]] ** [[Historia de America Central]] *** [[Historia de Belize]] *** [[Historia de Guatemala]] *** [[Historia de Honduras]] *** [[Historia de Nicaragua]] *** [[Historia de El Salvador]] *** [[Historia de Panama]] *** [[Historia de Costa Rica]] ** [[Historia del Caribe]] *** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]] *** [[Historia de Bahamas]] *** [[Historia de Barbados]] *** [[Historia de Cuba]] *** [[Historia de Grenada]] *** [[Historia de Haiti]] *** [[Historia de Dominica]] *** [[Historia de Jamaica]] *** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]] *** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]] ** [[Historia de America del Sud]] *** [[Historia de Chile]] *** [[Historia de Colombia]] *** [[Historia de Ecuador]] *** [[Historia de Guyana]] *** [[Historia de Paraguay]] *** [[Historia de Peru]] *** [[Historia de Suriname]] *** [[Historia de Uruguay]] *** [[Historia de Venezuela]] ** [[Historia de Europa]] *** [[Historia de Danmark]] *** [[Historia de Islanda]] *** [[Historia de Norvegia]] *** [[Historia de Svedia]] *** [[Historia de Finlandia]] *** [[Historia de Estonia]] *** [[Historia de Lettonia]] *** [[Historia de Lituania]] *** [[Historia del Republica de Irlanda]] *** [[Historia de Belgica]] *** [[Historia de Luxemburg]] *** [[Historia de Austria]] *** [[Historia de Russia]] *** [[Historia de Slovenia]] *** [[Historia de Polonia]] *** [[Historia del Republic Chec]] *** [[Historia de Slovachia]] *** [[Historia de Moldavia]] *** [[Historia de Croatia]] *** [[Historia de Monaco]] *** [[Historia de Hungaria]] *** [[Historia de Bielorussia]] *** [[Historia de Switza]] *** [[Historia de Liechtenstein]] *** [[Historia de Ukraina]] *** [[Historia de Romania]] *** [[Historia de Bulgaria]] *** [[Historia de San Marino]] *** [[Historia del Vaticano]] *** [[Historia de Bosnia e Herzegovina]] *** [[Historia de Macedonia del Nord]] *** [[Historia de Serbia]] *** [[Historia de Kosovo]] *** [[Historia de Montenegro]] *** [[Historia de Albania]] *** [[Historia de Turchia]] *** [[Historia de Cypro]] ** [[Historia de Asia]] *** [[Historia de Afghanistan]] *** [[Historia del Philippinas]] *** [[Historia de Azerbaijan]] **** [[Azerbaijan in le Alte Medievo]] ** [[Historia de Oceania]] {{div col end}} === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] * [[Neoplatonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] ** [[Ginza Rabba]] * [[Jesus in le manicheismo]] * [[Ramcharitmanas]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] * [[Iberoamerica]] * [[Antarctica]] * [[America]] * [[Africa]] * [[Oceania]] * [[Asia]] === Politica === * [[Khomeinismo]] === Meliorate === * [[San Marino]] * [[8 (numero)]] * [[5 (numero)]] * [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]] * [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]] * [[Gaetano Mercurio]] * [[Consonante palatal]] * [[Societate cooperative europee]] * [[Unbitrium]] * [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Palestinos]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] * [[Marina]] * [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]] * [[Combatto]] * [[Conflicto]] * Ethica ** [[Vengiantia]] * [[Mantello]] * [[Lingua artificial]] * [[Systema]] == Altere == * Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos. [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] nb736h3g3h3pkjvmfv5pl2vps1ks27j 705322 705315 2026-11-01T10:36:32Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Espania */ 705322 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Babel|ia-2|io-1}} Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] * [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] * [[Bashar al-Assad]] * [[Erika Vélez]] * [[Pete Hegseth]] * [[Naomi Klein]] * [[Whitney Webb]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] * [[Navi Pillay]] * [[Antonio García-Trevijano]] * [[Valeria Racu]] * [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]] * [[JD Vance]] * [[Melania Trump]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastro del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] ** [[Movimento 15-M]] ** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]] ** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]] ** [[Alte Medievo del Peninsula Iberic]] ** [[Tarde Medievo in le Peninsula Iberic]] ** [[Plen Medievo del Peninsula Iberic]] ** [[Guerra de Hispania (416–418)]] ** [[Regno visigothic de Tolosa]] ** [[Historia antique del Peninsula Iberic]] ** [[Seculo Auree Espaniol]] ** [[Illuminismo en Espania]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] ** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]] ** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] ** [[Folklore de Espania]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Casa de Su Majestate le Rege]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] ** Partitos politic *** [[Agenda Valenciana]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]] *** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Commando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographic National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] **** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]] **** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]] ** [[Advocato General del Stato]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]] ** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]] ** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]] ** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]] * Partitos politic ** [[Núcleo Nacional]] </div> </div> === Ecuador === * [[Alianza PAIS]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Pachakutik]] === Francia === * Historia ** [[Lutetia]] ** [[Revolution francese]] ** [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]] *** [[Union Syndicale Lycéenne]] * Architectura ** [[Turre Eiffel]] ** [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] ** [[Panthéon]] ** [[Opera Garnier]] ** [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] ** [[Palatio del Louvre]] ** [[Sainte-Chapelle]] ** [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] ** [[Campo de Marte]] ** [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] ** [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] ** [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] ** [[Palatio Bourbon]] ** [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] ** Ecclesias *** [[Ecclesia de Sainte-Croix de Cormeilles]] * Altere ** [[Archivos public in Francia]] ** [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] * [[Italia central]] * [[Italia insular]] * [[Mezzogiorno]] * [[Relievo de Italia]] * [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]] * [[Disordines italian de 2026]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Statos Unite === * Historia ** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]] * Fortias Armate del Statos Unite ** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]] * [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]] * [[Theorias conspirative in le politica del Statos Unite]] * [[Politica del Statos Unite|Politica]] ** [[Trumpismo]] ** [[Movimento MAGA]] ** [[Presidente del Statos Unite de America]] ** [[Prime dama del Statos Unite]] ** [[Conservatismo in le Statos Unite]] * Geographia ** [[Valle del Silicio]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Scientia e technologia === * [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]] ==== Intelligentia artificial ==== * [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]] * [[Intelligentia artificial generative]] * [[Apprendimento profunde]] * [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]] * [[Accelerationismo efficace]] ==== Biologia ==== * [[Hippopotamidae]] ==== Chimia ==== <div style="column-count:2; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2;"> * [[Isotopos del germanium]] * [[Isotopos del lanthano]] * [[Isotopos del nickel]] * [[Isotopos del cobalt]] * [[Isotopos del indium]] * [[Isotopos del lithium]] * [[Isotopos del krypton]] * [[Isotopos del natrium]] * [[Isotopos del sulfure]] * [[Isotopos del gallium]] * [[Isotopos del yttrium]] * [[Isotopos del niobium]] * [[Isotopos del rhodium]] * [[Isotopos del cesium]] * [[Isotopos del samarium]] * [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]] * [[Isotopos del gadolinium]] * [[Isotopos del chromium]] * [[Isotopos del selenium]] * [[Isotopos del scandium]] * [[Isotopos del titanium]] * [[Isotopos del rubidium]] * [[Isotopos del silicium]] * [[Isotopos del manganese]] * [[Isotopos del magnesium]] * [[Isotopos del radium]] * [[Isotopos del phosphoro]] * [[Isotopos del strontium]] * [[Ununennium]] </div> === Historia === {{div col|2}} * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] * [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]] ** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]] * [[Guerra civil yemenita]] ** [[Huthi]] *** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]] ** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]] *** [[Conflicto huthi–saudita]] * [[Gruppo Wagner]] * [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]] * [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]] ** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]] *** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]] *** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]] *** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]] *** [[Prime Intifada]] *** [[Secunde Intifada]] *** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]] *** [[Guerra de Gaza]] * [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]] ** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] *** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] ** [[Guerra de Irak]] ** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]] ** [[Stato Islamic]] *** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]] * [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]] ** [[Conflicto inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]] ** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]] ** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]] *** [[Schema del guerra Iran de 2026]] *** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] **** [[Crise del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] * [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]] * [[Revolution Gloriose]] * [[Guerra civil syrie]] * [[Congresso de Vienna]] * [[Crise del euro]] * [[Guerra contra le drogas]] ** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]] *** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]] * [[Protestas de Generation Z]] ** [[Protestas del Gen Z in Asia]] * [[Historia de America]] ** [[Historia de America del Nord]] ** [[Historia de America Central]] *** [[Historia de Belize]] *** [[Historia de Guatemala]] *** [[Historia de Honduras]] *** [[Historia de Nicaragua]] *** [[Historia de El Salvador]] *** [[Historia de Panama]] *** [[Historia de Costa Rica]] ** [[Historia del Caribe]] *** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]] *** [[Historia de Bahamas]] *** [[Historia de Barbados]] *** [[Historia de Cuba]] *** [[Historia de Grenada]] *** [[Historia de Haiti]] *** [[Historia de Dominica]] *** [[Historia de Jamaica]] *** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]] *** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]] ** [[Historia de America del Sud]] *** [[Historia de Chile]] *** [[Historia de Colombia]] *** [[Historia de Ecuador]] *** [[Historia de Guyana]] *** [[Historia de Paraguay]] *** [[Historia de Peru]] *** [[Historia de Suriname]] *** [[Historia de Uruguay]] *** [[Historia de Venezuela]] ** [[Historia de Europa]] *** [[Historia de Danmark]] *** [[Historia de Islanda]] *** [[Historia de Norvegia]] *** [[Historia de Svedia]] *** [[Historia de Finlandia]] *** [[Historia de Estonia]] *** [[Historia de Lettonia]] *** [[Historia de Lituania]] *** [[Historia del Republica de Irlanda]] *** [[Historia de Belgica]] *** [[Historia de Luxemburg]] *** [[Historia de Austria]] *** [[Historia de Russia]] *** [[Historia de Slovenia]] *** [[Historia de Polonia]] *** [[Historia del Republic Chec]] *** [[Historia de Slovachia]] *** [[Historia de Moldavia]] *** [[Historia de Croatia]] *** [[Historia de Monaco]] *** [[Historia de Hungaria]] *** [[Historia de Bielorussia]] *** [[Historia de Switza]] *** [[Historia de Liechtenstein]] *** [[Historia de Ukraina]] *** [[Historia de Romania]] *** [[Historia de Bulgaria]] *** [[Historia de San Marino]] *** [[Historia del Vaticano]] *** [[Historia de Bosnia e Herzegovina]] *** [[Historia de Macedonia del Nord]] *** [[Historia de Serbia]] *** [[Historia de Kosovo]] *** [[Historia de Montenegro]] *** [[Historia de Albania]] *** [[Historia de Turchia]] *** [[Historia de Cypro]] ** [[Historia de Asia]] *** [[Historia de Afghanistan]] *** [[Historia del Philippinas]] *** [[Historia de Azerbaijan]] **** [[Azerbaijan in le Alte Medievo]] ** [[Historia de Oceania]] {{div col end}} === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] * [[Neoplatonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] ** [[Ginza Rabba]] * [[Jesus in le manicheismo]] * [[Ramcharitmanas]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] * [[Iberoamerica]] * [[Antarctica]] * [[America]] * [[Africa]] * [[Oceania]] * [[Asia]] === Politica === * [[Khomeinismo]] === Meliorate === * [[San Marino]] * [[8 (numero)]] * [[5 (numero)]] * [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]] * [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]] * [[Gaetano Mercurio]] * [[Consonante palatal]] * [[Societate cooperative europee]] * [[Unbitrium]] * [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Palestinos]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] * [[Marina]] * [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]] * [[Combatto]] * [[Conflicto]] * Ethica ** [[Vengiantia]] * [[Mantello]] * [[Lingua artificial]] * [[Systema]] == Altere == * Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos. [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] e5qwzhpv21l1er3v4gfgbxrajosgzf8 705327 705322 2026-11-01T10:45:14Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Espania */ 705327 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Babel|ia-2|io-1}} Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] * [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] * [[Bashar al-Assad]] * [[Erika Vélez]] * [[Pete Hegseth]] * [[Naomi Klein]] * [[Whitney Webb]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] * [[Navi Pillay]] * [[Antonio García-Trevijano]] * [[Valeria Racu]] * [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]] * [[JD Vance]] * [[Melania Trump]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastro del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] ** [[Movimento 15-M]] ** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]] ** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]] ** [[Alte Medievo del Peninsula Iberic]] ** [[Tarde Medievo in le Peninsula Iberic]] ** [[Plen Medievo del Peninsula Iberic]] ** [[Guerra de Hispania (416–418)]] ** [[Regno visigothic de Tolosa]] ** [[Historia antique del Peninsula Iberic]] ** [[Seculo Auree Espaniol]] ** [[Illuminismo en Espania]] ** [[Prime Republica Espaniol]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] ** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]] ** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] ** [[Folklore de Espania]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Casa de Su Majestate le Rege]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] ** Partitos politic *** [[Agenda Valenciana]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]] *** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Commando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographic National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] **** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]] **** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]] ** [[Advocato General del Stato]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]] ** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]] ** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]] ** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]] * Partitos politic ** [[Núcleo Nacional]] </div> </div> === Ecuador === * [[Alianza PAIS]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Pachakutik]] === Francia === * Historia ** [[Lutetia]] ** [[Revolution francese]] ** [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]] *** [[Union Syndicale Lycéenne]] * Architectura ** [[Turre Eiffel]] ** [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] ** [[Panthéon]] ** [[Opera Garnier]] ** [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] ** [[Palatio del Louvre]] ** [[Sainte-Chapelle]] ** [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] ** [[Campo de Marte]] ** [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] ** [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] ** [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] ** [[Palatio Bourbon]] ** [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] ** Ecclesias *** [[Ecclesia de Sainte-Croix de Cormeilles]] * Altere ** [[Archivos public in Francia]] ** [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] * [[Italia central]] * [[Italia insular]] * [[Mezzogiorno]] * [[Relievo de Italia]] * [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]] * [[Disordines italian de 2026]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Statos Unite === * Historia ** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]] * Fortias Armate del Statos Unite ** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]] * [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]] * [[Theorias conspirative in le politica del Statos Unite]] * [[Politica del Statos Unite|Politica]] ** [[Trumpismo]] ** [[Movimento MAGA]] ** [[Presidente del Statos Unite de America]] ** [[Prime dama del Statos Unite]] ** [[Conservatismo in le Statos Unite]] * Geographia ** [[Valle del Silicio]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Scientia e technologia === * [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]] ==== Intelligentia artificial ==== * [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]] * [[Intelligentia artificial generative]] * [[Apprendimento profunde]] * [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]] * [[Accelerationismo efficace]] ==== Biologia ==== * [[Hippopotamidae]] ==== Chimia ==== <div style="column-count:2; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2;"> * [[Isotopos del germanium]] * [[Isotopos del lanthano]] * [[Isotopos del nickel]] * [[Isotopos del cobalt]] * [[Isotopos del indium]] * [[Isotopos del lithium]] * [[Isotopos del krypton]] * [[Isotopos del natrium]] * [[Isotopos del sulfure]] * [[Isotopos del gallium]] * [[Isotopos del yttrium]] * [[Isotopos del niobium]] * [[Isotopos del rhodium]] * [[Isotopos del cesium]] * [[Isotopos del samarium]] * [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]] * [[Isotopos del gadolinium]] * [[Isotopos del chromium]] * [[Isotopos del selenium]] * [[Isotopos del scandium]] * [[Isotopos del titanium]] * [[Isotopos del rubidium]] * [[Isotopos del silicium]] * [[Isotopos del manganese]] * [[Isotopos del magnesium]] * [[Isotopos del radium]] * [[Isotopos del phosphoro]] * [[Isotopos del strontium]] * [[Ununennium]] </div> === Historia === {{div col|2}} * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] * [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]] ** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]] * [[Guerra civil yemenita]] ** [[Huthi]] *** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]] ** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]] *** [[Conflicto huthi–saudita]] * [[Gruppo Wagner]] * [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]] * [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]] ** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]] *** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]] *** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]] *** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]] *** [[Prime Intifada]] *** [[Secunde Intifada]] *** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]] *** [[Guerra de Gaza]] * [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]] ** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] *** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] ** [[Guerra de Irak]] ** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]] ** [[Stato Islamic]] *** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]] * [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]] ** [[Conflicto inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]] ** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]] ** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]] *** [[Schema del guerra Iran de 2026]] *** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] **** [[Crise del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] * [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]] * [[Revolution Gloriose]] * [[Guerra civil syrie]] * [[Congresso de Vienna]] * [[Crise del euro]] * [[Guerra contra le drogas]] ** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]] *** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]] * [[Protestas de Generation Z]] ** [[Protestas del Gen Z in Asia]] * [[Historia de America]] ** [[Historia de America del Nord]] ** [[Historia de America Central]] *** [[Historia de Belize]] *** [[Historia de Guatemala]] *** [[Historia de Honduras]] *** [[Historia de Nicaragua]] *** [[Historia de El Salvador]] *** [[Historia de Panama]] *** [[Historia de Costa Rica]] ** [[Historia del Caribe]] *** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]] *** [[Historia de Bahamas]] *** [[Historia de Barbados]] *** [[Historia de Cuba]] *** [[Historia de Grenada]] *** [[Historia de Haiti]] *** [[Historia de Dominica]] *** [[Historia de Jamaica]] *** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]] *** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]] ** [[Historia de America del Sud]] *** [[Historia de Chile]] *** [[Historia de Colombia]] *** [[Historia de Ecuador]] *** [[Historia de Guyana]] *** [[Historia de Paraguay]] *** [[Historia de Peru]] *** [[Historia de Suriname]] *** [[Historia de Uruguay]] *** [[Historia de Venezuela]] ** [[Historia de Europa]] *** [[Historia de Danmark]] *** [[Historia de Islanda]] *** [[Historia de Norvegia]] *** [[Historia de Svedia]] *** [[Historia de Finlandia]] *** [[Historia de Estonia]] *** [[Historia de Lettonia]] *** [[Historia de Lituania]] *** [[Historia del Republica de Irlanda]] *** [[Historia de Belgica]] *** [[Historia de Luxemburg]] *** [[Historia de Austria]] *** [[Historia de Russia]] *** [[Historia de Slovenia]] *** [[Historia de Polonia]] *** [[Historia del Republic Chec]] *** [[Historia de Slovachia]] *** [[Historia de Moldavia]] *** [[Historia de Croatia]] *** [[Historia de Monaco]] *** [[Historia de Hungaria]] *** [[Historia de Bielorussia]] *** [[Historia de Switza]] *** [[Historia de Liechtenstein]] *** [[Historia de Ukraina]] *** [[Historia de Romania]] *** [[Historia de Bulgaria]] *** [[Historia de San Marino]] *** [[Historia del Vaticano]] *** [[Historia de Bosnia e Herzegovina]] *** [[Historia de Macedonia del Nord]] *** [[Historia de Serbia]] *** [[Historia de Kosovo]] *** [[Historia de Montenegro]] *** [[Historia de Albania]] *** [[Historia de Turchia]] *** [[Historia de Cypro]] ** [[Historia de Asia]] *** [[Historia de Afghanistan]] *** [[Historia del Philippinas]] *** [[Historia de Azerbaijan]] **** [[Azerbaijan in le Alte Medievo]] ** [[Historia de Oceania]] {{div col end}} === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] * [[Neoplatonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] ** [[Ginza Rabba]] * [[Jesus in le manicheismo]] * [[Ramcharitmanas]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] * [[Iberoamerica]] * [[Antarctica]] * [[America]] * [[Africa]] * [[Oceania]] * [[Asia]] === Politica === * [[Khomeinismo]] === Meliorate === * [[San Marino]] * [[8 (numero)]] * [[5 (numero)]] * [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]] * [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]] * [[Gaetano Mercurio]] * [[Consonante palatal]] * [[Societate cooperative europee]] * [[Unbitrium]] * [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Palestinos]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] * [[Marina]] * [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]] * [[Combatto]] * [[Conflicto]] * Ethica ** [[Vengiantia]] * [[Mantello]] * [[Lingua artificial]] * [[Systema]] == Altere == * Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos. [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] mo45arhizrn9bofdq7cunwwwagpteaw 705331 705327 2026-11-01T10:50:38Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Espania */ 705331 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Babel|ia-2|io-1}} Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] * [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] * [[Bashar al-Assad]] * [[Erika Vélez]] * [[Pete Hegseth]] * [[Naomi Klein]] * [[Whitney Webb]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] * [[Navi Pillay]] * [[Antonio García-Trevijano]] * [[Valeria Racu]] * [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]] * [[JD Vance]] * [[Melania Trump]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastro del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] ** [[Movimento 15-M]] ** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]] ** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]] ** [[Alte Medievo del Peninsula Iberic]] ** [[Tarde Medievo in le Peninsula Iberic]] ** [[Plen Medievo del Peninsula Iberic]] ** [[Guerra de Hispania (416–418)]] ** [[Regno visigothic de Tolosa]] ** [[Historia antique del Peninsula Iberic]] ** [[Seculo Auree Espaniol]] ** [[Illuminismo en Espania]] ** [[Prime Republica Espaniol]] ** [[Restauracion borbonic in Espania]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] ** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]] ** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] ** [[Folklore de Espania]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Casa de Su Majestate le Rege]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] ** Partitos politic *** [[Agenda Valenciana]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]] *** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Commando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographic National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] **** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]] **** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]] ** [[Advocato General del Stato]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]] ** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]] ** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]] ** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]] * Partitos politic ** [[Núcleo Nacional]] </div> </div> === Ecuador === * [[Alianza PAIS]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Pachakutik]] === Francia === * Historia ** [[Lutetia]] ** [[Revolution francese]] ** [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]] *** [[Union Syndicale Lycéenne]] * Architectura ** [[Turre Eiffel]] ** [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] ** [[Panthéon]] ** [[Opera Garnier]] ** [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] ** [[Palatio del Louvre]] ** [[Sainte-Chapelle]] ** [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] ** [[Campo de Marte]] ** [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] ** [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] ** [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] ** [[Palatio Bourbon]] ** [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] ** Ecclesias *** [[Ecclesia de Sainte-Croix de Cormeilles]] * Altere ** [[Archivos public in Francia]] ** [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] * [[Italia central]] * [[Italia insular]] * [[Mezzogiorno]] * [[Relievo de Italia]] * [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]] * [[Disordines italian de 2026]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Statos Unite === * Historia ** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]] * Fortias Armate del Statos Unite ** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]] * [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]] * [[Theorias conspirative in le politica del Statos Unite]] * [[Politica del Statos Unite|Politica]] ** [[Trumpismo]] ** [[Movimento MAGA]] ** [[Presidente del Statos Unite de America]] ** [[Prime dama del Statos Unite]] ** [[Conservatismo in le Statos Unite]] * Geographia ** [[Valle del Silicio]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Scientia e technologia === * [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]] ==== Intelligentia artificial ==== * [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]] * [[Intelligentia artificial generative]] * [[Apprendimento profunde]] * [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]] * [[Accelerationismo efficace]] ==== Biologia ==== * [[Hippopotamidae]] ==== Chimia ==== <div style="column-count:2; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2;"> * [[Isotopos del germanium]] * [[Isotopos del lanthano]] * [[Isotopos del nickel]] * [[Isotopos del cobalt]] * [[Isotopos del indium]] * [[Isotopos del lithium]] * [[Isotopos del krypton]] * [[Isotopos del natrium]] * [[Isotopos del sulfure]] * [[Isotopos del gallium]] * [[Isotopos del yttrium]] * [[Isotopos del niobium]] * [[Isotopos del rhodium]] * [[Isotopos del cesium]] * [[Isotopos del samarium]] * [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]] * [[Isotopos del gadolinium]] * [[Isotopos del chromium]] * [[Isotopos del selenium]] * [[Isotopos del scandium]] * [[Isotopos del titanium]] * [[Isotopos del rubidium]] * [[Isotopos del silicium]] * [[Isotopos del manganese]] * [[Isotopos del magnesium]] * [[Isotopos del radium]] * [[Isotopos del phosphoro]] * [[Isotopos del strontium]] * [[Ununennium]] </div> === Historia === {{div col|2}} * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] * [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]] ** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]] * [[Guerra civil yemenita]] ** [[Huthi]] *** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]] ** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]] *** [[Conflicto huthi–saudita]] * [[Gruppo Wagner]] * [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]] * [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]] ** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]] *** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]] *** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]] *** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]] *** [[Prime Intifada]] *** [[Secunde Intifada]] *** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]] *** [[Guerra de Gaza]] * [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]] ** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] *** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] ** [[Guerra de Irak]] ** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]] ** [[Stato Islamic]] *** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]] * [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]] ** [[Conflicto inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]] ** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]] ** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]] *** [[Schema del guerra Iran de 2026]] *** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] **** [[Crise del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] * [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]] * [[Revolution Gloriose]] * [[Guerra civil syrie]] * [[Congresso de Vienna]] * [[Crise del euro]] * [[Guerra contra le drogas]] ** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]] *** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]] * [[Protestas de Generation Z]] ** [[Protestas del Gen Z in Asia]] * [[Historia de America]] ** [[Historia de America del Nord]] ** [[Historia de America Central]] *** [[Historia de Belize]] *** [[Historia de Guatemala]] *** [[Historia de Honduras]] *** [[Historia de Nicaragua]] *** [[Historia de El Salvador]] *** [[Historia de Panama]] *** [[Historia de Costa Rica]] ** [[Historia del Caribe]] *** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]] *** [[Historia de Bahamas]] *** [[Historia de Barbados]] *** [[Historia de Cuba]] *** [[Historia de Grenada]] *** [[Historia de Haiti]] *** [[Historia de Dominica]] *** [[Historia de Jamaica]] *** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]] *** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]] ** [[Historia de America del Sud]] *** [[Historia de Chile]] *** [[Historia de Colombia]] *** [[Historia de Ecuador]] *** [[Historia de Guyana]] *** [[Historia de Paraguay]] *** [[Historia de Peru]] *** [[Historia de Suriname]] *** [[Historia de Uruguay]] *** [[Historia de Venezuela]] ** [[Historia de Europa]] *** [[Historia de Danmark]] *** [[Historia de Islanda]] *** [[Historia de Norvegia]] *** [[Historia de Svedia]] *** [[Historia de Finlandia]] *** [[Historia de Estonia]] *** [[Historia de Lettonia]] *** [[Historia de Lituania]] *** [[Historia del Republica de Irlanda]] *** [[Historia de Belgica]] *** [[Historia de Luxemburg]] *** [[Historia de Austria]] *** [[Historia de Russia]] *** [[Historia de Slovenia]] *** [[Historia de Polonia]] *** [[Historia del Republic Chec]] *** [[Historia de Slovachia]] *** [[Historia de Moldavia]] *** [[Historia de Croatia]] *** [[Historia de Monaco]] *** [[Historia de Hungaria]] *** [[Historia de Bielorussia]] *** [[Historia de Switza]] *** [[Historia de Liechtenstein]] *** [[Historia de Ukraina]] *** [[Historia de Romania]] *** [[Historia de Bulgaria]] *** [[Historia de San Marino]] *** [[Historia del Vaticano]] *** [[Historia de Bosnia e Herzegovina]] *** [[Historia de Macedonia del Nord]] *** [[Historia de Serbia]] *** [[Historia de Kosovo]] *** [[Historia de Montenegro]] *** [[Historia de Albania]] *** [[Historia de Turchia]] *** [[Historia de Cypro]] ** [[Historia de Asia]] *** [[Historia de Afghanistan]] *** [[Historia del Philippinas]] *** [[Historia de Azerbaijan]] **** [[Azerbaijan in le Alte Medievo]] ** [[Historia de Oceania]] {{div col end}} === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] * [[Neoplatonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] ** [[Ginza Rabba]] * [[Jesus in le manicheismo]] * [[Ramcharitmanas]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] * [[Iberoamerica]] * [[Antarctica]] * [[America]] * [[Africa]] * [[Oceania]] * [[Asia]] === Politica === * [[Khomeinismo]] === Meliorate === * [[San Marino]] * [[8 (numero)]] * [[5 (numero)]] * [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]] * [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]] * [[Gaetano Mercurio]] * [[Consonante palatal]] * [[Societate cooperative europee]] * [[Unbitrium]] * [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Palestinos]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] * [[Marina]] * [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]] * [[Combatto]] * [[Conflicto]] * Ethica ** [[Vengiantia]] * [[Mantello]] * [[Lingua artificial]] * [[Systema]] == Altere == * Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos. [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] i9fbnd6uzwk9748ksslwluupd8sm62i 705336 705331 2026-11-01T10:58:39Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Espania */ 705336 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Babel|ia-2|io-1}} Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] * [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] * [[Bashar al-Assad]] * [[Erika Vélez]] * [[Pete Hegseth]] * [[Naomi Klein]] * [[Whitney Webb]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] * [[Navi Pillay]] * [[Antonio García-Trevijano]] * [[Valeria Racu]] * [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]] * [[JD Vance]] * [[Melania Trump]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastro del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] ** [[Movimento 15-M]] ** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]] ** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]] ** [[Alte Medievo del Peninsula Iberic]] ** [[Tarde Medievo in le Peninsula Iberic]] ** [[Plen Medievo del Peninsula Iberic]] ** [[Guerra de Hispania (416–418)]] ** [[Regno visigothic de Tolosa]] ** [[Historia antique del Peninsula Iberic]] ** [[Seculo Auree Espaniol]] ** [[Illuminismo en Espania]] ** [[Prime Republica Espaniol]] ** [[Restauracion borbonic in Espania]] ** [[Franquismo]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] ** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]] ** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] ** [[Folklore de Espania]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Casa de Su Majestate le Rege]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] ** Partitos politic *** [[Agenda Valenciana]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]] *** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Commando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographic National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] **** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]] **** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]] ** [[Advocato General del Stato]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]] ** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]] ** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]] ** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]] * Partitos politic ** [[Núcleo Nacional]] </div> </div> === Ecuador === * [[Alianza PAIS]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Pachakutik]] === Francia === * Historia ** [[Lutetia]] ** [[Revolution francese]] ** [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]] *** [[Union Syndicale Lycéenne]] * Architectura ** [[Turre Eiffel]] ** [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] ** [[Panthéon]] ** [[Opera Garnier]] ** [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] ** [[Palatio del Louvre]] ** [[Sainte-Chapelle]] ** [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] ** [[Campo de Marte]] ** [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] ** [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] ** [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] ** [[Palatio Bourbon]] ** [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] ** Ecclesias *** [[Ecclesia de Sainte-Croix de Cormeilles]] * Altere ** [[Archivos public in Francia]] ** [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] * [[Italia central]] * [[Italia insular]] * [[Mezzogiorno]] * [[Relievo de Italia]] * [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]] * [[Disordines italian de 2026]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Statos Unite === * Historia ** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]] * Fortias Armate del Statos Unite ** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]] * [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]] * [[Theorias conspirative in le politica del Statos Unite]] * [[Politica del Statos Unite|Politica]] ** [[Trumpismo]] ** [[Movimento MAGA]] ** [[Presidente del Statos Unite de America]] ** [[Prime dama del Statos Unite]] ** [[Conservatismo in le Statos Unite]] * Geographia ** [[Valle del Silicio]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Scientia e technologia === * [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]] ==== Intelligentia artificial ==== * [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]] * [[Intelligentia artificial generative]] * [[Apprendimento profunde]] * [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]] * [[Accelerationismo efficace]] ==== Biologia ==== * [[Hippopotamidae]] ==== Chimia ==== <div style="column-count:2; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2;"> * [[Isotopos del germanium]] * [[Isotopos del lanthano]] * [[Isotopos del nickel]] * [[Isotopos del cobalt]] * [[Isotopos del indium]] * [[Isotopos del lithium]] * [[Isotopos del krypton]] * [[Isotopos del natrium]] * [[Isotopos del sulfure]] * [[Isotopos del gallium]] * [[Isotopos del yttrium]] * [[Isotopos del niobium]] * [[Isotopos del rhodium]] * [[Isotopos del cesium]] * [[Isotopos del samarium]] * [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]] * [[Isotopos del gadolinium]] * [[Isotopos del chromium]] * [[Isotopos del selenium]] * [[Isotopos del scandium]] * [[Isotopos del titanium]] * [[Isotopos del rubidium]] * [[Isotopos del silicium]] * [[Isotopos del manganese]] * [[Isotopos del magnesium]] * [[Isotopos del radium]] * [[Isotopos del phosphoro]] * [[Isotopos del strontium]] * [[Ununennium]] </div> === Historia === {{div col|2}} * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] * [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]] ** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]] * [[Guerra civil yemenita]] ** [[Huthi]] *** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]] ** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]] *** [[Conflicto huthi–saudita]] * [[Gruppo Wagner]] * [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]] * [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]] ** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]] *** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]] *** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]] *** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]] *** [[Prime Intifada]] *** [[Secunde Intifada]] *** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]] *** [[Guerra de Gaza]] * [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]] ** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] *** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] ** [[Guerra de Irak]] ** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]] ** [[Stato Islamic]] *** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]] * [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]] ** [[Conflicto inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]] ** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]] ** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]] *** [[Schema del guerra Iran de 2026]] *** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] **** [[Crise del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] * [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]] * [[Revolution Gloriose]] * [[Guerra civil syrie]] * [[Congresso de Vienna]] * [[Crise del euro]] * [[Guerra contra le drogas]] ** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]] *** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]] * [[Protestas de Generation Z]] ** [[Protestas del Gen Z in Asia]] * [[Historia de America]] ** [[Historia de America del Nord]] ** [[Historia de America Central]] *** [[Historia de Belize]] *** [[Historia de Guatemala]] *** [[Historia de Honduras]] *** [[Historia de Nicaragua]] *** [[Historia de El Salvador]] *** [[Historia de Panama]] *** [[Historia de Costa Rica]] ** [[Historia del Caribe]] *** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]] *** [[Historia de Bahamas]] *** [[Historia de Barbados]] *** [[Historia de Cuba]] *** [[Historia de Grenada]] *** [[Historia de Haiti]] *** [[Historia de Dominica]] *** [[Historia de Jamaica]] *** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]] *** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]] ** [[Historia de America del Sud]] *** [[Historia de Chile]] *** [[Historia de Colombia]] *** [[Historia de Ecuador]] *** [[Historia de Guyana]] *** [[Historia de Paraguay]] *** [[Historia de Peru]] *** [[Historia de Suriname]] *** [[Historia de Uruguay]] *** [[Historia de Venezuela]] ** [[Historia de Europa]] *** [[Historia de Danmark]] *** [[Historia de Islanda]] *** [[Historia de Norvegia]] *** [[Historia de Svedia]] *** [[Historia de Finlandia]] *** [[Historia de Estonia]] *** [[Historia de Lettonia]] *** [[Historia de Lituania]] *** [[Historia del Republica de Irlanda]] *** [[Historia de Belgica]] *** [[Historia de Luxemburg]] *** [[Historia de Austria]] *** [[Historia de Russia]] *** [[Historia de Slovenia]] *** [[Historia de Polonia]] *** [[Historia del Republic Chec]] *** [[Historia de Slovachia]] *** [[Historia de Moldavia]] *** [[Historia de Croatia]] *** [[Historia de Monaco]] *** [[Historia de Hungaria]] *** [[Historia de Bielorussia]] *** [[Historia de Switza]] *** [[Historia de Liechtenstein]] *** [[Historia de Ukraina]] *** [[Historia de Romania]] *** [[Historia de Bulgaria]] *** [[Historia de San Marino]] *** [[Historia del Vaticano]] *** [[Historia de Bosnia e Herzegovina]] *** [[Historia de Macedonia del Nord]] *** [[Historia de Serbia]] *** [[Historia de Kosovo]] *** [[Historia de Montenegro]] *** [[Historia de Albania]] *** [[Historia de Turchia]] *** [[Historia de Cypro]] ** [[Historia de Asia]] *** [[Historia de Afghanistan]] *** [[Historia del Philippinas]] *** [[Historia de Azerbaijan]] **** [[Azerbaijan in le Alte Medievo]] ** [[Historia de Oceania]] {{div col end}} === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] * [[Neoplatonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] ** [[Ginza Rabba]] * [[Jesus in le manicheismo]] * [[Ramcharitmanas]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] * [[Iberoamerica]] * [[Antarctica]] * [[America]] * [[Africa]] * [[Oceania]] * [[Asia]] === Politica === * [[Khomeinismo]] === Meliorate === * [[San Marino]] * [[8 (numero)]] * [[5 (numero)]] * [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]] * [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]] * [[Gaetano Mercurio]] * [[Consonante palatal]] * [[Societate cooperative europee]] * [[Unbitrium]] * [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Palestinos]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] * [[Marina]] * [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]] * [[Combatto]] * [[Conflicto]] * Ethica ** [[Vengiantia]] * [[Mantello]] * [[Lingua artificial]] * [[Systema]] == Altere == * Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos. [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] ftml2b2mx82yqa4cj2yc35t4j0gijy9 705339 705336 2026-11-01T11:08:03Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Alteres */ 705339 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Babel|ia-2|io-1}} Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] * [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] * [[Bashar al-Assad]] * [[Erika Vélez]] * [[Pete Hegseth]] * [[Naomi Klein]] * [[Whitney Webb]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] * [[Navi Pillay]] * [[Antonio García-Trevijano]] * [[Valeria Racu]] * [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]] * [[JD Vance]] * [[Melania Trump]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastro del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] ** [[Movimento 15-M]] ** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]] ** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]] ** [[Alte Medievo del Peninsula Iberic]] ** [[Tarde Medievo in le Peninsula Iberic]] ** [[Plen Medievo del Peninsula Iberic]] ** [[Guerra de Hispania (416–418)]] ** [[Regno visigothic de Tolosa]] ** [[Historia antique del Peninsula Iberic]] ** [[Seculo Auree Espaniol]] ** [[Illuminismo en Espania]] ** [[Prime Republica Espaniol]] ** [[Restauracion borbonic in Espania]] ** [[Franquismo]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] ** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]] ** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] ** [[Folklore de Espania]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Casa de Su Majestate le Rege]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] ** Partitos politic *** [[Agenda Valenciana]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]] *** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Commando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographic National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] **** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]] **** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]] ** [[Advocato General del Stato]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]] ** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]] ** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]] ** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]] * Partitos politic ** [[Núcleo Nacional]] </div> </div> === Ecuador === * [[Alianza PAIS]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Pachakutik]] === Francia === * Historia ** [[Lutetia]] ** [[Revolution francese]] ** [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]] *** [[Union Syndicale Lycéenne]] * Architectura ** [[Turre Eiffel]] ** [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] ** [[Panthéon]] ** [[Opera Garnier]] ** [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] ** [[Palatio del Louvre]] ** [[Sainte-Chapelle]] ** [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] ** [[Campo de Marte]] ** [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] ** [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] ** [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] ** [[Palatio Bourbon]] ** [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] ** Ecclesias *** [[Ecclesia de Sainte-Croix de Cormeilles]] * Altere ** [[Archivos public in Francia]] ** [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] * [[Italia central]] * [[Italia insular]] * [[Mezzogiorno]] * [[Relievo de Italia]] * [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]] * [[Disordines italian de 2026]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Statos Unite === * Historia ** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]] * Fortias Armate del Statos Unite ** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]] * [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]] * [[Theorias conspirative in le politica del Statos Unite]] * [[Politica del Statos Unite|Politica]] ** [[Trumpismo]] ** [[Movimento MAGA]] ** [[Presidente del Statos Unite de America]] ** [[Prime dama del Statos Unite]] ** [[Conservatismo in le Statos Unite]] * Geographia ** [[Valle del Silicio]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Scientia e technologia === * [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]] ==== Intelligentia artificial ==== * [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]] * [[Intelligentia artificial generative]] * [[Apprendimento profunde]] * [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]] * [[Accelerationismo efficace]] ==== Biologia ==== * [[Hippopotamidae]] ==== Chimia ==== <div style="column-count:2; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2;"> * [[Isotopos del germanium]] * [[Isotopos del lanthano]] * [[Isotopos del nickel]] * [[Isotopos del cobalt]] * [[Isotopos del indium]] * [[Isotopos del lithium]] * [[Isotopos del krypton]] * [[Isotopos del natrium]] * [[Isotopos del sulfure]] * [[Isotopos del gallium]] * [[Isotopos del yttrium]] * [[Isotopos del niobium]] * [[Isotopos del rhodium]] * [[Isotopos del cesium]] * [[Isotopos del samarium]] * [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]] * [[Isotopos del gadolinium]] * [[Isotopos del chromium]] * [[Isotopos del selenium]] * [[Isotopos del scandium]] * [[Isotopos del titanium]] * [[Isotopos del rubidium]] * [[Isotopos del silicium]] * [[Isotopos del manganese]] * [[Isotopos del magnesium]] * [[Isotopos del radium]] * [[Isotopos del phosphoro]] * [[Isotopos del strontium]] * [[Ununennium]] </div> === Historia === {{div col|2}} * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] * [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]] ** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]] * [[Guerra civil yemenita]] ** [[Huthi]] *** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]] ** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]] *** [[Conflicto huthi–saudita]] * [[Gruppo Wagner]] * [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]] * [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]] ** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]] *** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]] *** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]] *** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]] *** [[Prime Intifada]] *** [[Secunde Intifada]] *** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]] *** [[Guerra de Gaza]] * [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]] ** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] *** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] ** [[Guerra de Irak]] ** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]] ** [[Stato Islamic]] *** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]] * [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]] ** [[Conflicto inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]] ** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]] ** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]] *** [[Schema del guerra Iran de 2026]] *** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] **** [[Crise del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] * [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]] * [[Revolution Gloriose]] * [[Guerra civil syrie]] * [[Congresso de Vienna]] * [[Crise del euro]] * [[Guerra contra le drogas]] ** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]] *** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]] * [[Protestas de Generation Z]] ** [[Protestas del Gen Z in Asia]] * [[Historia de America]] ** [[Historia de America del Nord]] ** [[Historia de America Central]] *** [[Historia de Belize]] *** [[Historia de Guatemala]] *** [[Historia de Honduras]] *** [[Historia de Nicaragua]] *** [[Historia de El Salvador]] *** [[Historia de Panama]] *** [[Historia de Costa Rica]] ** [[Historia del Caribe]] *** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]] *** [[Historia de Bahamas]] *** [[Historia de Barbados]] *** [[Historia de Cuba]] *** [[Historia de Grenada]] *** [[Historia de Haiti]] *** [[Historia de Dominica]] *** [[Historia de Jamaica]] *** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]] *** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]] ** [[Historia de America del Sud]] *** [[Historia de Chile]] *** [[Historia de Colombia]] *** [[Historia de Ecuador]] *** [[Historia de Guyana]] *** [[Historia de Paraguay]] *** [[Historia de Peru]] *** [[Historia de Suriname]] *** [[Historia de Uruguay]] *** [[Historia de Venezuela]] ** [[Historia de Europa]] *** [[Historia de Danmark]] *** [[Historia de Islanda]] *** [[Historia de Norvegia]] *** [[Historia de Svedia]] *** [[Historia de Finlandia]] *** [[Historia de Estonia]] *** [[Historia de Lettonia]] *** [[Historia de Lituania]] *** [[Historia del Republica de Irlanda]] *** [[Historia de Belgica]] *** [[Historia de Luxemburg]] *** [[Historia de Austria]] *** [[Historia de Russia]] *** [[Historia de Slovenia]] *** [[Historia de Polonia]] *** [[Historia del Republic Chec]] *** [[Historia de Slovachia]] *** [[Historia de Moldavia]] *** [[Historia de Croatia]] *** [[Historia de Monaco]] *** [[Historia de Hungaria]] *** [[Historia de Bielorussia]] *** [[Historia de Switza]] *** [[Historia de Liechtenstein]] *** [[Historia de Ukraina]] *** [[Historia de Romania]] *** [[Historia de Bulgaria]] *** [[Historia de San Marino]] *** [[Historia del Vaticano]] *** [[Historia de Bosnia e Herzegovina]] *** [[Historia de Macedonia del Nord]] *** [[Historia de Serbia]] *** [[Historia de Kosovo]] *** [[Historia de Montenegro]] *** [[Historia de Albania]] *** [[Historia de Turchia]] *** [[Historia de Cypro]] ** [[Historia de Asia]] *** [[Historia de Afghanistan]] *** [[Historia del Philippinas]] *** [[Historia de Azerbaijan]] **** [[Azerbaijan in le Alte Medievo]] ** [[Historia de Oceania]] {{div col end}} === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] * [[Neoplatonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] ** [[Ginza Rabba]] * [[Jesus in le manicheismo]] * [[Ramcharitmanas]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] * [[Iberoamerica]] * [[Antarctica]] * [[America]] * [[Africa]] * [[Oceania]] * [[Asia]] === Politica === * [[Khomeinismo]] === Meliorate === * [[San Marino]] * [[8 (numero)]] * [[5 (numero)]] * [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]] * [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]] * [[Gaetano Mercurio]] * [[Consonante palatal]] * [[Societate cooperative europee]] * [[Unbitrium]] * [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Palestinos]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] * [[Marina]] * [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]] * [[Combatto]] * [[Conflicto]] * Ethica ** [[Vengiantia]] * [[Mantello]] * [[Lingua artificial]] * [[Systema]] * [[Talossa]] == Altere == * Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos. [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] c304j9uy2d18bn09d0mhehkwzby1tfm 705347 705339 2026-11-01T11:27:51Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Alteres */ 705347 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Babel|ia-2|io-1}} Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] * [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] * [[Bashar al-Assad]] * [[Erika Vélez]] * [[Pete Hegseth]] * [[Naomi Klein]] * [[Whitney Webb]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] * [[Navi Pillay]] * [[Antonio García-Trevijano]] * [[Valeria Racu]] * [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]] * [[JD Vance]] * [[Melania Trump]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastro del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] ** [[Movimento 15-M]] ** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]] ** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]] ** [[Alte Medievo del Peninsula Iberic]] ** [[Tarde Medievo in le Peninsula Iberic]] ** [[Plen Medievo del Peninsula Iberic]] ** [[Guerra de Hispania (416–418)]] ** [[Regno visigothic de Tolosa]] ** [[Historia antique del Peninsula Iberic]] ** [[Seculo Auree Espaniol]] ** [[Illuminismo en Espania]] ** [[Prime Republica Espaniol]] ** [[Restauracion borbonic in Espania]] ** [[Franquismo]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] ** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]] ** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] ** [[Folklore de Espania]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Casa de Su Majestate le Rege]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] ** Partitos politic *** [[Agenda Valenciana]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]] *** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Commando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographic National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] **** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]] **** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]] ** [[Advocato General del Stato]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]] ** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]] ** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]] ** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]] * Partitos politic ** [[Núcleo Nacional]] </div> </div> === Ecuador === * [[Alianza PAIS]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Pachakutik]] === Francia === * Historia ** [[Lutetia]] ** [[Revolution francese]] ** [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]] *** [[Union Syndicale Lycéenne]] * Architectura ** [[Turre Eiffel]] ** [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] ** [[Panthéon]] ** [[Opera Garnier]] ** [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] ** [[Palatio del Louvre]] ** [[Sainte-Chapelle]] ** [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] ** [[Campo de Marte]] ** [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] ** [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] ** [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] ** [[Palatio Bourbon]] ** [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] ** Ecclesias *** [[Ecclesia de Sainte-Croix de Cormeilles]] * Altere ** [[Archivos public in Francia]] ** [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] * [[Italia central]] * [[Italia insular]] * [[Mezzogiorno]] * [[Relievo de Italia]] * [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]] * [[Disordines italian de 2026]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Statos Unite === * Historia ** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]] * Fortias Armate del Statos Unite ** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]] * [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]] * [[Theorias conspirative in le politica del Statos Unite]] * [[Politica del Statos Unite|Politica]] ** [[Trumpismo]] ** [[Movimento MAGA]] ** [[Presidente del Statos Unite de America]] ** [[Prime dama del Statos Unite]] ** [[Conservatismo in le Statos Unite]] * Geographia ** [[Valle del Silicio]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Scientia e technologia === * [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]] ==== Intelligentia artificial ==== * [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa 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** [[Historia de Asia]] *** [[Historia de Afghanistan]] *** [[Historia del Philippinas]] *** [[Historia de Azerbaijan]] **** [[Azerbaijan in le Alte Medievo]] ** [[Historia de Oceania]] {{div col end}} === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] * [[Neoplatonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] ** [[Ginza Rabba]] * [[Jesus in le manicheismo]] * [[Ramcharitmanas]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] * [[Iberoamerica]] * [[Antarctica]] * [[America]] * [[Africa]] * [[Oceania]] * [[Asia]] === Politica === * [[Khomeinismo]] === Meliorate === * [[San Marino]] * [[8 (numero)]] * [[5 (numero)]] * [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]] * [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]] * [[Gaetano Mercurio]] * [[Consonante palatal]] * [[Societate cooperative europee]] * [[Unbitrium]] * [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Palestinos]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] * [[Marina]] * [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]] * [[Combatto]] * [[Conflicto]] * Ethica ** [[Vengiantia]] * [[Mantello]] * [[Lingua artificial]] * [[Systema]] * [[Talossa]] * [[Velocitate supersonic]] == Altere == * Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos. [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] gxtd4o61w2razowy7kx860hfry55ejr 0 61826 705342 702217 2026-11-01T11:14:39Z Interlingvisto 60932 705342 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Implantation del Republica Portugese''' esseva le processo revolutionari que conduceva al abolition del [[monarchia]] constitutional e al establimento del regime republicane in [[Portugal]] le 5 de octobre 1910. Le revolution habeva su centro in [[Lisbona]], ubi le insurrection comenciava in le prime horas del 4 de octobre e terminava con le proclamation del Republica le matino del 5 de octobre, al balcon del [[Câmara Municipal de Lisbona]]. Le nove regime es cognoscite como le Prime Republica Portugese, que durava usque al colpo de Stato del 28 de maio 1926. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.museu.presidencia.pt/pt/conhecer/simbolos-nacionais/implantacao-da-republica/ |titulo=Implantação da República |sitioweb=Museu da Presidência da República |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://antt.dglab.gov.pt/exposicoes-virtuais-2/100-anos-de-republica/ |titulo=100 Anos de República |sitioweb=Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Antecedentes == Le ideas republicane se diffundeva in Portugal durante le ultime decennios del 19e seculo. Le republicanismo ganiava nove impulso post le Ultimato britan le 11 de januario 1890, que esseva percipite per multe sectores como un humiliation national e contribueva al crise del monarchia. Desde le initio del 20e seculo, le ideas republicane esseva propagandate plus systematicamente per le Partido Republicano Portugese, per le centros republicane e per le comicios public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.museu.presidencia.pt/pt/conhecer/simbolos-nacionais/implantacao-da-republica/ |titulo=Implantação da República |sitioweb=Museu da Presidência da República |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le crise politic esseva aggravate per le difficultates del monarchia de Carlos I e per le instabilitate governamental. Le regime esseva dominate per le alternantia del partidos traditional, le Partido Regenerador e le Partido Progressista, durante que le movimento republicane ganava influentia specialmente in le centros urban. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.parlamento.pt/Parlamento/Documents/bib/Cartaz_5_out.pdf |titulo=5 de Outubro de 1910 – Implantação da República Portuguesa |sitioweb=Assembleia da República – Biblioteca Passos Manuel |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Un altere evento decisive esseva le regicidio del 1 de februario 1908, quando le rey Carlos I e le prince hereditari Luís Filipe esseva assassinate in Lisbona. Le Museu da Presidência nota que le assassinato provocava divisiones inter le republicanos, ma que le deterioration del situation politic contribueva al desenvolvimento del conspiration contra le monarchia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.museu.presidencia.pt/pt/conhecer/simbolos-nacionais/implantacao-da-republica/ |titulo=Implantação da República |sitioweb=Museu da Presidência da República |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Preparation del revolution == {{Historia de Portugal}} Le preparation del insurrection esseva intensificate durante 1909 e 1910. Le conspiratores republicane collaborate con elementos del Exercito e del Marina, durante que sociedades secret como le Carbonaria e certe circulos del [[Francmasoneria]] habeva un rolo in le preparation del movimento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.museu.presidencia.pt/pt/conhecer/simbolos-nacionais/implantacao-da-republica/ |titulo=Implantação da República |sitioweb=Museu da Presidência da República |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le insurrection esseva concebite como un action militar e civil que debeva provocar le cadita del monarchia e establir un regime republicane. Le preparation esseva caracterisate per le participation de diverse tendentias del republicanismo e per le cooperation con militares favorabile al revolution. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://antt.dglab.gov.pt/exposicoes-virtuais-2/100-anos-de-republica/ |titulo=100 Anos de República |sitioweb=Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Revolution del 4 e 5 de octobre 1910 == Le insurrection comenciava in [[Lisbona]] in le prime horas del 4 de octobre 1910. Le combats se diffundeva in plure punctos strategic del citate. Le principal zonas del confrontation includeva le Terreiro do Paço, le [[Rotunda]] e le areas proxime del centre politic e militar del capital. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.museu.presidencia.pt/pt/conhecer/simbolos-nacionais/implantacao-da-republica/ |titulo=Implantação da República |sitioweb=Museu da Presidência da República |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le situation esseva inicialmente incerta. Le forces republicane incontrava difficultates e plure incidentes quasi faceva fallir le insurrection. Tamen, le forces fidel al monarchia non riusciva a utilisar iste contratempos pro restaurar le controlo del citate, e le movemento revolutionari manteneva positiones sufficient pro continuar le operationes. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.museu.presidencia.pt/pt/conhecer/simbolos-nacionais/implantacao-da-republica/ |titulo=Implantação da República |sitioweb=Museu da Presidência da República |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le 5 de octobre 1910, le Republica esseva proclamate publicamente in Lisbona. Secundo le Museu da Presidência, le proclamation esseva facite del balcon del Paços do Concelho de Lisbona. Le Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo fixa le hora del proclamation a circa 9:00 del matino. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.museu.presidencia.pt/pt/conhecer/simbolos-nacionais/implantacao-da-republica/ |titulo=Implantação da República |sitioweb=Museu da Presidência da República |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://antt.dglab.gov.pt/exposicoes-virtuais-2/100-anos-de-republica/ |titulo=100 Anos de República |sitioweb=Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le proclamation marca le fin del monarchia constitutional portugese e le establimento del regime republicane. Le ultime rey, Manuel II, esseva deposte e partiva de Portugal, durante que le nove autoritates assumeva le direction del Stato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.museu.presidencia.pt/pt/conhecer/simbolos-nacionais/implantacao-da-republica/ |titulo=Implantação da República |sitioweb=Museu da Presidência da República |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Governo Provisorie == Post le proclamation, esseva formate un Governo Provisorie dirigite per Teófilo Braga. Le nove autoritates debeva organisar le nove regime, garantir le continuitate del administration e preparar le convocation de un assemblea incaricate de elaborar un constitution republicane. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.parlamento.pt/Parlamento/Paginas/republica.aspx |titulo=1.ª República |sitioweb=Assembleia da República |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le prime governo comprendeva figuras importante del republicanismo portugese, inter illes António José de Almeida, Afonso Costa, Bernardino Machado, José Relvas e Correia Barreto. Le prime Governo Provisorie se occupava del reorganisation del Stato e del preparation del nove regime constitutional. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.parlamento.pt/ArquivoDocumentacao/Documents/jornalConstituinte.pdf |titulo=Diário da Assembleia Constituinte |sitioweb=Assembleia da República |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le nove regime adoptava etiam nove symbolos national, includente un nove drapello e un nove hymne, in substitution del symbolos del monarchia. Le Parlamento documenta que le prime decisiones del nove regime includeva le abolition del monarchia e le adoption del nove bandeira e hymne national. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.parlamento.pt/DAR/Paginas/HistoriaJornal.aspx |titulo=História do jornal oficial do Parlamento |sitioweb=Assembleia da República |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Assemblea Constituente e Constitution de 1911 == Post le revolution, esseva necessari elaborar un nove constitution que establisse le fundamentos del regime republicane. Le Assemblea National Constituente esseva eligite in 1911 e se reuniva in Lisbona. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.parlamento.pt/Parlamento/Paginas/PercursosConstituicao.aspx |titulo=Exposição virtual «As Constituições» |sitioweb=Assembleia da República |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Constitution Politic del Republica Portugese de 1911 esseva votate e approbate le 21 de augusto 1911. Illa consacrava le sovranitate del Nation, le election directe del Parlamento e le separation e division del poteres politic. Tamen, le suffragio non esseva ancora universal e le feminas, le analphabetos e certe militares non habeva le derecto de voto in le conditiones del nove systema. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://ahpweb.parlamento.pt/Detalhe/?id=84298&pesq=ps&t=4&tx=assembleia+AND+nacional |titulo=Constituição Política da República Portuguesa (1911) |sitioweb=Arquivo Histórico Parlamentar |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Post le approbation del Constitution, le Assemblea Constituente se transformava in le Congresso del Republica, dividite in un Camara del Deputatos e un Senato. Le Parlamento eligeva le prime Presidente del Republica, Manuel de Arriaga, per suffragio indirecte in session conjuncte del Congresso. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.parlamento.pt/Parlamento/Paginas/PercursosConstituicao.aspx |titulo=Exposição virtual «As Constituições» |sitioweb=Assembleia da República |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Consequentias politic == Le Implantation del Republica inaugurava un nove periodo del historia politic portugese. Le Prime Republica esseva caracterisate per un systema constitutional republicane, un forte rolo del Parlamento e importantes transformationes in le relationes inter le Stato e le [[Ecclesia Catholic]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.parlamento.pt/Parlamento/Paginas/republica.aspx |titulo=1.ª República |sitioweb=Assembleia da República |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le nove regime establiva inter su principios le separation del poteres, le derectos e libertates individual e le separation del Stato e del Ecclesias. Le Parlamento mentiona tamben le ensino primari obligatori e gratuite e le confirmation del abolition del pena de morte inter le principios del nove era politic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.parlamento.pt/DAR/Paginas/HistoriaJornal.aspx |titulo=História do jornal oficial do Parlamento |sitioweb=Assembleia da República |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Prime Republica non esseva tamen un periodo politic stabile. Le regime se concludeva le 28 de maio 1926, quando un colpo de Stato militar dissolveva le Parlamento e establiva un regime de dictatura militar. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.parlamento.pt/Parlamento/Paginas/republica.aspx |titulo=1.ª República |sitioweb=Assembleia da República |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Commemoration == Le 5 de octobre deveniva le data emblematic del Republica Portugese e continua a esser le die national associate al Implantation del Republica. Le Assembleia da República organiza exposiciones e activitates commemorative dedicate al 5 de octobre e al historia del Prime Republica. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.parlamento.pt/Paginas/2024/outubro/5-de-Outubro-na-Assembleia-da-Republica.aspx |titulo=5 de Outubro na Assembleia da República |sitioweb=Assembleia da República |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le evento ha un position central in le memoria historic del Portugal contemporanee, perque marca le passage del monarchia al regime republicane e le initio del prime periodo republicane del 20e seculo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.museu.presidencia.pt/pt/conhecer/simbolos-nacionais/implantacao-da-republica/ |titulo=Implantação da República |sitioweb=Museu da Presidência da República |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Referentias == <references /> [[Categoria:Historia politic de Portugal]] [[Categoria:1910 in Portugal]] [[Categoria:Dias festive de Portugal]] [[Categoria:Colpos de stato in Portugal]] [[Categoria:Regicidio de 1908]] [[Categoria:Prime Republica portugese]] [[Categoria:Conflictos in 1910]] [[Categoria:Anticatholicismo in Portugal]] qe2bya7k1nr15jsx595jutp0zw84524 0 62039 705357 703756 2026-11-01T11:50:28Z Interlingvisto 60932 705357 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''conflicto inter Israel e le Banda de Gaza''' es un conflicto armate e politic inter [[Israel]] e gruppos armate palestin active in le [[Banda de Gaza]], specialmente [[Hamas]] e le [[Jihad Islamic Palestin]]. Illo forma parte del plus longe [[conflicto israelita-palestin]] e ha essite characterisate per attaccos con missiles, operationes militar israelita, restrictiones al movemento de personas e benes, e plure guerras de grande extension. Le conflicto ha includite operationes militar importante in 2006, 2008–2009, 2012, 2014, 2021 e 2023. Le escalation comenciate le 7 de octobre 2023, post un attacco de Hamas e altere gruppos armate contra Israel, conduceva a un guerra de grande extension in le Banda de Gaza, con destructiones massive, un numero elevate de victimas e un grave crise humanitari. Un cessate le foco entrava in vigor le 10 de octobre 2025 e poneva fin al major parte del hostilitate a grande scala. Nonobstante, le violentia non cessava completemente, e le questiones del disarmamento de Hamas, del retirada israelita, del governamento del territorio e del reconstruction remaneva in disputa in 2026.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.un.org/unispal/timeline/ |titulo=The Question of Palestine: Timeline of Events |sitioweb=Organisation del Nationes Unite |accesso=9 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.un.org/unispal/document/unsco-report-to-the-ad-hoc-liaison-committee-september-2026/ |titulo=UNSCO Report to the Ad Hoc Liaison Committee – September 2026 |sitioweb=Organisation del Nationes Unite |fecha=24 de septembre 2026 |accesso=9 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Antecedentes == === Gaza ante 2005 === Le Banda de Gaza es un territorio costal al sud-west de Israel, al nord-est del [[Sinai]] e al longe del [[Mar Mediterranee]]. Illo es habitate majoritariamente per palestinos, includente familias descendente de refugiatos del guerra de 1948. Israel occupava Gaza durante le [[Guerra del Sex Dies]] de 1967, insimul con le Cisjordania e Jerusalem Est. Durante le decennios sequente, Israel establiva colonias in le territorio e exerceva controlo militar super illo. Le population palestin experimentava restrictiones al movemento e confrontos recurrente con le fortias israelita. Durante le [[Prime Intifada]] e le [[Secunde Intifada]], le Banda de Gaza deveniva un del principal zonas de confrontation inter le fortias israelita e le gruppos palestin. Le violentia includeva attaccos contra civiles, operationes militar, arrestos, destructiones e protestas. === Retirada israelita de 2005 === In 2005, Israel retirava su colonos e su fortias terrestre permanentemente stationate intra le Banda de Gaza. Israel declarava que iste retirada terminava su occupation del territorio. Le Nationes Unite continuava a considerar Gaza parte del territorio palestin occupate, in consideration del controlo exercite per Israel super elementos essential del accesso al territorio. Post le retirada, Israel manteneva un controlo importante super le spatio aerie e le accesso maritime de Gaza, assi como super le major parte del passages frontalier. Egypto controllava le passage de Rafah al sud, con restrictiones que variava secundo le situation politic e securitari. Le retirada non conduceva a un accordo definitive inter Israel e le palestinos. Le questiones del securitate, del blockade, del colonias in le altere territorios palestin e del creation de un Stato palestin independente remaneva sin solution.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.un.org/unispal/history/ |titulo=History of the Question of Palestine |sitioweb=Organisation del Nationes Unite |accesso=9 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Hamas e le division politic palestin == Hamas, un movimento islamista palestin fundate in 1987, vinceva le electiones legislative palestin de 2006. Le resultato provocava un crise politic con [[Fatah]] e con le [[Autoritate National Palestin]]. In 2007, post confrontos armate inter Hamas e Fatah, Hamas assumeva le controlo de facto del Banda de Gaza. Le Autoritate National Palestin, dominata per Fatah, continuava a administrar partes del Cisjordania. Israel intensificava le restrictiones al movemento de personas e benes, mantenente un blockade terrestre, maritime e aerie. Egypto imponeva etiam restrictiones al passage de Rafah. Israel justificava le mesuras per le necessitate de impedir le contrabando de armas e limitar le capacitate militar de Hamas. Le Nationes Unite e organisationes humanitari sublineava le effectos del blockade super le economia, le libertate de movemento e le conditiones de vita del population civil.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.ochaopt.org/content/gaza-strip-humanitarian-impact-15-years-blockade-june-2022 |titulo=Gaza Strip: The Humanitarian Impact of 15 Years of the Blockade |sitioweb=UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs |fecha=30 de junio 2022 |accesso=9 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Escaladas militar ante 2023 == === Operation ''Cast Lead'' (2008–2009) === In decembre 2008, Israel initiava un grande operation militar contra Hamas in Gaza, cognoscite como [[Operation Cast Lead]]. Le operation comenciava con attaccos aeree e esseva sequite per incursiones terrestre. Le confrontationes durava circa tres septimanas e causava numerose victimas, includente civiles palestin, e damnos importante a habitationes e infrastructuras. Hamas e altere gruppos continuava a lanzar missiles contra Israel. Le Consilio de Securitate del Nationes Unite adoptava le resolution 1860 in januario 2009, demandante un cessate le foco immediate e durable e le accesso de adjuta humanitari.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.un.org/unispal/timeline/ |titulo=The Question of Palestine: Timeline of Events |sitioweb=Organisation del Nationes Unite |accesso=9 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Operation ''Pillar of Defense'' (2012) === In novembre 2012, Israel initiava un nove operation militar contra Gaza, cognoscite como [[Operation Pillar of Defense]]. Le operation includeva attaccos aeree contra objectivos associate a Hamas e altere gruppos armate. Le gruppos palestin respondeva con missiles contra Israel. Un cessate le foco, facilitate per Egypto e altere actores international, poneva fin al major parte del confrontationes post circa octo dies. === Operation Margine Protective (2014) === In julio 2014, Israel initiava le operation [[Operation Margine Protective]] post un periodo de tensiones crescente, attaccos con missiles e altere incidents securitari. Le operation includeva bombardamentos aeree e un offensive terrestre. Le guerra durava circa cinquanta dies e causava un grande numero de victimas palestin e israelita, assi como destructiones massive in Gaza. Le operation affectava habitationes, hospitales, scholas e altere infrastructuras civil. Le conflicto de 2014 deveniva un del confrontationes plus destructiv inter Israel e Hamas ante 2023. Le reconstruction post le guerra esseva complicate per le blockade, le manco de financiation e le restrictiones al entrata de materiales.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.un.org/unispal/history/ |titulo=History of the Question of Palestine |sitioweb=Organisation del Nationes Unite |accesso=9 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Escaladas de 2018–2021 === In 2018, le protestas cognoscite como le [[Grande Marcha del Retorno]] comenciava al longe del barriera inter Gaza e Israel. Le protestas includeva demandas concernente le derecto de retorno del refugiatos palestin e le fin del blockade. Le fortias israelita respondeva con uso de fortia, causante mortes e ferimentos inter le participantes. In maio 2021, un nove escalation comenciava post tensiones in Jerusalem e altere incidents. Israel initiava attaccos aeree contra Gaza, durante que Hamas e altere gruppos armate lanzava missiles contra citates israelita. Le confrontationes durava circa dece-un dies e causava victimas, destructiones e displacementos. In 2022 e 2023, altere confrontationes occurreva inter Israel e gruppos armate palestin, includente operationes israelita contra le Jihad Islamic Palestin. Le situation securitari remaneva instabile ante octobre 2023.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n23/260/71/pdf/n2326071.pdf |titulo=Report concerning the situation in the occupied Palestinian territory |sitioweb=Organisation del Nationes Unite |accesso=9 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Le attacco del 7 de octobre 2023 == Le 7 de octobre 2023, Hamas e altere gruppos armate palestin initiava un attacco coordinate contra Israel. Le attaccantes transpassava le barriera circum Gaza e attaccava communitates, bases militar e un festival de musica. Illes occideva circa 1 200 personas e prendeva 251 ostages, secundo le cifras largemente citate per le autoritates israelita. Le victimas includeva civiles e membros del fortias de securitate. Le attacco e le presa de ostages provocava un shock profunde in Israel e condemnationes international. Israel declarava un stato de guerra e annunciava que su objectivos includeva le destruction del capacitate militar e governamental de Hamas e le retorno del ostages. Le attacco deveniva le causa immediate del offensive israelita a grande scala in Gaza.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.un.org/unispal/timeline/ |titulo=The Question of Palestine: Timeline of Events |sitioweb=Organisation del Nationes Unite |accesso=9 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Le guerra de Gaza desde 2023 == {{AP|Guerra de Gaza}} === Offensive israelita === Post le attacco, Israel initiava bombardamentos intense contra Gaza, sequite per incursiones terrestre. Le operationes affectava le major parte del territorio e causava destructiones de habitationes, hospitales, scholas, vias e infrastructuras essential. Israel declarava que le operationes mirava a Hamas e altere gruppos armate. Hamas e altere actores palestin contestava plure justificationes israelita. Le effectos super le population civil, le proportionalitate del uso del fortia e le protection del infrastructuras humanitari deveniva subjectos de debatte e scrutinio juridic international. === Consequentias humanitari === Le guerra causava un numero multo elevate de mortes e ferimentos palestin. Le population esseva displaciate repetitemente per ordines de evacuation, operationes militar e destruction de habitationes. Le restrictiones al entrata de alimento, aqua, combustibile, medicinas e materiales de reconstruction, combinate con le destruction de infrastructuras, provocava un crise humanitari grave. Le hospitales functionava con capacitate reducite e le provision de servicios medical esseva severemente perturbate. Post le cessate le foco de octobre 2025, le necessitates sanitari remaneva enorme e le capacitate del systema de sanitate continuava a esser limitate. Le population necessitava assistentia medical, rehabilitation e supporto psychologic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/situations/middle-east-conflict |titulo=Middle East Conflict |sitioweb=Organisation Mundial del Sanitate |accesso=9 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Ostages e detenitos === Le liberation del ostages israelita deveniva un del questiones principal del negotiationes. Durante le guerra, plure accordos temporari permitteva le liberation de ostages e de detenitos palestin. Le prime phase del cessate le foco de octobre 2025 conduceva al retorno de tote le ostages israelita restante e de lor restos, secundo le reporto del Nationes Unite. Le accordo includeva etiam le liberation de detenitos palestin e un augmento del adjuta humanitari.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.un.org/unispal/document/unsco-report-to-the-ad-hoc-liaison-committee-september-2026/ |titulo=UNSCO Report to the Ad Hoc Liaison Committee – September 2026 |sitioweb=Organisation del Nationes Unite |fecha=24 de septembre 2026 |accesso=9 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Cessate le foco de octobre 2025 == Le 10 de octobre 2025 entrava in vigor un cessate le foco associate a un plano de pace promovite per le Statos Unite. Le prime phase includeva le suspension del major parte del hostilitate a grande scala, le retorno del ostages, le liberation de detenitos palestin e un augmento del adjuta humanitari. Le plano includeva etiam phases ulterior concernente le disarmamento de Hamas, le retirada progressiva del fortias israelita, le establimento de un administration transitional e le reconstruction de Gaza. Nonobstante, le implementation del phases ulterior remaneva incomplete in 2026. Le Nationes Unite reportava que le attaccos aeree, le bombardamentos, le attaccos con dronos e le operationes terrestre continuava. Le population civil continuava a suffrer mortes, displacementos e restrictiones al accesso al territorio. Circa duo tertios del Banda de Gaza remaneva inaccessible o subjecte a restrictiones sever de accesso.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.un.org/unispal/document/unsco-report-to-the-ad-hoc-liaison-committee-september-2026/ |titulo=UNSCO Report to the Ad Hoc Liaison Committee – September 2026 |sitioweb=Organisation del Nationes Unite |fecha=24 de septembre 2026 |accesso=9 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Blockade e conditiones economic == Le restrictiones al movemento de personas e benes precedeva le guerra de 2023, ma esseva significativamente intensificate post le presa de controlo de Gaza per Hamas in 2007. Israel declarava que le blockade era necessari pro impedir le contrabando de armas e prevenir attaccos. Le autoritates egyptian imponeva etiam restrictiones al passage de Rafah. Le Nationes Unite e organisationes humanitari documentava le effectos del restrictiones super le economia de Gaza, le accesso al servicios e le possibilitate de viagiar al exterior. Le economia de Gaza deveniva dependente de adjuta international e de un mercato fortemente restringite. Le blockade limitava le importation de materias prime e equipamento e complicava le exportation de productos. Le destructiones causate per le guerras successive aggravava le situation economic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.ochaopt.org/content/gaza-strip-humanitarian-impact-15-years-blockade-june-2022 |titulo=Gaza Strip: The Humanitarian Impact of 15 Years of the Blockade |sitioweb=UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs |fecha=30 de junio 2022 |accesso=9 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Consequentias regional == Le conflicto inter Israel e Gaza habeva effectos ultra le territorio. Le confrontos al frontiera inter Israel e Libano, includente le participation de Hezbollah, provocava displacementos e destructiones. Attaccos in le Mar Rubie e altere partes del region affectava le navigation commercial e le securitate maritime. Le guerra aggravava etiam le tensiones inter Israel e Iran e inter le Statos Unite e actores regional associate con Iran. Le diplomatia international cercava de evitar que le confrontationes se transformava in un guerra regional plus ample. == Derecto international e controversias == Le conflicto provocava debates super le application del derecto international humanitari, le protection del civiles, le proportionalitate del operationes militar, le accesso al adjuta e le obligationes de tote le partes. Le derecto international humanitari require que le partes distingue inter civiles e combatentes, evita attaccos indiscriminate e prende precau­tiones pro limitar le damnos al population civil. Illo prohibi le presa de ostages e le attaccos intentional contra civiles. Le attacco del 7 de octobre 2023, includente le occision de civiles e le presa de ostages, esseva condemnate internationalmente. Le operationes israelita e le restrictiones al adjuta esseva etiam subjectos a investigationes, criticas e proceduras juridic international. Le allegationes de violationes del derecto international e le responsabilitate individual debe esser evaluate per le institutiones juridic competente. Le accusationes e interpretationes politic non constitue per se decisiones juridic definitive. == Reconstruction e futuro politic == Le reconstruction de Gaza require le reparation de habitationes, hospitales, scholas, vias, systemas de aqua e infrastructuras de energia. Illo necessita etiam le removal de residuos e munitiones non explodite, le restoration del servicios public e le creation de conditiones secur pro le retorno del population displaciate. Le plano de pace de 2025 prevideva un administration transitional e le coordination international del reconstruction. Nonobstante, le disaccordos concernente le disarmamento de Hamas, le retirada israelita e le futuro del governamento palestin retardava le implementation. Le question del governamento remaneva central. Hamas habeva exercite le controlo de facto de Gaza desde 2007, durante que le Autoritate National Palestin administrava partes del Cisjordania. Le plano international prevideva un administration palestin technic e arrangiamentos de securitate transitional, ma le transferentia effective del autoritate remaneva incomplete in septembre 2026.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.un.org/unispal/document/unsco-report-to-the-ad-hoc-liaison-committee-september-2026/ |titulo=UNSCO Report to the Ad Hoc Liaison Committee – September 2026 |sitioweb=Organisation del Nationes Unite |fecha=24 de septembre 2026 |accesso=9 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} {{Cassa de campania del guerra de Iran de 2026}} [[Categoria:Conflicto israelita-palestin ]] [[Categoria:Historia de Israel]] [[Categoria:Historia de Palestina]] [[Categoria:Banda de Gaza]] [[Categoria:Guerras]] [[Categoria:Medio Oriente]] [[Categoria:Conflicto Gaza-Israel| ]] [[Categoria:Conflictos]] [[Categoria:Conflicto per procura inter Iran e Israel]] [[Categoria:Guerras involvente le Stato Islamic]] [[Categoria:Guerras de religion]] [[Categoria:Articulos continente clips de video]] [[Categoria:Battalias in 2023]] py3xhaft0ks2yo46jfeyeqeihgikbbs 0 62052 705356 703799 2026-11-01T11:50:15Z Interlingvisto 60932 705356 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024''' esseva un serie de confrontationes militar directe inter [[Iran]] e [[Israel]], que occurreva principalmente in april e octobre 2024, in le contexto del guerra regional associate al [[Guerra de Gaza]]. Le eventos principal includeva le attacco contra le complex diplomatic iranian in [[Damascus]] le 1 de april, le attacco iranian contra Israel durante le nocte del 13 al 14 de april, le responsa israelian contra objectivos in Iran le 19 de april e un nove attacco iranian con missiles balistic le 1 de octobre, sequite per attaccos aeree israelian contra installationes militar iranian le 26 de octobre. Iste eventos marcava un cambiamento importante in le confrontation inter le duo paises, que antea se habeva disveloppate principalmente per operationes clandestin, attaccos contra objectivos in territorios de tertie paises e actiones de gruppos armate alliates. Le attaccos directe non conduceva a un guerra continue durante tote le anno, ma augmentava le risco de un confrontation regional plus large.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://press.un.org/en/2024/sc15660.doc.htm |titulo=Warning Middle East at Risk of Full-Scale Conflict, Secretary-General Urges All Parties to ‘Step Back from the Brink’ |sitioweb=Nationes Unite |fecha=14 de april 2024 |accesso=9 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-launches-drone-attack-israel-expected-unfold-over-hours-2024-04-13/ |titulo=Iran launches retaliatory attack on Israel with hundreds of drones, missiles |sitioweb=Reuters |fecha=13 de april 2024 |accesso=9 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://apnews.com/article/0920f63542d158ad5999c481e421da00 |titulo=Israel strikes Iran as payback for missile attack, risking escalation of Mideast wars |sitioweb=Associated Press |fecha=26 de octobre 2024 |accesso=9 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Contexto == Le confrontation inter Iran e Israel faceva parte de un rivalitate regional de longe duration. Iran supportava plure actores armate que se opponeva a Israel, inter illes [[Hezbollah]] in Libano, [[Hamas]] in le [[Banda de Gaza]] e altere gruppos active in le region. Israel, de su parte, habeva realisate durante annos attaccos contra installationes e personal iranian, specialmente in [[Syria]], ubi Iran habeva developpate un presentia militar in supporto del governamento de [[Bashar al-Assad]]. Le programma nuclear iranian esseva un altere fonte major de tension. Israel considerava le possibilitate que Iran developpava armas nuclear un menacia a su securitate, durante que Iran affirmava que su programma nuclear habeva fines pacific. Le sanctiones international, le operationes clandestin e le attaccos contra infrastructuras e personal scientific augmentava le confrontation. Le guerra initiate in Gaza post le attaccos del 7 de octobre 2023 de Hamas contra Israel augmentava le tension regional. Le confrontos inter Israel e Hezbollah, le attaccos contra fortias statounitese in le region e le operationes contra objectivos iranian in Syria creava un ambiente in le qual un incidente major inter Iran e Israel poteva provocar un escalation directe. == Attacco contra le complex diplomatic iranian in Damascus == Le 1 de april 2024, un attacco aeree contra un edificio associate al complex diplomatic iranian in [[Damascus]], Syria, occideva plure personas, includente membros de alte rango del [[Corpo de Guardianos del Revolution Islamic]] (IRGC). Inter le mortos se trovava le general Mohammad Reza Zahedi e altere officieres del IRGC. Iran attribueva le attacco a Israel e lo denunciava como un violation del suverenitate syria e del protection accordate al installationes diplomatic. Israel non assumeva publicamente le responsabilitate del operation in un declaration official, ma le attacco esseva largemente attribuite a su fortias per medios de communication e analyses international.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://press.un.org/en/2024/sgsm22181.doc.htm |titulo=Secretary-General Condemns Attack on Diplomatic Premises of Iran in Damascus |sitioweb=Nationes Unite |fecha=2 de april 2024 |accesso=9 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/1/several-killed-in-israeli-strike-on-iranian-consulate-in-damascus-reports |titulo=Israeli strike on Iran’s Syria consulate kills 7, including 2 IRGC generals |sitioweb=Al Jazeera |fecha=1 de april 2024 |accesso=9 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le attacco provocava un crise diplomatic e militar. Le dirigentes iranian declarava que le pais respondera e que le attacco non remanerea sin consequentias. Durante le dies sequente, plure governos appellava a le restraintia pro impedir un confrontation directe. == Attacco iranian del 13–14 de april == Durante le nocte del 13 al 14 de april 2024, Iran lanceava un grande attacco directe contra Israel desde su proprie territorio. Le operation includeva plus de 200 dronos, missiles de cruise e missiles balistic, secundo le informationes presentate per le autoritates israelian e reportate per medios international. Iran declarava que le attacco esseva un responsa al attacco contra su complex diplomatic in Damascus e que su objectivos includeva installationes militar israelian. Le autoritates iranian presentava le action como un mesura de defensa. Israel qualificava le attacco como un grave escalation e appellava al cooperation international pro defender su territorio.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://press.un.org/en/2024/sc15660.doc.htm |titulo=Warning Middle East at Risk of Full-Scale Conflict, Secretary-General Urges All Parties to ‘Step Back from the Brink’ |sitioweb=Nationes Unite |fecha=14 de april 2024 |accesso=9 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-launches-drone-attack-israel-expected-unfold-over-hours-2024-04-13/ |titulo=Iran launches retaliatory attack on Israel with hundreds of drones, missiles |sitioweb=Reuters |fecha=13 de april 2024 |accesso=9 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le major parte del projectiles esseva interceptate ante de attinger lor objectivos per le defense aeree israelian e con assistentia de fortias statounitese e de altere paises. Alcun missiles attingeva le territorio israelian, e un installation militar in le sud del pais suffreva damnos. Le attacco causava etiam ferimentos, includente un infante gravemente ferite. Le participation de fortias statounitese e de altere aliados in le interception de projectiles esseva un elemento importante del responsa defensive. Nonobstante, le attacco demonstrava que Iran habeva le capacitate de lancear un grande numero de armas directemente verso Israel desde su territorio. Le Secretario General del [[Nationes Unite]], [[António Guterres]], condemnava le escalation e appellava a tote le partes a exercer le maxime restraintia pro evitar un confrontation regional generalisate.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://press.un.org/en/2024/sgsm22186.doc.htm |titulo=Secretary-General Strongly Condemns Large-scale Attack Launched on Israel by Iran |sitioweb=Nationes Unite |fecha=13 de april 2024 |accesso=9 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Responsa israelian del 19 de april == Le 19 de april 2024, explosiones esseva reportate in le region de [[Isfahan]], Iran. Medios international reportava un attacco attribuite a Israel, interpretate como un responsa al attacco iranian del septimana precedente. Le autoritates iranian indicava que le defensa aeree habeva interceptate objectivos volante e que le damnos esseva limitate. Non habeva confirmation public de damnos major a installationes nuclear in le region. Israel non publicava un declaration official exhaustive concernente le operation. Le responsa israelian esseva generalmente considerate un tentativa de demonstrar le capacitate de attinger objectivos in Iran, durante que le scala limitate del attacco permitteva al partes de evitar, al minus temporarimente, un nove serie de attaccos de grande extension.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/2/timeline-the-key-moments-that-led-to-irans-missile-attacks-on-israel |titulo=Timeline: The key moments that led to Israel’s attacks on Iran |sitioweb=Al Jazeera |fecha=2 de octobre 2024 |accesso=9 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Attacco iranian del 1 de octobre == Le 1 de octobre 2024, Iran lanceava un nove attacco directe contra Israel, usante circa 180 missiles balistic secundo le reportos initial del autoritates israelian e de medios international. Le missiles activava sirenas e conduceva le population a refugios in plure partes del pais. Iran declarava que le attacco esseva un responsa al operationes israelian que habeva occidite dirigentes de gruppos alliates e personal iranian. Inter illes se trovava le chef de Hezbollah, [[Hassan Nasrallah]], occidite in Libano in septembre, e le dirigente de Hamas [[Ismail Haniyeh]], occidite in Tehran in julio 2024. Le autoritates iranian affirmava que le missiles habeva como objectivo installationes militar israelian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://apnews.com/article/9e71114e59ce259511eba59833c84426 |titulo=Middle East latest: UN ponders how to calm the conflict as Israel battles militants on two fronts |sitioweb=Associated Press |fecha=2 de octobre 2024 |accesso=9 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le defensa aeree israelian e le assistentia de aliados interceptava multe projectiles, ma alteres attingeva le territorio israelian. Le extension del damnos e le effectos super installationes militar esseva evaluate durante le dies sequente. Le attacco causava etiam interruption del vita quotidian e augmentava le timor de un responsa israelian de grande scala. Le Consilio de Securitate del Nationes Unite se reuniva in un contexto de crescente tension regional. Le Statos Unite declarava que illos susteneva le defensa de Israel, ma le presidente [[Joe Biden]] se opponeva a un attacco israelian contra le installationes nuclear iranian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://apnews.com/article/9e71114e59ce259511eba59833c84426 |titulo=Middle East latest: UN ponders how to calm the conflict as Israel battles militants on two fronts |sitioweb=Associated Press |fecha=2 de octobre 2024 |accesso=9 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Attaccos israelian del 26 de octobre == Le 26 de octobre 2024, Israel lanceava un serie de attaccos aeree contra installationes militar in Iran. Le operation esseva presentate como un responsa al attacco iranian del 1 de octobre. Le fortias israelian declarava que le objectivos includeva installationes de production de missiles, systemas de defensa antiaeree e altere infrastructuras militar. Le operation esseva effectuate per plure ondas de attaccos contra objectivos in le provincias de Tehran, Ilam e Khuzestan. Iran declarava que le damnos esseva limitate e que su defensa aeree habeva intervenite contra plure projectiles. Le autoritates iranian reportava le morte de quatro membros de su fortias armate. Le evaluation del damnos e del effectos super le capacitate iranian de production de missiles variava inter le declarationes official e le analyses exterior.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://apnews.com/article/0920f63542d158ad5999c481e421da00 |titulo=Israel strikes Iran as payback for missile attack, risking escalation of Mideast wars |sitioweb=Associated Press |fecha=26 de octobre 2024 |accesso=9 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/netanyahu-says-israel-hit-iran-hard-khamenei-says-damage-should-not-be-2024-10-27/ |titulo=Netanyahu says Israel hit Iran hard; Khamenei says damage should not be exaggerated |sitioweb=Reuters |fecha=27 de octobre 2024 |accesso=9 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le attacco esseva plus extensive que le responsa israelian del 19 de april, ma non attingeva le principal installationes nuclear ni le infrastructuras petrolifere major de Iran. Le administration statounitese habeva appellate a Israel a evitar attaccos contra iste tipos de objectivos pro limitar le risco de un escalation plus large. == Rolle del Statos Unite e de altere paises == Le Statos Unite supportava le defensa de Israel e participava al interception del missiles e dronos iranian durante le attacco de april. Simultaneemente, le administration statounitese appellava a le restraintia e tentava evitar que le responsa israelian conduceva a un guerra regional plus extensive. Le [[Union Europee]] e plure governos condemnava le attacco iranian e appellava al desescalation. Le [[Nationes Unite]] sublineava que le region affrontava un risco de confrontation generalisate e demandava que tote le partes evitava actiones que poteva provocar un guerra plus large. Le interpretationes del legalitate del attaccos esseva differente. Iran presentava su actiones como defensa contra attaccos israelian; Israel considerava su operationes mesuras de securitate contra un menacia militar. Le derecto international prohibi le uso de fortia contra le integritate territorial o le independentia politic de un Stato, salvo in le conditiones previde per le Carta del Nationes Unite, includente le derecto de defensa individual o collective. Le application de iste principios al casos specific depende del circumstantias e remaneva objecto de controversia diplomatic. == Victimas e damnos == Le bilancos del victimas variava secundo le incidente e le fonte. Le attacco iranian del 13–14 de april causava ferimentos e damnos limitate in Israel. Le attacco del 1 de octobre affectava installationes e infrastructuras e causava ferimentos. Le attaccos israelian del 26 de octobre occideva quatro militares iranian, secundo le declaration del autoritates de Iran. Le effectos del confrontation non se limitava al mortes e ferimentos. Le attaccos provocava interruptiones del traffico aerie, activation de refugios, perturbation del activitates commercial e timores concernente le extension del guerra al resto del Medio Oriente. == Consequentias == Le confrontation de 2024 modificava le natura del rivalitate inter Iran e Israel, demonstrante que le duo paises esseva disposte a usar le fortia militar directemente contra le territorio del altere. Le attacco iranian de april esseva un grande operation de projectiles lanceate directemente per Iran contra Israel. Le attacco israelian de octobre, per su parte, esseva un attacco aeree directemente contra objectivos in Iran, publicamente recognoscite per Israel. Le conflicto non conduceva a un accordo politic inter le duo paises e non resolveva le questiones concernente le programma nuclear iranian, le securitate regional o le relationes inter Iran e le Statos Unite. Le confrontos continuava a esser influentiate per le guerra de Gaza, le hostilitates inter Israel e Hezbollah e le operationes de gruppos armate alliates de Iran. Le eventos de 2024 constitueva un antecedente importante al [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]] de junio 2025 e al escalation plus extensive del confrontation inter Iran, Israel e le Statos Unite in 2026. {{Ref}} {{Cassa de campania del guerra de Iran de 2026}} [[Categoria:Relationes inter Iran e Israel]] [[Categoria:Conflicto Iran-Israel]] [[Categoria:Conflictos in Oriente Medie]] [[Categoria:Historia de Iran]] 95potme53c7u2izmedswjfjfbvnzf17 0 62116 705246 705235 2026-10-31T22:36:14Z Tortoise0308 17411 nomine del infobox; ligar data; - sorosiana; cat: Anthropologos. 705246 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/articulo/persona}} '''Valeria Racu''' (le [[27 de april]] [[1995]]) es un activista social e portavoce del [[Sindicato de Inquilinas e Inquilinos de Madrid]], organisation que defende le derectos del personas que vive in location in [[Espania]]. Nascite in [[Moldavia]], illa se trasladava a Espania durante su infantia e deveniva cognoscite publicamente per su activitate in le movimentos pro le derecto al vivienda e contra le augmento del precios del location. Ante su activitate sindical, Racu habeva etiam un breve carriera como actrice in series televisive espaniol. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://as.com/actualidad/politica/quien-es-valeria-racu-la-portavoz-y-activista-del-sindicato-de-inquilinas-que-lidera-la-acampada-de-sol-f202609-n/ |titulo=Quién es Valeria Racu, la portavoz y activista del Sindicato de Inquilinas que lidera la acampada de Sol |sitioweb=AS |accesso=10 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.elespanol.com/reportajes/20241023/valeria-racu-cara-sindicato-inquilinas-planta-sanchez-moncloa-no-sentamos-patronal/895410888_0.html |titulo=Valeria Racu, la cara del sindicato de inquilinas planta a Sánchez en Moncloa |sitioweb=El Español |accesso=10 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Racu ha defendite le regulation del mercato del location, le reduction del costos del allogiamento e le protection contra le evictiones. Su activitate public include le participation in mobilisationes, campanias e debates concernente le accesso al vivienda, le conditiones del contratos de location e le rolo del proprietarios e del fundos de investition in le mercato immobiliari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.elespanol.com/espana/20261004/valeria-racu-caseros-acaba-chollo-rentismo-cancer-psoe-rentista-huelga-general/1003744407539_0.amp.html |titulo=Valeria Racu: «A los caseros se les acaba el chollo» |sitioweb=El Español |accesso=10 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Infantia e education == Valeria Racu nasceva in Moldavia in 1995 e arrivava a Espania quando illa habeva cinque annos. Illa cresceva in [[Madrid]] e studiava in Espania ante de continuar su formation in altere paises. Durante su adolescientia, Racu participava in productiones televisive e obteneva parve rolos como actrice. Ulteriormente, illa studiava in [[Costa Rica]] con un borsa de studio ligate al programma de [[Colegios del Mundo Unido]] e al supporto del Fundation laCaixa. Post iste experientia educational, illa se transferiva al [[Regno Unite]] e studiava [[anthropologia social]] al [[School of Oriental and African Studies]] (SOAS), un institution universitari de [[Universitate de London]]. Su formation academic e su experientia in organisationes estudiantil precedeva su activitate public in le movimento pro le derecto al vivienda. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://as.com/actualidad/politica/quien-es-valeria-racu-la-portavoz-y-activista-del-sindicato-de-inquilinas-que-lidera-la-acampada-de-sol-f202609-n/ |titulo=Quién es Valeria Racu |sitioweb=AS |accesso=10 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Carriera como actrice == Ante de concentrar su activitate super le sindicalismo e le allogiamento, Racu participava in plure series televisive espaniol. Inter le productiones in le quales illa appareva se trova: * ''[[Doctor Mateo]]'' (2009–2010); * ''[[Hay alguien ahí]]'' (2010); * ''[[Hospital Central]]'' (2012); * ''[[El tiempo entre costuras]]'' (2013–2014). In ''Doctor Mateo'', illa interpretava le personage de Olga, durante que in ''El tiempo entre costuras'' illa interpretava Martina. Su participationes in iste series occurreva durante su adolescentia e precedeva su plus grande exposition public como activista. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3665919/ |titulo=Valeria Racu |sitioweb=IMDb |accesso=10 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Activitate estudiantil e prime experientias sindical == Durante su studos al SOAS in London, Racu participava in le activitate del sindicato de studentes. In 2019, illa se presentava al electiones estudiantil pro un position de representation ligate al benesser e al campanias. Iste experientia constitueva un del prime etapas documentate de su activitate in organisationes collective. In le Regno Unite, illa participava tamben in iniciativas concernente le conditiones de location e le derectos del studentes locatarios. Le experientia del mobilisationes estudiantil e del action sindical contribuiva al disveloppamento de su activitate posterior in le campo del allogiamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.elespanol.com/espana/politica/20260928/antropologa-moldava-formada-londres-activista-ensenar-horas-lideran-revuelta-sol/1003744398993_0.html |titulo=Una antropóloga moldava formada en Londres y una activista lideran la revuelta en Sol |sitioweb=El Español |accesso=10 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Activitate in le Sindicato de Inquilinas == Post su retorno a Espania, Racu se implica in le activitate del [[Sindicato de Inquilinas e Inquilinos de Madrid]], un organisation que representa locatarios e promova actiones collective concernente le conditiones de location e le derecto al vivienda. Desde 2022, illa figura como un del portavoces del sindicato. Le organisation participa in campanias contra le augmento del locationes, le evictiones e le difficultates de accesso al allogiamento. Su strategias include assembleas, manifestationes, negotiationes con institutiones e actiones collective de locatarios. Racu deveniva un del portavoces plus visibile del sindicato e interveniva regularmente in entrevistas e actos public. Illa ha defendite le idea que le accesso al vivienda debe esser tractate como un derecto social e que le politicas public debe intervenir in le conditiones del mercato del location. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.elespanol.com/reportajes/20241023/valeria-racu-cara-sindicato-inquilinas-planta-sanchez-moncloa-no-sentamos-patronal/895410888_0.html |titulo=Valeria Racu, la cara del sindicato de inquilinas planta a Sánchez en Moncloa |sitioweb=El Español |accesso=10 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Exopero de locationes de 2020 == In 2020, durante le crise economic associate al pandemia de COVID-19, Racu participava in le movimento que promoveva un exopero de locationes. Le initiative demandava mesuras de protection pro le locatarios que habeva difficultates a pagar le location durante le crise e reclamava un responsa public al situation economic. Le exopero esseva parte de un mobilisation plus large del movimentos de locatarios in Espania e de altere paises. Le demandas includeva le suspension de certe obligationes de pagamento, le protection contra evictiones e mesuras pro impedir que le crise sanitar e economic agravava le precarietate residential. Le participation de Racu in iste action contribuiva al evolution de su activitate sindical e al su notorietate in le movimento pro le derecto al vivienda. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://elpais.com/economia/2024-10-14/huelga-de-alquileres-que-ocurre-si-dejo-de-pagar-la-renta-me-pueden-desahuciar.html |titulo=Huelga de alquileres: ¿qué ocurre si dejo de pagar la renta? |sitioweb=El País |accesso=10 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Mobilisationes pro le derecto al vivienda == Durante le annos sequente, Racu participava in actiones public contra le augmento del costos del location e in campanias que reclamava cambios in le regulation del mercato residential. In octobre 2024, illa esseva un del portavoces del sindicato in un mobilisation que exigeva mesuras contra le augmento del locationes e contra le practicas de proprietarios e agentes immobiliari considerate prejudicial al locatarios per le organisation. Le sindicato ha promovite, inter altere demandas, le regulation del precios del location, le extension del protection contra evictiones e le augmento del allogiamento public. Racu ha defendite publicamente iste demandas e ha criticate le influentia que, secundo su interpretation, le interesses immobiliari exerce super le politicas de vivienda. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.elespanol.com/reportajes/20241023/valeria-racu-cara-sindicato-inquilinas-planta-sanchez-moncloa-no-sentamos-patronal/895410888_0.html |titulo=Valeria Racu, la cara del sindicato de inquilinas planta a Sánchez en Moncloa |sitioweb=El Español |accesso=10 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Protestas in le Puerta del Sol in 2026 == In septembre 2026, Racu deveniva un del figuras public plus visibile del protestas concernente le derecto al vivienda in Madrid. Le mobilisationes esseva organise per le Sindicato de Inquilinas e includeva un acampada in le [[Puerta del Sol]], post le desahucio de Maricarmen Abascal, un femina de 87 annos cuje caso provocava un grande reaction public. Racu, como portavoce del sindicato, explicava le demandas del organisation e reclamava actiones legislative concernente le locationes, le protection de locatarios e le accesso al allogiamento. Le protestas cercava obtener le adoption de mesuras de vivienda per le governamento e le Parlamento espaniol. Le actiones e le demandas del sindicato faceva parte de un debatte public plus large super le augmento del precios del allogiamento, le disponibilitate de viviendas accessibile e le rolo del fundos de investition in le mercato immobiliari. Le interpretationes del causas e del solutiones varia inter actores politic, organisationes de locatarios e representantes del sector immobiliari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://as.com/actualidad/politica/quien-es-valeria-racu-la-portavoz-y-activista-del-sindicato-de-inquilinas-que-lidera-la-acampada-de-sol-f202609-n/ |titulo=Quién es Valeria Racu, la portavoz y activista del Sindicato de Inquilinas que lidera la acampada de Sol |sitioweb=AS |accesso=10 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.elespanol.com/espana/politica/20260928/antropologa-moldava-formada-londres-activista-ensenar-horas-lideran-revuelta-sol/1003744398993_0.html |titulo=Una antropóloga moldava formada en Londres y una activista lideran la revuelta en Sol |sitioweb=El Español |accesso=10 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Pensamento e positiones public == Le activitate public de Racu se concentra super le derecto al vivienda e le conditiones del location. Illa ha sustenite le reduction del precios del location, le protection contra evictiones e le adoption de mesuras que, secundo le sindicato, limita le effectos del speculation immobiliari e facilita le accesso al allogiamento. Racu ha etiam criticate le governamento espaniol e altere actores politic pro lo que illa considera un responsa insufficiente al crise del vivienda. Iste positiones es parte del discurso del sindicato e debe esser distinguite del positiones de altere organisationes, del proprietarios e del partidos politic concernite al politica del allogiamento. {{Ref}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Racu, Valeria}} [[Categoria:Actrices]] [[Categoria:Anthropologos]] [[Categoria:Activistas]] [[Categoria:Allogiamento in Espania]] 8nhiw1g9g9tz1fz7cx0ftdt705jdkz7 10 62381 705350 704943 2026-11-01T11:32:57Z Interlingvisto 60932 705350 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Cassa de campania del guerra de Iran de 2026 |state = collapsed |title = [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]] |listclass = hlist |group1 = Vista general |list1 = [[Schema del guerra Iran de 2026|Schema]]{{·}}[[Chronologia del guerra Iran de 2026|Chronologia]]{{·}}[[Analyse del guerra Iran de 2026|Analyse]]{{·}}[[Justification del guerra Iran de 2026|Justification]]{{·}}[[Reactiones al guerra Iran de 2026|Reactiones]]{{·}}[[Effortios de cambio de regime durante le guerra Iran de 2026|Effortios de cambio de 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(2025–presente)|Crise interne iranian]]{{·}}[[Protestas iranian de 2025–2026|Protestas iranian]]{{·}}[[Separatismo in Iran]]{{·}}[[Crise economic iranian]] |group3 = Attaccos |list3 = '''Attaccos statounitese-israelian''': [[Attacco al schola de Minab in 2026|Minab]]{{·}}[[Attacco al sala de sport de Lamerd in 2026|Lamerd]]{{·}}[[Campania aeree in le Kurdistan iranian|Kurdistan iranian]]{{·}}[[Insula de Qeshm#Guerra Iran de 2026|Insula de Qeshm]]{{·}}[[Attacco al insula de Kharg in 2026|Insula de Kharg]]{{·}}[[Attacco al campo de South Pars in 2026|South Pars]]{{·}}[[Attacco al ponte B1 de Karaj in 2026|Karaj]]{{·}}[[Attacco al insula de Larak in 2026|Insula de Larak]]{{·}}[[Attacco aeree al nuptias de Kuhestak in 2026|Kuhestak]] '''Attaccos statounitese-saudi''': [[Attaccos statounitese-saudi contra le milicias iraquian|Iraq]] '''Attaccos emiratin''': [[Attacco al insula de Lavan in 2026|Insula de Lavan]] '''Attaccos iranian e de alliatos''': [[Attaccos contra Akrotiri e Dhekelia in 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Iran de 2026|Ordine de battalia]] |group2 = Preludio |list2 = [[Crise de Oriente Medie (2023-presente)|Conflicto plus ample]]{{·}}[[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024|Conflicto Iran–Israel]]{{·}}[[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]]{{·}}[[Guerra de Gaza]]{{·}}[[Conflict Hezbollah–Israel]]{{·}}[[Guerra de Libano de 2024]]{{·}}[[Conflict Iran–Israel de 2024]]{{·}}[[Guerra de dece-duo dies]]{{·}}[[Attaccos del Statos Unite contra sitos nuclear iranian in 2025|Attaccos statounitese contra sitos nuclear iranian]]{{·}}[[Relationes Iran–Statos Unite|Conflict Iran–Statos Unite]]{{·}}[[Sanctiones del Statos Unite contra Iran]]{{·}}[[Iran e le terrorismo sponsorizate per statos]]{{·}}[[Iran e le armas de destruction massive]]{{·}}[[Programma nuclear de Iran]]{{·}}[[Programma de missiles balistic de Iran|Programma de missiles de Iran]]{{·}}[[Guerra per procura Iran–Arabia Saudi|Conflict Iran–Arabia Saudi]]{{·}}[[Crise interne iranian (2025–presente)|Crise interne iranian]]{{·}}[[Protestas iranian de 2025–2026|Protestas iranian]]{{·}}[[Separatismo in Iran]]{{·}}[[Crise economic iranian]] |group3 = Attaccos |list3 = '''Attaccos statounitese-israelian''': [[Attacco al schola de Minab in 2026|Minab]]{{·}}[[Attacco al sala de sport de Lamerd in 2026|Lamerd]]{{·}}[[Campania aeree in le Kurdistan iranian|Kurdistan iranian]]{{·}}[[Insula de Qeshm#Guerra Iran de 2026|Insula de Qeshm]]{{·}}[[Attacco al insula de Kharg in 2026|Insula de Kharg]]{{·}}[[Attacco al campo de South Pars in 2026|South Pars]]{{·}}[[Attacco al ponte B1 de Karaj in 2026|Karaj]]{{·}}[[Attacco al insula de Larak in 2026|Insula de Larak]]{{·}}[[Attacco aeree al nuptias de Kuhestak in 2026|Kuhestak]] '''Attaccos statounitese-saudi''': [[Attaccos statounitese-saudi contra le milicias iraquian|Iraq]] '''Attaccos emiratin''': [[Attacco al insula de Lavan in 2026|Insula de Lavan]] '''Attaccos iranian e de alliatos''': [[Attaccos contra Akrotiri e Dhekelia in 2026|Akrotiri e Dhekelia]]{{·}}[[Attaccos iranian contra paises arabe in 2026|Paises arabe]]{{·}}[[Bahrain durante le guerra Iran de 2026|Bahrain]]{{·}}[[Attacco con dron contra Damietta in 2026|Egypto]]{{·}}[[Iraq durante le guerra Iran de 2026|Iraq]]{{·}}[[Attaccos iranian contra Jordan in 2026|Jordan]]{{·}}[[Kuwait durante le guerra Iran de 2026|Kuwait]]{{·}}[[Attaccos iranian contra Oman in 2026|Oman]]{{·}}[[Attaccos iranian contra Qatar in 2026|Qatar]]{{·}}[[Arabia Saudi durante le guerra Iran de 2026|Arabia Saudi]]{{·}}[[Syria durante le guerra Iran de 2026|Syria]]{{·}}[[Emiratos Arabe Unite durante le guerra Iran de 2026|Emiratos Arabe Unite]]{{·}}[[Attacco iranian contra Azerbaijan in 2026|Azerbaijan]]{{·}}[[Attacco iranian contra Diego Garcia in 2026|Diego Garcia]]{{·}}[[Attaccos iranian contra Israel in 2026|Israel]]{{·}}[[Interceptiones de missiles iranian in Turchia in 2026|Turchia]] |group4 = Guerra de Libano |list4 = [[Guerra de Libano de 2026|Guerra de Libano de 2026]]{{·}}[[Occision de Pierre el-Rahi]]{{·}}[[Attacco aeree contra Ramlet al-Baida in 2026|Ramlet al-Baida]]{{·}}[[Attacco contra le posto de UNIFIL in Aadchit al-Qusayr in 2026|Posto de UNIFIL de Aadchit al-Qusayr]]{{·}}[[Attaccos israelian contra Libano del 8 april 2026|8 april 2026]]{{·}}[[Batalla de Khiam (2026)|Batalla de Khiam]]{{·}}[[Batalla de Bint Jbeil (2026)|Batalla de Bint Jbeil]]{{·}}[[Transito israelian del fluvio Litani in 2026|Transito del fluvio Litani]]{{·}}[[Batalla de Haddatha]]{{·}}[[Batalla de Zawtar al-Sharqiyah]]{{·}}[[Assedio de Ali al-Taher]] |group5 = Guerra de Yemen |list5 = [[Offensive de Yemen de 2026|Offensive de Yemen de 2026]]{{·}}[[Attacco al aeroporto de Sana'a in 2026|Attacco al aeroporto de Sana'a]]{{·}}[[Attaccos houthi contra aeroportos saudi in octobre 2026|Attaccos houthi contra aeroportos saudi]]{{·}}[[Crise del Mar Rubie]]{{·}}[[Attaccos houthi contra naves commercial|Attaccos contra naves commercial]]{{·}}[[Blocada houthi de Arabia Saudi|Blocada de Arabia Saudi]]{{·}}[[Crise del Stricto de Bab al-Mandab]] |group6 = Guerra naval |list6 = [[Crise del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026|Crise del Stricto de Hormuz]]{{·}}[[Sovranitate iranian super le Stricto de Hormuz|Sovranitate iranian]]{{·}}[[Campania del Statos Unite in le Stricto de Hormuz in 2026|Campania aeree statounitese]]{{·}}[[Blocada naval del Statos Unite contra Iran in 2026|Blocada naval contra Iran]]{{·}}[[Operation Project Freedom]]{{·}}[[Lista de naves attaccate durante le guerra Iran de 2026|Naves attaccate]]{{·}}[[Affundamento del IRIS Dena|Affundamento del IRIS ''Dena'']] |group7 = Guerra aeree |list7 = [[Lista de abbattimentos de aeronaves e accidentes de aviacion durante le guerra Iran de 2026|Abbattimentos de aeronaves e accidentes de aviacion]]{{·}}[[Operation de rescate de un F-15E del Statos Unite in Iran in 2026|Operation de rescate del F-15E]] |group8 = Impacto |list8 = [[Antisemitismo durante le guerra Iran de 2026|Antisemitismo]]{{·}}[[Attaccos antisemitic in London in 2026|Attaccos in London]]{{·}}[[Destruction del patrimonio cultural durante le guerra Iran de 2026|Destruction del patrimonio cultural]]{{·}}[[Impacto economic del guerra Iran de 2026|Impacto economic]]{{·}}[[Crise del combustibile in Iran in 2026|Crise del combustibile]]{{·}}[[Crise energetic in le Philippinas in 2026|Philippinas]]{{·}}[[Protestas contra le combustibile in Irlanda in 2026|Irlanda]]{{·}}[[Protestas contra le combustibile in Francia in 2026|Francia]]{{·}}[[Protestas contra le combustibile in Syria in 2026|Syria]]{{·}}[[Protestas contra le guerra Iran de 2026|Protestas contra le guerra]]{{·}}[[Evacuationes durante le guerra Iran de 2026|Evacuationes]]{{·}}[[Impacto del guerra Iran de 2026 sur Iran|Impacto in Iran]]{{·}}[[Conflictos in le west de Iran (2026–presente)|Conflictos in le west de Iran]]{{·}}[[Conflictos in Sistan e Balochistan (2026–presente)|Conflictos in Sistan e Balochistan]]{{·}}[[Separatismo arabe in Khuzestan#2026|Conflictos in Khuzestan]] |group9 = Participation per pais |list9 = [[Mobilisationes regional durante le guerra Iran de 2026|Mobilisationes regional]]{{·}}[[Operation Muhafiz-ul-Bahr]]{{·}}[[Operation Urja Suraksha]]{{·}}[[Argentina durante le guerra Iran de 2026|Argentina]]{{·}}[[Australia e le guerra Iran de 2026|Australia]]{{·}}[[Canada e le guerra Iran de 2026|Canada]]{{·}}[[China durante le guerra Iran de 2026|China]]{{·}}[[India durante le guerra Iran de 2026|India]]{{·}}[[Pakistan durante le guerra Iran de 2026|Pakistan]]{{·}}[[Romania durante le guerra Iran de 2026|Romania]]{{·}}[[Russia durante le guerra Iran de 2026|Russia]]{{·}}[[Espania durante le guerra Iran de 2026|Espania]]{{·}}[[Crise diplomatic inter Espania e le Statos Unite de 2025–2026|Crise diplomatic]]{{·}}[[Ukraina durante le guerra Iran de 2026|Ukraina]]{{·}}[[Participation del Regno Unite in le guerra Iran de 2026|Regno Unite]] |group10 = Altere |list10 = [[Presumite complotto iranian pro assassinar Donald Trump in 2026|Presumite complotto iranian pro assassinar Donald Trump]]{{·}}[[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]]{{·}}[[Ciberguerra durante le guerra Iran de 2026|Ciberguerra]]{{·}}[[Guerra per medio de intelligentia artificial#Guerra Iran de 2026|Guerra con intelligentia artificial]]{{·}}[[Ciberattacco contra le systema de aqua de Minnesota in 2026|Ciberattaccos in Minnesota]]{{·}}[[Disinformation durante le guerra Iran de 2026|Disinformation]]{{·}}[[Censura durante le guerra Iran de 2026|Censura]]{{·}}[[Strategia de defension a mosaico]]{{·}}[[Bases israelian in Iraq]]{{·}}[[Lobby israelian in le Statos Unite]]{{·}}[[Profito de guerra#Guerra Iran de 2026|Profito de guerra]]{{·}}[[Accusationes de corruption durante le secunde presidantia de Trump|Accusationes de corruption contra Trump]]{{·}}[[Accusationes de information privilegiata durante le secunde administration Trump|Accusationes de information privilegiata]]{{·}}[[Trump Sempre Se Retira|TACO e NACHO]]{{·}}[[Activitates de Mossad in Iran]]{{·}}[[Resolution 2817 del Consilio de Securitate del Nationes Unite|Resolution 2817 del CSNU]]{{·}}[[Defection del equipa national feminin de football de Iran]]{{·}}[[Pirateria al costa de Somalia]] }} <noinclude>[[Categoria:Patronos de navigation]]</noinclude> 1yb3shwuwrkypm5gcro2ijaektdgpv7 0 62392 705351 704944 2026-11-01T11:33:22Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Octobre 2026 */ 705351 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''crise del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026''' es un crise maritime, militar e economic originate in le [[guerra inter Iran, Israel e le Statos Unite de 2026]] e in le confrontation inter [[Iran]] e le [[Statos Unite]]. Le crise comenciava in le prime menses de 2026, quando Iran restringeva le navigation per le [[Stricto de Hormuz]] post le initio del attaccos militar del Statos Unite e de [[Israel]] contra Iran le 28 de februario 2026. Le restrictiones, le attaccos contra naves commercial e le operationes naval del Statos Unite perturbava un del principal rutas maritime del mundo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/vessels-trickle-through-strait-hormuz-mideast-tension-persists-2026-09-21/ |titulo=Vessels trickle through Strait of Hormuz as Middle East conflict persists |sitioweb=Reuters |fecha=21 de septembre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Stricto de Hormuz conecta le [[Golfo Persic]] con le [[Golfo de Oman]] e le [[Mar Arabic]]. Ante le guerra, circa un quinto del commercio mundial de petroleo e gas natural liquefacite transitava per iste passage. Le reduction del traffico maritime, le augmento del custos de assecurantia e le attaccos contra petrolieros e naves de carga provocava perturbationes in le mercatos energetic e in le commercio international. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/vessels-trickle-through-strait-hormuz-mideast-tension-persists-2026-09-21/ |titulo=Vessels trickle through Strait of Hormuz as Middle East conflict persists |sitioweb=Reuters |fecha=21 de septembre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Contexto e origines == Le crise se disveloppava in le quadro del guerra que comenciava le 28 de februario 2026, quando le Statos Unite e Israel lanceva attaccos contra Iran. Le confrontation militar provocava un deterioration rapide del securitate in le Golfo Persic e in le aquas adjacente. Le Stricto de Hormuz es un puncto strategic pro le exportation de petroleo e gas proveniente de Iran, Irak, Kuwait, Qatar, Arabia Saudita e le Emiratos Arabe Unite. Le possibilitate de restringer o interrumper le navigation per le stricto deveniva assi un instrumento de pression militar e economic in le confrontation. Le prime restrictiones includeva transmissiones radio in le quales le [[Guardias Revolutionari Islamic]] (IRGC) annunciava que le passage de naves non esseva permittite. Le 2 de martio, le IRGC declarava officialmente que le stricto esseva claudite e menaciava naves que entrava in le zona. Ben que iste declarationes non constituiva per se un interdiction juridic universalmente obligatori, le attaccos e le riscos militar induceva multos operatores a suspender o rediriger lor navigation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-10521/0/ |titulo=Israel/US-Iran conflict 2026: Background and UK response |sitioweb=House of Commons Library |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Le restriction del navigation == Le restrictiones iranian reduceva fortemente le numero de naves que transiva per le stricto. Multos operatores maritime evitava le zona a causa del risco de attaccos, del possibilitate de minas naval e del difficultate de obtener assecurantia pro le viage. Le restriction non significava que tote le navigation cessava. Aliquos petrolieros e naves de carga continuava a transir, in certe casos con lor transponders disactivate o per rutas considerate plus secur. Le traffico remaneva tamen multo inferior al nivello anterior al guerra. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/vessels-trickle-through-strait-hormuz-mideast-tension-persists-2026-09-21/ |titulo=Vessels trickle through Strait of Hormuz as Middle East conflict persists |sitioweb=Reuters |fecha=21 de septembre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Statos Unite exerceva pression militar e economic super Iran e annunciava mesuras pro facilitar le passage de naves. Le securitate del rutas maritime deveniva un del principal punctos de confrontation inter Washington e Teheran. == Chronologia == === Februario–martio 2026 === Le 28 de februario 2026, le Statos Unite e Israel initiava attaccos contra Iran, marcante le initio del guerra que duceva al crise del Stricto de Hormuz. In le dies sequente, le IRGC comenciava a transmitter advertimentos radio contra le navigation per le stricto. Le 2 de martio, le autoritates iranian annunciava que le passage esseva claudite e menaciava naves que entrava sin autorisation. Le traffico maritime cadeva rapidemente e le custos de assecurantia augmentava. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://apnews.com/article/04da58cbae991183f8b52ef5bf615963 |titulo=A timeline of the Iran conflict and talks aimed at ending it |sitioweb=Associated Press |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le 12 de martio, tres naves de carga esseva colpite in le stricto. Le incidentes coincideva con le annuncio del [[Agentia International de Energia]] de liberar 400 milliones de barriles de petroleo de reservas, pro attenuar le effectos del interruption del approvisionamento. Reportos indicava tamben que Iran habeva disployate minas naval in le zona. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-10521/0/ |titulo=Israel/US-Iran conflict 2026: Background and UK response |sitioweb=House of Commons Library |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Septembre 2026 === Durante septembre, le traffico per le stricto remaneva fortemente reducite. Secundo datos de navigation citate per Reuters le 21 de septembre, 17 naves de carga commercial transiva le stricto durante le fin de septimana precedente, comparate con 37 durante le septimana anterior e con un nivello anterior al guerra de circa 125 naves commercial per die. Le mesme reporto indicava que le exportationes de petroleo continuava per le stricto, ben que aliquos cargamentos esseva transferite inter petrolieros in le Golfo de Oman o transportate per rutas alternative. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/vessels-trickle-through-strait-hormuz-mideast-tension-persists-2026-09-21/ |titulo=Vessels trickle through Strait of Hormuz as Middle East conflict persists |sitioweb=Reuters |fecha=21 de septembre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le 28 de septembre, Associated Press reportava que mediatores tentava organisar un accordo inter le Statos Unite e Iran pro terminar le confrontation e reaperir le stricto. Le negotiationes indirecte involveva actores regional, includente Oman e Qatar. Le propositiones discutite includeva le reaperition del passage sin taxas, le relaxation de certe sanctiones american e concessiones iranian concernente le programma nuclear. Le partes non habeva tamen attingite un accordo definitive. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://apnews.com/article/871504dbd98d9b08b226b9805d8f4606 |titulo=Mediators are working to broker a US-Iran deal, but major hurdles remain |sitioweb=Associated Press |fecha=28 de septembre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Octobre 2026 === In le prime septimana de octobre, le attaccos contra naves commercial se intensificava. Le 8 de octobre, Reuters reportava que le numero de naves que transiva le stricto habeva cadite a su nivello le plus basse in plus de duo menses. Solmente septe naves de carga commercial transiva le passage le 6 de octobre, secundo datos de Kpler. Le quantitate de petroleo que transiva le stricto habeva tamben diminuite. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.investing.com/news/commodities-news/hormuz-transits-at-lowest-in-over-two-months-after-attacks-data-shows-4937851 |titulo=Hormuz transits at lowest in over two months after attacks, data shows |sitioweb=Reuters, republicate per Investing.com |fecha=8 de octobre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le 14 de octobre, Reuters reportava que Iran modificava su tacticas contra le naves que illo considerava in violation de su restrictiones. Secundo officiales iranian citate per Reuters, le attaccos includeva nove modos de identificar e visar naves commercial. Le Statos Unite continuava le pression naval e economic contra Iran. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-shifting-tactics-step-up-attacks-shipping-before-us-vote-officials-say-2026-10-14/ |titulo=Iran shifting tactics to step up attacks on shipping before US vote, officials say |sitioweb=Reuters |fecha=14 de octobre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le mesme die, un nave de carga registrate in Singapore, le ''GFS Pride'', se affundava post haber essite colpite durante su transito per le stricto. Le autoritates de Singapore declarava que tote le 21 membros del equipage habeva essite evacuate e que nulle ferito esseva reportate. Iran declarava que un nave habeva colpite un mina naval, ma le identification exacte del nave e le circumstantias del incidentes non esseva completemente clarificate in le prime reportos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.investing.com/news/commodities-news/two-ships-sink-near-hormuz-after-being-hit-by-projectiles-amid-surge-in-attacks-4950603 |titulo=Two ships sink near Hormuz after being hit by projectiles amid surge in attacks |sitioweb=Reuters, republicate per Investing.com |fecha=15 de octobre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le 19 de octobre, The Guardian reportava que Iran habeva attaccate al minus 15 naves de containers durante le dece dies precedente, usante drones, minas e projectiles lansate ab embarcationes rapide. Le attaccos habeva augmentate le riscos pro le navigation commercial e contribuiva al augmento del precio del petroleo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/oct/19/strait-of-hormuz-spilt-cargo-iran-attacks-container-ships |titulo=People scour Strait of Hormuz for spilt cargo after Iran attacks container ships |sitioweb=The Guardian |fecha=19 de octobre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Attaccos contra naves commercial == Le attaccos contra naves commercial esseva un del principal elementos del crise. Le naves esseva colpite per projectiles, drones o minas, e aliquos incidentes obligava le equipages a abandonar le naves. In plure casos, le attribution del responsabilitate e le detalios del attacco restava subjecte a investigation o a allegationes contradictori. Le 14 de octobre, duo naves se affundava in incidentes separate in le area del stricto, secundo officiales maritime citate per Reuters. Le *GFS Pride*, registrate in Singapore, se affundava durante su transito per le stricto; un nave de carga a granel, le *Cape Dao*, que habeva essite colpite le 23 de septembre, se affundava etiam. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.investing.com/news/commodities-news/two-ships-sink-near-hormuz-after-being-hit-by-projectiles-amid-surge-in-attacks-4950603 |titulo=Two ships sink near Hormuz after being hit by projectiles amid surge in attacks |sitioweb=Reuters, republicate per Investing.com |fecha=15 de octobre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le 19 de octobre, The Guardian reportava que un nave que viagiava de Karachi, Pakistan, verso Fujairah, Emiratos Arabe Unite, habeva colpite un mina e se affundava. Le 21 membros del equipage esseva evacuate. Le incidente causava etiam le dispersion de centos de containers, con riscos pro le ambiente marin e le navigation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/oct/19/strait-of-hormuz-spilt-cargo-iran-attacks-container-ships |titulo=People scour Strait of Hormuz for spilt cargo after Iran attacks container ships |sitioweb=The Guardian |fecha=19 de octobre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le attaccos e le menacias contra naves commercial affectava le fiducia del transportatores, le disponibilitate de assecurantia e le capacitate de planificar le rutas maritime. Le effectos non se limitava al petrolieros: naves de containers, transportatores de gas e naves de carga a granel esseva etiam concernite. == Impacto economic == Le Stricto de Hormuz es un passage importante pro le exportation de petroleo e gas natural liquefacite del Golfo Persic. Le reduction del traffico maritime causava perturbationes in le fluxos de energia, le commercio e le mercato de assecurantia maritime. Le datos de Kpler citate per Reuters indicava que le volumine de petroleo crude que transiva le stricto habeva cadite in le prime dies de octobre. Ben que aliquos exportationes esseva redirigite verso rutas alternative, le disruption augmentava le pression super le custos logistic e le precios del energia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.investing.com/news/commodities-news/hormuz-transits-at-lowest-in-over-two-months-after-attacks-data-shows-4937851 |titulo=Hormuz transits at lowest in over two months after attacks, data shows |sitioweb=Reuters, republicate per Investing.com |fecha=8 de octobre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le augmento del precio del petroleo pote affectar le transporto, le production industrial e le custos de energia in numerose paises. Le impacto exacte depende del duration del interruption, del disponibilitate de rutas alternative, del reservas strategic e del capacitate del productores de augmentar lor exportationes per altere vias. Le crise ha tamben effectos super le industria maritime. Le augmento del assecurantia de guerra, le dispendios de navigation e le necessitate de rediriger naves pote elevar le custos del commercio international, mesmo in paises que non importa directemente petroleo per le Stricto de Hormuz. == Negotiationes diplomatic e tentativas de reaperition == Le Statos Unite e Iran ha usate le securitate del navigation como parte del confrontation politic e economic. Le Statos Unite ha mantenite le pression super Iran per medio de sanctiones e operationes naval, durante que Iran ha conditionate le reaperition del stricto a concessiones american. Le 28 de septembre, Associated Press reportava que mediatores tentava obtener un accordo pro reaperir le passage sin taxas e discutir le sanctiones e le programma nuclear iranian. Le negotiationes includeva mediatores regional e contactos con le [[Organisation del Nationes Unite|Nationes Unite]], ma le partes continuava a diverger super le conditiones de un accordo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://apnews.com/article/871504dbd98d9b08b226b9805d8f4606 |titulo=Mediators are working to broker a US-Iran deal, but major hurdles remain |sitioweb=Associated Press |fecha=28 de septembre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In octobre, le escalation del attaccos contra naves complicava le diplomatia. Iran insistiva super su restrictiones concernente le rutas que illo considerava illegitime, durante que le Statos Unite e altere paises reclamava un passage secur pro le navigation commercial. == Securitate maritime e derecto international == Le crise poneva questiones super le libertate de navigation, le protection del naves commercial e le application del derecto international in un zona de conflicto armate. Le Stricto de Hormuz es un via maritime international de importantia strategic, e le restrictiones e attaccos contra naves provocava reactiones de altere Statos e de organisationes maritime. Le securitate del equipages deveniva un preoccupation central. Le incidentes de 2026 includeva evacuationes, naves incendiate o affundate e cargamentos disperse in le mar. Le effectos ambiental de naves affundate, combustibile liberate e containers perdite esseva etiam signalate per le medios. Le interpretation juridic del restrictiones iranian e del operationes militar del Statos Unite depende del normas applicabile al navigation international, del situation de conflicto armate e del circumstantias de cata incidente. Le crise ha assi generate un debatte super le limites del uso de fortia, le protection del navigation civil e le obligationes del Statos in le aquas international. == Situation in octobre 2026 == A 20 de octobre 2026, le crise del Stricto de Hormuz remaneva active. Le traffico maritime esseva fortemente reducite comparate al periodo anterior al guerra, e le attaccos contra naves commercial continuava. Le negotiationes diplomatic non habeva ancora producite un accordo definitive que garantiva le reaperition stabile del stricto. Le evolution del crise dependeva del confrontation inter Iran e le Statos Unite, del securitate del naves commercial, del operationes naval e del possibilitate de un accordo que permitteva restaurar le navigation regular. Le effectos super le energia, le commercio e le securitate regional remaneva importante pro le economia mundial. {{Ref}} == Ligamines externe == * {{Cita web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/vessels-trickle-through-strait-hormuz-mideast-tension-persists-2026-09-21/ |titulo=Vessels trickle through Strait of Hormuz as Middle East conflict persists |sitioweb=Reuters |fecha=21 de septembre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}} * {{Cita web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-shifting-tactics-step-up-attacks-shipping-before-us-vote-officials-say-2026-10-14/ |titulo=Iran shifting tactics to step up attacks on shipping before US vote, officials say |sitioweb=Reuters |fecha=14 de octobre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}} * {{Cita web |url=https://www.investing.com/news/commodities-news/hormuz-transits-at-lowest-in-over-two-months-after-attacks-data-shows-4937851 |titulo=Hormuz transits at lowest in over two months after attacks, data shows |sitioweb=Reuters, republicate per Investing.com |fecha=8 de octobre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}} * {{Cita web |url=https://www.investing.com/news/commodities-news/two-ships-sink-near-hormuz-after-being-hit-by-projectiles-amid-surge-in-attacks-4950603 |titulo=Two ships sink near Hormuz after being hit by projectiles amid surge in attacks |sitioweb=Reuters, republicate per Investing.com |fecha=15 de octobre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}} * {{Cita web |url=https://apnews.com/article/871504dbd98d9b08b226b9805d8f4606 |titulo=Mediators are working to broker a US-Iran deal, but major hurdles remain |sitioweb=Associated Press |fecha=28 de septembre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}} * {{Cita web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/oct/19/strait-of-hormuz-spilt-cargo-iran-attacks-container-ships |titulo=People scour Strait of Hormuz for spilt cargo after Iran attacks container ships |sitioweb=The Guardian |fecha=19 de octobre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}} {{Cassa de campania del guerra de Iran de 2026}} [[Categoria:Stricto de Hormuz]] [[Categoria:Historia de Iran]] [[Categoria:Historia del Statos Unite]] [[Categoria:2026 in le politica international]] [[Categoria:Medio Oriente]] gtx6rp325yhvrrwt2151mqiumdi0565 705353 705351 2026-11-01T11:34:44Z Interlingvisto 60932 705353 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''crise del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026''' es un crise maritime, militar e economic originate in le [[guerra inter Iran, Israel e le Statos Unite de 2026]] e in le confrontation inter [[Iran]] e le [[Statos Unite]]. Le crise comenciava in le prime menses de 2026, quando Iran restringeva le navigation per le [[Stricto de Hormuz]] post le initio del attaccos militar del Statos Unite e de [[Israel]] contra Iran le 28 de februario 2026. Le restrictiones, le attaccos contra naves commercial e le operationes naval del Statos Unite perturbava un del principal rutas maritime del mundo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/vessels-trickle-through-strait-hormuz-mideast-tension-persists-2026-09-21/ |titulo=Vessels trickle through Strait of Hormuz as Middle East conflict persists |sitioweb=Reuters |fecha=21 de septembre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Stricto de Hormuz conecta le [[Golfo Persic]] con le [[Golfo de Oman]] e le [[Mar Arabic]]. Ante le guerra, circa un quinto del commercio mundial de petroleo e gas natural liquefacite transitava per iste passage. Le reduction del traffico maritime, le augmento del custos de assecurantia e le attaccos contra petrolieros e naves de carga provocava perturbationes in le mercatos energetic e in le commercio international. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/vessels-trickle-through-strait-hormuz-mideast-tension-persists-2026-09-21/ |titulo=Vessels trickle through Strait of Hormuz as Middle East conflict persists |sitioweb=Reuters |fecha=21 de septembre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Contexto e origines == Le crise se disveloppava in le quadro del guerra que comenciava le 28 de februario 2026, quando le Statos Unite e Israel lanceva attaccos contra Iran. Le confrontation militar provocava un deterioration rapide del securitate in le Golfo Persic e in le aquas adjacente. Le Stricto de Hormuz es un puncto strategic pro le exportation de petroleo e gas proveniente de Iran, Irak, Kuwait, Qatar, Arabia Saudita e le Emiratos Arabe Unite. Le possibilitate de restringer o interrumper le navigation per le stricto deveniva assi un instrumento de pression militar e economic in le confrontation. Le prime restrictiones includeva transmissiones radio in le quales le [[Guardias Revolutionari Islamic]] (IRGC) annunciava que le passage de naves non esseva permittite. Le 2 de martio, le IRGC declarava officialmente que le stricto esseva claudite e menaciava naves que entrava in le zona. Ben que iste declarationes non constituiva per se un interdiction juridic universalmente obligatori, le attaccos e le riscos militar induceva multos operatores a suspender o rediriger lor navigation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-10521/0/ |titulo=Israel/US-Iran conflict 2026: Background and UK response |sitioweb=House of Commons Library |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Le restriction del navigation == Le restrictiones iranian reduceva fortemente le numero de naves que transiva per le stricto. Multos operatores maritime evitava le zona a causa del risco de attaccos, del possibilitate de minas naval e del difficultate de obtener assecurantia pro le viage. Le restriction non significava que tote le navigation cessava. Aliquos petrolieros e naves de carga continuava a transir, in certe casos con lor transponders disactivate o per rutas considerate plus secur. Le traffico remaneva tamen multo inferior al nivello anterior al guerra. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/vessels-trickle-through-strait-hormuz-mideast-tension-persists-2026-09-21/ |titulo=Vessels trickle through Strait of Hormuz as Middle East conflict persists |sitioweb=Reuters |fecha=21 de septembre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Statos Unite exerceva pression militar e economic super Iran e annunciava mesuras pro facilitar le passage de naves. Le securitate del rutas maritime deveniva un del principal punctos de confrontation inter Washington e Teheran. == Chronologia == === Februario–martio 2026 === Le 28 de februario 2026, le Statos Unite e Israel initiava attaccos contra Iran, marcante le initio del guerra que duceva al crise del Stricto de Hormuz. In le dies sequente, le IRGC comenciava a transmitter advertimentos radio contra le navigation per le stricto. Le 2 de martio, le autoritates iranian annunciava que le passage esseva claudite e menaciava naves que entrava sin autorisation. Le traffico maritime cadeva rapidemente e le custos de assecurantia augmentava. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://apnews.com/article/04da58cbae991183f8b52ef5bf615963 |titulo=A timeline of the Iran conflict and talks aimed at ending it |sitioweb=Associated Press |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le 12 de martio, tres naves de carga esseva colpite in le stricto. Le incidentes coincideva con le annuncio del [[Agentia International de Energia]] de liberar 400 milliones de barriles de petroleo de reservas, pro attenuar le effectos del interruption del approvisionamento. Reportos indicava tamben que Iran habeva disployate minas naval in le zona. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-10521/0/ |titulo=Israel/US-Iran conflict 2026: Background and UK response |sitioweb=House of Commons Library |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Septembre 2026 === Durante septembre, le traffico per le stricto remaneva fortemente reducite. Secundo datos de navigation citate per Reuters le 21 de septembre, 17 naves de carga commercial transiva le stricto durante le fin de septimana precedente, comparate con 37 durante le septimana anterior e con un nivello anterior al guerra de circa 125 naves commercial per die. Le mesme reporto indicava que le exportationes de petroleo continuava per le stricto, ben que aliquos cargamentos esseva transferite inter petrolieros in le Golfo de Oman o transportate per rutas alternative. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/vessels-trickle-through-strait-hormuz-mideast-tension-persists-2026-09-21/ |titulo=Vessels trickle through Strait of Hormuz as Middle East conflict persists |sitioweb=Reuters |fecha=21 de septembre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le 28 de septembre, Associated Press reportava que mediatores tentava organisar un accordo inter le Statos Unite e Iran pro terminar le confrontation e reaperir le stricto. Le negotiationes indirecte involveva actores regional, includente Oman e Qatar. Le propositiones discutite includeva le reaperition del passage sin taxas, le relaxation de certe sanctiones american e concessiones iranian concernente le programma nuclear. Le partes non habeva tamen attingite un accordo definitive. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://apnews.com/article/871504dbd98d9b08b226b9805d8f4606 |titulo=Mediators are working to broker a US-Iran deal, but major hurdles remain |sitioweb=Associated Press |fecha=28 de septembre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Octobre 2026 === In le prime septimana de octobre, le attaccos contra naves commercial se intensificava. Le 8 de octobre, Reuters reportava que le numero de naves que transiva le stricto habeva cadite a su nivello le plus basse in plus de duo menses. Solmente septe naves de carga commercial transiva le passage le 6 de octobre, secundo datos de Kpler. Le quantitate de petroleo que transiva le stricto habeva tamben diminuite. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.investing.com/news/commodities-news/hormuz-transits-at-lowest-in-over-two-months-after-attacks-data-shows-4937851 |titulo=Hormuz transits at lowest in over two months after attacks, data shows |sitioweb=Reuters, republicate per Investing.com |fecha=8 de octobre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le 14 de octobre, Reuters reportava que Iran modificava su tacticas contra le naves que illo considerava in violation de su restrictiones. Secundo officiales iranian citate per Reuters, le attaccos includeva nove modos de identificar e visar naves commercial. Le Statos Unite continuava le pression naval e economic contra Iran. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-shifting-tactics-step-up-attacks-shipping-before-us-vote-officials-say-2026-10-14/ |titulo=Iran shifting tactics to step up attacks on shipping before US vote, officials say |sitioweb=Reuters |fecha=14 de octobre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le mesme die, un nave de carga registrate in Singapore, le ''GFS Pride'', se affundava post haber essite colpite durante su transito per le stricto. Le autoritates de Singapore declarava que tote le 21 membros del equipage habeva essite evacuate e que nulle ferito esseva reportate. Iran declarava que un nave habeva colpite un mina naval, ma le identification exacte del nave e le circumstantias del incidentes non esseva completemente clarificate in le prime reportos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.investing.com/news/commodities-news/two-ships-sink-near-hormuz-after-being-hit-by-projectiles-amid-surge-in-attacks-4950603 |titulo=Two ships sink near Hormuz after being hit by projectiles amid surge in attacks |sitioweb=Reuters, republicate per Investing.com |fecha=15 de octobre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le 19 de octobre, The Guardian reportava que Iran habeva attaccate al minus 15 naves de containers durante le dece dies precedente, usante drones, minas e projectiles lansate ab embarcationes rapide. Le attaccos habeva augmentate le riscos pro le navigation commercial e contribuiva al augmento del precio del petroleo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/oct/19/strait-of-hormuz-spilt-cargo-iran-attacks-container-ships |titulo=People scour Strait of Hormuz for spilt cargo after Iran attacks container ships |sitioweb=The Guardian |fecha=19 de octobre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Attaccos contra naves commercial == Le attaccos contra naves commercial esseva un del principal elementos del crise. Le naves esseva colpite per projectiles, drones o minas, e aliquos incidentes obligava le equipages a abandonar le naves. In plure casos, le attribution del responsabilitate e le detalios del attacco restava subjecte a investigation o a allegationes contradictori. Le 14 de octobre, duo naves se affundava in incidentes separate in le area del stricto, secundo officiales maritime citate per Reuters. Le ''GFS Pride'', registrate in Singapore, se affundava durante su transito per le stricto; un nave de carga a granel, le ''Cape Dao'', que habeva essite colpite le 23 de septembre, se affundava etiam. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.investing.com/news/commodities-news/two-ships-sink-near-hormuz-after-being-hit-by-projectiles-amid-surge-in-attacks-4950603 |titulo=Two ships sink near Hormuz after being hit by projectiles amid surge in attacks |sitioweb=Reuters, republicate per Investing.com |fecha=15 de octobre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le 19 de octobre, The Guardian reportava que un nave que viagiava de Karachi, Pakistan, verso Fujairah, Emiratos Arabe Unite, habeva colpite un mina e se affundava. Le 21 membros del equipage esseva evacuate. Le incidente causava etiam le dispersion de centos de containers, con riscos pro le ambiente marin e le navigation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/oct/19/strait-of-hormuz-spilt-cargo-iran-attacks-container-ships |titulo=People scour Strait of Hormuz for spilt cargo after Iran attacks container ships |sitioweb=The Guardian |fecha=19 de octobre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le attaccos e le menacias contra naves commercial affectava le fiducia del transportatores, le disponibilitate de assecurantia e le capacitate de planificar le rutas maritime. Le effectos non se limitava al petrolieros: naves de containers, transportatores de gas e naves de carga a granel esseva etiam concernite. == Impacto economic == Le Stricto de Hormuz es un passage importante pro le exportation de petroleo e gas natural liquefacite del Golfo Persic. Le reduction del traffico maritime causava perturbationes in le fluxos de energia, le commercio e le mercato de assecurantia maritime. Le datos de Kpler citate per Reuters indicava que le volumine de petroleo crude que transiva le stricto habeva cadite in le prime dies de octobre. Ben que aliquos exportationes esseva redirigite verso rutas alternative, le disruption augmentava le pression super le custos logistic e le precios del energia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.investing.com/news/commodities-news/hormuz-transits-at-lowest-in-over-two-months-after-attacks-data-shows-4937851 |titulo=Hormuz transits at lowest in over two months after attacks, data shows |sitioweb=Reuters, republicate per Investing.com |fecha=8 de octobre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le augmento del precio del petroleo pote affectar le transporto, le production industrial e le custos de energia in numerose paises. Le impacto exacte depende del duration del interruption, del disponibilitate de rutas alternative, del reservas strategic e del capacitate del productores de augmentar lor exportationes per altere vias. Le crise ha tamben effectos super le industria maritime. Le augmento del assecurantia de guerra, le dispendios de navigation e le necessitate de rediriger naves pote elevar le custos del commercio international, mesmo in paises que non importa directemente petroleo per le Stricto de Hormuz. == Negotiationes diplomatic e tentativas de reaperition == Le Statos Unite e Iran ha usate le securitate del navigation como parte del confrontation politic e economic. Le Statos Unite ha mantenite le pression super Iran per medio de sanctiones e operationes naval, durante que Iran ha conditionate le reaperition del stricto a concessiones american. Le 28 de septembre, Associated Press reportava que mediatores tentava obtener un accordo pro reaperir le passage sin taxas e discutir le sanctiones e le programma nuclear iranian. Le negotiationes includeva mediatores regional e contactos con le [[Organisation del Nationes Unite|Nationes Unite]], ma le partes continuava a diverger super le conditiones de un accordo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://apnews.com/article/871504dbd98d9b08b226b9805d8f4606 |titulo=Mediators are working to broker a US-Iran deal, but major hurdles remain |sitioweb=Associated Press |fecha=28 de septembre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In octobre, le escalation del attaccos contra naves complicava le diplomatia. Iran insistiva super su restrictiones concernente le rutas que illo considerava illegitime, durante que le Statos Unite e altere paises reclamava un passage secur pro le navigation commercial. == Securitate maritime e derecto international == Le crise poneva questiones super le libertate de navigation, le protection del naves commercial e le application del derecto international in un zona de conflicto armate. Le Stricto de Hormuz es un via maritime international de importantia strategic, e le restrictiones e attaccos contra naves provocava reactiones de altere Statos e de organisationes maritime. Le securitate del equipages deveniva un preoccupation central. Le incidentes de 2026 includeva evacuationes, naves incendiate o affundate e cargamentos disperse in le mar. Le effectos ambiental de naves affundate, combustibile liberate e containers perdite esseva etiam signalate per le medios. Le interpretation juridic del restrictiones iranian e del operationes militar del Statos Unite depende del normas applicabile al navigation international, del situation de conflicto armate e del circumstantias de cata incidente. Le crise ha assi generate un debatte super le limites del uso de fortia, le protection del navigation civil e le obligationes del Statos in le aquas international. == Situation in octobre 2026 == A 20 de octobre 2026, le crise del Stricto de Hormuz remaneva active. Le traffico maritime esseva fortemente reducite comparate al periodo anterior al guerra, e le attaccos contra naves commercial continuava. Le negotiationes diplomatic non habeva ancora producite un accordo definitive que garantiva le reaperition stabile del stricto. Le evolution del crise dependeva del confrontation inter Iran e le Statos Unite, del securitate del naves commercial, del operationes naval e del possibilitate de un accordo que permitteva restaurar le navigation regular. Le effectos super le energia, le commercio e le securitate regional remaneva importante pro le economia mundial. {{Ref}} == Ligamines externe == * {{Cita web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/vessels-trickle-through-strait-hormuz-mideast-tension-persists-2026-09-21/ |titulo=Vessels trickle through Strait of Hormuz as Middle East conflict persists |sitioweb=Reuters |fecha=21 de septembre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}} * {{Cita web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-shifting-tactics-step-up-attacks-shipping-before-us-vote-officials-say-2026-10-14/ |titulo=Iran shifting tactics to step up attacks on shipping before US vote, officials say |sitioweb=Reuters |fecha=14 de octobre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}} * {{Cita web |url=https://www.investing.com/news/commodities-news/hormuz-transits-at-lowest-in-over-two-months-after-attacks-data-shows-4937851 |titulo=Hormuz transits at lowest in over two months after attacks, data shows |sitioweb=Reuters, republicate per Investing.com |fecha=8 de octobre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}} * {{Cita web |url=https://www.investing.com/news/commodities-news/two-ships-sink-near-hormuz-after-being-hit-by-projectiles-amid-surge-in-attacks-4950603 |titulo=Two ships sink near Hormuz after being hit by projectiles amid surge in attacks |sitioweb=Reuters, republicate per Investing.com |fecha=15 de octobre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}} * {{Cita web |url=https://apnews.com/article/871504dbd98d9b08b226b9805d8f4606 |titulo=Mediators are working to broker a US-Iran deal, but major hurdles remain |sitioweb=Associated Press |fecha=28 de septembre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}} * {{Cita web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/oct/19/strait-of-hormuz-spilt-cargo-iran-attacks-container-ships |titulo=People scour Strait of Hormuz for spilt cargo after Iran attacks container ships |sitioweb=The Guardian |fecha=19 de octobre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}} {{Cassa de campania del guerra de Iran de 2026}} [[Categoria:Stricto de Hormuz]] [[Categoria:Historia de Iran]] [[Categoria:Historia del Statos Unite]] [[Categoria:2026 in le politica international]] [[Categoria:Medio Oriente]] 2ju249e4gf2bbl4vh4u0ak9kc4oiv6l 705354 705353 2026-11-01T11:35:06Z Interlingvisto 60932 705354 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''crise del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026''' es un crise maritime, militar e economic originate in le [[guerra inter Iran, Israel e le Statos Unite de 2026]] e in le confrontation inter [[Iran]] e le [[Statos Unite]]. Le crise comenciava in le prime menses de 2026, quando Iran restringeva le navigation per le [[Stricto de Hormuz]] post le initio del attaccos militar del Statos Unite e de [[Israel]] contra Iran le 28 de februario 2026. Le restrictiones, le attaccos contra naves commercial e le operationes naval del Statos Unite perturbava un del principal rutas maritime del mundo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/vessels-trickle-through-strait-hormuz-mideast-tension-persists-2026-09-21/ |titulo=Vessels trickle through Strait of Hormuz as Middle East conflict persists |sitioweb=Reuters |fecha=21 de septembre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Stricto de Hormuz conecta le [[Golfo Persic]] con le [[Golfo de Oman]] e le [[Mar Arabic]]. Ante le guerra, circa un quinto del commercio mundial de petroleo e gas natural liquefacite transitava per iste passage. Le reduction del traffico maritime, le augmento del custos de assecurantia e le attaccos contra petrolieros e naves de carga provocava perturbationes in le mercatos energetic e in le commercio international. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/vessels-trickle-through-strait-hormuz-mideast-tension-persists-2026-09-21/ |titulo=Vessels trickle through Strait of Hormuz as Middle East conflict persists |sitioweb=Reuters |fecha=21 de septembre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Contexto e origines == Le crise se disveloppava in le quadro del guerra que comenciava le 28 de februario 2026, quando le Statos Unite e Israel lanceva attaccos contra Iran. Le confrontation militar provocava un deterioration rapide del securitate in le Golfo Persic e in le aquas adjacente. Le Stricto de Hormuz es un puncto strategic pro le exportation de petroleo e gas proveniente de Iran, Irak, Kuwait, Qatar, Arabia Saudita e le Emiratos Arabe Unite. Le possibilitate de restringer o interrumper le navigation per le stricto deveniva assi un instrumento de pression militar e economic in le confrontation. Le prime restrictiones includeva transmissiones radio in le quales le [[Guardias Revolutionari Islamic]] (IRGC) annunciava que le passage de naves non esseva permittite. Le 2 de martio, le IRGC declarava officialmente que le stricto esseva claudite e menaciava naves que entrava in le zona. Ben que iste declarationes non constituiva per se un interdiction juridic universalmente obligatori, le attaccos e le riscos militar induceva multos operatores a suspender o rediriger lor navigation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-10521/0/ |titulo=Israel/US-Iran conflict 2026: Background and UK response |sitioweb=House of Commons Library |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Le restriction del navigation == Le restrictiones iranian reduceva fortemente le numero de naves que transiva per le stricto. Multos operatores maritime evitava le zona a causa del risco de attaccos, del possibilitate de minas naval e del difficultate de obtener assecurantia pro le viage. Le restriction non significava que tote le navigation cessava. Aliquos petrolieros e naves de carga continuava a transir, in certe casos con lor transponders disactivate o per rutas considerate plus secur. Le traffico remaneva tamen multo inferior al nivello anterior al guerra. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/vessels-trickle-through-strait-hormuz-mideast-tension-persists-2026-09-21/ |titulo=Vessels trickle through Strait of Hormuz as Middle East conflict persists |sitioweb=Reuters |fecha=21 de septembre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Statos Unite exerceva pression militar e economic super Iran e annunciava mesuras pro facilitar le passage de naves. Le securitate del rutas maritime deveniva un del principal punctos de confrontation inter Washington e Teheran. == Chronologia == === Februario–martio 2026 === Le 28 de februario 2026, le Statos Unite e Israel initiava attaccos contra Iran, marcante le initio del guerra que duceva al crise del Stricto de Hormuz. In le dies sequente, le IRGC comenciava a transmitter advertimentos radio contra le navigation per le stricto. Le 2 de martio, le autoritates iranian annunciava que le passage esseva claudite e menaciava naves que entrava sin autorisation. Le traffico maritime cadeva rapidemente e le custos de assecurantia augmentava. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://apnews.com/article/04da58cbae991183f8b52ef5bf615963 |titulo=A timeline of the Iran conflict and talks aimed at ending it |sitioweb=Associated Press |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le 12 de martio, tres naves de carga esseva colpite in le stricto. Le incidentes coincideva con le annuncio del [[Agentia International de Energia]] de liberar 400 milliones de barriles de petroleo de reservas, pro attenuar le effectos del interruption del approvisionamento. Reportos indicava tamben que Iran habeva disployate minas naval in le zona. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-10521/0/ |titulo=Israel/US-Iran conflict 2026: Background and UK response |sitioweb=House of Commons Library |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Septembre 2026 === Durante septembre, le traffico per le stricto remaneva fortemente reducite. Secundo datos de navigation citate per Reuters le 21 de septembre, 17 naves de carga commercial transiva le stricto durante le fin de septimana precedente, comparate con 37 durante le septimana anterior e con un nivello anterior al guerra de circa 125 naves commercial per die. Le mesme reporto indicava que le exportationes de petroleo continuava per le stricto, ben que aliquos cargamentos esseva transferite inter petrolieros in le Golfo de Oman o transportate per rutas alternative. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/vessels-trickle-through-strait-hormuz-mideast-tension-persists-2026-09-21/ |titulo=Vessels trickle through Strait of Hormuz as Middle East conflict persists |sitioweb=Reuters |fecha=21 de septembre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le 28 de septembre, Associated Press reportava que mediatores tentava organisar un accordo inter le Statos Unite e Iran pro terminar le confrontation e reaperir le stricto. Le negotiationes indirecte involveva actores regional, includente Oman e Qatar. Le propositiones discutite includeva le reaperition del passage sin taxas, le relaxation de certe sanctiones american e concessiones iranian concernente le programma nuclear. Le partes non habeva tamen attingite un accordo definitive. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://apnews.com/article/871504dbd98d9b08b226b9805d8f4606 |titulo=Mediators are working to broker a US-Iran deal, but major hurdles remain |sitioweb=Associated Press |fecha=28 de septembre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Octobre 2026 === In le prime septimana de octobre, le attaccos contra naves commercial se intensificava. Le 8 de octobre, Reuters reportava que le numero de naves que transiva le stricto habeva cadite a su nivello le plus basse in plus de duo menses. Solmente septe naves de carga commercial transiva le passage le 6 de octobre, secundo datos de Kpler. Le quantitate de petroleo que transiva le stricto habeva tamben diminuite. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.investing.com/news/commodities-news/hormuz-transits-at-lowest-in-over-two-months-after-attacks-data-shows-4937851 |titulo=Hormuz transits at lowest in over two months after attacks, data shows |sitioweb=Reuters, republicate per Investing.com |fecha=8 de octobre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le 14 de octobre, Reuters reportava que Iran modificava su tacticas contra le naves que illo considerava in violation de su restrictiones. Secundo officiales iranian citate per Reuters, le attaccos includeva nove modos de identificar e visar naves commercial. Le Statos Unite continuava le pression naval e economic contra Iran. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-shifting-tactics-step-up-attacks-shipping-before-us-vote-officials-say-2026-10-14/ |titulo=Iran shifting tactics to step up attacks on shipping before US vote, officials say |sitioweb=Reuters |fecha=14 de octobre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le mesme die, un nave de carga registrate in Singapore, le ''GFS Pride'', se affundava post haber essite colpite durante su transito per le stricto. Le autoritates de Singapore declarava que tote le 21 membros del equipage habeva essite evacuate e que nulle ferito esseva reportate. Iran declarava que un nave habeva colpite un mina naval, ma le identification exacte del nave e le circumstantias del incidentes non esseva completemente clarificate in le prime reportos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.investing.com/news/commodities-news/two-ships-sink-near-hormuz-after-being-hit-by-projectiles-amid-surge-in-attacks-4950603 |titulo=Two ships sink near Hormuz after being hit by projectiles amid surge in attacks |sitioweb=Reuters, republicate per Investing.com |fecha=15 de octobre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le 19 de octobre, The Guardian reportava que Iran habeva attaccate al minus 15 naves de containers durante le dece dies precedente, usante drones, minas e projectiles lansate ab embarcationes rapide. Le attaccos habeva augmentate le riscos pro le navigation commercial e contribuiva al augmento del precio del petroleo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/oct/19/strait-of-hormuz-spilt-cargo-iran-attacks-container-ships |titulo=People scour Strait of Hormuz for spilt cargo after Iran attacks container ships |sitioweb=The Guardian |fecha=19 de octobre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Attaccos contra naves commercial == Le attaccos contra naves commercial esseva un del principal elementos del crise. Le naves esseva colpite per projectiles, drones o minas, e aliquos incidentes obligava le equipages a abandonar le naves. In plure casos, le attribution del responsabilitate e le detalios del attacco restava subjecte a investigation o a allegationes contradictori. Le 14 de octobre, duo naves se affundava in incidentes separate in le area del stricto, secundo officiales maritime citate per Reuters. Le ''GFS Pride'', registrate in Singapore, se affundava durante su transito per le stricto; un nave de carga a granel, le ''Cape Dao'', que habeva essite colpite le 23 de septembre, se affundava etiam. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.investing.com/news/commodities-news/two-ships-sink-near-hormuz-after-being-hit-by-projectiles-amid-surge-in-attacks-4950603 |titulo=Two ships sink near Hormuz after being hit by projectiles amid surge in attacks |sitioweb=Reuters, republicate per Investing.com |fecha=15 de octobre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le 19 de octobre, The Guardian reportava que un nave que viagiava de Karachi, Pakistan, verso Fujairah, Emiratos Arabe Unite, habeva colpite un mina e se affundava. Le 21 membros del equipage esseva evacuate. Le incidente causava etiam le dispersion de centos de containers, con riscos pro le ambiente marin e le navigation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/oct/19/strait-of-hormuz-spilt-cargo-iran-attacks-container-ships |titulo=People scour Strait of Hormuz for spilt cargo after Iran attacks container ships |sitioweb=The Guardian |fecha=19 de octobre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le attaccos e le menacias contra naves commercial affectava le fiducia del transportatores, le disponibilitate de assecurantia e le capacitate de planificar le rutas maritime. Le effectos non se limitava al petrolieros: naves de containers, transportatores de gas e naves de carga a granel esseva etiam concernite. == Impacto economic == Le Stricto de Hormuz es un passage importante pro le exportation de petroleo e gas natural liquefacite del Golfo Persic. Le reduction del traffico maritime causava perturbationes in le fluxos de energia, le commercio e le mercato de assecurantia maritime. Le datos de Kpler citate per Reuters indicava que le volumine de petroleo crude que transiva le stricto habeva cadite in le prime dies de octobre. Ben que aliquos exportationes esseva redirigite verso rutas alternative, le disruption augmentava le pression super le custos logistic e le precios del energia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.investing.com/news/commodities-news/hormuz-transits-at-lowest-in-over-two-months-after-attacks-data-shows-4937851 |titulo=Hormuz transits at lowest in over two months after attacks, data shows |sitioweb=Reuters, republicate per Investing.com |fecha=8 de octobre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le augmento del precio del petroleo pote affectar le transporto, le production industrial e le custos de energia in numerose paises. Le impacto exacte depende del duration del interruption, del disponibilitate de rutas alternative, del reservas strategic e del capacitate del productores de augmentar lor exportationes per altere vias. Le crise ha tamben effectos super le industria maritime. Le augmento del assecurantia de guerra, le dispendios de navigation e le necessitate de rediriger naves pote elevar le custos del commercio international, mesmo in paises que non importa directemente petroleo per le Stricto de Hormuz. == Negotiationes diplomatic e tentativas de reaperition == Le Statos Unite e Iran ha usate le securitate del navigation como parte del confrontation politic e economic. Le Statos Unite ha mantenite le pression super Iran per medio de sanctiones e operationes naval, durante que Iran ha conditionate le reaperition del stricto a concessiones american. Le 28 de septembre, Associated Press reportava que mediatores tentava obtener un accordo pro reaperir le passage sin taxas e discutir le sanctiones e le programma nuclear iranian. Le negotiationes includeva mediatores regional e contactos con le [[Organisation del Nationes Unite|Nationes Unite]], ma le partes continuava a diverger super le conditiones de un accordo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://apnews.com/article/871504dbd98d9b08b226b9805d8f4606 |titulo=Mediators are working to broker a US-Iran deal, but major hurdles remain |sitioweb=Associated Press |fecha=28 de septembre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In octobre, le escalation del attaccos contra naves complicava le diplomatia. Iran insistiva super su restrictiones concernente le rutas que illo considerava illegitime, durante que le Statos Unite e altere paises reclamava un passage secur pro le navigation commercial. == Securitate maritime e derecto international == Le crise poneva questiones super le libertate de navigation, le protection del naves commercial e le application del derecto international in un zona de conflicto armate. Le Stricto de Hormuz es un via maritime international de importantia strategic, e le restrictiones e attaccos contra naves provocava reactiones de altere Statos e de organisationes maritime. Le securitate del equipages deveniva un preoccupation central. Le incidentes de 2026 includeva evacuationes, naves incendiate o affundate e cargamentos disperse in le mar. Le effectos ambiental de naves affundate, combustibile liberate e containers perdite esseva etiam signalate per le medios. Le interpretation juridic del restrictiones iranian e del operationes militar del Statos Unite depende del normas applicabile al navigation international, del situation de conflicto armate e del circumstantias de cata incidente. Le crise ha assi generate un debatte super le limites del uso de fortia, le protection del navigation civil e le obligationes del Statos in le aquas international. == Situation in octobre 2026 == A 20 de octobre 2026, le crise del Stricto de Hormuz remaneva active. Le traffico maritime esseva fortemente reducite comparate al periodo anterior al guerra, e le attaccos contra naves commercial continuava. Le negotiationes diplomatic non habeva ancora producite un accordo definitive que garantiva le reaperition stabile del stricto. Le evolution del crise dependeva del confrontation inter Iran e le Statos Unite, del securitate del naves commercial, del operationes naval e del possibilitate de un accordo que permitteva restaurar le navigation regular. Le effectos super le energia, le commercio e le securitate regional remaneva importante pro le economia mundial. {{Ref}} == Ligamines externe == * {{Cita web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/vessels-trickle-through-strait-hormuz-mideast-tension-persists-2026-09-21/ |titulo=Vessels trickle through Strait of Hormuz as Middle East conflict persists |sitioweb=Reuters |fecha=21 de septembre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}} * {{Cita web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-shifting-tactics-step-up-attacks-shipping-before-us-vote-officials-say-2026-10-14/ |titulo=Iran shifting tactics to step up attacks on shipping before US vote, officials say |sitioweb=Reuters |fecha=14 de octobre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}} * {{Cita web |url=https://www.investing.com/news/commodities-news/hormuz-transits-at-lowest-in-over-two-months-after-attacks-data-shows-4937851 |titulo=Hormuz transits at lowest in over two months after attacks, data shows |sitioweb=Reuters, republicate per Investing.com |fecha=8 de octobre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}} * {{Cita web |url=https://www.investing.com/news/commodities-news/two-ships-sink-near-hormuz-after-being-hit-by-projectiles-amid-surge-in-attacks-4950603 |titulo=Two ships sink near Hormuz after being hit by projectiles amid surge in attacks |sitioweb=Reuters, republicate per Investing.com |fecha=15 de octobre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}} * {{Cita web |url=https://apnews.com/article/871504dbd98d9b08b226b9805d8f4606 |titulo=Mediators are working to broker a US-Iran deal, but major hurdles remain |sitioweb=Associated Press |fecha=28 de septembre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}} * {{Cita web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/oct/19/strait-of-hormuz-spilt-cargo-iran-attacks-container-ships |titulo=People scour Strait of Hormuz for spilt cargo after Iran attacks container ships |sitioweb=The Guardian |fecha=19 de octobre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}} {{Cassa de campania del guerra de Iran de 2026}} [[Categoria:Stricto de Hormuz]] [[Categoria:Historia de Iran]] [[Categoria:Historia del Statos Unite]] [[Categoria:2026 in le politica international]] [[Categoria:Oriente Medie]] blooyjcm2o9m2nojhjwurogyrhmf373 14 62423 705273 705219 2026-11-01T08:29:54Z Interlingvisto 60932 705273 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Monarchia in Espania]] qchqun341oxvfd12tdewm384zod0gud 14 62424 705271 705220 2026-11-01T08:29:42Z Interlingvisto 60932 Contento reimplaciate per “{{delete}}” 705271 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete}} 35r2j9t4ectnt1cmb7mlgcqvwz6h5k6 0 62425 705252 2026-11-01T08:01:53Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Alte Medievo del peninsula iberic''' es le periodo del historia del peninsula iberic que se extende approximativemente desde le disintegration del autoritate imperial roman in le Occidente, durante le seculo V, usque al transformationes politic, social e cultural del seculos X e XI.<ref name="portass">Robert Portass, «Introduction: The making of medieval Iberia, 711–1031», in ''The Village World of Early Medieval Northern Spain'...” 705252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Alte Medievo del peninsula iberic''' es le periodo del historia del peninsula iberic que se extende approximativemente desde le disintegration del autoritate imperial roman in le Occidente, durante le seculo V, usque al transformationes politic, social e cultural del seculos X e XI.<ref name="portass">Robert Portass, «Introduction: The making of medieval Iberia, 711–1031», in ''The Village World of Early Medieval Northern Spain'', Boydell & Brewer, 2017. [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/village-world-of-early-medieval-northern-spain/introduction-the-making-of-medieval-iberia-7111031/7EEF1497746007A0B1DAE19501FB52EA Cambridge University Press].</ref> Durante iste periodo, le peninsula passava per transformationes fundamental. Le structuras administrative e urban del Hispania roman se adaptava al nove poteres germanic; le Visigothos establiva un regno con centro in Toledo; le expansion islamic attingeva le peninsula in 711; e le major parte del territorio deveniva parte de al-Andalus, un societate de tradition islamic e de grande diversitate religiose e linguistic.<ref name="clarke">Nicola Clarke, «Al-Andalus (Muslim Iberia)», ''The Encyclopedia of Empire'', Wiley, 2016. [https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe325 DOI].</ref> In le nord e nord-west se formava e consolidava un serie de potentias christian, inter illos le regno de Asturias, le regno de Pamplona e le territorios que plus tarde deveniva le regnos de León, Castilia e Aragonia, insimul con le comtatos pirenaic e catalan.<ref name="portass"/> Le periodo non constitueva un evolution uniforme ni un simple succession de regnos. Le peninsula esseva un spatio de interaction inter traditiones roman, germanic, christian, islamic e judaic, con relationes que includeva guerra, commercio, diplomatia, migration e transmission cultural.<ref name="elsPast">Jorge Elices Ocón e Eduardo Manzano Moreno, «Uses of the Past in Early Medieval Iberia (Eighth–Tenth Centuries)», ''Medieval Worlds''. [https://hw.oeaw.ac.at/0xc1aa5576_0x003b0daa.pdf PDF].</ref> == Chronologia e periodisation == Le limites del Alte Medievo varia secundo le historiographia e le regiones considerate. Pro le peninsula iberic, on usa frequentemente le sequente division approximative:<ref name="portass"/> * Fin del seculo IV e seculo V: crise del Imperio roman occidental, migrationes germanic e formation del regnos post-romane. * Seculos V–VI: regnos suevic e visigothic, con intervention bizantin in le sud-est. * Seculo VII e initio del VIII: consolidation del monarchia visigothic e crise del succession regal. * 711–756: conqueste musulman e organisation del territorio como provincia del caliphato omeia. * 756–929: Emirato omeia independente de Córdoba. * 929–1031: Caliphato de Córdoba. * Circa 1000–1050: crises politic e transformation del potentias regional; dissolution del caliphato in 1031 e formation del regnos de taifa. Le termino ''Alte Medievo'' non ha un limite universalmente acceptate. In alcun obras, illo termina circa le anno 1000; in alteres, illo include le prime decennios del seculo XI.<ref name="portass"/> == Fin del Hispania roman == === Crise del Imperio roman === Durante le seculos IV e V, le Imperio roman occidental affrontava difficultates politic, militar e economic. Le autoritate imperial deveniva progressivemente minus capace de controlar certe regiones, e diverse gruppos germanic penetrava in le provincias occidental. Le peninsula iberic, cognoscite in le administration roman como Hispania, esseva dividite in provincias e possedeva citates, vias, villas rural e institutiones administrative heredate del periodo imperial. Le christianismo habeva ganiate un position dominante in multe communitates urban, e le structuras ecclesiastic comenciava a haber un rolo crescente in le organisation social. Le transformation del Imperio non significava un disparition immediate del societate roman. Le lingua latin, le lege, le organisation ecclesiastic e multe formas de administration continuava a influentiar le nove regnos.<ref name="portass"/> === Migrationes germanic === In le initio del seculo V, gruppos germanic entrava in le peninsula. Le Suevos, le Vandalos e le Alanos faceva parte del populationes que participava in iste migrationes. In 409, le invasion de iste gruppos disorganisava le administration roman in diverse partes de Hispania. Le Suevos se establiva principalmente in Gallaecia, in le nord-west del peninsula, durante que altere gruppos se moveva verso altere regiones. Le Vandalos e le Alanos non formava in Hispania regnos durabile comparabile al regno suevic. Parte del Vandalos se transferiva plus tarde al Africa del Nord, ubi illes establiva un regno con centro in Cartagine. Le autoritate roman continuava a existir in certe formas, ma le capacitate del Imperio de controlar le peninsula se reduceva gradualmente.<ref name="portass"/> == Le regno suevic == Le regno suevic esseva establite in le nord-west del peninsula, con su centro politic in le region de Gallaecia. Su historia se extendeva desde le prime medietate del seculo V usque a su conqueste per le Visigothos in 585. Le regno suevic manteneva relationes con le populationes local e con le institutiones roman e ecclesiastic. Le monarchia suevic participava in le transformation del organisation politic del peninsula post le fin del autoritate imperial. Durante le seculo VI, le conversion del monarchia al catholicismo contribueva a su integration in le mundo christian occidental. Le relationes con le Visigothos esseva marcate per competition territorial e conflicto militar. In 585, le rege visigothic Leovigildo incorporava le territorio suevic al regno visigothic.<ref name="portass"/> == Le regno visigothic == === Formation del regno === Le Visigothos esseva un populo germanic que habeva establite un regno in le sud-west de Europa. Post lor conflictos con altere potentias germanic e con le Francos, illes transferiva le centro de lor potentia verso Hispania. Durante le seculo VI, Toledo deveniva le centro politic del monarchia visigothic. Le regno includeva le major parte del peninsula, ben que certe regiones e citates restava sub altere formas de controlo durante partes del periodo. Le regno visigothic non esseva simplemente un invasion e substitution del population roman. Le Visigothos formava un elite politic e militar relativemente minoritari in un societate in que le majoritate del population continuava a esser de tradition hispano-roman. Le lingua latin e multe institutiones del periodo roman continuava a esser usate. Le cultura material e le organisation social reflecteva un combination de traditiones local e influentias germanic.<ref name="portass"/> === Le monarchia e le succession regal === Le monarchia visigothic esseva in principio elective, ben que certe familias regal tentava de stabilir dynastias. Le succession al throno causava frequentemente conflictos inter gruppos aristocratic. Le rege exerceva autoritate militar, legislative e administrative, ma su poter dependeva del cooperation del nobiles, del episcopos e del altere elites. Le concilios ecclesiastic de Toledo deveniva un institution importante in le vita politic. Illos tractava questiones religiose e disciplinari, ma poteva etiam intervenir in asuntos del regno e in le legitimisation del monarchia.<ref name="portass"/> === Le conversion al catholicismo === Un momento fundamental occurreva in 589, quando le rege Reccared renunciava al arianismo e adoptava le catholicismo niceno durante le tertie Concilio de Toledo. Le conversion del monarchia facilitava le integration religiose del elite visigothic e del population hispano-roman, le qual esseva in majoritate catholic. Le Ecclesia acquireva un rolo plus importante in le administration e in le vita cultural del regno. Le episcopos participava in le concilios, in le education e in le organisation del societate.<ref name="portass"/> === Lege e administration === Le regno visigothic manteneva e adaptava multe elementos del lege roman. Le legislation esseva gradualmente unificate, specialmente per le compilationes legislative associate al rege Recceswinth. Le ''Liber Iudiciorum'', etiam cognoscite como ''Forum Iudicum'', esseva promulgate in le seculo VII e deveniva un codice juridic importante. Illo cercava de stabilir un quadro legislative commun pro le populationes del regno. Le administration territorial se appoiava sur duces, comites e altere officiales, qui exerceva functiones militar e administrative in le provincias e in le citates.<ref name="portass"/> === Cultura visigothic === Le cultura visigothic combinava elementos roman, christian e germanic. Le arte, le metalurgia, le architectura e le production de objectos liturgic produceva obras recognoscibile per lor ornamentos e lor technicas. Le fibulas, includente le fibulas aquiliforme, le fibulas de cintura e altere objectos metallic, constitue importante testimonios archeologic del periodo. Le architectura ecclesiastic includeva edificios de dimensiones variabile, frequentemente construite con materiales e technicas heredate del tradition roman. Alcun monumentos conservate, como ecclesias del periodo visigothic, demonstra le evolution del architectura religiose. Le cultura intellectual esseva fortemente ligate al Ecclesia. Isidoro de Sevilla, episcopo del seculo VII, deveniva un del autores plus influente del Europa occidental medieval. Su obra ''Etymologiae'' compilava informationes de grammatica, historia, theologia, scientia e altere campos del cognoscentia.<ref name="portass"/> === Crise del monarchia visigothic === Durante le ultime decennios del seculo VII e le initio del VIII, le regno affrontava conflictos de succession e rivalitates inter gruppos aristocratic. Le instabilitate politic debilitava le capacitate del monarchia de organisar un responsa unificate a crises militar. Le morte del rege Witiza e le accession de Rodrigo es associate a un conflicto inter factiones del elite. Le detalios del succession e del conflictos interne es difficile a reconstruer, proque le chronicas posterior presenta versiones divergente. Iste divisiones interne constitueva un del factores del contexto politic in que occurreva le invasion musulman de 711. Le causas del disintegration del regno debe tamen esser comprehendite como un combination de factores politic, militar e territorial, e non como le effecto de un sol conflicto de succession.<ref name="nature">«Drought as a possible contributor to the Visigothic Kingdom crisis and Islamic expansion in the Iberian Peninsula», ''Nature Communications'', 2023. [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41367-7 Articulo].</ref> == Le conqueste musulman de 711 == === Contexto e expedition === In 711, un armea musulman, formate principalmente per Berberes e con participation arabe, traversava le Stricto de Gibraltar ab le Africa del Nord. Le expedition es associate al autoritate omeia in Ifriqiya e al commandamento de Tariq ibn Ziyad. Le origine e le circumstantias exacte del expedition es ancora subjecto a discussion inter historiographos. Le narrationes arabe e latin-christian esseva redigite in differente momentos e reflecte etiam le interesses politic e religiose de lor autores. Le traditiones textual non es sempre contemporanee al eventos que illos describe.<ref name="manzano">Eduardo Manzano Moreno, «Las fuentes árabes sobre la conquista de Al-Andalus: una nueva interpretación», ''Hispania'', vol. 59, n.º 202, 1999, pp. 389–432. [https://doi.org/10.3989/hispania.1999.v59.i202.594 DOI].</ref> === Le battalia contra Rodrigo === Le armea de Tariq affrontava le fortias del rege visigothic Rodrigo in 711. Le tradition historiographic situa le confrontation in le region del fluvio Guadalete, ben que le localisation exacte e certe detalios del evento non es unanimemente acceptate. Le derrota del fortias regal e le disparition de Rodrigo in le conflicto contribuiva al disintegration del autoritate central visigothic. Le conquista non esseva le resultato de un sol battalia. Illo involveva operationes militar successive, accordos local, capitulationes e le adaptation de elites regional al nove poter.<ref name="clarkeConquest">Nicola Clarke, «Medieval Arabic accounts of the conquest of Cordoba: Creating a narrative for a provincial capital», ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies'', 2011. [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/abs/medieval-arabic-accounts-of-the-conquest-of-cordoba-creating-a-narrative-for-a-provincial-capital1/9A7632A80916EB9AD4A219FD8FEF07B5 Cambridge University Press].</ref> === Expansion del controlo musulman === Post le prime expedition, Musa ibn Nusayr arrivava con altere fortias. Le musulmanes prendeva importante citates, includente Córdoba, Sevilla e Toledo. In alcun regiones, le conquista esseva accompagnate per resistentia militar; in alteres, le elites local acceptava accordos que permitteva le continuation de parte del structuras administrative e del proprietates. In alcun annos, le autoritate musulman se extendeva sur le major parte del peninsula. Le regiones montaniose del nord e nord-west restava foras del controlo directe o esseva subjugate solmente de maniera intermittente. Le conquista etiam attingeva partes del sud del actual Francia, ben que le expansion musulman al nord del Pyreneos esseva arrestate durante le seculo VIII.<ref name="portass"/> === Pactos e accordos local === Le conquista non implicava le substitution complete del population local. In multe territorios, le nove autoritates concludeva pactos con proprietarios, aristocratas e communitates. Un exemplo frequentemente citate es le accordo associate a Theodemir, un dirigente local del sud-est del peninsula. Secundo le tradition textual, le pacto permitteva al communitates christian de conservar lor possessiones e practicas religiose in cambio de tributos e del recognition del autoritate musulman. Le conditiones variava secundo le region e le circumstantias del conquista. Le accordos e le narrationes que los transmite es etiam importante fontes pro comprender le formation del nove ordine politic.<ref name="manzano"/><ref name="portass"/> == Al-Andalus == === Formation del provincia === Le territorio conquistate deveniva cognoscite como '''al-Andalus'''. Le termino es usate in le fontes arabe pro designar le territorios del peninsula sub autoritate musulman, ben que su extension geographic variava con le tempore. Initialmente, al-Andalus faceva parte del caliphato omeia con sede in Damasc. Le administration local dependeva de governatores nominate per le autoritates del caliphato e esseva marcate per rivalitates inter gruppos arabe e berber. Le nove societate developpava gradualmente un structura politic e cultural proprie.<ref name="clarke"/> === Organisation politic e social === Le governatores musulman administrava le territorio per medio de citates, districtos e fortificationes. Córdoba deveniva un centro politic importante, durante que Sevilla, Toledo, Mérida e Zaragoza conservava lor rolos regional. Le population includeva musulmanes, christianos e judeos, con differente status juridic e fiscal. Le conversion al islam se extendeva gradualmente e non occurreva simultaneemente in tote le regiones. Le population christian que conservava su religion sub autoritate musulman es frequentemente designate per le termino ''mozarabe'' in le historiographia. Le uso del termino e su application a gruppos specific varia inter autores. Le judeos participava in le vita economic e urban e habeva communitates in numerose citates.<ref name="clarke"/> === Arabisation e islamisation === Le arabisation e le islamisation esseva processos distincte e gradual. Le arabe deveniva le lingua dominante del administration, del cultura erudite e del vita religiose musulman. Le conversion al islam se extendeva durante plure seculos. In certe periodos, le population musulman cresceva per conversiones, migration e integration de gruppos local. Le latino e le linguas romance local continuava a esser usate in certe communitates, e le traditiones linguistic regional non dispariva subito.<ref name="clarke"/> === Agricultura e irrigation === Le agricultura habeva un importantia fundamental in le economia de al-Andalus. Le sistemas de irrigation esseva developpate e adaptate in diverse regiones, specialmente in le valles e in le territorios con accesso al aqua. Le agricultores usava canales, cisternas, norias e altere infrastructuras pro controlar le distribution del aqua. Le technicas e le culturas agricole reflecteva le combination de traditiones local e influentias proveniente del mundo mediterranee e del Oriente islamic. Le production includeva cereales, olivas, uvas, fructos, legumines e culturas de horto. Le extension de certe culturas e technicas variava multo secundo le clima e le region.<ref name="clarke"/> === Citates e commercio === Le citates de al-Andalus esseva centros de administration, commercio e production artisanal. Córdoba cresceva durante le periodo omeia e deveniva un del plus importante citates del Europa occidental. Le commercio connecteva le peninsula con le Africa del Nord, le Mediterraneo, le mundo islamic e le territorios christian del nord. Le productos includeva textilios, ceramica, metales, corio, productos agricole e objectos de luxo. Le mercatos urban esseva organisate per artesanos, mercantes e altere actores economic.<ref name="clarke"/> == Le Emirato de Córdoba == === Abd al-Rahman I e le emirato independente === In 750, le dynastia omeia perdeva le caliphato de Damasc ante le Abbasidas. Un membro del familia omeia, Abd al-Rahman ibn Muawiya, riusciva a fugir e arrivava in al-Andalus. In 756, ille establiva un emirato independente con centro in Córdoba. Le nove regime non recognosceva le autoritate politic del caliphato abbasida, ben que le legitimitate religiose del calipho de Bagdad continuava a esser un question distincte. Abd al-Rahman I consolidava su poter per medio de operationes militar, accordos con elites local e le creation de un administration central.<ref name="clarke"/> === Consolidation del dynastia === Le emirato omeia affrontava rebelliones, rivalitates inter gruppos regional e interventiones externe. Le emires successive cercava de stabilisar le territorio e de reforzar le administration. Le regno de Abd al-Rahman II, durante le seculo IX, esseva associate al expansion del administration, al developpamento del cultura de corte e al intensification del relationes con altere regiones del Mediterraneo. Le citate de Córdoba cresceva e le vita intellectual e artisanal se disveloppava.<ref name="clarke"/> === Conflictos interne === Durante le ultime parte del seculo IX e le initio del X, le emirato esseva affectate per rebelliones e rivalitates local. Certe dirigentes regional exerceva un grado importante de autonomia. Le conflictos involveva differentes gruppos social e ethnic, includente aristocratas arabe, Berberes, convertitos local e communitates christian. Le difficultates del autoritate central esseva un del problemas que le nove emir Abd al-Rahman III cercava de resolver.<ref name="clarke"/> == Le Caliphato de Córdoba == === Proclamation de 929 === In 929, Abd al-Rahman III proclamava se calipho, transformante le emirato in un caliphato. Iste decision affirmava le independentia politic e religiose del regime omeia e su ambition de exercer un autoritate universal in le mundo islamic occidental. Le caliphato representava le periodo de maxime concentration del poter omeia in al-Andalus.<ref name="clarke"/> === Abd al-Rahman III === Abd al-Rahman III consolidava le autoritate central per operationes militar, reformas administrative e diplomatia. Ille reduceva le autonomia de dirigentes regional e reinforceva le institutiones del caliphato. Le corte de Córdoba manteneva relationes diplomatic con potentias mediterranee e con governantes del Europa occidental. Le construction del citate palatial de Madinat al-Zahra, vicino a Córdoba, comenciava durante su regno. Le complexo serviva como centro administrative e ceremonial e manifestava le potentia del caliphato.<ref name="manzanoCourt">Eduardo Manzano Moreno, ''The Court of the Caliphate of al-Andalus: Four Years in Umayyad Córdoba''. Edinburgh University Press, 2023. [https://academic.oup.com/edinburgh-scholarship-online/book/55675 Oxford Academic].</ref> === Al-Hakam II === Le calipho al-Hakam II, qui regnava inter 961 e 976, es associate al promotion del studio, del collection de libros e del activitate intellectual. Córdoba deveniva un importante centro de cognoscentia, con bibliothecas, studios e eruditos de diverse disciplinas. Le cultura de corte includeva poesia, historia, medicina, astronomia e theologia. Le bibliothecas e le collectiones de manuscritos contribueva al reputation cultural del caliphato, ben que le detalios de lor dimension e organisation es discutite in le historiographia.<ref name="manzanoCourt"/> === Al-Mansur e le potentia militar === Post le morte de al-Hakam II, le poter effective deveniva gradualmente concentrate in manos de al-Mansur ibn Abi Amir, cognoscite in fontes latin como Almanzor. Al-Mansur exerceva le function de ''hajib'', o camerlengo, e dirigeva le administration e le armea durante que le caliphos manteneva le titulo formal. Su expeditiones militar contra territorios christian del nord esseva numerose. Illos includeva attaccos contra citates e centros religiose, e contribuiva a mantener le potentia militar del regime omeia durante le fin del seculo X.<ref name="manzanoCourt"/> === Dissolution del caliphato === Post le morte de al-Mansur in 1002, le conflictos interne se intensificava. Le succession de su filio e le rivalitates inter factiones del corte debilitava le stabilitate del caliphato. Le guerra civil, cognoscite como ''fitna'' de al-Andalus, disorganisava le institutiones central e conduceva al abolition del caliphato in 1031. Le territorio se fragmentava in numerose potentias regional, cognoscite como regnos de taifa.<ref name="clarke"/><ref name="manzanoCourt"/> == Le potentias christian del nord == === Le formation del regno de Asturias === Le regiones montaniose del nord e nord-west del peninsula conservava un grado de autonomia post le conqueste musulman. In iste contexto se formava le regno de Asturias, un del prime potentias christian post le fin del monarchia visigothic. Le tradition historiographic associa le initio del regno a Pelayo e al conflicto de Covadonga, generalmente situate in 722. Le importantia exacte e le interpretation del evento es debattite, e le narrationes posterior combina elementos historic e memoria politic. Le monarchia asturian se consolidava gradualmente, con centros de poter in Asturias e, plus tarde, in Oviedo.<ref name="portass"/> === Expansion verso le valle del Duero === Durante le seculos VIII e IX, le regno de Asturias extendeva su influentia verso le territorios del nord del valle del Duero. Le processo includeva migrationes, occupation de terras, creation de centros fortificate e reorganisation del communitates. Le monarchia cercava de presentar se como herede del tradition regal visigothic. Iste idea contribuiva al legitimation del poter regal, ben que le realitate politic e social del region esseva multo plus complexe. Durante le seculo X, le centro politic se moveva progressivemente verso León, e le regno deveniva cognoscite como regno de León.<ref name="portass"/> === Regno de Pamplona === In le region del actual Navarra se formava le regno de Pamplona, que plus tarde deveniva cognoscite como regno de Navarra. Le regno developpava relationes con le potentias christian e musulman del peninsula e con le territorios pirenaic. Le dynastias regnante e le alliantias variava, e le regno exerceva un rolo importante in le politica del nord del peninsula.<ref name="portass"/> === Aragonia e le comtatos pirenaic === In le Pyreneos central se formava un serie de potentias territorial e comtatos que plus tarde contribuiva al formation del regno de Aragonia. Le origines del comtatos de Aragonia, Sobrarbe e Ribagorza es ligate al organisation politic del region pirenaic e al relationes con le Imperio carolingian e le potentias local. In le seculo XI, le comtato de Aragonia deveniva un regno, in un processo que marca le transition verso le Plena Medievo.<ref name="portass"/> === Le comtatos catalan === In le nord-est del peninsula, le expansion del Imperio carolingian durante le fin del seculo VIII e le initio del IX conduceva al formation del Marca Hispanic, un zona de frontiera destinate a proteger le territorios franc contra le expansion musulman. Le comtatos de Barcelona, Girona, Urgell e altere territorios deveniva progressivemente plus autonome. Le comtato de Barcelona acquireva un importantia crescente, specialmente durante le seculo X, quando le relationes politic con le monarchia franca se transformava e le governantes local consolidava lor autonomia.<ref name="portass"/> == Relationes inter al-Andalus e le regnos christian == Le relationes inter le potentias musulman e christian non se limitava a guerra permanente. Illos includeva accordos, tributos, commercio, diplomatia, alliantias dynastic e collaboration militar. Le governantes christian poteva pagar tributos a dirigentes musulman, e le potentias de al-Andalus poteva intervenir in conflictos de succession inter le regnos del nord. Le frontieras esseva sovente zonas de contact e de interaction, non solmente limites militar. Le citates de frontiera, le fortificationes e le rutas commercial habeva un rolo importante in le relationes inter le differente potentias. Le expression ''Reconquista'' es usate in le historiographia pro describer le expansion territorial del regnos christian verso le sud. Su interpretation como un processo unic, continue e orientate ab le initio verso le formation de un stato national moderne es tamen subjecto a discussion. Le relationes de frontiera includeva cooperation, commercio e accordos, assi como conflictos armate.<ref name="jarrett">J. Jarrett, «Before the Reconquista: Frontier Relations in Medieval Iberia, 718–1031», in ''The Routledge Companion to Iberian Studies'', Routledge, 2017, pp. 27–40. [https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/id/eprint/109394/ White Rose Research Online].</ref> == Societate e vita quotidian == === Structura social === Le societate del peninsula esseva multo diverse e variava secundo le region e le regime politic. In le territorios visigothic, le elites regal e aristocratic possedeva grande parte del terra e exerceva functiones militar e administrative. Le Ecclesia habeva un position importante e le majoritate del population viveva in communitates rural. In al-Andalus, le societate includeva gruppos de differente origines e religion. Le elites politic e militar, le proprietarios de terra, le mercantes, le artesanos e le agricultores formava parte de un structura social complexe. Le relationes inter gruppos non esseva uniforme: illos variava secundo le periodo, le region, le position juridic e le circumstantias politic.<ref name="clarke"/><ref name="portass"/> === Agricultura e possession del terra === Le agricultura esseva le base del economia in grande parte del peninsula. Le production de cereales, olivas e uvas habeva un rolo central, al qual se adjungeva le allevamento de bestial e le production de fructos e legumines. Le structura del proprietate variava. Grande dominios rural coexisteva con parve proprietates e terras communitari. Le obligationes fiscal e le relationes de dependentia variava secundo le regime e le region.<ref name="portass"/><ref name="clarke"/> === Citates e artesanatos === Le citates continuava a esser centros de administration, commercio e vita religiose. Le transformation del citates roman non esseva identic in tote le regiones: certe centros perdeva population o importantia, durante que alteres se developpava como capitales regional. In al-Andalus, le citates includeva mercatos, officinas artisanal, moscheas, bagnios, fortificationes e edificios administrative. Le production artisanal includeva ceramica, textilios, corio, objectos metallic e productos de luxo.<ref name="clarke"/> === Commercio === Le commercio connecteva le peninsula con le Africa del Nord, le Mediterraneo, le Europa occidental e le mundo islamic. Le rutas terrestre e maritime facilitava le circulation de productos, monetas, personas e ideas. Le mercantes transportava cereales, oleo, vino, textilios, metales, ceramica e altere merces. Le moneta esseva usate in differente formas secundo le periodo e le regime politic. Le monetas visigothic, le monetas musulman e le monetas christian posterior constitue importante fontes pro le studio del economia e del autoritate politic.<ref name="clarke"/> == Religiones e communitates == === Christianismo === Le christianismo esseva un religion dominante in le societate del peninsula ante le conqueste musulman. In le regno visigothic, le Ecclesia catholic exerceva un influentia importante sur le legislation, le education e le legitimisation del monarchia. Post 711, le communitates christian continuava a existir in al-Andalus. Lor condition variava secundo le accordos local, le politica del governantes e le periodo historic. In le regnos christian del nord, le Ecclesia deveniva un institution central in le organisation social e cultural.<ref name="clarke"/><ref name="portass"/> === Islam === Le islam deveniva le religion del potentia politic dominante in le major parte del peninsula post le conqueste de 711. Le moschea, le jurisprudentia islamic, le institutiones religiose e le education coranic habeva un rolo importante in le vita de al-Andalus. Le conversion al islam esseva un processo gradual e involveva differentes factores social, economic, cultural e religiose.<ref name="clarke"/> === Judaismo === Le communitates judaic habeva un presentia ancian in le peninsula e continuava a viver sub le regnos visigothic e in al-Andalus. Le condition del judeos variava secundo le regime e le periodo. Sub certe governantes, illes poteva participar activemente in le commercio, le medicina, le administration e le vita intellectual; in altere periodos, illes affrontava restrictiones e persecutiones. Le communitates judaic contribueva al vita cultural e economic del citates e al circulation de textos e cognoscentias inter differente traditiones.<ref name="clarke"/> == Cultura e cognoscentia == === Education e manuscritos === Le education esseva principalmente ligate al institutiones religiose, al cortes e al circulos de eruditos. Le monasterios christian preservava e copiava manuscritos latin, durante que le bibliothecas e le centros de studio de al-Andalus developpava un importante tradition de scriptura e recerca in arabe. Le circulation de libros e de textos inter le communitates contribuiva al transmission del cognoscentia.<ref name="elsPast"/> === Isidoro de Sevilla === Isidoro de Sevilla (circa 560–636) esseva un del intellectuales plus importante del periodo visigothic. Su obra ''Etymologiae'' compilava informationes sur le linguage, historia, theologia, natura, medicina, lege e altere disciplinas. Su textos habeva un grande influentia in le Europa medieval e esseva copiate e studiate in numerose monasterios.<ref name="portass"/> === Cultura de al-Andalus === Le cultura de al-Andalus esseva marcate per le uso del arabe in le administration e in le production intellectual. Le poesia, le philosophia, le medicina, le astronomia e le mathematicas se disveloppava in differente momentos e centros. Le corte omeia de Córdoba promoveva le cultura erudite, specialmente durante le seculos X e initio del XI. Le transmission de cognoscentias non esseva un processo unidirectional. Le contactos inter al-Andalus e le territorios christian, e inter le peninsula e altere regiones del Mediterraneo, facilitava le circulation de obras, technicas e ideas.<ref name="clarke"/><ref name="elsPast"/> === Architectura e arte === Le architectura del Alte Medievo iberic reflecteva le pluralitate cultural del peninsula. Le edificios del periodo visigothic includeva ecclesias construite con materiales e technicas heredate del tradition roman, ma con formas e organisationes proprie. Le arte de al-Andalus developpava formas distinctive, specialmente in le architectura religiose e palatial. Le arcatas, le decoration geometric, le inscriptiones arabe e le uso de materiales como marmore e stuc deveniva elementos recognoscibile. Le Grande Moschea de Córdoba e le complexo de Madinat al-Zahra es exemplos importante del architectura omeia in al-Andalus. In le territorios christian del nord, le architectura asturian produceva edificios e monumentos que reflecteva le organisation politic e religiose del regno.<ref name="clarke"/><ref name="manzanoCourt"/> == Lingua e transmission cultural == Le panorama linguistic del peninsula esseva diverse. Le latino tardive e le linguas romance in formation coexisteva con le lingua arabe, le hebreo e le linguas germanic introducite per le gruppos visigothic e suevic. In al-Andalus, le arabe deveniva le lingua principal del administration e del cultura erudite, durante que formas de romance continuava a esser parlate in certe communitates. Le lingua latin continuava a esser usate in le ecclesias e in le scriptura del territorios christian, e gradualmente evolveva verso le linguas romance medieval del peninsula. Le contactos linguistic produceva influentias lexical e cultural que continuava a esser visibile in le linguas iberic posterior.<ref name="clarke"/><ref name="elsPast"/> == Fontes historic e historiographia == Le reconstruction del Alte Medievo iberic depende de fontes de natura differente. Le fontes include: * chronicas latin e arabic; * documentos ecclesiastic e conciliar; * codices legislative; * inscriptiones e documentos epigraphic; * monetas; * restos archeologic; * edificios religiose e fortificationes; * manuscritos e textos literari. Le chronicas redigite post le eventos non es semper testimonios contemporanee. Le narrationes del conqueste musulman de 711, per exemplo, esseva elaborate in textos posterior e reflecte le interesses politic e religiose de lor autores.<ref name="manzano"/><ref name="clarkeConquest"/> Le historiographia moderne combina le analyse critic del textos con le archeologia, le numismatica, le historia del arte e le studio del paisage. Le interpretation del formation del regnos christian, del conqueste musulman e del transformationes social ha evolvite considerabilemente. Le conceptos national del epocha contemporanee non debe esser projectate sin precaution sur le societates medieval.<ref name="elsPast"/><ref name="jarrett"/> == Transition verso le Plena Medievo == Le dissolution del caliphato de Córdoba in 1031 marca un puncto de transformation in le historia del peninsula. Le territorios de al-Andalus se divideva in regnos de taifa, que frequentemente competeva inter se e cercava alliantias con potentias christian. In le nord, le regnos de León, Navarra e Aragonia e le comtatos pirenaic consolidava lor structuras politic. Castilia acquireva gradualmente un rolo crescente intra le regno de León. Le expansion territorial christian se intensificava durante le seculos XI e XII, ma le panorama politic continuava a esser marcate per alliantias, guerras e relationes diplomatic complexe. Iste transformationes marca le transition verso le Plena Medievo del peninsula iberic.<ref name="clarke"/><ref name="portass"/> == Vide etiam == * [[Hispania roman]] * [[Regno visigothic]] * [[Regno suevic]] * [[Al-Andalus]] * [[Conqueste musulman del peninsula iberic]] * [[Emirato de Córdoba]] * [[Caliphato de Córdoba]] * [[Regno de Asturias]] * [[Regno de León]] * [[Regno de Pamplona]] * [[Marca Hispanic]] * [[Reconquista]] * [[Plena Medievo del peninsula iberic]] {{Ref}} == Bibliographia == * Clarke, Nicola. «Al-Andalus (Muslim Iberia)». ''The Encyclopedia of Empire''. Wiley, 2016. [https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe325 DOI]. * Clarke, Nicola. «Medieval Arabic accounts of the conquest of Cordoba: Creating a narrative for a provincial capital». ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies'', 2011. [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/abs/medieval-arabic-accounts-of-the-conquest-of-cordoba-creating-a-narrative-for-a-provincial-capital1/9A7632A80916EB9AD4A219FD8FEF07B5 Cambridge University Press]. * Jarrett, J. «Before the Reconquista: Frontier Relations in Medieval Iberia, 718–1031». In ''The Routledge Companion to Iberian Studies''. Routledge, 2017, pp. 27–40. * Manzano Moreno, Eduardo. «Las fuentes árabes sobre la conquista de Al-Andalus: una nueva interpretación». ''Hispania'', vol. 59, n.º 202, 1999, pp. 389–432. [https://doi.org/10.3989/hispania.1999.v59.i202.594 DOI]. * Manzano Moreno, Eduardo. ''The Court of the Caliphate of al-Andalus: Four Years in Umayyad Córdoba''. Edinburgh University Press, 2023. * Portass, Robert. ''The Village World of Early Medieval Northern Spain: Local Community and the Land Market''. Boydell & Brewer, 2017. * Elices Ocón, Jorge, e Eduardo Manzano Moreno. «Uses of the Past in Early Medieval Iberia (Eighth–Tenth Centuries)». ''Medieval Worlds''. [[Categoria:Historia medieval de Espania| ]] [[Categoria:Alte Etate Medie]] [[Categoria:Historia medieval de Portugal| ]] b2tli0j806cdixdzt81c7mp78jxb5og 705253 705252 2026-11-01T08:02:32Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Bibliographia */ 705253 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Alte Medievo del peninsula iberic''' es le periodo del historia del peninsula iberic que se extende approximativemente desde le disintegration del autoritate imperial roman in le Occidente, durante le seculo V, usque al transformationes politic, social e cultural del seculos X e XI.<ref name="portass">Robert Portass, «Introduction: The making of medieval Iberia, 711–1031», in ''The Village World of Early Medieval Northern Spain'', Boydell & Brewer, 2017. [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/village-world-of-early-medieval-northern-spain/introduction-the-making-of-medieval-iberia-7111031/7EEF1497746007A0B1DAE19501FB52EA Cambridge University Press].</ref> Durante iste periodo, le peninsula passava per transformationes fundamental. Le structuras administrative e urban del Hispania roman se adaptava al nove poteres germanic; le Visigothos establiva un regno con centro in Toledo; le expansion islamic attingeva le peninsula in 711; e le major parte del territorio deveniva parte de al-Andalus, un societate de tradition islamic e de grande diversitate religiose e linguistic.<ref name="clarke">Nicola Clarke, «Al-Andalus (Muslim Iberia)», ''The Encyclopedia of Empire'', Wiley, 2016. [https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe325 DOI].</ref> In le nord e nord-west se formava e consolidava un serie de potentias christian, inter illos le regno de Asturias, le regno de Pamplona e le territorios que plus tarde deveniva le regnos de León, Castilia e Aragonia, insimul con le comtatos pirenaic e catalan.<ref name="portass"/> Le periodo non constitueva un evolution uniforme ni un simple succession de regnos. Le peninsula esseva un spatio de interaction inter traditiones roman, germanic, christian, islamic e judaic, con relationes que includeva guerra, commercio, diplomatia, migration e transmission cultural.<ref name="elsPast">Jorge Elices Ocón e Eduardo Manzano Moreno, «Uses of the Past in Early Medieval Iberia (Eighth–Tenth Centuries)», ''Medieval Worlds''. [https://hw.oeaw.ac.at/0xc1aa5576_0x003b0daa.pdf PDF].</ref> == Chronologia e periodisation == Le limites del Alte Medievo varia secundo le historiographia e le regiones considerate. Pro le peninsula iberic, on usa frequentemente le sequente division approximative:<ref name="portass"/> * Fin del seculo IV e seculo V: crise del Imperio roman occidental, migrationes germanic e formation del regnos post-romane. * Seculos V–VI: regnos suevic e visigothic, con intervention bizantin in le sud-est. * Seculo VII e initio del VIII: consolidation del monarchia visigothic e crise del succession regal. * 711–756: conqueste musulman e organisation del territorio como provincia del caliphato omeia. * 756–929: Emirato omeia independente de Córdoba. * 929–1031: Caliphato de Córdoba. * Circa 1000–1050: crises politic e transformation del potentias regional; dissolution del caliphato in 1031 e formation del regnos de taifa. Le termino ''Alte Medievo'' non ha un limite universalmente acceptate. In alcun obras, illo termina circa le anno 1000; in alteres, illo include le prime decennios del seculo XI.<ref name="portass"/> == Fin del Hispania roman == === Crise del Imperio roman === Durante le seculos IV e V, le Imperio roman occidental affrontava difficultates politic, militar e economic. Le autoritate imperial deveniva progressivemente minus capace de controlar certe regiones, e diverse gruppos germanic penetrava in le provincias occidental. Le peninsula iberic, cognoscite in le administration roman como Hispania, esseva dividite in provincias e possedeva citates, vias, villas rural e institutiones administrative heredate del periodo imperial. Le christianismo habeva ganiate un position dominante in multe communitates urban, e le structuras ecclesiastic comenciava a haber un rolo crescente in le organisation social. Le transformation del Imperio non significava un disparition immediate del societate roman. Le lingua latin, le lege, le organisation ecclesiastic e multe formas de administration continuava a influentiar le nove regnos.<ref name="portass"/> === Migrationes germanic === In le initio del seculo V, gruppos germanic entrava in le peninsula. Le Suevos, le Vandalos e le Alanos faceva parte del populationes que participava in iste migrationes. In 409, le invasion de iste gruppos disorganisava le administration roman in diverse partes de Hispania. Le Suevos se establiva principalmente in Gallaecia, in le nord-west del peninsula, durante que altere gruppos se moveva verso altere regiones. Le Vandalos e le Alanos non formava in Hispania regnos durabile comparabile al regno suevic. Parte del Vandalos se transferiva plus tarde al Africa del Nord, ubi illes establiva un regno con centro in Cartagine. Le autoritate roman continuava a existir in certe formas, ma le capacitate del Imperio de controlar le peninsula se reduceva gradualmente.<ref name="portass"/> == Le regno suevic == Le regno suevic esseva establite in le nord-west del peninsula, con su centro politic in le region de Gallaecia. Su historia se extendeva desde le prime medietate del seculo V usque a su conqueste per le Visigothos in 585. Le regno suevic manteneva relationes con le populationes local e con le institutiones roman e ecclesiastic. Le monarchia suevic participava in le transformation del organisation politic del peninsula post le fin del autoritate imperial. Durante le seculo VI, le conversion del monarchia al catholicismo contribueva a su integration in le mundo christian occidental. Le relationes con le Visigothos esseva marcate per competition territorial e conflicto militar. In 585, le rege visigothic Leovigildo incorporava le territorio suevic al regno visigothic.<ref name="portass"/> == Le regno visigothic == === Formation del regno === Le Visigothos esseva un populo germanic que habeva establite un regno in le sud-west de Europa. Post lor conflictos con altere potentias germanic e con le Francos, illes transferiva le centro de lor potentia verso Hispania. Durante le seculo VI, Toledo deveniva le centro politic del monarchia visigothic. Le regno includeva le major parte del peninsula, ben que certe regiones e citates restava sub altere formas de controlo durante partes del periodo. Le regno visigothic non esseva simplemente un invasion e substitution del population roman. Le Visigothos formava un elite politic e militar relativemente minoritari in un societate in que le majoritate del population continuava a esser de tradition hispano-roman. Le lingua latin e multe institutiones del periodo roman continuava a esser usate. Le cultura material e le organisation social reflecteva un combination de traditiones local e influentias germanic.<ref name="portass"/> === Le monarchia e le succession regal === Le monarchia visigothic esseva in principio elective, ben que certe familias regal tentava de stabilir dynastias. Le succession al throno causava frequentemente conflictos inter gruppos aristocratic. Le rege exerceva autoritate militar, legislative e administrative, ma su poter dependeva del cooperation del nobiles, del episcopos e del altere elites. Le concilios ecclesiastic de Toledo deveniva un institution importante in le vita politic. Illos tractava questiones religiose e disciplinari, ma poteva etiam intervenir in asuntos del regno e in le legitimisation del monarchia.<ref name="portass"/> === Le conversion al catholicismo === Un momento fundamental occurreva in 589, quando le rege Reccared renunciava al arianismo e adoptava le catholicismo niceno durante le tertie Concilio de Toledo. Le conversion del monarchia facilitava le integration religiose del elite visigothic e del population hispano-roman, le qual esseva in majoritate catholic. Le Ecclesia acquireva un rolo plus importante in le administration e in le vita cultural del regno. Le episcopos participava in le concilios, in le education e in le organisation del societate.<ref name="portass"/> === Lege e administration === Le regno visigothic manteneva e adaptava multe elementos del lege roman. Le legislation esseva gradualmente unificate, specialmente per le compilationes legislative associate al rege Recceswinth. Le ''Liber Iudiciorum'', etiam cognoscite como ''Forum Iudicum'', esseva promulgate in le seculo VII e deveniva un codice juridic importante. Illo cercava de stabilir un quadro legislative commun pro le populationes del regno. Le administration territorial se appoiava sur duces, comites e altere officiales, qui exerceva functiones militar e administrative in le provincias e in le citates.<ref name="portass"/> === Cultura visigothic === Le cultura visigothic combinava elementos roman, christian e germanic. Le arte, le metalurgia, le architectura e le production de objectos liturgic produceva obras recognoscibile per lor ornamentos e lor technicas. Le fibulas, includente le fibulas aquiliforme, le fibulas de cintura e altere objectos metallic, constitue importante testimonios archeologic del periodo. Le architectura ecclesiastic includeva edificios de dimensiones variabile, frequentemente construite con materiales e technicas heredate del tradition roman. Alcun monumentos conservate, como ecclesias del periodo visigothic, demonstra le evolution del architectura religiose. Le cultura intellectual esseva fortemente ligate al Ecclesia. Isidoro de Sevilla, episcopo del seculo VII, deveniva un del autores plus influente del Europa occidental medieval. Su obra ''Etymologiae'' compilava informationes de grammatica, historia, theologia, scientia e altere campos del cognoscentia.<ref name="portass"/> === Crise del monarchia visigothic === Durante le ultime decennios del seculo VII e le initio del VIII, le regno affrontava conflictos de succession e rivalitates inter gruppos aristocratic. Le instabilitate politic debilitava le capacitate del monarchia de organisar un responsa unificate a crises militar. Le morte del rege Witiza e le accession de Rodrigo es associate a un conflicto inter factiones del elite. Le detalios del succession e del conflictos interne es difficile a reconstruer, proque le chronicas posterior presenta versiones divergente. Iste divisiones interne constitueva un del factores del contexto politic in que occurreva le invasion musulman de 711. Le causas del disintegration del regno debe tamen esser comprehendite como un combination de factores politic, militar e territorial, e non como le effecto de un sol conflicto de succession.<ref name="nature">«Drought as a possible contributor to the Visigothic Kingdom crisis and Islamic expansion in the Iberian Peninsula», ''Nature Communications'', 2023. [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41367-7 Articulo].</ref> == Le conqueste musulman de 711 == === Contexto e expedition === In 711, un armea musulman, formate principalmente per Berberes e con participation arabe, traversava le Stricto de Gibraltar ab le Africa del Nord. Le expedition es associate al autoritate omeia in Ifriqiya e al commandamento de Tariq ibn Ziyad. Le origine e le circumstantias exacte del expedition es ancora subjecto a discussion inter historiographos. Le narrationes arabe e latin-christian esseva redigite in differente momentos e reflecte etiam le interesses politic e religiose de lor autores. Le traditiones textual non es sempre contemporanee al eventos que illos describe.<ref name="manzano">Eduardo Manzano Moreno, «Las fuentes árabes sobre la conquista de Al-Andalus: una nueva interpretación», ''Hispania'', vol. 59, n.º 202, 1999, pp. 389–432. [https://doi.org/10.3989/hispania.1999.v59.i202.594 DOI].</ref> === Le battalia contra Rodrigo === Le armea de Tariq affrontava le fortias del rege visigothic Rodrigo in 711. Le tradition historiographic situa le confrontation in le region del fluvio Guadalete, ben que le localisation exacte e certe detalios del evento non es unanimemente acceptate. Le derrota del fortias regal e le disparition de Rodrigo in le conflicto contribuiva al disintegration del autoritate central visigothic. Le conquista non esseva le resultato de un sol battalia. Illo involveva operationes militar successive, accordos local, capitulationes e le adaptation de elites regional al nove poter.<ref name="clarkeConquest">Nicola Clarke, «Medieval Arabic accounts of the conquest of Cordoba: Creating a narrative for a provincial capital», ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies'', 2011. [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/abs/medieval-arabic-accounts-of-the-conquest-of-cordoba-creating-a-narrative-for-a-provincial-capital1/9A7632A80916EB9AD4A219FD8FEF07B5 Cambridge University Press].</ref> === Expansion del controlo musulman === Post le prime expedition, Musa ibn Nusayr arrivava con altere fortias. Le musulmanes prendeva importante citates, includente Córdoba, Sevilla e Toledo. In alcun regiones, le conquista esseva accompagnate per resistentia militar; in alteres, le elites local acceptava accordos que permitteva le continuation de parte del structuras administrative e del proprietates. In alcun annos, le autoritate musulman se extendeva sur le major parte del peninsula. Le regiones montaniose del nord e nord-west restava foras del controlo directe o esseva subjugate solmente de maniera intermittente. Le conquista etiam attingeva partes del sud del actual Francia, ben que le expansion musulman al nord del Pyreneos esseva arrestate durante le seculo VIII.<ref name="portass"/> === Pactos e accordos local === Le conquista non implicava le substitution complete del population local. In multe territorios, le nove autoritates concludeva pactos con proprietarios, aristocratas e communitates. Un exemplo frequentemente citate es le accordo associate a Theodemir, un dirigente local del sud-est del peninsula. Secundo le tradition textual, le pacto permitteva al communitates christian de conservar lor possessiones e practicas religiose in cambio de tributos e del recognition del autoritate musulman. Le conditiones variava secundo le region e le circumstantias del conquista. Le accordos e le narrationes que los transmite es etiam importante fontes pro comprender le formation del nove ordine politic.<ref name="manzano"/><ref name="portass"/> == Al-Andalus == === Formation del provincia === Le territorio conquistate deveniva cognoscite como '''al-Andalus'''. Le termino es usate in le fontes arabe pro designar le territorios del peninsula sub autoritate musulman, ben que su extension geographic variava con le tempore. Initialmente, al-Andalus faceva parte del caliphato omeia con sede in Damasc. Le administration local dependeva de governatores nominate per le autoritates del caliphato e esseva marcate per rivalitates inter gruppos arabe e berber. Le nove societate developpava gradualmente un structura politic e cultural proprie.<ref name="clarke"/> === Organisation politic e social === Le governatores musulman administrava le territorio per medio de citates, districtos e fortificationes. Córdoba deveniva un centro politic importante, durante que Sevilla, Toledo, Mérida e Zaragoza conservava lor rolos regional. Le population includeva musulmanes, christianos e judeos, con differente status juridic e fiscal. Le conversion al islam se extendeva gradualmente e non occurreva simultaneemente in tote le regiones. Le population christian que conservava su religion sub autoritate musulman es frequentemente designate per le termino ''mozarabe'' in le historiographia. Le uso del termino e su application a gruppos specific varia inter autores. Le judeos participava in le vita economic e urban e habeva communitates in numerose citates.<ref name="clarke"/> === Arabisation e islamisation === Le arabisation e le islamisation esseva processos distincte e gradual. Le arabe deveniva le lingua dominante del administration, del cultura erudite e del vita religiose musulman. Le conversion al islam se extendeva durante plure seculos. In certe periodos, le population musulman cresceva per conversiones, migration e integration de gruppos local. Le latino e le linguas romance local continuava a esser usate in certe communitates, e le traditiones linguistic regional non dispariva subito.<ref name="clarke"/> === Agricultura e irrigation === Le agricultura habeva un importantia fundamental in le economia de al-Andalus. Le sistemas de irrigation esseva developpate e adaptate in diverse regiones, specialmente in le valles e in le territorios con accesso al aqua. Le agricultores usava canales, cisternas, norias e altere infrastructuras pro controlar le distribution del aqua. Le technicas e le culturas agricole reflecteva le combination de traditiones local e influentias proveniente del mundo mediterranee e del Oriente islamic. Le production includeva cereales, olivas, uvas, fructos, legumines e culturas de horto. Le extension de certe culturas e technicas variava multo secundo le clima e le region.<ref name="clarke"/> === Citates e commercio === Le citates de al-Andalus esseva centros de administration, commercio e production artisanal. Córdoba cresceva durante le periodo omeia e deveniva un del plus importante citates del Europa occidental. Le commercio connecteva le peninsula con le Africa del Nord, le Mediterraneo, le mundo islamic e le territorios christian del nord. Le productos includeva textilios, ceramica, metales, corio, productos agricole e objectos de luxo. Le mercatos urban esseva organisate per artesanos, mercantes e altere actores economic.<ref name="clarke"/> == Le Emirato de Córdoba == === Abd al-Rahman I e le emirato independente === In 750, le dynastia omeia perdeva le caliphato de Damasc ante le Abbasidas. Un membro del familia omeia, Abd al-Rahman ibn Muawiya, riusciva a fugir e arrivava in al-Andalus. In 756, ille establiva un emirato independente con centro in Córdoba. Le nove regime non recognosceva le autoritate politic del caliphato abbasida, ben que le legitimitate religiose del calipho de Bagdad continuava a esser un question distincte. Abd al-Rahman I consolidava su poter per medio de operationes militar, accordos con elites local e le creation de un administration central.<ref name="clarke"/> === Consolidation del dynastia === Le emirato omeia affrontava rebelliones, rivalitates inter gruppos regional e interventiones externe. Le emires successive cercava de stabilisar le territorio e de reforzar le administration. Le regno de Abd al-Rahman II, durante le seculo IX, esseva associate al expansion del administration, al developpamento del cultura de corte e al intensification del relationes con altere regiones del Mediterraneo. Le citate de Córdoba cresceva e le vita intellectual e artisanal se disveloppava.<ref name="clarke"/> === Conflictos interne === Durante le ultime parte del seculo IX e le initio del X, le emirato esseva affectate per rebelliones e rivalitates local. Certe dirigentes regional exerceva un grado importante de autonomia. Le conflictos involveva differentes gruppos social e ethnic, includente aristocratas arabe, Berberes, convertitos local e communitates christian. Le difficultates del autoritate central esseva un del problemas que le nove emir Abd al-Rahman III cercava de resolver.<ref name="clarke"/> == Le Caliphato de Córdoba == === Proclamation de 929 === In 929, Abd al-Rahman III proclamava se calipho, transformante le emirato in un caliphato. Iste decision affirmava le independentia politic e religiose del regime omeia e su ambition de exercer un autoritate universal in le mundo islamic occidental. Le caliphato representava le periodo de maxime concentration del poter omeia in al-Andalus.<ref name="clarke"/> === Abd al-Rahman III === Abd al-Rahman III consolidava le autoritate central per operationes militar, reformas administrative e diplomatia. Ille reduceva le autonomia de dirigentes regional e reinforceva le institutiones del caliphato. Le corte de Córdoba manteneva relationes diplomatic con potentias mediterranee e con governantes del Europa occidental. Le construction del citate palatial de Madinat al-Zahra, vicino a Córdoba, comenciava durante su regno. Le complexo serviva como centro administrative e ceremonial e manifestava le potentia del caliphato.<ref name="manzanoCourt">Eduardo Manzano Moreno, ''The Court of the Caliphate of al-Andalus: Four Years in Umayyad Córdoba''. Edinburgh University Press, 2023. [https://academic.oup.com/edinburgh-scholarship-online/book/55675 Oxford Academic].</ref> === Al-Hakam II === Le calipho al-Hakam II, qui regnava inter 961 e 976, es associate al promotion del studio, del collection de libros e del activitate intellectual. Córdoba deveniva un importante centro de cognoscentia, con bibliothecas, studios e eruditos de diverse disciplinas. Le cultura de corte includeva poesia, historia, medicina, astronomia e theologia. Le bibliothecas e le collectiones de manuscritos contribueva al reputation cultural del caliphato, ben que le detalios de lor dimension e organisation es discutite in le historiographia.<ref name="manzanoCourt"/> === Al-Mansur e le potentia militar === Post le morte de al-Hakam II, le poter effective deveniva gradualmente concentrate in manos de al-Mansur ibn Abi Amir, cognoscite in fontes latin como Almanzor. Al-Mansur exerceva le function de ''hajib'', o camerlengo, e dirigeva le administration e le armea durante que le caliphos manteneva le titulo formal. Su expeditiones militar contra territorios christian del nord esseva numerose. Illos includeva attaccos contra citates e centros religiose, e contribuiva a mantener le potentia militar del regime omeia durante le fin del seculo X.<ref name="manzanoCourt"/> === Dissolution del caliphato === Post le morte de al-Mansur in 1002, le conflictos interne se intensificava. Le succession de su filio e le rivalitates inter factiones del corte debilitava le stabilitate del caliphato. Le guerra civil, cognoscite como ''fitna'' de al-Andalus, disorganisava le institutiones central e conduceva al abolition del caliphato in 1031. Le territorio se fragmentava in numerose potentias regional, cognoscite como regnos de taifa.<ref name="clarke"/><ref name="manzanoCourt"/> == Le potentias christian del nord == === Le formation del regno de Asturias === Le regiones montaniose del nord e nord-west del peninsula conservava un grado de autonomia post le conqueste musulman. In iste contexto se formava le regno de Asturias, un del prime potentias christian post le fin del monarchia visigothic. Le tradition historiographic associa le initio del regno a Pelayo e al conflicto de Covadonga, generalmente situate in 722. Le importantia exacte e le interpretation del evento es debattite, e le narrationes posterior combina elementos historic e memoria politic. Le monarchia asturian se consolidava gradualmente, con centros de poter in Asturias e, plus tarde, in Oviedo.<ref name="portass"/> === Expansion verso le valle del Duero === Durante le seculos VIII e IX, le regno de Asturias extendeva su influentia verso le territorios del nord del valle del Duero. Le processo includeva migrationes, occupation de terras, creation de centros fortificate e reorganisation del communitates. Le monarchia cercava de presentar se como herede del tradition regal visigothic. Iste idea contribuiva al legitimation del poter regal, ben que le realitate politic e social del region esseva multo plus complexe. Durante le seculo X, le centro politic se moveva progressivemente verso León, e le regno deveniva cognoscite como regno de León.<ref name="portass"/> === Regno de Pamplona === In le region del actual Navarra se formava le regno de Pamplona, que plus tarde deveniva cognoscite como regno de Navarra. Le regno developpava relationes con le potentias christian e musulman del peninsula e con le territorios pirenaic. Le dynastias regnante e le alliantias variava, e le regno exerceva un rolo importante in le politica del nord del peninsula.<ref name="portass"/> === Aragonia e le comtatos pirenaic === In le Pyreneos central se formava un serie de potentias territorial e comtatos que plus tarde contribuiva al formation del regno de Aragonia. Le origines del comtatos de Aragonia, Sobrarbe e Ribagorza es ligate al organisation politic del region pirenaic e al relationes con le Imperio carolingian e le potentias local. In le seculo XI, le comtato de Aragonia deveniva un regno, in un processo que marca le transition verso le Plena Medievo.<ref name="portass"/> === Le comtatos catalan === In le nord-est del peninsula, le expansion del Imperio carolingian durante le fin del seculo VIII e le initio del IX conduceva al formation del Marca Hispanic, un zona de frontiera destinate a proteger le territorios franc contra le expansion musulman. Le comtatos de Barcelona, Girona, Urgell e altere territorios deveniva progressivemente plus autonome. Le comtato de Barcelona acquireva un importantia crescente, specialmente durante le seculo X, quando le relationes politic con le monarchia franca se transformava e le governantes local consolidava lor autonomia.<ref name="portass"/> == Relationes inter al-Andalus e le regnos christian == Le relationes inter le potentias musulman e christian non se limitava a guerra permanente. Illos includeva accordos, tributos, commercio, diplomatia, alliantias dynastic e collaboration militar. Le governantes christian poteva pagar tributos a dirigentes musulman, e le potentias de al-Andalus poteva intervenir in conflictos de succession inter le regnos del nord. Le frontieras esseva sovente zonas de contact e de interaction, non solmente limites militar. Le citates de frontiera, le fortificationes e le rutas commercial habeva un rolo importante in le relationes inter le differente potentias. Le expression ''Reconquista'' es usate in le historiographia pro describer le expansion territorial del regnos christian verso le sud. Su interpretation como un processo unic, continue e orientate ab le initio verso le formation de un stato national moderne es tamen subjecto a discussion. Le relationes de frontiera includeva cooperation, commercio e accordos, assi como conflictos armate.<ref name="jarrett">J. Jarrett, «Before the Reconquista: Frontier Relations in Medieval Iberia, 718–1031», in ''The Routledge Companion to Iberian Studies'', Routledge, 2017, pp. 27–40. [https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/id/eprint/109394/ White Rose Research Online].</ref> == Societate e vita quotidian == === Structura social === Le societate del peninsula esseva multo diverse e variava secundo le region e le regime politic. In le territorios visigothic, le elites regal e aristocratic possedeva grande parte del terra e exerceva functiones militar e administrative. Le Ecclesia habeva un position importante e le majoritate del population viveva in communitates rural. In al-Andalus, le societate includeva gruppos de differente origines e religion. Le elites politic e militar, le proprietarios de terra, le mercantes, le artesanos e le agricultores formava parte de un structura social complexe. Le relationes inter gruppos non esseva uniforme: illos variava secundo le periodo, le region, le position juridic e le circumstantias politic.<ref name="clarke"/><ref name="portass"/> === Agricultura e possession del terra === Le agricultura esseva le base del economia in grande parte del peninsula. Le production de cereales, olivas e uvas habeva un rolo central, al qual se adjungeva le allevamento de bestial e le production de fructos e legumines. Le structura del proprietate variava. Grande dominios rural coexisteva con parve proprietates e terras communitari. Le obligationes fiscal e le relationes de dependentia variava secundo le regime e le region.<ref name="portass"/><ref name="clarke"/> === Citates e artesanatos === Le citates continuava a esser centros de administration, commercio e vita religiose. Le transformation del citates roman non esseva identic in tote le regiones: certe centros perdeva population o importantia, durante que alteres se developpava como capitales regional. In al-Andalus, le citates includeva mercatos, officinas artisanal, moscheas, bagnios, fortificationes e edificios administrative. Le production artisanal includeva ceramica, textilios, corio, objectos metallic e productos de luxo.<ref name="clarke"/> === Commercio === Le commercio connecteva le peninsula con le Africa del Nord, le Mediterraneo, le Europa occidental e le mundo islamic. Le rutas terrestre e maritime facilitava le circulation de productos, monetas, personas e ideas. Le mercantes transportava cereales, oleo, vino, textilios, metales, ceramica e altere merces. Le moneta esseva usate in differente formas secundo le periodo e le regime politic. Le monetas visigothic, le monetas musulman e le monetas christian posterior constitue importante fontes pro le studio del economia e del autoritate politic.<ref name="clarke"/> == Religiones e communitates == === Christianismo === Le christianismo esseva un religion dominante in le societate del peninsula ante le conqueste musulman. In le regno visigothic, le Ecclesia catholic exerceva un influentia importante sur le legislation, le education e le legitimisation del monarchia. Post 711, le communitates christian continuava a existir in al-Andalus. Lor condition variava secundo le accordos local, le politica del governantes e le periodo historic. In le regnos christian del nord, le Ecclesia deveniva un institution central in le organisation social e cultural.<ref name="clarke"/><ref name="portass"/> === Islam === Le islam deveniva le religion del potentia politic dominante in le major parte del peninsula post le conqueste de 711. Le moschea, le jurisprudentia islamic, le institutiones religiose e le education coranic habeva un rolo importante in le vita de al-Andalus. Le conversion al islam esseva un processo gradual e involveva differentes factores social, economic, cultural e religiose.<ref name="clarke"/> === Judaismo === Le communitates judaic habeva un presentia ancian in le peninsula e continuava a viver sub le regnos visigothic e in al-Andalus. Le condition del judeos variava secundo le regime e le periodo. Sub certe governantes, illes poteva participar activemente in le commercio, le medicina, le administration e le vita intellectual; in altere periodos, illes affrontava restrictiones e persecutiones. Le communitates judaic contribueva al vita cultural e economic del citates e al circulation de textos e cognoscentias inter differente traditiones.<ref name="clarke"/> == Cultura e cognoscentia == === Education e manuscritos === Le education esseva principalmente ligate al institutiones religiose, al cortes e al circulos de eruditos. Le monasterios christian preservava e copiava manuscritos latin, durante que le bibliothecas e le centros de studio de al-Andalus developpava un importante tradition de scriptura e recerca in arabe. Le circulation de libros e de textos inter le communitates contribuiva al transmission del cognoscentia.<ref name="elsPast"/> === Isidoro de Sevilla === Isidoro de Sevilla (circa 560–636) esseva un del intellectuales plus importante del periodo visigothic. Su obra ''Etymologiae'' compilava informationes sur le linguage, historia, theologia, natura, medicina, lege e altere disciplinas. Su textos habeva un grande influentia in le Europa medieval e esseva copiate e studiate in numerose monasterios.<ref name="portass"/> === Cultura de al-Andalus === Le cultura de al-Andalus esseva marcate per le uso del arabe in le administration e in le production intellectual. Le poesia, le philosophia, le medicina, le astronomia e le mathematicas se disveloppava in differente momentos e centros. Le corte omeia de Córdoba promoveva le cultura erudite, specialmente durante le seculos X e initio del XI. Le transmission de cognoscentias non esseva un processo unidirectional. Le contactos inter al-Andalus e le territorios christian, e inter le peninsula e altere regiones del Mediterraneo, facilitava le circulation de obras, technicas e ideas.<ref name="clarke"/><ref name="elsPast"/> === Architectura e arte === Le architectura del Alte Medievo iberic reflecteva le pluralitate cultural del peninsula. Le edificios del periodo visigothic includeva ecclesias construite con materiales e technicas heredate del tradition roman, ma con formas e organisationes proprie. Le arte de al-Andalus developpava formas distinctive, specialmente in le architectura religiose e palatial. Le arcatas, le decoration geometric, le inscriptiones arabe e le uso de materiales como marmore e stuc deveniva elementos recognoscibile. Le Grande Moschea de Córdoba e le complexo de Madinat al-Zahra es exemplos importante del architectura omeia in al-Andalus. In le territorios christian del nord, le architectura asturian produceva edificios e monumentos que reflecteva le organisation politic e religiose del regno.<ref name="clarke"/><ref name="manzanoCourt"/> == Lingua e transmission cultural == Le panorama linguistic del peninsula esseva diverse. Le latino tardive e le linguas romance in formation coexisteva con le lingua arabe, le hebreo e le linguas germanic introducite per le gruppos visigothic e suevic. In al-Andalus, le arabe deveniva le lingua principal del administration e del cultura erudite, durante que formas de romance continuava a esser parlate in certe communitates. Le lingua latin continuava a esser usate in le ecclesias e in le scriptura del territorios christian, e gradualmente evolveva verso le linguas romance medieval del peninsula. Le contactos linguistic produceva influentias lexical e cultural que continuava a esser visibile in le linguas iberic posterior.<ref name="clarke"/><ref name="elsPast"/> == Fontes historic e historiographia == Le reconstruction del Alte Medievo iberic depende de fontes de natura differente. Le fontes include: * chronicas latin e arabic; * documentos ecclesiastic e conciliar; * codices legislative; * inscriptiones e documentos epigraphic; * monetas; * restos archeologic; * edificios religiose e fortificationes; * manuscritos e textos literari. Le chronicas redigite post le eventos non es semper testimonios contemporanee. Le narrationes del conqueste musulman de 711, per exemplo, esseva elaborate in textos posterior e reflecte le interesses politic e religiose de lor autores.<ref name="manzano"/><ref name="clarkeConquest"/> Le historiographia moderne combina le analyse critic del textos con le archeologia, le numismatica, le historia del arte e le studio del paisage. Le interpretation del formation del regnos christian, del conqueste musulman e del transformationes social ha evolvite considerabilemente. Le conceptos national del epocha contemporanee non debe esser projectate sin precaution sur le societates medieval.<ref name="elsPast"/><ref name="jarrett"/> == Transition verso le Plena Medievo == Le dissolution del caliphato de Córdoba in 1031 marca un puncto de transformation in le historia del peninsula. Le territorios de al-Andalus se divideva in regnos de taifa, que frequentemente competeva inter se e cercava alliantias con potentias christian. In le nord, le regnos de León, Navarra e Aragonia e le comtatos pirenaic consolidava lor structuras politic. Castilia acquireva gradualmente un rolo crescente intra le regno de León. Le expansion territorial christian se intensificava durante le seculos XI e XII, ma le panorama politic continuava a esser marcate per alliantias, guerras e relationes diplomatic complexe. Iste transformationes marca le transition verso le Plena Medievo del peninsula iberic.<ref name="clarke"/><ref name="portass"/> == Vide etiam == * [[Hispania roman]] * [[Regno visigothic]] * [[Regno suevic]] * [[Al-Andalus]] * [[Conqueste musulman del peninsula iberic]] * [[Emirato de Córdoba]] * [[Caliphato de Córdoba]] * [[Regno de Asturias]] * [[Regno de León]] * [[Regno de Pamplona]] * [[Marca Hispanic]] * [[Reconquista]] * [[Plena Medievo del peninsula iberic]] {{Ref}} == Bibliographia == * Clarke, Nicola. «Al-Andalus (Muslim Iberia)». ''The Encyclopedia of Empire''. Wiley, 2016. [https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe325 DOI]. * Clarke, Nicola. «Medieval Arabic accounts of the conquest of Cordoba: Creating a narrative for a provincial capital». ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies'', 2011. [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/abs/medieval-arabic-accounts-of-the-conquest-of-cordoba-creating-a-narrative-for-a-provincial-capital1/9A7632A80916EB9AD4A219FD8FEF07B5 Cambridge University Press]. * Jarrett, J. «Before the Reconquista: Frontier Relations in Medieval Iberia, 718–1031». In ''The Routledge Companion to Iberian Studies''. Routledge, 2017, pp. 27–40. * Manzano Moreno, Eduardo. «Las fuentes árabes sobre la conquista de Al-Andalus: una nueva interpretación». ''Hispania'', vol. 59, n.º 202, 1999, pp. 389–432. [https://doi.org/10.3989/hispania.1999.v59.i202.594 DOI]. * Manzano Moreno, Eduardo. ''The Court of the Caliphate of al-Andalus: Four Years in Umayyad Córdoba''. Edinburgh University Press, 2023. * Portass, Robert. ''The Village World of Early Medieval Northern Spain: Local Community and the Land Market''. Boydell & Brewer, 2017. * Elices Ocón, Jorge, e Eduardo Manzano Moreno. «Uses of the Past in Early Medieval Iberia (Eighth–Tenth Centuries)». ''Medieval Worlds''. [[Categoria:Historia medieval de Espania| ]] [[Categoria:Alte Medievo]] [[Categoria:Historia medieval de Portugal| ]] i01op9ra4fdawwmyivv95pxc0b84azv 705258 705253 2026-11-01T08:10:00Z Interlingvisto 60932 705258 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Alte Medievo del peninsula iberic''' es le periodo del historia del peninsula iberic que se extende approximativemente desde le disintegration del autoritate imperial roman in le Occidente, durante le seculo V, usque al transformationes politic, social e cultural del seculos X e XI.<ref name="portass">Robert Portass, «Introduction: The making of medieval Iberia, 711–1031», in ''The Village World of Early Medieval Northern Spain'', Boydell & Brewer, 2017. [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/village-world-of-early-medieval-northern-spain/introduction-the-making-of-medieval-iberia-7111031/7EEF1497746007A0B1DAE19501FB52EA Cambridge University Press].</ref> Durante iste periodo, le peninsula passava per transformationes fundamental. Le structuras administrative e urban del Hispania roman se adaptava al nove poteres germanic; le Visigothos establiva un regno con centro in Toledo; le expansion islamic attingeva le peninsula in 711; e le major parte del territorio deveniva parte de al-Andalus, un societate de tradition islamic e de grande diversitate religiose e linguistic.<ref name="clarke">Nicola Clarke, «Al-Andalus (Muslim Iberia)», ''The Encyclopedia of Empire'', Wiley, 2016. [https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe325 DOI].</ref> In le nord e nord-west se formava e consolidava un serie de potentias christian, inter illos le regno de Asturias, le regno de Pamplona e le territorios que plus tarde deveniva le regnos de León, Castilia e Aragonia, insimul con le comtatos pirenaic e catalan.<ref name="portass"/> Le periodo non constitueva un evolution uniforme ni un simple succession de regnos. Le peninsula esseva un spatio de interaction inter traditiones roman, germanic, christian, islamic e judaic, con relationes que includeva guerra, commercio, diplomatia, migration e transmission cultural.<ref name="elsPast">Jorge Elices Ocón e Eduardo Manzano Moreno, «Uses of the Past in Early Medieval Iberia (Eighth–Tenth Centuries)», ''Medieval Worlds''. [https://hw.oeaw.ac.at/0xc1aa5576_0x003b0daa.pdf PDF].</ref> == Chronologia e periodisation == Le limites del Alte Medievo varia secundo le historiographia e le regiones considerate. Pro le peninsula iberic, on usa frequentemente le sequente division approximative:<ref name="portass"/> * Fin del seculo IV e seculo V: crise del Imperio roman occidental, migrationes germanic e formation del regnos post-romane. * Seculos V–VI: regnos suevic e visigothic, con intervention bizantin in le sud-est. * Seculo VII e initio del VIII: consolidation del monarchia visigothic e crise del succession regal. * 711–756: conqueste musulman e organisation del territorio como provincia del caliphato omeia. * 756–929: Emirato omeia independente de Córdoba. * 929–1031: Caliphato de Córdoba. * Circa 1000–1050: crises politic e transformation del potentias regional; dissolution del caliphato in 1031 e formation del regnos de taifa. Le termino ''Alte Medievo'' non ha un limite universalmente acceptate. In alcun obras, illo termina circa le anno 1000; in alteres, illo include le prime decennios del seculo XI.<ref name="portass"/> == Fin del Hispania roman == === Crise del Imperio roman === Durante le seculos IV e V, le Imperio roman occidental affrontava difficultates politic, militar e economic. Le autoritate imperial deveniva progressivemente minus capace de controlar certe regiones, e diverse gruppos germanic penetrava in le provincias occidental. Le peninsula iberic, cognoscite in le administration roman como Hispania, esseva dividite in provincias e possedeva citates, vias, villas rural e institutiones administrative heredate del periodo imperial. Le christianismo habeva ganiate un position dominante in multe communitates urban, e le structuras ecclesiastic comenciava a haber un rolo crescente in le organisation social. Le transformation del Imperio non significava un disparition immediate del societate roman. Le lingua latin, le lege, le organisation ecclesiastic e multe formas de administration continuava a influentiar le nove regnos.<ref name="portass"/> === Migrationes germanic === In le initio del seculo V, gruppos germanic entrava in le peninsula. Le Suevos, le Vandalos e le Alanos faceva parte del populationes que participava in iste migrationes. In 409, le invasion de iste gruppos disorganisava le administration roman in diverse partes de Hispania. Le Suevos se establiva principalmente in Gallaecia, in le nord-west del peninsula, durante que altere gruppos se moveva verso altere regiones. Le Vandalos e le Alanos non formava in Hispania regnos durabile comparabile al regno suevic. Parte del Vandalos se transferiva plus tarde al Africa del Nord, ubi illes establiva un regno con centro in Cartagine. Le autoritate roman continuava a existir in certe formas, ma le capacitate del Imperio de controlar le peninsula se reduceva gradualmente.<ref name="portass"/> == Le regno suevic == Le regno suevic esseva establite in le nord-west del peninsula, con su centro politic in le region de Gallaecia. Su historia se extendeva desde le prime medietate del seculo V usque a su conqueste per le Visigothos in 585. Le regno suevic manteneva relationes con le populationes local e con le institutiones roman e ecclesiastic. Le monarchia suevic participava in le transformation del organisation politic del peninsula post le fin del autoritate imperial. Durante le seculo VI, le conversion del monarchia al catholicismo contribueva a su integration in le mundo christian occidental. Le relationes con le Visigothos esseva marcate per competition territorial e conflicto militar. In 585, le rege visigothic Leovigildo incorporava le territorio suevic al regno visigothic.<ref name="portass"/> == Le regno visigothic == === Formation del regno === Le Visigothos esseva un populo germanic que habeva establite un regno in le sud-west de Europa. Post lor conflictos con altere potentias germanic e con le Francos, illes transferiva le centro de lor potentia verso Hispania. Durante le seculo VI, Toledo deveniva le centro politic del monarchia visigothic. Le regno includeva le major parte del peninsula, ben que certe regiones e citates restava sub altere formas de controlo durante partes del periodo. Le regno visigothic non esseva simplemente un invasion e substitution del population roman. Le Visigothos formava un elite politic e militar relativemente minoritari in un societate in que le majoritate del population continuava a esser de tradition hispano-roman. Le lingua latin e multe institutiones del periodo roman continuava a esser usate. Le cultura material e le organisation social reflecteva un combination de traditiones local e influentias germanic.<ref name="portass"/> === Le monarchia e le succession regal === Le monarchia visigothic esseva in principio elective, ben que certe familias regal tentava de stabilir dynastias. Le succession al throno causava frequentemente conflictos inter gruppos aristocratic. Le rege exerceva autoritate militar, legislative e administrative, ma su poter dependeva del cooperation del nobiles, del episcopos e del altere elites. Le concilios ecclesiastic de Toledo deveniva un institution importante in le vita politic. Illos tractava questiones religiose e disciplinari, ma poteva etiam intervenir in asuntos del regno e in le legitimisation del monarchia.<ref name="portass"/> === Le conversion al catholicismo === Un momento fundamental occurreva in 589, quando le rege Reccared renunciava al arianismo e adoptava le catholicismo niceno durante le tertie Concilio de Toledo. Le conversion del monarchia facilitava le integration religiose del elite visigothic e del population hispano-roman, le qual esseva in majoritate catholic. Le Ecclesia acquireva un rolo plus importante in le administration e in le vita cultural del regno. Le episcopos participava in le concilios, in le education e in le organisation del societate.<ref name="portass"/> === Lege e administration === Le regno visigothic manteneva e adaptava multe elementos del lege roman. Le legislation esseva gradualmente unificate, specialmente per le compilationes legislative associate al rege Recceswinth. Le ''Liber Iudiciorum'', etiam cognoscite como ''Forum Iudicum'', esseva promulgate in le seculo VII e deveniva un codice juridic importante. Illo cercava de stabilir un quadro legislative commun pro le populationes del regno. Le administration territorial se appoiava sur duces, comites e altere officiales, qui exerceva functiones militar e administrative in le provincias e in le citates.<ref name="portass"/> === Cultura visigothic === Le cultura visigothic combinava elementos roman, christian e germanic. Le arte, le metalurgia, le architectura e le production de objectos liturgic produceva obras recognoscibile per lor ornamentos e lor technicas. Le fibulas, includente le fibulas aquiliforme, le fibulas de cintura e altere objectos metallic, constitue importante testimonios archeologic del periodo. Le architectura ecclesiastic includeva edificios de dimensiones variabile, frequentemente construite con materiales e technicas heredate del tradition roman. Alcun monumentos conservate, como ecclesias del periodo visigothic, demonstra le evolution del architectura religiose. Le cultura intellectual esseva fortemente ligate al Ecclesia. Isidoro de Sevilla, episcopo del seculo VII, deveniva un del autores plus influente del Europa occidental medieval. Su obra ''Etymologiae'' compilava informationes de grammatica, historia, theologia, scientia e altere campos del cognoscentia.<ref name="portass"/> === Crise del monarchia visigothic === Durante le ultime decennios del seculo VII e le initio del VIII, le regno affrontava conflictos de succession e rivalitates inter gruppos aristocratic. Le instabilitate politic debilitava le capacitate del monarchia de organisar un responsa unificate a crises militar. Le morte del rege Witiza e le accession de Rodrigo es associate a un conflicto inter factiones del elite. Le detalios del succession e del conflictos interne es difficile a reconstruer, proque le chronicas posterior presenta versiones divergente. Iste divisiones interne constitueva un del factores del contexto politic in que occurreva le invasion musulman de 711. Le causas del disintegration del regno debe tamen esser comprehendite como un combination de factores politic, militar e territorial, e non como le effecto de un sol conflicto de succession.<ref name="nature">«Drought as a possible contributor to the Visigothic Kingdom crisis and Islamic expansion in the Iberian Peninsula», ''Nature Communications'', 2023. [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41367-7 Articulo].</ref> == Le conqueste musulman de 711 == === Contexto e expedition === In 711, un armea musulman, formate principalmente per Berberes e con participation arabe, traversava le Stricto de Gibraltar ab le Africa del Nord. Le expedition es associate al autoritate omeia in Ifriqiya e al commandamento de Tariq ibn Ziyad. Le origine e le circumstantias exacte del expedition es ancora subjecto a discussion inter historiographos. Le narrationes arabe e latin-christian esseva redigite in differente momentos e reflecte etiam le interesses politic e religiose de lor autores. Le traditiones textual non es sempre contemporanee al eventos que illos describe.<ref name="manzano">Eduardo Manzano Moreno, «Las fuentes árabes sobre la conquista de Al-Andalus: una nueva interpretación», ''Hispania'', vol. 59, n.º 202, 1999, pp. 389–432. [https://doi.org/10.3989/hispania.1999.v59.i202.594 DOI].</ref> === Le battalia contra Rodrigo === Le armea de Tariq affrontava le fortias del rege visigothic Rodrigo in 711. Le tradition historiographic situa le confrontation in le region del fluvio Guadalete, ben que le localisation exacte e certe detalios del evento non es unanimemente acceptate. Le derrota del fortias regal e le disparition de Rodrigo in le conflicto contribuiva al disintegration del autoritate central visigothic. Le conquista non esseva le resultato de un sol battalia. Illo involveva operationes militar successive, accordos local, capitulationes e le adaptation de elites regional al nove poter.<ref name="clarkeConquest">Nicola Clarke, «Medieval Arabic accounts of the conquest of Cordoba: Creating a narrative for a provincial capital», ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies'', 2011. [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/abs/medieval-arabic-accounts-of-the-conquest-of-cordoba-creating-a-narrative-for-a-provincial-capital1/9A7632A80916EB9AD4A219FD8FEF07B5 Cambridge University Press].</ref> === Expansion del controlo musulman === Post le prime expedition, Musa ibn Nusayr arrivava con altere fortias. Le musulmanes prendeva importante citates, includente Córdoba, Sevilla e Toledo. In alcun regiones, le conquista esseva accompagnate per resistentia militar; in alteres, le elites local acceptava accordos que permitteva le continuation de parte del structuras administrative e del proprietates. In alcun annos, le autoritate musulman se extendeva sur le major parte del peninsula. Le regiones montaniose del nord e nord-west restava foras del controlo directe o esseva subjugate solmente de maniera intermittente. Le conquista etiam attingeva partes del sud del actual Francia, ben que le expansion musulman al nord del Pyreneos esseva arrestate durante le seculo VIII.<ref name="portass"/> === Pactos e accordos local === Le conquista non implicava le substitution complete del population local. In multe territorios, le nove autoritates concludeva pactos con proprietarios, aristocratas e communitates. Un exemplo frequentemente citate es le accordo associate a Theodemir, un dirigente local del sud-est del peninsula. Secundo le tradition textual, le pacto permitteva al communitates christian de conservar lor possessiones e practicas religiose in cambio de tributos e del recognition del autoritate musulman. Le conditiones variava secundo le region e le circumstantias del conquista. Le accordos e le narrationes que los transmite es etiam importante fontes pro comprender le formation del nove ordine politic.<ref name="manzano"/><ref name="portass"/> == Al-Andalus == === Formation del provincia === Le territorio conquistate deveniva cognoscite como '''al-Andalus'''. Le termino es usate in le fontes arabe pro designar le territorios del peninsula sub autoritate musulman, ben que su extension geographic variava con le tempore. Initialmente, al-Andalus faceva parte del caliphato omeia con sede in Damasc. Le administration local dependeva de governatores nominate per le autoritates del caliphato e esseva marcate per rivalitates inter gruppos arabe e berber. Le nove societate developpava gradualmente un structura politic e cultural proprie.<ref name="clarke"/> === Organisation politic e social === Le governatores musulman administrava le territorio per medio de citates, districtos e fortificationes. Córdoba deveniva un centro politic importante, durante que Sevilla, Toledo, Mérida e Zaragoza conservava lor rolos regional. Le population includeva musulmanes, christianos e judeos, con differente status juridic e fiscal. Le conversion al islam se extendeva gradualmente e non occurreva simultaneemente in tote le regiones. Le population christian que conservava su religion sub autoritate musulman es frequentemente designate per le termino ''mozarabe'' in le historiographia. Le uso del termino e su application a gruppos specific varia inter autores. Le judeos participava in le vita economic e urban e habeva communitates in numerose citates.<ref name="clarke"/> === Arabisation e islamisation === Le arabisation e le islamisation esseva processos distincte e gradual. Le arabe deveniva le lingua dominante del administration, del cultura erudite e del vita religiose musulman. Le conversion al islam se extendeva durante plure seculos. In certe periodos, le population musulman cresceva per conversiones, migration e integration de gruppos local. Le latino e le linguas romance local continuava a esser usate in certe communitates, e le traditiones linguistic regional non dispariva subito.<ref name="clarke"/> === Agricultura e irrigation === Le agricultura habeva un importantia fundamental in le economia de al-Andalus. Le sistemas de irrigation esseva developpate e adaptate in diverse regiones, specialmente in le valles e in le territorios con accesso al aqua. Le agricultores usava canales, cisternas, norias e altere infrastructuras pro controlar le distribution del aqua. Le technicas e le culturas agricole reflecteva le combination de traditiones local e influentias proveniente del mundo mediterranee e del Oriente islamic. Le production includeva cereales, olivas, uvas, fructos, legumines e culturas de horto. Le extension de certe culturas e technicas variava multo secundo le clima e le region.<ref name="clarke"/> === Citates e commercio === Le citates de al-Andalus esseva centros de administration, commercio e production artisanal. Córdoba cresceva durante le periodo omeia e deveniva un del plus importante citates del Europa occidental. Le commercio connecteva le peninsula con le Africa del Nord, le Mediterraneo, le mundo islamic e le territorios christian del nord. Le productos includeva textilios, ceramica, metales, corio, productos agricole e objectos de luxo. Le mercatos urban esseva organisate per artesanos, mercantes e altere actores economic.<ref name="clarke"/> == Le Emirato de Córdoba == === Abd al-Rahman I e le emirato independente === In 750, le dynastia omeia perdeva le caliphato de Damasc ante le Abbasidas. Un membro del familia omeia, Abd al-Rahman ibn Muawiya, riusciva a fugir e arrivava in al-Andalus. In 756, ille establiva un emirato independente con centro in Córdoba. Le nove regime non recognosceva le autoritate politic del caliphato abbasida, ben que le legitimitate religiose del calipho de Bagdad continuava a esser un question distincte. Abd al-Rahman I consolidava su poter per medio de operationes militar, accordos con elites local e le creation de un administration central.<ref name="clarke"/> === Consolidation del dynastia === Le emirato omeia affrontava rebelliones, rivalitates inter gruppos regional e interventiones externe. Le emires successive cercava de stabilisar le territorio e de reforzar le administration. Le regno de Abd al-Rahman II, durante le seculo IX, esseva associate al expansion del administration, al developpamento del cultura de corte e al intensification del relationes con altere regiones del Mediterraneo. Le citate de Córdoba cresceva e le vita intellectual e artisanal se disveloppava.<ref name="clarke"/> === Conflictos interne === Durante le ultime parte del seculo IX e le initio del X, le emirato esseva affectate per rebelliones e rivalitates local. Certe dirigentes regional exerceva un grado importante de autonomia. Le conflictos involveva differentes gruppos social e ethnic, includente aristocratas arabe, Berberes, convertitos local e communitates christian. Le difficultates del autoritate central esseva un del problemas que le nove emir Abd al-Rahman III cercava de resolver.<ref name="clarke"/> == Le Caliphato de Córdoba == === Proclamation de 929 === In 929, Abd al-Rahman III proclamava se calipho, transformante le emirato in un caliphato. Iste decision affirmava le independentia politic e religiose del regime omeia e su ambition de exercer un autoritate universal in le mundo islamic occidental. Le caliphato representava le periodo de maxime concentration del poter omeia in al-Andalus.<ref name="clarke"/> === Abd al-Rahman III === Abd al-Rahman III consolidava le autoritate central per operationes militar, reformas administrative e diplomatia. Ille reduceva le autonomia de dirigentes regional e reinforceva le institutiones del caliphato. Le corte de Córdoba manteneva relationes diplomatic con potentias mediterranee e con governantes del Europa occidental. Le construction del citate palatial de Madinat al-Zahra, vicino a Córdoba, comenciava durante su regno. Le complexo serviva como centro administrative e ceremonial e manifestava le potentia del caliphato.<ref name="manzanoCourt">Eduardo Manzano Moreno, ''The Court of the Caliphate of al-Andalus: Four Years in Umayyad Córdoba''. Edinburgh University Press, 2023. [https://academic.oup.com/edinburgh-scholarship-online/book/55675 Oxford Academic].</ref> === Al-Hakam II === Le calipho al-Hakam II, qui regnava inter 961 e 976, es associate al promotion del studio, del collection de libros e del activitate intellectual. Córdoba deveniva un importante centro de cognoscentia, con bibliothecas, studios e eruditos de diverse disciplinas. Le cultura de corte includeva poesia, historia, medicina, astronomia e theologia. Le bibliothecas e le collectiones de manuscritos contribueva al reputation cultural del caliphato, ben que le detalios de lor dimension e organisation es discutite in le historiographia.<ref name="manzanoCourt"/> === Al-Mansur e le potentia militar === Post le morte de al-Hakam II, le poter effective deveniva gradualmente concentrate in manos de al-Mansur ibn Abi Amir, cognoscite in fontes latin como Almanzor. Al-Mansur exerceva le function de ''hajib'', o camerlengo, e dirigeva le administration e le armea durante que le caliphos manteneva le titulo formal. Su expeditiones militar contra territorios christian del nord esseva numerose. Illos includeva attaccos contra citates e centros religiose, e contribuiva a mantener le potentia militar del regime omeia durante le fin del seculo X.<ref name="manzanoCourt"/> === Dissolution del caliphato === Post le morte de al-Mansur in 1002, le conflictos interne se intensificava. Le succession de su filio e le rivalitates inter factiones del corte debilitava le stabilitate del caliphato. Le guerra civil, cognoscite como ''fitna'' de al-Andalus, disorganisava le institutiones central e conduceva al abolition del caliphato in 1031. Le territorio se fragmentava in numerose potentias regional, cognoscite como regnos de taifa.<ref name="clarke"/><ref name="manzanoCourt"/> == Le potentias christian del nord == === Le formation del regno de Asturias === Le regiones montaniose del nord e nord-west del peninsula conservava un grado de autonomia post le conqueste musulman. In iste contexto se formava le regno de Asturias, un del prime potentias christian post le fin del monarchia visigothic. Le tradition historiographic associa le initio del regno a Pelayo e al conflicto de Covadonga, generalmente situate in 722. Le importantia exacte e le interpretation del evento es debattite, e le narrationes posterior combina elementos historic e memoria politic. Le monarchia asturian se consolidava gradualmente, con centros de poter in Asturias e, plus tarde, in Oviedo.<ref name="portass"/> === Expansion verso le valle del Duero === Durante le seculos VIII e IX, le regno de Asturias extendeva su influentia verso le territorios del nord del valle del Duero. Le processo includeva migrationes, occupation de terras, creation de centros fortificate e reorganisation del communitates. Le monarchia cercava de presentar se como herede del tradition regal visigothic. Iste idea contribuiva al legitimation del poter regal, ben que le realitate politic e social del region esseva multo plus complexe. Durante le seculo X, le centro politic se moveva progressivemente verso León, e le regno deveniva cognoscite como regno de León.<ref name="portass"/> === Regno de Pamplona === In le region del actual Navarra se formava le regno de Pamplona, que plus tarde deveniva cognoscite como regno de Navarra. Le regno developpava relationes con le potentias christian e musulman del peninsula e con le territorios pirenaic. Le dynastias regnante e le alliantias variava, e le regno exerceva un rolo importante in le politica del nord del peninsula.<ref name="portass"/> === Aragonia e le comtatos pirenaic === In le Pyreneos central se formava un serie de potentias territorial e comtatos que plus tarde contribuiva al formation del regno de Aragonia. Le origines del comtatos de Aragonia, Sobrarbe e Ribagorza es ligate al organisation politic del region pirenaic e al relationes con le Imperio carolingian e le potentias local. In le seculo XI, le comtato de Aragonia deveniva un regno, in un processo que marca le transition verso le Plena Medievo.<ref name="portass"/> === Le comtatos catalan === In le nord-est del peninsula, le expansion del Imperio carolingian durante le fin del seculo VIII e le initio del IX conduceva al formation del Marca Hispanic, un zona de frontiera destinate a proteger le territorios franc contra le expansion musulman. Le comtatos de Barcelona, Girona, Urgell e altere territorios deveniva progressivemente plus autonome. Le comtato de Barcelona acquireva un importantia crescente, specialmente durante le seculo X, quando le relationes politic con le monarchia franca se transformava e le governantes local consolidava lor autonomia.<ref name="portass"/> == Relationes inter al-Andalus e le regnos christian == Le relationes inter le potentias musulman e christian non se limitava a guerra permanente. Illos includeva accordos, tributos, commercio, diplomatia, alliantias dynastic e collaboration militar. Le governantes christian poteva pagar tributos a dirigentes musulman, e le potentias de al-Andalus poteva intervenir in conflictos de succession inter le regnos del nord. Le frontieras esseva sovente zonas de contact e de interaction, non solmente limites militar. Le citates de frontiera, le fortificationes e le rutas commercial habeva un rolo importante in le relationes inter le differente potentias. Le expression ''Reconquista'' es usate in le historiographia pro describer le expansion territorial del regnos christian verso le sud. Su interpretation como un processo unic, continue e orientate ab le initio verso le formation de un stato national moderne es tamen subjecto a discussion. Le relationes de frontiera includeva cooperation, commercio e accordos, assi como conflictos armate.<ref name="jarrett">J. Jarrett, «Before the Reconquista: Frontier Relations in Medieval Iberia, 718–1031», in ''The Routledge Companion to Iberian Studies'', Routledge, 2017, pp. 27–40. [https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/id/eprint/109394/ White Rose Research Online].</ref> == Societate e vita quotidian == === Structura social === Le societate del peninsula esseva multo diverse e variava secundo le region e le regime politic. In le territorios visigothic, le elites regal e aristocratic possedeva grande parte del terra e exerceva functiones militar e administrative. Le Ecclesia habeva un position importante e le majoritate del population viveva in communitates rural. In al-Andalus, le societate includeva gruppos de differente origines e religion. Le elites politic e militar, le proprietarios de terra, le mercantes, le artesanos e le agricultores formava parte de un structura social complexe. Le relationes inter gruppos non esseva uniforme: illos variava secundo le periodo, le region, le position juridic e le circumstantias politic.<ref name="clarke"/><ref name="portass"/> === Agricultura e possession del terra === Le agricultura esseva le base del economia in grande parte del peninsula. Le production de cereales, olivas e uvas habeva un rolo central, al qual se adjungeva le allevamento de bestial e le production de fructos e legumines. Le structura del proprietate variava. Grande dominios rural coexisteva con parve proprietates e terras communitari. Le obligationes fiscal e le relationes de dependentia variava secundo le regime e le region.<ref name="portass"/><ref name="clarke"/> === Citates e artesanatos === Le citates continuava a esser centros de administration, commercio e vita religiose. Le transformation del citates roman non esseva identic in tote le regiones: certe centros perdeva population o importantia, durante que alteres se developpava como capitales regional. In al-Andalus, le citates includeva mercatos, officinas artisanal, moscheas, bagnios, fortificationes e edificios administrative. Le production artisanal includeva ceramica, textilios, corio, objectos metallic e productos de luxo.<ref name="clarke"/> === Commercio === Le commercio connecteva le peninsula con le Africa del Nord, le Mediterraneo, le Europa occidental e le mundo islamic. Le rutas terrestre e maritime facilitava le circulation de productos, monetas, personas e ideas. Le mercantes transportava cereales, oleo, vino, textilios, metales, ceramica e altere merces. Le moneta esseva usate in differente formas secundo le periodo e le regime politic. Le monetas visigothic, le monetas musulman e le monetas christian posterior constitue importante fontes pro le studio del economia e del autoritate politic.<ref name="clarke"/> == Religiones e communitates == === Christianismo === Le christianismo esseva un religion dominante in le societate del peninsula ante le conqueste musulman. In le regno visigothic, le Ecclesia catholic exerceva un influentia importante sur le legislation, le education e le legitimisation del monarchia. Post 711, le communitates christian continuava a existir in al-Andalus. Lor condition variava secundo le accordos local, le politica del governantes e le periodo historic. In le regnos christian del nord, le Ecclesia deveniva un institution central in le organisation social e cultural.<ref name="clarke"/><ref name="portass"/> === Islam === Le islam deveniva le religion del potentia politic dominante in le major parte del peninsula post le conqueste de 711. Le moschea, le jurisprudentia islamic, le institutiones religiose e le education coranic habeva un rolo importante in le vita de al-Andalus. Le conversion al islam esseva un processo gradual e involveva differentes factores social, economic, cultural e religiose.<ref name="clarke"/> === Judaismo === Le communitates judaic habeva un presentia ancian in le peninsula e continuava a viver sub le regnos visigothic e in al-Andalus. Le condition del judeos variava secundo le regime e le periodo. Sub certe governantes, illes poteva participar activemente in le commercio, le medicina, le administration e le vita intellectual; in altere periodos, illes affrontava restrictiones e persecutiones. Le communitates judaic contribueva al vita cultural e economic del citates e al circulation de textos e cognoscentias inter differente traditiones.<ref name="clarke"/> == Cultura e cognoscentia == === Education e manuscritos === Le education esseva principalmente ligate al institutiones religiose, al cortes e al circulos de eruditos. Le monasterios christian preservava e copiava manuscritos latin, durante que le bibliothecas e le centros de studio de al-Andalus developpava un importante tradition de scriptura e recerca in arabe. Le circulation de libros e de textos inter le communitates contribuiva al transmission del cognoscentia.<ref name="elsPast"/> === Isidoro de Sevilla === Isidoro de Sevilla (circa 560–636) esseva un del intellectuales plus importante del periodo visigothic. Su obra ''Etymologiae'' compilava informationes sur le linguage, historia, theologia, natura, medicina, lege e altere disciplinas. Su textos habeva un grande influentia in le Europa medieval e esseva copiate e studiate in numerose monasterios.<ref name="portass"/> === Cultura de al-Andalus === Le cultura de al-Andalus esseva marcate per le uso del arabe in le administration e in le production intellectual. Le poesia, le philosophia, le medicina, le astronomia e le mathematicas se disveloppava in differente momentos e centros. Le corte omeia de Córdoba promoveva le cultura erudite, specialmente durante le seculos X e initio del XI. Le transmission de cognoscentias non esseva un processo unidirectional. Le contactos inter al-Andalus e le territorios christian, e inter le peninsula e altere regiones del Mediterraneo, facilitava le circulation de obras, technicas e ideas.<ref name="clarke"/><ref name="elsPast"/> === Architectura e arte === Le architectura del Alte Medievo iberic reflecteva le pluralitate cultural del peninsula. Le edificios del periodo visigothic includeva ecclesias construite con materiales e technicas heredate del tradition roman, ma con formas e organisationes proprie. Le arte de al-Andalus developpava formas distinctive, specialmente in le architectura religiose e palatial. Le arcatas, le decoration geometric, le inscriptiones arabe e le uso de materiales como marmore e stuc deveniva elementos recognoscibile. Le Grande Moschea de Córdoba e le complexo de Madinat al-Zahra es exemplos importante del architectura omeia in al-Andalus. In le territorios christian del nord, le architectura asturian produceva edificios e monumentos que reflecteva le organisation politic e religiose del regno.<ref name="clarke"/><ref name="manzanoCourt"/> == Lingua e transmission cultural == Le panorama linguistic del peninsula esseva diverse. Le latino tardive e le linguas romance in formation coexisteva con le lingua arabe, le hebreo e le linguas germanic introducite per le gruppos visigothic e suevic. In al-Andalus, le arabe deveniva le lingua principal del administration e del cultura erudite, durante que formas de romance continuava a esser parlate in certe communitates. Le lingua latin continuava a esser usate in le ecclesias e in le scriptura del territorios christian, e gradualmente evolveva verso le linguas romance medieval del peninsula. Le contactos linguistic produceva influentias lexical e cultural que continuava a esser visibile in le linguas iberic posterior.<ref name="clarke"/><ref name="elsPast"/> == Fontes historic e historiographia == Le reconstruction del Alte Medievo iberic depende de fontes de natura differente. Le fontes include: * chronicas latin e arabic; * documentos ecclesiastic e conciliar; * codices legislative; * inscriptiones e documentos epigraphic; * monetas; * restos archeologic; * edificios religiose e fortificationes; * manuscritos e textos literari. Le chronicas redigite post le eventos non es semper testimonios contemporanee. Le narrationes del conqueste musulman de 711, per exemplo, esseva elaborate in textos posterior e reflecte le interesses politic e religiose de lor autores.<ref name="manzano"/><ref name="clarkeConquest"/> Le historiographia moderne combina le analyse critic del textos con le archeologia, le numismatica, le historia del arte e le studio del paisage. Le interpretation del formation del regnos christian, del conqueste musulman e del transformationes social ha evolvite considerabilemente. Le conceptos national del epocha contemporanee non debe esser projectate sin precaution sur le societates medieval.<ref name="elsPast"/><ref name="jarrett"/> == Transition verso le Plena Medievo == Le dissolution del caliphato de Córdoba in 1031 marca un puncto de transformation in le historia del peninsula. Le territorios de al-Andalus se divideva in regnos de taifa, que frequentemente competeva inter se e cercava alliantias con potentias christian. In le nord, le regnos de León, Navarra e Aragonia e le comtatos pirenaic consolidava lor structuras politic. Castilia acquireva gradualmente un rolo crescente intra le regno de León. Le expansion territorial christian se intensificava durante le seculos XI e XII, ma le panorama politic continuava a esser marcate per alliantias, guerras e relationes diplomatic complexe. Iste transformationes marca le transition verso le Plena Medievo del peninsula iberic.<ref name="clarke"/><ref name="portass"/> == Vide etiam == * [[Hispania roman]] * [[Regno visigothic]] * [[Regno suevic]] * [[Al-Andalus]] * [[Conqueste musulman del peninsula iberic]] * [[Emirato de Córdoba]] * [[Caliphato de Córdoba]] * [[Regno de Asturias]] * [[Regno de León]] * [[Regno de Pamplona]] * [[Marca Hispanic]] * [[Reconquista]] * [[Plena Medievo del peninsula iberic]] {{Ref}} == Bibliographia == * Clarke, Nicola. «Al-Andalus (Muslim Iberia)». ''The Encyclopedia of Empire''. Wiley, 2016. [https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe325 DOI]. * Clarke, Nicola. «Medieval Arabic accounts of the conquest of Cordoba: Creating a narrative for a provincial capital». ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies'', 2011. [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/abs/medieval-arabic-accounts-of-the-conquest-of-cordoba-creating-a-narrative-for-a-provincial-capital1/9A7632A80916EB9AD4A219FD8FEF07B5 Cambridge University Press]. * Jarrett, J. «Before the Reconquista: Frontier Relations in Medieval Iberia, 718–1031». In ''The Routledge Companion to Iberian Studies''. Routledge, 2017, pp. 27–40. * Manzano Moreno, Eduardo. «Las fuentes árabes sobre la conquista de Al-Andalus: una nueva interpretación». ''Hispania'', vol. 59, n.º 202, 1999, pp. 389–432. [https://doi.org/10.3989/hispania.1999.v59.i202.594 DOI]. * Manzano Moreno, Eduardo. ''The Court of the Caliphate of al-Andalus: Four Years in Umayyad Córdoba''. Edinburgh University Press, 2023. * Portass, Robert. ''The Village World of Early Medieval Northern Spain: Local Community and the Land Market''. Boydell & Brewer, 2017. * Elices Ocón, Jorge, e Eduardo Manzano Moreno. «Uses of the Past in Early Medieval Iberia (Eighth–Tenth Centuries)». ''Medieval Worlds''. == Ligamines externe == * ''[https://www.interlingua.com/e-libros/le-medievo/ Le Medievo]'', de [[Vicente Costalago]], in le ''Bibliotheca electronic in Interlingua'' [[Categoria:Historia medieval de Espania| ]] [[Categoria:Alte Medievo]] [[Categoria:Historia medieval de Portugal| ]] 3jrr5mlgajzbsstxe9l2tmsx7lmeqtb 0 62426 705254 2026-11-01T08:06:54Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Tarde Medievo in le Peninsula Iberic''' designa generalmente le periodo que se extende del seculo XIV al seculo XV. Illo esseva caracterisate per conflictos politic, luctas dynastic, crises economic, transformationes social e le consolidation gradual del principal regnos christian. Durante iste periodo, le [[Corona de Castilia]], le [[Corona de Aragonia]], le [[Regno de Portugal]] e le [[Regno de Navarra]] disveloppava structuras po...” 705254 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Tarde Medievo in le Peninsula Iberic''' designa generalmente le periodo que se extende del seculo XIV al seculo XV. Illo esseva caracterisate per conflictos politic, luctas dynastic, crises economic, transformationes social e le consolidation gradual del principal regnos christian. Durante iste periodo, le [[Corona de Castilia]], le [[Corona de Aragonia]], le [[Regno de Portugal]] e le [[Regno de Navarra]] disveloppava structuras politic e institutional distincte, durante que le [[Emirato de Granada]] remaneva le ultime stato musulman independente del peninsula usque a 1492. Le periodo videva etiam le expansion del commercio mediterranee e atlantic, le developpamento del institutiones urban, le influentia del aristocratia e le emergentia de nove formas de administration regal. Su ultime decennios esseva marcate per le union dynastic de Castilia e Aragonia e le conquista de Granada.<ref name="linehan">Peter Linehan, «Castile, Navarre and Portugal», in ''The New Cambridge Medieval History'', vol. VI, Cambridge University Press, 2008. [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/new-cambridge-medieval-history/castile-portugal-and-navarre/2575C2C1EEF3189A8014504FFBDCF0AD Capitulo].</ref><ref name="benedictow">Ole J. Benedictow, «The Iberian Peninsula: The Spanish Kingdoms, the Kingdom of Portugal and the Kingdom of Granada», in ''The Complete History of the Black Death'', Boydell & Brewer, 2021, pp. 201–232. [https://doi.org/10.1017/9781787449312.017 DOI].</ref> == Contexto politic == Al initio del seculo XIV, le Peninsula Iberic esseva dividite inter plure regnos christian e le Emirato musulman de Granada. Lor relationes includeva guerras, diplomatia, excambios commercial, accordos tributari e alliantias dynastic. Le regnos christian non formava entitates politic uniformemente unificate. Cata un possedeva su proprie leges, institutiones, structuras aristocratic e interesses territorial. Lor governantes affrontava frequentemente opposition interne de familias nobiliari, communitates urban e pretendentes rival al throno. Le Corona de Castilia, le Corona de Aragonia, Portugal e Navarra manteneva administrationes e traditiones juridic distincte. In le caso de Aragonia, le Corona reuniva territorios con institutiones proprie, e le autoritate del monarcha esseva exercite per medio de accordos con le cortes e le elites local.<ref name="linehan"/><ref name="benedictow"/> == Le Corona de Castilia == Le Corona de Castilia deveniva le plus grande entitate politic christian del peninsula. Su territorios includeva le regnos historic de Castilia e León, assi como extensive terras in le centro e le sud de Iberia. === Conflictos politic === Le seculo XIV esseva marcate per conflictos inter le monarchia e le nobilitate. Le regno de [[Pedro I de Castilia]] (1350–1369) culminava in un guerra civil contra su medie-fratre [[Enrique II de Castilia]], qui finalmente occupava le throno e establiva le [[Casa de Trastámara]]. Le guerra civil castilian esseva etiam connectite al conflictos international del Guerra de Cento Annos e al rivalitate inter le potentias occidental europee. Le changement de dynastia non eliminava le tensiones inter le monarchia e le aristocratia. Durante le seculo XV, le autoritate regal continuava a affrontar le opposition de factiones nobiliari potente. Le regnos de [[Juan II de Castilia]] e [[Enrique IV de Castilia]] esseva marcate per instabilitate politic, rivalitates inter nobiles e disputas sur le succession al throno. Le guerra de succession castilian se intensificava post le morte de Enrique IV in 1474. Le conflicto opposeva le adherentes de su filia Juana e le faction que supportava Isabella, soror del rege defuncte. Isabella finalmente consolidava su position e esseva recognoscite como regina de Castilia.<ref name="linehan"/> === Expansion territorial === Castilia continuava a consolidar su controlo sur le sud del peninsula. In 1344, [[Alfonso XI de Castilia]] conquistava Algeciras post un assedio prolongate. Le frontiera con Granada remaneva un zona de conflicto militar, diplomatia e interaction commercial. Le guerra contra Granada non esseva continue. Periodos de confrontation alternava con treguas, accordos tributari e negotiationes inter le governantes castilian e nasride. Le campania final contra Granada comenciava in 1482 sub le regno de [[Isabella I de Castilia]] e [[Fernando II de Aragonia]]. Post un serie de assedios e operationes militar, le citate capitulava e esseva transferite al monarchas christian le 2 de januario 1492.<ref name="ocallaghan">Joseph F. O’Callaghan, ''The Last Crusade in the West: Castile and the Conquest of Granada''. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5vkczm JSTOR].</ref> == Le Corona de Aragon == Le Corona de Aragon comprendeva plure territorios, inter illos le Regno de Aragonia, le Principato de Catalonia, le Regno de Valencia e le insulas Balearic. Cata territorio conservava institutiones, leges e formas de representation politic distincte. Durante le seculo XIV, le Corona extendeva su influentia in le Mediterraneo. Su interesses commercial e militar attingeva Sicilia, Sardinia e altere territorios mediterranee. Le regno de [[Pedro IV de Aragonia]] (1336–1387) esseva marcate per conflictos con regnos vicin e per difficultates politic interne. Le Corona affrontava etiam crises economic e demographic durante le seculo XIV, in particular in consequentia del peste e del guerras.<ref name="benedictow"/> === Le Compromisso de Caspe === Post le morte de [[Martino I de Aragon]] in 1410 sin herede legitim supervivente, se developpava un crise de succession. In 1412, representantes de Aragonia, Catalonia e Valencia seligeva [[Fernando I de Aragonia]] per medio del [[Compromisso de Caspe]]. Iste decision establiva le dynastia Trastámara in le Corona de Aragonia. Le selection esseva le resultato de un processo de negotiation e deliberation inter representantes del territorios constituente. Durante le seculo XV, le Corona affrontava altere conflictos politic e social. Le [[Guerra Civil Catalan]] (1462–1472) opponeva le autoritate regal a partes del establishment politic e del aristocratia catalan. In le Regno de Valencia, le importantia economic e commercial del citate de Valencia continuava a crescer. Le citate deveniva un del centros urban e mercantil plus importante del Mediterraneo occidental.<ref name="linehan"/><ref name="benedictow"/> == Le Regno de Portugal == Portugal consolidava su independentia e disveloppava un identitate politic distincte durante le Tarde Medievo. Le [[Casa de Aviz]] arrivava al poter post le crise politic de 1383–1385, que terminava con le accession al throno de [[Juan I de Portugal]]. Le victoria del fortias portugese al [[Battalia de Aljubarrota]] in 1385 confirmava le nove dynastia e impediva le incorporation de Portugal in le Corona de Castilia. Durante le seculo XV, Portugal initiava un vaste programma de exploration maritime e expansion ultramar. Le conquista de [[Ceuta]] in 1415 marcava un momento importante del expansion portugese in Africa del Nord e del developpamento de su interesses maritim. Le navigatores portugese explorava gradualmente le costas del Africa occidental e establiva nove connexiones commercial. Le expansion esseva sustenite per le monarchia e per grupos mercantil, e contribuiva al transformation del economia e del politica exterior portugese. Le interesses portugese e castilian entrava progressivemente in competition circa le navigation atlantic, le commercio e le revendicationes territorial. Le rivalitate esseva tractate per accordos diplomatic, inter illos le [[Tractato de Alcáçovas]] de 1479, que regulava certe questiones relative al expansion atlantic e al succession castilian.<ref name="romero">Paz Romero Portilla, «La expansión del siglo XV: rivalidad luso-castellana», ''Anuario de Estudios Medievales'', vol. 33, n.º 2, 2003, pp. 667–693. [https://doi.org/10.3989/aem.2003.v33.i2.216 DOI].</ref> == Le Regno de Navarra == Le [[Regno de Navarra]] manteneva su independentia inter le regnos plus grande de Castilia, Aragonia e Francia. Su evolution politic esseva fortemente influentiate per connexiones dynastic con territorios vicin. Durante le seculo XIV, Navarra esseva governate per dynastias con ligamines proxime al monarchia francese. Le regno manteneva su proprie institutiones, ben que le relationes con Francia e le altere regnos iberic influentiava su politica interne. Durante le seculo XV, conflictos inter factiones aristocratic e pretendentes rival debilitava le regno. Le guerra civil inter le adherentes de [[Juan II de Aragonia]] e le adherentes de su filio [[Carlo, Principe de Viana]], comenciava in 1451 e contribuiva a un periodo prolongate de instabilitate politic. Le conflicto involveva etiam interesses dynastic e rivalitates inter familias nobiliari.<ref name="linehan"/> == Le Emirato de Granada == Le [[Emirato de Granada]], governate per le [[Dynastia nasride]], esseva le ultime stato musulman independente in le Peninsula Iberic. Su territorio includeva Granada e regiones circumjacente in le actual Andalusia. Granada manteneva su independentia per un combination de diplomatia, pagamentos de tributos a Castilia, relationes commercial e resistentia militar. Su economia beneficiava del agricultura, del production artisanal e del commercio mediterranee. Le emirato habeva relationes commercial con portos del Mediterraneo e con altere territorios del Africa del Nord. Le production de seta e le artesanato textile esseva importante pro su economia. Disputas dynastic interne debilitava le emirato durante le seculo XV. Le guerra final contra le monarchas christian comenciava in 1482. Post plure campanias militar e assedios, [[Muhammad XII de Granada|Muhammad XII]], cognoscite como Boabdil, capitulava Granada in januario 1492. Iste evento poneva fin al poter politic musulman independente in le peninsula.<ref name="ocallaghan"/> == Transformationes economic e social == === Le crise del seculo XIV === Le seculo XIV apportava sever difficultates economic e demographic a grande parte del Peninsula Iberic. Le [[Peste Nere]] attingeva Iberia in 1348 e causava un mortalitate considerabile, perturbante le production agricole, le commercio e le vita urban. Epidemias subsequente, recoltas insufficiente e guerras contribueva al declino del population e al instabilitate social. Le penuria de mano de obra affectava le economias rural, durante que conflictos inter proprietarios del terra e agricultores deveniva plus frequente in certe regiones. Le effectos del crise variava considerabilemente inter territorios. Le chronologia e le intensitate del mortalitate e del recuperation demographic non esseva identic in Castilia, Aragonia, Portugal e Granada.<ref name="benedictow"/><ref name="shirk">Melanie V. Shirk, «The Black Death in Aragon, 1348–1351», ''Journal of Medieval History'', vol. 7, n.º 4, 1981, pp. 357–367. [https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4181(81)90014-2 DOI].</ref> === Agricultura e commercio === Le agricultura remaneva le principal activitate economic. In Castilia, le allevamento de oves e le exportation de lana deveniva particularmente importante. Le [[Mesta]], un association de proprietarios de oves recognoscite per privilegios regal, habeva un rolo importante in le organisation del pastura transhumante. Le Corona de Aragonia disveloppava extensive redes commercial mediterranee. Barcelona, Valencia e altere portos participava in le commercio de textilios, alimentos, species e productos manufacturate. Le commercio inter Castilia e le Corona de Aragonia se expandiva etiam. Le exportationes includeva bestial, cereales e pisce ab territorios castilian, durante que vino, oleo e altere productos circulava in le direction inverse. Le commercio alimentari inter le duo coronas reflecteva lor interdependentia economic e le existentia de rutas commercial que connecteva le regiones interior con le citates e portos.<ref name="diago">Máximo Diago Hernando, «El comercio de productos alimentarios entre las Coronas de Castilla y Aragón en los siglos XIV y XV», ''Anuario de Estudios Medievales'', vol. 31, n.º 2, 2001, pp. 603–648. [https://doi.org/10.3989/aem.2001.v31.i2.264 DOI].</ref> === Societate urban === Le citates deveniva centros de administration, commercio e production artisanal de importantia crescente. Le institutiones municipal e le oligarchias urban exerceva un influentia considerabile sur le governamento local. Le universitate e altere institutiones educative contribueva etiam al developpamento intellectual e administrative. Universitates in Salamanca, Valladolid, Coimbra e altere centros formava clericos, juristas e officiales que serviva institutiones regal e ecclesiastic. Le institutiones urban non habeva le mesme structura in tote le peninsula. Lor autonomia, privilegios e relationes con le monarchia variava secundo le regno e le traditiones juridic local.<ref name="guijarro">Susana Guijarro González, «Monarchy and Universities in the Hispanic kingdoms (13th–15th centuries): interventionism in their government and funding», ''Revista de História da Sociedade e da Cultura'', vol. 22, n.º 1, 2022. [https://doi.org/10.14195/1645-2259_22-1_1 DOI].</ref> == Religion e societate == Le christianismo, le islam e le judaismo continuava a configurar le panorama religiose del peninsula. Le monarchias christian expandiva lor institutiones ecclesiastic, durante que communitates musulman e judaic remaneva presente in numerose villas e citates. Le communitates judaic habeva un rolo importante in le commercio, le medicina, le erudition e le administration regal. Tamen, illos affrontava discrimination crescente e episodios de violentia. Le pogroms anti-judaic de 1391 affectava numerose citates, specialmente in Castilia e in le Corona de Aragonia. Multes judeos esseva occidite, e alteres esseva fortiate a converter se al christianismo. Le communitates de convertitos, cognoscite como ''conversos'', deveniva subjecto a tensiones religiose e social crescente. In 1478, le monarchas catholic obteneva le autorisation pontifical pro establir le Inquisition in Castilia. Le nove institution esseva destinate a investigar le casos de heresia inter christianos, specialmente inter convertitos de origine judaic. In 1483, le institution esseva extendite al Corona de Aragonia. Su activitate contribueva al intensification del controlo religiose e del persecution de suspectate hereticos.<ref name="gampel">Benjamin R. Gampel, ''Anti-Jewish Riots in the Crown of Aragon and the Royal Response, 1391–1392''. Cambridge University Press, 2016. [https://assets.cambridge.org/97811071/64512/excerpt/9781107164512_excerpt.pdf Excerpto].</ref> == Cultura e arte == Le Tarde Medievo videva le developpamento del architectura, sculptura e pictura gothic in tote le peninsula. Grande edificios religiose, palatios urban e institutiones public reflecteva le importantia crescente del patronato regal, ecclesiastic e municipal. Le tradition artistic mudéjar continuava a florir, combinante technicas decorative islamic con formas architectonic christian. Le artesanos mudéjar exerceva un influentia importante sur le architectura e le artes decorative de plure regiones. Le litteratura se disveloppava in latino, gallego-portugese, catalan e castiliano. Inter le autores importante se trovava [[Juan Ruiz]], [[Íñigo López de Mendoza, prime marchese de Santillana|le Marchese de Santillana]], [[Jorge Manrique]] e [[Ausiàs March]]. Le invention e le diffusion del imprimeria durante le seculo XV transformava gradualmente le circulation de obras scripte. Le production de libros imprimite comenciava a complementar le tradition del manuscritos copiate a mano. == Le Monarchas Catholic e le fin del Medievo == Le maritage de Isabella I de Castilia e Fernando II de Aragonia in 1469 establiva un union dynastic inter le duo coronas christian plus importante del peninsula. Lor accession al thronos respective produceva un forte cooperation politic, ben que Castilia e le Corona de Aragonia conservava lor institutiones, leges e administrationes separate. Lor regno esseva marcate per le conquista de Granada in 1492 e per le publication del edicto de expulsion del judeos in le mesme anno. Le edicto concerneva le judeos del territorios del Corona de Castilia e del Corona de Aragonia; Portugal adoptava su proprie mesuras contra le judeos durante le annos sequente. Le viage de [[Christophoro Colombo]] verso le Americas in 1492 initiava un periodo de expansion ultramar sustenite per le monarchia castilian. Portugal, intertanto, continuava su expansion maritime independente e manteneva su proprie institutiones politic. Iste eventos es sovente associate al transition del Medievo al epocha moderne. Tamen, le transformation non occurreva in un sol momento e le institutiones medieval continuava a influentiar le societates iberic durante le seculos sequente.<ref name="ocallaghan"/><ref name="romero"/> {{Ref}} == Bibliographia == * Benedictow, Ole J. «The Iberian Peninsula: The Spanish Kingdoms, the Kingdom of Portugal and the Kingdom of Granada». In ''The Complete History of the Black Death''. Boydell & Brewer, 2021, pp. 201–232. [https://doi.org/10.1017/9781787449312.017 DOI]. * Diago Hernando, Máximo. «El comercio de productos alimentarios entre las Coronas de Castilla y Aragón en los siglos XIV y XV». ''Anuario de Estudios Medievales'', vol. 31, n.º 2, 2001, pp. 603–648. [https://doi.org/10.3989/aem.2001.v31.i2.264 DOI]. * Gampel, Benjamin R. ''Anti-Jewish Riots in the Crown of Aragon and the Royal Response, 1391–1392''. Cambridge University Press, 2016. * Guijarro González, Susana. «Monarchy and Universities in the Hispanic kingdoms (13th–15th centuries): interventionism in their government and funding». ''Revista de História da Sociedade e da Cultura'', vol. 22, n.º 1, 2022. [https://doi.org/10.14195/1645-2259_22-1_1 DOI]. * Linehan, Peter. «Castile, Navarre and Portugal». In ''The New Cambridge Medieval History'', vol. VI. Cambridge University Press, 2008. * O’Callaghan, Joseph F. ''The Last Crusade in the West: Castile and the Conquest of Granada''. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014. * Romero Portilla, Paz. «La expansión del siglo XV: rivalidad luso-castellana». ''Anuario de Estudios Medievales'', vol. 33, n.º 2, 2003, pp. 667–693. [https://doi.org/10.3989/aem.2003.v33.i2.216 DOI]. * Shirk, Melanie V. «The Black Death in Aragon, 1348–1351». ''Journal of Medieval History'', vol. 7, n.º 4, 1981, pp. 357–367. [https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4181(81)90014-2 DOI]. [[Categoria:Basse Etate Medie in Espania]] [[Categoria:Peste]] [[Categoria:Historia medieval de Portugal| ]] jn5bn3eqng8gg7evbayqp0xbjopwrig 705260 705254 2026-11-01T08:10:31Z Interlingvisto 60932 Interlingvisto ha renominate le pagina [[Tarde Medievo in le Peninsula Iberic]] a [[Basse Medievo in le Peninsula Iberic]] 705254 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Tarde Medievo in le Peninsula Iberic''' designa generalmente le periodo que se extende del seculo XIV al seculo XV. Illo esseva caracterisate per conflictos politic, luctas dynastic, crises economic, transformationes social e le consolidation gradual del principal regnos christian. Durante iste periodo, le [[Corona de Castilia]], le [[Corona de Aragonia]], le [[Regno de Portugal]] e le [[Regno de Navarra]] disveloppava structuras politic e institutional distincte, durante que le [[Emirato de Granada]] remaneva le ultime stato musulman independente del peninsula usque a 1492. Le periodo videva etiam le expansion del commercio mediterranee e atlantic, le developpamento del institutiones urban, le influentia del aristocratia e le emergentia de nove formas de administration regal. Su ultime decennios esseva marcate per le union dynastic de Castilia e Aragonia e le conquista de Granada.<ref name="linehan">Peter Linehan, «Castile, Navarre and Portugal», in ''The New Cambridge Medieval History'', vol. VI, Cambridge University Press, 2008. [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/new-cambridge-medieval-history/castile-portugal-and-navarre/2575C2C1EEF3189A8014504FFBDCF0AD Capitulo].</ref><ref name="benedictow">Ole J. Benedictow, «The Iberian Peninsula: The Spanish Kingdoms, the Kingdom of Portugal and the Kingdom of Granada», in ''The Complete History of the Black Death'', Boydell & Brewer, 2021, pp. 201–232. [https://doi.org/10.1017/9781787449312.017 DOI].</ref> == Contexto politic == Al initio del seculo XIV, le Peninsula Iberic esseva dividite inter plure regnos christian e le Emirato musulman de Granada. Lor relationes includeva guerras, diplomatia, excambios commercial, accordos tributari e alliantias dynastic. Le regnos christian non formava entitates politic uniformemente unificate. Cata un possedeva su proprie leges, institutiones, structuras aristocratic e interesses territorial. Lor governantes affrontava frequentemente opposition interne de familias nobiliari, communitates urban e pretendentes rival al throno. Le Corona de Castilia, le Corona de Aragonia, Portugal e Navarra manteneva administrationes e traditiones juridic distincte. In le caso de Aragonia, le Corona reuniva territorios con institutiones proprie, e le autoritate del monarcha esseva exercite per medio de accordos con le cortes e le elites local.<ref name="linehan"/><ref name="benedictow"/> == Le Corona de Castilia == Le Corona de Castilia deveniva le plus grande entitate politic christian del peninsula. Su territorios includeva le regnos historic de Castilia e León, assi como extensive terras in le centro e le sud de Iberia. === Conflictos politic === Le seculo XIV esseva marcate per conflictos inter le monarchia e le nobilitate. Le regno de [[Pedro I de Castilia]] (1350–1369) culminava in un guerra civil contra su medie-fratre [[Enrique II de Castilia]], qui finalmente occupava le throno e establiva le [[Casa de Trastámara]]. Le guerra civil castilian esseva etiam connectite al conflictos international del Guerra de Cento Annos e al rivalitate inter le potentias occidental europee. Le changement de dynastia non eliminava le tensiones inter le monarchia e le aristocratia. Durante le seculo XV, le autoritate regal continuava a affrontar le opposition de factiones nobiliari potente. Le regnos de [[Juan II de Castilia]] e [[Enrique IV de Castilia]] esseva marcate per instabilitate politic, rivalitates inter nobiles e disputas sur le succession al throno. Le guerra de succession castilian se intensificava post le morte de Enrique IV in 1474. Le conflicto opposeva le adherentes de su filia Juana e le faction que supportava Isabella, soror del rege defuncte. Isabella finalmente consolidava su position e esseva recognoscite como regina de Castilia.<ref name="linehan"/> === Expansion territorial === Castilia continuava a consolidar su controlo sur le sud del peninsula. In 1344, [[Alfonso XI de Castilia]] conquistava Algeciras post un assedio prolongate. Le frontiera con Granada remaneva un zona de conflicto militar, diplomatia e interaction commercial. Le guerra contra Granada non esseva continue. Periodos de confrontation alternava con treguas, accordos tributari e negotiationes inter le governantes castilian e nasride. Le campania final contra Granada comenciava in 1482 sub le regno de [[Isabella I de Castilia]] e [[Fernando II de Aragonia]]. Post un serie de assedios e operationes militar, le citate capitulava e esseva transferite al monarchas christian le 2 de januario 1492.<ref name="ocallaghan">Joseph F. O’Callaghan, ''The Last Crusade in the West: Castile and the Conquest of Granada''. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5vkczm JSTOR].</ref> == Le Corona de Aragon == Le Corona de Aragon comprendeva plure territorios, inter illos le Regno de Aragonia, le Principato de Catalonia, le Regno de Valencia e le insulas Balearic. Cata territorio conservava institutiones, leges e formas de representation politic distincte. Durante le seculo XIV, le Corona extendeva su influentia in le Mediterraneo. Su interesses commercial e militar attingeva Sicilia, Sardinia e altere territorios mediterranee. Le regno de [[Pedro IV de Aragonia]] (1336–1387) esseva marcate per conflictos con regnos vicin e per difficultates politic interne. Le Corona affrontava etiam crises economic e demographic durante le seculo XIV, in particular in consequentia del peste e del guerras.<ref name="benedictow"/> === Le Compromisso de Caspe === Post le morte de [[Martino I de Aragon]] in 1410 sin herede legitim supervivente, se developpava un crise de succession. In 1412, representantes de Aragonia, Catalonia e Valencia seligeva [[Fernando I de Aragonia]] per medio del [[Compromisso de Caspe]]. Iste decision establiva le dynastia Trastámara in le Corona de Aragonia. Le selection esseva le resultato de un processo de negotiation e deliberation inter representantes del territorios constituente. Durante le seculo XV, le Corona affrontava altere conflictos politic e social. Le [[Guerra Civil Catalan]] (1462–1472) opponeva le autoritate regal a partes del establishment politic e del aristocratia catalan. In le Regno de Valencia, le importantia economic e commercial del citate de Valencia continuava a crescer. Le citate deveniva un del centros urban e mercantil plus importante del Mediterraneo occidental.<ref name="linehan"/><ref name="benedictow"/> == Le Regno de Portugal == Portugal consolidava su independentia e disveloppava un identitate politic distincte durante le Tarde Medievo. Le [[Casa de Aviz]] arrivava al poter post le crise politic de 1383–1385, que terminava con le accession al throno de [[Juan I de Portugal]]. Le victoria del fortias portugese al [[Battalia de Aljubarrota]] in 1385 confirmava le nove dynastia e impediva le incorporation de Portugal in le Corona de Castilia. Durante le seculo XV, Portugal initiava un vaste programma de exploration maritime e expansion ultramar. Le conquista de [[Ceuta]] in 1415 marcava un momento importante del expansion portugese in Africa del Nord e del developpamento de su interesses maritim. Le navigatores portugese explorava gradualmente le costas del Africa occidental e establiva nove connexiones commercial. Le expansion esseva sustenite per le monarchia e per grupos mercantil, e contribuiva al transformation del economia e del politica exterior portugese. Le interesses portugese e castilian entrava progressivemente in competition circa le navigation atlantic, le commercio e le revendicationes territorial. Le rivalitate esseva tractate per accordos diplomatic, inter illos le [[Tractato de Alcáçovas]] de 1479, que regulava certe questiones relative al expansion atlantic e al succession castilian.<ref name="romero">Paz Romero Portilla, «La expansión del siglo XV: rivalidad luso-castellana», ''Anuario de Estudios Medievales'', vol. 33, n.º 2, 2003, pp. 667–693. [https://doi.org/10.3989/aem.2003.v33.i2.216 DOI].</ref> == Le Regno de Navarra == Le [[Regno de Navarra]] manteneva su independentia inter le regnos plus grande de Castilia, Aragonia e Francia. Su evolution politic esseva fortemente influentiate per connexiones dynastic con territorios vicin. Durante le seculo XIV, Navarra esseva governate per dynastias con ligamines proxime al monarchia francese. Le regno manteneva su proprie institutiones, ben que le relationes con Francia e le altere regnos iberic influentiava su politica interne. Durante le seculo XV, conflictos inter factiones aristocratic e pretendentes rival debilitava le regno. Le guerra civil inter le adherentes de [[Juan II de Aragonia]] e le adherentes de su filio [[Carlo, Principe de Viana]], comenciava in 1451 e contribuiva a un periodo prolongate de instabilitate politic. Le conflicto involveva etiam interesses dynastic e rivalitates inter familias nobiliari.<ref name="linehan"/> == Le Emirato de Granada == Le [[Emirato de Granada]], governate per le [[Dynastia nasride]], esseva le ultime stato musulman independente in le Peninsula Iberic. Su territorio includeva Granada e regiones circumjacente in le actual Andalusia. Granada manteneva su independentia per un combination de diplomatia, pagamentos de tributos a Castilia, relationes commercial e resistentia militar. Su economia beneficiava del agricultura, del production artisanal e del commercio mediterranee. Le emirato habeva relationes commercial con portos del Mediterraneo e con altere territorios del Africa del Nord. Le production de seta e le artesanato textile esseva importante pro su economia. Disputas dynastic interne debilitava le emirato durante le seculo XV. Le guerra final contra le monarchas christian comenciava in 1482. Post plure campanias militar e assedios, [[Muhammad XII de Granada|Muhammad XII]], cognoscite como Boabdil, capitulava Granada in januario 1492. Iste evento poneva fin al poter politic musulman independente in le peninsula.<ref name="ocallaghan"/> == Transformationes economic e social == === Le crise del seculo XIV === Le seculo XIV apportava sever difficultates economic e demographic a grande parte del Peninsula Iberic. Le [[Peste Nere]] attingeva Iberia in 1348 e causava un mortalitate considerabile, perturbante le production agricole, le commercio e le vita urban. Epidemias subsequente, recoltas insufficiente e guerras contribueva al declino del population e al instabilitate social. Le penuria de mano de obra affectava le economias rural, durante que conflictos inter proprietarios del terra e agricultores deveniva plus frequente in certe regiones. Le effectos del crise variava considerabilemente inter territorios. Le chronologia e le intensitate del mortalitate e del recuperation demographic non esseva identic in Castilia, Aragonia, Portugal e Granada.<ref name="benedictow"/><ref name="shirk">Melanie V. Shirk, «The Black Death in Aragon, 1348–1351», ''Journal of Medieval History'', vol. 7, n.º 4, 1981, pp. 357–367. [https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4181(81)90014-2 DOI].</ref> === Agricultura e commercio === Le agricultura remaneva le principal activitate economic. In Castilia, le allevamento de oves e le exportation de lana deveniva particularmente importante. Le [[Mesta]], un association de proprietarios de oves recognoscite per privilegios regal, habeva un rolo importante in le organisation del pastura transhumante. Le Corona de Aragonia disveloppava extensive redes commercial mediterranee. Barcelona, Valencia e altere portos participava in le commercio de textilios, alimentos, species e productos manufacturate. Le commercio inter Castilia e le Corona de Aragonia se expandiva etiam. Le exportationes includeva bestial, cereales e pisce ab territorios castilian, durante que vino, oleo e altere productos circulava in le direction inverse. Le commercio alimentari inter le duo coronas reflecteva lor interdependentia economic e le existentia de rutas commercial que connecteva le regiones interior con le citates e portos.<ref name="diago">Máximo Diago Hernando, «El comercio de productos alimentarios entre las Coronas de Castilla y Aragón en los siglos XIV y XV», ''Anuario de Estudios Medievales'', vol. 31, n.º 2, 2001, pp. 603–648. [https://doi.org/10.3989/aem.2001.v31.i2.264 DOI].</ref> === Societate urban === Le citates deveniva centros de administration, commercio e production artisanal de importantia crescente. Le institutiones municipal e le oligarchias urban exerceva un influentia considerabile sur le governamento local. Le universitate e altere institutiones educative contribueva etiam al developpamento intellectual e administrative. Universitates in Salamanca, Valladolid, Coimbra e altere centros formava clericos, juristas e officiales que serviva institutiones regal e ecclesiastic. Le institutiones urban non habeva le mesme structura in tote le peninsula. Lor autonomia, privilegios e relationes con le monarchia variava secundo le regno e le traditiones juridic local.<ref name="guijarro">Susana Guijarro González, «Monarchy and Universities in the Hispanic kingdoms (13th–15th centuries): interventionism in their government and funding», ''Revista de História da Sociedade e da Cultura'', vol. 22, n.º 1, 2022. [https://doi.org/10.14195/1645-2259_22-1_1 DOI].</ref> == Religion e societate == Le christianismo, le islam e le judaismo continuava a configurar le panorama religiose del peninsula. Le monarchias christian expandiva lor institutiones ecclesiastic, durante que communitates musulman e judaic remaneva presente in numerose villas e citates. Le communitates judaic habeva un rolo importante in le commercio, le medicina, le erudition e le administration regal. Tamen, illos affrontava discrimination crescente e episodios de violentia. Le pogroms anti-judaic de 1391 affectava numerose citates, specialmente in Castilia e in le Corona de Aragonia. Multes judeos esseva occidite, e alteres esseva fortiate a converter se al christianismo. Le communitates de convertitos, cognoscite como ''conversos'', deveniva subjecto a tensiones religiose e social crescente. In 1478, le monarchas catholic obteneva le autorisation pontifical pro establir le Inquisition in Castilia. Le nove institution esseva destinate a investigar le casos de heresia inter christianos, specialmente inter convertitos de origine judaic. In 1483, le institution esseva extendite al Corona de Aragonia. Su activitate contribueva al intensification del controlo religiose e del persecution de suspectate hereticos.<ref name="gampel">Benjamin R. Gampel, ''Anti-Jewish Riots in the Crown of Aragon and the Royal Response, 1391–1392''. Cambridge University Press, 2016. [https://assets.cambridge.org/97811071/64512/excerpt/9781107164512_excerpt.pdf Excerpto].</ref> == Cultura e arte == Le Tarde Medievo videva le developpamento del architectura, sculptura e pictura gothic in tote le peninsula. Grande edificios religiose, palatios urban e institutiones public reflecteva le importantia crescente del patronato regal, ecclesiastic e municipal. Le tradition artistic mudéjar continuava a florir, combinante technicas decorative islamic con formas architectonic christian. Le artesanos mudéjar exerceva un influentia importante sur le architectura e le artes decorative de plure regiones. Le litteratura se disveloppava in latino, gallego-portugese, catalan e castiliano. Inter le autores importante se trovava [[Juan Ruiz]], [[Íñigo López de Mendoza, prime marchese de Santillana|le Marchese de Santillana]], [[Jorge Manrique]] e [[Ausiàs March]]. Le invention e le diffusion del imprimeria durante le seculo XV transformava gradualmente le circulation de obras scripte. Le production de libros imprimite comenciava a complementar le tradition del manuscritos copiate a mano. == Le Monarchas Catholic e le fin del Medievo == Le maritage de Isabella I de Castilia e Fernando II de Aragonia in 1469 establiva un union dynastic inter le duo coronas christian plus importante del peninsula. Lor accession al thronos respective produceva un forte cooperation politic, ben que Castilia e le Corona de Aragonia conservava lor institutiones, leges e administrationes separate. Lor regno esseva marcate per le conquista de Granada in 1492 e per le publication del edicto de expulsion del judeos in le mesme anno. Le edicto concerneva le judeos del territorios del Corona de Castilia e del Corona de Aragonia; Portugal adoptava su proprie mesuras contra le judeos durante le annos sequente. Le viage de [[Christophoro Colombo]] verso le Americas in 1492 initiava un periodo de expansion ultramar sustenite per le monarchia castilian. Portugal, intertanto, continuava su expansion maritime independente e manteneva su proprie institutiones politic. Iste eventos es sovente associate al transition del Medievo al epocha moderne. Tamen, le transformation non occurreva in un sol momento e le institutiones medieval continuava a influentiar le societates iberic durante le seculos sequente.<ref name="ocallaghan"/><ref name="romero"/> {{Ref}} == Bibliographia == * Benedictow, Ole J. «The Iberian Peninsula: The Spanish Kingdoms, the Kingdom of Portugal and the Kingdom of Granada». In ''The Complete History of the Black Death''. Boydell & Brewer, 2021, pp. 201–232. [https://doi.org/10.1017/9781787449312.017 DOI]. * Diago Hernando, Máximo. «El comercio de productos alimentarios entre las Coronas de Castilla y Aragón en los siglos XIV y XV». ''Anuario de Estudios Medievales'', vol. 31, n.º 2, 2001, pp. 603–648. [https://doi.org/10.3989/aem.2001.v31.i2.264 DOI]. * Gampel, Benjamin R. ''Anti-Jewish Riots in the Crown of Aragon and the Royal Response, 1391–1392''. Cambridge University Press, 2016. * Guijarro González, Susana. «Monarchy and Universities in the Hispanic kingdoms (13th–15th centuries): interventionism in their government and funding». ''Revista de História da Sociedade e da Cultura'', vol. 22, n.º 1, 2022. [https://doi.org/10.14195/1645-2259_22-1_1 DOI]. * Linehan, Peter. «Castile, Navarre and Portugal». In ''The New Cambridge Medieval History'', vol. VI. Cambridge University Press, 2008. * O’Callaghan, Joseph F. ''The Last Crusade in the West: Castile and the Conquest of Granada''. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014. * Romero Portilla, Paz. «La expansión del siglo XV: rivalidad luso-castellana». ''Anuario de Estudios Medievales'', vol. 33, n.º 2, 2003, pp. 667–693. [https://doi.org/10.3989/aem.2003.v33.i2.216 DOI]. * Shirk, Melanie V. «The Black Death in Aragon, 1348–1351». ''Journal of Medieval History'', vol. 7, n.º 4, 1981, pp. 357–367. [https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4181(81)90014-2 DOI]. [[Categoria:Basse Etate Medie in Espania]] [[Categoria:Peste]] [[Categoria:Historia medieval de Portugal| ]] jn5bn3eqng8gg7evbayqp0xbjopwrig 705262 705260 2026-11-01T08:11:06Z Interlingvisto 60932 705262 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Basse Medievo in le Peninsula Iberic''' designa generalmente le periodo que se extende del seculo XIV al seculo XV. Illo esseva caracterisate per conflictos politic, luctas dynastic, crises economic, transformationes social e le consolidation gradual del principal regnos christian. Durante iste periodo, le [[Corona de Castilia]], le [[Corona de Aragonia]], le [[Regno de Portugal]] e le [[Regno de Navarra]] disveloppava structuras politic e institutional distincte, durante que le [[Emirato de Granada]] remaneva le ultime stato musulman independente del peninsula usque a 1492. Le periodo videva etiam le expansion del commercio mediterranee e atlantic, le developpamento del institutiones urban, le influentia del aristocratia e le emergentia de nove formas de administration regal. Su ultime decennios esseva marcate per le union dynastic de Castilia e Aragonia e le conquista de Granada.<ref name="linehan">Peter Linehan, «Castile, Navarre and Portugal», in ''The New Cambridge Medieval History'', vol. VI, Cambridge University Press, 2008. [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/new-cambridge-medieval-history/castile-portugal-and-navarre/2575C2C1EEF3189A8014504FFBDCF0AD Capitulo].</ref><ref name="benedictow">Ole J. Benedictow, «The Iberian Peninsula: The Spanish Kingdoms, the Kingdom of Portugal and the Kingdom of Granada», in ''The Complete History of the Black Death'', Boydell & Brewer, 2021, pp. 201–232. [https://doi.org/10.1017/9781787449312.017 DOI].</ref> == Contexto politic == Al initio del seculo XIV, le Peninsula Iberic esseva dividite inter plure regnos christian e le Emirato musulman de Granada. Lor relationes includeva guerras, diplomatia, excambios commercial, accordos tributari e alliantias dynastic. Le regnos christian non formava entitates politic uniformemente unificate. Cata un possedeva su proprie leges, institutiones, structuras aristocratic e interesses territorial. Lor governantes affrontava frequentemente opposition interne de familias nobiliari, communitates urban e pretendentes rival al throno. Le Corona de Castilia, le Corona de Aragonia, Portugal e Navarra manteneva administrationes e traditiones juridic distincte. In le caso de Aragonia, le Corona reuniva territorios con institutiones proprie, e le autoritate del monarcha esseva exercite per medio de accordos con le cortes e le elites local.<ref name="linehan"/><ref name="benedictow"/> == Le Corona de Castilia == Le Corona de Castilia deveniva le plus grande entitate politic christian del peninsula. Su territorios includeva le regnos historic de Castilia e León, assi como extensive terras in le centro e le sud de Iberia. === Conflictos politic === Le seculo XIV esseva marcate per conflictos inter le monarchia e le nobilitate. Le regno de [[Pedro I de Castilia]] (1350–1369) culminava in un guerra civil contra su medie-fratre [[Enrique II de Castilia]], qui finalmente occupava le throno e establiva le [[Casa de Trastámara]]. Le guerra civil castilian esseva etiam connectite al conflictos international del Guerra de Cento Annos e al rivalitate inter le potentias occidental europee. Le changement de dynastia non eliminava le tensiones inter le monarchia e le aristocratia. Durante le seculo XV, le autoritate regal continuava a affrontar le opposition de factiones nobiliari potente. Le regnos de [[Juan II de Castilia]] e [[Enrique IV de Castilia]] esseva marcate per instabilitate politic, rivalitates inter nobiles e disputas sur le succession al throno. Le guerra de succession castilian se intensificava post le morte de Enrique IV in 1474. Le conflicto opposeva le adherentes de su filia Juana e le faction que supportava Isabella, soror del rege defuncte. Isabella finalmente consolidava su position e esseva recognoscite como regina de Castilia.<ref name="linehan"/> === Expansion territorial === Castilia continuava a consolidar su controlo sur le sud del peninsula. In 1344, [[Alfonso XI de Castilia]] conquistava Algeciras post un assedio prolongate. Le frontiera con Granada remaneva un zona de conflicto militar, diplomatia e interaction commercial. Le guerra contra Granada non esseva continue. Periodos de confrontation alternava con treguas, accordos tributari e negotiationes inter le governantes castilian e nasride. Le campania final contra Granada comenciava in 1482 sub le regno de [[Isabella I de Castilia]] e [[Fernando II de Aragonia]]. Post un serie de assedios e operationes militar, le citate capitulava e esseva transferite al monarchas christian le 2 de januario 1492.<ref name="ocallaghan">Joseph F. O’Callaghan, ''The Last Crusade in the West: Castile and the Conquest of Granada''. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5vkczm JSTOR].</ref> == Le Corona de Aragon == Le Corona de Aragon comprendeva plure territorios, inter illos le Regno de Aragonia, le Principato de Catalonia, le Regno de Valencia e le insulas Balearic. Cata territorio conservava institutiones, leges e formas de representation politic distincte. Durante le seculo XIV, le Corona extendeva su influentia in le Mediterraneo. Su interesses commercial e militar attingeva Sicilia, Sardinia e altere territorios mediterranee. Le regno de [[Pedro IV de Aragonia]] (1336–1387) esseva marcate per conflictos con regnos vicin e per difficultates politic interne. Le Corona affrontava etiam crises economic e demographic durante le seculo XIV, in particular in consequentia del peste e del guerras.<ref name="benedictow"/> === Le Compromisso de Caspe === Post le morte de [[Martino I de Aragon]] in 1410 sin herede legitim supervivente, se developpava un crise de succession. In 1412, representantes de Aragonia, Catalonia e Valencia seligeva [[Fernando I de Aragonia]] per medio del [[Compromisso de Caspe]]. Iste decision establiva le dynastia Trastámara in le Corona de Aragonia. Le selection esseva le resultato de un processo de negotiation e deliberation inter representantes del territorios constituente. Durante le seculo XV, le Corona affrontava altere conflictos politic e social. Le [[Guerra Civil Catalan]] (1462–1472) opponeva le autoritate regal a partes del establishment politic e del aristocratia catalan. In le Regno de Valencia, le importantia economic e commercial del citate de Valencia continuava a crescer. Le citate deveniva un del centros urban e mercantil plus importante del Mediterraneo occidental.<ref name="linehan"/><ref name="benedictow"/> == Le Regno de Portugal == Portugal consolidava su independentia e disveloppava un identitate politic distincte durante le Basse Medievo. Le [[Casa de Aviz]] arrivava al poter post le crise politic de 1383–1385, que terminava con le accession al throno de [[Juan I de Portugal]]. Le victoria del fortias portugese al [[Battalia de Aljubarrota]] in 1385 confirmava le nove dynastia e impediva le incorporation de Portugal in le Corona de Castilia. Durante le seculo XV, Portugal initiava un vaste programma de exploration maritime e expansion ultramar. Le conquista de [[Ceuta]] in 1415 marcava un momento importante del expansion portugese in Africa del Nord e del developpamento de su interesses maritim. Le navigatores portugese explorava gradualmente le costas del Africa occidental e establiva nove connexiones commercial. Le expansion esseva sustenite per le monarchia e per grupos mercantil, e contribuiva al transformation del economia e del politica exterior portugese. Le interesses portugese e castilian entrava progressivemente in competition circa le navigation atlantic, le commercio e le revendicationes territorial. Le rivalitate esseva tractate per accordos diplomatic, inter illos le [[Tractato de Alcáçovas]] de 1479, que regulava certe questiones relative al expansion atlantic e al succession castilian.<ref name="romero">Paz Romero Portilla, «La expansión del siglo XV: rivalidad luso-castellana», ''Anuario de Estudios Medievales'', vol. 33, n.º 2, 2003, pp. 667–693. [https://doi.org/10.3989/aem.2003.v33.i2.216 DOI].</ref> == Le Regno de Navarra == Le [[Regno de Navarra]] manteneva su independentia inter le regnos plus grande de Castilia, Aragonia e Francia. Su evolution politic esseva fortemente influentiate per connexiones dynastic con territorios vicin. Durante le seculo XIV, Navarra esseva governate per dynastias con ligamines proxime al monarchia francese. Le regno manteneva su proprie institutiones, ben que le relationes con Francia e le altere regnos iberic influentiava su politica interne. Durante le seculo XV, conflictos inter factiones aristocratic e pretendentes rival debilitava le regno. Le guerra civil inter le adherentes de [[Juan II de Aragonia]] e le adherentes de su filio [[Carlo, Principe de Viana]], comenciava in 1451 e contribuiva a un periodo prolongate de instabilitate politic. Le conflicto involveva etiam interesses dynastic e rivalitates inter familias nobiliari.<ref name="linehan"/> == Le Emirato de Granada == Le [[Emirato de Granada]], governate per le [[Dynastia nasride]], esseva le ultime stato musulman independente in le Peninsula Iberic. Su territorio includeva Granada e regiones circumjacente in le actual Andalusia. Granada manteneva su independentia per un combination de diplomatia, pagamentos de tributos a Castilia, relationes commercial e resistentia militar. Su economia beneficiava del agricultura, del production artisanal e del commercio mediterranee. Le emirato habeva relationes commercial con portos del Mediterraneo e con altere territorios del Africa del Nord. Le production de seta e le artesanato textile esseva importante pro su economia. Disputas dynastic interne debilitava le emirato durante le seculo XV. Le guerra final contra le monarchas christian comenciava in 1482. Post plure campanias militar e assedios, [[Muhammad XII de Granada|Muhammad XII]], cognoscite como Boabdil, capitulava Granada in januario 1492. Iste evento poneva fin al poter politic musulman independente in le peninsula.<ref name="ocallaghan"/> == Transformationes economic e social == === Le crise del seculo XIV === Le seculo XIV apportava sever difficultates economic e demographic a grande parte del Peninsula Iberic. Le [[Peste Nere]] attingeva Iberia in 1348 e causava un mortalitate considerabile, perturbante le production agricole, le commercio e le vita urban. Epidemias subsequente, recoltas insufficiente e guerras contribueva al declino del population e al instabilitate social. Le penuria de mano de obra affectava le economias rural, durante que conflictos inter proprietarios del terra e agricultores deveniva plus frequente in certe regiones. Le effectos del crise variava considerabilemente inter territorios. Le chronologia e le intensitate del mortalitate e del recuperation demographic non esseva identic in Castilia, Aragonia, Portugal e Granada.<ref name="benedictow"/><ref name="shirk">Melanie V. Shirk, «The Black Death in Aragon, 1348–1351», ''Journal of Medieval History'', vol. 7, n.º 4, 1981, pp. 357–367. [https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4181(81)90014-2 DOI].</ref> === Agricultura e commercio === Le agricultura remaneva le principal activitate economic. In Castilia, le allevamento de oves e le exportation de lana deveniva particularmente importante. Le [[Mesta]], un association de proprietarios de oves recognoscite per privilegios regal, habeva un rolo importante in le organisation del pastura transhumante. Le Corona de Aragonia disveloppava extensive redes commercial mediterranee. Barcelona, Valencia e altere portos participava in le commercio de textilios, alimentos, species e productos manufacturate. Le commercio inter Castilia e le Corona de Aragonia se expandiva etiam. Le exportationes includeva bestial, cereales e pisce ab territorios castilian, durante que vino, oleo e altere productos circulava in le direction inverse. Le commercio alimentari inter le duo coronas reflecteva lor interdependentia economic e le existentia de rutas commercial que connecteva le regiones interior con le citates e portos.<ref name="diago">Máximo Diago Hernando, «El comercio de productos alimentarios entre las Coronas de Castilla y Aragón en los siglos XIV y XV», ''Anuario de Estudios Medievales'', vol. 31, n.º 2, 2001, pp. 603–648. [https://doi.org/10.3989/aem.2001.v31.i2.264 DOI].</ref> === Societate urban === Le citates deveniva centros de administration, commercio e production artisanal de importantia crescente. Le institutiones municipal e le oligarchias urban exerceva un influentia considerabile sur le governamento local. Le universitate e altere institutiones educative contribueva etiam al developpamento intellectual e administrative. Universitates in Salamanca, Valladolid, Coimbra e altere centros formava clericos, juristas e officiales que serviva institutiones regal e ecclesiastic. Le institutiones urban non habeva le mesme structura in tote le peninsula. Lor autonomia, privilegios e relationes con le monarchia variava secundo le regno e le traditiones juridic local.<ref name="guijarro">Susana Guijarro González, «Monarchy and Universities in the Hispanic kingdoms (13th–15th centuries): interventionism in their government and funding», ''Revista de História da Sociedade e da Cultura'', vol. 22, n.º 1, 2022. [https://doi.org/10.14195/1645-2259_22-1_1 DOI].</ref> == Religion e societate == Le christianismo, le islam e le judaismo continuava a configurar le panorama religiose del peninsula. Le monarchias christian expandiva lor institutiones ecclesiastic, durante que communitates musulman e judaic remaneva presente in numerose villas e citates. Le communitates judaic habeva un rolo importante in le commercio, le medicina, le erudition e le administration regal. Tamen, illos affrontava discrimination crescente e episodios de violentia. Le pogroms anti-judaic de 1391 affectava numerose citates, specialmente in Castilia e in le Corona de Aragonia. Multes judeos esseva occidite, e alteres esseva fortiate a converter se al christianismo. Le communitates de convertitos, cognoscite como ''conversos'', deveniva subjecto a tensiones religiose e social crescente. In 1478, le monarchas catholic obteneva le autorisation pontifical pro establir le Inquisition in Castilia. Le nove institution esseva destinate a investigar le casos de heresia inter christianos, specialmente inter convertitos de origine judaic. In 1483, le institution esseva extendite al Corona de Aragonia. Su activitate contribueva al intensification del controlo religiose e del persecution de suspectate hereticos.<ref name="gampel">Benjamin R. Gampel, ''Anti-Jewish Riots in the Crown of Aragon and the Royal Response, 1391–1392''. Cambridge University Press, 2016. [https://assets.cambridge.org/97811071/64512/excerpt/9781107164512_excerpt.pdf Excerpto].</ref> == Cultura e arte == Le Basse Medievo videva le developpamento del architectura, sculptura e pictura gothic in tote le peninsula. Grande edificios religiose, palatios urban e institutiones public reflecteva le importantia crescente del patronato regal, ecclesiastic e municipal. Le tradition artistic mudéjar continuava a florir, combinante technicas decorative islamic con formas architectonic christian. Le artesanos mudéjar exerceva un influentia importante sur le architectura e le artes decorative de plure regiones. Le litteratura se disveloppava in latino, gallego-portugese, catalan e castiliano. Inter le autores importante se trovava [[Juan Ruiz]], [[Íñigo López de Mendoza, prime marchese de Santillana|le Marchese de Santillana]], [[Jorge Manrique]] e [[Ausiàs March]]. Le invention e le diffusion del imprimeria durante le seculo XV transformava gradualmente le circulation de obras scripte. Le production de libros imprimite comenciava a complementar le tradition del manuscritos copiate a mano. == Le Monarchas Catholic e le fin del Medievo == Le maritage de Isabella I de Castilia e Fernando II de Aragonia in 1469 establiva un union dynastic inter le duo coronas christian plus importante del peninsula. Lor accession al thronos respective produceva un forte cooperation politic, ben que Castilia e le Corona de Aragonia conservava lor institutiones, leges e administrationes separate. Lor regno esseva marcate per le conquista de Granada in 1492 e per le publication del edicto de expulsion del judeos in le mesme anno. Le edicto concerneva le judeos del territorios del Corona de Castilia e del Corona de Aragonia; Portugal adoptava su proprie mesuras contra le judeos durante le annos sequente. Le viage de [[Christophoro Colombo]] verso le Americas in 1492 initiava un periodo de expansion ultramar sustenite per le monarchia castilian. Portugal, intertanto, continuava su expansion maritime independente e manteneva su proprie institutiones politic. Iste eventos es sovente associate al transition del Medievo al epocha moderne. Tamen, le transformation non occurreva in un sol momento e le institutiones medieval continuava a influentiar le societates iberic durante le seculos sequente.<ref name="ocallaghan"/><ref name="romero"/> {{Ref}} == Bibliographia == * Benedictow, Ole J. «The Iberian Peninsula: The Spanish Kingdoms, the Kingdom of Portugal and the Kingdom of Granada». In ''The Complete History of the Black Death''. Boydell & Brewer, 2021, pp. 201–232. [https://doi.org/10.1017/9781787449312.017 DOI]. * Diago Hernando, Máximo. «El comercio de productos alimentarios entre las Coronas de Castilla y Aragón en los siglos XIV y XV». ''Anuario de Estudios Medievales'', vol. 31, n.º 2, 2001, pp. 603–648. [https://doi.org/10.3989/aem.2001.v31.i2.264 DOI]. * Gampel, Benjamin R. ''Anti-Jewish Riots in the Crown of Aragon and the Royal Response, 1391–1392''. Cambridge University Press, 2016. * Guijarro González, Susana. «Monarchy and Universities in the Hispanic kingdoms (13th–15th centuries): interventionism in their government and funding». ''Revista de História da Sociedade e da Cultura'', vol. 22, n.º 1, 2022. [https://doi.org/10.14195/1645-2259_22-1_1 DOI]. * Linehan, Peter. «Castile, Navarre and Portugal». In ''The New Cambridge Medieval History'', vol. VI. Cambridge University Press, 2008. * O’Callaghan, Joseph F. ''The Last Crusade in the West: Castile and the Conquest of Granada''. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014. * Romero Portilla, Paz. «La expansión del siglo XV: rivalidad luso-castellana». ''Anuario de Estudios Medievales'', vol. 33, n.º 2, 2003, pp. 667–693. [https://doi.org/10.3989/aem.2003.v33.i2.216 DOI]. * Shirk, Melanie V. «The Black Death in Aragon, 1348–1351». ''Journal of Medieval History'', vol. 7, n.º 4, 1981, pp. 357–367. [https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4181(81)90014-2 DOI]. == Ligamines externe == * ''[https://www.interlingua.com/e-libros/le-medievo/ Le Medievo]'', de [[Vicente Costalago]], in le ''Bibliotheca electronic in Interlingua'' [[Categoria:Historia medieval de Espania]] [[Categoria:Historia medieval de Portugal| ]] h2x5auaqpfotdg7pr8qyy0md5fmlz69 0 62427 705261 2026-11-01T08:10:31Z Interlingvisto 60932 Interlingvisto ha renominate le pagina [[Tarde Medievo in le Peninsula Iberic]] a [[Basse Medievo in le Peninsula Iberic]] 705261 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Basse Medievo in le Peninsula Iberic]] n920pqeeghm32256fitbn88d45z2y4f 0 62428 705263 2026-11-01T08:14:44Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Plen Medievo del Peninsula Iberic''' es le periodo del historia medieval del Peninsula Iberic que corresponde, in términos generale, al seculos XI, XII e XIII. Illo se caracteriza per le disintegration del caliphato de Cordova, le surgimento e transformation del regnos de taifa, le intervention de dynastias nordafrican como le Almoravides e le Almohades, e le expansion territorial del regnos christian del nord. Durante iste period...” 705263 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Plen Medievo del Peninsula Iberic''' es le periodo del historia medieval del Peninsula Iberic que corresponde, in términos generale, al seculos XI, XII e XIII. Illo se caracteriza per le disintegration del caliphato de Cordova, le surgimento e transformation del regnos de taifa, le intervention de dynastias nordafrican como le Almoravides e le Almohades, e le expansion territorial del regnos christian del nord. Durante iste periodo, le Peninsula Iberic remaneva un spatio politicemente fragmentate, con entitates christian e musulman que se confrontava, formava alliantias e participava in relationes diplomatic, commercial e cultural. Le regno de Portugal se consolidava como entitate independente, Castilia e Leon alternava periodos de union e separation, e le Corona de Aragon se formava per le union dynastic del Regno de Aragon e le Comitato de Barcelona. Le periodo videva etiam transformationes economic, demografic e social importante, le expansion del citates, le intensification del commercio e le circulation de cognoscentia inter le culturas christian, musulman e judaic. Le conquista de Cordova in 1236, de Valencia in 1238 e de Sevilla in 1248 marcava un importante expansion del regnos christian, ben que le Sultanato Nasrid de Granada continuava a existir usque a 1492. == Situation politic e territorial == === Le fin del Caliphato de Cordova e le regnos de taifa === Le Caliphato de Cordova, que habeva essite le principal potentia politic de al-Andalus desde 929, disintegrava durante le guerra civil cognoscite como fitna de al-Andalus. Le processo culminava in 1031 con le abolition del caliphato e le fragmentation del territorio in numerose entitates politic independente, cognoscite como '''regnos de taifa'''. Le governantes de taifa includeva dynastias local e familias que controlava citates e regiones, inter illes Sevilla, Zaragoza, Toledo, Badajoz e Granada. Le competion inter iste potentias favoriva le developpamento de cortes regal e de centros cultural, ma etiam produceva conflictos e instabilitate politic. Alcun governantes pagava tributos, denominate parias, a regnos christian del nord in cambio de protection o de non-aggression. Le fragmentation politic facilitava le expansion territorial de alcun regnos christian, ma le situation non esseva un conflicto uniforme inter duo blocos religiose. Le potentias christian e musulman poteva etiam collaborar, formar alliantias e intervenir in le conflictos interne de lor vicinos.<ref name="met">{{Citar web |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/es/toah/ht/07/eusi.html |titulo=Iberian Peninsula, 1000–1400 A.D. |obra=Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History |editor=The Metropolitan Museum of Art}}</ref> === Le intervention almoravide === In 1085, Alfonso VI, rege de Leon e Castilia, conquistava Toledo, un del citates principal del Peninsula central. Le governantes de taifa, preoccupate per le expansion christian, appellava al auxilio del Almoravides, un dynastia berber musulman que habeva establishite un imperio in Africa del Nord, con centro politic in Marrakesh. Le Almoravides passava le Stricto de Gibraltar e infligeva un important derrota al exercitos de Alfonso VI in le battalia de Sagrajas, in 1086. In le annos sequente, illes assumeva le controlo del major parte de al-Andalus e incorporava le regnos de taifa a lor imperio. Le dominio almoravide reforçava le autoritate politic e militar musulman in le Peninsula, ma non eliminava le conflictos interne ni le pression exercite per le regnos christian. Durante le prime medietate del seculo XII, le poter almoravide comenciava a declinar.<ref name="met" /> === Le Almohades e le battalia de Las Navas de Tolosa === Le Almohades, un movimento religiose e politic originari del Africa del Nord, displaciava le Almoravides e establishiva un nove imperio. Durante le seculo XII, lor autoritate se extendava super grande parte de al-Andalus. Le capital del imperio almohade se trovava in Marrakesh, ma Sevilla deveniva un importante centro politic e cultural in le Peninsula. Le Almohades promoveva constructiones monumental e obras public, e lor dominio contribuiva al florimento del architectura e del cultura islamic. Le expansion almohade provocava le opposition del regnos christian. In 1212, un coalit ion de forcas christian, includente Castilia, Aragon e Navarra, obteneva un victoria importante contra le exercito almohade in le battalia de Las Navas de Tolosa. Iste derrota debilitava considerabilemente le potentia almohade in al-Andalus e accelerava le fragmentation de lor dominio.<ref name="oxford">{{Citar articulo |apellido= |titulo=City States in the Later Medieval Mediterranean World |publicacion=Past & Present |volumen=254 |numero=1 |url=https://academic.oup.com/past/article/254/1/3/6395072}}</ref> === Le regnos christian del nord === Durante le Plen Medievo, le territorio del nord del Peninsula esseva occupate per plure regnos e territorios christian, cuje frontieras e relationes politic cambiava frequentemente. Le principal entitates includeva: * Regno de Leon: un del principal potentias christian del Peninsula, que includeva territorios del nord-occidente. * Regno de Castilia: devenite un potentia major durante le seculo XI e frequentemente unite con Leon. * Regno de Navarra: un regno del nord, situate inter le Pireneos e le valle del Ebro. * Regno de Aragon: un potentia pirenaic que expandiva su territorio verso le valle del Ebro e le Mediterraneo. * Comitatos catalan: territorios politic del nord-est, con le Comitato de Barcelona como principal centro de poter. * Regno de Portugal: formate como regno independente durante le seculo XII. Le relationes inter iste entitates variava inter guerras, alliantias matrimonial, accordos diplomatic e collaboration militar. === Le union de Aragon e Barcelona === In 1137, le union dynastic inter le dynastia del Regno de Aragon e le Casa de Barcelona initiava le formation del entitate politic que deveniva cognoscite como Corona de Aragon. Le union non significava le creation immediat de un stato centralisate. Le regno de Aragon e le territorios catalan conservava lor institutiones, leges e particularitates politic, sub un monarchia commun. Le Corona de Aragon expandiva su influentia verso le Mediterraneo e participava activemente in le conflictos e relationes politic del Peninsula e del regiones vicin. === Le formation del Regno de Portugal === Le formation de Portugal como regno independente occurreva durante le seculo XII. Alfonso Henriques, filio del comite Henrique de Burgundia e de Teresa de Leon, assumeva le titulo regal e consolidava su dominio super le territorio occidental. Le independentia portugese esseva recognoscite per Alfonso VII de Leon e Castilia in le Tractato de Zamora de 1143. Le recognition pontifical sequeva in 1179, quando le papa Alexandro III confirmava le titulo regal de Alfonso I. Le expansion territorial portugese continuava verso le sud, con le conquista de citates e territorios que antea pertineva a al-Andalus. Le conquista de Faro in 1249 marcava le fin del principal expansion territorial portugese contra le dominio musulman in le Peninsula.<ref name="cambridge">{{Citar libro |apellido=Fernandes |nombre=Hermenegildo |apellido2=Sabaté |nombre2=Flocel |titulo=An Economic History of the Iberian Peninsula, 700–2000 |capitulo=Muslim and Christian Polities, 700–1200 |editorial=Cambridge University Press |año=2024 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/an-economic-history-of-the-iberian-peninsula-7002000/muslim-and-christian-polities-7001200/55A22558598A690B134F269BFF16B538}}</ref> == Expansion territorial e conflictos militares == === Le expansion de Castilia e Leon === Durante le seculo XI e le prime parte del seculo XII, le regnos de Castilia e Leon expandiva lor territorios verso le sud. Le conquista de Toledo in 1085 per Alfonso VI esseva un evento de grande importantia strategic e symbolic, pois le citate habeva essite un del principal centros politic del peninsula durante le periodo visigothic e islamic. Post le morte de Alfonso VII in 1157, Castilia e Leon esseva separate inter su heredes. Le regnos esseva reunite in 1230 sub Fernando III, qui deveniva un del monarchas central del expansion christian del seculo XIII. Le campanias de Fernando III conduceva al conquestas de Cordova in 1236, Jaen in 1246 e Sevilla in 1248. Iste successos reduceva considerabilemente le territorio de al-Andalus e transformava le equilibro politic del Peninsula. === Le expansion del Corona de Aragon === Le Corona de Aragon expandiva verso le sud e verso le Mediterraneo. Durante le seculo XIII, Jacobo I conduceva campanias militar que resultava in le conquestas de Mallorca in 1229 e de Valencia in 1238. Le conquestas conduceva al incorporation de nove territorios con populationes, institutiones e traditiones distincte. Le Corona conservava un structura composite, in le qual le regno de Aragon, le territorios catalan e le nove regno de Valencia manteneva lor proprie ordinationes juridic e politic. Le expansion mediterranee del Corona continuava in le seculos sequente, ma le conquestas del seculo XIII establiva le fundamento territorial de su potentia.<ref name="nogales">{{Citar capitulo |apellido=Nogales Rincón |nombre=David |titulo=From the Five Kingdoms to the Hispanic Monarchy: Political Structures, Ideology and Historical Development in the Medieval Iberian Peninsula (1157–1504) |libro=Textiles of Medieval Iberia |editorial=Boydell Press |año=2022 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/textiles-of-medieval-iberia/from-the-five-kingdoms-to-the-hispanic-monarchy-11571504/68D9D1BD934B5C9B32CF5E07B91BFB94}}</ref> === Le Sultanato de Granada === Post le disintegration del poter almohade, Muhammad ibn Nasr fundava le dynastia Nasrid e establishiva un potentia politic con centro in Granada durante le annos 1230. Le Sultanato de Granada deveniva le ultime stato musulman independente del Peninsula Iberic. Su territorio includeva Granada e regiones circumvicin, con accesso al Mediterraneo e relationes commercial e diplomatic con le regnos christian e con potentias nordafrican. Le sultanato manteneva su independentia per medio de diplomatia, tributos, accordos e, quando necessari, guerra. Su existentia se prolongava usque al conquista christian de Granada in 1492.<ref name="oxford" /> == Societate e structura social == === Le societate christian === Le societate del regnos christian esseva organisate in structuras social hierarchic, con un nobilitate que possedeva grande parte del terra e exerceva poter militar e politic. Le monarchia dependeva frequentemente del supporto del nobiles e del institutiones ecclesiastic. Le population rural formava le major parte del societate. Le conditiones de vita variava considerabilemente secundo le region, le statuto juridic e le relationes de proprietate. Le servos, colones e agricultores libere laborava le terras del dominios nobiliar, ecclesiastic o regal. Le citates ganiava importantia como centros de commercio, artesanato e administration. Le burgenses e le communitates urban obteneva privilegios e libertates per medio de cartas de population e fueros, que regulava lor organisation e relationes con le monarchia. === Le societate musulman === In al-Andalus, le structura social includeva differente gruppos ethnic e religiose, inter illes Arabes, Amazigh, musulmanes de origine iberic, christianos e judieos. Le musulmanes formava le majoritate del population in multe regiones, ma le communitates christian e judaic continuava a existir sub statutos juridic specific. Le judieos e christianos poteva exercer activitates commercial, artisanal e administrative, ben que lor derectos e obligationes variava secundo le periodo e le governante. Le citates de al-Andalus, como Cordova, Sevilla, Granada e Zaragoza, serviva como centros de administration, commercio, artesanato e cultura. Le societate urban includeva mercatores, artesanos, functionarios, ulemas, proprietarios de terra e membros del elite politic. === Le communitates judaic === Le judieos occupava un position importante in le vita economic, intellectual e cultural del Peninsula. Illes habitava in citates e villas de ambes le territorios christian e musulman e participava in activitates commercial, medic, scientific e administrative. In al-Andalus, le seculos XI e XII includeva centros importante de cultura judaic, con figuras intellectual que contribuiva al philosophia, le medicina e le literatura. In le territorios christian, le communitates judaic participava in le commercio, le administration e le vita urban. Le conditiones de iste communitates non esseva uniforme. Le relationes inter le gruppos religiose variava inter periodos de collaboration e protection e periodos de tension, discriminatori e persecution. == Economia == === Agricultura e explotation del terra === Le agricultura esseva le fundamento del economia del Peninsula. Le production includeva cereales, olivas, vin, fructos, legumines e productos horticol. Le technicas agricole e le organisation del irrigation variava secundo le regiones e le traditiones local. In al-Andalus, le systemas de irrigation e le exploitation intensive de certe culturas contribuiva al developpamento de agricultura commercial. Le nor-occidente e le regiones interior del Peninsula dependiva plus del agricultura cerealier e del allevamento de bestial. Le expansion territorial del regnos christian incorporava nove terras al production agricole e transformava le structuras de proprietate e le distribution del population. === Commercio e citates === Le commercio interne e externe ganiava importantia durante le Plen Medievo. Le citates serviva como centros de production artisanal, distribution de productos e circulation monetari. Al-Andalus manteneva relationes commercial con Africa del Nord, le Mediterraneo e le regiones del Oriente. Le regnos christian participava in le commercio regional e in le circuitos commercial del Mediterraneo e del Atlantico. Le portos e citates de Barcelona, Valencia, Sevilla e Lisboa ganiava importantia como centros de navigation e commercio. Le circulation de productos includeva cereales, oleo, vin, textil, metales, ceramica e productos de luxo.<ref name="cambridge" /> === Moneta e systemas fiscal === Le circulation monetari se developpava in relation con le expansion del commercio e del administration regal. In al-Andalus, le monetas de auro e argento habeva un rolo importante in le economia e in le relationes commercial. In le regnos christian, le monarchas obteneva recursos per medio de impostos, tributos, renditas territorial e contributiones extraordinari. Le systemas fiscal variava inter le regnos e reflecteva lor structuras politic e institutiones. == Cultura e cognoscentia == === Le cultura islamic === Al-Andalus esseva un importante centro de production intellectual e artistic. Le citates hospitava bibliothecas, scholas, talleres e cortes que supportava le philosophia, le medicina, le mathematica, le astronomia e le literatura. Le tradition intellectual islamic combinava le hereditage grec, le interpretationes arabe e le contributiones original de studiosos del mundo islamic. Le circulation de textos e cognoscentias inter al-Andalus, Africa del Nord e le regiones del Mediterraneo contribuiva al developpamento del cultura scientific. Le architectura islamic del Peninsula se manifestava in moscheas, palatios, fortificationes e edificios public. Le tradition architectonic includeva elementos geometric, calligraphic e vegetal, e usava materiales e technicas adaptate al ambientes local. === Le cultura christian e le monasterios === In le regnos christian, le monasterios e le ecclesias habeva un rolo central in le vita cultural e religiose. Illos conservava e copiava manuscritos, administrava terras e participava in le education. Le monasterio de Cluny e altere institutiones ecclesiastic europee exerceva influentia super le reformes religiose del Peninsula. Le Ordine de Cister e le ordines militar, como le Templarios e le Hospitalarios, participava in le organisation religiose e territorial. Le peregrination al sanctuario de Santiago de Compostela deveniva un del principal itinerarios religiose de Europa occidental. Le Cammino de Santiago favoriva le circulation de peregrinos, mercatores, clericos e ideas inter le Peninsula e le resto de Europa. === Le Schola de Traductores de Toledo === Toledo deveniva un importante centro de traduction durante le seculos XII e XIII. Studiosos christian, judieos e musulmanes participava in le traduction de textos de arabe e de greco al latino e, in alcun casos, al linguas vernacular. Le textos traducite includeva obras de philosophia, medicina, mathematica, astronomia e scientias natural. Le traductiones contribuiva al diffusion in Europa occidental de obras classic e de commentarios elabor ate in le mundo islamic. Le activitate intellectual de Toledo non esseva un institution unicemente organisate, ma un conjunto de projectos e collaborationes que se developpava durante plure generationes. === Architectura e artes === Le architectura del Peninsula reflecteva le diversitate cultural e politic del periodo. Le arte romanica se diffundeva in le territorios christian, con ecclesias, monasterios e sculpturas monumental. Le architectura islamic continuava a developpar formas distinctive, con palatios, moscheas, arcadas e decorationes geometric. Le influentia islamic se manifestava etiam in le arte del territorios christian, in estilos como le arte mudejar, que combinava formas architectonic christian con technicas e elementos decorative de tradition islamic. == Religion e relationes inter communitates == Le religion habeva un rolo central in le organisation politic e social del Peninsula. Le monarchas christian se presentava como protectores del ecclesia e promoveva le expansion del christianismo in territorios conquistate. In al-Andalus, le Islam esseva le religion dominante, e le autoritates musulman regulava le vita religiose e juridic del communitates. Le christianos e judieos poteva continuar a practicar lor religion sub conditiones specific, que variava secundo le periodo e le regime politic. Le relationes inter christianos, musulmanes e judieos non pote esser reducite a un modello unic de coexistentia pacific o de conflicto permanent. Illos includeva collaboration intellectual e commercial, accordos politic, conversiones, discriminatori e episodios de violentia. Le expansion territorial del regnos christian modificava le conditiones de vita del population musulman in le territorios conquistate. In multe casos, le musulmanes remaneva in lor locos de habitation sub le statuto de mudéjares, ben que le conditiones variava e poteva devenir plus restrictive.<ref name="garcia">{{Citar articulo |apellido=García-Sanjuán |nombre=Alejandro |titulo=La conquista cristiana de al-Andalus, los ulemas y el destino de la población musulmana en las fuentes árabes (siglos XI–XIII) |publicacion=Journal of Medieval Iberian Studies |volumen=16 |numero=3 |año=2024 |paginas=320–341 |doi=10.1080/17546559.2024.2379810}}</ref> == Consequentias del periodo == Le Plen Medievo transformava profundemente le structura politic del Peninsula Iberic. Le fragmentation del caliphato de Cordova e le succession de dynastias nordafrican alterava le equilibro del poter in al-Andalus, durante que le regnos christian expandiva lor territorios e consolidava lor institutiones. Le conquestas de Toledo, Cordova, Valencia e Sevilla representava un transformation territorial importante. Al fin del seculo XIII, le major parte del Peninsula esseva governate per monarchias christian, durante que le Sultanato de Granada remaneva como le ultime stato musulman independente. Le periodo contribuiva etiam al developpamento del citates, del commercio, del institutiones juridic e del structuras monarchic. Le circulation de textos e cognoscentias inter culturas contribuiva al evolution intellectual del Peninsula e del Europa occidental. Le Plen Medievo non produceva un processo linear verso le formation de estados national moderne. Le regnos e territorios del Peninsula manteneva identitates, institutiones e structuras politic distincte, que continuava a evolver durante le Medievo Tarde. {{Ref}} == Bibliographia == * Fernandes, Hermenegildo; Sabaté, Flocel. «Muslim and Christian Polities, 700–1200». In: *An Economic History of the Iberian Peninsula, 700–2000*. Cambridge University Press, 2024. * García-Sanjuán, Alejandro. «La conquista cristiana de al-Andalus, los ulemas y el destino de la población musulmana en las fuentes árabes (siglos XI–XIII)». *Journal of Medieval Iberian Studies*, vol. 16, n.º 3, 2024, pp. 320–341. * Nogales Rincón, David. «From the Five Kingdoms to the Hispanic Monarchy: Political Structures, Ideology and Historical Development in the Medieval Iberian Peninsula (1157–1504)». In: *Textiles of Medieval Iberia*. Boydell Press, 2022. * The Metropolitan Museum of Art. «Iberian Peninsula, 1000–1400 A.D.». *Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History*. * «City States in the Later Medieval Mediterranean World». *Past & Present*, vol. 254, n.º 1. [[Categoria:Historia medieval de Espania| ]] [[Categoria:Historia medieval de Portugal| ]] [[Categoria:Plene Medievo| ]] 6qsv3kv8khohfb0ypse68gl4891au3n 0 62429 705265 2026-11-01T08:19:14Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Ramcharitmanas''' (Devanagari: रामचरितमानस), etiam cognoscite como le '''Ramayana de Tulsidas''', es un poema epic hindú del seculo XVI, componite per le poeta e sancto Tulsidas in le lingua awadhi. Illo narra de novo le historia de [[Rama]], un divinitate major del religion hindú e un incarnation de [[Vishnu]], basate principalmente sur le ''[[Ramayana]]'' sanscritic attribuite a Valmiki, assi como sur alter...” 705265 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Ramcharitmanas''' (Devanagari: रामचरितमानस), etiam cognoscite como le '''Ramayana de Tulsidas''', es un poema epic hindú del seculo XVI, componite per le poeta e sancto Tulsidas in le lingua awadhi. Illo narra de novo le historia de [[Rama]], un divinitate major del religion hindú e un incarnation de [[Vishnu]], basate principalmente sur le ''[[Ramayana]]'' sanscritic attribuite a Valmiki, assi como sur altere traditiones religiose e litterari. Le titulo es communmente traducite como ''Le Laco del Actos de Rama'' o ''Le Laco del Historia de Rama''. Le obra es un del textos le plus influente del [[Movimento Bhakti]] in le nord de India e ha exercite un rolo importante in le practica devotional hindú, le litteratura, le representationes religiose e le cultura popular.<ref name="lutgendorf">{{Citar libro |apellido=Lutgendorf |nombre=Philip |titulo=The Life of a Text: Performing the Ramcaritmanas of Tulsidas |editorial=University of California Press |año=1991 |url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-life-of-a-text-performing-the-ramcaritmanas-of-tulsidas.html}}</ref> == Composition e contexto historic == Tulsidas componeva le ''Ramcharitmanas'' durante le seculo XVI. Secundo le tradition, le composition comenciava in 1574 in Ayodhya. Le poema mentiona un data correspondente al novem die del quincena luminose del mense de Chaitra in le calendario Vikram Samvat 1631. Le tradition associa le composition con Ayodhya, [[Varanasi]] e [[Chitrakoot]]. Le obra nasceva in le contexto religiose e cultural del nord de India durante le expansion del litteratura devotional in linguas vernacular. Le Movimento Bhakti promoveva le devotion directe a Deo e le expression de ideas spiritual per medio de linguas accessibile a un publico plus vaste. Per scriber in awadhi in vice de sanscrito classic, Tulsidas rendeva le historia de Rama accessibile a audientias que non pertineva al circulos traditional de erudition sanscritic. Le poema se inspirava in le ''Ramayana'' de Valmiki, le ''Adhyatma Ramayana'', le litteratura puranic e altere narrationes anterior sur Rama.<ref name="bangha">{{Citar capitulo |apellido=Bangha |nombre=Imre |titulo=History of a Text: The Major Manuscripts and Critical Editions of the Rāmcarit-mānas |libro=Literary Cultures in Early Modern North India: Current Research |editor1-apellido=Bangha |editor1-nombre=Imre |editor2-apellido=Stasik |editor2-nombre=Danuta |editorial=Oxford University Press |año=2024 |paginas=63–102 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780192889348.003.0003}}</ref> == Structura == Le ''Ramcharitmanas'' es dividite in septe libros, cognoscite como *kāṇḍas*. Insimul, illos narra le vita e le actos de Rama, ab su origine divin e nascentia usque a su retorno a Ayodhya e le establimento de su regno. Le septe libros es: # ''Bālakāṇḍ'' – Describe le origine divin de Rama, su nascentia, infantia, maritage con Sita e le eventos que precede su exilio. # ''Ayodhyākāṇḍ'' – Narra le preparationes pro le coronation de Rama, su exilio e le dolor de su familia e de su subjectos. # ''Araṇyakāṇḍ'' – Describe le vita de Rama in le foresta, le rapto de Sita per Ravana e le initio del recerca de illa. # ''Kiṣkindhākāṇḍ'' – Relata le alliantia de Rama con Sugriva e su incontro con Hanuman. # ''Sundarkāṇḍ'' – Se concentra sur le viage de Hanuman a Lanka, su discoperta de Sita e su incontro con illa. # ''Laṅkākāṇḍ'' – Describe le guerra inter Rama e Ravana, le derrota del rege demon e le liberation de Sita. # ''Uttarakāṇḍ'' – Conclude le narration con le retorno de Rama a Ayodhya, su regno e le reflexiones sur le devotion e le proposito divin. Le narration es presentate per medio de un serie de dialogos e historias includite in altere historias, inter illos un conversation de structura narrative inter Shiva e Parvati. == Forma litterari e lingua == Le ''Ramcharitmanas'' es scribite principalmente in awadhi, un lingua litterari del gruppo del hindi oriental, historicamente parlate in partes del actual stato de Uttar Pradesh. Illo combina formas poetic vernacular con versos sanscritic e un varietate de metrica traditional. Le principal formas versal include le *chaupai*, le *doha* e le *soratha*. Iste metrica crea un structura rhythmic adaptate al recitation, al memorisation e al performance musical. Le obra combina poesia narrative, expression devotional, reflexion philosophic e instruction moral. Su lingua e imagineria ha contribuite significativemente al developpamento del traditiones litterari e religiose del nord de India. == Temas religiose e philosophic == === Devotion a Rama === Le thema religiose central es le *bhakti*, o devotion amorose a Deo. Rama es presentate non solmente como un rege e heroe ideal, ma etiam como le realitate divine supreme. Le devotion a Rama es representate como un via verso le liberation spiritual e le gratia divine. Le poema sublinea le importantia del humilitate, del fide, del compassion e del devotion sincere. Hanuman, cuje fidelitate a Rama es un elemento central del narration, servi como exemplo de devote. === Dharma e conducta ideal === Le narration explora le ''dharma'', le principios del deber moral e del conducta juste. Rama es representate como un filio, marito, governante e protector ideal, durante que Sita representa le devotion e le fortia moral. Lor experientias illustra le tensiones inter relationes personal, obligationes social e responsabilitates ethic. === Gratia divine e equalitate spiritual === Le obra insiste sur le importantia del devotion in comparation con le condition social, le ricchessa o le instruction intellectual. Illo presenta le gratia divine como accessibile per medio del fide sincere e del commitmento spiritual. Le doctrinas devotional del poema ha essite interpretate de manieras differente per communitates religiose e studiosos, specialmente in relation con le hierarchia social, le genere e le principios del autoritate religiose. == Manuscriptos e publication == Le ''Ramcharitmanas'' circulava per medio de manuscriptos manuscripte e recitation oral durante plure seculos. Su tradition manuscriptic se developpava in le nord de India, ubi copias esseva producite in differente scripts e contextos regional. Le prime edition imprimite appareva in Calcutta in 1810. Durante le seculos XIX e XX, le expansion del impression augmentava considerabilemente le circulation del texto. Numerose editiones, commentarios e traductiones contribueva a su diffusion ultra le regiones de lingua awadhi.<ref name="lutgendorf" /> Le studios contemporanee ha examinate le variationes inter manuscriptos e editiones imprimite, assi como le historia del decisiones editorial e le rolo del texto in le evolution del cultura litterari hindi.<ref name="bangha" /> == Influentia cultural == Le ''Ramcharitmanas'' ha habite un influentia profunde sur le vita religiose e cultural del nord de India. Illo es regularmente recitate in temples, domos e reuniones devotional, e su versos es ben cognoscite inter le communitates hindú. Le texto es intimemente associate con le tradition de representationes de [[Ramlila]], enactamentos dramatic del vita de Rama. Le representationes annual in [[Ramnagar (Varanasi)|Ramnagar]], apud Varanasi, es particularmente cognoscite. Illos se basa sur le narration e le lingua del obra de Tulsidas. Le poema ha etiam influentiate le musica, le artes visual, le theatro, le television e le adaptationes moderne del historia del Ramayana. Su characteres e episodios remane prominente in festivitates religiose, celebrationes public e traditiones narrative popular.<ref name="unesco">{{Citar web |titulo=Ramlila, the traditional performance of the Ramayana |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/ramlila-the-traditional-performance-of-the-ramayana-00110 |editor=UNESCO |obra=Intangible Cultural Heritage}}</ref> == Recognoscentia == In maio 2024, manuscriptos del ''Ramcharitmanas'' esseva includite in le Registro Regional del Committee del Memoria del Mundo pro Asia e le Pacifico (MOWCAP). Le inscription concerneva specialmente le manuscriptos illustrate del obra, recognoscente lor valor historic e cultural como testimonios del tradition litterari, poetic e narrative de India.<ref name="unindia">{{Citar web |titulo=From Epics to Fables: Three Indian Literary Works Enter UNESCO Registry |url=https://india.un.org/en/269475-epics-fables-three-indian-literary-works-enter-unesco-registry |editor=Nationes Unite in India |data=23 maio 2024}}</ref><ref name="culture">{{Citar web |titulo=Memory of the World |url=https://culture.gov.in/memory-world |editor=Ministerio del Cultura del Governo de India}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Poemas epic in hindi]] [[Categoria:Textos hindu]] [[Categoria:Poemas indian]] [[Categoria:Obras basate super le Ramayana]] [[Categoria:Libros indian del seculo 16]] [[Categoria:Poemas del seculo 16]] th3kv97996j2pkyg5ux4uecju9t3h53 705267 705265 2026-11-01T08:23:23Z Interlingvisto 60932 705267 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Ramcharitmanas''' (Devanagari: रामचरितमानस), etiam cognoscite como le '''Ramayana de Tulsidas''', es un poema epic hindú del seculo XVI, componite per le poeta e sancto Tulsidas in le lingua awadhi. Illo narra de novo le historia de [[Rama]], un divinitate major del religion hindú e un incarnation de [[Vishnu]], basate principalmente sur le ''[[Ramayana]]'' sanscritic attribuite a Valmiki, assi como sur altere traditiones religiose e litterari. Le titulo es communmente traducite como ''Le Laco del Actos de Rama'' o ''Le Laco del Historia de Rama''. Le obra es un del textos le plus influente del [[Movimento Bhakti]] in le nord de India e ha exercite un rolo importante in le practica devotional hindú, le litteratura, le representationes religiose e le cultura popular.<ref name="lutgendorf">{{Citar libro |apellido=Lutgendorf |nombre=Philip |titulo=The Life of a Text: Performing the Ramcaritmanas of Tulsidas |editorial=University of California Press |año=1991 |url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-life-of-a-text-performing-the-ramcaritmanas-of-tulsidas.html}}</ref> == Composition e contexto historic == Tulsidas componeva le ''Ramcharitmanas'' durante le seculo XVI. Secundo le tradition, le composition comenciava in 1574 in Ayodhya. Le poema mentiona un data correspondente al novem die del quincena luminose del mense de Chaitra in le calendario Vikram Samvat 1631. Le tradition associa le composition con Ayodhya, [[Varanasi]] e [[Chitrakoot]]. Le obra nasceva in le contexto religiose e cultural del nord de India durante le expansion del litteratura devotional in linguas vernacular. Le Movimento Bhakti promoveva le devotion directe a Deo e le expression de ideas spiritual per medio de linguas accessibile a un publico plus vaste. Per scriber in awadhi in vice de sanscrito classic, Tulsidas rendeva le historia de Rama accessibile a audientias que non pertineva al circulos traditional de erudition sanscritic. Le poema se inspirava in le ''Ramayana'' de Valmiki, le ''Adhyatma Ramayana'', le litteratura puranic e altere narrationes anterior sur Rama.<ref name="bangha">{{Citar capitulo |apellido=Bangha |nombre=Imre |titulo=History of a Text: The Major Manuscripts and Critical Editions of the Rāmcarit-mānas |libro=Literary Cultures in Early Modern North India: Current Research |editor1-apellido=Bangha |editor1-nombre=Imre |editor2-apellido=Stasik |editor2-nombre=Danuta |editorial=Oxford University Press |año=2024 |paginas=63–102 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780192889348.003.0003}}</ref> == Structura == Le ''Ramcharitmanas'' es dividite in septe libros, cognoscite como ''kāṇḍas''. Insimul, illos narra le vita e le actos de Rama, ab su origine divin e nascentia usque a su retorno a Ayodhya e le establimento de su regno. Le septe libros es: # ''Bālakāṇḍ'' – Describe le origine divin de Rama, su nascentia, infantia, maritage con Sita e le eventos que precede su exilio. # ''Ayodhyākāṇḍ'' – Narra le preparationes pro le coronation de Rama, su exilio e le dolor de su familia e de su subjectos. # ''Araṇyakāṇḍ'' – Describe le vita de Rama in le foresta, le rapto de Sita per Ravana e le initio del recerca de illa. # ''Kiṣkindhākāṇḍ'' – Relata le alliantia de Rama con Sugriva e su incontro con Hanuman. # ''Sundarkāṇḍ'' – Se concentra sur le viage de Hanuman a Lanka, su discoperta de Sita e su incontro con illa. # ''Laṅkākāṇḍ'' – Describe le guerra inter Rama e Ravana, le derrota del rege demon e le liberation de Sita. # ''Uttarakāṇḍ'' – Conclude le narration con le retorno de Rama a Ayodhya, su regno e le reflexiones sur le devotion e le proposito divin. Le narration es presentate per medio de un serie de dialogos e historias includite in altere historias, inter illos un conversation de structura narrative inter Shiva e Parvati. == Forma litterari e lingua == Le ''Ramcharitmanas'' es scribite principalmente in awadhi, un lingua litterari del gruppo del hindi oriental, historicamente parlate in partes del actual stato de Uttar Pradesh. Illo combina formas poetic vernacular con versos sanscritic e un varietate de metrica traditional. Le principal formas versal include le ''chaupai'', le ''doha'' e le ''soratha''. Iste metrica crea un structura rhythmic adaptate al recitation, al memorisation e al performance musical. Le obra combina poesia narrative, expression devotional, reflexion philosophic e instruction moral. Su lingua e imagineria ha contribuite significativemente al developpamento del traditiones litterari e religiose del nord de India. == Temas religiose e philosophic == === Devotion a Rama === Le thema religiose central es le ''bhakti'', o devotion amorose a Deo. Rama es presentate non solmente como un rege e heroe ideal, ma etiam como le realitate divine supreme. Le devotion a Rama es representate como un via verso le liberation spiritual e le gratia divine. Le poema sublinea le importantia del humilitate, del fide, del compassion e del devotion sincere. Hanuman, cuje fidelitate a Rama es un elemento central del narration, servi como exemplo de devote. === Dharma e conducta ideal === Le narration explora le ''dharma'', le principios del deber moral e del conducta juste. Rama es representate como un filio, marito, governante e protector ideal, durante que Sita representa le devotion e le fortia moral. Lor experientias illustra le tensiones inter relationes personal, obligationes social e responsabilitates ethic. === Gratia divine e equalitate spiritual === Le obra insiste sur le importantia del devotion in comparation con le condition social, le ricchessa o le instruction intellectual. Illo presenta le gratia divine como accessibile per medio del fide sincere e del commitmento spiritual. Le doctrinas devotional del poema ha essite interpretate de manieras differente per communitates religiose e studiosos, specialmente in relation con le hierarchia social, le genere e le principios del autoritate religiose. == Manuscriptos e publication == Le ''Ramcharitmanas'' circulava per medio de manuscriptos manuscripte e recitation oral durante plure seculos. Su tradition manuscriptic se developpava in le nord de India, ubi copias esseva producite in differente scripts e contextos regional. Le prime edition imprimite appareva in Calcutta in 1810. Durante le seculos XIX e XX, le expansion del impression augmentava considerabilemente le circulation del texto. Numerose editiones, commentarios e traductiones contribueva a su diffusion ultra le regiones de lingua awadhi.<ref name="lutgendorf" /> Le studios contemporanee ha examinate le variationes inter manuscriptos e editiones imprimite, assi como le historia del decisiones editorial e le rolo del texto in le evolution del cultura litterari hindi.<ref name="bangha" /> == Influentia cultural == Le ''Ramcharitmanas'' ha habite un influentia profunde sur le vita religiose e cultural del nord de India. Illo es regularmente recitate in temples, domos e reuniones devotional, e su versos es ben cognoscite inter le communitates hindú. Le texto es intimemente associate con le tradition de representationes de [[Ramlila]], enactamentos dramatic del vita de Rama. Le representationes annual in [[Ramnagar (Varanasi)|Ramnagar]], apud Varanasi, es particularmente cognoscite. Illos se basa sur le narration e le lingua del obra de Tulsidas. Le poema ha etiam influentiate le musica, le artes visual, le theatro, le television e le adaptationes moderne del historia del Ramayana. Su characteres e episodios remane prominente in festivitates religiose, celebrationes public e traditiones narrative popular.<ref name="unesco">{{Citar web |titulo=Ramlila, the traditional performance of the Ramayana |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/ramlila-the-traditional-performance-of-the-ramayana-00110 |editor=UNESCO |obra=Intangible Cultural Heritage}}</ref> == Recognoscentia == In maio 2024, manuscriptos del ''Ramcharitmanas'' esseva includite in le Registro Regional del Committee del Memoria del Mundo pro Asia e le Pacifico (MOWCAP). Le inscription concerneva specialmente le manuscriptos illustrate del obra, recognoscente lor valor historic e cultural como testimonios del tradition litterari, poetic e narrative de India.<ref name="unindia">{{Citar web |titulo=From Epics to Fables: Three Indian Literary Works Enter UNESCO Registry |url=https://india.un.org/en/269475-epics-fables-three-indian-literary-works-enter-unesco-registry |editor=Nationes Unite in India |data=23 maio 2024}}</ref><ref name="culture">{{Citar web |titulo=Memory of the World |url=https://culture.gov.in/memory-world |editor=Ministerio del Cultura del Governo de India}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Poemas epic in hindi]] [[Categoria:Textos hindu]] [[Categoria:Poemas indian]] [[Categoria:Obras basate super le Ramayana]] [[Categoria:Libros indian del seculo 16]] [[Categoria:Poemas del seculo 16]] gqom4uq0fly1lzsz202gu7l7scmbso8 705268 705267 2026-11-01T08:24:54Z Interlingvisto 60932 705268 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Ramcharitmanas''' (Devanagari: रामचरितमानस), etiam cognoscite como le '''Ramayana de Tulsidas''', es un poema epic hindú del seculo XVI, componite per le poeta e sancto Tulsidas in le lingua awadhi. Illo narra de novo le historia de [[Rama]], un divinitate major del religion hindú e un incarnation de [[Vishnu]], basate principalmente sur le ''[[Ramayana]]'' sanscritic attribuite a Valmiki, assi como sur altere traditiones religiose e litterari. Le titulo es communmente traducite como ''Le Laco del Actos de Rama'' o ''Le Laco del Historia de Rama''. Le obra es un del textos le plus influente del [[Movimento Bhakti]] in le nord de India e ha exercite un rolo importante in le practica devotional hindú, le litteratura, le representationes religiose e le cultura popular.<ref name="lutgendorf">{{Cite book |last=Lutgendorf |first=Philip |title=The Life of a Text: Performing the Ramcaritmanas of Tulsidas |publisher=University of California Press |year=1991 |url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-life-of-a-text-performing-the-ramcaritmanas-of-tulsidas.html}}</ref> == Composition e contexto historic == Tulsidas componeva le ''Ramcharitmanas'' durante le seculo XVI. Secundo le tradition, le composition comenciava in 1574 in Ayodhya. Le poema mentiona un data correspondente al novem die del quincena luminose del mense de Chaitra in le calendario Vikram Samvat 1631. Le tradition associa le composition con Ayodhya, [[Varanasi]] e [[Chitrakoot]]. Le obra nasceva in le contexto religiose e cultural del nord de India durante le expansion del litteratura devotional in linguas vernacular. Le Movimento Bhakti promoveva le devotion directe a Deo e le expression de ideas spiritual per medio de linguas accessibile a un publico plus vaste. Per scriber in awadhi in vice de sanscrito classic, Tulsidas rendeva le historia de Rama accessibile a audientias que non pertineva al circulos traditional de erudition sanscritic. Le poema se inspirava in le ''Ramayana'' de Valmiki, le ''Adhyatma Ramayana'', le litteratura puranic e altere narrationes anterior sur Rama.<ref name="bangha">{{Cite book |last=Bangha |first=Imre |chapter=History of a Text: The Major Manuscripts and Critical Editions of the Rāmcarit-mānas |title=Literary Cultures in Early Modern North India: Current Research |editor1-last=Bangha |editor1-first=Imre |editor2-last=Stasik |editor2-first=Danuta |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2024 |pages=63–102 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780192889348.003.0003}}</ref> == Structura == Le ''Ramcharitmanas'' es dividite in septe libros, cognoscite como ''kāṇḍas''. Insimul, illos narra le vita e le actos de Rama, ab su origine divin e nascentia usque a su retorno a Ayodhya e le establimento de su regno. Le septe libros es: # ''Bālakāṇḍ'' – Describe le origine divin de Rama, su nascentia, infantia, maritage con Sita e le eventos que precede su exilio. # ''Ayodhyākāṇḍ'' – Narra le preparationes pro le coronation de Rama, su exilio e le dolor de su familia e de su subjectos. # ''Araṇyakāṇḍ'' – Describe le vita de Rama in le foresta, le rapto de Sita per Ravana e le initio del recerca de illa. # ''Kiṣkindhākāṇḍ'' – Relata le alliantia de Rama con Sugriva e su incontro con Hanuman. # ''Sundarkāṇḍ'' – Se concentra sur le viage de Hanuman a Lanka, su discoperta de Sita e su incontro con illa. # ''Laṅkākāṇḍ'' – Describe le guerra inter Rama e Ravana, le derrota del rege demon e le liberation de Sita. # ''Uttarakāṇḍ'' – Conclude le narration con le retorno de Rama a Ayodhya, su regno e le reflexiones sur le devotion e le proposito divin. Le narration es presentate per medio de un serie de dialogos e historias includite in altere historias, inter illos un conversation de structura narrative inter Shiva e Parvati. == Forma litterari e lingua == Le ''Ramcharitmanas'' es scribite principalmente in awadhi, un lingua litterari del gruppo del hindi oriental, historicamente parlate in partes del actual stato de Uttar Pradesh. Illo combina formas poetic vernacular con versos sanscritic e un varietate de metrica traditional. Le principal formas versal include le ''chaupai'', le ''doha'' e le ''soratha''. Iste metrica crea un structura rhythmic adaptate al recitation, al memorisation e al performance musical. Le obra combina poesia narrative, expression devotional, reflexion philosophic e instruction moral. Su lingua e imagineria ha contribuite significativemente al developpamento del traditiones litterari e religiose del nord de India. == Temas religiose e philosophic == === Devotion a Rama === Le thema religiose central es le ''bhakti'', o devotion amorose a Deo. Rama es presentate non solmente como un rege e heroe ideal, ma etiam como le realitate divine supreme. Le devotion a Rama es representate como un via verso le liberation spiritual e le gratia divine. Le poema sublinea le importantia del humilitate, del fide, del compassion e del devotion sincere. Hanuman, cuje fidelitate a Rama es un elemento central del narration, servi como exemplo de devote. === Dharma e conducta ideal === Le narration explora le ''dharma'', le principios del deber moral e del conducta juste. Rama es representate como un filio, marito, governante e protector ideal, durante que Sita representa le devotion e le fortia moral. Lor experientias illustra le tensiones inter relationes personal, obligationes social e responsabilitates ethic. === Gratia divine e equalitate spiritual === Le obra insiste sur le importantia del devotion in comparation con le condition social, le ricchessa o le instruction intellectual. Illo presenta le gratia divine como accessibile per medio del fide sincere e del commitmento spiritual. Le doctrinas devotional del poema ha essite interpretate de manieras differente per communitates religiose e studiosos, specialmente in relation con le hierarchia social, le genere e le principios del autoritate religiose. == Manuscriptos e publication == Le ''Ramcharitmanas'' circulava per medio de manuscriptos manuscripte e recitation oral durante plure seculos. Su tradition manuscriptic se developpava in le nord de India, ubi copias esseva producite in differente scripts e contextos regional. Le prime edition imprimite appareva in Calcutta in 1810. Durante le seculos XIX e XX, le expansion del impression augmentava considerabilemente le circulation del texto. Numerose editiones, commentarios e traductiones contribueva a su diffusion ultra le regiones de lingua awadhi.<ref name="lutgendorf" /> Le studios contemporanee ha examinate le variationes inter manuscriptos e editiones imprimite, assi como le historia del decisiones editorial e le rolo del texto in le evolution del cultura litterari hindi.<ref name="bangha" /> == Influentia cultural == Le ''Ramcharitmanas'' ha habite un influentia profunde sur le vita religiose e cultural del nord de India. Illo es regularmente recitate in temples, domos e reuniones devotional, e su versos es ben cognoscite inter le communitates hindú. Le texto es intimemente associate con le tradition de representationes de [[Ramlila]], enactamentos dramatic del vita de Rama. Le representationes annual in [[Ramnagar (Varanasi)|Ramnagar]], apud Varanasi, es particularmente cognoscite. Illos se basa sur le narration e le lingua del obra de Tulsidas. Le poema ha etiam influentiate le musica, le artes visual, le theatro, le television e le adaptationes moderne del historia del Ramayana. Su characteres e episodios remane prominente in festivitates religiose, celebrationes public e traditiones narrative popular.<ref name="unesco">{{Cite web |title=Ramlila, the traditional performance of the Ramayana |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/ramlila-the-traditional-performance-of-the-ramayana-00110 |publisher=UNESCO |work=Intangible Cultural Heritage}}</ref> == Recognoscentia == In maio 2024, manuscriptos del ''Ramcharitmanas'' esseva includite in le Registro Regional del Committee del Memoria del Mundo pro Asia e le Pacifico (MOWCAP). Le inscription concerneva specialmente le manuscriptos illustrate del obra, recognoscente lor valor historic e cultural como testimonios del tradition litterari, poetic e narrative de India.<ref name="unindia">{{Cite web |title=From Epics to Fables: Three Indian Literary Works Enter UNESCO Registry |url=https://india.un.org/en/269475-epics-fables-three-indian-literary-works-enter-unesco-registry |publisher=United Nations in India |date=23 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="culture">{{Cite web |title=Memory of the World |url=https://culture.gov.in/memory-world |publisher=Ministry of Culture, Government of India}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Poemas epic in hindi]] [[Categoria:Textos hindu]] [[Categoria:Poemas indian]] [[Categoria:Obras basate super le Ramayana]] [[Categoria:Libros indian del seculo 16]] [[Categoria:Poemas del seculo 16]] 5slfh9mq5gd0e63d6mf0lnpxd64kjwq 14 62430 705269 2026-11-01T08:27:53Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Monarchia in Espania]] [[Categoria:Reges per pais|E]] [[Categoria:Chefes de Stato de Espania]]” 705269 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Monarchia in Espania]] [[Categoria:Reges per pais|E]] [[Categoria:Chefes de Stato de Espania]] rzbp6hsqhway8yky9a353m6p1epjxmj 705270 705269 2026-11-01T08:28:11Z Interlingvisto 60932 705270 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Monarchia in Espania]] [[Categoria:Reges per pais]] [[Categoria:Chefes de Stato de Espania]] 8y33s1iu1u9ff7ehkvbyb0khesp0yg8 14 62431 705272 2026-11-01T08:29:44Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Historia de Espania per thema|Monarchia]] [[Categoria:Organisation politic de Espania]] [[Categoria:Monarchia per pais|Espania]] [[Categoria:Monarchias de Europa|Espania]]” 705272 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Historia de Espania per thema|Monarchia]] [[Categoria:Organisation politic de Espania]] [[Categoria:Monarchia per pais|Espania]] [[Categoria:Monarchias de Europa|Espania]] f1osqbdftnarzdynrnjev8erj027bx4 14 62432 705274 2026-11-01T08:31:37Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Chefes de Stato de Europa]] [[Categoria:Politicos de Espania de ambito statal]] [[Categoria:Politicos de Espania per officio institutional]] [[Categoria:Governantes de Espania]] [[Categoria:Organisation politic de Espania]]” 705274 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Chefes de Stato de Europa]] [[Categoria:Politicos de Espania de ambito statal]] [[Categoria:Politicos de Espania per officio institutional]] [[Categoria:Governantes de Espania]] [[Categoria:Organisation politic de Espania]] h2iclwysg637c2hsju4guqio5payaf9 0 62433 705275 2026-11-01T08:36:55Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Guerra de Hispania de 416–418''' esseva un serie de operationes militar inter le fuerzas visigothic, qui ageva como alliatos del Imperio roman occidental, e plure gruppos germanic establite in le Peninsula Iberic: specialmente le alanos e le vandales silingos. Le campania esseva initiate in consequentia de un accordo inter le rege visigothic Walia e le autoritates roman, representate per Flavio Constantio. Le intervention visigot...” 705275 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Guerra de Hispania de 416–418''' esseva un serie de operationes militar inter le fuerzas visigothic, qui ageva como alliatos del Imperio roman occidental, e plure gruppos germanic establite in le Peninsula Iberic: specialmente le alanos e le vandales silingos. Le campania esseva initiate in consequentia de un accordo inter le rege visigothic Walia e le autoritates roman, representate per Flavio Constantio. Le intervention visigothic permitteva al Imperio de recuperar temporarimente un parte del territorios que habeva perdite durante le crisis del initio del seculo V. Le alanos e le vandales silingos suffreva graves derrotas, e lor superviventes se reuniva con le vandales asdingos in Gallaecia. In 418, le visigothos terminava lor operationes in Hispania e se establiva in Aquitania, in conformitate con le accordo con Roma. == Contexto historic == === Le invasiones del initio del seculo V === Durante le prime decennio del seculo V, le Imperio roman occidental affrontava un crise politic e militar. In 406 o 407, gruppos de suevos, vandales e alanos traversava le Rheno e penetrava in Gallia. Post plure annos de migration e de conflicto, illes passava le Pyreneos in 409 e entrava in Hispania. Le autoritate imperial non poteva impedir lor establimento in le peninsula. Le gruppos invasores se repartiva le territorios: le suevos e le vandales asdingos se establiva principalmente in Gallaecia; le alanos occupava partes de Lusitania e Cartaginense; e le vandales silingos se installava in Betica. Tarraconense remaneva, al minus in parte, sub le autoritate roman. Le situation debilitava le administration imperial e reduceva su capacitate de controlar le provincias hispanic. Le gruppos germanic exerceva un dominio territorial instabile, basate sur accordos, occupationes e conflictos inter se. === Le accordo inter Roma e Walia === Le visigothos, qui habeva saccheate Roma in 410 sub Alarico e postea passate per le sud de Gallia, se trovava in un situation difficile. Le rege Walia cercava un solution stabile pro su populo e initiava negotiationes con le autoritates imperial. In 416, Walia concludeva un accordo con Flavio Constantio, le principal general e figura politic del imperio occidental. Secundo le accordo, le visigothos acceptava de combatter contra le alanos, vandales e suevos establite in Hispania, in cambio de provisiones e del recognition de un futuro establimento in territorio roman. Le visigothos deveniva assi ''foederatos'', isto es, alliatos militar del Imperio roman. Le campania in Hispania faceva parte de iste accordo. == Le guerra == === Le campania contra le alanos e le vandales silingos === In 416, le tropas de Walia entrava in Hispania e initiava lor operationes contra le gruppos germanic. Le prime objectivos esseva le alanos e le vandales silingos, qui controlava territorios importante in le centro e le sud del peninsula. Le exercito visigothic obteneva victorias decisiva contra iste gruppos. Le rege alano Ataces moriva durante le conflictos, e le organisation politic del alanos in Hispania se disintegrava. Le vandales silingos, que habeva establite lor potentia in Betica, esseva equalmente gravemente disorganisate. Le superviventes perdeva lor autonomia e se incorporava in grande parte al gruppo del vandales asdingos, qui se trovava in Gallaecia. Le autoritates roman obteneva assi un successo militar considerabile, mesmo si le recuperation del territorios non significava un restauration durabile del administration imperial. === Le situation del suevos e del vandales asdingos === Le operationes visigothic non eliminava tote le gruppos germanic presente in Hispania. Le suevos e le vandales asdingos conservava lor position in Gallaecia, al nord-west del peninsula. Le campania contra illes non produceva le mesme resultatos que le operationes contra le alanos e le vandales silingos. Le accordo inter Roma e Walia habeva un objectivo militar definite, e le visigothos non restava in Hispania pro establir un administration permanente. Le consolidation del potentia suevic in Gallaecia e le reunification del vandales sub un sol autoritate contribuiva a mantener un situation politic complexe in le nord-west del peninsula. == Consequentias == === Le establimento visigothic in Aquitania === Post le successos militar in Hispania, le visigothos terminava lor campania e retornava verso Gallia. In 418, illes obteneva le permission de establir se in Aquitania, in le sud-west del Gallia, in conformitate con le accordo con le governo roman. Iste establimento marca un momento importante in le transformation del Imperio roman occidental. Le visigothos, qui habeva agite como un exercito alliato de Roma, deveniva un potentia territorial in le provincias gallic. Tolosa deveniva plus tarde un centro politic importante del regno visigothic. Walia moriva in 418 e esseva succedite per Teodorico I. Le regno visigothic continuava a extender su influentia in Gallia e, plus tarde, in Hispania. === Le persistencia del potentias germanic in Hispania === Ben que le campania habeva debilitava le alanos e le vandales silingos, illo non restabliva completemente le autoritate roman in Hispania. Le suevos continuava a controlar partes de Gallaecia, e le vandales asdingos conservava lor potentia in le mesme region. In 429, le vandales e un parte del alanos passava in Africa del Nord, ubi illes initiava le conquista del provincias roman africane. Le regno suevic, per contra, continuava a existir in le nord-west de Hispania durante un grande parte del seculo V. Le guerra de 416–418 debe assi esser considerate como un intervention militar roman-visigothic que modificava le equilibrio de potentia in Hispania, ma que non restaurava le unitate politic del peninsula sub Roma. == Interpretation historic == Le campania de Walia demonstra le importantia del ''foederati'' in le strategia militar del Imperio roman occidental durante su ultime decennios. Le governo imperial non disponeva sempre de sufficientes tropas proprie pro defender su provincias e dependeva crescente­mente de gruppos militar externe, con le quales illo concludeva accordos de servicio e de establimento territorial. Le victoria contra le alanos e le vandales silingos non significava un retorno al situation anterior al 409. Le intervention contribueva plus tosto al redistribution del potentia inter le gruppos germanic e al formation de nove entitates politic in le territorio del Imperio. == Referentias == * Matthews, John. ''Western Aristocracies and Imperial Court: A.D. 364–425''. Oxford University Press, 1990, capitulo XII: «Gaul and Spain (406–418)». * Pohl, Walter. «Migrations, ethnic groups, and state building». In: ''The Age of Attila''. University of Vienna. * Arce, Javier. «Los vándalos en Hispania (409–429 A.D.)». ''Antiquité Tardive'', 10, 2002, pp. 75–85. * Barbero, A. e Loring, M. I. «The formation of the Sueve and Visigothic kingdoms in Spain». In: ''The New Cambridge Medieval History''. == Ligamines externe == * [https://academic.oup.com/book/47239/chapter-abstract/422375454 John Matthews, «Gaul and Spain (406–418)», Oxford Academic] * [https://ucrisportal.univie.ac.at/en/publications/migrations-ethnic-groups-and-state-building/ Walter Pohl, «Migrations, ethnic groups, and state building»] * [https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/GERI/en/article/view/60296 Yann Le Bohec, «The conquest of Roman Africa by the Vandals (429–439 AD)»] {{Reflist}} [[Categoria:Guerras del Imperio roman|Hispania 416]] [[Categoria:Guerras del seculo V|Hispania 416]] [[Categoria:Europa in le seculo V]] [[Categoria:Vandalos]] 6qfk1hcjcnu3qg4gwbr115jwzfycth2 0 62434 705277 2026-11-01T08:41:04Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Invasion del Rheno''' esseva un migration armate que occurreva durante le inverno de 405–406 o 406–407, quando un coalition de gruppos germanic e alan passava le frontiera del Rheno e penetrava in le provincias del Imperio roman occidental. Le invasion es generalmente associate con le alanos, vandales e suevos, a qui se adjungeva altere gruppos, inter illes alcun alamannos e burgundiones. Le passage del fluvio aperiva le via a...” 705277 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Invasion del Rheno''' esseva un migration armate que occurreva durante le inverno de 405–406 o 406–407, quando un coalition de gruppos germanic e alan passava le frontiera del Rheno e penetrava in le provincias del Imperio roman occidental. Le invasion es generalmente associate con le alanos, vandales e suevos, a qui se adjungeva altere gruppos, inter illes alcun alamannos e burgundiones. Le passage del fluvio aperiva le via a un serie de incursiones e migrationes in Gallia, que durava durante plure annos. Le debilitamento del autoritate roman, le conflictos inter le generales e le usurpation de Constantino III impediva un reaction militar coherent. In 409, le gruppos invasores passava le Pyreneos e entrava in Hispania, ubi illes establiva nove potentias territorial. == Contexto == === Le frontiera del Rheno === Le Rheno habeva constituite durante seculos un del principal frontieras del Imperio roman. Le fluvio separava le provincias roman de diverse territorios inhabitate per populos germanic, e su defensa dependeva de fortificationes, guarniciones e accordos diplomatic con le communitates vicin. Durante le fin del seculo IV e le initio del seculo V, le situation del Imperio occidental deveniva progressivemente plus instabile. Le pression militar, le difficultates fiscal e le conflictos inter le elites politic reduceva le capacitate del administration de defender tote le frontieras. Le invasiones e migrationes del periodo non debe esser considerate como un movimento unic e homogenee. Le gruppos nominate in le fontes antique habeva structuras politic e militar variabile, e poteva reunir communitates de origines diverse. === Le situation politic del Imperio === Le imperator Honorio regnava in le parte occidental del Imperio, ma le potentia real dependeva in grande mesura del generales e del administration de su corte. Flavio Stilichon, magister militum e figura dominante del governo, dirigeva le politica militar contra le visigothos e altere adversarios. Le imperio esseva etiam affectate per le divisiones inter le corte occidental e le corte oriental, e per le rivalitates inter commandantes roman. Le recursos militar esseva dispersate inter Italia, Gallia e altere regiones. Iste situation facilitava le penetration del gruppos invasores, ma le causas precise de lor migration e del decision de passar le Rheno resta discutite inter le historicos. == Le passage del Rheno == === Le data e le loco === Le chronicas traditionali situa le passage del Rheno al 31 de decembre 406, in le region de Mogontiacum (hodie Mainz), durante un inverno in le qual le fluvio es reputate haber gelate. Le data deveniva le chronologia conventional del evento. Totevia, alcun historicos ha proponite que le passage occurreva in le ultime die de 405. Le discussion deriva del interpretation del chronicas tarde-antique e del modo in que le annos e le consulatos esseva registrate. Le evidentia disponible non permitte resolver completemente le controversia. Le invasion includeva plure gruppos, inter le quales le alanos, vandales e suevos. Le fontes mentiona etiam altere participantes, ma le composition exacte del coalition non es certe. === Le resistentia roman e francic === Le passage non occurreva sin opposition. Secundo le tradition historiographic, le invasores incontrava le resistentia de foederatos francic, alliatos del Imperio roman qui participava al defensa del frontiera. Malgrado iste resistentia, le coalition riusciva a passar le fluvio e a penetrar in Germania Prima. Le detalios del combate e del numero de participantes non es ben documentate. Le narrationes antique es breve e non permitte reconstruer con precision le operationes militar. == Le invasion de Gallia == === Le devastation del provincias === Post le passage del Rheno, le gruppos invasores se moveva per le provincias del nord e del est de Gallia. Le citates e le territorios rural esseva exposte a saqueos e destructiones, e le communicationes inter le regiones deveniva plus difficile. Le ecclesiastico Jeronimo, qui viveva in Palestina, mentionava in su correspondentia le situation de diverse citates gallic. Su testimonios exprime le inquietude del communitates christian e del elites provincial, que apprendeva le novas del invasion. Le devastation non esseva uniformemente repartite. Alcun regiones esseva plus directemente affectate que alteres, e le situation variava secundo le capacitate local de resistentia e le accordos con le gruppos invasores. === Le difficultates del reaction roman === Le general Stilichon esseva occupate per altere conflictos militar, specialmente contra le visigothos de Alarico in Italia. Le imperio non disponeva de sufficientes tropas pro organisar un intervention decisive in Gallia. Le situation deveniva ancora plus complexe con le rebellion de Constantino III, un usurpator proclamate imperator per tropas in Britannia in 407. Constantino passava in Gallia e tentava de establir su autoritate in le provincias occidental. Le conflicto inter Constantino e le governo de Honorio divideva le forzas roman e impediva un reaction coordinat contra le invasores. Le rivalitate politic e militar inter le commandantes roman contribuiva assi al prolongation del crise. === Le movimento verso le sud === Durante le annos sequente, le gruppos invasores continuava lor movimento verso le sud e le west de Gallia. Alcun communitates germanic se establiva in partes del territorio, durante que alteres continuava a migrar. Le burgundiones se installava in partes del valle del Rheno e del Main, mentre le alanos, vandales e suevos continuava lor trajectoria verso le regiones meridional del Gallia. Le exercito de Constantino III tentava de controlar le situation e de impedir que le invasores attingeva Hispania, ma le autoritate roman non poteva stabilir un defensa efficiente del Pyreneos. == Le passage in Hispania == In le estate o le autumno de 409, le alanos, vandales e suevos passava le Pyreneos e entrava in Hispania. Le tropas roman que controlava le passes montaniose non poteva detener lor progression. Le invasores se dispersava in le provincias e, in 411, le gruppos concludeva accordos de repartition territorial. Le suevos e le vandales asdingos se establiva in Gallaecia; le alanos obteneva territorios in Lusitania e in partes de Cartaginense; e le vandales silingos se installava in Betica. Iste repartition marca le formation de nove potentias politic in Hispania e le disintegration progressive del autoritate roman in grande parte del peninsula. == Consequentias == === Le debilitamento del Imperio roman occidental === Le invasion del Rheno contribueva al debilitamento del Imperio roman occidental, ma illo non esseva le causa unic del crise del seculo V. Le difficultates politic, fiscal e militar habeva comenciate ante le evento e continuava postea. Le perdita de controlo de partes de Gallia e Hispania reduceva le ressources fiscal e militar disponibile al administration imperial. Le usurpationes e le conflictos inter commandantes aggravava le situation. === Le formation de nove regnos === Le migrationes que sequeva le passage del Rheno conduceva al formation de nove entitates politic. Le burgundiones establiva un regno in Gallia, le suevos formava un regno in Gallaecia, e le vandales, post lor establimento in Hispania, migrava in 429 verso Africa del Nord. Le alanos, post lor derrotas contra le visigothos in Hispania, se integrava in grande parte con le vandales. Le integration se reflecteva plus tarde in le titulo del monarchas vandale, qui se appellava reges del vandales e del alanos. == Historiographia == Le invasion del Rheno ha essite interpretate como un momento importante del transformation del Imperio roman occidental. Le historicos ha discutite le causas del migration, le composition del coalition e le responsabilitate del autoritates roman in le incapacitate de detener le invasores. Inter le hypotheses explicative figura le pression exercite per le hunos in Europa central, le instabilitate politic del region danubian e le debilitamento del defensa roman in le frontiera del Rheno. Peter Heather ha defendite le importantia del pression hunic, durante que altere historicos insiste sur le conflictos politic e le fragilitate del structuras militar roman. Le data exacte del passage resta etiam un subjecto de discussion. Ben que le 31 de decembre 406 es le data traditional, le interpretation del chronicas ha conducite alcun studiosos a situar le evento in le ultime die de 405. == Referentias == * Matthews, John. ''Western Aristocracies and Imperial Court: A.D. 364–425''. Oxford University Press, 1990, capitulo XII, «Gaul and Spain (406–418)». * Heather, Peter. «Why Did the Barbarian Cross the Rhine?». ''Journal of Late Antiquity'', vol. 2, no. 1, 2009, pp. 3–29. * Kulikowski, Michael. ''The End of Roman Spain''. University of Toronto, dissertation. * Lupoi, Maurizio. ''The Origins of the European Legal Order''. Cambridge University Press, 2000, capitulo 4. * Kazanski, Michel. «The Migration of the Vandals and the Suebi to the Roman West and Archaeological Accounts». ''Acta Archaeologica Carpathica'', vol. 55, 2020, pp. 197–214. == Ligamines externe == * [https://academic.oup.com/book/47239/chapter-abstract/422375454 John Matthews, «Gaul and Spain (406–418)», Oxford Academic] * [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/emed.12752 Fafinski, «The ends of history? Jerome, Geruchia, and the Rhine crossings», 2025] * [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt3fhvhj Thomas S. Burns, *Barbarian Tides: The Migration Age and the Later Roman Empire*] * [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/origins-of-the-european-legal-order/historical-and-institutional-profiles-of-the-new-dominations/8F9CFF73A08E944ABD2557A0BC833F6C Maurizio Lupoi, «Historical and institutional profiles of the new dominations»] {{Reflist}} [[Categoria:Imperio roman occidental]] [[Categoria:Invasiones germanic]] [[Categoria:Migrationes del periodo del migrationes]] [[Categoria:Historia del Rheno]] [[Categoria:Historia de Gallia]] [[Categoria:Guerras del Imperio roman]] [[Categoria:Battalias del populos germanic]] [[Categoria:Germania in le seculo V]] hhxyfwdegio890axwi323bo1kpd50gl 705278 705277 2026-11-01T08:42:13Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Ligamines externe */ 705278 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Invasion del Rheno''' esseva un migration armate que occurreva durante le inverno de 405–406 o 406–407, quando un coalition de gruppos germanic e alan passava le frontiera del Rheno e penetrava in le provincias del Imperio roman occidental. Le invasion es generalmente associate con le alanos, vandales e suevos, a qui se adjungeva altere gruppos, inter illes alcun alamannos e burgundiones. Le passage del fluvio aperiva le via a un serie de incursiones e migrationes in Gallia, que durava durante plure annos. Le debilitamento del autoritate roman, le conflictos inter le generales e le usurpation de Constantino III impediva un reaction militar coherent. In 409, le gruppos invasores passava le Pyreneos e entrava in Hispania, ubi illes establiva nove potentias territorial. == Contexto == === Le frontiera del Rheno === Le Rheno habeva constituite durante seculos un del principal frontieras del Imperio roman. Le fluvio separava le provincias roman de diverse territorios inhabitate per populos germanic, e su defensa dependeva de fortificationes, guarniciones e accordos diplomatic con le communitates vicin. Durante le fin del seculo IV e le initio del seculo V, le situation del Imperio occidental deveniva progressivemente plus instabile. Le pression militar, le difficultates fiscal e le conflictos inter le elites politic reduceva le capacitate del administration de defender tote le frontieras. Le invasiones e migrationes del periodo non debe esser considerate como un movimento unic e homogenee. Le gruppos nominate in le fontes antique habeva structuras politic e militar variabile, e poteva reunir communitates de origines diverse. === Le situation politic del Imperio === Le imperator Honorio regnava in le parte occidental del Imperio, ma le potentia real dependeva in grande mesura del generales e del administration de su corte. Flavio Stilichon, magister militum e figura dominante del governo, dirigeva le politica militar contra le visigothos e altere adversarios. Le imperio esseva etiam affectate per le divisiones inter le corte occidental e le corte oriental, e per le rivalitates inter commandantes roman. Le recursos militar esseva dispersate inter Italia, Gallia e altere regiones. Iste situation facilitava le penetration del gruppos invasores, ma le causas precise de lor migration e del decision de passar le Rheno resta discutite inter le historicos. == Le passage del Rheno == === Le data e le loco === Le chronicas traditionali situa le passage del Rheno al 31 de decembre 406, in le region de Mogontiacum (hodie Mainz), durante un inverno in le qual le fluvio es reputate haber gelate. Le data deveniva le chronologia conventional del evento. Totevia, alcun historicos ha proponite que le passage occurreva in le ultime die de 405. Le discussion deriva del interpretation del chronicas tarde-antique e del modo in que le annos e le consulatos esseva registrate. Le evidentia disponible non permitte resolver completemente le controversia. Le invasion includeva plure gruppos, inter le quales le alanos, vandales e suevos. Le fontes mentiona etiam altere participantes, ma le composition exacte del coalition non es certe. === Le resistentia roman e francic === Le passage non occurreva sin opposition. Secundo le tradition historiographic, le invasores incontrava le resistentia de foederatos francic, alliatos del Imperio roman qui participava al defensa del frontiera. Malgrado iste resistentia, le coalition riusciva a passar le fluvio e a penetrar in Germania Prima. Le detalios del combate e del numero de participantes non es ben documentate. Le narrationes antique es breve e non permitte reconstruer con precision le operationes militar. == Le invasion de Gallia == === Le devastation del provincias === Post le passage del Rheno, le gruppos invasores se moveva per le provincias del nord e del est de Gallia. Le citates e le territorios rural esseva exposte a saqueos e destructiones, e le communicationes inter le regiones deveniva plus difficile. Le ecclesiastico Jeronimo, qui viveva in Palestina, mentionava in su correspondentia le situation de diverse citates gallic. Su testimonios exprime le inquietude del communitates christian e del elites provincial, que apprendeva le novas del invasion. Le devastation non esseva uniformemente repartite. Alcun regiones esseva plus directemente affectate que alteres, e le situation variava secundo le capacitate local de resistentia e le accordos con le gruppos invasores. === Le difficultates del reaction roman === Le general Stilichon esseva occupate per altere conflictos militar, specialmente contra le visigothos de Alarico in Italia. Le imperio non disponeva de sufficientes tropas pro organisar un intervention decisive in Gallia. Le situation deveniva ancora plus complexe con le rebellion de Constantino III, un usurpator proclamate imperator per tropas in Britannia in 407. Constantino passava in Gallia e tentava de establir su autoritate in le provincias occidental. Le conflicto inter Constantino e le governo de Honorio divideva le forzas roman e impediva un reaction coordinat contra le invasores. Le rivalitate politic e militar inter le commandantes roman contribuiva assi al prolongation del crise. === Le movimento verso le sud === Durante le annos sequente, le gruppos invasores continuava lor movimento verso le sud e le west de Gallia. Alcun communitates germanic se establiva in partes del territorio, durante que alteres continuava a migrar. Le burgundiones se installava in partes del valle del Rheno e del Main, mentre le alanos, vandales e suevos continuava lor trajectoria verso le regiones meridional del Gallia. Le exercito de Constantino III tentava de controlar le situation e de impedir que le invasores attingeva Hispania, ma le autoritate roman non poteva stabilir un defensa efficiente del Pyreneos. == Le passage in Hispania == In le estate o le autumno de 409, le alanos, vandales e suevos passava le Pyreneos e entrava in Hispania. Le tropas roman que controlava le passes montaniose non poteva detener lor progression. Le invasores se dispersava in le provincias e, in 411, le gruppos concludeva accordos de repartition territorial. Le suevos e le vandales asdingos se establiva in Gallaecia; le alanos obteneva territorios in Lusitania e in partes de Cartaginense; e le vandales silingos se installava in Betica. Iste repartition marca le formation de nove potentias politic in Hispania e le disintegration progressive del autoritate roman in grande parte del peninsula. == Consequentias == === Le debilitamento del Imperio roman occidental === Le invasion del Rheno contribueva al debilitamento del Imperio roman occidental, ma illo non esseva le causa unic del crise del seculo V. Le difficultates politic, fiscal e militar habeva comenciate ante le evento e continuava postea. Le perdita de controlo de partes de Gallia e Hispania reduceva le ressources fiscal e militar disponibile al administration imperial. Le usurpationes e le conflictos inter commandantes aggravava le situation. === Le formation de nove regnos === Le migrationes que sequeva le passage del Rheno conduceva al formation de nove entitates politic. Le burgundiones establiva un regno in Gallia, le suevos formava un regno in Gallaecia, e le vandales, post lor establimento in Hispania, migrava in 429 verso Africa del Nord. Le alanos, post lor derrotas contra le visigothos in Hispania, se integrava in grande parte con le vandales. Le integration se reflecteva plus tarde in le titulo del monarchas vandale, qui se appellava reges del vandales e del alanos. == Historiographia == Le invasion del Rheno ha essite interpretate como un momento importante del transformation del Imperio roman occidental. Le historicos ha discutite le causas del migration, le composition del coalition e le responsabilitate del autoritates roman in le incapacitate de detener le invasores. Inter le hypotheses explicative figura le pression exercite per le hunos in Europa central, le instabilitate politic del region danubian e le debilitamento del defensa roman in le frontiera del Rheno. Peter Heather ha defendite le importantia del pression hunic, durante que altere historicos insiste sur le conflictos politic e le fragilitate del structuras militar roman. Le data exacte del passage resta etiam un subjecto de discussion. Ben que le 31 de decembre 406 es le data traditional, le interpretation del chronicas ha conducite alcun studiosos a situar le evento in le ultime die de 405. == Referentias == * Matthews, John. ''Western Aristocracies and Imperial Court: A.D. 364–425''. Oxford University Press, 1990, capitulo XII, «Gaul and Spain (406–418)». * Heather, Peter. «Why Did the Barbarian Cross the Rhine?». ''Journal of Late Antiquity'', vol. 2, no. 1, 2009, pp. 3–29. * Kulikowski, Michael. ''The End of Roman Spain''. University of Toronto, dissertation. * Lupoi, Maurizio. ''The Origins of the European Legal Order''. Cambridge University Press, 2000, capitulo 4. * Kazanski, Michel. «The Migration of the Vandals and the Suebi to the Roman West and Archaeological Accounts». ''Acta Archaeologica Carpathica'', vol. 55, 2020, pp. 197–214. == Ligamines externe == * [https://academic.oup.com/book/47239/chapter-abstract/422375454 John Matthews, «Gaul and Spain (406–418)», Oxford Academic] * [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/emed.12752 Fafinski, «The ends of history? Jerome, Geruchia, and the Rhine crossings», 2025] * [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt3fhvhj Thomas S. Burns, *Barbarian Tides: The Migration Age and the Later Roman Empire*] * [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/origins-of-the-european-legal-order/historical-and-institutional-profiles-of-the-new-dominations/8F9CFF73A08E944ABD2557A0BC833F6C Maurizio Lupoi, «Historical and institutional profiles of the new dominations»] {{Reflist}} [[Categoria:Imperio roman occidental]] [[Categoria:Invasiones germanic]] [[Categoria:Migrationes del periodo del migrationes]] [[Categoria:Historia del Rheno]] [[Categoria:Historia de Gallia]] [[Categoria:Guerras del Imperio Roman]] [[Categoria:Battalias del populos germanic]] [[Categoria:Germania in le seculo V]] 3l0qfjvmi5ez92mwz6wfgpgqddlxgj7 705279 705278 2026-11-01T08:42:41Z Interlingvisto 60932 Disface le version [[Special:Diff/705278|705278]] per [[Special:Contributions/Interlingvisto|Interlingvisto]] ([[User talk:Interlingvisto|discussion]]) 705279 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Invasion del Rheno''' esseva un migration armate que occurreva durante le inverno de 405–406 o 406–407, quando un coalition de gruppos germanic e alan passava le frontiera del Rheno e penetrava in le provincias del Imperio roman occidental. Le invasion es generalmente associate con le alanos, vandales e suevos, a qui se adjungeva altere gruppos, inter illes alcun alamannos e burgundiones. Le passage del fluvio aperiva le via a un serie de incursiones e migrationes in Gallia, que durava durante plure annos. Le debilitamento del autoritate roman, le conflictos inter le generales e le usurpation de Constantino III impediva un reaction militar coherent. In 409, le gruppos invasores passava le Pyreneos e entrava in Hispania, ubi illes establiva nove potentias territorial. == Contexto == === Le frontiera del Rheno === Le Rheno habeva constituite durante seculos un del principal frontieras del Imperio roman. Le fluvio separava le provincias roman de diverse territorios inhabitate per populos germanic, e su defensa dependeva de fortificationes, guarniciones e accordos diplomatic con le communitates vicin. Durante le fin del seculo IV e le initio del seculo V, le situation del Imperio occidental deveniva progressivemente plus instabile. Le pression militar, le difficultates fiscal e le conflictos inter le elites politic reduceva le capacitate del administration de defender tote le frontieras. Le invasiones e migrationes del periodo non debe esser considerate como un movimento unic e homogenee. Le gruppos nominate in le fontes antique habeva structuras politic e militar variabile, e poteva reunir communitates de origines diverse. === Le situation politic del Imperio === Le imperator Honorio regnava in le parte occidental del Imperio, ma le potentia real dependeva in grande mesura del generales e del administration de su corte. Flavio Stilichon, magister militum e figura dominante del governo, dirigeva le politica militar contra le visigothos e altere adversarios. Le imperio esseva etiam affectate per le divisiones inter le corte occidental e le corte oriental, e per le rivalitates inter commandantes roman. Le recursos militar esseva dispersate inter Italia, Gallia e altere regiones. Iste situation facilitava le penetration del gruppos invasores, ma le causas precise de lor migration e del decision de passar le Rheno resta discutite inter le historicos. == Le passage del Rheno == === Le data e le loco === Le chronicas traditionali situa le passage del Rheno al 31 de decembre 406, in le region de Mogontiacum (hodie Mainz), durante un inverno in le qual le fluvio es reputate haber gelate. Le data deveniva le chronologia conventional del evento. Totevia, alcun historicos ha proponite que le passage occurreva in le ultime die de 405. Le discussion deriva del interpretation del chronicas tarde-antique e del modo in que le annos e le consulatos esseva registrate. Le evidentia disponible non permitte resolver completemente le controversia. Le invasion includeva plure gruppos, inter le quales le alanos, vandales e suevos. Le fontes mentiona etiam altere participantes, ma le composition exacte del coalition non es certe. === Le resistentia roman e francic === Le passage non occurreva sin opposition. Secundo le tradition historiographic, le invasores incontrava le resistentia de foederatos francic, alliatos del Imperio roman qui participava al defensa del frontiera. Malgrado iste resistentia, le coalition riusciva a passar le fluvio e a penetrar in Germania Prima. Le detalios del combate e del numero de participantes non es ben documentate. Le narrationes antique es breve e non permitte reconstruer con precision le operationes militar. == Le invasion de Gallia == === Le devastation del provincias === Post le passage del Rheno, le gruppos invasores se moveva per le provincias del nord e del est de Gallia. Le citates e le territorios rural esseva exposte a saqueos e destructiones, e le communicationes inter le regiones deveniva plus difficile. Le ecclesiastico Jeronimo, qui viveva in Palestina, mentionava in su correspondentia le situation de diverse citates gallic. Su testimonios exprime le inquietude del communitates christian e del elites provincial, que apprendeva le novas del invasion. Le devastation non esseva uniformemente repartite. Alcun regiones esseva plus directemente affectate que alteres, e le situation variava secundo le capacitate local de resistentia e le accordos con le gruppos invasores. === Le difficultates del reaction roman === Le general Stilichon esseva occupate per altere conflictos militar, specialmente contra le visigothos de Alarico in Italia. Le imperio non disponeva de sufficientes tropas pro organisar un intervention decisive in Gallia. Le situation deveniva ancora plus complexe con le rebellion de Constantino III, un usurpator proclamate imperator per tropas in Britannia in 407. Constantino passava in Gallia e tentava de establir su autoritate in le provincias occidental. Le conflicto inter Constantino e le governo de Honorio divideva le forzas roman e impediva un reaction coordinat contra le invasores. Le rivalitate politic e militar inter le commandantes roman contribuiva assi al prolongation del crise. === Le movimento verso le sud === Durante le annos sequente, le gruppos invasores continuava lor movimento verso le sud e le west de Gallia. Alcun communitates germanic se establiva in partes del territorio, durante que alteres continuava a migrar. Le burgundiones se installava in partes del valle del Rheno e del Main, mentre le alanos, vandales e suevos continuava lor trajectoria verso le regiones meridional del Gallia. Le exercito de Constantino III tentava de controlar le situation e de impedir que le invasores attingeva Hispania, ma le autoritate roman non poteva stabilir un defensa efficiente del Pyreneos. == Le passage in Hispania == In le estate o le autumno de 409, le alanos, vandales e suevos passava le Pyreneos e entrava in Hispania. Le tropas roman que controlava le passes montaniose non poteva detener lor progression. Le invasores se dispersava in le provincias e, in 411, le gruppos concludeva accordos de repartition territorial. Le suevos e le vandales asdingos se establiva in Gallaecia; le alanos obteneva territorios in Lusitania e in partes de Cartaginense; e le vandales silingos se installava in Betica. Iste repartition marca le formation de nove potentias politic in Hispania e le disintegration progressive del autoritate roman in grande parte del peninsula. == Consequentias == === Le debilitamento del Imperio roman occidental === Le invasion del Rheno contribueva al debilitamento del Imperio roman occidental, ma illo non esseva le causa unic del crise del seculo V. Le difficultates politic, fiscal e militar habeva comenciate ante le evento e continuava postea. Le perdita de controlo de partes de Gallia e Hispania reduceva le ressources fiscal e militar disponibile al administration imperial. Le usurpationes e le conflictos inter commandantes aggravava le situation. === Le formation de nove regnos === Le migrationes que sequeva le passage del Rheno conduceva al formation de nove entitates politic. Le burgundiones establiva un regno in Gallia, le suevos formava un regno in Gallaecia, e le vandales, post lor establimento in Hispania, migrava in 429 verso Africa del Nord. Le alanos, post lor derrotas contra le visigothos in Hispania, se integrava in grande parte con le vandales. Le integration se reflecteva plus tarde in le titulo del monarchas vandale, qui se appellava reges del vandales e del alanos. == Historiographia == Le invasion del Rheno ha essite interpretate como un momento importante del transformation del Imperio roman occidental. Le historicos ha discutite le causas del migration, le composition del coalition e le responsabilitate del autoritates roman in le incapacitate de detener le invasores. Inter le hypotheses explicative figura le pression exercite per le hunos in Europa central, le instabilitate politic del region danubian e le debilitamento del defensa roman in le frontiera del Rheno. Peter Heather ha defendite le importantia del pression hunic, durante que altere historicos insiste sur le conflictos politic e le fragilitate del structuras militar roman. Le data exacte del passage resta etiam un subjecto de discussion. Ben que le 31 de decembre 406 es le data traditional, le interpretation del chronicas ha conducite alcun studiosos a situar le evento in le ultime die de 405. == Referentias == * Matthews, John. ''Western Aristocracies and Imperial Court: A.D. 364–425''. Oxford University Press, 1990, capitulo XII, «Gaul and Spain (406–418)». * Heather, Peter. «Why Did the Barbarian Cross the Rhine?». ''Journal of Late Antiquity'', vol. 2, no. 1, 2009, pp. 3–29. * Kulikowski, Michael. ''The End of Roman Spain''. University of Toronto, dissertation. * Lupoi, Maurizio. ''The Origins of the European Legal Order''. Cambridge University Press, 2000, capitulo 4. * Kazanski, Michel. «The Migration of the Vandals and the Suebi to the Roman West and Archaeological Accounts». ''Acta Archaeologica Carpathica'', vol. 55, 2020, pp. 197–214. == Ligamines externe == * [https://academic.oup.com/book/47239/chapter-abstract/422375454 John Matthews, «Gaul and Spain (406–418)», Oxford Academic] * [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/emed.12752 Fafinski, «The ends of history? Jerome, Geruchia, and the Rhine crossings», 2025] * [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt3fhvhj Thomas S. Burns, ''Barbarian Tides: The Migration Age and the Later Roman Empire''] * [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/origins-of-the-european-legal-order/historical-and-institutional-profiles-of-the-new-dominations/8F9CFF73A08E944ABD2557A0BC833F6C Maurizio Lupoi, «Historical and institutional profiles of the new dominations»] {{Reflist}} [[Categoria:Imperio roman occidental]] [[Categoria:Invasiones germanic]] [[Categoria:Migrationes del periodo del migrationes]] [[Categoria:Historia del Rheno]] [[Categoria:Historia de Gallia]] [[Categoria:Guerras del Imperio Roman]] [[Categoria:Battalias del populos germanic]] [[Categoria:Germania in le seculo V]] bx1r5h484ggm32iz4kthxts8eyfm87h 14 62435 705280 2026-11-01T08:43:20Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Guerras del Antique Roma|Imperio Roman]] [[Categoria:Imperio Roman]]” 705280 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Guerras del Antique Roma|Imperio Roman]] [[Categoria:Imperio Roman]] dau4g6ef7ne1hu9irw6agj6hgupm4bf 705282 705280 2026-11-01T08:45:21Z Interlingvisto 60932 705282 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Guerras de Roma Antique|Imperio Roman]] [[Categoria:Imperio Roman]] 7ak29cbfcj5u5o980tf5fi9mrpb9hji 14 62436 705281 2026-11-01T08:44:18Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Historia militar de Roma antique]]” 705281 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Historia militar de Roma antique]] 73ve61xx8tkuzfyqceg1ntlxf1d87sn 705283 705281 2026-11-01T08:45:35Z Interlingvisto 60932 705283 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete}} 35r2j9t4ectnt1cmb7mlgcqvwz6h5k6 14 62437 705284 2026-11-01T08:45:39Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Historia militar de Roma antique]]” 705284 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Historia militar de Roma antique]] 73ve61xx8tkuzfyqceg1ntlxf1d87sn 14 62438 705287 2026-11-01T08:50:36Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Molise]] [[Categoria:Municipalitates de Italia]]” 705287 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Molise]] [[Categoria:Municipalitates de Italia]] 8bhq19xcwvq61uge1lide2owip9z2gy 14 62439 705288 2026-11-01T08:51:00Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Regiones de Italia]]” 705288 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Regiones de Italia]] 6nkxjj02qro02b9k60i2exkre6i2hok 14 62440 705290 2026-11-01T08:51:40Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Emilia-Romagna]] [[Categoria:Muniipalitates de Italia]]” 705290 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Emilia-Romagna]] [[Categoria:Muniipalitates de Italia]] 80bqgvaqq7kerls8zxjq8mxk0s8ffi6 705291 705290 2026-11-01T08:52:20Z Interlingvisto 60932 705291 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Emilia-Romagna]] [[Categoria:Municipalitates de Italia]] pijzwznnonlxgu5htcjs6mvnd2v15mk 14 62441 705293 2026-11-01T08:52:57Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Regiones de Italia]]” 705293 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Regiones de Italia]] 6nkxjj02qro02b9k60i2exkre6i2hok 0 62442 705294 2026-11-01T08:57:47Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''ecclesia Sainte-Croix de Cormeilles''' es un edificio religiose catholic situate in le commune de Cormeilles, in le departimento de Eure, in Normandia, Francia. Illo se trova in le quartier de Mont-Mirel, sur un elevation que domina le village e le valle del Calonne. Le origines del edificio remonta al seculo XI, durante que su structura esseva transformate durante le seculos sequente. Le ecclesia presenta elementos de architectura...” 705294 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''ecclesia Sainte-Croix de Cormeilles''' es un edificio religiose catholic situate in le commune de Cormeilles, in le departimento de Eure, in Normandia, Francia. Illo se trova in le quartier de Mont-Mirel, sur un elevation que domina le village e le valle del Calonne. Le origines del edificio remonta al seculo XI, durante que su structura esseva transformate durante le seculos sequente. Le ecclesia presenta elementos de architectura roman e gotic, e conserva particularitates characteristic del construction traditional del Pays d'Auge, specialmente su partes in *colombage* (structura de ligno con pannellos de reimplimento). Un del aspectos le plus notabile del edificio es le declive del pavimento del nave, que ascende progressivemente verso le transetto e le sanctuario. Iste disposition, con un inclination de circa 9 %, crea un configuration interior insolite. Le ecclesia es etiam cognoscite pro su bancas clausurate, su charpenta in forma de coque de nave inverse e su ambiente architecturale traditional. == Historia == === Origines medieval === Le origines del ecclesia Sainte-Croix es situate in le seculo XI. Secundo le tradition local, le edificio esseva construite sur le sito de un ancian fortification. Le ecclesia es mentionate in un carta del rege Henrico II de Anglaterra datate de 1152. Le edificio esseva originalmente ligate al abbacia de Saint-Pierre de Cormeilles, un institution monastic que habeva un rolo importante in le organisation religiose e territorial del region. Le ecclesia deveniva postea un ecclesia parochial, serviente al population del village e del territorios circumstante. Le structura initial esseva transformate durante le seculos, ma alcun elementos del edificio conserva le memoria de su origines medieval. === Transformationes del seculos XV e XVIII === Durante le seculo XV, le ecclesia suffreva transformationes architecturale importante. Alcun partes esseva adaptate al stilo gotic, e le edificio recipeva elementos de construction in ligno characteristic del architectura del Pays d'Auge. Le campanile e su structura de accesso es associate con le transformationes medieval del edificio. Le ecclesia conserva etiam elementos de charpenta traditional, le quales contribui al character particular del interior. Durante le seculo XVIII, nove modificationes esseva apportate al edificio. Le disposition del espacios e le elementos decorative reflecte assi plure fases de construction e de renovation. === Le projecto de reconstruction del seculo XIX === In 1864, durante le Secunde Imperio francese, le ecclesia parochial esseva considerate troppo parve pro le population local. Un projecto esseva alora elaborate pro demolir le edificio e construer un ecclesia plus grande. Le projecto non esseva realisate. Le ecclesia medieval esseva conservate e continuava a servir como edificio parochial. In 1882, le faciada esseva renovate o reconstruite, secundo le informationes del patrimonio municipal. Iste intervention modificava le aspecto exterior del edificio. == Architectura == === Plan e structura === Le ecclesia se eleva sur le colle de Mont-Mirel, in un position dominante super le village. Su plan presenta una disposition cruciforme, con un nave, un transetto e un sanctuario. Le edificio combina elementos de architectura roman e gotic, resultato de su construction initial e del transformationes successive. Le partes exterior combina masoneria de petra con elementos de ligno e colombage, un technica characteristic del architectura traditional del Pays d'Auge. Le faciada presenta un structura a encorbellement e un couverture de ardesia. Le partes in colombage, specialmente in le zona del capella septentrional del transetto, constitue un elemento distinctive del edificio. === Le nave inclinate === Le principal particularitate architecturale del ecclesia es le declive del pavimento del nave. Le sol ascende gradualmente in direction del transetto e del altar major, con un inclination de circa 9 %. Iste disposition crea le impression que le nave ascende verso le sanctuario. Le organo e le altar major se trova assi a un altitude comparabile, un configuration insolite que ha contribu ite al reputation del ecclesia como un edificio singular in Normandia. === Le charpenta === Le charpenta del ecclesia presenta un forma comparabile a un coque de nave inverse. Iste solution technic es characteristic de certe constructiones ecclesiastic medieval e reflecte le traditiones local del labor del ligno. Le structura del tecto constitue un elemento importante del interior, in combination con le disposition inclinate del nave. === Le bancas e le elementos interior === Le ecclesia conserva bancas clausurate, que reflecte le organisation traditional del spatio religiose in le communitates rural normanne. Alcun bancas porta ancora numeros sur lor portas e possede parve compartimentos pro libros de missa e accessori personal. Le crochets pro cappellos e altere elementos domestic in le bancas documenta certe aspectos del vita quotidian del habitantes del village durante le seculos passate. Le interior comprende etiam un altar major e un organo, que participa al organisation liturgic del edificio. == Patrimonio e conservation == Le ecclesia Sainte-Croix es recensite in le Inventario general del patrimonio cultural francese. Su dossier es conservate in le base de datos Mérimée del Ministerio francese del Cultura, sub le referentia IA00050066. Le inventario del patrimonio mobiliari del ecclesia es etiam documentate in le base Palissy, sub le referentia IM27019233. Le edificio constitue un exemplo del evolution del architectura religiose rural in le Pays d'Auge. Su combination de elementos roman, gotic e de construction traditional in ligno, insimul con le particular declive del nave, le confer un character architectural distinctive. == Visita == Le ecclesia es situate in le quartier de Mont-Mirel, in Cormeilles. Secundo le informationes del officio regional de turismo, illo es normalmente accessibile al publico gratuitemente durante le jornata. Le ecclesia se trova in le vicinitate del promenada del Monts du Bourg, que offere vistas sur le village e le paisage del Pays d'Auge. Le promenada es bordate per castanieros vetule e constitue un complemento al visita del patrimonio historic local. == Referentias == * Ministère de la Culture. «Église paroissiale Sainte-Croix», base Mérimée, referentia IA00050066. * Ministère de la Culture. «Le mobilier de l'église paroissiale Sainte-Croix», base Palissy, referentia IM27019233. * Commune de Cormeilles. «Patrimoine: Église Sainte-Croix de Cormeilles et presbytère». * Normandie Tourisme. «Église Sainte-Croix», Cormeilles. * Joëlle Etcheverry. «L'église de Cormeilles, Sainte-Croix du Pays d'Auge», 1999, pp. 2–5. * Yves Montron. *À la découverte de l'Eure*. Éditions Charles Corlet, 1997. == Ligamines externe == * [https://pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/IA00050066 Base Mérimée – Église paroissiale Sainte-Croix] * [https://pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/palissy/IM27019233 Base Palissy – Mobilier de l'église] * [https://www.cormeillesenauge.com/patrimoine/ Commune de Cormeilles – Patrimoine] * [https://www.normandie-tourisme.fr/sites-lieux-de-visites/eglise-sainte-croix-2/ Normandie Tourisme – Église Sainte-Croix] {{Reflist}} [[Categoria:Ecclesias catholic in Francia]] [[Categoria:Architectura roman in Francia]] [[Categoria:Architectura gotic in Francia]] [[Categoria:Monumentos de Normandia]] [[Categoria:Eure]] [[Categoria:Edificios religiose del seculo XI]] [[Categoria:Eure]] [[Categoria:Historia de Eure]] [[Categoria:Historia de Normandia]] [[Categoria:Eure in le Medieve]] [[Categoria:Architectura in Normandia]] [[Categoria:Architectura christian in le Medieve]] [[Categoria:Turismo in Normandia]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Eure]] [[Categoria:Normandia in le seculo XII]] [[Categoria:Normandia in le seculo XIX]] k32pgm8x4p2m5nkcf5avb7dx1nygj5x 705295 705294 2026-11-01T08:58:11Z Interlingvisto 60932 705295 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''ecclesia de Sainte-Croix de Cormeilles''' es un edificio religiose catholic situate in le commune de Cormeilles, in le departimento de Eure, in Normandia, Francia. Illo se trova in le quartier de Mont-Mirel, sur un elevation que domina le village e le valle del Calonne. Le origines del edificio remonta al seculo XI, durante que su structura esseva transformate durante le seculos sequente. Le ecclesia presenta elementos de architectura roman e gotic, e conserva particularitates characteristic del construction traditional del Pays d'Auge, specialmente su partes in *colombage* (structura de ligno con pannellos de reimplimento). Un del aspectos le plus notabile del edificio es le declive del pavimento del nave, que ascende progressivemente verso le transetto e le sanctuario. Iste disposition, con un inclination de circa 9 %, crea un configuration interior insolite. Le ecclesia es etiam cognoscite pro su bancas clausurate, su charpenta in forma de coque de nave inverse e su ambiente architecturale traditional. == Historia == === Origines medieval === Le origines del ecclesia de Sainte-Croix es situate in le seculo XI. Secundo le tradition local, le edificio esseva construite sur le sito de un ancian fortification. Le ecclesia es mentionate in un carta del rege Henrico II de Anglaterra datate de 1152. Le edificio esseva originalmente ligate al abbacia de Saint-Pierre de Cormeilles, un institution monastic que habeva un rolo importante in le organisation religiose e territorial del region. Le ecclesia deveniva postea un ecclesia parochial, serviente al population del village e del territorios circumstante. Le structura initial esseva transformate durante le seculos, ma alcun elementos del edificio conserva le memoria de su origines medieval. === Transformationes del seculos XV e XVIII === Durante le seculo XV, le ecclesia suffreva transformationes architecturale importante. Alcun partes esseva adaptate al stilo gotic, e le edificio recipeva elementos de construction in ligno characteristic del architectura del Pays d'Auge. Le campanile e su structura de accesso es associate con le transformationes medieval del edificio. Le ecclesia conserva etiam elementos de charpenta traditional, le quales contribui al character particular del interior. Durante le seculo XVIII, nove modificationes esseva apportate al edificio. Le disposition del espacios e le elementos decorative reflecte assi plure fases de construction e de renovation. === Le projecto de reconstruction del seculo XIX === In 1864, durante le Secunde Imperio francese, le ecclesia parochial esseva considerate troppo parve pro le population local. Un projecto esseva alora elaborate pro demolir le edificio e construer un ecclesia plus grande. Le projecto non esseva realisate. Le ecclesia medieval esseva conservate e continuava a servir como edificio parochial. In 1882, le faciada esseva renovate o reconstruite, secundo le informationes del patrimonio municipal. Iste intervention modificava le aspecto exterior del edificio. == Architectura == === Plan e structura === Le ecclesia se eleva sur le colle de Mont-Mirel, in un position dominante super le village. Su plan presenta una disposition cruciforme, con un nave, un transetto e un sanctuario. Le edificio combina elementos de architectura roman e gotic, resultato de su construction initial e del transformationes successive. Le partes exterior combina masoneria de petra con elementos de ligno e colombage, un technica characteristic del architectura traditional del Pays d'Auge. Le faciada presenta un structura a encorbellement e un couverture de ardesia. Le partes in colombage, specialmente in le zona del capella septentrional del transetto, constitue un elemento distinctive del edificio. === Le nave inclinate === Le principal particularitate architecturale del ecclesia es le declive del pavimento del nave. Le sol ascende gradualmente in direction del transetto e del altar major, con un inclination de circa 9 %. Iste disposition crea le impression que le nave ascende verso le sanctuario. Le organo e le altar major se trova assi a un altitude comparabile, un configuration insolite que ha contribu ite al reputation del ecclesia como un edificio singular in Normandia. === Le charpenta === Le charpenta del ecclesia presenta un forma comparabile a un coque de nave inverse. Iste solution technic es characteristic de certe constructiones ecclesiastic medieval e reflecte le traditiones local del labor del ligno. Le structura del tecto constitue un elemento importante del interior, in combination con le disposition inclinate del nave. === Le bancas e le elementos interior === Le ecclesia conserva bancas clausurate, que reflecte le organisation traditional del spatio religiose in le communitates rural normanne. Alcun bancas porta ancora numeros sur lor portas e possede parve compartimentos pro libros de missa e accessori personal. Le crochets pro cappellos e altere elementos domestic in le bancas documenta certe aspectos del vita quotidian del habitantes del village durante le seculos passate. Le interior comprende etiam un altar major e un organo, que participa al organisation liturgic del edificio. == Patrimonio e conservation == Le ecclesia de Sainte-Croix es recensite in le Inventario general del patrimonio cultural francese. Su dossier es conservate in le base de datos Mérimée del Ministerio francese del Cultura, sub le referentia IA00050066. Le inventario del patrimonio mobiliari del ecclesia es etiam documentate in le base Palissy, sub le referentia IM27019233. Le edificio constitue un exemplo del evolution del architectura religiose rural in le Pays d'Auge. Su combination de elementos roman, gotic e de construction traditional in ligno, insimul con le particular declive del nave, le confer un character architectural distinctive. == Visita == Le ecclesia es situate in le quartier de Mont-Mirel, in Cormeilles. Secundo le informationes del officio regional de turismo, illo es normalmente accessibile al publico gratuitemente durante le jornata. Le ecclesia se trova in le vicinitate del promenada del Monts du Bourg, que offere vistas sur le village e le paisage del Pays d'Auge. Le promenada es bordate per castanieros vetule e constitue un complemento al visita del patrimonio historic local. == Referentias == * Ministère de la Culture. «Église paroissiale Sainte-Croix», base Mérimée, referentia IA00050066. * Ministère de la Culture. «Le mobilier de l'église paroissiale Sainte-Croix», base Palissy, referentia IM27019233. * Commune de Cormeilles. «Patrimoine: Église Sainte-Croix de Cormeilles et presbytère». * Normandie Tourisme. «Église Sainte-Croix», Cormeilles. * Joëlle Etcheverry. «L'église de Cormeilles, Sainte-Croix du Pays d'Auge», 1999, pp. 2–5. * Yves Montron. *À la découverte de l'Eure*. Éditions Charles Corlet, 1997. == Ligamines externe == * [https://pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/IA00050066 Base Mérimée – Église paroissiale Sainte-Croix] * [https://pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/palissy/IM27019233 Base Palissy – Mobilier de l'église] * [https://www.cormeillesenauge.com/patrimoine/ Commune de Cormeilles – Patrimoine] * [https://www.normandie-tourisme.fr/sites-lieux-de-visites/eglise-sainte-croix-2/ Normandie Tourisme – Église Sainte-Croix] {{Reflist}} [[Categoria:Ecclesias catholic in Francia]] [[Categoria:Architectura roman in Francia]] [[Categoria:Architectura gotic in Francia]] [[Categoria:Monumentos de Normandia]] [[Categoria:Eure]] [[Categoria:Edificios religiose del seculo XI]] [[Categoria:Eure]] [[Categoria:Historia de Eure]] [[Categoria:Historia de Normandia]] [[Categoria:Eure in le Medieve]] [[Categoria:Architectura in Normandia]] [[Categoria:Architectura christian in le Medieve]] [[Categoria:Turismo in Normandia]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Eure]] [[Categoria:Normandia in le seculo XII]] [[Categoria:Normandia in le seculo XIX]] c00jg0lydez35vm4dgnye2nj6a3vcp5 705296 705295 2026-11-01T08:58:34Z Interlingvisto 60932 705296 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''ecclesia de Sainte-Croix de Cormeilles''' es un edificio religiose catholic situate in le commune de Cormeilles, in le departimento de Eure, in Normandia, Francia. Illo se trova in le quartier de Mont-Mirel, sur un elevation que domina le village e le valle del Calonne. Le origines del edificio remonta al seculo XI, durante que su structura esseva transformate durante le seculos sequente. Le ecclesia presenta elementos de architectura roman e gotic, e conserva particularitates characteristic del construction traditional del Pays d'Auge, specialmente su partes in ''colombage'' (structura de ligno con pannellos de reimplimento). Un del aspectos le plus notabile del edificio es le declive del pavimento del nave, que ascende progressivemente verso le transetto e le sanctuario. Iste disposition, con un inclination de circa 9 %, crea un configuration interior insolite. Le ecclesia es etiam cognoscite pro su bancas clausurate, su charpenta in forma de coque de nave inverse e su ambiente architecturale traditional. == Historia == === Origines medieval === Le origines del ecclesia de Sainte-Croix es situate in le seculo XI. Secundo le tradition local, le edificio esseva construite sur le sito de un ancian fortification. Le ecclesia es mentionate in un carta del rege Henrico II de Anglaterra datate de 1152. Le edificio esseva originalmente ligate al abbacia de Saint-Pierre de Cormeilles, un institution monastic que habeva un rolo importante in le organisation religiose e territorial del region. Le ecclesia deveniva postea un ecclesia parochial, serviente al population del village e del territorios circumstante. Le structura initial esseva transformate durante le seculos, ma alcun elementos del edificio conserva le memoria de su origines medieval. === Transformationes del seculos XV e XVIII === Durante le seculo XV, le ecclesia suffreva transformationes architecturale importante. Alcun partes esseva adaptate al stilo gotic, e le edificio recipeva elementos de construction in ligno characteristic del architectura del Pays d'Auge. Le campanile e su structura de accesso es associate con le transformationes medieval del edificio. Le ecclesia conserva etiam elementos de charpenta traditional, le quales contribui al character particular del interior. Durante le seculo XVIII, nove modificationes esseva apportate al edificio. Le disposition del espacios e le elementos decorative reflecte assi plure fases de construction e de renovation. === Le projecto de reconstruction del seculo XIX === In 1864, durante le Secunde Imperio francese, le ecclesia parochial esseva considerate troppo parve pro le population local. Un projecto esseva alora elaborate pro demolir le edificio e construer un ecclesia plus grande. Le projecto non esseva realisate. Le ecclesia medieval esseva conservate e continuava a servir como edificio parochial. In 1882, le faciada esseva renovate o reconstruite, secundo le informationes del patrimonio municipal. Iste intervention modificava le aspecto exterior del edificio. == Architectura == === Plan e structura === Le ecclesia se eleva sur le colle de Mont-Mirel, in un position dominante super le village. Su plan presenta una disposition cruciforme, con un nave, un transetto e un sanctuario. Le edificio combina elementos de architectura roman e gotic, resultato de su construction initial e del transformationes successive. Le partes exterior combina masoneria de petra con elementos de ligno e colombage, un technica characteristic del architectura traditional del Pays d'Auge. Le faciada presenta un structura a encorbellement e un couverture de ardesia. Le partes in colombage, specialmente in le zona del capella septentrional del transetto, constitue un elemento distinctive del edificio. === Le nave inclinate === Le principal particularitate architecturale del ecclesia es le declive del pavimento del nave. Le sol ascende gradualmente in direction del transetto e del altar major, con un inclination de circa 9 %. Iste disposition crea le impression que le nave ascende verso le sanctuario. Le organo e le altar major se trova assi a un altitude comparabile, un configuration insolite que ha contribu ite al reputation del ecclesia como un edificio singular in Normandia. === Le charpenta === Le charpenta del ecclesia presenta un forma comparabile a un coque de nave inverse. Iste solution technic es characteristic de certe constructiones ecclesiastic medieval e reflecte le traditiones local del labor del ligno. Le structura del tecto constitue un elemento importante del interior, in combination con le disposition inclinate del nave. === Le bancas e le elementos interior === Le ecclesia conserva bancas clausurate, que reflecte le organisation traditional del spatio religiose in le communitates rural normanne. Alcun bancas porta ancora numeros sur lor portas e possede parve compartimentos pro libros de missa e accessori personal. Le crochets pro cappellos e altere elementos domestic in le bancas documenta certe aspectos del vita quotidian del habitantes del village durante le seculos passate. Le interior comprende etiam un altar major e un organo, que participa al organisation liturgic del edificio. == Patrimonio e conservation == Le ecclesia de Sainte-Croix es recensite in le Inventario general del patrimonio cultural francese. Su dossier es conservate in le base de datos Mérimée del Ministerio francese del Cultura, sub le referentia IA00050066. Le inventario del patrimonio mobiliari del ecclesia es etiam documentate in le base Palissy, sub le referentia IM27019233. Le edificio constitue un exemplo del evolution del architectura religiose rural in le Pays d'Auge. Su combination de elementos roman, gotic e de construction traditional in ligno, insimul con le particular declive del nave, le confer un character architectural distinctive. == Visita == Le ecclesia es situate in le quartier de Mont-Mirel, in Cormeilles. Secundo le informationes del officio regional de turismo, illo es normalmente accessibile al publico gratuitemente durante le jornata. Le ecclesia se trova in le vicinitate del promenada del Monts du Bourg, que offere vistas sur le village e le paisage del Pays d'Auge. Le promenada es bordate per castanieros vetule e constitue un complemento al visita del patrimonio historic local. == Referentias == * Ministère de la Culture. «Église paroissiale Sainte-Croix», base Mérimée, referentia IA00050066. * Ministère de la Culture. «Le mobilier de l'église paroissiale Sainte-Croix», base Palissy, referentia IM27019233. * Commune de Cormeilles. «Patrimoine: Église Sainte-Croix de Cormeilles et presbytère». * Normandie Tourisme. «Église Sainte-Croix», Cormeilles. * Joëlle Etcheverry. «L'église de Cormeilles, Sainte-Croix du Pays d'Auge», 1999, pp. 2–5. * Yves Montron. ''À la découverte de l'Eure''. Éditions Charles Corlet, 1997. == Ligamines externe == * [https://pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/IA00050066 Base Mérimée – Église paroissiale Sainte-Croix] * [https://pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/palissy/IM27019233 Base Palissy – Mobilier de l'église] * [https://www.cormeillesenauge.com/patrimoine/ Commune de Cormeilles – Patrimoine] * [https://www.normandie-tourisme.fr/sites-lieux-de-visites/eglise-sainte-croix-2/ Normandie Tourisme – Église Sainte-Croix] {{Reflist}} [[Categoria:Ecclesias catholic in Francia]] [[Categoria:Architectura roman in Francia]] [[Categoria:Architectura gotic in Francia]] [[Categoria:Monumentos de Normandia]] [[Categoria:Eure]] [[Categoria:Edificios religiose del seculo XI]] [[Categoria:Eure]] [[Categoria:Historia de Eure]] [[Categoria:Historia de Normandia]] [[Categoria:Eure in le Medieve]] [[Categoria:Architectura in Normandia]] [[Categoria:Architectura christian in le Medieve]] [[Categoria:Turismo in Normandia]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Eure]] [[Categoria:Normandia in le seculo XII]] [[Categoria:Normandia in le seculo XIX]] aj5xibsvup9709vrfwnoxlq2nawocxo 705304 705296 2026-11-01T09:21:22Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Ligamines externe */ 705304 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''ecclesia de Sainte-Croix de Cormeilles''' es un edificio religiose catholic situate in le commune de Cormeilles, in le departimento de Eure, in Normandia, Francia. Illo se trova in le quartier de Mont-Mirel, sur un elevation que domina le village e le valle del Calonne. Le origines del edificio remonta al seculo XI, durante que su structura esseva transformate durante le seculos sequente. Le ecclesia presenta elementos de architectura roman e gotic, e conserva particularitates characteristic del construction traditional del Pays d'Auge, specialmente su partes in ''colombage'' (structura de ligno con pannellos de reimplimento). Un del aspectos le plus notabile del edificio es le declive del pavimento del nave, que ascende progressivemente verso le transetto e le sanctuario. Iste disposition, con un inclination de circa 9 %, crea un configuration interior insolite. Le ecclesia es etiam cognoscite pro su bancas clausurate, su charpenta in forma de coque de nave inverse e su ambiente architecturale traditional. == Historia == === Origines medieval === Le origines del ecclesia de Sainte-Croix es situate in le seculo XI. Secundo le tradition local, le edificio esseva construite sur le sito de un ancian fortification. Le ecclesia es mentionate in un carta del rege Henrico II de Anglaterra datate de 1152. Le edificio esseva originalmente ligate al abbacia de Saint-Pierre de Cormeilles, un institution monastic que habeva un rolo importante in le organisation religiose e territorial del region. Le ecclesia deveniva postea un ecclesia parochial, serviente al population del village e del territorios circumstante. Le structura initial esseva transformate durante le seculos, ma alcun elementos del edificio conserva le memoria de su origines medieval. === Transformationes del seculos XV e XVIII === Durante le seculo XV, le ecclesia suffreva transformationes architecturale importante. Alcun partes esseva adaptate al stilo gotic, e le edificio recipeva elementos de construction in ligno characteristic del architectura del Pays d'Auge. Le campanile e su structura de accesso es associate con le transformationes medieval del edificio. Le ecclesia conserva etiam elementos de charpenta traditional, le quales contribui al character particular del interior. Durante le seculo XVIII, nove modificationes esseva apportate al edificio. Le disposition del espacios e le elementos decorative reflecte assi plure fases de construction e de renovation. === Le projecto de reconstruction del seculo XIX === In 1864, durante le Secunde Imperio francese, le ecclesia parochial esseva considerate troppo parve pro le population local. Un projecto esseva alora elaborate pro demolir le edificio e construer un ecclesia plus grande. Le projecto non esseva realisate. Le ecclesia medieval esseva conservate e continuava a servir como edificio parochial. In 1882, le faciada esseva renovate o reconstruite, secundo le informationes del patrimonio municipal. Iste intervention modificava le aspecto exterior del edificio. == Architectura == === Plan e structura === Le ecclesia se eleva sur le colle de Mont-Mirel, in un position dominante super le village. Su plan presenta una disposition cruciforme, con un nave, un transetto e un sanctuario. Le edificio combina elementos de architectura roman e gotic, resultato de su construction initial e del transformationes successive. Le partes exterior combina masoneria de petra con elementos de ligno e colombage, un technica characteristic del architectura traditional del Pays d'Auge. Le faciada presenta un structura a encorbellement e un couverture de ardesia. Le partes in colombage, specialmente in le zona del capella septentrional del transetto, constitue un elemento distinctive del edificio. === Le nave inclinate === Le principal particularitate architecturale del ecclesia es le declive del pavimento del nave. Le sol ascende gradualmente in direction del transetto e del altar major, con un inclination de circa 9 %. Iste disposition crea le impression que le nave ascende verso le sanctuario. Le organo e le altar major se trova assi a un altitude comparabile, un configuration insolite que ha contribu ite al reputation del ecclesia como un edificio singular in Normandia. === Le charpenta === Le charpenta del ecclesia presenta un forma comparabile a un coque de nave inverse. Iste solution technic es characteristic de certe constructiones ecclesiastic medieval e reflecte le traditiones local del labor del ligno. Le structura del tecto constitue un elemento importante del interior, in combination con le disposition inclinate del nave. === Le bancas e le elementos interior === Le ecclesia conserva bancas clausurate, que reflecte le organisation traditional del spatio religiose in le communitates rural normanne. Alcun bancas porta ancora numeros sur lor portas e possede parve compartimentos pro libros de missa e accessori personal. Le crochets pro cappellos e altere elementos domestic in le bancas documenta certe aspectos del vita quotidian del habitantes del village durante le seculos passate. Le interior comprende etiam un altar major e un organo, que participa al organisation liturgic del edificio. == Patrimonio e conservation == Le ecclesia de Sainte-Croix es recensite in le Inventario general del patrimonio cultural francese. Su dossier es conservate in le base de datos Mérimée del Ministerio francese del Cultura, sub le referentia IA00050066. Le inventario del patrimonio mobiliari del ecclesia es etiam documentate in le base Palissy, sub le referentia IM27019233. Le edificio constitue un exemplo del evolution del architectura religiose rural in le Pays d'Auge. Su combination de elementos roman, gotic e de construction traditional in ligno, insimul con le particular declive del nave, le confer un character architectural distinctive. == Visita == Le ecclesia es situate in le quartier de Mont-Mirel, in Cormeilles. Secundo le informationes del officio regional de turismo, illo es normalmente accessibile al publico gratuitemente durante le jornata. Le ecclesia se trova in le vicinitate del promenada del Monts du Bourg, que offere vistas sur le village e le paisage del Pays d'Auge. Le promenada es bordate per castanieros vetule e constitue un complemento al visita del patrimonio historic local. == Referentias == * Ministère de la Culture. «Église paroissiale Sainte-Croix», base Mérimée, referentia IA00050066. * Ministère de la Culture. «Le mobilier de l'église paroissiale Sainte-Croix», base Palissy, referentia IM27019233. * Commune de Cormeilles. «Patrimoine: Église Sainte-Croix de Cormeilles et presbytère». * Normandie Tourisme. «Église Sainte-Croix», Cormeilles. * Joëlle Etcheverry. «L'église de Cormeilles, Sainte-Croix du Pays d'Auge», 1999, pp. 2–5. * Yves Montron. ''À la découverte de l'Eure''. Éditions Charles Corlet, 1997. == Ligamines externe == * [https://pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/IA00050066 Base Mérimée – Église paroissiale Sainte-Croix] * [https://pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/palissy/IM27019233 Base Palissy – Mobilier de l'église] * [https://www.cormeillesenauge.com/patrimoine/ Commune de Cormeilles – Patrimoine] * [https://www.normandie-tourisme.fr/sites-lieux-de-visites/eglise-sainte-croix-2/ Normandie Tourisme – Église Sainte-Croix] {{Reflist}} [[Categoria:Ecclesias catholic in Francia]] [[Categoria:Architectura roman in Francia]] [[Categoria:Architectura gothic in Francia]] [[Categoria:Monumentos de Normandia]] [[Categoria:Eure]] [[Categoria:Edificios religiose del seculo XI]] [[Categoria:Eure]] [[Categoria:Historia de Eure]] [[Categoria:Historia de Normandia]] [[Categoria:Eure in le Medievo]] [[Categoria:Architectura in Normandia]] [[Categoria:Architectura christian in le Medievo]] [[Categoria:Turismo in Normandia]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Eure]] [[Categoria:Normandia in le seculo XII]] [[Categoria:Normandia in le seculo XIX]] c6r579kcqulxm102otdcst09sye9apm 0 62443 705297 2026-11-01T09:03:38Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Regno visigothic de Tolosa''', etiam cognoscite como '''Regno de Tolosa''' o ''Regnum Tolosanum'', esseva un regno establite per le visigothos in le sud-west del Gallia durante le seculo V. Su centro politic esseva le citate de Tolosa (hodie Toulouse, in Francia). Su periodo conventionalmente se extende de 418 a 507. Su origine remonta al accordo concludite in 418 inter le general roman Flavio Constantio e le rege visigothic Walia....” 705297 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Regno visigothic de Tolosa''', etiam cognoscite como '''Regno de Tolosa''' o ''Regnum Tolosanum'', esseva un regno establite per le visigothos in le sud-west del Gallia durante le seculo V. Su centro politic esseva le citate de Tolosa (hodie Toulouse, in Francia). Su periodo conventionalmente se extende de 418 a 507. Su origine remonta al accordo concludite in 418 inter le general roman Flavio Constantio e le rege visigothic Walia. In consequentia del pacto, le visigothos obteneva le derecto de establir se in Aquitania Secunda e in alcun citates vicin, in cambio de lor servicio militar al Imperio roman occidental. Durante le seculo V, le monarchas visigothic augmentava lor autonomia e expandiva lor dominio territorial. Sub Eurico, le regno attingeva un grande extension in le sud del Gallia e in partes de Hispania. Sub Alarico II, le monarchia promoveva le compilation del ''Breviarium Alaricianum'', un importante collection de leges roman. Le regno perdeva su principal territorios in Gallia post le victoria del francos de Clodoveo contra le visigothos in le battalia de Vouillé, in 507. Le monarchia visigothic superviveva, ma su centro de gravitate se transferiva progressivemente verso Hispania. == Historia == === Origines e establimento in Aquitania === Le visigothos habeva penetrato in le Imperio roman durante le migrationes del initio del seculo V. Post le morte de Alarico I in 410, le gruppos visigothic, sub le direction de nove monarchas, continuava lor movementos inter Italia e Gallia. In 415, le rege Walia initiava un campania militar in Hispania a nomine del Imperio roman occidental. Le visigothos combatteva contra le alanos e le vandales silingos, qui habeva establite lor dominio in partes del peninsula. Le operationes terminava con victorias visigothic, e le superviventes de iste gruppos perdeva grande parte de lor autonomia. In 418, le general roman Flavio Constantio concludeva un accordo con le visigothos e les concedeva terras in Aquitania Secunda e in alcun citates vicin. Le accordo faceva parte del systema de '', per le qual gruppos militar non roman recipeva un establimento in territorio imperial in cambio de obligationes militar. Le extension exacte del territorio concedite es objecto de discussion inter le historicos. Le provincia de Aquitania Secunda includeva le regiones inter le Garonne e le Loire. Le visigothos recipeva etiam alcun citates in territorios adjacente. Tolosa, situate in Narbonensis Prima, deveniva le sede del monarchas visigothic. Le installation non significava que le visigothos habeva immediatemente fundate un stato completemente independente. Le relationes con Roma continuava, ma le debilitamento del autoritate imperial permitteva al monarchas de exercitar un potentia sempre plus autonome. === Le regno de Teodorico I (418–451) === Post le morte de Walia in 418, Teodorico I deveniva rege. Durante su regno, le visigothos consolidava lor position in Aquitania e augmentava lor influentia in le regiones vicin. Le relationes con le Imperio roman alternava inter cooperation e conflicto. Le visigothos participava in alcun operationes militar roman, ma etiam tentava de extender lor territorio e de obtener un recognition plus grande de lor autonomia. In 436, le general roman Litorio initiava un campania contra le visigothos e assediava Tolosa. Le conflicto terminava in 439, quando Litorio esseva vincite e capturate. Le evento confirmava le importantia militar del regno e le difficultate del autoritates roman de imponer lor voluntate in Aquitania. In 451, Teodorico I participava al coalition que affrontava le hunos de Attila in le battalia del campos Catalaunic. Le visigothos combatteva al latere del exercito roman commandate per Aetio e de altere alliatos. Teodorico moriva durante le battalia. === Le regnos de Turismundo e Teodorico II === Post le morte de Teodorico I, su filio Turismundo ascendeva al throno. Su regno esseva breve e terminava in 453, quando ille esseva assassinate in un complotto in le qual su fratres participava. Teodorico II succedeva a su fratre e regnava inter 453 e 466. Durante su regno, le visigothos continuava a intervenir in le politica del Imperio roman occidental e expandiva lor influentia verso Hispania. In 456, le visigothos interveniva contra le suevos in Hispania, in un operation que terminava con le derrota del rege suevic Rechiario. Le potentia del suevos esseva fortemente reducite, ben que lor regno in Gallaecia continuava a existir. Le visigothos augmentava etiam lor position in le sud del Gallia. In 462, illes obteneva Narbona, un citate strategic que facilitava lor communicationes inter Aquitania e le regiones mediterranee. In 466, Teodorico II esseva assassinate per su fratre Eurico, qui prendeva le poter. === Le expansion sub Eurico (466–484) === Le regno de Eurico marca un etapa decisive in le transformation del monarchia visigothic in un potentia autonome. Durante su regno, le Imperio roman occidental perdeva progressivemente su capacitate de controlar le provincias gallic, e Eurico utilisava iste situation pro extender su dominio. Le visigothos occupava plure citates e territorios in le sud del Gallia. In 473, lor forzas penetrava in partes de Hispania, includente Pamplona, Caesaraugusta (hodie Zaragoza) e Tarraco (Tarragona). In Gallia, Eurico extendeva su dominio verso Arles e Marseille, e etiam in regiones como Auvergne. Le anno 476 es generalmente considerate como le fin del Imperio roman occidental, post le deposition de Romulo Augustulo. Le disparition del corte imperial occidental removeva un importante fonte de autoritate politic in le west, e Eurico se comportava de facto como un monarcha independente. Durante su regno, le visigothos elaborava un codice juridic cognoscite como le Codice de Eurico. Iste collection de normas, redigite in latino, reflecteva le organisation del regno e le integration de traditiones juridic roman e visigothic. Le natura exacte e le campo de application del codice continua a esser discutite inter le especialistas. Eurico moriva in 484 e esseva succedite per su filio Alarico II. === Le regno de Alarico II (484–507) === Alarico II heredava un regno que se extendeva per grande parte del sud del Gallia e includeva territorios in Hispania. Durante su regno, le monarchia visigothic affrontava le crescente potentia del francos, qui se expandiva verso le sud sub le direction de Clodoveo. Le relationes inter le visigothos e le francos deveniva progressivemente plus tensionate. Le differentias religiose contribuiva al conflicto: le monarchas visigothic pertineva al christianismo arian, durante que Clodoveo e le francos adoptava le christianismo nicen, o catholic. Nonobstante, le relationes religiose non explica solmente le guerra. Le expansion territorial del francos, le controlo de Aquitania e le rivalitates politic inter le monarchias esseva factores central. Alarico II tentava de consolidar le regno e de ganiar le supporto del population roman. In 506, ille promoveva le compilation del ''Breviarium Alaricianum'', etiam appellate ''Lex Romana Visigothorum''. Iste obra reuniva textos del derecto roman, con le intention de organisar le administration juridic del population roman del regno. Le mesme anno, Alarico permitteva le celebration del Concilio de Agde, un incontro de episcopos del ecclesia nicen in territorio visigothic. Iste decisiones demonstrava que le monarchia cercava formas de cooperation con le elites roman e le institutiones ecclesiastic local. == Organisation politic e social == === Le monarchia === Le regno esseva governate per un rege, qui exerceva le autoritate militar, politic e juridic. Le monarchia visigothic se basava sur traditiones de leadership germanic, ma adoptava progressivemente elementos del administration roman. Le rege esseva assistite per aristocratas, commandantes militar e consiliarios. Le possession de terras, le fidelitate personal e le capacitate de mobilisar tropas esseva elementos importante del potentia politic. Le succession non esseva sempre pacific. Le deposition e le assassination de monarchas, como in le casos de Turismundo e Teodorico II, demonstrava le existentia de rivalitates intra le familia regnante e le aristocratia. === Le population === Le population del regno comprendeva visigothos e habitantes de origine roman, qui formava le majoritate del population in multe regiones. Le installation visigothic non transformava radicalmente le composition demographic del sud del Gallia. Le relationes inter le gruppos esseva complexe. Le elites visigothic occupava positiones importante in le exercito e le administration, durante que le elites gallo-roman conservava un influentia considerabile in le citates, le proprietate terren e le institutiones ecclesiastic. Le repartition del terras e del ressources inter visigothos e romanos es un thema disputate. Le historicos non concorda completemente super le proportion del population visigothic ni super le modo exacte del establimento territorial de 418. === Economia === Le economia del regno se basava principalmente sur le agricultura e le exploitation del terras rural. Le valles del Garonne e del Dordogne, le regiones de Aquitania e le citates del sud del Gallia formava un importante base economic. Le citates conservava un rolo administrative e commercial. Tolosa, Bordeaux, Narbona e altere centros urbane participava al circulation de productos e al administration del territorio. Le monarchia utilisava etiam le moneta como instrumento de potentia e de representation. Le emissiones monetari visigothic continuava in parte le traditiones del moneta imperial roman, reflectente le persistencia del institutiones e del modelos economic romanos. == Religion == Le monarchas visigothic del periodo de Tolosa esseva generalmente adherentes al christianismo arian, un doctrina que distingueva le natura del Filio de celle del Patre e que habeva essite condemnate como heretica per le ecclesia nicen. Le major parte del population gallo-roman esseva, per contra, adherente al christianismo nicen. Iste differentia religiose poteva contribuir al tension inter le corte visigothic e alcun episcopos e elites local. Durante le regno de Eurico, le relationes con le episcopato nicen deveniva particularmente difficile. Le fontes ecclesiastic mentiona episcopos exiliate e sedes episcopal que remaneva vacante. Le interpretation del motivationes de iste mesuras es discutite: illos poteva servir a reforçar le controlo politic del monarchia e a limitar le influentia de autoritates ecclesiastic exterior al regno. Sub Alarico II, le relationes se ameliorava in alcun aspectos. Le celebration del Concilio de Agde in 506 e le compilation del ''Breviarium Alaricianum'' indicava un effortio de cooperation con le elites roman e le ecclesia nicen. == Cultura e derecto == Le cultura del regno de Tolosa combinava traditiones visigothic e roman. Le lingua del administration e del documentos official esseva le latino, durante que le lingua gothico continuava a esser usate in le communitates visigothic. Le elites gallo-roman conservava lor traditiones litterari, juridic e administrative. Le monarchas visigothic utilisava iste traditiones pro organisar lor regno e consolidar lor autoritate. Le legislation esseva un elemento central de iste integration. Le Codice de Eurico e le ''Breviarium Alaricianum'' illustrava le evolution del derecto visigothic e le importantia del tradition juridic roman. Le ''Breviarium Alaricianum'', promulgate in 506, contineva extractos de leges imperial roman e interpretationes juridic. Illo esseva destinate principalmente al population roman del regno e representa un del plus importante collectiones del derecto roman del periodo post-imperial. == Le fin del regno == === Le expansion franca === Durante le ultime annos del seculo V, le francos deveniva un potentia militar importante in le nord del Gallia. Sub Clodoveo, illes extendeva lor dominio e eliminava le ultime focos de autoritate roman in le nord. Le expansion franca verso Aquitania poneva le regno visigothic in un situation de confrontation. Clodoveo utilisava etiam le differentia religiose inter le francos nicen e le visigothos arian como elemento de legitimisation del conflicto. Le rege ostrogothic Teodorico le Grande tentava de intervenir diplomaticamente pro impedir le guerra e preservar le equilibrio politic in Gallia, ma su effortios non impediva le confrontation. === Le battalia de Vouillé (507) === In 507, le exercito de Clodoveo affrontava le visigothos sub Alarico II in le battalia de Vouillé, vicino a Poitiers. Le francos obteneva un victoria decisive, e Alarico II moriva durante le battalia. Le derrota provocava le disintegration del dominio visigothic in grande parte del Gallia. Tolosa cadeva in manos franc, e le thesauro del monarchia esseva capturate. Le visigothos perdeva lor principal territorios al nord del Pyreneos, ben que Septimania e alcun regiones mediterranee remaneva sub lor controlo. Le intervention del ostrogothos, sub Teodorico le Grande, permitteva al visigothos de conservar parte de lor positiones in le sud del Gallia e de mantener lor monarchia. \=== Le continuation del regno in Hispania === Post 507, le centro politic del regno visigothic se transferiva progressivemente verso Hispania. Le succession de Alarico II provocava un periodo de instabilitate, durante le qual Gesaleico e altere pretendentes se disputava le throno. Teodorico le Grande interveniva in le affaires del visigothos e exerceva un importante influentia sur lor governo. Durante le decennios sequente, le monarchia consolidava su position in Hispania, ubi Toledo deveniva eventual­mente le principal centro politic. Le fin del regno de Tolosa non significava dunque le disparition del regno visigothic, ma le fin de su predominio territorial in Gallia e le transition verso un monarchia centrate in Hispania. == Referentias == * Thompson, E. A. «The Settlement of the Barbarians in Southern Gaul». ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', vol. 46, 1956, pp. 65–75. * Mathisen, Ralph W. e Hagith S. Sivan. «Forging a New Identity: The Kingdom of Toulouse and the Frontiers of Visigothic Aquitania (418–507)». In: ''The Visigoths in Gaul and Iberia: A Supplemental Bibliography'', 1999. * Heather, Peter. ''The Goths''. Blackwell, 1996. * Collins, Roger. «The Western Kingdoms». In: ''The Cambridge Ancient History'', vol. XIV, Cambridge University Press, 2000. * Stadermann, Christian. «Between Rome and Toulouse: The Catholic Episcopate in the Regnum Tolosanum (418–507)». In: ''Leadership, Social Cohesion, and Identity in Late Antique Spain and Gaul (500–700)''. Amsterdam University Press, 2023. * Cassaigneau, Jean. «Toulouse (Tolosa), capitale wisigothique du ve siècle : sources historiques et archéologiques». ''Pallas'', vol. 114, 2020, pp. 267–284. == Ligamines externe == * [[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-roman-studies/article/abs/settlement-of-the-barbarians-in-southern-gaul/2CE00AF4781B10C58AA00AB4AEABF870](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-roman-studies/article/abs/settlement-of-the-barbarians-in-southern-gaul/2CE00AF4781B10C58AA00AB4AEABF870) E. A. Thompson, «The Settlement of the Barbarians in Southern Gaul»] * [[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-ancient-history/western-kingdoms/758BB3A5AA88B06C680A95CAA5B80D00](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-ancient-history/western-kingdoms/758BB3A5AA88B06C680A95CAA5B80D00) Roger Collins, «The Western Kingdoms»] * [[https://multimedia.inrap.fr/atlas/Grand-Toulouse/syntheses/themes/p-20713-Les-Goths-a-Toulouse-413-508.htm](https://multimedia.inrap.fr/atlas/Grand-Toulouse/syntheses/themes/p-20713-Les-Goths-a-Toulouse-413-508.htm) Inrap, «Les Goths à Toulouse : 413–508»] * [[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0223-5099_2002_ant_281_1_12126](https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0223-5099_2002_ant_281_1_12126) Jean Durliat, «La césure de l’époque franque : aperçus sur la prise de Toulouse et le début des temps mérovingiens»] * [[https://www.euskalmemoriadigitala.eus/bitstream/10357/40568/1/na%2097026.pdf](https://www.euskalmemoriadigitala.eus/bitstream/10357/40568/1/na%2097026.pdf) Mathisen e Sivan, «Forging a New Identity: The Kingdom of Toulouse and the Frontiers of Visigothic Aquitania»] {{Reflist}} [[Categoria:Statos e territorios fundate in 418]] [[Categoria:Statos e territorios disparite in 507]] [[Categoria:Ancian regnos de Europa in le Etate Medie]] [[Categoria:Statos e territorios de Francia in le Etate Medie]] [[Categoria:Statos del peninsula iberic in le Etate Medie]] [[Categoria:Historia de Toulouse]] [[Categoria:Visigothos]] [[Categoria:Hispania visigothic| ]] [[Categoria:Historia del region de Occitania]] oo0yf6n1l3ozwo01slsq5dsvcehisc8 705299 705297 2026-11-01T09:04:52Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Ligamines externe */ 705299 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Regno visigothic de Tolosa''', etiam cognoscite como '''Regno de Tolosa''' o ''Regnum Tolosanum'', esseva un regno establite per le visigothos in le sud-west del Gallia durante le seculo V. Su centro politic esseva le citate de Tolosa (hodie Toulouse, in Francia). Su periodo conventionalmente se extende de 418 a 507. Su origine remonta al accordo concludite in 418 inter le general roman Flavio Constantio e le rege visigothic Walia. In consequentia del pacto, le visigothos obteneva le derecto de establir se in Aquitania Secunda e in alcun citates vicin, in cambio de lor servicio militar al Imperio roman occidental. Durante le seculo V, le monarchas visigothic augmentava lor autonomia e expandiva lor dominio territorial. Sub Eurico, le regno attingeva un grande extension in le sud del Gallia e in partes de Hispania. Sub Alarico II, le monarchia promoveva le compilation del ''Breviarium Alaricianum'', un importante collection de leges roman. Le regno perdeva su principal territorios in Gallia post le victoria del francos de Clodoveo contra le visigothos in le battalia de Vouillé, in 507. Le monarchia visigothic superviveva, ma su centro de gravitate se transferiva progressivemente verso Hispania. == Historia == === Origines e establimento in Aquitania === Le visigothos habeva penetrato in le Imperio roman durante le migrationes del initio del seculo V. Post le morte de Alarico I in 410, le gruppos visigothic, sub le direction de nove monarchas, continuava lor movementos inter Italia e Gallia. In 415, le rege Walia initiava un campania militar in Hispania a nomine del Imperio roman occidental. Le visigothos combatteva contra le alanos e le vandales silingos, qui habeva establite lor dominio in partes del peninsula. Le operationes terminava con victorias visigothic, e le superviventes de iste gruppos perdeva grande parte de lor autonomia. In 418, le general roman Flavio Constantio concludeva un accordo con le visigothos e les concedeva terras in Aquitania Secunda e in alcun citates vicin. Le accordo faceva parte del systema de '', per le qual gruppos militar non roman recipeva un establimento in territorio imperial in cambio de obligationes militar. Le extension exacte del territorio concedite es objecto de discussion inter le historicos. Le provincia de Aquitania Secunda includeva le regiones inter le Garonne e le Loire. Le visigothos recipeva etiam alcun citates in territorios adjacente. Tolosa, situate in Narbonensis Prima, deveniva le sede del monarchas visigothic. Le installation non significava que le visigothos habeva immediatemente fundate un stato completemente independente. Le relationes con Roma continuava, ma le debilitamento del autoritate imperial permitteva al monarchas de exercitar un potentia sempre plus autonome. === Le regno de Teodorico I (418–451) === Post le morte de Walia in 418, Teodorico I deveniva rege. Durante su regno, le visigothos consolidava lor position in Aquitania e augmentava lor influentia in le regiones vicin. Le relationes con le Imperio roman alternava inter cooperation e conflicto. Le visigothos participava in alcun operationes militar roman, ma etiam tentava de extender lor territorio e de obtener un recognition plus grande de lor autonomia. In 436, le general roman Litorio initiava un campania contra le visigothos e assediava Tolosa. Le conflicto terminava in 439, quando Litorio esseva vincite e capturate. Le evento confirmava le importantia militar del regno e le difficultate del autoritates roman de imponer lor voluntate in Aquitania. In 451, Teodorico I participava al coalition que affrontava le hunos de Attila in le battalia del campos Catalaunic. Le visigothos combatteva al latere del exercito roman commandate per Aetio e de altere alliatos. Teodorico moriva durante le battalia. === Le regnos de Turismundo e Teodorico II === Post le morte de Teodorico I, su filio Turismundo ascendeva al throno. Su regno esseva breve e terminava in 453, quando ille esseva assassinate in un complotto in le qual su fratres participava. Teodorico II succedeva a su fratre e regnava inter 453 e 466. Durante su regno, le visigothos continuava a intervenir in le politica del Imperio roman occidental e expandiva lor influentia verso Hispania. In 456, le visigothos interveniva contra le suevos in Hispania, in un operation que terminava con le derrota del rege suevic Rechiario. Le potentia del suevos esseva fortemente reducite, ben que lor regno in Gallaecia continuava a existir. Le visigothos augmentava etiam lor position in le sud del Gallia. In 462, illes obteneva Narbona, un citate strategic que facilitava lor communicationes inter Aquitania e le regiones mediterranee. In 466, Teodorico II esseva assassinate per su fratre Eurico, qui prendeva le poter. === Le expansion sub Eurico (466–484) === Le regno de Eurico marca un etapa decisive in le transformation del monarchia visigothic in un potentia autonome. Durante su regno, le Imperio roman occidental perdeva progressivemente su capacitate de controlar le provincias gallic, e Eurico utilisava iste situation pro extender su dominio. Le visigothos occupava plure citates e territorios in le sud del Gallia. In 473, lor forzas penetrava in partes de Hispania, includente Pamplona, Caesaraugusta (hodie Zaragoza) e Tarraco (Tarragona). In Gallia, Eurico extendeva su dominio verso Arles e Marseille, e etiam in regiones como Auvergne. Le anno 476 es generalmente considerate como le fin del Imperio roman occidental, post le deposition de Romulo Augustulo. Le disparition del corte imperial occidental removeva un importante fonte de autoritate politic in le west, e Eurico se comportava de facto como un monarcha independente. Durante su regno, le visigothos elaborava un codice juridic cognoscite como le Codice de Eurico. Iste collection de normas, redigite in latino, reflecteva le organisation del regno e le integration de traditiones juridic roman e visigothic. Le natura exacte e le campo de application del codice continua a esser discutite inter le especialistas. Eurico moriva in 484 e esseva succedite per su filio Alarico II. === Le regno de Alarico II (484–507) === Alarico II heredava un regno que se extendeva per grande parte del sud del Gallia e includeva territorios in Hispania. Durante su regno, le monarchia visigothic affrontava le crescente potentia del francos, qui se expandiva verso le sud sub le direction de Clodoveo. Le relationes inter le visigothos e le francos deveniva progressivemente plus tensionate. Le differentias religiose contribuiva al conflicto: le monarchas visigothic pertineva al christianismo arian, durante que Clodoveo e le francos adoptava le christianismo nicen, o catholic. Nonobstante, le relationes religiose non explica solmente le guerra. Le expansion territorial del francos, le controlo de Aquitania e le rivalitates politic inter le monarchias esseva factores central. Alarico II tentava de consolidar le regno e de ganiar le supporto del population roman. In 506, ille promoveva le compilation del ''Breviarium Alaricianum'', etiam appellate ''Lex Romana Visigothorum''. Iste obra reuniva textos del derecto roman, con le intention de organisar le administration juridic del population roman del regno. Le mesme anno, Alarico permitteva le celebration del Concilio de Agde, un incontro de episcopos del ecclesia nicen in territorio visigothic. Iste decisiones demonstrava que le monarchia cercava formas de cooperation con le elites roman e le institutiones ecclesiastic local. == Organisation politic e social == === Le monarchia === Le regno esseva governate per un rege, qui exerceva le autoritate militar, politic e juridic. Le monarchia visigothic se basava sur traditiones de leadership germanic, ma adoptava progressivemente elementos del administration roman. Le rege esseva assistite per aristocratas, commandantes militar e consiliarios. Le possession de terras, le fidelitate personal e le capacitate de mobilisar tropas esseva elementos importante del potentia politic. Le succession non esseva sempre pacific. Le deposition e le assassination de monarchas, como in le casos de Turismundo e Teodorico II, demonstrava le existentia de rivalitates intra le familia regnante e le aristocratia. === Le population === Le population del regno comprendeva visigothos e habitantes de origine roman, qui formava le majoritate del population in multe regiones. Le installation visigothic non transformava radicalmente le composition demographic del sud del Gallia. Le relationes inter le gruppos esseva complexe. Le elites visigothic occupava positiones importante in le exercito e le administration, durante que le elites gallo-roman conservava un influentia considerabile in le citates, le proprietate terren e le institutiones ecclesiastic. Le repartition del terras e del ressources inter visigothos e romanos es un thema disputate. Le historicos non concorda completemente super le proportion del population visigothic ni super le modo exacte del establimento territorial de 418. === Economia === Le economia del regno se basava principalmente sur le agricultura e le exploitation del terras rural. Le valles del Garonne e del Dordogne, le regiones de Aquitania e le citates del sud del Gallia formava un importante base economic. Le citates conservava un rolo administrative e commercial. Tolosa, Bordeaux, Narbona e altere centros urbane participava al circulation de productos e al administration del territorio. Le monarchia utilisava etiam le moneta como instrumento de potentia e de representation. Le emissiones monetari visigothic continuava in parte le traditiones del moneta imperial roman, reflectente le persistencia del institutiones e del modelos economic romanos. == Religion == Le monarchas visigothic del periodo de Tolosa esseva generalmente adherentes al christianismo arian, un doctrina que distingueva le natura del Filio de celle del Patre e que habeva essite condemnate como heretica per le ecclesia nicen. Le major parte del population gallo-roman esseva, per contra, adherente al christianismo nicen. Iste differentia religiose poteva contribuir al tension inter le corte visigothic e alcun episcopos e elites local. Durante le regno de Eurico, le relationes con le episcopato nicen deveniva particularmente difficile. Le fontes ecclesiastic mentiona episcopos exiliate e sedes episcopal que remaneva vacante. Le interpretation del motivationes de iste mesuras es discutite: illos poteva servir a reforçar le controlo politic del monarchia e a limitar le influentia de autoritates ecclesiastic exterior al regno. Sub Alarico II, le relationes se ameliorava in alcun aspectos. Le celebration del Concilio de Agde in 506 e le compilation del ''Breviarium Alaricianum'' indicava un effortio de cooperation con le elites roman e le ecclesia nicen. == Cultura e derecto == Le cultura del regno de Tolosa combinava traditiones visigothic e roman. Le lingua del administration e del documentos official esseva le latino, durante que le lingua gothico continuava a esser usate in le communitates visigothic. Le elites gallo-roman conservava lor traditiones litterari, juridic e administrative. Le monarchas visigothic utilisava iste traditiones pro organisar lor regno e consolidar lor autoritate. Le legislation esseva un elemento central de iste integration. Le Codice de Eurico e le ''Breviarium Alaricianum'' illustrava le evolution del derecto visigothic e le importantia del tradition juridic roman. Le ''Breviarium Alaricianum'', promulgate in 506, contineva extractos de leges imperial roman e interpretationes juridic. Illo esseva destinate principalmente al population roman del regno e representa un del plus importante collectiones del derecto roman del periodo post-imperial. == Le fin del regno == === Le expansion franca === Durante le ultime annos del seculo V, le francos deveniva un potentia militar importante in le nord del Gallia. Sub Clodoveo, illes extendeva lor dominio e eliminava le ultime focos de autoritate roman in le nord. Le expansion franca verso Aquitania poneva le regno visigothic in un situation de confrontation. Clodoveo utilisava etiam le differentia religiose inter le francos nicen e le visigothos arian como elemento de legitimisation del conflicto. Le rege ostrogothic Teodorico le Grande tentava de intervenir diplomaticamente pro impedir le guerra e preservar le equilibrio politic in Gallia, ma su effortios non impediva le confrontation. === Le battalia de Vouillé (507) === In 507, le exercito de Clodoveo affrontava le visigothos sub Alarico II in le battalia de Vouillé, vicino a Poitiers. Le francos obteneva un victoria decisive, e Alarico II moriva durante le battalia. Le derrota provocava le disintegration del dominio visigothic in grande parte del Gallia. Tolosa cadeva in manos franc, e le thesauro del monarchia esseva capturate. Le visigothos perdeva lor principal territorios al nord del Pyreneos, ben que Septimania e alcun regiones mediterranee remaneva sub lor controlo. Le intervention del ostrogothos, sub Teodorico le Grande, permitteva al visigothos de conservar parte de lor positiones in le sud del Gallia e de mantener lor monarchia. \=== Le continuation del regno in Hispania === Post 507, le centro politic del regno visigothic se transferiva progressivemente verso Hispania. Le succession de Alarico II provocava un periodo de instabilitate, durante le qual Gesaleico e altere pretendentes se disputava le throno. Teodorico le Grande interveniva in le affaires del visigothos e exerceva un importante influentia sur lor governo. Durante le decennios sequente, le monarchia consolidava su position in Hispania, ubi Toledo deveniva eventual­mente le principal centro politic. Le fin del regno de Tolosa non significava dunque le disparition del regno visigothic, ma le fin de su predominio territorial in Gallia e le transition verso un monarchia centrate in Hispania. == Referentias == * Thompson, E. A. «The Settlement of the Barbarians in Southern Gaul». ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', vol. 46, 1956, pp. 65–75. * Mathisen, Ralph W. e Hagith S. Sivan. «Forging a New Identity: The Kingdom of Toulouse and the Frontiers of Visigothic Aquitania (418–507)». In: ''The Visigoths in Gaul and Iberia: A Supplemental Bibliography'', 1999. * Heather, Peter. ''The Goths''. Blackwell, 1996. * Collins, Roger. «The Western Kingdoms». In: ''The Cambridge Ancient History'', vol. XIV, Cambridge University Press, 2000. * Stadermann, Christian. «Between Rome and Toulouse: The Catholic Episcopate in the Regnum Tolosanum (418–507)». In: ''Leadership, Social Cohesion, and Identity in Late Antique Spain and Gaul (500–700)''. Amsterdam University Press, 2023. * Cassaigneau, Jean. «Toulouse (Tolosa), capitale wisigothique du ve siècle : sources historiques et archéologiques». ''Pallas'', vol. 114, 2020, pp. 267–284. == Ligamines externe == * [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-roman-studies/article/abs/settlement-of-the-barbarians-in-southern-gaul/2CE00AF4781B10C58AA00AB4AEABF870 E. A. Thompson, «The Settlement of the Barbarians in Southern Gaul»] * [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-ancient-history/western-kingdoms/758BB3A5AA88B06C680A95CAA5B80D00 Roger Collins, «The Western Kingdoms»] * [https://multimedia.inrap.fr/atlas/Grand-Toulouse/syntheses/themes/p-20713-Les-Goths-a-Toulouse-413-508.htm Inrap, «Les Goths à Toulouse : 413–508»] * [https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0223-5099_2002_ant_281_1_12126 Jean Durliat, «La césure de l’époque franque : aperçus sur la prise de Toulouse et le début des temps mérovingiens»] * [https://www.euskalmemoriadigitala.eus/bitstream/10357/40568/1/na%2097026.pdf Mathisen e Sivan, «Forging a New Identity: The Kingdom of Toulouse and the Frontiers of Visigothic Aquitania»] {{Reflist}} [[Categoria:Statos e territorios fundate in 418]] [[Categoria:Statos e territorios disparite in 507]] [[Categoria:Ancian regnos de Europa in le Etate Medie]] [[Categoria:Statos e territorios de Francia in le Etate Medie]] [[Categoria:Statos del peninsula iberic in le Etate Medie]] [[Categoria:Historia de Toulouse]] [[Categoria:Visigothos]] [[Categoria:Hispania visigothic| ]] [[Categoria:Historia del region de Occitania]] jgdb9zplp279epp1anbm6ovw4je9pk5 705301 705299 2026-11-01T09:05:54Z Interlingvisto 60932 705301 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Regno visigothic de Tolosa''', etiam cognoscite como '''Regno de Tolosa''' o ''Regnum Tolosanum'', esseva un regno establite per le visigothos in le sud-west del Gallia durante le seculo V. Su centro politic esseva le citate de Tolosa (hodie Toulouse, in Francia). Su periodo conventionalmente se extende de 418 a 507. Su origine remonta al accordo concludite in 418 inter le general roman Flavio Constantio e le rege visigothic Walia. In consequentia del pacto, le visigothos obteneva le derecto de establir se in Aquitania Secunda e in alcun citates vicin, in cambio de lor servicio militar al Imperio roman occidental. Durante le seculo V, le monarchas visigothic augmentava lor autonomia e expandiva lor dominio territorial. Sub Eurico, le regno attingeva un grande extension in le sud del Gallia e in partes de Hispania. Sub Alarico II, le monarchia promoveva le compilation del ''Breviarium Alaricianum'', un importante collection de leges roman. Le regno perdeva su principal territorios in Gallia post le victoria del francos de Clodoveo contra le visigothos in le battalia de Vouillé, in 507. Le monarchia visigothic superviveva, ma su centro de gravitate se transferiva progressivemente verso Hispania. == Historia == === Origines e establimento in Aquitania === Le visigothos habeva penetrato in le Imperio roman durante le migrationes del initio del seculo V. Post le morte de Alarico I in 410, le gruppos visigothic, sub le direction de nove monarchas, continuava lor movementos inter Italia e Gallia. In 415, le rege Walia initiava un campania militar in Hispania a nomine del Imperio roman occidental. Le visigothos combatteva contra le alanos e le vandales silingos, qui habeva establite lor dominio in partes del peninsula. Le operationes terminava con victorias visigothic, e le superviventes de iste gruppos perdeva grande parte de lor autonomia. In 418, le general roman Flavio Constantio concludeva un accordo con le visigothos e les concedeva terras in Aquitania Secunda e in alcun citates vicin. Le accordo faceva parte del systema de '', per le qual gruppos militar non roman recipeva un establimento in territorio imperial in cambio de obligationes militar. Le extension exacte del territorio concedite es objecto de discussion inter le historicos. Le provincia de Aquitania Secunda includeva le regiones inter le Garonne e le Loire. Le visigothos recipeva etiam alcun citates in territorios adjacente. Tolosa, situate in Narbonensis Prima, deveniva le sede del monarchas visigothic. Le installation non significava que le visigothos habeva immediatemente fundate un stato completemente independente. Le relationes con Roma continuava, ma le debilitamento del autoritate imperial permitteva al monarchas de exercitar un potentia sempre plus autonome. === Le regno de Teodorico I (418–451) === Post le morte de Walia in 418, Teodorico I deveniva rege. Durante su regno, le visigothos consolidava lor position in Aquitania e augmentava lor influentia in le regiones vicin. Le relationes con le Imperio roman alternava inter cooperation e conflicto. Le visigothos participava in alcun operationes militar roman, ma etiam tentava de extender lor territorio e de obtener un recognition plus grande de lor autonomia. In 436, le general roman Litorio initiava un campania contra le visigothos e assediava Tolosa. Le conflicto terminava in 439, quando Litorio esseva vincite e capturate. Le evento confirmava le importantia militar del regno e le difficultate del autoritates roman de imponer lor voluntate in Aquitania. In 451, Teodorico I participava al coalition que affrontava le hunos de Attila in le battalia del campos Catalaunic. Le visigothos combatteva al latere del exercito roman commandate per Aetio e de altere alliatos. Teodorico moriva durante le battalia. === Le regnos de Turismundo e Teodorico II === Post le morte de Teodorico I, su filio Turismundo ascendeva al throno. Su regno esseva breve e terminava in 453, quando ille esseva assassinate in un complotto in le qual su fratres participava. Teodorico II succedeva a su fratre e regnava inter 453 e 466. Durante su regno, le visigothos continuava a intervenir in le politica del Imperio roman occidental e expandiva lor influentia verso Hispania. In 456, le visigothos interveniva contra le suevos in Hispania, in un operation que terminava con le derrota del rege suevic Rechiario. Le potentia del suevos esseva fortemente reducite, ben que lor regno in Gallaecia continuava a existir. Le visigothos augmentava etiam lor position in le sud del Gallia. In 462, illes obteneva Narbona, un citate strategic que facilitava lor communicationes inter Aquitania e le regiones mediterranee. In 466, Teodorico II esseva assassinate per su fratre Eurico, qui prendeva le poter. === Le expansion sub Eurico (466–484) === Le regno de Eurico marca un etapa decisive in le transformation del monarchia visigothic in un potentia autonome. Durante su regno, le Imperio roman occidental perdeva progressivemente su capacitate de controlar le provincias gallic, e Eurico utilisava iste situation pro extender su dominio. Le visigothos occupava plure citates e territorios in le sud del Gallia. In 473, lor forzas penetrava in partes de Hispania, includente Pamplona, Caesaraugusta (hodie Zaragoza) e Tarraco (Tarragona). In Gallia, Eurico extendeva su dominio verso Arles e Marseille, e etiam in regiones como Auvergne. Le anno 476 es generalmente considerate como le fin del Imperio roman occidental, post le deposition de Romulo Augustulo. Le disparition del corte imperial occidental removeva un importante fonte de autoritate politic in le west, e Eurico se comportava de facto como un monarcha independente. Durante su regno, le visigothos elaborava un codice juridic cognoscite como le Codice de Eurico. Iste collection de normas, redigite in latino, reflecteva le organisation del regno e le integration de traditiones juridic roman e visigothic. Le natura exacte e le campo de application del codice continua a esser discutite inter le especialistas. Eurico moriva in 484 e esseva succedite per su filio Alarico II. === Le regno de Alarico II (484–507) === Alarico II heredava un regno que se extendeva per grande parte del sud del Gallia e includeva territorios in Hispania. Durante su regno, le monarchia visigothic affrontava le crescente potentia del francos, qui se expandiva verso le sud sub le direction de Clodoveo. Le relationes inter le visigothos e le francos deveniva progressivemente plus tensionate. Le differentias religiose contribuiva al conflicto: le monarchas visigothic pertineva al christianismo arian, durante que Clodoveo e le francos adoptava le christianismo nicen, o catholic. Nonobstante, le relationes religiose non explica solmente le guerra. Le expansion territorial del francos, le controlo de Aquitania e le rivalitates politic inter le monarchias esseva factores central. Alarico II tentava de consolidar le regno e de ganiar le supporto del population roman. In 506, ille promoveva le compilation del ''Breviarium Alaricianum'', etiam appellate ''Lex Romana Visigothorum''. Iste obra reuniva textos del derecto roman, con le intention de organisar le administration juridic del population roman del regno. Le mesme anno, Alarico permitteva le celebration del Concilio de Agde, un incontro de episcopos del ecclesia nicen in territorio visigothic. Iste decisiones demonstrava que le monarchia cercava formas de cooperation con le elites roman e le institutiones ecclesiastic local. == Organisation politic e social == === Le monarchia === Le regno esseva governate per un rege, qui exerceva le autoritate militar, politic e juridic. Le monarchia visigothic se basava sur traditiones de leadership germanic, ma adoptava progressivemente elementos del administration roman. Le rege esseva assistite per aristocratas, commandantes militar e consiliarios. Le possession de terras, le fidelitate personal e le capacitate de mobilisar tropas esseva elementos importante del potentia politic. Le succession non esseva sempre pacific. Le deposition e le assassination de monarchas, como in le casos de Turismundo e Teodorico II, demonstrava le existentia de rivalitates intra le familia regnante e le aristocratia. === Le population === Le population del regno comprendeva visigothos e habitantes de origine roman, qui formava le majoritate del population in multe regiones. Le installation visigothic non transformava radicalmente le composition demographic del sud del Gallia. Le relationes inter le gruppos esseva complexe. Le elites visigothic occupava positiones importante in le exercito e le administration, durante que le elites gallo-roman conservava un influentia considerabile in le citates, le proprietate terren e le institutiones ecclesiastic. Le repartition del terras e del ressources inter visigothos e romanos es un thema disputate. Le historicos non concorda completemente super le proportion del population visigothic ni super le modo exacte del establimento territorial de 418. === Economia === Le economia del regno se basava principalmente sur le agricultura e le exploitation del terras rural. Le valles del Garonne e del Dordogne, le regiones de Aquitania e le citates del sud del Gallia formava un importante base economic. Le citates conservava un rolo administrative e commercial. Tolosa, Bordeaux, Narbona e altere centros urbane participava al circulation de productos e al administration del territorio. Le monarchia utilisava etiam le moneta como instrumento de potentia e de representation. Le emissiones monetari visigothic continuava in parte le traditiones del moneta imperial roman, reflectente le persistencia del institutiones e del modelos economic romanos. == Religion == Le monarchas visigothic del periodo de Tolosa esseva generalmente adherentes al christianismo arian, un doctrina que distingueva le natura del Filio de celle del Patre e que habeva essite condemnate como heretica per le ecclesia nicen. Le major parte del population gallo-roman esseva, per contra, adherente al christianismo nicen. Iste differentia religiose poteva contribuir al tension inter le corte visigothic e alcun episcopos e elites local. Durante le regno de Eurico, le relationes con le episcopato nicen deveniva particularmente difficile. Le fontes ecclesiastic mentiona episcopos exiliate e sedes episcopal que remaneva vacante. Le interpretation del motivationes de iste mesuras es discutite: illos poteva servir a reforçar le controlo politic del monarchia e a limitar le influentia de autoritates ecclesiastic exterior al regno. Sub Alarico II, le relationes se ameliorava in alcun aspectos. Le celebration del Concilio de Agde in 506 e le compilation del ''Breviarium Alaricianum'' indicava un effortio de cooperation con le elites roman e le ecclesia nicen. == Cultura e derecto == Le cultura del regno de Tolosa combinava traditiones visigothic e roman. Le lingua del administration e del documentos official esseva le latino, durante que le lingua gothico continuava a esser usate in le communitates visigothic. Le elites gallo-roman conservava lor traditiones litterari, juridic e administrative. Le monarchas visigothic utilisava iste traditiones pro organisar lor regno e consolidar lor autoritate. Le legislation esseva un elemento central de iste integration. Le Codice de Eurico e le ''Breviarium Alaricianum'' illustrava le evolution del derecto visigothic e le importantia del tradition juridic roman. Le ''Breviarium Alaricianum'', promulgate in 506, contineva extractos de leges imperial roman e interpretationes juridic. Illo esseva destinate principalmente al population roman del regno e representa un del plus importante collectiones del derecto roman del periodo post-imperial. == Le fin del regno == === Le expansion franca === Durante le ultime annos del seculo V, le francos deveniva un potentia militar importante in le nord del Gallia. Sub Clodoveo, illes extendeva lor dominio e eliminava le ultime focos de autoritate roman in le nord. Le expansion franca verso Aquitania poneva le regno visigothic in un situation de confrontation. Clodoveo utilisava etiam le differentia religiose inter le francos nicen e le visigothos arian como elemento de legitimisation del conflicto. Le rege ostrogothic Teodorico le Grande tentava de intervenir diplomaticamente pro impedir le guerra e preservar le equilibrio politic in Gallia, ma su effortios non impediva le confrontation. === Le battalia de Vouillé (507) === In 507, le exercito de Clodoveo affrontava le visigothos sub Alarico II in le battalia de Vouillé, vicino a Poitiers. Le francos obteneva un victoria decisive, e Alarico II moriva durante le battalia. Le derrota provocava le disintegration del dominio visigothic in grande parte del Gallia. Tolosa cadeva in manos franc, e le thesauro del monarchia esseva capturate. Le visigothos perdeva lor principal territorios al nord del Pyreneos, ben que Septimania e alcun regiones mediterranee remaneva sub lor controlo. Le intervention del ostrogothos, sub Teodorico le Grande, permitteva al visigothos de conservar parte de lor positiones in le sud del Gallia e de mantener lor monarchia. \=== Le continuation del regno in Hispania === Post 507, le centro politic del regno visigothic se transferiva progressivemente verso Hispania. Le succession de Alarico II provocava un periodo de instabilitate, durante le qual Gesaleico e altere pretendentes se disputava le throno. Teodorico le Grande interveniva in le affaires del visigothos e exerceva un importante influentia sur lor governo. Durante le decennios sequente, le monarchia consolidava su position in Hispania, ubi Toledo deveniva eventual­mente le principal centro politic. Le fin del regno de Tolosa non significava dunque le disparition del regno visigothic, ma le fin de su predominio territorial in Gallia e le transition verso un monarchia centrate in Hispania. == Referentias == * Thompson, E. A. «The Settlement of the Barbarians in Southern Gaul». ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', vol. 46, 1956, pp. 65–75. * Mathisen, Ralph W. e Hagith S. Sivan. «Forging a New Identity: The Kingdom of Toulouse and the Frontiers of Visigothic Aquitania (418–507)». In: ''The Visigoths in Gaul and Iberia: A Supplemental Bibliography'', 1999. * Heather, Peter. ''The Goths''. Blackwell, 1996. * Collins, Roger. «The Western Kingdoms». In: ''The Cambridge Ancient History'', vol. XIV, Cambridge University Press, 2000. * Stadermann, Christian. «Between Rome and Toulouse: The Catholic Episcopate in the Regnum Tolosanum (418–507)». In: ''Leadership, Social Cohesion, and Identity in Late Antique Spain and Gaul (500–700)''. Amsterdam University Press, 2023. * Cassaigneau, Jean. «Toulouse (Tolosa), capitale wisigothique du ve siècle : sources historiques et archéologiques». ''Pallas'', vol. 114, 2020, pp. 267–284. == Ligamines externe == * [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-roman-studies/article/abs/settlement-of-the-barbarians-in-southern-gaul/2CE00AF4781B10C58AA00AB4AEABF870 E. A. Thompson, «The Settlement of the Barbarians in Southern Gaul»] * [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-ancient-history/western-kingdoms/758BB3A5AA88B06C680A95CAA5B80D00 Roger Collins, «The Western Kingdoms»] * [https://multimedia.inrap.fr/atlas/Grand-Toulouse/syntheses/themes/p-20713-Les-Goths-a-Toulouse-413-508.htm Inrap, «Les Goths à Toulouse : 413–508»] * [https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0223-5099_2002_ant_281_1_12126 Jean Durliat, «La césure de l’époque franque : aperçus sur la prise de Toulouse et le début des temps mérovingiens»] * [https://www.euskalmemoriadigitala.eus/bitstream/10357/40568/1/na%2097026.pdf Mathisen e Sivan, «Forging a New Identity: The Kingdom of Toulouse and the Frontiers of Visigothic Aquitania»] {{Reflist}} {{Historia de Espania}} [[Categoria:Statos e territorios fundate in 418]] [[Categoria:Statos e territorios disparite in 507]] [[Categoria:Ancian regnos de Europa in le Etate Medie]] [[Categoria:Statos e territorios de Francia in le Etate Medie]] [[Categoria:Statos del peninsula iberic in le Etate Medie]] [[Categoria:Historia de Toulouse]] [[Categoria:Visigothos]] [[Categoria:Hispania visigothic| ]] [[Categoria:Historia del region de Occitania]] pq10sv3668cwa77ypoebh3k3ya2a7uz 705302 705301 2026-11-01T09:06:22Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Le battalia de Vouillé (507) */ 705302 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Regno visigothic de Tolosa''', etiam cognoscite como '''Regno de Tolosa''' o ''Regnum Tolosanum'', esseva un regno establite per le visigothos in le sud-west del Gallia durante le seculo V. Su centro politic esseva le citate de Tolosa (hodie Toulouse, in Francia). Su periodo conventionalmente se extende de 418 a 507. Su origine remonta al accordo concludite in 418 inter le general roman Flavio Constantio e le rege visigothic Walia. In consequentia del pacto, le visigothos obteneva le derecto de establir se in Aquitania Secunda e in alcun citates vicin, in cambio de lor servicio militar al Imperio roman occidental. Durante le seculo V, le monarchas visigothic augmentava lor autonomia e expandiva lor dominio territorial. Sub Eurico, le regno attingeva un grande extension in le sud del Gallia e in partes de Hispania. Sub Alarico II, le monarchia promoveva le compilation del ''Breviarium Alaricianum'', un importante collection de leges roman. Le regno perdeva su principal territorios in Gallia post le victoria del francos de Clodoveo contra le visigothos in le battalia de Vouillé, in 507. Le monarchia visigothic superviveva, ma su centro de gravitate se transferiva progressivemente verso Hispania. == Historia == === Origines e establimento in Aquitania === Le visigothos habeva penetrato in le Imperio roman durante le migrationes del initio del seculo V. Post le morte de Alarico I in 410, le gruppos visigothic, sub le direction de nove monarchas, continuava lor movementos inter Italia e Gallia. In 415, le rege Walia initiava un campania militar in Hispania a nomine del Imperio roman occidental. Le visigothos combatteva contra le alanos e le vandales silingos, qui habeva establite lor dominio in partes del peninsula. Le operationes terminava con victorias visigothic, e le superviventes de iste gruppos perdeva grande parte de lor autonomia. In 418, le general roman Flavio Constantio concludeva un accordo con le visigothos e les concedeva terras in Aquitania Secunda e in alcun citates vicin. Le accordo faceva parte del systema de '', per le qual gruppos militar non roman recipeva un establimento in territorio imperial in cambio de obligationes militar. Le extension exacte del territorio concedite es objecto de discussion inter le historicos. Le provincia de Aquitania Secunda includeva le regiones inter le Garonne e le Loire. Le visigothos recipeva etiam alcun citates in territorios adjacente. Tolosa, situate in Narbonensis Prima, deveniva le sede del monarchas visigothic. Le installation non significava que le visigothos habeva immediatemente fundate un stato completemente independente. Le relationes con Roma continuava, ma le debilitamento del autoritate imperial permitteva al monarchas de exercitar un potentia sempre plus autonome. === Le regno de Teodorico I (418–451) === Post le morte de Walia in 418, Teodorico I deveniva rege. Durante su regno, le visigothos consolidava lor position in Aquitania e augmentava lor influentia in le regiones vicin. Le relationes con le Imperio roman alternava inter cooperation e conflicto. Le visigothos participava in alcun operationes militar roman, ma etiam tentava de extender lor territorio e de obtener un recognition plus grande de lor autonomia. In 436, le general roman Litorio initiava un campania contra le visigothos e assediava Tolosa. Le conflicto terminava in 439, quando Litorio esseva vincite e capturate. Le evento confirmava le importantia militar del regno e le difficultate del autoritates roman de imponer lor voluntate in Aquitania. In 451, Teodorico I participava al coalition que affrontava le hunos de Attila in le battalia del campos Catalaunic. Le visigothos combatteva al latere del exercito roman commandate per Aetio e de altere alliatos. Teodorico moriva durante le battalia. === Le regnos de Turismundo e Teodorico II === Post le morte de Teodorico I, su filio Turismundo ascendeva al throno. Su regno esseva breve e terminava in 453, quando ille esseva assassinate in un complotto in le qual su fratres participava. Teodorico II succedeva a su fratre e regnava inter 453 e 466. Durante su regno, le visigothos continuava a intervenir in le politica del Imperio roman occidental e expandiva lor influentia verso Hispania. In 456, le visigothos interveniva contra le suevos in Hispania, in un operation que terminava con le derrota del rege suevic Rechiario. Le potentia del suevos esseva fortemente reducite, ben que lor regno in Gallaecia continuava a existir. Le visigothos augmentava etiam lor position in le sud del Gallia. In 462, illes obteneva Narbona, un citate strategic que facilitava lor communicationes inter Aquitania e le regiones mediterranee. In 466, Teodorico II esseva assassinate per su fratre Eurico, qui prendeva le poter. === Le expansion sub Eurico (466–484) === Le regno de Eurico marca un etapa decisive in le transformation del monarchia visigothic in un potentia autonome. Durante su regno, le Imperio roman occidental perdeva progressivemente su capacitate de controlar le provincias gallic, e Eurico utilisava iste situation pro extender su dominio. Le visigothos occupava plure citates e territorios in le sud del Gallia. In 473, lor forzas penetrava in partes de Hispania, includente Pamplona, Caesaraugusta (hodie Zaragoza) e Tarraco (Tarragona). In Gallia, Eurico extendeva su dominio verso Arles e Marseille, e etiam in regiones como Auvergne. Le anno 476 es generalmente considerate como le fin del Imperio roman occidental, post le deposition de Romulo Augustulo. Le disparition del corte imperial occidental removeva un importante fonte de autoritate politic in le west, e Eurico se comportava de facto como un monarcha independente. Durante su regno, le visigothos elaborava un codice juridic cognoscite como le Codice de Eurico. Iste collection de normas, redigite in latino, reflecteva le organisation del regno e le integration de traditiones juridic roman e visigothic. Le natura exacte e le campo de application del codice continua a esser discutite inter le especialistas. Eurico moriva in 484 e esseva succedite per su filio Alarico II. === Le regno de Alarico II (484–507) === Alarico II heredava un regno que se extendeva per grande parte del sud del Gallia e includeva territorios in Hispania. Durante su regno, le monarchia visigothic affrontava le crescente potentia del francos, qui se expandiva verso le sud sub le direction de Clodoveo. Le relationes inter le visigothos e le francos deveniva progressivemente plus tensionate. Le differentias religiose contribuiva al conflicto: le monarchas visigothic pertineva al christianismo arian, durante que Clodoveo e le francos adoptava le christianismo nicen, o catholic. Nonobstante, le relationes religiose non explica solmente le guerra. Le expansion territorial del francos, le controlo de Aquitania e le rivalitates politic inter le monarchias esseva factores central. Alarico II tentava de consolidar le regno e de ganiar le supporto del population roman. In 506, ille promoveva le compilation del ''Breviarium Alaricianum'', etiam appellate ''Lex Romana Visigothorum''. Iste obra reuniva textos del derecto roman, con le intention de organisar le administration juridic del population roman del regno. Le mesme anno, Alarico permitteva le celebration del Concilio de Agde, un incontro de episcopos del ecclesia nicen in territorio visigothic. Iste decisiones demonstrava que le monarchia cercava formas de cooperation con le elites roman e le institutiones ecclesiastic local. == Organisation politic e social == === Le monarchia === Le regno esseva governate per un rege, qui exerceva le autoritate militar, politic e juridic. Le monarchia visigothic se basava sur traditiones de leadership germanic, ma adoptava progressivemente elementos del administration roman. Le rege esseva assistite per aristocratas, commandantes militar e consiliarios. Le possession de terras, le fidelitate personal e le capacitate de mobilisar tropas esseva elementos importante del potentia politic. Le succession non esseva sempre pacific. Le deposition e le assassination de monarchas, como in le casos de Turismundo e Teodorico II, demonstrava le existentia de rivalitates intra le familia regnante e le aristocratia. === Le population === Le population del regno comprendeva visigothos e habitantes de origine roman, qui formava le majoritate del population in multe regiones. Le installation visigothic non transformava radicalmente le composition demographic del sud del Gallia. Le relationes inter le gruppos esseva complexe. Le elites visigothic occupava positiones importante in le exercito e le administration, durante que le elites gallo-roman conservava un influentia considerabile in le citates, le proprietate terren e le institutiones ecclesiastic. Le repartition del terras e del ressources inter visigothos e romanos es un thema disputate. Le historicos non concorda completemente super le proportion del population visigothic ni super le modo exacte del establimento territorial de 418. === Economia === Le economia del regno se basava principalmente sur le agricultura e le exploitation del terras rural. Le valles del Garonne e del Dordogne, le regiones de Aquitania e le citates del sud del Gallia formava un importante base economic. Le citates conservava un rolo administrative e commercial. Tolosa, Bordeaux, Narbona e altere centros urbane participava al circulation de productos e al administration del territorio. Le monarchia utilisava etiam le moneta como instrumento de potentia e de representation. Le emissiones monetari visigothic continuava in parte le traditiones del moneta imperial roman, reflectente le persistencia del institutiones e del modelos economic romanos. == Religion == Le monarchas visigothic del periodo de Tolosa esseva generalmente adherentes al christianismo arian, un doctrina que distingueva le natura del Filio de celle del Patre e que habeva essite condemnate como heretica per le ecclesia nicen. Le major parte del population gallo-roman esseva, per contra, adherente al christianismo nicen. Iste differentia religiose poteva contribuir al tension inter le corte visigothic e alcun episcopos e elites local. Durante le regno de Eurico, le relationes con le episcopato nicen deveniva particularmente difficile. Le fontes ecclesiastic mentiona episcopos exiliate e sedes episcopal que remaneva vacante. Le interpretation del motivationes de iste mesuras es discutite: illos poteva servir a reforçar le controlo politic del monarchia e a limitar le influentia de autoritates ecclesiastic exterior al regno. Sub Alarico II, le relationes se ameliorava in alcun aspectos. Le celebration del Concilio de Agde in 506 e le compilation del ''Breviarium Alaricianum'' indicava un effortio de cooperation con le elites roman e le ecclesia nicen. == Cultura e derecto == Le cultura del regno de Tolosa combinava traditiones visigothic e roman. Le lingua del administration e del documentos official esseva le latino, durante que le lingua gothico continuava a esser usate in le communitates visigothic. Le elites gallo-roman conservava lor traditiones litterari, juridic e administrative. Le monarchas visigothic utilisava iste traditiones pro organisar lor regno e consolidar lor autoritate. Le legislation esseva un elemento central de iste integration. Le Codice de Eurico e le ''Breviarium Alaricianum'' illustrava le evolution del derecto visigothic e le importantia del tradition juridic roman. Le ''Breviarium Alaricianum'', promulgate in 506, contineva extractos de leges imperial roman e interpretationes juridic. Illo esseva destinate principalmente al population roman del regno e representa un del plus importante collectiones del derecto roman del periodo post-imperial. == Le fin del regno == === Le expansion franca === Durante le ultime annos del seculo V, le francos deveniva un potentia militar importante in le nord del Gallia. Sub Clodoveo, illes extendeva lor dominio e eliminava le ultime focos de autoritate roman in le nord. Le expansion franca verso Aquitania poneva le regno visigothic in un situation de confrontation. Clodoveo utilisava etiam le differentia religiose inter le francos nicen e le visigothos arian como elemento de legitimisation del conflicto. Le rege ostrogothic Teodorico le Grande tentava de intervenir diplomaticamente pro impedir le guerra e preservar le equilibrio politic in Gallia, ma su effortios non impediva le confrontation. === Le battalia de Vouillé (507) === In 507, le exercito de Clodoveo affrontava le visigothos sub Alarico II in le battalia de Vouillé, vicino a Poitiers. Le francos obteneva un victoria decisive, e Alarico II moriva durante le battalia. Le derrota provocava le disintegration del dominio visigothic in grande parte del Gallia. Tolosa cadeva in manos franc, e le thesauro del monarchia esseva capturate. Le visigothos perdeva lor principal territorios al nord del Pyreneos, ben que Septimania e alcun regiones mediterranee remaneva sub lor controlo. Le intervention del ostrogothos, sub Teodorico le Grande, permitteva al visigothos de conservar parte de lor positiones in le sud del Gallia e de mantener lor monarchia. === Le continuation del regno in Espania === Post 507, le centro politic del regno visigothic se transferiva progressivemente verso Espania. Le succession de Alarico II provocava un periodo de instabilitate, durante le qual Gesaleico e altere pretendentes se disputava le throno. Teodorico le Grande interveniva in le affaires del visigothos e exerceva un importante influentia sur lor governo. Durante le decennios sequente, le monarchia consolidava su position in Espania, ubi Toledo deveniva eventual­mente le principal centro politic. Le fin del regno de Tolosa non significava dunque le disparition del regno visigothic, ma le fin de su predominio territorial in Gallia e le transition verso un monarchia centrate in Espania. == Referentias == * Thompson, E. A. «The Settlement of the Barbarians in Southern Gaul». ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', vol. 46, 1956, pp. 65–75. * Mathisen, Ralph W. e Hagith S. Sivan. «Forging a New Identity: The Kingdom of Toulouse and the Frontiers of Visigothic Aquitania (418–507)». In: ''The Visigoths in Gaul and Iberia: A Supplemental Bibliography'', 1999. * Heather, Peter. ''The Goths''. Blackwell, 1996. * Collins, Roger. «The Western Kingdoms». In: ''The Cambridge Ancient History'', vol. XIV, Cambridge University Press, 2000. * Stadermann, Christian. «Between Rome and Toulouse: The Catholic Episcopate in the Regnum Tolosanum (418–507)». In: ''Leadership, Social Cohesion, and Identity in Late Antique Spain and Gaul (500–700)''. Amsterdam University Press, 2023. * Cassaigneau, Jean. «Toulouse (Tolosa), capitale wisigothique du ve siècle : sources historiques et archéologiques». ''Pallas'', vol. 114, 2020, pp. 267–284. == Ligamines externe == * [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-roman-studies/article/abs/settlement-of-the-barbarians-in-southern-gaul/2CE00AF4781B10C58AA00AB4AEABF870 E. A. Thompson, «The Settlement of the Barbarians in Southern Gaul»] * [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-ancient-history/western-kingdoms/758BB3A5AA88B06C680A95CAA5B80D00 Roger Collins, «The Western Kingdoms»] * [https://multimedia.inrap.fr/atlas/Grand-Toulouse/syntheses/themes/p-20713-Les-Goths-a-Toulouse-413-508.htm Inrap, «Les Goths à Toulouse : 413–508»] * [https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0223-5099_2002_ant_281_1_12126 Jean Durliat, «La césure de l’époque franque : aperçus sur la prise de Toulouse et le début des temps mérovingiens»] * [https://www.euskalmemoriadigitala.eus/bitstream/10357/40568/1/na%2097026.pdf Mathisen e Sivan, «Forging a New Identity: The Kingdom of Toulouse and the Frontiers of Visigothic Aquitania»] {{Reflist}} {{Historia de Espania}} [[Categoria:Statos e territorios fundate in 418]] [[Categoria:Statos e territorios disparite in 507]] [[Categoria:Ancian regnos de Europa in le Etate Medie]] [[Categoria:Statos e territorios de Francia in le Etate Medie]] [[Categoria:Statos del peninsula iberic in le Etate Medie]] [[Categoria:Historia de Toulouse]] [[Categoria:Visigothos]] [[Categoria:Hispania visigothic| ]] [[Categoria:Historia del region de Occitania]] 29wqlink9l4ngefh5d6nn01ccsqrxe7 705307 705302 2026-11-01T10:15:20Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Ligamines externe */ 705307 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Regno visigothic de Tolosa''', etiam cognoscite como '''Regno de Tolosa''' o ''Regnum Tolosanum'', esseva un regno establite per le visigothos in le sud-west del Gallia durante le seculo V. Su centro politic esseva le citate de Tolosa (hodie Toulouse, in Francia). Su periodo conventionalmente se extende de 418 a 507. Su origine remonta al accordo concludite in 418 inter le general roman Flavio Constantio e le rege visigothic Walia. In consequentia del pacto, le visigothos obteneva le derecto de establir se in Aquitania Secunda e in alcun citates vicin, in cambio de lor servicio militar al Imperio roman occidental. Durante le seculo V, le monarchas visigothic augmentava lor autonomia e expandiva lor dominio territorial. Sub Eurico, le regno attingeva un grande extension in le sud del Gallia e in partes de Hispania. Sub Alarico II, le monarchia promoveva le compilation del ''Breviarium Alaricianum'', un importante collection de leges roman. Le regno perdeva su principal territorios in Gallia post le victoria del francos de Clodoveo contra le visigothos in le battalia de Vouillé, in 507. Le monarchia visigothic superviveva, ma su centro de gravitate se transferiva progressivemente verso Hispania. == Historia == === Origines e establimento in Aquitania === Le visigothos habeva penetrato in le Imperio roman durante le migrationes del initio del seculo V. Post le morte de Alarico I in 410, le gruppos visigothic, sub le direction de nove monarchas, continuava lor movementos inter Italia e Gallia. In 415, le rege Walia initiava un campania militar in Hispania a nomine del Imperio roman occidental. Le visigothos combatteva contra le alanos e le vandales silingos, qui habeva establite lor dominio in partes del peninsula. Le operationes terminava con victorias visigothic, e le superviventes de iste gruppos perdeva grande parte de lor autonomia. In 418, le general roman Flavio Constantio concludeva un accordo con le visigothos e les concedeva terras in Aquitania Secunda e in alcun citates vicin. Le accordo faceva parte del systema de '', per le qual gruppos militar non roman recipeva un establimento in territorio imperial in cambio de obligationes militar. Le extension exacte del territorio concedite es objecto de discussion inter le historicos. Le provincia de Aquitania Secunda includeva le regiones inter le Garonne e le Loire. Le visigothos recipeva etiam alcun citates in territorios adjacente. Tolosa, situate in Narbonensis Prima, deveniva le sede del monarchas visigothic. Le installation non significava que le visigothos habeva immediatemente fundate un stato completemente independente. Le relationes con Roma continuava, ma le debilitamento del autoritate imperial permitteva al monarchas de exercitar un potentia sempre plus autonome. === Le regno de Teodorico I (418–451) === Post le morte de Walia in 418, Teodorico I deveniva rege. Durante su regno, le visigothos consolidava lor position in Aquitania e augmentava lor influentia in le regiones vicin. Le relationes con le Imperio roman alternava inter cooperation e conflicto. Le visigothos participava in alcun operationes militar roman, ma etiam tentava de extender lor territorio e de obtener un recognition plus grande de lor autonomia. In 436, le general roman Litorio initiava un campania contra le visigothos e assediava Tolosa. Le conflicto terminava in 439, quando Litorio esseva vincite e capturate. Le evento confirmava le importantia militar del regno e le difficultate del autoritates roman de imponer lor voluntate in Aquitania. In 451, Teodorico I participava al coalition que affrontava le hunos de Attila in le battalia del campos Catalaunic. Le visigothos combatteva al latere del exercito roman commandate per Aetio e de altere alliatos. Teodorico moriva durante le battalia. === Le regnos de Turismundo e Teodorico II === Post le morte de Teodorico I, su filio Turismundo ascendeva al throno. Su regno esseva breve e terminava in 453, quando ille esseva assassinate in un complotto in le qual su fratres participava. Teodorico II succedeva a su fratre e regnava inter 453 e 466. Durante su regno, le visigothos continuava a intervenir in le politica del Imperio roman occidental e expandiva lor influentia verso Hispania. In 456, le visigothos interveniva contra le suevos in Hispania, in un operation que terminava con le derrota del rege suevic Rechiario. Le potentia del suevos esseva fortemente reducite, ben que lor regno in Gallaecia continuava a existir. Le visigothos augmentava etiam lor position in le sud del Gallia. In 462, illes obteneva Narbona, un citate strategic que facilitava lor communicationes inter Aquitania e le regiones mediterranee. In 466, Teodorico II esseva assassinate per su fratre Eurico, qui prendeva le poter. === Le expansion sub Eurico (466–484) === Le regno de Eurico marca un etapa decisive in le transformation del monarchia visigothic in un potentia autonome. Durante su regno, le Imperio roman occidental perdeva progressivemente su capacitate de controlar le provincias gallic, e Eurico utilisava iste situation pro extender su dominio. Le visigothos occupava plure citates e territorios in le sud del Gallia. In 473, lor forzas penetrava in partes de Hispania, includente Pamplona, Caesaraugusta (hodie Zaragoza) e Tarraco (Tarragona). In Gallia, Eurico extendeva su dominio verso Arles e Marseille, e etiam in regiones como Auvergne. Le anno 476 es generalmente considerate como le fin del Imperio roman occidental, post le deposition de Romulo Augustulo. Le disparition del corte imperial occidental removeva un importante fonte de autoritate politic in le west, e Eurico se comportava de facto como un monarcha independente. Durante su regno, le visigothos elaborava un codice juridic cognoscite como le Codice de Eurico. Iste collection de normas, redigite in latino, reflecteva le organisation del regno e le integration de traditiones juridic roman e visigothic. Le natura exacte e le campo de application del codice continua a esser discutite inter le especialistas. Eurico moriva in 484 e esseva succedite per su filio Alarico II. === Le regno de Alarico II (484–507) === Alarico II heredava un regno que se extendeva per grande parte del sud del Gallia e includeva territorios in Hispania. Durante su regno, le monarchia visigothic affrontava le crescente potentia del francos, qui se expandiva verso le sud sub le direction de Clodoveo. Le relationes inter le visigothos e le francos deveniva progressivemente plus tensionate. Le differentias religiose contribuiva al conflicto: le monarchas visigothic pertineva al christianismo arian, durante que Clodoveo e le francos adoptava le christianismo nicen, o catholic. Nonobstante, le relationes religiose non explica solmente le guerra. Le expansion territorial del francos, le controlo de Aquitania e le rivalitates politic inter le monarchias esseva factores central. Alarico II tentava de consolidar le regno e de ganiar le supporto del population roman. In 506, ille promoveva le compilation del ''Breviarium Alaricianum'', etiam appellate ''Lex Romana Visigothorum''. Iste obra reuniva textos del derecto roman, con le intention de organisar le administration juridic del population roman del regno. Le mesme anno, Alarico permitteva le celebration del Concilio de Agde, un incontro de episcopos del ecclesia nicen in territorio visigothic. Iste decisiones demonstrava que le monarchia cercava formas de cooperation con le elites roman e le institutiones ecclesiastic local. == Organisation politic e social == === Le monarchia === Le regno esseva governate per un rege, qui exerceva le autoritate militar, politic e juridic. Le monarchia visigothic se basava sur traditiones de leadership germanic, ma adoptava progressivemente elementos del administration roman. Le rege esseva assistite per aristocratas, commandantes militar e consiliarios. Le possession de terras, le fidelitate personal e le capacitate de mobilisar tropas esseva elementos importante del potentia politic. Le succession non esseva sempre pacific. Le deposition e le assassination de monarchas, como in le casos de Turismundo e Teodorico II, demonstrava le existentia de rivalitates intra le familia regnante e le aristocratia. === Le population === Le population del regno comprendeva visigothos e habitantes de origine roman, qui formava le majoritate del population in multe regiones. Le installation visigothic non transformava radicalmente le composition demographic del sud del Gallia. Le relationes inter le gruppos esseva complexe. Le elites visigothic occupava positiones importante in le exercito e le administration, durante que le elites gallo-roman conservava un influentia considerabile in le citates, le proprietate terren e le institutiones ecclesiastic. Le repartition del terras e del ressources inter visigothos e romanos es un thema disputate. Le historicos non concorda completemente super le proportion del population visigothic ni super le modo exacte del establimento territorial de 418. === Economia === Le economia del regno se basava principalmente sur le agricultura e le exploitation del terras rural. Le valles del Garonne e del Dordogne, le regiones de Aquitania e le citates del sud del Gallia formava un importante base economic. Le citates conservava un rolo administrative e commercial. Tolosa, Bordeaux, Narbona e altere centros urbane participava al circulation de productos e al administration del territorio. Le monarchia utilisava etiam le moneta como instrumento de potentia e de representation. Le emissiones monetari visigothic continuava in parte le traditiones del moneta imperial roman, reflectente le persistencia del institutiones e del modelos economic romanos. == Religion == Le monarchas visigothic del periodo de Tolosa esseva generalmente adherentes al christianismo arian, un doctrina que distingueva le natura del Filio de celle del Patre e que habeva essite condemnate como heretica per le ecclesia nicen. Le major parte del population gallo-roman esseva, per contra, adherente al christianismo nicen. Iste differentia religiose poteva contribuir al tension inter le corte visigothic e alcun episcopos e elites local. Durante le regno de Eurico, le relationes con le episcopato nicen deveniva particularmente difficile. Le fontes ecclesiastic mentiona episcopos exiliate e sedes episcopal que remaneva vacante. Le interpretation del motivationes de iste mesuras es discutite: illos poteva servir a reforçar le controlo politic del monarchia e a limitar le influentia de autoritates ecclesiastic exterior al regno. Sub Alarico II, le relationes se ameliorava in alcun aspectos. Le celebration del Concilio de Agde in 506 e le compilation del ''Breviarium Alaricianum'' indicava un effortio de cooperation con le elites roman e le ecclesia nicen. == Cultura e derecto == Le cultura del regno de Tolosa combinava traditiones visigothic e roman. Le lingua del administration e del documentos official esseva le latino, durante que le lingua gothico continuava a esser usate in le communitates visigothic. Le elites gallo-roman conservava lor traditiones litterari, juridic e administrative. Le monarchas visigothic utilisava iste traditiones pro organisar lor regno e consolidar lor autoritate. Le legislation esseva un elemento central de iste integration. Le Codice de Eurico e le ''Breviarium Alaricianum'' illustrava le evolution del derecto visigothic e le importantia del tradition juridic roman. Le ''Breviarium Alaricianum'', promulgate in 506, contineva extractos de leges imperial roman e interpretationes juridic. Illo esseva destinate principalmente al population roman del regno e representa un del plus importante collectiones del derecto roman del periodo post-imperial. == Le fin del regno == === Le expansion franca === Durante le ultime annos del seculo V, le francos deveniva un potentia militar importante in le nord del Gallia. Sub Clodoveo, illes extendeva lor dominio e eliminava le ultime focos de autoritate roman in le nord. Le expansion franca verso Aquitania poneva le regno visigothic in un situation de confrontation. Clodoveo utilisava etiam le differentia religiose inter le francos nicen e le visigothos arian como elemento de legitimisation del conflicto. Le rege ostrogothic Teodorico le Grande tentava de intervenir diplomaticamente pro impedir le guerra e preservar le equilibrio politic in Gallia, ma su effortios non impediva le confrontation. === Le battalia de Vouillé (507) === In 507, le exercito de Clodoveo affrontava le visigothos sub Alarico II in le battalia de Vouillé, vicino a Poitiers. Le francos obteneva un victoria decisive, e Alarico II moriva durante le battalia. Le derrota provocava le disintegration del dominio visigothic in grande parte del Gallia. Tolosa cadeva in manos franc, e le thesauro del monarchia esseva capturate. Le visigothos perdeva lor principal territorios al nord del Pyreneos, ben que Septimania e alcun regiones mediterranee remaneva sub lor controlo. Le intervention del ostrogothos, sub Teodorico le Grande, permitteva al visigothos de conservar parte de lor positiones in le sud del Gallia e de mantener lor monarchia. === Le continuation del regno in Espania === Post 507, le centro politic del regno visigothic se transferiva progressivemente verso Espania. Le succession de Alarico II provocava un periodo de instabilitate, durante le qual Gesaleico e altere pretendentes se disputava le throno. Teodorico le Grande interveniva in le affaires del visigothos e exerceva un importante influentia sur lor governo. Durante le decennios sequente, le monarchia consolidava su position in Espania, ubi Toledo deveniva eventual­mente le principal centro politic. Le fin del regno de Tolosa non significava dunque le disparition del regno visigothic, ma le fin de su predominio territorial in Gallia e le transition verso un monarchia centrate in Espania. == Referentias == * Thompson, E. A. «The Settlement of the Barbarians in Southern Gaul». ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', vol. 46, 1956, pp. 65–75. * Mathisen, Ralph W. e Hagith S. Sivan. «Forging a New Identity: The Kingdom of Toulouse and the Frontiers of Visigothic Aquitania (418–507)». In: ''The Visigoths in Gaul and Iberia: A Supplemental Bibliography'', 1999. * Heather, Peter. ''The Goths''. Blackwell, 1996. * Collins, Roger. «The Western Kingdoms». In: ''The Cambridge Ancient History'', vol. XIV, Cambridge University Press, 2000. * Stadermann, Christian. «Between Rome and Toulouse: The Catholic Episcopate in the Regnum Tolosanum (418–507)». In: ''Leadership, Social Cohesion, and Identity in Late Antique Spain and Gaul (500–700)''. Amsterdam University Press, 2023. * Cassaigneau, Jean. «Toulouse (Tolosa), capitale wisigothique du ve siècle : sources historiques et archéologiques». ''Pallas'', vol. 114, 2020, pp. 267–284. == Ligamines externe == * [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-roman-studies/article/abs/settlement-of-the-barbarians-in-southern-gaul/2CE00AF4781B10C58AA00AB4AEABF870 E. A. Thompson, «The Settlement of the Barbarians in Southern Gaul»] * [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-ancient-history/western-kingdoms/758BB3A5AA88B06C680A95CAA5B80D00 Roger Collins, «The Western Kingdoms»] * [https://multimedia.inrap.fr/atlas/Grand-Toulouse/syntheses/themes/p-20713-Les-Goths-a-Toulouse-413-508.htm Inrap, «Les Goths à Toulouse : 413–508»] * [https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0223-5099_2002_ant_281_1_12126 Jean Durliat, «La césure de l’époque franque : aperçus sur la prise de Toulouse et le début des temps mérovingiens»] * [https://www.euskalmemoriadigitala.eus/bitstream/10357/40568/1/na%2097026.pdf Mathisen e Sivan, «Forging a New Identity: The Kingdom of Toulouse and the Frontiers of Visigothic Aquitania»] {{Reflist}} {{Historia de Espania}} [[Categoria:Statos e territorios fundate in 418]] [[Categoria:Statos e territorios disparite in 507]] [[Categoria:Ancian regnos de Europa in le Etate Medie]] [[Categoria:Statos e territorios de Francia in le Etate Medie]] [[Categoria:Statos del peninsula iberic in le Etate Medie]] [[Categoria:Historia de Toulouse]] [[Categoria:Visigothos]] [[Categoria:Espania visigothic| ]] [[Categoria:Historia del region de Occitania]] aeobgu5fu7lw3m8pqjkvd3hmexhq2qb 705308 705307 2026-11-01T10:15:36Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Ligamines externe */ 705308 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Regno visigothic de Tolosa''', etiam cognoscite como '''Regno de Tolosa''' o ''Regnum Tolosanum'', esseva un regno establite per le visigothos in le sud-west del Gallia durante le seculo V. Su centro politic esseva le citate de Tolosa (hodie Toulouse, in Francia). Su periodo conventionalmente se extende de 418 a 507. Su origine remonta al accordo concludite in 418 inter le general roman Flavio Constantio e le rege visigothic Walia. In consequentia del pacto, le visigothos obteneva le derecto de establir se in Aquitania Secunda e in alcun citates vicin, in cambio de lor servicio militar al Imperio roman occidental. Durante le seculo V, le monarchas visigothic augmentava lor autonomia e expandiva lor dominio territorial. Sub Eurico, le regno attingeva un grande extension in le sud del Gallia e in partes de Hispania. Sub Alarico II, le monarchia promoveva le compilation del ''Breviarium Alaricianum'', un importante collection de leges roman. Le regno perdeva su principal territorios in Gallia post le victoria del francos de Clodoveo contra le visigothos in le battalia de Vouillé, in 507. Le monarchia visigothic superviveva, ma su centro de gravitate se transferiva progressivemente verso Hispania. == Historia == === Origines e establimento in Aquitania === Le visigothos habeva penetrato in le Imperio roman durante le migrationes del initio del seculo V. Post le morte de Alarico I in 410, le gruppos visigothic, sub le direction de nove monarchas, continuava lor movementos inter Italia e Gallia. In 415, le rege Walia initiava un campania militar in Hispania a nomine del Imperio roman occidental. Le visigothos combatteva contra le alanos e le vandales silingos, qui habeva establite lor dominio in partes del peninsula. Le operationes terminava con victorias visigothic, e le superviventes de iste gruppos perdeva grande parte de lor autonomia. In 418, le general roman Flavio Constantio concludeva un accordo con le visigothos e les concedeva terras in Aquitania Secunda e in alcun citates vicin. Le accordo faceva parte del systema de '', per le qual gruppos militar non roman recipeva un establimento in territorio imperial in cambio de obligationes militar. Le extension exacte del territorio concedite es objecto de discussion inter le historicos. Le provincia de Aquitania Secunda includeva le regiones inter le Garonne e le Loire. Le visigothos recipeva etiam alcun citates in territorios adjacente. Tolosa, situate in Narbonensis Prima, deveniva le sede del monarchas visigothic. Le installation non significava que le visigothos habeva immediatemente fundate un stato completemente independente. Le relationes con Roma continuava, ma le debilitamento del autoritate imperial permitteva al monarchas de exercitar un potentia sempre plus autonome. === Le regno de Teodorico I (418–451) === Post le morte de Walia in 418, Teodorico I deveniva rege. Durante su regno, le visigothos consolidava lor position in Aquitania e augmentava lor influentia in le regiones vicin. Le relationes con le Imperio roman alternava inter cooperation e conflicto. Le visigothos participava in alcun operationes militar roman, ma etiam tentava de extender lor territorio e de obtener un recognition plus grande de lor autonomia. In 436, le general roman Litorio initiava un campania contra le visigothos e assediava Tolosa. Le conflicto terminava in 439, quando Litorio esseva vincite e capturate. Le evento confirmava le importantia militar del regno e le difficultate del autoritates roman de imponer lor voluntate in Aquitania. In 451, Teodorico I participava al coalition que affrontava le hunos de Attila in le battalia del campos Catalaunic. Le visigothos combatteva al latere del exercito roman commandate per Aetio e de altere alliatos. Teodorico moriva durante le battalia. === Le regnos de Turismundo e Teodorico II === Post le morte de Teodorico I, su filio Turismundo ascendeva al throno. Su regno esseva breve e terminava in 453, quando ille esseva assassinate in un complotto in le qual su fratres participava. Teodorico II succedeva a su fratre e regnava inter 453 e 466. Durante su regno, le visigothos continuava a intervenir in le politica del Imperio roman occidental e expandiva lor influentia verso Hispania. In 456, le visigothos interveniva contra le suevos in Hispania, in un operation que terminava con le derrota del rege suevic Rechiario. Le potentia del suevos esseva fortemente reducite, ben que lor regno in Gallaecia continuava a existir. Le visigothos augmentava etiam lor position in le sud del Gallia. In 462, illes obteneva Narbona, un citate strategic que facilitava lor communicationes inter Aquitania e le regiones mediterranee. In 466, Teodorico II esseva assassinate per su fratre Eurico, qui prendeva le poter. === Le expansion sub Eurico (466–484) === Le regno de Eurico marca un etapa decisive in le transformation del monarchia visigothic in un potentia autonome. Durante su regno, le Imperio roman occidental perdeva progressivemente su capacitate de controlar le provincias gallic, e Eurico utilisava iste situation pro extender su dominio. Le visigothos occupava plure citates e territorios in le sud del Gallia. In 473, lor forzas penetrava in partes de Hispania, includente Pamplona, Caesaraugusta (hodie Zaragoza) e Tarraco (Tarragona). In Gallia, Eurico extendeva su dominio verso Arles e Marseille, e etiam in regiones como Auvergne. Le anno 476 es generalmente considerate como le fin del Imperio roman occidental, post le deposition de Romulo Augustulo. Le disparition del corte imperial occidental removeva un importante fonte de autoritate politic in le west, e Eurico se comportava de facto como un monarcha independente. Durante su regno, le visigothos elaborava un codice juridic cognoscite como le Codice de Eurico. Iste collection de normas, redigite in latino, reflecteva le organisation del regno e le integration de traditiones juridic roman e visigothic. Le natura exacte e le campo de application del codice continua a esser discutite inter le especialistas. Eurico moriva in 484 e esseva succedite per su filio Alarico II. === Le regno de Alarico II (484–507) === Alarico II heredava un regno que se extendeva per grande parte del sud del Gallia e includeva territorios in Hispania. Durante su regno, le monarchia visigothic affrontava le crescente potentia del francos, qui se expandiva verso le sud sub le direction de Clodoveo. Le relationes inter le visigothos e le francos deveniva progressivemente plus tensionate. Le differentias religiose contribuiva al conflicto: le monarchas visigothic pertineva al christianismo arian, durante que Clodoveo e le francos adoptava le christianismo nicen, o catholic. Nonobstante, le relationes religiose non explica solmente le guerra. Le expansion territorial del francos, le controlo de Aquitania e le rivalitates politic inter le monarchias esseva factores central. Alarico II tentava de consolidar le regno e de ganiar le supporto del population roman. In 506, ille promoveva le compilation del ''Breviarium Alaricianum'', etiam appellate ''Lex Romana Visigothorum''. Iste obra reuniva textos del derecto roman, con le intention de organisar le administration juridic del population roman del regno. Le mesme anno, Alarico permitteva le celebration del Concilio de Agde, un incontro de episcopos del ecclesia nicen in territorio visigothic. Iste decisiones demonstrava que le monarchia cercava formas de cooperation con le elites roman e le institutiones ecclesiastic local. == Organisation politic e social == === Le monarchia === Le regno esseva governate per un rege, qui exerceva le autoritate militar, politic e juridic. Le monarchia visigothic se basava sur traditiones de leadership germanic, ma adoptava progressivemente elementos del administration roman. Le rege esseva assistite per aristocratas, commandantes militar e consiliarios. Le possession de terras, le fidelitate personal e le capacitate de mobilisar tropas esseva elementos importante del potentia politic. Le succession non esseva sempre pacific. Le deposition e le assassination de monarchas, como in le casos de Turismundo e Teodorico II, demonstrava le existentia de rivalitates intra le familia regnante e le aristocratia. === Le population === Le population del regno comprendeva visigothos e habitantes de origine roman, qui formava le majoritate del population in multe regiones. Le installation visigothic non transformava radicalmente le composition demographic del sud del Gallia. Le relationes inter le gruppos esseva complexe. Le elites visigothic occupava positiones importante in le exercito e le administration, durante que le elites gallo-roman conservava un influentia considerabile in le citates, le proprietate terren e le institutiones ecclesiastic. Le repartition del terras e del ressources inter visigothos e romanos es un thema disputate. Le historicos non concorda completemente super le proportion del population visigothic ni super le modo exacte del establimento territorial de 418. === Economia === Le economia del regno se basava principalmente sur le agricultura e le exploitation del terras rural. Le valles del Garonne e del Dordogne, le regiones de Aquitania e le citates del sud del Gallia formava un importante base economic. Le citates conservava un rolo administrative e commercial. Tolosa, Bordeaux, Narbona e altere centros urbane participava al circulation de productos e al administration del territorio. Le monarchia utilisava etiam le moneta como instrumento de potentia e de representation. Le emissiones monetari visigothic continuava in parte le traditiones del moneta imperial roman, reflectente le persistencia del institutiones e del modelos economic romanos. == Religion == Le monarchas visigothic del periodo de Tolosa esseva generalmente adherentes al christianismo arian, un doctrina que distingueva le natura del Filio de celle del Patre e que habeva essite condemnate como heretica per le ecclesia nicen. Le major parte del population gallo-roman esseva, per contra, adherente al christianismo nicen. Iste differentia religiose poteva contribuir al tension inter le corte visigothic e alcun episcopos e elites local. Durante le regno de Eurico, le relationes con le episcopato nicen deveniva particularmente difficile. Le fontes ecclesiastic mentiona episcopos exiliate e sedes episcopal que remaneva vacante. Le interpretation del motivationes de iste mesuras es discutite: illos poteva servir a reforçar le controlo politic del monarchia e a limitar le influentia de autoritates ecclesiastic exterior al regno. Sub Alarico II, le relationes se ameliorava in alcun aspectos. Le celebration del Concilio de Agde in 506 e le compilation del ''Breviarium Alaricianum'' indicava un effortio de cooperation con le elites roman e le ecclesia nicen. == Cultura e derecto == Le cultura del regno de Tolosa combinava traditiones visigothic e roman. Le lingua del administration e del documentos official esseva le latino, durante que le lingua gothico continuava a esser usate in le communitates visigothic. Le elites gallo-roman conservava lor traditiones litterari, juridic e administrative. Le monarchas visigothic utilisava iste traditiones pro organisar lor regno e consolidar lor autoritate. Le legislation esseva un elemento central de iste integration. Le Codice de Eurico e le ''Breviarium Alaricianum'' illustrava le evolution del derecto visigothic e le importantia del tradition juridic roman. Le ''Breviarium Alaricianum'', promulgate in 506, contineva extractos de leges imperial roman e interpretationes juridic. Illo esseva destinate principalmente al population roman del regno e representa un del plus importante collectiones del derecto roman del periodo post-imperial. == Le fin del regno == === Le expansion franca === Durante le ultime annos del seculo V, le francos deveniva un potentia militar importante in le nord del Gallia. Sub Clodoveo, illes extendeva lor dominio e eliminava le ultime focos de autoritate roman in le nord. Le expansion franca verso Aquitania poneva le regno visigothic in un situation de confrontation. Clodoveo utilisava etiam le differentia religiose inter le francos nicen e le visigothos arian como elemento de legitimisation del conflicto. Le rege ostrogothic Teodorico le Grande tentava de intervenir diplomaticamente pro impedir le guerra e preservar le equilibrio politic in Gallia, ma su effortios non impediva le confrontation. === Le battalia de Vouillé (507) === In 507, le exercito de Clodoveo affrontava le visigothos sub Alarico II in le battalia de Vouillé, vicino a Poitiers. Le francos obteneva un victoria decisive, e Alarico II moriva durante le battalia. Le derrota provocava le disintegration del dominio visigothic in grande parte del Gallia. Tolosa cadeva in manos franc, e le thesauro del monarchia esseva capturate. Le visigothos perdeva lor principal territorios al nord del Pyreneos, ben que Septimania e alcun regiones mediterranee remaneva sub lor controlo. Le intervention del ostrogothos, sub Teodorico le Grande, permitteva al visigothos de conservar parte de lor positiones in le sud del Gallia e de mantener lor monarchia. === Le continuation del regno in Espania === Post 507, le centro politic del regno visigothic se transferiva progressivemente verso Espania. Le succession de Alarico II provocava un periodo de instabilitate, durante le qual Gesaleico e altere pretendentes se disputava le throno. Teodorico le Grande interveniva in le affaires del visigothos e exerceva un importante influentia sur lor governo. Durante le decennios sequente, le monarchia consolidava su position in Espania, ubi Toledo deveniva eventual­mente le principal centro politic. Le fin del regno de Tolosa non significava dunque le disparition del regno visigothic, ma le fin de su predominio territorial in Gallia e le transition verso un monarchia centrate in Espania. == Referentias == * Thompson, E. A. «The Settlement of the Barbarians in Southern Gaul». ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', vol. 46, 1956, pp. 65–75. * Mathisen, Ralph W. e Hagith S. Sivan. «Forging a New Identity: The Kingdom of Toulouse and the Frontiers of Visigothic Aquitania (418–507)». In: ''The Visigoths in Gaul and Iberia: A Supplemental Bibliography'', 1999. * Heather, Peter. ''The Goths''. Blackwell, 1996. * Collins, Roger. «The Western Kingdoms». In: ''The Cambridge Ancient History'', vol. XIV, Cambridge University Press, 2000. * Stadermann, Christian. «Between Rome and Toulouse: The Catholic Episcopate in the Regnum Tolosanum (418–507)». In: ''Leadership, Social Cohesion, and Identity in Late Antique Spain and Gaul (500–700)''. Amsterdam University Press, 2023. * Cassaigneau, Jean. «Toulouse (Tolosa), capitale wisigothique du ve siècle : sources historiques et archéologiques». ''Pallas'', vol. 114, 2020, pp. 267–284. == Ligamines externe == * [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-roman-studies/article/abs/settlement-of-the-barbarians-in-southern-gaul/2CE00AF4781B10C58AA00AB4AEABF870 E. A. Thompson, «The Settlement of the Barbarians in Southern Gaul»] * [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-ancient-history/western-kingdoms/758BB3A5AA88B06C680A95CAA5B80D00 Roger Collins, «The Western Kingdoms»] * [https://multimedia.inrap.fr/atlas/Grand-Toulouse/syntheses/themes/p-20713-Les-Goths-a-Toulouse-413-508.htm Inrap, «Les Goths à Toulouse : 413–508»] * [https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0223-5099_2002_ant_281_1_12126 Jean Durliat, «La césure de l’époque franque : aperçus sur la prise de Toulouse et le début des temps mérovingiens»] * [https://www.euskalmemoriadigitala.eus/bitstream/10357/40568/1/na%2097026.pdf Mathisen e Sivan, «Forging a New Identity: The Kingdom of Toulouse and the Frontiers of Visigothic Aquitania»] {{Reflist}} {{Historia de Espania}} [[Categoria:Statos e territorios fundate in 418]] [[Categoria:Statos e territorios disparite in 507]] [[Categoria:Ancian regnos de Europa in le Medievo]] [[Categoria:Statos e territorios de Francia in le Medievo]] [[Categoria:Statos del peninsula iberic in le Medievo]] [[Categoria:Historia de Toulouse]] [[Categoria:Visigothos]] [[Categoria:Espania visigothic| ]] [[Categoria:Historia del region de Occitania]] 9n8ggy3pevk8fys7l5ptupvef4kkqte 705309 705308 2026-11-01T10:15:49Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Ligamines externe */ 705309 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Regno visigothic de Tolosa''', etiam cognoscite como '''Regno de Tolosa''' o ''Regnum Tolosanum'', esseva un regno establite per le visigothos in le sud-west del Gallia durante le seculo V. Su centro politic esseva le citate de Tolosa (hodie Toulouse, in Francia). Su periodo conventionalmente se extende de 418 a 507. Su origine remonta al accordo concludite in 418 inter le general roman Flavio Constantio e le rege visigothic Walia. In consequentia del pacto, le visigothos obteneva le derecto de establir se in Aquitania Secunda e in alcun citates vicin, in cambio de lor servicio militar al Imperio roman occidental. Durante le seculo V, le monarchas visigothic augmentava lor autonomia e expandiva lor dominio territorial. Sub Eurico, le regno attingeva un grande extension in le sud del Gallia e in partes de Hispania. Sub Alarico II, le monarchia promoveva le compilation del ''Breviarium Alaricianum'', un importante collection de leges roman. Le regno perdeva su principal territorios in Gallia post le victoria del francos de Clodoveo contra le visigothos in le battalia de Vouillé, in 507. Le monarchia visigothic superviveva, ma su centro de gravitate se transferiva progressivemente verso Hispania. == Historia == === Origines e establimento in Aquitania === Le visigothos habeva penetrato in le Imperio roman durante le migrationes del initio del seculo V. Post le morte de Alarico I in 410, le gruppos visigothic, sub le direction de nove monarchas, continuava lor movementos inter Italia e Gallia. In 415, le rege Walia initiava un campania militar in Hispania a nomine del Imperio roman occidental. Le visigothos combatteva contra le alanos e le vandales silingos, qui habeva establite lor dominio in partes del peninsula. Le operationes terminava con victorias visigothic, e le superviventes de iste gruppos perdeva grande parte de lor autonomia. In 418, le general roman Flavio Constantio concludeva un accordo con le visigothos e les concedeva terras in Aquitania Secunda e in alcun citates vicin. Le accordo faceva parte del systema de '', per le qual gruppos militar non roman recipeva un establimento in territorio imperial in cambio de obligationes militar. Le extension exacte del territorio concedite es objecto de discussion inter le historicos. Le provincia de Aquitania Secunda includeva le regiones inter le Garonne e le Loire. Le visigothos recipeva etiam alcun citates in territorios adjacente. Tolosa, situate in Narbonensis Prima, deveniva le sede del monarchas visigothic. Le installation non significava que le visigothos habeva immediatemente fundate un stato completemente independente. Le relationes con Roma continuava, ma le debilitamento del autoritate imperial permitteva al monarchas de exercitar un potentia sempre plus autonome. === Le regno de Teodorico I (418–451) === Post le morte de Walia in 418, Teodorico I deveniva rege. Durante su regno, le visigothos consolidava lor position in Aquitania e augmentava lor influentia in le regiones vicin. Le relationes con le Imperio roman alternava inter cooperation e conflicto. Le visigothos participava in alcun operationes militar roman, ma etiam tentava de extender lor territorio e de obtener un recognition plus grande de lor autonomia. In 436, le general roman Litorio initiava un campania contra le visigothos e assediava Tolosa. Le conflicto terminava in 439, quando Litorio esseva vincite e capturate. Le evento confirmava le importantia militar del regno e le difficultate del autoritates roman de imponer lor voluntate in Aquitania. In 451, Teodorico I participava al coalition que affrontava le hunos de Attila in le battalia del campos Catalaunic. Le visigothos combatteva al latere del exercito roman commandate per Aetio e de altere alliatos. Teodorico moriva durante le battalia. === Le regnos de Turismundo e Teodorico II === Post le morte de Teodorico I, su filio Turismundo ascendeva al throno. Su regno esseva breve e terminava in 453, quando ille esseva assassinate in un complotto in le qual su fratres participava. Teodorico II succedeva a su fratre e regnava inter 453 e 466. Durante su regno, le visigothos continuava a intervenir in le politica del Imperio roman occidental e expandiva lor influentia verso Hispania. In 456, le visigothos interveniva contra le suevos in Hispania, in un operation que terminava con le derrota del rege suevic Rechiario. Le potentia del suevos esseva fortemente reducite, ben que lor regno in Gallaecia continuava a existir. Le visigothos augmentava etiam lor position in le sud del Gallia. In 462, illes obteneva Narbona, un citate strategic que facilitava lor communicationes inter Aquitania e le regiones mediterranee. In 466, Teodorico II esseva assassinate per su fratre Eurico, qui prendeva le poter. === Le expansion sub Eurico (466–484) === Le regno de Eurico marca un etapa decisive in le transformation del monarchia visigothic in un potentia autonome. Durante su regno, le Imperio roman occidental perdeva progressivemente su capacitate de controlar le provincias gallic, e Eurico utilisava iste situation pro extender su dominio. Le visigothos occupava plure citates e territorios in le sud del Gallia. In 473, lor forzas penetrava in partes de Hispania, includente Pamplona, Caesaraugusta (hodie Zaragoza) e Tarraco (Tarragona). In Gallia, Eurico extendeva su dominio verso Arles e Marseille, e etiam in regiones como Auvergne. Le anno 476 es generalmente considerate como le fin del Imperio roman occidental, post le deposition de Romulo Augustulo. Le disparition del corte imperial occidental removeva un importante fonte de autoritate politic in le west, e Eurico se comportava de facto como un monarcha independente. Durante su regno, le visigothos elaborava un codice juridic cognoscite como le Codice de Eurico. Iste collection de normas, redigite in latino, reflecteva le organisation del regno e le integration de traditiones juridic roman e visigothic. Le natura exacte e le campo de application del codice continua a esser discutite inter le especialistas. Eurico moriva in 484 e esseva succedite per su filio Alarico II. === Le regno de Alarico II (484–507) === Alarico II heredava un regno que se extendeva per grande parte del sud del Gallia e includeva territorios in Hispania. Durante su regno, le monarchia visigothic affrontava le crescente potentia del francos, qui se expandiva verso le sud sub le direction de Clodoveo. Le relationes inter le visigothos e le francos deveniva progressivemente plus tensionate. Le differentias religiose contribuiva al conflicto: le monarchas visigothic pertineva al christianismo arian, durante que Clodoveo e le francos adoptava le christianismo nicen, o catholic. Nonobstante, le relationes religiose non explica solmente le guerra. Le expansion territorial del francos, le controlo de Aquitania e le rivalitates politic inter le monarchias esseva factores central. Alarico II tentava de consolidar le regno e de ganiar le supporto del population roman. In 506, ille promoveva le compilation del ''Breviarium Alaricianum'', etiam appellate ''Lex Romana Visigothorum''. Iste obra reuniva textos del derecto roman, con le intention de organisar le administration juridic del population roman del regno. Le mesme anno, Alarico permitteva le celebration del Concilio de Agde, un incontro de episcopos del ecclesia nicen in territorio visigothic. Iste decisiones demonstrava que le monarchia cercava formas de cooperation con le elites roman e le institutiones ecclesiastic local. == Organisation politic e social == === Le monarchia === Le regno esseva governate per un rege, qui exerceva le autoritate militar, politic e juridic. Le monarchia visigothic se basava sur traditiones de leadership germanic, ma adoptava progressivemente elementos del administration roman. Le rege esseva assistite per aristocratas, commandantes militar e consiliarios. Le possession de terras, le fidelitate personal e le capacitate de mobilisar tropas esseva elementos importante del potentia politic. Le succession non esseva sempre pacific. Le deposition e le assassination de monarchas, como in le casos de Turismundo e Teodorico II, demonstrava le existentia de rivalitates intra le familia regnante e le aristocratia. === Le population === Le population del regno comprendeva visigothos e habitantes de origine roman, qui formava le majoritate del population in multe regiones. Le installation visigothic non transformava radicalmente le composition demographic del sud del Gallia. Le relationes inter le gruppos esseva complexe. Le elites visigothic occupava positiones importante in le exercito e le administration, durante que le elites gallo-roman conservava un influentia considerabile in le citates, le proprietate terren e le institutiones ecclesiastic. Le repartition del terras e del ressources inter visigothos e romanos es un thema disputate. Le historicos non concorda completemente super le proportion del population visigothic ni super le modo exacte del establimento territorial de 418. === Economia === Le economia del regno se basava principalmente sur le agricultura e le exploitation del terras rural. Le valles del Garonne e del Dordogne, le regiones de Aquitania e le citates del sud del Gallia formava un importante base economic. Le citates conservava un rolo administrative e commercial. Tolosa, Bordeaux, Narbona e altere centros urbane participava al circulation de productos e al administration del territorio. Le monarchia utilisava etiam le moneta como instrumento de potentia e de representation. Le emissiones monetari visigothic continuava in parte le traditiones del moneta imperial roman, reflectente le persistencia del institutiones e del modelos economic romanos. == Religion == Le monarchas visigothic del periodo de Tolosa esseva generalmente adherentes al christianismo arian, un doctrina que distingueva le natura del Filio de celle del Patre e que habeva essite condemnate como heretica per le ecclesia nicen. Le major parte del population gallo-roman esseva, per contra, adherente al christianismo nicen. Iste differentia religiose poteva contribuir al tension inter le corte visigothic e alcun episcopos e elites local. Durante le regno de Eurico, le relationes con le episcopato nicen deveniva particularmente difficile. Le fontes ecclesiastic mentiona episcopos exiliate e sedes episcopal que remaneva vacante. Le interpretation del motivationes de iste mesuras es discutite: illos poteva servir a reforçar le controlo politic del monarchia e a limitar le influentia de autoritates ecclesiastic exterior al regno. Sub Alarico II, le relationes se ameliorava in alcun aspectos. Le celebration del Concilio de Agde in 506 e le compilation del ''Breviarium Alaricianum'' indicava un effortio de cooperation con le elites roman e le ecclesia nicen. == Cultura e derecto == Le cultura del regno de Tolosa combinava traditiones visigothic e roman. Le lingua del administration e del documentos official esseva le latino, durante que le lingua gothico continuava a esser usate in le communitates visigothic. Le elites gallo-roman conservava lor traditiones litterari, juridic e administrative. Le monarchas visigothic utilisava iste traditiones pro organisar lor regno e consolidar lor autoritate. Le legislation esseva un elemento central de iste integration. Le Codice de Eurico e le ''Breviarium Alaricianum'' illustrava le evolution del derecto visigothic e le importantia del tradition juridic roman. Le ''Breviarium Alaricianum'', promulgate in 506, contineva extractos de leges imperial roman e interpretationes juridic. Illo esseva destinate principalmente al population roman del regno e representa un del plus importante collectiones del derecto roman del periodo post-imperial. == Le fin del regno == === Le expansion franca === Durante le ultime annos del seculo V, le francos deveniva un potentia militar importante in le nord del Gallia. Sub Clodoveo, illes extendeva lor dominio e eliminava le ultime focos de autoritate roman in le nord. Le expansion franca verso Aquitania poneva le regno visigothic in un situation de confrontation. Clodoveo utilisava etiam le differentia religiose inter le francos nicen e le visigothos arian como elemento de legitimisation del conflicto. Le rege ostrogothic Teodorico le Grande tentava de intervenir diplomaticamente pro impedir le guerra e preservar le equilibrio politic in Gallia, ma su effortios non impediva le confrontation. === Le battalia de Vouillé (507) === In 507, le exercito de Clodoveo affrontava le visigothos sub Alarico II in le battalia de Vouillé, vicino a Poitiers. Le francos obteneva un victoria decisive, e Alarico II moriva durante le battalia. Le derrota provocava le disintegration del dominio visigothic in grande parte del Gallia. Tolosa cadeva in manos franc, e le thesauro del monarchia esseva capturate. Le visigothos perdeva lor principal territorios al nord del Pyreneos, ben que Septimania e alcun regiones mediterranee remaneva sub lor controlo. Le intervention del ostrogothos, sub Teodorico le Grande, permitteva al visigothos de conservar parte de lor positiones in le sud del Gallia e de mantener lor monarchia. === Le continuation del regno in Espania === Post 507, le centro politic del regno visigothic se transferiva progressivemente verso Espania. Le succession de Alarico II provocava un periodo de instabilitate, durante le qual Gesaleico e altere pretendentes se disputava le throno. Teodorico le Grande interveniva in le affaires del visigothos e exerceva un importante influentia sur lor governo. Durante le decennios sequente, le monarchia consolidava su position in Espania, ubi Toledo deveniva eventual­mente le principal centro politic. Le fin del regno de Tolosa non significava dunque le disparition del regno visigothic, ma le fin de su predominio territorial in Gallia e le transition verso un monarchia centrate in Espania. == Referentias == * Thompson, E. A. «The Settlement of the Barbarians in Southern Gaul». ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', vol. 46, 1956, pp. 65–75. * Mathisen, Ralph W. e Hagith S. Sivan. «Forging a New Identity: The Kingdom of Toulouse and the Frontiers of Visigothic Aquitania (418–507)». In: ''The Visigoths in Gaul and Iberia: A Supplemental Bibliography'', 1999. * Heather, Peter. ''The Goths''. Blackwell, 1996. * Collins, Roger. «The Western Kingdoms». In: ''The Cambridge Ancient History'', vol. XIV, Cambridge University Press, 2000. * Stadermann, Christian. «Between Rome and Toulouse: The Catholic Episcopate in the Regnum Tolosanum (418–507)». In: ''Leadership, Social Cohesion, and Identity in Late Antique Spain and Gaul (500–700)''. Amsterdam University Press, 2023. * Cassaigneau, Jean. «Toulouse (Tolosa), capitale wisigothique du ve siècle : sources historiques et archéologiques». ''Pallas'', vol. 114, 2020, pp. 267–284. == Ligamines externe == * [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-roman-studies/article/abs/settlement-of-the-barbarians-in-southern-gaul/2CE00AF4781B10C58AA00AB4AEABF870 E. A. Thompson, «The Settlement of the Barbarians in Southern Gaul»] * [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-ancient-history/western-kingdoms/758BB3A5AA88B06C680A95CAA5B80D00 Roger Collins, «The Western Kingdoms»] * [https://multimedia.inrap.fr/atlas/Grand-Toulouse/syntheses/themes/p-20713-Les-Goths-a-Toulouse-413-508.htm Inrap, «Les Goths à Toulouse : 413–508»] * [https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0223-5099_2002_ant_281_1_12126 Jean Durliat, «La césure de l’époque franque : aperçus sur la prise de Toulouse et le début des temps mérovingiens»] * [https://www.euskalmemoriadigitala.eus/bitstream/10357/40568/1/na%2097026.pdf Mathisen e Sivan, «Forging a New Identity: The Kingdom of Toulouse and the Frontiers of Visigothic Aquitania»] {{Reflist}} {{Historia de Espania}} [[Categoria:Statos e territorios fundate in 418]] [[Categoria:Statos e territorios disparite in 507]] [[Categoria:Antique regnos de Europa in le Medievo]] [[Categoria:Statos e territorios de Francia in le Medievo]] [[Categoria:Statos del peninsula iberic in le Medievo]] [[Categoria:Historia de Toulouse]] [[Categoria:Visigothos]] [[Categoria:Espania visigothic| ]] [[Categoria:Historia del region de Occitania]] gbbh1gtu9wkvns9uh3mryvchht5myc8 0 62444 705314 2026-11-01T10:28:00Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Seculo Auree Espaniol''' (en [[espaniol]]: ''Siglo de Oro'') es le periodo de grande florescentia del litteratura, del artes e del pensamento hispanic, specialmente in le territorios del monarchia hispanic, durante le seculos XVI e XVII. Illo comprende principalmente le Renascimento e le Barroco e es considerate un del epocha le plus importante del historia cultural de Espania e del litteratura in lingua espaniol.<ref>{{Cite web |ti...” 705314 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Seculo Auree Espaniol''' (en [[espaniol]]: ''Siglo de Oro'') es le periodo de grande florescentia del litteratura, del artes e del pensamento hispanic, specialmente in le territorios del monarchia hispanic, durante le seculos XVI e XVII. Illo comprende principalmente le Renascimento e le Barroco e es considerate un del epocha le plus importante del historia cultural de Espania e del litteratura in lingua espaniol.<ref>{{Cite web |title=De las artes y las letras |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/areas/museos/mc/ceres/catalogos-tematicos/aeuropeo-patrimonio-cultural/huella-hispana/arte-literatura.html |website=Ministerio de Cultura de España}}</ref> Le expression non designa un sol seculo, ma un periodo de quasi duo seculos durante le qual le cultura hispanic attingeva un grande influentia international. Le chronologia traditional pone su initio circa 1492 e su fin in 1681, anno del morte del dramaturgo Pedro Calderón de la Barca. Tamen, le limites varia secundo le disciplina e le criterio historic usate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ilustres contemporáneos |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/en/cultura/areas/museos/mc/ceres/catalogos-tematicos/cervantes/la-epoca/ilustres-contemporaneos.html |website=Ministerio de Cultura de España}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=El Siglo de Oro en España |url=https://descargas.intef.es/recursos_educativos/RED_ES/03_Eso/2/S_2_029_2025_0566/el_siglo_de_oro_en_espaa.html |website=Instituto Nacional de Tecnologías Educativas y de Formación del Profesorado}}</ref> Le periodo coincide con le expansion politic e territorial del monarchia hispanic, le establimento de un vaste imperio transoceanic e transformationes religiose, economic e social in Europa. Durante le regnos del Casa de Austria, le monarchia exerceva un rolo central in le politica europee, ma affrontava etiam guerras, conflictos religiose, difficultates financieres e crises interne.<ref>{{Cite web |title=La época |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/areas/museos/mc/ceres/catalogos-tematicos/cervantes/la-epoca.html |website=Ministerio de Cultura de España}}</ref> == Denomination e chronologia == Le expression «Siglo de Oro» es inspirate per le mytho classic del etates del humanitate, describite per Hesiodo in su poema *Le travalios e le dies*. Secundo iste tradition, le humanitate habeva traversate diverse etates, inter illos un Etate de Auro, considerate un periodo ideal de prosperitate e perfection. Le application del expression al cultura espaniol se developava durante le seculo XVIII, quando criticos e eruditos cercava de definir le periodo de major splendore del litteratura in lingua castilian. Le notion se extendeva gradualmente al artes, al musica e al cultura in general.<ref>{{Cite web |title=El Siglo de Oro: historia de un concepto |url=https://proedu.rnp.br/bitstream/handle/123456789/1401/Agrupamento%20vers%C3%A3o%20final%20OK.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1 |website=Repositório Institucional}}</ref> Le anno 1492 es frequentemente usate como puncto de initio, perque illo coincide con le publication del *Gramática de la lengua castellana* de Antonio de Nebrija, le viage de Christophoro Columbo verso America e le capitulation del regno nasride de Granada. Iste eventos representa transformationes importante in le historia politic e cultural del monarchia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=El Siglo de Oro en España |url=https://descargas.intef.es/recursos_educativos/RED_ES/03_Eso/2/S_2_029_2025_0566/el_siglo_de_oro_en_espaa.html |website=Instituto Nacional de Tecnologías Educativas y de Formación del Profesorado}}</ref> Le anno 1681 es frequentemente considerate le fin del Siglo de Oro litterari, perque Pedro Calderón de la Barca moriva in iste anno. Tamen, le evolution del stilos artistic e del institutiones cultural non se arrestava subitemente, e le transition verso le cultura del seculo XVIII esseva gradual.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ilustres contemporáneos |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/en/cultura/areas/museos/mc/ceres/catalogos-tematicos/cervantes/la-epoca/ilustres-contemporaneos.html |website=Ministerio de Cultura de España}}</ref> == Contexto historic == === Le monarchia e le expansion imperial === Le initio del Siglo de Oro coincide con le consolidation del monarchia del Reges Catholic, Isabella I de Castilia e Fernando II de Aragon. Lor matrimonio e le union dinastic del coronas de Castilia e Aragon contribueva al consolidation del poter monarchic, ben que le duo regnos conservava lor proprie institutiones e leges. In 1492, le capitulation de Granada poneva fin al regno nasride, le ultime stato musulman independente in le peninsula iberic. In le mesme anno, le expedition de Christophoro Columbo, financiata per le corona de Castilia, initiava le expansion europee in America. Le conquista e le colonisation del nove territorios transformava le economia e le politica del monarchia e establiva contactos durabile inter Europa, America, Africa e Asia. Carlos I, rege ab 1516 e imperator del Sacro Imperio Roman como Carlos V, hereditava un vaste ensemble de territorios in Europa e ultramar. Su regno esseva marcate per conflictos con Francia, le Imperio Ottoman e le principes protestante del Sacro Imperio. Felipe II, qui regnava ab 1556, manteneva un vaste monarchia que includeva Espania, partes importante de Italia, le Nederlandes e territorios american e asiatic. In 1580, ille deveniva etiam rege de Portugal, creando un union dinastic inter le duo coronas que durava usque a 1640. Durante le seculo XVII, le monarchia affrontava difficultates economic e militar crescente. Le guerras europee, le debitas public e le conflictos interne contribuiva al debilitamento del potentia hispanic, ben que le production artistic e litterari continuava a esser multo importante.<ref>{{Cite web |title=La época |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/areas/museos/mc/ceres/catalogos-tematicos/cervantes/la-epoca.html |website=Ministerio de Cultura de España}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Elliott |first=John H. |title=Imperial Spain 1469–1716 |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2002}}</ref> === Religion e societate === Le Siglo de Oro occurreva in un periodo de transformationes religiose profunde. Le Reforma protestante, initiate per Martin Luther in 1517, divideva le christianitate occidental. Le reaction catholic, cognoscite como Contrareforma, includeva reformas ecclesiastic e doctrinal, inter illos le decisiones del Concilio de Trento, celebrate inter 1545 e 1563. Le monarchia hispanic deveniva un del principales defensores del catholicismo in Europa. Le Inquisition espaniol exerceva un rolo importante in le controlo del orthodoxia religiose, e le censura ecclesiastic influentiava le publication e circulation de libros. Le societate esseva organisate secundo hierarchias juridic e social. Le nobilitate e le clericato possedeva privilegios, durante que le major parte del population viveva del agricultura, del artesanato e del commercio. Le expansion american apportava metalles preciose e nove productos al economia europee, ma etiam generava conflictos e transformationes social profunde. Le vita cultural esseva influentiate per le corte, le ecclesia, le universitate e le citates. Madrid deveniva le capital permanent del monarchia in 1561 e se transformava in un centro politic e cultural importante.<ref>{{Cite web |title=La época |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/areas/museos/mc/ceres/catalogos-tematicos/cervantes/la-epoca.html |website=Ministerio de Cultura de España}}</ref> == Litteratura == Le litteratura es un del dominios in le qual le Siglo de Oro attingeva su plus grande reputation. Le periodo produceva obras in poesia, prosa, teatro, spiritualitate e historiographia, e le lingua espaniol acquireva un grande diffusion international.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ilustres contemporáneos |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/en/cultura/areas/museos/mc/ceres/catalogos-tematicos/cervantes/la-epoca/ilustres-contemporaneos.html |website=Ministerio de Cultura de España}}</ref> === Renascimento === Durante le seculo XVI, le litteratura espaniol esseva marcate per le influentia del humanismo e del cultura classic. Le contactos con Italia favoriva le introduction de nove formas poetic, inter illos le sonetto e le verso endecasyllabic. Garcilaso de la Vega esseva un del autores le plus importante del poesia renascentista. Su obras adaptava formas italian al lingua espaniol e explorava themas como le amor, le natura, le tempore e le perdita. Altere autores importante includeva Juan Boscán, Fray Luis de León, Fernando de Herrera e San Juan de la Cruz. Le poesia mystic e religiose attingeva un grande elaboration artistic in le obras de San Juan de la Cruz e de Santa Teresa de Jesús. In le prosa, *La Celestina*, publicate al fin del seculo XV e attribuite a Fernando de Rojas, representa un obra de transition inter le tradition medieval e le nove sensibilitate renascentista. *Lazarillo de Tormes*, publicate anonymemente in 1554, deveniva un obra fundamental del tradition picaresque.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rico |first=Francisco |title=Historia y crítica de la literatura española: Siglos de Oro: Renacimiento |publisher=Crítica |year=1980}}</ref> === Miguel de Cervantes === Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (1547–1616) es considerate un del autores central del litteratura espaniol e del tradition narrative europee. Su obra le plus famose es *El ingenioso hidalgo don Quijote de la Mancha*, cuje prime parte esseva publicate in 1605 e le secunde in 1615. Le novella presenta le viage de un hidalgo qui, influentiate per le libros de cavalleria, decide de devenir cavallero errante. Le contrasto inter su ideales e le realitate produce situationes comic, ma etiam reflexiones super le societate, le identitate, le justitia e le relation inter imagination e experientia. Cervantes scribeva etiam *Novelas ejemplares* (1613), poemas e obras teatral. Su production exerceva un influentia durabile super le evolution del novella moderne.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ilustres contemporáneos |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/en/cultura/areas/museos/mc/ceres/catalogos-tematicos/cervantes/la-epoca/ilustres-contemporaneos.html |website=Ministerio de Cultura de España}}</ref> === Le poesia del seculo XVII === Durante le seculo XVII, le poesia baroc deveniva plus complexe in su linguage, su imagines e su structuras. Duo orientationes frequentemente mentionate in le historia litterari es le culteranismo e le conceptismo. Luis de Góngora es associate al culteranismo, caracterisate per un linguage elaborate, referentias classic, inversiones syntactic e un grande ricchessa de metaphoras. Su obras include le *Soledades* e le *Fábula de Polifemo y Galatea*. Francisco de Quevedo es un del representantes le plus cognoscite del conceptismo, que accentua le densitate del ideas, le jocose verbal, le ambiguitate e le concision. Su production include poesia, prosa satiric e obras moral e philosophic. Altere poetas importante del periodo include Lope de Vega, Francisco de Rioja e Esteban Manuel de Villegas. In le America colonial, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz deveniva un figura importante del poesia e del pensamento in lingua espaniol.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ilustres contemporáneos |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/en/cultura/areas/museos/mc/ceres/catalogos-tematicos/cervantes/la-epoca/ilustres-contemporaneos.html |website=Ministerio de Cultura de España}}</ref> === Le teatro === Le teatro del Siglo de Oro attingeva un popularitate extraordinari. Le representationes habeva loco in patios adaptate como teatros, cognoscite como *corrales de comedias*, e etiam in palatios e institutiones religiose. Lope de Vega exerceva un influentia decisive super le teatro espaniol. In su tractato *Arte nuevo de hacer comedias en este tiempo* (1609), ille exponeva un forma dramatic que combinava elementos tragic e comic, rompeva con alcun regulas classic e accordava un grande importantia al gusto del publico. Inter su obras le plus cognoscite se trova *Fuenteovejuna*, *El perro del hortelano* e *El caballero de Olmedo*. Tirso de Molina, autor de *El burlador de Sevilla y convidado de piedra*, contribuiva al developpamento del figura de Don Juan. Pedro Calderón de la Barca, un del dramaturgos le plus importante del Barroco, scribeva obras como *La vida es sueño*, *El alcalde de Zalamea* e *El gran teatro del mundo*. Altere dramaturgos include Juan Ruiz de Alarcón, Guillén de Castro, Agustín Moreto, Ana Caro de Mallén e María de Zayas. Le obras del periodo combinava le humor, le conflicto moral, le honor, le amor e le question del identitate social.<ref>{{Cite web |title=El teatro del Siglo de Oro en la Comunidad de Madrid |url=https://www.comunidad.madrid/patrimonio-cultural/teatro-siglo-oro-comunidad-madrid |website=Comunidad de Madrid}}</ref> === Litteratura spiritual e mystic === Le spiritualitate catholic exerceva un influentia importante super le litteratura del seculo XVI. Le mysticismo espaniol explorava le experientia interior del fide, le contemplation e le union spiritual con Deo. Santa Teresa de Jesús scribeva obras autobiographic e spiritual como *Libro de la vida*, *Camino de perfección* e *Las moradas*. San Juan de la Cruz es cognoscite pro poemas como *Noche oscura del alma* e *Cántico espiritual*. Fray Luis de León, poeta, theologian e professor, combinava le tradition classic con le pensamento christian. Le obras de iste autores exerceva un influentia importante super le lingua litterari e le cultura religiose del periodo.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rico |first=Francisco |title=Historia y crítica de la literatura española: Siglos de Oro: Renacimiento |publisher=Crítica |year=1980}}</ref> == Artes visual == Le artes visual del Siglo de Oro comprendeva le pintura, le sculptura e le architectura. Le production artistic esseva sustenite per le corte, le ecclesia, le nobiles e le institutiones religiose. Le themas religiose esseva dominante in multe obras, ma le retratos, le scenas mythologic e le representationes del vita quotidian habeva etiam un grande importantia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=De las artes y las letras |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/areas/museos/mc/ceres/catalogos-tematicos/aeuropeo-patrimonio-cultural/huella-hispana/arte-literatura.html |website=Ministerio de Cultura de España}}</ref> === Pintura === Le pintura del periodo evolveva del formas renascentista verso le stilos baroc. Le influentias italian e flamande esseva importante, ma le artistas developava etiam traditiones regional distincte. El Greco, originari de Creta e active in Espania, es cognoscite pro su figuras elongate, colores intense e compositiones spiritual. Su obras include *El entierro del conde de Orgaz* e numerose representationes religiose. Durante le seculo XVII, Diego Velázquez deveniva un del plus importante pintores del corte. Ille es cognoscite pro su retratos del familia regal, su scenas mythologic e su representationes del vita quotidian. *Las Meninas* (1656) es considerate un del obras fundamental del pintura europee. Altere pintores importante include Francisco de Zurbarán, qui se distingueva per su representationes religiose e su uso del chiaroscuro; Bartolomé Esteban Murillo, cognoscite pro su pinturas religiose e scenas de infantes; e José de Ribera, active principalmente in Napoli. === Sculptura === Le sculptura baroc espaniol se distingueva per le realismo expressive de su figuras religiose. Le imagines de Christo, del Virgine e del sanctos esseva frequentemente executate in ligno policrome e destinate a altaria, ecclesias e processiones. Gregorio Fernández, active in Valladolid, e Juan Martínez Montañés, active in Sevilla, esseva duo del sculptores le plus importante del periodo. Altere artistas include Alonso Cano, Pedro de Mena e Juan de Mesa. Le sculptura processional habeva un function religiose e public: le imagines esseva portate in processiones e serviva a representar scenas biblic e themas devotional al population. === Architectura === Le architectura del Siglo de Oro passava per diverse fases. Durante le seculo XVI, le influentia del Renascimento italian se combinava con traditiones local. Le stilo herreriano, associate al architecto Juan de Herrera e al monasterio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial, se distingueva per su sobrietate geometric e monumentalitate. Durante le seculo XVII, le architectura baroc deveniva gradualmente plus decorative. Le facciatas, altaria e interiores ecclesiastic incorporava formas complexe, sculpturas e ornamentation abundante. Le stilo churrigueresco, associate al familia Churriguera, representa un del manifestationes le plus ornate del architectura baroc espaniol.<ref>{{Cite web |title=De las artes y las letras |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/areas/museos/mc/ceres/catalogos-tematicos/aeuropeo-patrimonio-cultural/huella-hispana/arte-literatura.html |website=Ministerio de Cultura de España}}</ref> == Musica == Le musica del Siglo de Oro includeva musica religiose, vocal e instrumental. Le ecclesias e le cortes esseva centros importante del composition e del execution musical. Le polifonia vocal habeva un grande developpamento in le seculo XVI. Inter le compositores plus importante se trova Tomás Luis de Victoria, Cristóbal de Morales e Francisco Guerrero. Lor obras religiose esseva interpretate in ecclesias e cappellas del monarchia. Le musica profane includeva romances, villancicos e formas instrumental. Le vihuela e le organo esseva instrumentos importante del periodo. Durante le seculo XVII, le musica baroc developpava nove formas e technicas, in relation con le evolution del musica europee.<ref>{{Cite web |title=El siglo de oro: bibliografía e imágenes |url=https://berlin.cervantes.es/imagenes/file/bibliografias/el%20siglo%20de%20oro.pdf |website=Instituto Cervantes de Berlín}}</ref> == Pensamento e scientia == Le Siglo de Oro esseva etiam un periodo de developpamento intellectual. Le universidades e le institutiones religiose participava al debates super le theologia, le philosophia, le derecto e le organisation del societate. Le Escola de Salamanca, associate a theologos e juristas como Francisco de Vitoria e Domingo de Soto, contribuiva al discussion del derectos natural, del poter politic e del condition juridic del populos amerindian. Su ideas participava al formation del pensamento juridic e politic moderne. Le expansion oceanic e le contactos con America stimulava le interesse pro le geographia, le cartographia, le navigation e le description del nove territorios. Le studios mathematic e astronomic se developava in un contexto de contactos inter le traditiones scientific europee e altere traditiones intellectual.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Elliott |first=John H. |title=Imperial Spain 1469–1716 |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2002}}</ref> == Le Siglo de Oro in America == Le cultura del Siglo de Oro non se limitava al peninsula iberic. Le territorios american del monarchia hispanic participava al production litterari, artistic e intellectual del periodo. Le citates de Mexico e Lima deveniva centros importante de education, publication e vita religiose. Le litteratura colonial includeva chronicas del conquista, textos religiose, poesia e obras dramatic. Garcilaso de la Vega, cognoscite como Inca Garcilaso, combinava su herentia andine e hispanic in obras historiographic como *Comentarios reales de los Incas*. Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, active in le Mexico del seculo XVII, esseva un del figuras le plus importante del litteratura in lingua espaniol. Su poesia, teatro e textos philosophic explorava le cognoscentia, le education e le condition del feminas. Le arte colonial developava formas distincte, combinante traditiones europee e amerindie. Le pictura, le sculptura e le architectura religiose incorporava materiales, technicas e symbolos local, creando un patrimonio artistic variate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=De las artes y las letras |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/areas/museos/mc/ceres/catalogos-tematicos/aeuropeo-patrimonio-cultural/huella-hispana/arte-literatura.html |website=Ministerio de Cultura de España}}</ref> == Le feminas e le cultura del Siglo de Oro == Le feminas participava al vita cultural del periodo como autoras, patronas, interpretes e membros de communitates intellectual e religiose. Tamen, lor accesso al education, al publication e al institutiones litterari esseva limitate per normas social e juridic. Inter le scriptoras se trova Santa Teresa de Jesús, Ana Caro de Mallén, María de Zayas, Ana Abarca de Bolea e Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz. Lor obras includeva poesia, narrativa, teatro, textos spiritual e essays. Le studio del scriptoras del Siglo de Oro ha permittite a investigadores de ampliar le canon litterari traditional e de recognoscer le diversitate del production cultural del periodo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tan sabia como valerosa. Mujeres y escritura en los Siglos de Oro |url=https://cultura.cervantes.es/espanya/es/tan-sabia-como-valerosa.-mujeres-y-escritura-en-los-siglos-de-oro/131564 |website=Instituto Cervantes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tan sabia como valerosa: mujeres y escritura en los Siglos de Oro |url=https://cervantes.org/es/sobre-nosotros/publicaciones/tan-sabia-valerosa-mujeres-escritura-siglos-oro |website=Instituto Cervantes |year=2020}}</ref> == Fin del Siglo de Oro == Le fin del Siglo de Oro es un processo gradual e non un evento singular. Durante le seculo XVII, le monarchia hispanic affrontava difficultates financieres, guerras e revoltas in diverse territorios. Le perdita de potentia politic non significava un fin immediate del activitate artistic e litterari. Le morte de Calderón de la Barca in 1681 es frequentemente usate como limite symbolic del periodo litterari. Tamen, le cultura baroc continuava a influentiar le artes e le litteratura durante le ultime decennios del seculo XVII e le initio del seculo XVIII.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ilustres contemporáneos |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/en/cultura/areas/museos/mc/ceres/catalogos-tematicos/cervantes/la-epoca/ilustres-contemporaneos.html |website=Ministerio de Cultura de España}}</ref> == Hereditage == Le Siglo de Oro lassava un hereditage importante in le cultura europee e american. Le obras de Cervantes, Lope de Vega, Góngora, Quevedo, Calderón e altere autores continua a esser legite, studiate e representate in tote le mundo. In le artes visual, le pinturas de Velázquez, El Greco, Zurbarán e Murillo occupa un position importante in le museos e in le historia del arte. Le architectura e le sculptura del periodo ha etiam lassate un patrimonio material considerabile in numerose citates. Le notion de Siglo de Oro continua a esser usate pro describer un periodo de grande creativitate cultural, ben que le expression pote simplificar un epocha caracterisate etiam per conflictos, desigualitates e transformationes social profunde. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Seculo de Auro espaniol| ]] [[Categoria:Espania in le Renascentia]] [[Categoria:Baroco espaniol]] [[Categoria:Etates de auro]] [[Categoria:Espania in le seculo XVI]] [[Categoria:Espania in le seculo XVII]] f9njfvlp2jhwwosikvzq9zb0ot133ky 705317 705314 2026-11-01T10:30:18Z Interlingvisto 60932 705317 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Seculo Auree Espaniol''' (en [[espaniol]]: ''Siglo de Oro'') es le periodo de grande florescentia del litteratura, del artes e del pensamento hispanic, specialmente in le territorios del monarchia hispanic, durante le seculos XVI e XVII. Illo comprende principalmente le Renascimento e le Barroco e es considerate un del epocha le plus importante del historia cultural de Espania e del litteratura in lingua espaniol.<ref>{{Cite web |title=De las artes y las letras |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/areas/museos/mc/ceres/catalogos-tematicos/aeuropeo-patrimonio-cultural/huella-hispana/arte-literatura.html |website=Ministerio de Cultura de España}}</ref> Le expression non designa un sol seculo, ma un periodo de quasi duo seculos durante le qual le cultura hispanic attingeva un grande influentia international. Le chronologia traditional pone su initio circa 1492 e su fin in 1681, anno del morte del dramaturgo Pedro Calderón de la Barca. Tamen, le limites varia secundo le disciplina e le criterio historic usate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ilustres contemporáneos |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/en/cultura/areas/museos/mc/ceres/catalogos-tematicos/cervantes/la-epoca/ilustres-contemporaneos.html |website=Ministerio de Cultura de España}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=El Siglo de Oro en España |url=https://descargas.intef.es/recursos_educativos/RED_ES/03_Eso/2/S_2_029_2025_0566/el_siglo_de_oro_en_espaa.html |website=Instituto Nacional de Tecnologías Educativas y de Formación del Profesorado}}</ref> Le periodo coincide con le expansion politic e territorial del monarchia hispanic, le establimento de un vaste imperio transoceanic e transformationes religiose, economic e social in Europa. Durante le regnos del Casa de Austria, le monarchia exerceva un rolo central in le politica europee, ma affrontava etiam guerras, conflictos religiose, difficultates financieres e crises interne.<ref>{{Cite web |title=La época |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/areas/museos/mc/ceres/catalogos-tematicos/cervantes/la-epoca.html |website=Ministerio de Cultura de España}}</ref> == Denomination e chronologia == Le expression «Siglo de Oro» es inspirate per le mytho classic del etates del humanitate, describite per Hesiodo in su poema *Le travalios e le dies*. Secundo iste tradition, le humanitate habeva traversate diverse etates, inter illos un Etate de Auro, considerate un periodo ideal de prosperitate e perfection. Le application del expression al cultura espaniol se developava durante le seculo XVIII, quando criticos e eruditos cercava de definir le periodo de major splendore del litteratura in lingua castilian. Le notion se extendeva gradualmente al artes, al musica e al cultura in general.<ref>{{Cite web |title=El Siglo de Oro: historia de un concepto |url=https://proedu.rnp.br/bitstream/handle/123456789/1401/Agrupamento%20vers%C3%A3o%20final%20OK.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1 |website=Repositório Institucional}}</ref> Le anno 1492 es frequentemente usate como puncto de initio, perque illo coincide con le publication del *Gramática de la lengua castellana* de Antonio de Nebrija, le viage de Christophoro Columbo verso America e le capitulation del regno nasride de Granada. Iste eventos representa transformationes importante in le historia politic e cultural del monarchia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=El Siglo de Oro en España |url=https://descargas.intef.es/recursos_educativos/RED_ES/03_Eso/2/S_2_029_2025_0566/el_siglo_de_oro_en_espaa.html |website=Instituto Nacional de Tecnologías Educativas y de Formación del Profesorado}}</ref> Le anno 1681 es frequentemente considerate le fin del Siglo de Oro litterari, perque Pedro Calderón de la Barca moriva in iste anno. Tamen, le evolution del stilos artistic e del institutiones cultural non se arrestava subitemente, e le transition verso le cultura del seculo XVIII esseva gradual.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ilustres contemporáneos |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/en/cultura/areas/museos/mc/ceres/catalogos-tematicos/cervantes/la-epoca/ilustres-contemporaneos.html |website=Ministerio de Cultura de España}}</ref> == Contexto historic == === Le monarchia e le expansion imperial === Le initio del Siglo de Oro coincide con le consolidation del monarchia del Reges Catholic, Isabella I de Castilia e Fernando II de Aragon. Lor matrimonio e le union dinastic del coronas de Castilia e Aragon contribueva al consolidation del poter monarchic, ben que le duo regnos conservava lor proprie institutiones e leges. In 1492, le capitulation de Granada poneva fin al regno nasride, le ultime stato musulman independente in le peninsula iberic. In le mesme anno, le expedition de Christophoro Columbo, financiata per le corona de Castilia, initiava le expansion europee in America. Le conquista e le colonisation del nove territorios transformava le economia e le politica del monarchia e establiva contactos durabile inter Europa, America, Africa e Asia. Carlos I, rege ab 1516 e imperator del Sacro Imperio Roman como Carlos V, hereditava un vaste ensemble de territorios in Europa e ultramar. Su regno esseva marcate per conflictos con Francia, le Imperio Ottoman e le principes protestante del Sacro Imperio. Felipe II, qui regnava ab 1556, manteneva un vaste monarchia que includeva Espania, partes importante de Italia, le Nederlandes e territorios american e asiatic. In 1580, ille deveniva etiam rege de Portugal, creando un union dinastic inter le duo coronas que durava usque a 1640. Durante le seculo XVII, le monarchia affrontava difficultates economic e militar crescente. Le guerras europee, le debitas public e le conflictos interne contribuiva al debilitamento del potentia hispanic, ben que le production artistic e litterari continuava a esser multo importante.<ref>{{Cite web |title=La época |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/areas/museos/mc/ceres/catalogos-tematicos/cervantes/la-epoca.html |website=Ministerio de Cultura de España}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Elliott |first=John H. |title=Imperial Spain 1469–1716 |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2002}}</ref> === Religion e societate === Le Siglo de Oro occurreva in un periodo de transformationes religiose profunde. Le Reforma protestante, initiate per Martin Luther in 1517, divideva le christianitate occidental. Le reaction catholic, cognoscite como Contrareforma, includeva reformas ecclesiastic e doctrinal, inter illos le decisiones del Concilio de Trento, celebrate inter 1545 e 1563. Le monarchia hispanic deveniva un del principales defensores del catholicismo in Europa. Le Inquisition espaniol exerceva un rolo importante in le controlo del orthodoxia religiose, e le censura ecclesiastic influentiava le publication e circulation de libros. Le societate esseva organisate secundo hierarchias juridic e social. Le nobilitate e le clericato possedeva privilegios, durante que le major parte del population viveva del agricultura, del artesanato e del commercio. Le expansion american apportava metalles preciose e nove productos al economia europee, ma etiam generava conflictos e transformationes social profunde. Le vita cultural esseva influentiate per le corte, le ecclesia, le universitate e le citates. Madrid deveniva le capital permanent del monarchia in 1561 e se transformava in un centro politic e cultural importante.<ref>{{Cite web |title=La época |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/areas/museos/mc/ceres/catalogos-tematicos/cervantes/la-epoca.html |website=Ministerio de Cultura de España}}</ref> == Litteratura == Le litteratura es un del dominios in le qual le Siglo de Oro attingeva su plus grande reputation. Le periodo produceva obras in poesia, prosa, teatro, spiritualitate e historiographia, e le lingua espaniol acquireva un grande diffusion international.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ilustres contemporáneos |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/en/cultura/areas/museos/mc/ceres/catalogos-tematicos/cervantes/la-epoca/ilustres-contemporaneos.html |website=Ministerio de Cultura de España}}</ref> === Renascimento === Durante le seculo XVI, le litteratura espaniol esseva marcate per le influentia del humanismo e del cultura classic. Le contactos con Italia favoriva le introduction de nove formas poetic, inter illos le sonetto e le verso endecasyllabic. Garcilaso de la Vega esseva un del autores le plus importante del poesia renascentista. Su obras adaptava formas italian al lingua espaniol e explorava themas como le amor, le natura, le tempore e le perdita. Altere autores importante includeva Juan Boscán, Fray Luis de León, Fernando de Herrera e San Juan de la Cruz. Le poesia mystic e religiose attingeva un grande elaboration artistic in le obras de San Juan de la Cruz e de Santa Teresa de Jesús. In le prosa, *La Celestina*, publicate al fin del seculo XV e attribuite a Fernando de Rojas, representa un obra de transition inter le tradition medieval e le nove sensibilitate renascentista. *Lazarillo de Tormes*, publicate anonymemente in 1554, deveniva un obra fundamental del tradition picaresque.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rico |first=Francisco |title=Historia y crítica de la literatura española: Siglos de Oro: Renacimiento |publisher=Crítica |year=1980}}</ref> === Miguel de Cervantes === Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (1547–1616) es considerate un del autores central del litteratura espaniol e del tradition narrative europee. Su obra le plus famose es *El ingenioso hidalgo don Quijote de la Mancha*, cuje prime parte esseva publicate in 1605 e le secunde in 1615. Le novella presenta le viage de un hidalgo qui, influentiate per le libros de cavalleria, decide de devenir cavallero errante. Le contrasto inter su ideales e le realitate produce situationes comic, ma etiam reflexiones super le societate, le identitate, le justitia e le relation inter imagination e experientia. Cervantes scribeva etiam *Novelas ejemplares* (1613), poemas e obras teatral. Su production exerceva un influentia durabile super le evolution del novella moderne.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ilustres contemporáneos |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/en/cultura/areas/museos/mc/ceres/catalogos-tematicos/cervantes/la-epoca/ilustres-contemporaneos.html |website=Ministerio de Cultura de España}}</ref> === Le poesia del seculo XVII === Durante le seculo XVII, le poesia baroc deveniva plus complexe in su linguage, su imagines e su structuras. Duo orientationes frequentemente mentionate in le historia litterari es le culteranismo e le conceptismo. Luis de Góngora es associate al culteranismo, caracterisate per un linguage elaborate, referentias classic, inversiones syntactic e un grande ricchessa de metaphoras. Su obras include le *Soledades* e le *Fábula de Polifemo y Galatea*. Francisco de Quevedo es un del representantes le plus cognoscite del conceptismo, que accentua le densitate del ideas, le jocose verbal, le ambiguitate e le concision. Su production include poesia, prosa satiric e obras moral e philosophic. Altere poetas importante del periodo include Lope de Vega, Francisco de Rioja e Esteban Manuel de Villegas. In le America colonial, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz deveniva un figura importante del poesia e del pensamento in lingua espaniol.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ilustres contemporáneos |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/en/cultura/areas/museos/mc/ceres/catalogos-tematicos/cervantes/la-epoca/ilustres-contemporaneos.html |website=Ministerio de Cultura de España}}</ref> === Le teatro === Le teatro del Siglo de Oro attingeva un popularitate extraordinari. Le representationes habeva loco in patios adaptate como teatros, cognoscite como *corrales de comedias*, e etiam in palatios e institutiones religiose. Lope de Vega exerceva un influentia decisive super le teatro espaniol. In su tractato *Arte nuevo de hacer comedias en este tiempo* (1609), ille exponeva un forma dramatic que combinava elementos tragic e comic, rompeva con alcun regulas classic e accordava un grande importantia al gusto del publico. Inter su obras le plus cognoscite se trova *Fuenteovejuna*, *El perro del hortelano* e *El caballero de Olmedo*. Tirso de Molina, autor de *El burlador de Sevilla y convidado de piedra*, contribuiva al developpamento del figura de Don Juan. Pedro Calderón de la Barca, un del dramaturgos le plus importante del Barroco, scribeva obras como *La vida es sueño*, *El alcalde de Zalamea* e *El gran teatro del mundo*. Altere dramaturgos include Juan Ruiz de Alarcón, Guillén de Castro, Agustín Moreto, Ana Caro de Mallén e María de Zayas. Le obras del periodo combinava le humor, le conflicto moral, le honor, le amor e le question del identitate social.<ref>{{Cite web |title=El teatro del Siglo de Oro en la Comunidad de Madrid |url=https://www.comunidad.madrid/patrimonio-cultural/teatro-siglo-oro-comunidad-madrid |website=Comunidad de Madrid}}</ref> === Litteratura spiritual e mystic === Le spiritualitate catholic exerceva un influentia importante super le litteratura del seculo XVI. Le mysticismo espaniol explorava le experientia interior del fide, le contemplation e le union spiritual con Deo. Santa Teresa de Jesús scribeva obras autobiographic e spiritual como *Libro de la vida*, *Camino de perfección* e *Las moradas*. San Juan de la Cruz es cognoscite pro poemas como *Noche oscura del alma* e *Cántico espiritual*. Fray Luis de León, poeta, theologian e professor, combinava le tradition classic con le pensamento christian. Le obras de iste autores exerceva un influentia importante super le lingua litterari e le cultura religiose del periodo.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rico |first=Francisco |title=Historia y crítica de la literatura española: Siglos de Oro: Renacimiento |publisher=Crítica |year=1980}}</ref> == Artes visual == Le artes visual del Siglo de Oro comprendeva le pintura, le sculptura e le architectura. Le production artistic esseva sustenite per le corte, le ecclesia, le nobiles e le institutiones religiose. Le themas religiose esseva dominante in multe obras, ma le retratos, le scenas mythologic e le representationes del vita quotidian habeva etiam un grande importantia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=De las artes y las letras |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/areas/museos/mc/ceres/catalogos-tematicos/aeuropeo-patrimonio-cultural/huella-hispana/arte-literatura.html |website=Ministerio de Cultura de España}}</ref> === Pintura === Le pintura del periodo evolveva del formas renascentista verso le stilos baroc. Le influentias italian e flamande esseva importante, ma le artistas developava etiam traditiones regional distincte. El Greco, originari de Creta e active in Espania, es cognoscite pro su figuras elongate, colores intense e compositiones spiritual. Su obras include *El entierro del conde de Orgaz* e numerose representationes religiose. Durante le seculo XVII, Diego Velázquez deveniva un del plus importante pintores del corte. Ille es cognoscite pro su retratos del familia regal, su scenas mythologic e su representationes del vita quotidian. *Las Meninas* (1656) es considerate un del obras fundamental del pintura europee. Altere pintores importante include Francisco de Zurbarán, qui se distingueva per su representationes religiose e su uso del chiaroscuro; Bartolomé Esteban Murillo, cognoscite pro su pinturas religiose e scenas de infantes; e José de Ribera, active principalmente in Napoli. === Sculptura === Le sculptura baroc espaniol se distingueva per le realismo expressive de su figuras religiose. Le imagines de Christo, del Virgine e del sanctos esseva frequentemente executate in ligno policrome e destinate a altaria, ecclesias e processiones. Gregorio Fernández, active in Valladolid, e Juan Martínez Montañés, active in Sevilla, esseva duo del sculptores le plus importante del periodo. Altere artistas include Alonso Cano, Pedro de Mena e Juan de Mesa. Le sculptura processional habeva un function religiose e public: le imagines esseva portate in processiones e serviva a representar scenas biblic e themas devotional al population. === Architectura === Le architectura del Siglo de Oro passava per diverse fases. Durante le seculo XVI, le influentia del Renascimento italian se combinava con traditiones local. Le stilo herreriano, associate al architecto Juan de Herrera e al monasterio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial, se distingueva per su sobrietate geometric e monumentalitate. Durante le seculo XVII, le architectura baroc deveniva gradualmente plus decorative. Le facciatas, altaria e interiores ecclesiastic incorporava formas complexe, sculpturas e ornamentation abundante. Le stilo churrigueresco, associate al familia Churriguera, representa un del manifestationes le plus ornate del architectura baroc espaniol.<ref>{{Cite web |title=De las artes y las letras |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/areas/museos/mc/ceres/catalogos-tematicos/aeuropeo-patrimonio-cultural/huella-hispana/arte-literatura.html |website=Ministerio de Cultura de España}}</ref> == Musica == Le musica del Siglo de Oro includeva musica religiose, vocal e instrumental. Le ecclesias e le cortes esseva centros importante del composition e del execution musical. Le polifonia vocal habeva un grande developpamento in le seculo XVI. Inter le compositores plus importante se trova Tomás Luis de Victoria, Cristóbal de Morales e Francisco Guerrero. Lor obras religiose esseva interpretate in ecclesias e cappellas del monarchia. Le musica profane includeva romances, villancicos e formas instrumental. Le vihuela e le organo esseva instrumentos importante del periodo. Durante le seculo XVII, le musica baroc developpava nove formas e technicas, in relation con le evolution del musica europee.<ref>{{Cite web |title=El siglo de oro: bibliografía e imágenes |url=https://berlin.cervantes.es/imagenes/file/bibliografias/el%20siglo%20de%20oro.pdf |website=Instituto Cervantes de Berlín}}</ref> == Pensamento e scientia == Le Siglo de Oro esseva etiam un periodo de developpamento intellectual. Le universidades e le institutiones religiose participava al debates super le theologia, le philosophia, le derecto e le organisation del societate. Le Escola de Salamanca, associate a theologos e juristas como Francisco de Vitoria e Domingo de Soto, contribuiva al discussion del derectos natural, del poter politic e del condition juridic del populos amerindian. Su ideas participava al formation del pensamento juridic e politic moderne. Le expansion oceanic e le contactos con America stimulava le interesse pro le geographia, le cartographia, le navigation e le description del nove territorios. Le studios mathematic e astronomic se developava in un contexto de contactos inter le traditiones scientific europee e altere traditiones intellectual.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Elliott |first=John H. |title=Imperial Spain 1469–1716 |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2002}}</ref> == Le Siglo de Oro in America == Le cultura del Siglo de Oro non se limitava al peninsula iberic. Le territorios american del monarchia hispanic participava al production litterari, artistic e intellectual del periodo. Le citates de Mexico e Lima deveniva centros importante de education, publication e vita religiose. Le litteratura colonial includeva chronicas del conquista, textos religiose, poesia e obras dramatic. Garcilaso de la Vega, cognoscite como Inca Garcilaso, combinava su herentia andine e hispanic in obras historiographic como *Comentarios reales de los Incas*. Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, active in le Mexico del seculo XVII, esseva un del figuras le plus importante del litteratura in lingua espaniol. Su poesia, teatro e textos philosophic explorava le cognoscentia, le education e le condition del feminas. Le arte colonial developava formas distincte, combinante traditiones europee e amerindie. Le pictura, le sculptura e le architectura religiose incorporava materiales, technicas e symbolos local, creando un patrimonio artistic variate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=De las artes y las letras |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/areas/museos/mc/ceres/catalogos-tematicos/aeuropeo-patrimonio-cultural/huella-hispana/arte-literatura.html |website=Ministerio de Cultura de España}}</ref> == Le feminas e le cultura del Siglo de Oro == Le feminas participava al vita cultural del periodo como autoras, patronas, interpretes e membros de communitates intellectual e religiose. Tamen, lor accesso al education, al publication e al institutiones litterari esseva limitate per normas social e juridic. Inter le scriptoras se trova Santa Teresa de Jesús, Ana Caro de Mallén, María de Zayas, Ana Abarca de Bolea e Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz. Lor obras includeva poesia, narrativa, teatro, textos spiritual e essays. Le studio del scriptoras del Siglo de Oro ha permittite a investigadores de ampliar le canon litterari traditional e de recognoscer le diversitate del production cultural del periodo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tan sabia como valerosa. Mujeres y escritura en los Siglos de Oro |url=https://cultura.cervantes.es/espanya/es/tan-sabia-como-valerosa.-mujeres-y-escritura-en-los-siglos-de-oro/131564 |website=Instituto Cervantes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tan sabia como valerosa: mujeres y escritura en los Siglos de Oro |url=https://cervantes.org/es/sobre-nosotros/publicaciones/tan-sabia-valerosa-mujeres-escritura-siglos-oro |website=Instituto Cervantes |year=2020}}</ref> == Fin del Siglo de Oro == Le fin del Siglo de Oro es un processo gradual e non un evento singular. Durante le seculo XVII, le monarchia hispanic affrontava difficultates financieres, guerras e revoltas in diverse territorios. Le perdita de potentia politic non significava un fin immediate del activitate artistic e litterari. Le morte de Calderón de la Barca in 1681 es frequentemente usate como limite symbolic del periodo litterari. Tamen, le cultura baroc continuava a influentiar le artes e le litteratura durante le ultime decennios del seculo XVII e le initio del seculo XVIII.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ilustres contemporáneos |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/en/cultura/areas/museos/mc/ceres/catalogos-tematicos/cervantes/la-epoca/ilustres-contemporaneos.html |website=Ministerio de Cultura de España}}</ref> {{Ref}} {{Historia de Espania}} [[Categoria:Seculo de Auro espaniol| ]] [[Categoria:Espania in le Renascentia]] [[Categoria:Baroco espaniol]] [[Categoria:Etates de auro]] [[Categoria:Espania in le seculo XVI]] [[Categoria:Espania in le seculo XVII]] pmkg97hj784l0bv9ewl54bg4ttchy5o 0 62445 705319 2026-11-01T10:35:03Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Illuminismo in Espania''' esseva un movimento intellectual, scientific, cultural e reformator que se developava principalmente durante le seculo XVIII in le territorios del monarchia hispanic. Illo faceva parte del movimento european del Illuminismo, que promoveva le uso del ration, le observation scientific, le education e le progresso como instrumentos pro comprender e transformar le societate. Le Illuminismo espaniol acquireva c...” 705319 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Illuminismo in Espania''' esseva un movimento intellectual, scientific, cultural e reformator que se developava principalmente durante le seculo XVIII in le territorios del monarchia hispanic. Illo faceva parte del movimento european del Illuminismo, que promoveva le uso del ration, le observation scientific, le education e le progresso como instrumentos pro comprender e transformar le societate. Le Illuminismo espaniol acquireva characteristicas proprie, influentiate per le tradition catholic, le structura politic del monarchia, le institutiones del Ancien Regime e le contactos intellectual con Francia, Italia, Grande Britannia e altere partes de Europa. Su representantes cercava de modernisar le administration, reformar le agricultura e le industria, extender le education e promover le scientias e le artes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aspectos culturales de la Ilustración española |url=https://www.vence.es/auxiliar-museos-estado/temario/tema-108 |website=Cuerpo Auxiliar de Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos del Estado}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=La Ilustración en España |url=https://docenti.unimc.it/armando.francesconi/teaching/2024/29811/files/la-guerra-de-sucesion-1701-1713-y-los-borbones-espanoles |website=Università degli Studi di Macerata}}</ref> Le movimento attingeva su apogeo durante le regnos de Fernando VI (1746–1759) e Carlos III (1759–1788), ben que su antecedentes pote esser trovate in le ultime decennios del seculo XVII e su ideas continuava a influentiar le societate durante le seculo XIX. Inter su figuras plus importante se trova Benito Jerónimo Feijoo, Gregorio Mayans, Pedro Rodríguez de Campomanes, Pablo de Olavide, Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos, José Cadalso e Antonio de Capmany. == Contexto historic == === Le fin del Casa de Austria e le accession del Bourbones === Al fin del seculo XVII, le monarchia hispanic affrontava un periodo de difficultates politic, economic e militar. Le morte de Carlos II in 1700, sin herede direct, provocava un conflicto international super le succession al throno. Le Guerra de Succession Espaniol (1701–1714) opponeva le partitarios de Philip de Anjou, futuro Felipe V, e le archiduca Carlos de Austria. Le victoria del Bourbones e le accession de Felipe V inaugurava un nove periodo politic. Le nove dynastia introduceva reformas administrative inspirate in parte per le organisation del monarchia francese. Le Decretos de Nueva Planta, promulgate inter 1707 e 1716, transformava le structuras institutional de diverse territorios del Corona de Aragon e reforçava le centralisation monarchic.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kamen |first=Henry |title=The War of Succession in Spain, 1700–15 |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=1969}}</ref> Le reformismo borbonic creava un contexto politic in le qual le ideas del Illuminismo poteva esser usate pro justificar le modernisation del administration, del economia e del institutiones. Tamen, le reformismo del monarchia non significava un adoption complete del ideas politic liberal: le poter regal remaneva concentrate in le monarcha. === Le diffusion del ideas europee === Le Illuminismo espaniol esseva influentiate per le philosophia e le scientia europee. Le obras de René Descartes, John Locke, Isaac Newton, Montesquieu e altere pensatores circulava in Espania, sovente in traductiones o per medio de revistas, correspondentias e contactos personal. Francia exerceva un influentia importante, specialmente in le philosophia, le litteratura e le modelos institutional. Tamen, le Illuminismo espaniol non esseva un simple imitation del pensamento francese. Illo incorporava etiam influentias britannic e italian e se developava in dialogo con le traditiones scholastic e catholic del peninsula. Le diffusion del nove ideas incontrava obstaculos. Le Inquisition, le censura gubernamental e ecclesiastic e le structuras traditional del education limitava le circulation de certe obras. Le controle del publication esseva exercite per diverse institutiones, e le autores poteva recurrer al autocensura pro evitar problemas con le autoritates.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lucena Giraldo |first=Manuela |title=Historiografía y censura en la España Ilustrada |journal=Hispania |volume=65 |issue=221 |year=2005 |pages=973–989 |doi=10.3989/hispania.2005.v65.i221.129}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=de Lorenzo Álvarez |first=Elena |title=El mapa y el territorio: la documentación del proceso censor gubernamental en la España del siglo XVIII (1769–1810) |journal=Bulletin of Spanish Studies |volume=101 |issue=2–3 |year=2024 |pages=149–209 |doi=10.1080/14753820.2023.2273644}}</ref> == Characteristicas del Illuminismo espaniol == Le Illuminismo espaniol se basava super le conviction que le ration, le observation e le education poteva contribuer al melioration del condition human. Su representantes cercava de superar superstitiones, errores scientific e practicas que illes considerava contraproductive al progresso. Inter le ideas principal del movimento se trovava: * Ration e pensamento critic: le necessitate de examinar le traditiones e le opiniones per medio del observation e del argumento. * Progresso scientific: le promotion del scientias natural, del medicina, del mathematica e del technologia. * Education: le diffusion del instruction e le reforma del institutiones educational. * Reforma economic: le melioration del agricultura, del industria, del commercio e del infrastructuras. * Utilitate public: le application del cognoscentia al solution de problemas concrete del societate. * Reforma administrative: le rationalisation del administration del stato e le melioramento del gestion del ressources public. * Critica del superstition: le combatte contra credentias e practicas considerate incompatibile con le observation rational. Le pensamento del Illuminismo espaniol non esseva uniformemente anticlerical o irreligiose. Numerose intellectuals tentava de conciliar le religion catholic con le scientia, le philosophia e le reforma social. Le relation inter fide e ration esseva un del themas de discussion del periodo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aspectos culturales de la Ilustración española |url=https://www.vence.es/auxiliar-museos-estado/temario/tema-108 |website=Cuerpo Auxiliar de Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos del Estado}}</ref> == Periodos del Illuminismo espaniol == === Antecedentes e novatores === Le antecedentes del Illuminismo espaniol pote esser identificate in le ultime decennios del seculo XVII, quando un gruppo de intellectuals comenciava a criticar alcun aspectos del pensamento scholastic e a promover le observation experimental e le adoption de nove methodos scientific. Iste autores, cognoscite frequentemente como *novatores*, promoveva le studio del mathematica, del medicina, del astronomia e del philosophia natural. Lor activitate preparava le terreno pro le reception plus ample del ideas illustrat durante le seculo XVIII. Inter le figuras associate al iste ambiente intellectual se trova Juan de Cabriada, qui defendiva le medicina experimental, e diverse eruditos e scientificos interessate al renovation del cognoscentia. === Prime periodo: Felipe V e Fernando VI === Durante le regnos de Felipe V (1700–1746) e Fernando VI (1746–1759), le nove ideas intellectual comenciava a obtener un position plus visibile in le vita cultural espaniol. Benito Jerónimo Feijoo esseva un del autores plus influente de iste periodo. In su obras ''Teatro crítico universal'' e ''Cartas eruditas y curiosas'', ille examinava credentias popular, errores scientific e opiniones traditional, promovente le observation e le pensamento critic. Gregorio Mayans y Siscar contribuiva al renovation del philologia, del historia e del critica textual. Su interesse pro le studio rigurose del documentos e del fontes historic faceva de ille un figura importante del erudition espaniol. Durante iste periodo se developava etiam institutiones cultural e scientific. Le Real Academia Espaniol esseva fundate in 1713 e approbate per le corona in 1714. Le Academia promoveva le studio e le regulation del lingua espaniol. Le Real Academia de la Historia esseva establite in 1738, con le objectivo de promover le investigation historic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aspectos culturales de la Ilustración española |url=https://www.vence.es/auxiliar-museos-estado/temario/tema-108 |website=Cuerpo Auxiliar de Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos del Estado}}</ref> === Apogeo durante Carlos III === Le regno de Carlos III (1759–1788) es generalmente considerate le periodo de major expansion del reformismo illustrat in Espania. Le monarcha promoveva reformas in le administration, le agricultura, le commercio, le education e le infrastructuras. Su ministros e consiliarios includeva Pedro Rodríguez de Campomanes, conde de Floridablanca, conde de Aranda e José de Gálvez. Illes participava al formulation e execution de politicas destinate a reforçar le stato e estimular le activitate economic. Le expulsion del jesuitas in 1767, decretate per Carlos III, esseva un del eventos plus importante del periodo. Le decision affectava le institutiones educational e religiose e permitteva al corona de reorganisar parte del systema de education. Le reformas del periodo includeva le promotion del agricultura, le construction de vias e canales, le developpamento del industria e le creation de institutiones scientific. Le Societates Economic de Amicos del Pais se diffundeva per le peninsula e cercava de promover le education technic, le innovation agricole e le activitate manufacturari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=La Ilustración en España |url=https://docenti.unimc.it/armando.francesconi/teaching/2024/29811/files/la-guerra-de-sucesion-1701-1713-y-los-borbones-espanoles |website=Università degli Studi di Macerata}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bravo Lira |first=Bernardino |title=El absolutismo ilustrado en España e Indias bajo Carlos III (1759–1788). De la visión judicial a la visión administrativa del gobierno con motivo de un bicentenario |journal=Revista Chilena de Historia del Derecho |issue=14 |year=1991 |doi=10.5354/rchd.v0i14.24446}}</ref> === Le regno de Carlos IV === Durante le regno de Carlos IV (1788–1808), le Illuminismo espaniol affrontava un contexto politic plus difficile. Le Revolution Francese de 1789 provocava inquietude inter le elites governamental e ecclesiastic, que timeva le diffusion de ideas revolutionary. Le guerra contra Francia e le conflictos international del fin del seculo XVIII affectava le politica e le economia del monarchia. Le reformas illustrat continuava in alcun sectores, ma le autoritates deveniva plus prudente in relation al circulation de ideas politicamente radical. Le invasion napoleonian de 1808 e le Guerra de Independentia provocava un rupture profunde in le vita politic espaniol e marcava le transition verso un nove periodo historic. == Institutiones scientific e cultural == Le Illuminismo espaniol esseva caracterisate per le creation e le reorganisation de institutiones destinate a organisar, promover e diffunder le cognoscentia. Le academias, jardins botanic, observatorios e societates scientific esseva instrumentos importante del politica cultural del monarchia. === Academias regal === Le academias regal habeva le objectivo de promover le studio systematic del linguas, del historia, del artes e del scientias. Inter le institutiones plus importante se trova: * Real Academia Espaniol: fundate in 1713, con le objectivo de studiar e describer le lingua espaniol. * Real Academia de la Historia: establite in 1738 pro promover le investigation historic e le studio del fontes. * Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando: fundate in 1752, dedicate al promotion e al instruction in le artes visual. * Real Academia Nacional de Medicina: su antecedentes institutional remonta al seculo XVIII, con le formation de academias e institutiones dedicate al medicina. Iste institutiones contribuiva al consolidation de communitates intellectual e al diffusion de normas e methodos de studio.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aspectos culturales de la Ilustración española |url=https://www.vence.es/auxiliar-museos-estado/temario/tema-108 |website=Cuerpo Auxiliar de Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos del Estado}}</ref> === Jardins botanic e institutiones scientific === Le Real Jardin Botanic de Madrid esseva create per ordine de Fernando VI in 1755 e transferite al Paseo del Prado durante le regno de Carlos III. Le nove jardin esseva inaugurate in 1781 e deveniva un centro importante pro le studio del botanica e del plantas. Le Real Gabinete de Historia Natural esseva fundate in 1771, a partir del collection reunite per Pedro Franco Dávila. Illo constitueva un antecedente del actual Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales. Le monarchia promoveva etiam observatorios astronomic, gabinetes scientific e institutiones dedicate al medicina, al navigation e al ingenieria. Iste centros serviva a developpar le scientias e a formar especialistas pro le administration e le economia del stato.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aspectos culturales de la Ilustración española |url=https://www.vence.es/auxiliar-museos-estado/temario/tema-108 |website=Cuerpo Auxiliar de Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos del Estado}}</ref> === Societates Economic de Amicos del Pais === Le Societates Economic de Amicos del Pais esseva associationes create durante le secunde medietate del seculo XVIII con le objectivo de promover le progresso economic e cultural. Le prime de iste societates esseva fundate in le Pais Basco in 1765. Le exemplo esseva sequite per altere regiones. Le Societate Economic Matritense, fundate in 1775, deveniva un del plus importante. Le societates organisava conferentias, promoveva publicationes, proponeva reformas e susteneva le education technic e professional. Lor activitate se concentrava frequentemente super le agricultura, le industria, le commercio e le instruction del population. == Reformas economic e social == === Agricultura === Le agricultura esseva un del sectores central del economia espaniol, ma su production esseva limitate per problemas structural como le concentration del proprietate territorial, le insufficentia de infrastructuras, le technicas traditional e le distribution desigual del terras. Le intellectuals illustrat cercava de meliorar le production per medio de nove methodos agricole, le diffusion de manuales, le irrigation e le melior utilisation del terras. Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos scribeva su ''Informe sobre la Ley Agraria'', publicate in 1795, in le qual ille analysava le obstaculos al developpamento del agricultura e proponeva reformas institutional e economic. === Industria e commercio === Le reformistas promoveva le developpamento del manufacturas e del commercio. Le corona susteneva le creation de fabricas regal, destinate a producer productos de luxu e benes pro le corte e le mercato. Inter le institutiones importante se trovava le Real Fabrica de Porcellana del Buen Retiro, le Real Fabrica de Tapices e altere stabilimentos industrial. Le politicas commercial cercava de reducir alcun restrictiones interne, meliorar le infrastructuras e promover le commercio con America. Le liberalisation progressive del commercio american durante le seculo XVIII contribuiva al expansion de alcun portos e citates commercial. === Reformas urban === Durante le regno de Carlos III, Madrid esseva subjecte a un vaste programma de transformation urban. Le administration promoveva le pavimentation del vias, le illumination public, le sanitation e le construction de edificios e spacios public. Le architectura neoclassic habeva un rolo importante in iste transformationes. Inter le architectos associate al periodo se trova Juan de Villanueva, autor del edificio del Real Gabinete de Historia Natural, hodie Museo del Prado, e Francesco Sabatini, qui participava a numerose projectos urban e architectonic. == Litteratura e pensamento == Le litteratura illuministe se distingueva per su character didactic e moral. Le autores cercava de diffunder ideas, criticar costumes e promover le education del lectores. === Benito Jerónimo Feijoo === Benito Jerónimo Feijoo (1676–1764) esseva monacho benedictin e autor de essays philosophic e scientific. Su obra principal, ''Teatro crítico universal'' (1726–1740), examinava superstitiones, errores popular e opiniones que ille considerava sin fundamento rational. Feijoo defendeva le observation, le experientia e le uso del ration. Su scripto esseva importante pro le diffusion del ideas scientific e del pensamento critic in Espania. === Gregorio Mayans y Siscar === Gregorio Mayans y Siscar (1699–1781) esseva un erudito, philologo e historiographo. Su obras includeva studios linguistic, biographic e historic. Ille insisteva super le necessitate de studiar le documentos original e de applicar methodos critic al interpretation del historia. === Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos === Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos (1744–1811) esseva un del figuras plus importante del Illuminismo espaniol. Ille esseva scriptor, jurista, economista e politico. Su obras tractava problemas economic, educational e juridic. In ''Informe sobre la Ley Agraria'', ille studiava le obstaculos al developpamento agricole. Ille defendeva etiam le education, le instruction technic e le melioramento del administration public. === José Cadalso === José Cadalso (1741–1782) esseva un autor e militar. Su obra plus cognoscite, ''Cartas marruecas'', publicate post su morte in 1789, presenta un serie de cartas fictive que examina le societate espaniol per medio del observation de un viagiator estrange. Le obra combina critica social, humor e reflexion super le identitate cultural, le education e le traditiones. === Leandro Fernández de Moratín === Leandro Fernández de Moratín (1760–1828) esseva dramaturgo e poeta. Su obras teatral criticava alcun costumes social e promoveva un teatro moral e rational. Su comedia ''El sí de las niñas'' (1806) examina le matrimonios arrangiate e le condition social del feminas, defendente le libertate del decision personal e le education. === Altere autores === Inter le altere figuras importante del litteratura illustrat se trova: * Tomás de Iriarte (1750–1791): poeta e autor de fabulas, cognoscite pro su *Fábulas literarias*. * Félix María Samaniego (1745–1801): autor de fabulas moral destinate principalmente al education. * Juan Meléndez Valdés (1754–1817): poeta associate al neoclassicismo e al sensibilitate preromantic. * Pedro Rodríguez de Campomanes (1723–1802): economista, jurista e politico, autor de obras super le industria, le commercio e le education. * Antonio de Capmany (1742–1813): historiographo e erudito, interessate al historia economic e institutional. == Scientia e expeditiones == Le scientia esseva un del dominios in le qual le reformistas illustrat cercava de promover le observation e le investigation systematic. Le medicina, le botanica, le astronomia, le geographia e le historia natural acquireva un importantia crescente. Le monarchia susteneva expeditiones scientific verso America e altere territorios del imperio. Le objectivos includeva le description del flora e del fauna, le studio del ressources natural, le cartographia e le collection de specimens. Inter le scientificos e exploratores importante se trovava José Celestino Mutis, qui dirigeva le Expedition Botanic del Nove Regno de Granada; Antonio José de Cavanilles, botanico que studiava le flora del peninsula e de altere regiones; e Alejandro Malaspina, qui dirigeva un expedition scientific circumglobal inter 1789 e 1794. Le expeditiones contribuiva al accumulation de cognoscentia scientific e al creation de collectiones naturalistic, ben que lor activitate esseva etiam ligate al interesses administrative, commercial e imperial del monarchia. == Artes e architectura == === Neoclassicismo === Le neoclassicismo esseva le principal stilo artistic associate al Ilustration. Illo se inspirava in le arte e le architectura del Grecia e Roma antique e privilegiava le equilibrio, le proportiones, le claritate e le simplicitate formal. In Espania, le neoclassicismo esseva promovite per institutiones como le Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, que influentiava le formation del artistas e le diffusion del gustos artistic. Architectos como Juan de Villanueva e Francesco Sabatini participava al transformation del architectura public e del spacios urban. === Pintura === Le pintura del periodo conservava elementos del tradition baroc, ma incorporava progressivemente influentias neoclassic e nove formas de representation. Francisco de Goya (1746–1828) esseva le figura le plus importante del transition inter le cultura del Ancien Regime e le arte moderne. Su production includeva retratos, scenas de corte, representationes popular e obras de character critic. Le pinturas e gravuras de Goya reflecteva le transformationes politic e social de su epocha. In obras como *Los Caprichos*, ille criticava superstitiones, abusos e defectos del societate. == Le Illuminismo e le religion == Le relation inter le Illuminismo e le religion catholic esseva complexe. Numerose pensatores espaniol esseva clericos o manteneva un perspective religiose e cercava de conciliar le fide con le ration e le scientia. Le reformistas criticava alcun practicas religiose que illes considerava superstitiose, e proponeva meliorar le education del clericato e le administration ecclesiastic. Alcunes susteneva le regalismo, isto es, le affirmation del autoritate del monarcha super alcun asuntos ecclesiastic in su territorios. Le Inquisition continuava a exercer le censura e a controlar le circulation de libros. Le relation inter censura, monarchia e production intellectual remaneva un aspecto central del cultura illustrat espaniol.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lucena Giraldo |first=Manuela |title=Historiografía y censura en la España Ilustrada |journal=Hispania |volume=65 |issue=221 |year=2005 |pages=973–989 |doi=10.3989/hispania.2005.v65.i221.129}}</ref> == Le Illuminismo in America == Le ideas del Illuminismo se diffundeva etiam in le territorios american del monarchia hispanic. Le citates de Mexico, Lima, Bogota e altere centros colonial habeva institutiones educational, bibliothecas, academias e communitates intellectual. Le intellectuals american participava al debates super le education, le scientia, le economia e le organisation del societate. Le reception del ideas europee non esseva un processo passive: illos esseva reinterpretate secundo le realitates social e politic del societates american. Le expulsion del jesuitas in 1767 affectava profundemente le institutiones educational e religiose in America. Numerose membros del ordine se establiva in Europa, ubi alcunes continuava lor activitate intellectual e scribeva super le historia, le linguas e le culturas american. Le diffusion del ideas illustrat in America contribuiva al formation de nove formas de pensamento politic e cultural, que plus tarde participava al debates super le autonomia e le independentia del territorios american.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Comes Peña |first=Claudia |title=Feijoo y la Ilustración en una polémica novohispana del siglo XVIII: ¿es Eguiara y Eguren un escolástico ilustrado? |journal=América sin Nombre |issue=18 |year=2013 |pages=58–66 |doi=10.14198/AMESN2013.18.05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=La Ilustración en el mundo hispánico de fines del XVIII: sociedades económicas y reforma universitaria |url=https://ri.conicet.gov.ar/bitstream/handle/11336/84040/CONICET_Digital_Nro.0f4c223d-3b0d-4a45-ba81-6a60f8dac778_A.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=2 |website=CONICET}}</ref> == Limites e contradictiones == Ben que le Illuminismo promoveva le ration e le melioramento del societate, su diffusion in Espania restava limitate a sectores specific del population. Le education superior e le participation al institutiones cultural concerneva principalmente le elites urban, le clericato e le gruppos intellectual. Le major parte del population continuava a viver in conditiones rural, con accesso limitate al instruction. Le reformistas recognosceva le necessitate de extender le education, ma lor projectos non sempre proponeva un accesso egal al nivellos superior de formation. Le movimento esseva etiam dependente del supporto del monarchia. Multe intellectuals esseva funcionarios, magistratos, professores o consiliarios del corona. Iste situation permitteva le execution de reformas, ma limitava le libertate de critica in relation al autoritate politic e religiose. Le censura, le privilegios social e le resistentia de institutiones traditional constitueva obstaculos al diffusion del ideas. Le Illuminismo espaniol debe dunque esser comprendite como un movimento reformator que combinava ambitiones de progresso con le limites politic e social del Ancien Regime.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lucena Giraldo |first=Manuela |title=Historiografía y censura en la España Ilustrada |journal=Hispania |volume=65 |issue=221 |year=2005 |pages=973–989 |doi=10.3989/hispania.2005.v65.i221.129}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=de Lorenzo Álvarez |first=Elena |title=El mapa y el territorio: la documentación del proceso censor gubernamental en la España del siglo XVIII (1769–1810) |journal=Bulletin of Spanish Studies |volume=101 |issue=2–3 |year=2024 |pages=149–209 |doi=10.1080/14753820.2023.2273644}}</ref> == Fin del Illuminismo espaniol e hereditage == Le fin del seculo XVIII esseva marcate per le Revolution Francese, le guerras contra Francia e le crisis politic del monarchia. Le invasion napoleonian de 1808 e le Guerra de Independentia transformava profundemente le structura politic espaniol. Le ideas del Illuminismo non dispariva con le fin del Ancien Regime. Illos continuava a influentiar le debates super le constitution, le education, le derectos, le economia e le organisation del stato durante le seculo XIX. Le Illuminismo espaniol contribuiva al developpamento del institutiones scientific e cultural, al renovation del historiographia, al promotion del education e al diffusion del methodos experimental. Su hereditage se manifesta in le academias, bibliothecas, museos, jardins botanic e institutiones de instruction que se developpava durante le seculos subsequente. {{Ref}} {{Historia de Espania}} [[Categoria:Ilustration]] [[Categoria:Historia de Espania]] [[Categoria:Cultura de Espania]] [[Categoria:Historia del seculo XVIII]] [[Categoria:Philosophia del seculo XVIII]] niai777wrzmtz8nev9ld13awl9co3yz 705320 705319 2026-11-01T10:35:39Z Interlingvisto 60932 705320 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Illuminismo in Espania''' esseva un movimento intellectual, scientific, cultural e reformator que se developava principalmente durante le seculo XVIII in le territorios del monarchia hispanic. Illo faceva parte del movimento european del Illuminismo, que promoveva le uso del ration, le observation scientific, le education e le progresso como instrumentos pro comprender e transformar le societate. Le Illuminismo espaniol acquireva characteristicas proprie, influentiate per le tradition catholic, le structura politic del monarchia, le institutiones del Ancien Regime e le contactos intellectual con Francia, Italia, Grande Britannia e altere partes de Europa. Su representantes cercava de modernisar le administration, reformar le agricultura e le industria, extender le education e promover le scientias e le artes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aspectos culturales de la Ilustración española |url=https://www.vence.es/auxiliar-museos-estado/temario/tema-108 |website=Cuerpo Auxiliar de Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos del Estado}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=La Ilustración en España |url=https://docenti.unimc.it/armando.francesconi/teaching/2024/29811/files/la-guerra-de-sucesion-1701-1713-y-los-borbones-espanoles |website=Università degli Studi di Macerata}}</ref> Le movimento attingeva su apogeo durante le regnos de Fernando VI (1746–1759) e Carlos III (1759–1788), ben que su antecedentes pote esser trovate in le ultime decennios del seculo XVII e su ideas continuava a influentiar le societate durante le seculo XIX. Inter su figuras plus importante se trova Benito Jerónimo Feijoo, Gregorio Mayans, Pedro Rodríguez de Campomanes, Pablo de Olavide, Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos, José Cadalso e Antonio de Capmany. == Contexto historic == === Le fin del Casa de Austria e le accession del Bourbones === Al fin del seculo XVII, le monarchia hispanic affrontava un periodo de difficultates politic, economic e militar. Le morte de Carlos II in 1700, sin herede direct, provocava un conflicto international super le succession al throno. Le Guerra de Succession Espaniol (1701–1714) opponeva le partitarios de Philip de Anjou, futuro Felipe V, e le archiduca Carlos de Austria. Le victoria del Bourbones e le accession de Felipe V inaugurava un nove periodo politic. Le nove dynastia introduceva reformas administrative inspirate in parte per le organisation del monarchia francese. Le Decretos de Nueva Planta, promulgate inter 1707 e 1716, transformava le structuras institutional de diverse territorios del Corona de Aragon e reforçava le centralisation monarchic.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kamen |first=Henry |title=The War of Succession in Spain, 1700–15 |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=1969}}</ref> Le reformismo borbonic creava un contexto politic in le qual le ideas del Illuminismo poteva esser usate pro justificar le modernisation del administration, del economia e del institutiones. Tamen, le reformismo del monarchia non significava un adoption complete del ideas politic liberal: le poter regal remaneva concentrate in le monarcha. === Le diffusion del ideas europee === Le Illuminismo espaniol esseva influentiate per le philosophia e le scientia europee. Le obras de René Descartes, John Locke, Isaac Newton, Montesquieu e altere pensatores circulava in Espania, sovente in traductiones o per medio de revistas, correspondentias e contactos personal. Francia exerceva un influentia importante, specialmente in le philosophia, le litteratura e le modelos institutional. Tamen, le Illuminismo espaniol non esseva un simple imitation del pensamento francese. Illo incorporava etiam influentias britannic e italian e se developava in dialogo con le traditiones scholastic e catholic del peninsula. Le diffusion del nove ideas incontrava obstaculos. Le Inquisition, le censura gubernamental e ecclesiastic e le structuras traditional del education limitava le circulation de certe obras. Le controle del publication esseva exercite per diverse institutiones, e le autores poteva recurrer al autocensura pro evitar problemas con le autoritates.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lucena Giraldo |first=Manuela |title=Historiografía y censura en la España Ilustrada |journal=Hispania |volume=65 |issue=221 |year=2005 |pages=973–989 |doi=10.3989/hispania.2005.v65.i221.129}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=de Lorenzo Álvarez |first=Elena |title=El mapa y el territorio: la documentación del proceso censor gubernamental en la España del siglo XVIII (1769–1810) |journal=Bulletin of Spanish Studies |volume=101 |issue=2–3 |year=2024 |pages=149–209 |doi=10.1080/14753820.2023.2273644}}</ref> == Characteristicas del Illuminismo espaniol == Le Illuminismo espaniol se basava super le conviction que le ration, le observation e le education poteva contribuer al melioration del condition human. Su representantes cercava de superar superstitiones, errores scientific e practicas que illes considerava contraproductive al progresso. Inter le ideas principal del movimento se trovava: * Ration e pensamento critic: le necessitate de examinar le traditiones e le opiniones per medio del observation e del argumento. * Progresso scientific: le promotion del scientias natural, del medicina, del mathematica e del technologia. * Education: le diffusion del instruction e le reforma del institutiones educational. * Reforma economic: le melioration del agricultura, del industria, del commercio e del infrastructuras. * Utilitate public: le application del cognoscentia al solution de problemas concrete del societate. * Reforma administrative: le rationalisation del administration del stato e le melioramento del gestion del ressources public. * Critica del superstition: le combatte contra credentias e practicas considerate incompatibile con le observation rational. Le pensamento del Illuminismo espaniol non esseva uniformemente anticlerical o irreligiose. Numerose intellectuals tentava de conciliar le religion catholic con le scientia, le philosophia e le reforma social. Le relation inter fide e ration esseva un del themas de discussion del periodo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aspectos culturales de la Ilustración española |url=https://www.vence.es/auxiliar-museos-estado/temario/tema-108 |website=Cuerpo Auxiliar de Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos del Estado}}</ref> == Periodos del Illuminismo espaniol == === Antecedentes e novatores === Le antecedentes del Illuminismo espaniol pote esser identificate in le ultime decennios del seculo XVII, quando un gruppo de intellectuals comenciava a criticar alcun aspectos del pensamento scholastic e a promover le observation experimental e le adoption de nove methodos scientific. Iste autores, cognoscite frequentemente como ''novatores'', promoveva le studio del mathematica, del medicina, del astronomia e del philosophia natural. Lor activitate preparava le terreno pro le reception plus ample del ideas illustrat durante le seculo XVIII. Inter le figuras associate al iste ambiente intellectual se trova Juan de Cabriada, qui defendiva le medicina experimental, e diverse eruditos e scientificos interessate al renovation del cognoscentia. === Prime periodo: Felipe V e Fernando VI === Durante le regnos de Felipe V (1700–1746) e Fernando VI (1746–1759), le nove ideas intellectual comenciava a obtener un position plus visibile in le vita cultural espaniol. Benito Jerónimo Feijoo esseva un del autores plus influente de iste periodo. In su obras ''Teatro crítico universal'' e ''Cartas eruditas y curiosas'', ille examinava credentias popular, errores scientific e opiniones traditional, promovente le observation e le pensamento critic. Gregorio Mayans y Siscar contribuiva al renovation del philologia, del historia e del critica textual. Su interesse pro le studio rigurose del documentos e del fontes historic faceva de ille un figura importante del erudition espaniol. Durante iste periodo se developava etiam institutiones cultural e scientific. Le Real Academia Espaniol esseva fundate in 1713 e approbate per le corona in 1714. Le Academia promoveva le studio e le regulation del lingua espaniol. Le Real Academia de la Historia esseva establite in 1738, con le objectivo de promover le investigation historic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aspectos culturales de la Ilustración española |url=https://www.vence.es/auxiliar-museos-estado/temario/tema-108 |website=Cuerpo Auxiliar de Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos del Estado}}</ref> === Apogeo durante Carlos III === Le regno de Carlos III (1759–1788) es generalmente considerate le periodo de major expansion del reformismo illustrat in Espania. Le monarcha promoveva reformas in le administration, le agricultura, le commercio, le education e le infrastructuras. Su ministros e consiliarios includeva Pedro Rodríguez de Campomanes, conde de Floridablanca, conde de Aranda e José de Gálvez. Illes participava al formulation e execution de politicas destinate a reforçar le stato e estimular le activitate economic. Le expulsion del jesuitas in 1767, decretate per Carlos III, esseva un del eventos plus importante del periodo. Le decision affectava le institutiones educational e religiose e permitteva al corona de reorganisar parte del systema de education. Le reformas del periodo includeva le promotion del agricultura, le construction de vias e canales, le developpamento del industria e le creation de institutiones scientific. Le Societates Economic de Amicos del Pais se diffundeva per le peninsula e cercava de promover le education technic, le innovation agricole e le activitate manufacturari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=La Ilustración en España |url=https://docenti.unimc.it/armando.francesconi/teaching/2024/29811/files/la-guerra-de-sucesion-1701-1713-y-los-borbones-espanoles |website=Università degli Studi di Macerata}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bravo Lira |first=Bernardino |title=El absolutismo ilustrado en España e Indias bajo Carlos III (1759–1788). De la visión judicial a la visión administrativa del gobierno con motivo de un bicentenario |journal=Revista Chilena de Historia del Derecho |issue=14 |year=1991 |doi=10.5354/rchd.v0i14.24446}}</ref> === Le regno de Carlos IV === Durante le regno de Carlos IV (1788–1808), le Illuminismo espaniol affrontava un contexto politic plus difficile. Le Revolution Francese de 1789 provocava inquietude inter le elites governamental e ecclesiastic, que timeva le diffusion de ideas revolutionary. Le guerra contra Francia e le conflictos international del fin del seculo XVIII affectava le politica e le economia del monarchia. Le reformas illustrat continuava in alcun sectores, ma le autoritates deveniva plus prudente in relation al circulation de ideas politicamente radical. Le invasion napoleonian de 1808 e le Guerra de Independentia provocava un rupture profunde in le vita politic espaniol e marcava le transition verso un nove periodo historic. == Institutiones scientific e cultural == Le Illuminismo espaniol esseva caracterisate per le creation e le reorganisation de institutiones destinate a organisar, promover e diffunder le cognoscentia. Le academias, jardins botanic, observatorios e societates scientific esseva instrumentos importante del politica cultural del monarchia. === Academias regal === Le academias regal habeva le objectivo de promover le studio systematic del linguas, del historia, del artes e del scientias. Inter le institutiones plus importante se trova: * Real Academia Espaniol: fundate in 1713, con le objectivo de studiar e describer le lingua espaniol. * Real Academia de la Historia: establite in 1738 pro promover le investigation historic e le studio del fontes. * Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando: fundate in 1752, dedicate al promotion e al instruction in le artes visual. * Real Academia Nacional de Medicina: su antecedentes institutional remonta al seculo XVIII, con le formation de academias e institutiones dedicate al medicina. Iste institutiones contribuiva al consolidation de communitates intellectual e al diffusion de normas e methodos de studio.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aspectos culturales de la Ilustración española |url=https://www.vence.es/auxiliar-museos-estado/temario/tema-108 |website=Cuerpo Auxiliar de Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos del Estado}}</ref> === Jardins botanic e institutiones scientific === Le Real Jardin Botanic de Madrid esseva create per ordine de Fernando VI in 1755 e transferite al Paseo del Prado durante le regno de Carlos III. Le nove jardin esseva inaugurate in 1781 e deveniva un centro importante pro le studio del botanica e del plantas. Le Real Gabinete de Historia Natural esseva fundate in 1771, a partir del collection reunite per Pedro Franco Dávila. Illo constitueva un antecedente del actual Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales. Le monarchia promoveva etiam observatorios astronomic, gabinetes scientific e institutiones dedicate al medicina, al navigation e al ingenieria. Iste centros serviva a developpar le scientias e a formar especialistas pro le administration e le economia del stato.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aspectos culturales de la Ilustración española |url=https://www.vence.es/auxiliar-museos-estado/temario/tema-108 |website=Cuerpo Auxiliar de Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos del Estado}}</ref> === Societates Economic de Amicos del Pais === Le Societates Economic de Amicos del Pais esseva associationes create durante le secunde medietate del seculo XVIII con le objectivo de promover le progresso economic e cultural. Le prime de iste societates esseva fundate in le Pais Basco in 1765. Le exemplo esseva sequite per altere regiones. Le Societate Economic Matritense, fundate in 1775, deveniva un del plus importante. Le societates organisava conferentias, promoveva publicationes, proponeva reformas e susteneva le education technic e professional. Lor activitate se concentrava frequentemente super le agricultura, le industria, le commercio e le instruction del population. == Reformas economic e social == === Agricultura === Le agricultura esseva un del sectores central del economia espaniol, ma su production esseva limitate per problemas structural como le concentration del proprietate territorial, le insufficentia de infrastructuras, le technicas traditional e le distribution desigual del terras. Le intellectuals illustrat cercava de meliorar le production per medio de nove methodos agricole, le diffusion de manuales, le irrigation e le melior utilisation del terras. Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos scribeva su ''Informe sobre la Ley Agraria'', publicate in 1795, in le qual ille analysava le obstaculos al developpamento del agricultura e proponeva reformas institutional e economic. === Industria e commercio === Le reformistas promoveva le developpamento del manufacturas e del commercio. Le corona susteneva le creation de fabricas regal, destinate a producer productos de luxu e benes pro le corte e le mercato. Inter le institutiones importante se trovava le Real Fabrica de Porcellana del Buen Retiro, le Real Fabrica de Tapices e altere stabilimentos industrial. Le politicas commercial cercava de reducir alcun restrictiones interne, meliorar le infrastructuras e promover le commercio con America. Le liberalisation progressive del commercio american durante le seculo XVIII contribuiva al expansion de alcun portos e citates commercial. === Reformas urban === Durante le regno de Carlos III, Madrid esseva subjecte a un vaste programma de transformation urban. Le administration promoveva le pavimentation del vias, le illumination public, le sanitation e le construction de edificios e spacios public. Le architectura neoclassic habeva un rolo importante in iste transformationes. Inter le architectos associate al periodo se trova Juan de Villanueva, autor del edificio del Real Gabinete de Historia Natural, hodie Museo del Prado, e Francesco Sabatini, qui participava a numerose projectos urban e architectonic. == Litteratura e pensamento == Le litteratura illuministe se distingueva per su character didactic e moral. Le autores cercava de diffunder ideas, criticar costumes e promover le education del lectores. === Benito Jerónimo Feijoo === Benito Jerónimo Feijoo (1676–1764) esseva monacho benedictin e autor de essays philosophic e scientific. Su obra principal, ''Teatro crítico universal'' (1726–1740), examinava superstitiones, errores popular e opiniones que ille considerava sin fundamento rational. Feijoo defendeva le observation, le experientia e le uso del ration. Su scripto esseva importante pro le diffusion del ideas scientific e del pensamento critic in Espania. === Gregorio Mayans y Siscar === Gregorio Mayans y Siscar (1699–1781) esseva un erudito, philologo e historiographo. Su obras includeva studios linguistic, biographic e historic. Ille insisteva super le necessitate de studiar le documentos original e de applicar methodos critic al interpretation del historia. === Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos === Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos (1744–1811) esseva un del figuras plus importante del Illuminismo espaniol. Ille esseva scriptor, jurista, economista e politico. Su obras tractava problemas economic, educational e juridic. In ''Informe sobre la Ley Agraria'', ille studiava le obstaculos al developpamento agricole. Ille defendeva etiam le education, le instruction technic e le melioramento del administration public. === José Cadalso === José Cadalso (1741–1782) esseva un autor e militar. Su obra plus cognoscite, ''Cartas marruecas'', publicate post su morte in 1789, presenta un serie de cartas fictive que examina le societate espaniol per medio del observation de un viagiator estrange. Le obra combina critica social, humor e reflexion super le identitate cultural, le education e le traditiones. === Leandro Fernández de Moratín === Leandro Fernández de Moratín (1760–1828) esseva dramaturgo e poeta. Su obras teatral criticava alcun costumes social e promoveva un teatro moral e rational. Su comedia ''El sí de las niñas'' (1806) examina le matrimonios arrangiate e le condition social del feminas, defendente le libertate del decision personal e le education. === Altere autores === Inter le altere figuras importante del litteratura illustrat se trova: * Tomás de Iriarte (1750–1791): poeta e autor de fabulas, cognoscite pro su ''Fábulas literarias''. * Félix María Samaniego (1745–1801): autor de fabulas moral destinate principalmente al education. * Juan Meléndez Valdés (1754–1817): poeta associate al neoclassicismo e al sensibilitate preromantic. * Pedro Rodríguez de Campomanes (1723–1802): economista, jurista e politico, autor de obras super le industria, le commercio e le education. * Antonio de Capmany (1742–1813): historiographo e erudito, interessate al historia economic e institutional. == Scientia e expeditiones == Le scientia esseva un del dominios in le qual le reformistas illustrat cercava de promover le observation e le investigation systematic. Le medicina, le botanica, le astronomia, le geographia e le historia natural acquireva un importantia crescente. Le monarchia susteneva expeditiones scientific verso America e altere territorios del imperio. Le objectivos includeva le description del flora e del fauna, le studio del ressources natural, le cartographia e le collection de specimens. Inter le scientificos e exploratores importante se trovava José Celestino Mutis, qui dirigeva le Expedition Botanic del Nove Regno de Granada; Antonio José de Cavanilles, botanico que studiava le flora del peninsula e de altere regiones; e Alejandro Malaspina, qui dirigeva un expedition scientific circumglobal inter 1789 e 1794. Le expeditiones contribuiva al accumulation de cognoscentia scientific e al creation de collectiones naturalistic, ben que lor activitate esseva etiam ligate al interesses administrative, commercial e imperial del monarchia. == Artes e architectura == === Neoclassicismo === Le neoclassicismo esseva le principal stilo artistic associate al Ilustration. Illo se inspirava in le arte e le architectura del Grecia e Roma antique e privilegiava le equilibrio, le proportiones, le claritate e le simplicitate formal. In Espania, le neoclassicismo esseva promovite per institutiones como le Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, que influentiava le formation del artistas e le diffusion del gustos artistic. Architectos como Juan de Villanueva e Francesco Sabatini participava al transformation del architectura public e del spacios urban. === Pintura === Le pintura del periodo conservava elementos del tradition baroc, ma incorporava progressivemente influentias neoclassic e nove formas de representation. Francisco de Goya (1746–1828) esseva le figura le plus importante del transition inter le cultura del Ancien Regime e le arte moderne. Su production includeva retratos, scenas de corte, representationes popular e obras de character critic. Le pinturas e gravuras de Goya reflecteva le transformationes politic e social de su epocha. In obras como ''Los Caprichos'', ille criticava superstitiones, abusos e defectos del societate. == Le Illuminismo e le religion == Le relation inter le Illuminismo e le religion catholic esseva complexe. Numerose pensatores espaniol esseva clericos o manteneva un perspective religiose e cercava de conciliar le fide con le ration e le scientia. Le reformistas criticava alcun practicas religiose que illes considerava superstitiose, e proponeva meliorar le education del clericato e le administration ecclesiastic. Alcunes susteneva le regalismo, isto es, le affirmation del autoritate del monarcha super alcun asuntos ecclesiastic in su territorios. Le Inquisition continuava a exercer le censura e a controlar le circulation de libros. Le relation inter censura, monarchia e production intellectual remaneva un aspecto central del cultura illustrat espaniol.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lucena Giraldo |first=Manuela |title=Historiografía y censura en la España Ilustrada |journal=Hispania |volume=65 |issue=221 |year=2005 |pages=973–989 |doi=10.3989/hispania.2005.v65.i221.129}}</ref> == Le Illuminismo in America == Le ideas del Illuminismo se diffundeva etiam in le territorios american del monarchia hispanic. Le citates de Mexico, Lima, Bogota e altere centros colonial habeva institutiones educational, bibliothecas, academias e communitates intellectual. Le intellectuals american participava al debates super le education, le scientia, le economia e le organisation del societate. Le reception del ideas europee non esseva un processo passive: illos esseva reinterpretate secundo le realitates social e politic del societates american. Le expulsion del jesuitas in 1767 affectava profundemente le institutiones educational e religiose in America. Numerose membros del ordine se establiva in Europa, ubi alcunes continuava lor activitate intellectual e scribeva super le historia, le linguas e le culturas american. Le diffusion del ideas illustrat in America contribuiva al formation de nove formas de pensamento politic e cultural, que plus tarde participava al debates super le autonomia e le independentia del territorios american.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Comes Peña |first=Claudia |title=Feijoo y la Ilustración en una polémica novohispana del siglo XVIII: ¿es Eguiara y Eguren un escolástico ilustrado? |journal=América sin Nombre |issue=18 |year=2013 |pages=58–66 |doi=10.14198/AMESN2013.18.05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=La Ilustración en el mundo hispánico de fines del XVIII: sociedades económicas y reforma universitaria |url=https://ri.conicet.gov.ar/bitstream/handle/11336/84040/CONICET_Digital_Nro.0f4c223d-3b0d-4a45-ba81-6a60f8dac778_A.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=2 |website=CONICET}}</ref> == Limites e contradictiones == Ben que le Illuminismo promoveva le ration e le melioramento del societate, su diffusion in Espania restava limitate a sectores specific del population. Le education superior e le participation al institutiones cultural concerneva principalmente le elites urban, le clericato e le gruppos intellectual. Le major parte del population continuava a viver in conditiones rural, con accesso limitate al instruction. Le reformistas recognosceva le necessitate de extender le education, ma lor projectos non sempre proponeva un accesso egal al nivellos superior de formation. Le movimento esseva etiam dependente del supporto del monarchia. Multe intellectuals esseva funcionarios, magistratos, professores o consiliarios del corona. Iste situation permitteva le execution de reformas, ma limitava le libertate de critica in relation al autoritate politic e religiose. Le censura, le privilegios social e le resistentia de institutiones traditional constitueva obstaculos al diffusion del ideas. Le Illuminismo espaniol debe dunque esser comprendite como un movimento reformator que combinava ambitiones de progresso con le limites politic e social del Ancien Regime.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lucena Giraldo |first=Manuela |title=Historiografía y censura en la España Ilustrada |journal=Hispania |volume=65 |issue=221 |year=2005 |pages=973–989 |doi=10.3989/hispania.2005.v65.i221.129}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=de Lorenzo Álvarez |first=Elena |title=El mapa y el territorio: la documentación del proceso censor gubernamental en la España del siglo XVIII (1769–1810) |journal=Bulletin of Spanish Studies |volume=101 |issue=2–3 |year=2024 |pages=149–209 |doi=10.1080/14753820.2023.2273644}}</ref> == Fin del Illuminismo espaniol e hereditage == Le fin del seculo XVIII esseva marcate per le Revolution Francese, le guerras contra Francia e le crisis politic del monarchia. Le invasion napoleonian de 1808 e le Guerra de Independentia transformava profundemente le structura politic espaniol. Le ideas del Illuminismo non dispariva con le fin del Ancien Regime. Illos continuava a influentiar le debates super le constitution, le education, le derectos, le economia e le organisation del stato durante le seculo XIX. Le Illuminismo espaniol contribuiva al developpamento del institutiones scientific e cultural, al renovation del historiographia, al promotion del education e al diffusion del methodos experimental. Su hereditage se manifesta in le academias, bibliothecas, museos, jardins botanic e institutiones de instruction que se developpava durante le seculos subsequente. {{Ref}} {{Historia de Espania}} [[Categoria:Ilustration]] [[Categoria:Historia de Espania]] [[Categoria:Cultura de Espania]] [[Categoria:Historia del seculo XVIII]] [[Categoria:Philosophia del seculo XVIII]] 1zd1nt3egl6htl8ralg4gfcc2z2pzol 705321 705320 2026-11-01T10:36:18Z Interlingvisto 60932 705321 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Illuminismo in Espania''' esseva un movimento intellectual, scientific, cultural e reformator que se developava principalmente durante le seculo XVIII in le territorios del monarchia hispanic. Illo faceva parte del movimento european del Illuminismo, que promoveva le uso del ration, le observation scientific, le education e le progresso como instrumentos pro comprender e transformar le societate. Le Illuminismo espaniol acquireva characteristicas proprie, influentiate per le tradition catholic, le structura politic del monarchia, le institutiones del Ancien Regime e le contactos intellectual con Francia, Italia, Grande Britannia e altere partes de Europa. Su representantes cercava de modernisar le administration, reformar le agricultura e le industria, extender le education e promover le scientias e le artes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aspectos culturales de la Ilustración española |url=https://www.vence.es/auxiliar-museos-estado/temario/tema-108 |website=Cuerpo Auxiliar de Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos del Estado}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=La Ilustración en España |url=https://docenti.unimc.it/armando.francesconi/teaching/2024/29811/files/la-guerra-de-sucesion-1701-1713-y-los-borbones-espanoles |website=Università degli Studi di Macerata}}</ref> Le movimento attingeva su apogeo durante le regnos de Fernando VI (1746–1759) e Carlos III (1759–1788), ben que su antecedentes pote esser trovate in le ultime decennios del seculo XVII e su ideas continuava a influentiar le societate durante le seculo XIX. Inter su figuras plus importante se trova Benito Jerónimo Feijoo, Gregorio Mayans, Pedro Rodríguez de Campomanes, Pablo de Olavide, Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos, José Cadalso e Antonio de Capmany. == Contexto historic == === Le fin del Casa de Austria e le accession del Bourbones === Al fin del seculo XVII, le monarchia hispanic affrontava un periodo de difficultates politic, economic e militar. Le morte de Carlos II in 1700, sin herede direct, provocava un conflicto international super le succession al throno. Le Guerra de Succession Espaniol (1701–1714) opponeva le partitarios de Philip de Anjou, futuro Felipe V, e le archiduca Carlos de Austria. Le victoria del Bourbones e le accession de Felipe V inaugurava un nove periodo politic. Le nove dynastia introduceva reformas administrative inspirate in parte per le organisation del monarchia francese. Le Decretos de Nueva Planta, promulgate inter 1707 e 1716, transformava le structuras institutional de diverse territorios del Corona de Aragon e reforçava le centralisation monarchic.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kamen |first=Henry |title=The War of Succession in Spain, 1700–15 |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=1969}}</ref> Le reformismo borbonic creava un contexto politic in le qual le ideas del Illuminismo poteva esser usate pro justificar le modernisation del administration, del economia e del institutiones. Tamen, le reformismo del monarchia non significava un adoption complete del ideas politic liberal: le poter regal remaneva concentrate in le monarcha. === Le diffusion del ideas europee === Le Illuminismo espaniol esseva influentiate per le philosophia e le scientia europee. Le obras de René Descartes, John Locke, Isaac Newton, Montesquieu e altere pensatores circulava in Espania, sovente in traductiones o per medio de revistas, correspondentias e contactos personal. Francia exerceva un influentia importante, specialmente in le philosophia, le litteratura e le modelos institutional. Tamen, le Illuminismo espaniol non esseva un simple imitation del pensamento francese. Illo incorporava etiam influentias britannic e italian e se developava in dialogo con le traditiones scholastic e catholic del peninsula. Le diffusion del nove ideas incontrava obstaculos. Le Inquisition, le censura gubernamental e ecclesiastic e le structuras traditional del education limitava le circulation de certe obras. Le controle del publication esseva exercite per diverse institutiones, e le autores poteva recurrer al autocensura pro evitar problemas con le autoritates.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lucena Giraldo |first=Manuela |title=Historiografía y censura en la España Ilustrada |journal=Hispania |volume=65 |issue=221 |year=2005 |pages=973–989 |doi=10.3989/hispania.2005.v65.i221.129}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=de Lorenzo Álvarez |first=Elena |title=El mapa y el territorio: la documentación del proceso censor gubernamental en la España del siglo XVIII (1769–1810) |journal=Bulletin of Spanish Studies |volume=101 |issue=2–3 |year=2024 |pages=149–209 |doi=10.1080/14753820.2023.2273644}}</ref> == Characteristicas del Illuminismo espaniol == Le Illuminismo espaniol se basava super le conviction que le ration, le observation e le education poteva contribuer al melioration del condition human. Su representantes cercava de superar superstitiones, errores scientific e practicas que illes considerava contraproductive al progresso. Inter le ideas principal del movimento se trovava: * Ration e pensamento critic: le necessitate de examinar le traditiones e le opiniones per medio del observation e del argumento. * Progresso scientific: le promotion del scientias natural, del medicina, del mathematica e del technologia. * Education: le diffusion del instruction e le reforma del institutiones educational. * Reforma economic: le melioration del agricultura, del industria, del commercio e del infrastructuras. * Utilitate public: le application del cognoscentia al solution de problemas concrete del societate. * Reforma administrative: le rationalisation del administration del stato e le melioramento del gestion del ressources public. * Critica del superstition: le combatte contra credentias e practicas considerate incompatibile con le observation rational. Le pensamento del Illuminismo espaniol non esseva uniformemente anticlerical o irreligiose. Numerose intellectuals tentava de conciliar le religion catholic con le scientia, le philosophia e le reforma social. Le relation inter fide e ration esseva un del themas de discussion del periodo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aspectos culturales de la Ilustración española |url=https://www.vence.es/auxiliar-museos-estado/temario/tema-108 |website=Cuerpo Auxiliar de Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos del Estado}}</ref> == Periodos del Illuminismo espaniol == === Antecedentes e novatores === Le antecedentes del Illuminismo espaniol pote esser identificate in le ultime decennios del seculo XVII, quando un gruppo de intellectuals comenciava a criticar alcun aspectos del pensamento scholastic e a promover le observation experimental e le adoption de nove methodos scientific. Iste autores, cognoscite frequentemente como ''novatores'', promoveva le studio del mathematica, del medicina, del astronomia e del philosophia natural. Lor activitate preparava le terreno pro le reception plus ample del ideas illustrat durante le seculo XVIII. Inter le figuras associate al iste ambiente intellectual se trova Juan de Cabriada, qui defendiva le medicina experimental, e diverse eruditos e scientificos interessate al renovation del cognoscentia. === Prime periodo: Felipe V e Fernando VI === Durante le regnos de Felipe V (1700–1746) e Fernando VI (1746–1759), le nove ideas intellectual comenciava a obtener un position plus visibile in le vita cultural espaniol. Benito Jerónimo Feijoo esseva un del autores plus influente de iste periodo. In su obras ''Teatro crítico universal'' e ''Cartas eruditas y curiosas'', ille examinava credentias popular, errores scientific e opiniones traditional, promovente le observation e le pensamento critic. Gregorio Mayans y Siscar contribuiva al renovation del philologia, del historia e del critica textual. Su interesse pro le studio rigurose del documentos e del fontes historic faceva de ille un figura importante del erudition espaniol. Durante iste periodo se developava etiam institutiones cultural e scientific. Le Real Academia Espaniol esseva fundate in 1713 e approbate per le corona in 1714. Le Academia promoveva le studio e le regulation del lingua espaniol. Le Real Academia de la Historia esseva establite in 1738, con le objectivo de promover le investigation historic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aspectos culturales de la Ilustración española |url=https://www.vence.es/auxiliar-museos-estado/temario/tema-108 |website=Cuerpo Auxiliar de Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos del Estado}}</ref> === Apogeo durante Carlos III === Le regno de Carlos III (1759–1788) es generalmente considerate le periodo de major expansion del reformismo illustrat in Espania. Le monarcha promoveva reformas in le administration, le agricultura, le commercio, le education e le infrastructuras. Su ministros e consiliarios includeva Pedro Rodríguez de Campomanes, conde de Floridablanca, conde de Aranda e José de Gálvez. Illes participava al formulation e execution de politicas destinate a reforçar le stato e estimular le activitate economic. Le expulsion del jesuitas in 1767, decretate per Carlos III, esseva un del eventos plus importante del periodo. Le decision affectava le institutiones educational e religiose e permitteva al corona de reorganisar parte del systema de education. Le reformas del periodo includeva le promotion del agricultura, le construction de vias e canales, le developpamento del industria e le creation de institutiones scientific. Le Societates Economic de Amicos del Pais se diffundeva per le peninsula e cercava de promover le education technic, le innovation agricole e le activitate manufacturari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=La Ilustración en España |url=https://docenti.unimc.it/armando.francesconi/teaching/2024/29811/files/la-guerra-de-sucesion-1701-1713-y-los-borbones-espanoles |website=Università degli Studi di Macerata}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bravo Lira |first=Bernardino |title=El absolutismo ilustrado en España e Indias bajo Carlos III (1759–1788). De la visión judicial a la visión administrativa del gobierno con motivo de un bicentenario |journal=Revista Chilena de Historia del Derecho |issue=14 |year=1991 |doi=10.5354/rchd.v0i14.24446}}</ref> === Le regno de Carlos IV === Durante le regno de Carlos IV (1788–1808), le Illuminismo espaniol affrontava un contexto politic plus difficile. Le Revolution Francese de 1789 provocava inquietude inter le elites governamental e ecclesiastic, que timeva le diffusion de ideas revolutionary. Le guerra contra Francia e le conflictos international del fin del seculo XVIII affectava le politica e le economia del monarchia. Le reformas illustrat continuava in alcun sectores, ma le autoritates deveniva plus prudente in relation al circulation de ideas politicamente radical. Le invasion napoleonian de 1808 e le Guerra de Independentia provocava un rupture profunde in le vita politic espaniol e marcava le transition verso un nove periodo historic. == Institutiones scientific e cultural == Le Illuminismo espaniol esseva caracterisate per le creation e le reorganisation de institutiones destinate a organisar, promover e diffunder le cognoscentia. Le academias, jardins botanic, observatorios e societates scientific esseva instrumentos importante del politica cultural del monarchia. === Academias regal === Le academias regal habeva le objectivo de promover le studio systematic del linguas, del historia, del artes e del scientias. Inter le institutiones plus importante se trova: * Real Academia Espaniol: fundate in 1713, con le objectivo de studiar e describer le lingua espaniol. * Real Academia de la Historia: establite in 1738 pro promover le investigation historic e le studio del fontes. * Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando: fundate in 1752, dedicate al promotion e al instruction in le artes visual. * Real Academia Nacional de Medicina: su antecedentes institutional remonta al seculo XVIII, con le formation de academias e institutiones dedicate al medicina. Iste institutiones contribuiva al consolidation de communitates intellectual e al diffusion de normas e methodos de studio.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aspectos culturales de la Ilustración española |url=https://www.vence.es/auxiliar-museos-estado/temario/tema-108 |website=Cuerpo Auxiliar de Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos del Estado}}</ref> === Jardins botanic e institutiones scientific === Le Real Jardin Botanic de Madrid esseva create per ordine de Fernando VI in 1755 e transferite al Paseo del Prado durante le regno de Carlos III. Le nove jardin esseva inaugurate in 1781 e deveniva un centro importante pro le studio del botanica e del plantas. Le Real Gabinete de Historia Natural esseva fundate in 1771, a partir del collection reunite per Pedro Franco Dávila. Illo constitueva un antecedente del actual Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales. Le monarchia promoveva etiam observatorios astronomic, gabinetes scientific e institutiones dedicate al medicina, al navigation e al ingenieria. Iste centros serviva a developpar le scientias e a formar especialistas pro le administration e le economia del stato.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aspectos culturales de la Ilustración española |url=https://www.vence.es/auxiliar-museos-estado/temario/tema-108 |website=Cuerpo Auxiliar de Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos del Estado}}</ref> === Societates Economic de Amicos del Pais === Le Societates Economic de Amicos del Pais esseva associationes create durante le secunde medietate del seculo XVIII con le objectivo de promover le progresso economic e cultural. Le prime de iste societates esseva fundate in le Pais Basco in 1765. Le exemplo esseva sequite per altere regiones. Le Societate Economic Matritense, fundate in 1775, deveniva un del plus importante. Le societates organisava conferentias, promoveva publicationes, proponeva reformas e susteneva le education technic e professional. Lor activitate se concentrava frequentemente super le agricultura, le industria, le commercio e le instruction del population. == Reformas economic e social == === Agricultura === Le agricultura esseva un del sectores central del economia espaniol, ma su production esseva limitate per problemas structural como le concentration del proprietate territorial, le insufficentia de infrastructuras, le technicas traditional e le distribution desigual del terras. Le intellectuals illustrat cercava de meliorar le production per medio de nove methodos agricole, le diffusion de manuales, le irrigation e le melior utilisation del terras. Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos scribeva su ''Informe sobre la Ley Agraria'', publicate in 1795, in le qual ille analysava le obstaculos al developpamento del agricultura e proponeva reformas institutional e economic. === Industria e commercio === Le reformistas promoveva le developpamento del manufacturas e del commercio. Le corona susteneva le creation de fabricas regal, destinate a producer productos de luxu e benes pro le corte e le mercato. Inter le institutiones importante se trovava le Real Fabrica de Porcellana del Buen Retiro, le Real Fabrica de Tapices e altere stabilimentos industrial. Le politicas commercial cercava de reducir alcun restrictiones interne, meliorar le infrastructuras e promover le commercio con America. Le liberalisation progressive del commercio american durante le seculo XVIII contribuiva al expansion de alcun portos e citates commercial. === Reformas urban === Durante le regno de Carlos III, Madrid esseva subjecte a un vaste programma de transformation urban. Le administration promoveva le pavimentation del vias, le illumination public, le sanitation e le construction de edificios e spacios public. Le architectura neoclassic habeva un rolo importante in iste transformationes. Inter le architectos associate al periodo se trova Juan de Villanueva, autor del edificio del Real Gabinete de Historia Natural, hodie Museo del Prado, e Francesco Sabatini, qui participava a numerose projectos urban e architectonic. == Litteratura e pensamento == Le litteratura illuministe se distingueva per su character didactic e moral. Le autores cercava de diffunder ideas, criticar costumes e promover le education del lectores. === Benito Jerónimo Feijoo === Benito Jerónimo Feijoo (1676–1764) esseva monacho benedictin e autor de essays philosophic e scientific. Su obra principal, ''Teatro crítico universal'' (1726–1740), examinava superstitiones, errores popular e opiniones que ille considerava sin fundamento rational. Feijoo defendeva le observation, le experientia e le uso del ration. Su scripto esseva importante pro le diffusion del ideas scientific e del pensamento critic in Espania. === Gregorio Mayans y Siscar === Gregorio Mayans y Siscar (1699–1781) esseva un erudito, philologo e historiographo. Su obras includeva studios linguistic, biographic e historic. Ille insisteva super le necessitate de studiar le documentos original e de applicar methodos critic al interpretation del historia. === Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos === Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos (1744–1811) esseva un del figuras plus importante del Illuminismo espaniol. Ille esseva scriptor, jurista, economista e politico. Su obras tractava problemas economic, educational e juridic. In ''Informe sobre la Ley Agraria'', ille studiava le obstaculos al developpamento agricole. Ille defendeva etiam le education, le instruction technic e le melioramento del administration public. === José Cadalso === José Cadalso (1741–1782) esseva un autor e militar. Su obra plus cognoscite, ''Cartas marruecas'', publicate post su morte in 1789, presenta un serie de cartas fictive que examina le societate espaniol per medio del observation de un viagiator estrange. Le obra combina critica social, humor e reflexion super le identitate cultural, le education e le traditiones. === Leandro Fernández de Moratín === Leandro Fernández de Moratín (1760–1828) esseva dramaturgo e poeta. Su obras teatral criticava alcun costumes social e promoveva un teatro moral e rational. Su comedia ''El sí de las niñas'' (1806) examina le matrimonios arrangiate e le condition social del feminas, defendente le libertate del decision personal e le education. === Altere autores === Inter le altere figuras importante del litteratura illustrat se trova: * Tomás de Iriarte (1750–1791): poeta e autor de fabulas, cognoscite pro su ''Fábulas literarias''. * Félix María Samaniego (1745–1801): autor de fabulas moral destinate principalmente al education. * Juan Meléndez Valdés (1754–1817): poeta associate al neoclassicismo e al sensibilitate preromantic. * Pedro Rodríguez de Campomanes (1723–1802): economista, jurista e politico, autor de obras super le industria, le commercio e le education. * Antonio de Capmany (1742–1813): historiographo e erudito, interessate al historia economic e institutional. == Scientia e expeditiones == Le scientia esseva un del dominios in le qual le reformistas illustrat cercava de promover le observation e le investigation systematic. Le medicina, le botanica, le astronomia, le geographia e le historia natural acquireva un importantia crescente. Le monarchia susteneva expeditiones scientific verso America e altere territorios del imperio. Le objectivos includeva le description del flora e del fauna, le studio del ressources natural, le cartographia e le collection de specimens. Inter le scientificos e exploratores importante se trovava José Celestino Mutis, qui dirigeva le Expedition Botanic del Nove Regno de Granada; Antonio José de Cavanilles, botanico que studiava le flora del peninsula e de altere regiones; e Alejandro Malaspina, qui dirigeva un expedition scientific circumglobal inter 1789 e 1794. Le expeditiones contribuiva al accumulation de cognoscentia scientific e al creation de collectiones naturalistic, ben que lor activitate esseva etiam ligate al interesses administrative, commercial e imperial del monarchia. == Artes e architectura == === Neoclassicismo === Le neoclassicismo esseva le principal stilo artistic associate al Ilustration. Illo se inspirava in le arte e le architectura del Grecia e Roma antique e privilegiava le equilibrio, le proportiones, le claritate e le simplicitate formal. In Espania, le neoclassicismo esseva promovite per institutiones como le Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, que influentiava le formation del artistas e le diffusion del gustos artistic. Architectos como Juan de Villanueva e Francesco Sabatini participava al transformation del architectura public e del spacios urban. === Pintura === Le pintura del periodo conservava elementos del tradition baroc, ma incorporava progressivemente influentias neoclassic e nove formas de representation. Francisco de Goya (1746–1828) esseva le figura le plus importante del transition inter le cultura del Ancien Regime e le arte moderne. Su production includeva retratos, scenas de corte, representationes popular e obras de character critic. Le pinturas e gravuras de Goya reflecteva le transformationes politic e social de su epocha. In obras como ''Los Caprichos'', ille criticava superstitiones, abusos e defectos del societate. == Le Illuminismo e le religion == Le relation inter le Illuminismo e le religion catholic esseva complexe. Numerose pensatores espaniol esseva clericos o manteneva un perspective religiose e cercava de conciliar le fide con le ration e le scientia. Le reformistas criticava alcun practicas religiose que illes considerava superstitiose, e proponeva meliorar le education del clericato e le administration ecclesiastic. Alcunes susteneva le regalismo, isto es, le affirmation del autoritate del monarcha super alcun asuntos ecclesiastic in su territorios. Le Inquisition continuava a exercer le censura e a controlar le circulation de libros. Le relation inter censura, monarchia e production intellectual remaneva un aspecto central del cultura illustrat espaniol.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lucena Giraldo |first=Manuela |title=Historiografía y censura en la España Ilustrada |journal=Hispania |volume=65 |issue=221 |year=2005 |pages=973–989 |doi=10.3989/hispania.2005.v65.i221.129}}</ref> == Le Illuminismo in America == Le ideas del Illuminismo se diffundeva etiam in le territorios american del monarchia hispanic. Le citates de Mexico, Lima, Bogota e altere centros colonial habeva institutiones educational, bibliothecas, academias e communitates intellectual. Le intellectuals american participava al debates super le education, le scientia, le economia e le organisation del societate. Le reception del ideas europee non esseva un processo passive: illos esseva reinterpretate secundo le realitates social e politic del societates american. Le expulsion del jesuitas in 1767 affectava profundemente le institutiones educational e religiose in America. Numerose membros del ordine se establiva in Europa, ubi alcunes continuava lor activitate intellectual e scribeva super le historia, le linguas e le culturas american. Le diffusion del ideas illustrat in America contribuiva al formation de nove formas de pensamento politic e cultural, que plus tarde participava al debates super le autonomia e le independentia del territorios american.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Comes Peña |first=Claudia |title=Feijoo y la Ilustración en una polémica novohispana del siglo XVIII: ¿es Eguiara y Eguren un escolástico ilustrado? |journal=América sin Nombre |issue=18 |year=2013 |pages=58–66 |doi=10.14198/AMESN2013.18.05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=La Ilustración en el mundo hispánico de fines del XVIII: sociedades económicas y reforma universitaria |url=https://ri.conicet.gov.ar/bitstream/handle/11336/84040/CONICET_Digital_Nro.0f4c223d-3b0d-4a45-ba81-6a60f8dac778_A.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=2 |website=CONICET}}</ref> == Limites e contradictiones == Ben que le Illuminismo promoveva le ration e le melioramento del societate, su diffusion in Espania restava limitate a sectores specific del population. Le education superior e le participation al institutiones cultural concerneva principalmente le elites urban, le clericato e le gruppos intellectual. Le major parte del population continuava a viver in conditiones rural, con accesso limitate al instruction. Le reformistas recognosceva le necessitate de extender le education, ma lor projectos non sempre proponeva un accesso egal al nivellos superior de formation. Le movimento esseva etiam dependente del supporto del monarchia. Multe intellectuals esseva funcionarios, magistratos, professores o consiliarios del corona. Iste situation permitteva le execution de reformas, ma limitava le libertate de critica in relation al autoritate politic e religiose. Le censura, le privilegios social e le resistentia de institutiones traditional constitueva obstaculos al diffusion del ideas. Le Illuminismo espaniol debe dunque esser comprendite como un movimento reformator que combinava ambitiones de progresso con le limites politic e social del Ancien Regime.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lucena Giraldo |first=Manuela |title=Historiografía y censura en la España Ilustrada |journal=Hispania |volume=65 |issue=221 |year=2005 |pages=973–989 |doi=10.3989/hispania.2005.v65.i221.129}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=de Lorenzo Álvarez |first=Elena |title=El mapa y el territorio: la documentación del proceso censor gubernamental en la España del siglo XVIII (1769–1810) |journal=Bulletin of Spanish Studies |volume=101 |issue=2–3 |year=2024 |pages=149–209 |doi=10.1080/14753820.2023.2273644}}</ref> == Fin del Illuminismo espaniol e hereditage == Le fin del seculo XVIII esseva marcate per le Revolution Francese, le guerras contra Francia e le crisis politic del monarchia. Le invasion napoleonian de 1808 e le Guerra de Independentia transformava profundemente le structura politic espaniol. Le ideas del Illuminismo non dispariva con le fin del Ancien Regime. Illos continuava a influentiar le debates super le constitution, le education, le derectos, le economia e le organisation del stato durante le seculo XIX. Le Illuminismo espaniol contribuiva al developpamento del institutiones scientific e cultural, al renovation del historiographia, al promotion del education e al diffusion del methodos experimental. Su hereditage se manifesta in le academias, bibliothecas, museos, jardins botanic e institutiones de instruction que se developpava durante le seculos subsequente. {{Ref}} {{Historia de Espania}} [[Categoria:Illuminismo]] [[Categoria:Historia de Espania]] [[Categoria:Cultura de Espania]] [[Categoria:Historia del seculo XVIII]] [[Categoria:Philosophia del seculo XVIII]] d7sadn1wv00bolxs6dzsfarac0b27nl 705323 705321 2026-11-01T10:39:18Z Interlingvisto 60932 705323 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Illuminismo in Espania''' esseva un movimento intellectual, scientific, cultural e reformator que se developava principalmente durante le seculo XVIII in le territorios del monarchia hispanic. Illo faceva parte del movimento europee del [[Illuminismo]], que promoveva le uso del ration, le observation scientific, le education e le progresso como instrumentos pro comprender e transformar le societate. Le Illuminismo espaniol acquireva characteristicas proprie, influentiate per le tradition catholic, le structura politic del monarchia, le institutiones del Antique Regimen e le contactos intellectual con [[Francia]], [[Italia]], [[Grande Britannia]] e altere partes de [[Europa]]. Su representantes cercava de modernisar le administration, reformar le agricultura e le industria, extender le education e promover le scientias e le artes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aspectos culturales de la Ilustración española |url=https://www.vence.es/auxiliar-museos-estado/temario/tema-108 |website=Cuerpo Auxiliar de Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos del Estado}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=La Ilustración en España |url=https://docenti.unimc.it/armando.francesconi/teaching/2024/29811/files/la-guerra-de-sucesion-1701-1713-y-los-borbones-espanoles |website=Università degli Studi di Macerata}}</ref> Le movimento attingeva su apogeo durante le regnos de Fernando VI (1746–1759) e Carlos III (1759–1788), ben que su antecedentes pote esser trovate in le ultime decennios del seculo XVII e su ideas continuava a influentiar le societate durante le seculo XIX. Inter su figuras plus importante se trova Benito Jerónimo Feijoo, Gregorio Mayans, Pedro Rodríguez de Campomanes, Pablo de Olavide, Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos, José Cadalso e Antonio de Capmany. == Contexto historic == === Le fin del Casa de Austria e le accession del Bourbones === Al fin del seculo XVII, le monarchia hispanic affrontava un periodo de difficultates politic, economic e militar. Le morte de Carlos II in 1700, sin herede direct, provocava un conflicto international super le succession al throno. Le Guerra de Succession Espaniol (1701–1714) opponeva le partitarios de Philip de Anjou, futuro Felipe V, e le archiduca Carlos de Austria. Le victoria del Bourbones e le accession de Felipe V inaugurava un nove periodo politic. Le nove dynastia introduceva reformas administrative inspirate in parte per le organisation del monarchia francese. Le Decretos de Nueva Planta, promulgate inter 1707 e 1716, transformava le structuras institutional de diverse territorios del Corona de Aragon e reforçava le centralisation monarchic.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kamen |first=Henry |title=The War of Succession in Spain, 1700–15 |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=1969}}</ref> Le reformismo borbonic creava un contexto politic in le qual le ideas del Illuminismo poteva esser usate pro justificar le modernisation del administration, del economia e del institutiones. Tamen, le reformismo del monarchia non significava un adoption complete del ideas politic liberal: le poter regal remaneva concentrate in le monarcha. === Le diffusion del ideas europee === Le Illuminismo espaniol esseva influentiate per le philosophia e le scientia europee. Le obras de René Descartes, John Locke, Isaac Newton, Montesquieu e altere pensatores circulava in Espania, sovente in traductiones o per medio de revistas, correspondentias e contactos personal. Francia exerceva un influentia importante, specialmente in le philosophia, le litteratura e le modelos institutional. Tamen, le Illuminismo espaniol non esseva un simple imitation del pensamento francese. Illo incorporava etiam influentias britannic e italian e se developava in dialogo con le traditiones scholastic e catholic del peninsula. Le diffusion del nove ideas incontrava obstaculos. Le Inquisition, le censura gubernamental e ecclesiastic e le structuras traditional del education limitava le circulation de certe obras. Le controle del publication esseva exercite per diverse institutiones, e le autores poteva recurrer al autocensura pro evitar problemas con le autoritates.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lucena Giraldo |first=Manuela |title=Historiografía y censura en la España Ilustrada |journal=Hispania |volume=65 |issue=221 |year=2005 |pages=973–989 |doi=10.3989/hispania.2005.v65.i221.129}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=de Lorenzo Álvarez |first=Elena |title=El mapa y el territorio: la documentación del proceso censor gubernamental en la España del siglo XVIII (1769–1810) |journal=Bulletin of Spanish Studies |volume=101 |issue=2–3 |year=2024 |pages=149–209 |doi=10.1080/14753820.2023.2273644}}</ref> == Characteristicas del Illuminismo espaniol == Le Illuminismo espaniol se basava super le conviction que le ration, le observation e le education poteva contribuer al melioration del condition human. Su representantes cercava de superar superstitiones, errores scientific e practicas que illes considerava contraproductive al progresso. Inter le ideas principal del movimento se trovava: * Ration e pensamento critic: le necessitate de examinar le traditiones e le opiniones per medio del observation e del argumento. * Progresso scientific: le promotion del scientias natural, del medicina, del mathematica e del technologia. * Education: le diffusion del instruction e le reforma del institutiones educational. * Reforma economic: le melioration del agricultura, del industria, del commercio e del infrastructuras. * Utilitate public: le application del cognoscentia al solution de problemas concrete del societate. * Reforma administrative: le rationalisation del administration del stato e le melioramento del gestion del ressources public. * Critica del superstition: le combatte contra credentias e practicas considerate incompatibile con le observation rational. Le pensamento del Illuminismo espaniol non esseva uniformemente anticlerical o irreligiose. Numerose intellectuals tentava de conciliar le religion catholic con le scientia, le philosophia e le reforma social. Le relation inter fide e ration esseva un del themas de discussion del periodo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aspectos culturales de la Ilustración española |url=https://www.vence.es/auxiliar-museos-estado/temario/tema-108 |website=Cuerpo Auxiliar de Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos del Estado}}</ref> == Periodos del Illuminismo espaniol == === Antecedentes e novatores === Le antecedentes del Illuminismo espaniol pote esser identificate in le ultime decennios del seculo XVII, quando un gruppo de intellectuals comenciava a criticar alcun aspectos del pensamento scholastic e a promover le observation experimental e le adoption de nove methodos scientific. Iste autores, cognoscite frequentemente como ''novatores'', promoveva le studio del mathematica, del medicina, del astronomia e del philosophia natural. Lor activitate preparava le terreno pro le reception plus ample del ideas illustrat durante le seculo XVIII. Inter le figuras associate al iste ambiente intellectual se trova Juan de Cabriada, qui defendiva le medicina experimental, e diverse eruditos e scientificos interessate al renovation del cognoscentia. === Prime periodo: Felipe V e Fernando VI === Durante le regnos de Felipe V (1700–1746) e Fernando VI (1746–1759), le nove ideas intellectual comenciava a obtener un position plus visibile in le vita cultural espaniol. Benito Jerónimo Feijoo esseva un del autores plus influente de iste periodo. In su obras ''Teatro crítico universal'' e ''Cartas eruditas y curiosas'', ille examinava credentias popular, errores scientific e opiniones traditional, promovente le observation e le pensamento critic. Gregorio Mayans y Siscar contribuiva al renovation del philologia, del historia e del critica textual. Su interesse pro le studio rigurose del documentos e del fontes historic faceva de ille un figura importante del erudition espaniol. Durante iste periodo se developava etiam institutiones cultural e scientific. Le Real Academia Espaniol esseva fundate in 1713 e approbate per le corona in 1714. Le Academia promoveva le studio e le regulation del lingua espaniol. Le Real Academia de la Historia esseva establite in 1738, con le objectivo de promover le investigation historic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aspectos culturales de la Ilustración española |url=https://www.vence.es/auxiliar-museos-estado/temario/tema-108 |website=Cuerpo Auxiliar de Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos del Estado}}</ref> === Apogeo durante Carlos III === Le regno de Carlos III (1759–1788) es generalmente considerate le periodo de major expansion del reformismo illustrat in Espania. Le monarcha promoveva reformas in le administration, le agricultura, le commercio, le education e le infrastructuras. Su ministros e consiliarios includeva Pedro Rodríguez de Campomanes, conde de Floridablanca, conde de Aranda e José de Gálvez. Illes participava al formulation e execution de politicas destinate a reforçar le stato e estimular le activitate economic. Le expulsion del jesuitas in 1767, decretate per Carlos III, esseva un del eventos plus importante del periodo. Le decision affectava le institutiones educational e religiose e permitteva al corona de reorganisar parte del systema de education. Le reformas del periodo includeva le promotion del agricultura, le construction de vias e canales, le developpamento del industria e le creation de institutiones scientific. Le Societates Economic de Amicos del Pais se diffundeva per le peninsula e cercava de promover le education technic, le innovation agricole e le activitate manufacturari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=La Ilustración en España |url=https://docenti.unimc.it/armando.francesconi/teaching/2024/29811/files/la-guerra-de-sucesion-1701-1713-y-los-borbones-espanoles |website=Università degli Studi di Macerata}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bravo Lira |first=Bernardino |title=El absolutismo ilustrado en España e Indias bajo Carlos III (1759–1788). De la visión judicial a la visión administrativa del gobierno con motivo de un bicentenario |journal=Revista Chilena de Historia del Derecho |issue=14 |year=1991 |doi=10.5354/rchd.v0i14.24446}}</ref> === Le regno de Carlos IV === Durante le regno de Carlos IV (1788–1808), le Illuminismo espaniol affrontava un contexto politic plus difficile. Le Revolution Francese de 1789 provocava inquietude inter le elites governamental e ecclesiastic, que timeva le diffusion de ideas revolutionary. Le guerra contra Francia e le conflictos international del fin del seculo XVIII affectava le politica e le economia del monarchia. Le reformas illustrat continuava in alcun sectores, ma le autoritates deveniva plus prudente in relation al circulation de ideas politicamente radical. Le invasion napoleonian de 1808 e le Guerra de Independentia provocava un rupture profunde in le vita politic espaniol e marcava le transition verso un nove periodo historic. == Institutiones scientific e cultural == Le Illuminismo espaniol esseva caracterisate per le creation e le reorganisation de institutiones destinate a organisar, promover e diffunder le cognoscentia. Le academias, jardins botanic, observatorios e societates scientific esseva instrumentos importante del politica cultural del monarchia. === Academias regal === Le academias regal habeva le objectivo de promover le studio systematic del linguas, del historia, del artes e del scientias. Inter le institutiones plus importante se trova: * Real Academia Espaniol: fundate in 1713, con le objectivo de studiar e describer le lingua espaniol. * Real Academia de la Historia: establite in 1738 pro promover le investigation historic e le studio del fontes. * Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando: fundate in 1752, dedicate al promotion e al instruction in le artes visual. * Real Academia Nacional de Medicina: su antecedentes institutional remonta al seculo XVIII, con le formation de academias e institutiones dedicate al medicina. Iste institutiones contribuiva al consolidation de communitates intellectual e al diffusion de normas e methodos de studio.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aspectos culturales de la Ilustración española |url=https://www.vence.es/auxiliar-museos-estado/temario/tema-108 |website=Cuerpo Auxiliar de Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos del Estado}}</ref> === Jardins botanic e institutiones scientific === Le Real Jardin Botanic de Madrid esseva create per ordine de Fernando VI in 1755 e transferite al Paseo del Prado durante le regno de Carlos III. Le nove jardin esseva inaugurate in 1781 e deveniva un centro importante pro le studio del botanica e del plantas. Le Real Gabinete de Historia Natural esseva fundate in 1771, a partir del collection reunite per Pedro Franco Dávila. Illo constitueva un antecedente del actual Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales. Le monarchia promoveva etiam observatorios astronomic, gabinetes scientific e institutiones dedicate al medicina, al navigation e al ingenieria. Iste centros serviva a developpar le scientias e a formar especialistas pro le administration e le economia del stato.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aspectos culturales de la Ilustración española |url=https://www.vence.es/auxiliar-museos-estado/temario/tema-108 |website=Cuerpo Auxiliar de Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos del Estado}}</ref> === Societates Economic de Amicos del Pais === Le Societates Economic de Amicos del Pais esseva associationes create durante le secunde medietate del seculo XVIII con le objectivo de promover le progresso economic e cultural. Le prime de iste societates esseva fundate in le Pais Basco in 1765. Le exemplo esseva sequite per altere regiones. Le Societate Economic Matritense, fundate in 1775, deveniva un del plus importante. Le societates organisava conferentias, promoveva publicationes, proponeva reformas e susteneva le education technic e professional. Lor activitate se concentrava frequentemente super le agricultura, le industria, le commercio e le instruction del population. == Reformas economic e social == === Agricultura === Le agricultura esseva un del sectores central del economia espaniol, ma su production esseva limitate per problemas structural como le concentration del proprietate territorial, le insufficentia de infrastructuras, le technicas traditional e le distribution desigual del terras. Le intellectuals illustrat cercava de meliorar le production per medio de nove methodos agricole, le diffusion de manuales, le irrigation e le melior utilisation del terras. Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos scribeva su ''Informe sobre la Ley Agraria'', publicate in 1795, in le qual ille analysava le obstaculos al developpamento del agricultura e proponeva reformas institutional e economic. === Industria e commercio === Le reformistas promoveva le developpamento del manufacturas e del commercio. Le corona susteneva le creation de fabricas regal, destinate a producer productos de luxu e benes pro le corte e le mercato. Inter le institutiones importante se trovava le Real Fabrica de Porcellana del Buen Retiro, le Real Fabrica de Tapices e altere stabilimentos industrial. Le politicas commercial cercava de reducir alcun restrictiones interne, meliorar le infrastructuras e promover le commercio con America. Le liberalisation progressive del commercio american durante le seculo XVIII contribuiva al expansion de alcun portos e citates commercial. === Reformas urban === Durante le regno de Carlos III, Madrid esseva subjecte a un vaste programma de transformation urban. Le administration promoveva le pavimentation del vias, le illumination public, le sanitation e le construction de edificios e spacios public. Le architectura neoclassic habeva un rolo importante in iste transformationes. Inter le architectos associate al periodo se trova Juan de Villanueva, autor del edificio del Real Gabinete de Historia Natural, hodie Museo del Prado, e Francesco Sabatini, qui participava a numerose projectos urban e architectonic. == Litteratura e pensamento == Le litteratura illuministe se distingueva per su character didactic e moral. Le autores cercava de diffunder ideas, criticar costumes e promover le education del lectores. === Benito Jerónimo Feijoo === Benito Jerónimo Feijoo (1676–1764) esseva monacho benedictin e autor de essays philosophic e scientific. Su obra principal, ''Teatro crítico universal'' (1726–1740), examinava superstitiones, errores popular e opiniones que ille considerava sin fundamento rational. Feijoo defendeva le observation, le experientia e le uso del ration. Su scripto esseva importante pro le diffusion del ideas scientific e del pensamento critic in Espania. === Gregorio Mayans y Siscar === Gregorio Mayans y Siscar (1699–1781) esseva un erudito, philologo e historiographo. Su obras includeva studios linguistic, biographic e historic. Ille insisteva super le necessitate de studiar le documentos original e de applicar methodos critic al interpretation del historia. === Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos === Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos (1744–1811) esseva un del figuras plus importante del Illuminismo espaniol. Ille esseva scriptor, jurista, economista e politico. Su obras tractava problemas economic, educational e juridic. In ''Informe sobre la Ley Agraria'', ille studiava le obstaculos al developpamento agricole. Ille defendeva etiam le education, le instruction technic e le melioramento del administration public. === José Cadalso === José Cadalso (1741–1782) esseva un autor e militar. Su obra plus cognoscite, ''Cartas marruecas'', publicate post su morte in 1789, presenta un serie de cartas fictive que examina le societate espaniol per medio del observation de un viagiator estrange. Le obra combina critica social, humor e reflexion super le identitate cultural, le education e le traditiones. === Leandro Fernández de Moratín === Leandro Fernández de Moratín (1760–1828) esseva dramaturgo e poeta. Su obras teatral criticava alcun costumes social e promoveva un teatro moral e rational. Su comedia ''El sí de las niñas'' (1806) examina le matrimonios arrangiate e le condition social del feminas, defendente le libertate del decision personal e le education. === Altere autores === Inter le altere figuras importante del litteratura illustrat se trova: * Tomás de Iriarte (1750–1791): poeta e autor de fabulas, cognoscite pro su ''Fábulas literarias''. * Félix María Samaniego (1745–1801): autor de fabulas moral destinate principalmente al education. * Juan Meléndez Valdés (1754–1817): poeta associate al neoclassicismo e al sensibilitate preromantic. * Pedro Rodríguez de Campomanes (1723–1802): economista, jurista e politico, autor de obras super le industria, le commercio e le education. * Antonio de Capmany (1742–1813): historiographo e erudito, interessate al historia economic e institutional. == Scientia e expeditiones == Le scientia esseva un del dominios in le qual le reformistas illustrat cercava de promover le observation e le investigation systematic. Le medicina, le botanica, le astronomia, le geographia e le historia natural acquireva un importantia crescente. Le monarchia susteneva expeditiones scientific verso America e altere territorios del imperio. Le objectivos includeva le description del flora e del fauna, le studio del ressources natural, le cartographia e le collection de specimens. Inter le scientificos e exploratores importante se trovava José Celestino Mutis, qui dirigeva le Expedition Botanic del Nove Regno de Granada; Antonio José de Cavanilles, botanico que studiava le flora del peninsula e de altere regiones; e Alejandro Malaspina, qui dirigeva un expedition scientific circumglobal inter 1789 e 1794. Le expeditiones contribuiva al accumulation de cognoscentia scientific e al creation de collectiones naturalistic, ben que lor activitate esseva etiam ligate al interesses administrative, commercial e imperial del monarchia. == Artes e architectura == === Neoclassicismo === Le neoclassicismo esseva le principal stilo artistic associate al Ilustration. Illo se inspirava in le arte e le architectura del Grecia e Roma antique e privilegiava le equilibrio, le proportiones, le claritate e le simplicitate formal. In Espania, le neoclassicismo esseva promovite per institutiones como le Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, que influentiava le formation del artistas e le diffusion del gustos artistic. Architectos como Juan de Villanueva e Francesco Sabatini participava al transformation del architectura public e del spacios urban. === Pintura === Le pintura del periodo conservava elementos del tradition baroc, ma incorporava progressivemente influentias neoclassic e nove formas de representation. Francisco de Goya (1746–1828) esseva le figura le plus importante del transition inter le cultura del Ancien Regime e le arte moderne. Su production includeva retratos, scenas de corte, representationes popular e obras de character critic. Le pinturas e gravuras de Goya reflecteva le transformationes politic e social de su epocha. In obras como ''Los Caprichos'', ille criticava superstitiones, abusos e defectos del societate. == Le Illuminismo e le religion == Le relation inter le Illuminismo e le religion catholic esseva complexe. Numerose pensatores espaniol esseva clericos o manteneva un perspective religiose e cercava de conciliar le fide con le ration e le scientia. Le reformistas criticava alcun practicas religiose que illes considerava superstitiose, e proponeva meliorar le education del clericato e le administration ecclesiastic. Alcunes susteneva le regalismo, isto es, le affirmation del autoritate del monarcha super alcun asuntos ecclesiastic in su territorios. Le Inquisition continuava a exercer le censura e a controlar le circulation de libros. Le relation inter censura, monarchia e production intellectual remaneva un aspecto central del cultura illustrat espaniol.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lucena Giraldo |first=Manuela |title=Historiografía y censura en la España Ilustrada |journal=Hispania |volume=65 |issue=221 |year=2005 |pages=973–989 |doi=10.3989/hispania.2005.v65.i221.129}}</ref> == Le Illuminismo in America == Le ideas del Illuminismo se diffundeva etiam in le territorios american del monarchia hispanic. Le citates de Mexico, Lima, Bogota e altere centros colonial habeva institutiones educational, bibliothecas, academias e communitates intellectual. Le intellectuals american participava al debates super le education, le scientia, le economia e le organisation del societate. Le reception del ideas europee non esseva un processo passive: illos esseva reinterpretate secundo le realitates social e politic del societates american. Le expulsion del jesuitas in 1767 affectava profundemente le institutiones educational e religiose in America. Numerose membros del ordine se establiva in Europa, ubi alcunes continuava lor activitate intellectual e scribeva super le historia, le linguas e le culturas american. Le diffusion del ideas illustrat in America contribuiva al formation de nove formas de pensamento politic e cultural, que plus tarde participava al debates super le autonomia e le independentia del territorios american.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Comes Peña |first=Claudia |title=Feijoo y la Ilustración en una polémica novohispana del siglo XVIII: ¿es Eguiara y Eguren un escolástico ilustrado? |journal=América sin Nombre |issue=18 |year=2013 |pages=58–66 |doi=10.14198/AMESN2013.18.05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=La Ilustración en el mundo hispánico de fines del XVIII: sociedades económicas y reforma universitaria |url=https://ri.conicet.gov.ar/bitstream/handle/11336/84040/CONICET_Digital_Nro.0f4c223d-3b0d-4a45-ba81-6a60f8dac778_A.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=2 |website=CONICET}}</ref> == Limites e contradictiones == Ben que le Illuminismo promoveva le ration e le melioramento del societate, su diffusion in Espania restava limitate a sectores specific del population. Le education superior e le participation al institutiones cultural concerneva principalmente le elites urban, le clericato e le gruppos intellectual. Le major parte del population continuava a viver in conditiones rural, con accesso limitate al instruction. Le reformistas recognosceva le necessitate de extender le education, ma lor projectos non sempre proponeva un accesso egal al nivellos superior de formation. Le movimento esseva etiam dependente del supporto del monarchia. Multe intellectuals esseva funcionarios, magistratos, professores o consiliarios del corona. Iste situation permitteva le execution de reformas, ma limitava le libertate de critica in relation al autoritate politic e religiose. Le censura, le privilegios social e le resistentia de institutiones traditional constitueva obstaculos al diffusion del ideas. Le Illuminismo espaniol debe dunque esser comprendite como un movimento reformator que combinava ambitiones de progresso con le limites politic e social del Ancien Regime.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lucena Giraldo |first=Manuela |title=Historiografía y censura en la España Ilustrada |journal=Hispania |volume=65 |issue=221 |year=2005 |pages=973–989 |doi=10.3989/hispania.2005.v65.i221.129}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=de Lorenzo Álvarez |first=Elena |title=El mapa y el territorio: la documentación del proceso censor gubernamental en la España del siglo XVIII (1769–1810) |journal=Bulletin of Spanish Studies |volume=101 |issue=2–3 |year=2024 |pages=149–209 |doi=10.1080/14753820.2023.2273644}}</ref> == Fin del Illuminismo espaniol e hereditage == Le fin del seculo XVIII esseva marcate per le Revolution Francese, le guerras contra Francia e le crisis politic del monarchia. Le invasion napoleonian de 1808 e le Guerra de Independentia transformava profundemente le structura politic espaniol. Le ideas del Illuminismo non dispariva con le fin del Ancien Regime. Illos continuava a influentiar le debates super le constitution, le education, le derectos, le economia e le organisation del stato durante le seculo XIX. Le Illuminismo espaniol contribuiva al developpamento del institutiones scientific e cultural, al renovation del historiographia, al promotion del education e al diffusion del methodos experimental. Su hereditage se manifesta in le academias, bibliothecas, museos, jardins botanic e institutiones de instruction que se developpava durante le seculos subsequente. {{Ref}} {{Historia de Espania}} [[Categoria:Illuminismo]] [[Categoria:Historia de Espania]] [[Categoria:Cultura de Espania]] [[Categoria:Historia del seculo XVIII]] [[Categoria:Philosophia del seculo XVIII]] 6mb5m7hiyb7jeh0v0zx5hrx8x3l43e1 0 62446 705324 2026-11-01T10:42:54Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “# Prime Republica Espaniol {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Prime Republica Espaniol''' esseva le regime politic republican que existeva in Espania inter le 11 de februario 1873, quando le Cortes proclamava le Republica post le abdication del rege Amadeo I de Savoia, e le 29 de decembre 1874, quando le pronunciamiento del general Arsenio Martínez Campos initiava le restauration del monarchia borbonic in le persona de Alfonso XII. Le periodo faceva parte del S...” 705324 wikitext text/x-wiki # Prime Republica Espaniol {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Prime Republica Espaniol''' esseva le regime politic republican que existeva in Espania inter le 11 de februario 1873, quando le Cortes proclamava le Republica post le abdication del rege Amadeo I de Savoia, e le 29 de decembre 1874, quando le pronunciamiento del general Arsenio Martínez Campos initiava le restauration del monarchia borbonic in le persona de Alfonso XII. Le periodo faceva parte del [[Sexennio Democratic]] (1868–1874), un etapa marcate per transformationes politic, conflictos social e tentativas de establir un regime liberal e democratic. Le Republica esseva confrontate con divisiones inter le republicanos, guerras in Cuba e contra le carlistas, e le insurrection cantonal. Durante su prime undece menses, quatro presidentes se succedeva: Estanislao Figueras, Francisco Pi y Margall, Nicolás Salmerón e Emilio Castelar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sexenio Revolucionario 1868-1874 |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/sexrevol |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados}}</ref> == Contexto historic == === Le fin del monarchia de Amadeo I === Le [[Revolution de 1868]], cognoscite como ''La Gloriosa'', habeva depostate le regina Isabella II e aperite un periodo de transformation politic. Le nove regime cercava un forma de monarchia constitutional e, post un processo de selection, le Cortes eligiva Amadeo de Savoia como rege. Il arrivava in Espania in 1871. Su regno esseva marcate per instabilitate politic e opposition de diverse sectores: monarchistas alfonsin, carlistas, republicanos e parte del ecclesia catholic. Le assassination de su principal supporter politic, le general Juan Prim, poco ante su arrivata, debilitava le nove monarchia. Le 11 de februario 1873, Amadeo I renunciava al corona. Le Cortes, reunite in session commun, proclamava le Republica. Le decision esseva adoptate in un situation de crise, e non resultava del election de un majoritate clarmente republican.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sexenio Revolucionario 1868-1874 |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/sexrevol |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados}}</ref> === Le proclamation del Republica === Le proclamation del Republica non resolveva le conflictos que habeva debilitato le monarchia. Le nove regime heredava un Stato con difficultates financieres, division politic e conflictos militar. Le republicanos mesme non habeva un programma unic. Le principal division opponeva: * '''Republicanos federal''', qui voleva transformar Espania in un federation de statos o entidades politic autonomic. * '''Republicanos unitari''', qui prefereva un Stato central e un governo national plus forte. Altere differentias concerneva le velocitate del reformas, le relation inter le governo e le Cortes, e le maniera de responder al conflictos social e militar. == Le Republica federal == === Estanislao Figueras === <ref>{{Cite web |title=Primera República Española |url=https://tesauros.cultura.gob.es/tesauros/contextosculturales/1000713.html |publisher=Ministerio de Cultura de España}}</ref> Estanislao Figueras deveniva le prime presidente del Poder Executive. Su governamento debeva enfrentar le opposition inter republicanos federal e unitari, le difficultates economic e le continuation del guerra carlista e del guerra de Cuba. Le prime menses esseva marcate per le effortio de consolidar le nove regime e preparar electiones pro un Cortes constituente. Le electiones de maio 1873 dava un majoritate al republicanos federal, ben que le abstention esseva considerabile e le participation electoral relativemente basse. Le division interne del movimento republican e le absentia de un accordo stabile impediva le consolidation del governamento. Figueras abandonava le poter e partiva al exilio in Francia in junio 1873. === Francisco Pi y Margall === Pi y Margall succedeva a Figueras in junio 1873. Il esseva un defensor del federalismo e considerava que le federation debeva nascer del autonomia e del accordo inter le communitates politic. Su governamento presentava un projecto de Constitution federal, que esseva discutite in le Cortes ma nunquam approbate. Le projecto habeva como objectivo reorganisar le Stato como un federation de regiones, con un distribution del competentias inter le poter federal e le entitates federate. Le projecto constitutional de 1873 prevedeva un republica federal e un structura territorial composta de statos. Illo includeva etiam un declaration de derectos e un organisation del poter legislative, executive e judicial. Tamen, le projecto non deveniva un Constitution in vigor, perque le crise politic e le conflictos militar impediva su adoption.<ref>{{Cite web |title=El proceso constituyente español de 1873: origen y fracaso de la República Federal |url=https://academic.oup.com/icon/article/21/5/1403/7465291 |publisher=International Journal of Constitutional Law}}</ref> Durante su governamento se intensificava le insurrection cantonal, que comenciava in Cartagena in julio 1873 e se extendeva a altere citates. Le insurrection exprimeva differentias super le forma e le ritmo del federalismo, ma tamben reflecteva tensiones local e social. Pi y Margall refusava recurrer immediatemente a un repression militar generalisate contra le insurrectionistas, e su position incontrava opposition in le governamento e in le Cortes. Il dimitteva in julio 1873. === Le insurrection cantonal === Le '''cantonalismo''' esseva un movimento que promoveva le formation de cantones autonome, sovente basate super citates o territorios local, con le intention de organisar le Republica federal ab le base. Le insurrection comenciava in Cartagena in julio 1873 e se extendeva a altere partes del sud e del est de Espania. Inter le centros insurrectional esseva Cartagena, Valencia, Sevilla, Cádiz e Alcoy, ben que le situation variava considerabilemente de un loco a un altere. Le cantonalismo non esseva un movimento completemente uniforme. Alcun participantes lo considerava un via pro accelerar le federation, alteres lo associava a revendicationes social e popular, e in certe regiones le organisation local esseva influentiate per le conflictos del guerra carlista. Cartagena deveniva le principal foco del insurrection. Su position strategic e su fortificationes permitteva al canton de resister durante plure menses. Le insurrection de Cartagena terminava in januario 1874, post un assedio e bombardamentos del citate. Le historia del cantonalismo ha essite interpretate per le historiographia como un phenomeno con causas politic, territorial, social e militar, e non solmente como un conflicto inter le governamento central e le communitates local.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Portillo Cortadellas |first=Albert |title=1873: La constitución federal del Cantón de Barcelona |journal=Sociología Histórica |volume=13 |issue=1 |year=2023 |pages=17–43 |doi=10.6018/sh.595961}}</ref> === Nicolás Salmerón === Nicolás Salmerón deveniva presidente in julio 1873, post le demission de Pi y Margall. Su governamento adoptava un position plus ferme contra le insurrection cantonal e utilisava le armea pro restaurar le autoritate del governo in le territorios rebellante. Le repression militar permitteva al governamento recuperar plure citates, ma Cartagena continuava a resister. Salmerón etiam affrontava le question del disciplina militar e del application del pena capital. Su opposition al executiones capital le conduceva a dimitter in septembre 1873. === Emilio Castelar === Emilio Castelar, professor e orator republican, assumeva le presideantia in septembre 1873. Il promoveva un Republica unitaria e un governamento con autoritate sufficientemente forte pro restaurar le ordine. Castelar obteneva del Cortes facultates extraordinari e suspendava temporarimente lor sessiones. Su governamento concentrava le effortios super le guerra carlista, le conflicto cuban e le suppression del insurrection cantonal. Le 2 de januario 1874, le Cortes se reuniva de novo e Castelar perdeva un voto de confidentia. Le majoritate parlamentar non approbava le continuation de su governamento. Le consequentia esseva su demission e le preparation de un nove election de presidente. == Le fin del Republica federal == === Le colpo de Stato de Pavía === Le 3 de januario 1874, durante le session parlamentar que debeva designar un nove presidente, le tropas del general Manuel Pavía entrava in le edificio del Congresso e dispersava le deputados. Le intervention militar poneva fin al Republica parlamentar e al processo constitutional federal. Illo non restaurava immediatemente le monarchia, ma aperiva un nove periodo de governamento autoritari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sexenio Revolucionario 1868-1874 |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/sexrevol |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados}}</ref> === Le Republica unitaria e le governamento de Serrano === Post le colpo de Pavía, le general Francisco Serrano assumeva le direction del poter. Le Republica continuava formalmente, ma le Cortes esseva dissolvite e le regime deveniva un governamento autoritari, sustenite per le armea e per sectores del liberalismo conservator. Le governamento de Serrano cercava de restaurar le ordine e de continuar le guerra contra le carlistas e le insurrection cantonal. Le libertates politic esseva restringite e le activitate del opposition republican esseva limitate. Le Republica de iste periodo differeva profundemente del projecto federal e democratic que habeva inspirate le proclamation de februario 1873. == Le restauration del monarchia == Le 29 de decembre 1874, le general Arsenio Martínez Campos organisava un pronunciamiento militar in Sagunto, proclamante Alfonso XII, filio de Isabella II, como rege de Espania. Le pronunciamiento initiava le restauration borbonic e poneva fin al periodo republican. Le nove monarchia se consolidava durante le annos sequente sub le direction politic de Antonio Cánovas del Castillo. Le Constitution de 1876 establiva le quadro institutional del nove regime e initiava un periodo de monarchia constitutional que durava, con interruptiones, usque al colapso del sistema in le prime parte del seculo XX.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Periodos constitucionales |url=https://www.senado.es/web/conocersenado/senadohistoria/periodosconstitucionales/index.html |publisher=Senado de España}}</ref> == Le conflictos del periodo == Le Prime Republica debeva affrontar plure conflictos simultanee, que debilitava le capacitate del Stato a mantener le ordine e a applicar reformas. === Le Tertie Guerra Carlista === Le [[Tertie Guerra Carlista]] (1872–1876) opponeva le partisanos de Carlos VII al governamento liberal. Le conflicto habeva su principal focos in le Pais Basque, Navarra, Catalonia e partes del nord-est de Espania. Le guerra consumava recursos militar e financieres e obligava le governamento a dedicar un parte importante de su attention al conflicto. Illo continuava etiam post le fin del Republica. === Le guerra de Cuba === Le [[Guerra de los Diez Anos]] (1868–1878) habeva comenciate in 1868 con le insurrection contra le dominion colonial espaniol. Le conflicto combinava revendicationes de independentia, reformas politic e le question del esclavitude. Le governamentos republican debeva affrontar un guerra colonial que demandava soldatos, recursos e decisiones politic complexe. === Le conflictos social === Le periodo esseva etiam marcate per agitationes social, strikes e mobilizationes del classes popular. Le movimento obrer se developava in un contexto de industrialisation limitate e de forte desigualitates economic. Le ideas del Prime International e le differentias inter socialistas, anarchistas e republicanos influentiava le debates politic e le organisation del movimento obrer. == Le projecto constitutional de 1873 == Le projecto de Constitution federal esseva un del principal iniciativas politic del Prime Republica. Presentate in 1873, illo non esseva approbate ni entrava in vigor. Le texto proponeva un federation de statos e un distribution del competentias inter le institutiones federal e le statos federate. Le projecto includeva inter su principios le autonomia territorial, le derectos individual e le separation del poteres. Le organisation territorial previste includeva regiones como Catalonia, Valencia, Murcia, Andalusia Alta e Basse, Aragon, Galicia, Asturias, Castilia e altere territorios. Cuba e Puerto Rico figurava etiam in le projecto, in un momento in que le question colonial esseva un del problemas central del politica espaniol. Le projecto representa un tentativa de formular un modello federal pro le Stato espaniol, ma le division del republicanos, le conflictos militar e le instabilitate institutional impediva su adoption.<ref>{{Cite web |title=El proceso constituyente español de 1873: origen y fracaso de la República Federal |url=https://academic.oup.com/icon/article/21/5/1403/7465291 |publisher=International Journal of Constitutional Law}}</ref> == Le presidentes del Republica == Durante le periodo republican, le Poder Executive habeva quatro presidentes: # '''Estanislao Figueras''' (februario–junio 1873): prime presidente del Republica. # '''Francisco Pi y Margall''' (junio–julio 1873): defensor del federalismo e del autonomia territorial. # '''Nicolás Salmerón''' (julio–septembre 1873): promovente del restauration del autoritate estatal contra le insurrectiones. # '''Emilio Castelar''' (septembre 1873–januario 1874): defensor de un Republica unitaria e de un executive forte. Post le colpo de Pavía, Francisco Serrano dirigeva le regime republican autoritari usque al restauration monarchic in decembre 1874.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Primera República Española |url=https://tesauros.cultura.gob.es/tesauros/contextosculturales/1000713.html |publisher=Ministerio de Cultura de España}}</ref> == Consequentias e significato historic == Le Prime Republica Espaniol esseva un tentativa de establir un regime republican in un contexto de profunde transformationes politic e social. Su breve duration e su instabilitate non permitteva le consolidation de un nove ordine constitutional. Tamen, le periodo habeva un importantia durabile in le historia politic de Espania. Illo contribueva al evolution del republicanismo, al discussion del federalismo e al formulation de nove conceptiones del organisation territorial del Stato. Le projecto constitutional de 1873 remane un referentia in le historia del federalismo espaniol. Le insurrection cantonal, le conflictos social e le debates parlamentar monstra le diversitate del expectationes que accompagnava le proclamation del Republica. Le restauration borbonic poneva fin a iste prime experientia republican, ma le republicanismo continuava a influentiar le vita politic espaniol durante le fin del seculo XIX e le prime decennios del seculo XX. == Vide etiam == * [[Sexennio Democratic]] * [[Revolution de 1868]] * [[Amadeo I de Savoia]] * [[Republicanismo]] * [[Federalismo]] * [[Insurrection cantonal]] * [[Tertie Guerra Carlista]] * [[Guerra de los Diez Anos]] * [[Restauracion borbonic]] == Referentias == {{Reflist}} [[Categoria:Prime Republica Espaniol]] [[Categoria:Historia contemporanee de Espania]] [[Categoria:Sexennio Democratic]] [[Categoria:Annos 1870 in Espania]] [[Categoria:Republicanismo in Espania]] khbe4lkwna5k57ed79qz1h36ppse6oy 705325 705324 2026-11-01T10:44:24Z Interlingvisto 60932 705325 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Prime Republica Espaniol''' esseva le regime politic republican que existeva in Espania inter le 11 de februario 1873, quando le Cortes proclamava le Republica post le abdication del rege Amadeo I de Savoia, e le 29 de decembre 1874, quando le pronunciamiento del general Arsenio Martínez Campos initiava le restauration del monarchia borbonic in le persona de Alfonso XII. Le periodo faceva parte del [[Sexennio Democratic]] (1868–1874), un etapa marcate per transformationes politic, conflictos social e tentativas de establir un regime liberal e democratic. Le Republica esseva confrontate con divisiones inter le republicanos, guerras in Cuba e contra le carlistas, e le insurrection cantonal. Durante su prime undece menses, quatro presidentes se succedeva: Estanislao Figueras, Francisco Pi y Margall, Nicolás Salmerón e Emilio Castelar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sexenio Revolucionario 1868-1874 |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/sexrevol |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados}}</ref> == Contexto historic == === Le fin del monarchia de Amadeo I === Le [[Revolution de 1868]], cognoscite como ''La Gloriosa'', habeva depostate le regina Isabella II e aperite un periodo de transformation politic. Le nove regime cercava un forma de monarchia constitutional e, post un processo de selection, le Cortes eligiva Amadeo de Savoia como rege. Il arrivava in Espania in 1871. Su regno esseva marcate per instabilitate politic e opposition de diverse sectores: monarchistas alfonsin, carlistas, republicanos e parte del ecclesia catholic. Le assassination de su principal supporter politic, le general Juan Prim, poco ante su arrivata, debilitava le nove monarchia. Le 11 de februario 1873, Amadeo I renunciava al corona. Le Cortes, reunite in session commun, proclamava le Republica. Le decision esseva adoptate in un situation de crise, e non resultava del election de un majoritate clarmente republican.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sexenio Revolucionario 1868-1874 |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/sexrevol |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados}}</ref> === Le proclamation del Republica === Le proclamation del Republica non resolveva le conflictos que habeva debilitato le monarchia. Le nove regime heredava un Stato con difficultates financieres, division politic e conflictos militar. Le republicanos mesme non habeva un programma unic. Le principal division opponeva: * Republicanos federal, qui voleva transformar Espania in un federation de statos o entidades politic autonomic. * Republicanos unitari, qui prefereva un Stato central e un governo national plus forte. Altere differentias concerneva le velocitate del reformas, le relation inter le governo e le Cortes, e le maniera de responder al conflictos social e militar. == Le Republica federal == === Estanislao Figueras === Estanislao Figueras deveniva le prime presidente del Poder Executive. Su governamento debeva enfrentar le opposition inter republicanos federal e unitari, le difficultates economic e le continuation del guerra carlista e del guerra de Cuba. Le prime menses esseva marcate per le effortio de consolidar le nove regime e preparar electiones pro un Cortes constituente. Le electiones de maio 1873 dava un majoritate al republicanos federal, ben que le abstention esseva considerabile e le participation electoral relativemente basse. Le division interne del movimento republican e le absentia de un accordo stabile impediva le consolidation del governamento. Figueras abandonava le poter e partiva al exilio in Francia in junio 1873. === Francisco Pi y Margall === Pi y Margall succedeva a Figueras in junio 1873. Il esseva un defensor del federalismo e considerava que le federation debeva nascer del autonomia e del accordo inter le communitates politic. Su governamento presentava un projecto de Constitution federal, que esseva discutite in le Cortes ma nunquam approbate. Le projecto habeva como objectivo reorganisar le Stato como un federation de regiones, con un distribution del competentias inter le poter federal e le entitates federate. Le projecto constitutional de 1873 prevedeva un republica federal e un structura territorial composta de statos. Illo includeva etiam un declaration de derectos e un organisation del poter legislative, executive e judicial. Tamen, le projecto non deveniva un Constitution in vigor, perque le crise politic e le conflictos militar impediva su adoption.<ref>{{Cite web |title=El proceso constituyente español de 1873: origen y fracaso de la República Federal |url=https://academic.oup.com/icon/article/21/5/1403/7465291 |publisher=International Journal of Constitutional Law}}</ref> Durante su governamento se intensificava le insurrection cantonal, que comenciava in Cartagena in julio 1873 e se extendeva a altere citates. Le insurrection exprimeva differentias super le forma e le ritmo del federalismo, ma tamben reflecteva tensiones local e social. Pi y Margall refusava recurrer immediatemente a un repression militar generalisate contra le insurrectionistas, e su position incontrava opposition in le governamento e in le Cortes. Il dimitteva in julio 1873. === Le insurrection cantonal === Le ''cantonalismo'' esseva un movimento que promoveva le formation de cantones autonome, sovente basate super citates o territorios local, con le intention de organisar le Republica federal ab le base. Le insurrection comenciava in Cartagena in julio 1873 e se extendeva a altere partes del sud e del est de Espania. Inter le centros insurrectional esseva Cartagena, Valencia, Sevilla, Cádiz e Alcoy, ben que le situation variava considerabilemente de un loco a un altere. Le cantonalismo non esseva un movimento completemente uniforme. Alcun participantes lo considerava un via pro accelerar le federation, alteres lo associava a revendicationes social e popular, e in certe regiones le organisation local esseva influentiate per le conflictos del guerra carlista. Cartagena deveniva le principal foco del insurrection. Su position strategic e su fortificationes permitteva al canton de resister durante plure menses. Le insurrection de Cartagena terminava in januario 1874, post un assedio e bombardamentos del citate. Le historia del cantonalismo ha essite interpretate per le historiographia como un phenomeno con causas politic, territorial, social e militar, e non solmente como un conflicto inter le governamento central e le communitates local.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Portillo Cortadellas |first=Albert |title=1873: La constitución federal del Cantón de Barcelona |journal=Sociología Histórica |volume=13 |issue=1 |year=2023 |pages=17–43 |doi=10.6018/sh.595961}}</ref> === Nicolás Salmerón === Nicolás Salmerón deveniva presidente in julio 1873, post le demission de Pi y Margall. Su governamento adoptava un position plus ferme contra le insurrection cantonal e utilisava le armea pro restaurar le autoritate del governo in le territorios rebellante. Le repression militar permitteva al governamento recuperar plure citates, ma Cartagena continuava a resister. Salmerón etiam affrontava le question del disciplina militar e del application del pena capital. Su opposition al executiones capital le conduceva a dimitter in septembre 1873. === Emilio Castelar === Emilio Castelar, professor e orator republican, assumeva le presideantia in septembre 1873. Il promoveva un Republica unitaria e un governamento con autoritate sufficientemente forte pro restaurar le ordine. Castelar obteneva del Cortes facultates extraordinari e suspendava temporarimente lor sessiones. Su governamento concentrava le effortios super le guerra carlista, le conflicto cuban e le suppression del insurrection cantonal. Le 2 de januario 1874, le Cortes se reuniva de novo e Castelar perdeva un voto de confidentia. Le majoritate parlamentar non approbava le continuation de su governamento. Le consequentia esseva su demission e le preparation de un nove election de presidente. == Le fin del Republica federal == === Le colpo de Stato de Pavía === Le 3 de januario 1874, durante le session parlamentar que debeva designar un nove presidente, le tropas del general Manuel Pavía entrava in le edificio del Congresso e dispersava le deputados. Le intervention militar poneva fin al Republica parlamentar e al processo constitutional federal. Illo non restaurava immediatemente le monarchia, ma aperiva un nove periodo de governamento autoritari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sexenio Revolucionario 1868-1874 |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/sexrevol |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados}}</ref> === Le Republica unitaria e le governamento de Serrano === Post le colpo de Pavía, le general Francisco Serrano assumeva le direction del poter. Le Republica continuava formalmente, ma le Cortes esseva dissolvite e le regime deveniva un governamento autoritari, sustenite per le armea e per sectores del liberalismo conservator. Le governamento de Serrano cercava de restaurar le ordine e de continuar le guerra contra le carlistas e le insurrection cantonal. Le libertates politic esseva restringite e le activitate del opposition republican esseva limitate. Le Republica de iste periodo differeva profundemente del projecto federal e democratic que habeva inspirate le proclamation de februario 1873. == Le restauration del monarchia == Le 29 de decembre 1874, le general Arsenio Martínez Campos organisava un pronunciamiento militar in Sagunto, proclamante Alfonso XII, filio de Isabella II, como rege de Espania. Le pronunciamiento initiava le restauration borbonic e poneva fin al periodo republican. Le nove monarchia se consolidava durante le annos sequente sub le direction politic de Antonio Cánovas del Castillo. Le Constitution de 1876 establiva le quadro institutional del nove regime e initiava un periodo de monarchia constitutional que durava, con interruptiones, usque al colapso del sistema in le prime parte del seculo XX.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Periodos constitucionales |url=https://www.senado.es/web/conocersenado/senadohistoria/periodosconstitucionales/index.html |publisher=Senado de España}}</ref> == Le conflictos del periodo == Le Prime Republica debeva affrontar plure conflictos simultanee, que debilitava le capacitate del Stato a mantener le ordine e a applicar reformas. === Le Tertie Guerra Carlista === Le [[Tertie Guerra Carlista]] (1872–1876) opponeva le partisanos de Carlos VII al governamento liberal. Le conflicto habeva su principal focos in le Pais Basque, Navarra, Catalonia e partes del nord-est de Espania. Le guerra consumava recursos militar e financieres e obligava le governamento a dedicar un parte importante de su attention al conflicto. Illo continuava etiam post le fin del Republica. === Le guerra de Cuba === Le [[Guerra de los Diez Anos]] (1868–1878) habeva comenciate in 1868 con le insurrection contra le dominion colonial espaniol. Le conflicto combinava revendicationes de independentia, reformas politic e le question del esclavitude. Le governamentos republican debeva affrontar un guerra colonial que demandava soldatos, recursos e decisiones politic complexe. === Le conflictos social === Le periodo esseva etiam marcate per agitationes social, strikes e mobilizationes del classes popular. Le movimento obrer se developava in un contexto de industrialisation limitate e de forte desigualitates economic. Le ideas del Prime International e le differentias inter socialistas, anarchistas e republicanos influentiava le debates politic e le organisation del movimento obrer. == Le projecto constitutional de 1873 == Le projecto de Constitution federal esseva un del principal iniciativas politic del Prime Republica. Presentate in 1873, illo non esseva approbate ni entrava in vigor. Le texto proponeva un federation de statos e un distribution del competentias inter le institutiones federal e le statos federate. Le projecto includeva inter su principios le autonomia territorial, le derectos individual e le separation del poteres. Le organisation territorial previste includeva regiones como Catalonia, Valencia, Murcia, Andalusia Alta e Basse, Aragon, Galicia, Asturias, Castilia e altere territorios. Cuba e Puerto Rico figurava etiam in le projecto, in un momento in que le question colonial esseva un del problemas central del politica espaniol. Le projecto representa un tentativa de formular un modello federal pro le Stato espaniol, ma le division del republicanos, le conflictos militar e le instabilitate institutional impediva su adoption.<ref>{{Cite web |title=El proceso constituyente español de 1873: origen y fracaso de la República Federal |url=https://academic.oup.com/icon/article/21/5/1403/7465291 |publisher=International Journal of Constitutional Law}}</ref> == Le presidentes del Republica == Durante le periodo republican, le Poder Executive habeva quatro presidentes: # Estanislao Figueras (februario–junio 1873): prime presidente del Republica. # Francisco Pi y Margall (junio–julio 1873): defensor del federalismo e del autonomia territorial. # Nicolás Salmerón (julio–septembre 1873): promovente del restauration del autoritate estatal contra le insurrectiones. # Emilio Castelar (septembre 1873–januario 1874): defensor de un Republica unitaria e de un executive forte. Post le colpo de Pavía, Francisco Serrano dirigeva le regime republican autoritari usque al restauration monarchic in decembre 1874.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Primera República Española |url=https://tesauros.cultura.gob.es/tesauros/contextosculturales/1000713.html |publisher=Ministerio de Cultura de España}}</ref> == Consequentias e significato historic == Le Prime Republica Espaniol esseva un tentativa de establir un regime republican in un contexto de profunde transformationes politic e social. Su breve duration e su instabilitate non permitteva le consolidation de un nove ordine constitutional. Tamen, le periodo habeva un importantia durabile in le historia politic de Espania. Illo contribueva al evolution del republicanismo, al discussion del federalismo e al formulation de nove conceptiones del organisation territorial del Stato. Le projecto constitutional de 1873 remane un referentia in le historia del federalismo espaniol. Le insurrection cantonal, le conflictos social e le debates parlamentar monstra le diversitate del expectationes que accompagnava le proclamation del Republica. Le restauration borbonic poneva fin a iste prime experientia republican, ma le republicanismo continuava a influentiar le vita politic espaniol durante le fin del seculo XIX e le prime decennios del seculo XX. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Prime Republica Espaniol]] [[Categoria:Historia contemporanee de Espania]] [[Categoria:Sexennio Democratic]] [[Categoria:Annos 1870 in Espania]] [[Categoria:Republicanismo in Espania]] hltxda7jzhjs9425btgpszoeyq51qck 705326 705325 2026-11-01T10:44:40Z Interlingvisto 60932 705326 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Prime Republica Espaniol''' esseva le regime politic republican que existeva in Espania inter le 11 de februario 1873, quando le Cortes proclamava le Republica post le abdication del rege Amadeo I de Savoia, e le 29 de decembre 1874, quando le pronunciamiento del general Arsenio Martínez Campos initiava le restauration del monarchia borbonic in le persona de Alfonso XII. Le periodo faceva parte del [[Sexennio Democratic]] (1868–1874), un etapa marcate per transformationes politic, conflictos social e tentativas de establir un regime liberal e democratic. Le Republica esseva confrontate con divisiones inter le republicanos, guerras in Cuba e contra le carlistas, e le insurrection cantonal. Durante su prime undece menses, quatro presidentes se succedeva: Estanislao Figueras, Francisco Pi y Margall, Nicolás Salmerón e Emilio Castelar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sexenio Revolucionario 1868-1874 |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/sexrevol |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados}}</ref> == Contexto historic == === Le fin del monarchia de Amadeo I === Le [[Revolution de 1868]], cognoscite como ''La Gloriosa'', habeva depostate le regina Isabella II e aperite un periodo de transformation politic. Le nove regime cercava un forma de monarchia constitutional e, post un processo de selection, le Cortes eligiva Amadeo de Savoia como rege. Il arrivava in Espania in 1871. Su regno esseva marcate per instabilitate politic e opposition de diverse sectores: monarchistas alfonsin, carlistas, republicanos e parte del ecclesia catholic. Le assassination de su principal supporter politic, le general Juan Prim, poco ante su arrivata, debilitava le nove monarchia. Le 11 de februario 1873, Amadeo I renunciava al corona. Le Cortes, reunite in session commun, proclamava le Republica. Le decision esseva adoptate in un situation de crise, e non resultava del election de un majoritate clarmente republican.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sexenio Revolucionario 1868-1874 |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/sexrevol |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados}}</ref> === Le proclamation del Republica === Le proclamation del Republica non resolveva le conflictos que habeva debilitato le monarchia. Le nove regime heredava un Stato con difficultates financieres, division politic e conflictos militar. Le republicanos mesme non habeva un programma unic. Le principal division opponeva: * Republicanos federal, qui voleva transformar Espania in un federation de statos o entidades politic autonomic. * Republicanos unitari, qui prefereva un Stato central e un governo national plus forte. Altere differentias concerneva le velocitate del reformas, le relation inter le governo e le Cortes, e le maniera de responder al conflictos social e militar. == Le Republica federal == === Estanislao Figueras === Estanislao Figueras deveniva le prime presidente del Poder Executive. Su governamento debeva enfrentar le opposition inter republicanos federal e unitari, le difficultates economic e le continuation del guerra carlista e del guerra de Cuba. Le prime menses esseva marcate per le effortio de consolidar le nove regime e preparar electiones pro un Cortes constituente. Le electiones de maio 1873 dava un majoritate al republicanos federal, ben que le abstention esseva considerabile e le participation electoral relativemente basse. Le division interne del movimento republican e le absentia de un accordo stabile impediva le consolidation del governamento. Figueras abandonava le poter e partiva al exilio in Francia in junio 1873. === Francisco Pi y Margall === Pi y Margall succedeva a Figueras in junio 1873. Il esseva un defensor del federalismo e considerava que le federation debeva nascer del autonomia e del accordo inter le communitates politic. Su governamento presentava un projecto de Constitution federal, que esseva discutite in le Cortes ma nunquam approbate. Le projecto habeva como objectivo reorganisar le Stato como un federation de regiones, con un distribution del competentias inter le poter federal e le entitates federate. Le projecto constitutional de 1873 prevedeva un republica federal e un structura territorial composta de statos. Illo includeva etiam un declaration de derectos e un organisation del poter legislative, executive e judicial. Tamen, le projecto non deveniva un Constitution in vigor, perque le crise politic e le conflictos militar impediva su adoption.<ref>{{Cite web |title=El proceso constituyente español de 1873: origen y fracaso de la República Federal |url=https://academic.oup.com/icon/article/21/5/1403/7465291 |publisher=International Journal of Constitutional Law}}</ref> Durante su governamento se intensificava le insurrection cantonal, que comenciava in Cartagena in julio 1873 e se extendeva a altere citates. Le insurrection exprimeva differentias super le forma e le ritmo del federalismo, ma tamben reflecteva tensiones local e social. Pi y Margall refusava recurrer immediatemente a un repression militar generalisate contra le insurrectionistas, e su position incontrava opposition in le governamento e in le Cortes. Il dimitteva in julio 1873. === Le insurrection cantonal === Le ''cantonalismo'' esseva un movimento que promoveva le formation de cantones autonome, sovente basate super citates o territorios local, con le intention de organisar le Republica federal ab le base. Le insurrection comenciava in Cartagena in julio 1873 e se extendeva a altere partes del sud e del est de Espania. Inter le centros insurrectional esseva Cartagena, Valencia, Sevilla, Cádiz e Alcoy, ben que le situation variava considerabilemente de un loco a un altere. Le cantonalismo non esseva un movimento completemente uniforme. Alcun participantes lo considerava un via pro accelerar le federation, alteres lo associava a revendicationes social e popular, e in certe regiones le organisation local esseva influentiate per le conflictos del guerra carlista. Cartagena deveniva le principal foco del insurrection. Su position strategic e su fortificationes permitteva al canton de resister durante plure menses. Le insurrection de Cartagena terminava in januario 1874, post un assedio e bombardamentos del citate. Le historia del cantonalismo ha essite interpretate per le historiographia como un phenomeno con causas politic, territorial, social e militar, e non solmente como un conflicto inter le governamento central e le communitates local.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Portillo Cortadellas |first=Albert |title=1873: La constitución federal del Cantón de Barcelona |journal=Sociología Histórica |volume=13 |issue=1 |year=2023 |pages=17–43 |doi=10.6018/sh.595961}}</ref> === Nicolás Salmerón === Nicolás Salmerón deveniva presidente in julio 1873, post le demission de Pi y Margall. Su governamento adoptava un position plus ferme contra le insurrection cantonal e utilisava le armea pro restaurar le autoritate del governo in le territorios rebellante. Le repression militar permitteva al governamento recuperar plure citates, ma Cartagena continuava a resister. Salmerón etiam affrontava le question del disciplina militar e del application del pena capital. Su opposition al executiones capital le conduceva a dimitter in septembre 1873. === Emilio Castelar === Emilio Castelar, professor e orator republican, assumeva le presideantia in septembre 1873. Il promoveva un Republica unitaria e un governamento con autoritate sufficientemente forte pro restaurar le ordine. Castelar obteneva del Cortes facultates extraordinari e suspendava temporarimente lor sessiones. Su governamento concentrava le effortios super le guerra carlista, le conflicto cuban e le suppression del insurrection cantonal. Le 2 de januario 1874, le Cortes se reuniva de novo e Castelar perdeva un voto de confidentia. Le majoritate parlamentar non approbava le continuation de su governamento. Le consequentia esseva su demission e le preparation de un nove election de presidente. == Le fin del Republica federal == === Le colpo de Stato de Pavía === Le 3 de januario 1874, durante le session parlamentar que debeva designar un nove presidente, le tropas del general Manuel Pavía entrava in le edificio del Congresso e dispersava le deputados. Le intervention militar poneva fin al Republica parlamentar e al processo constitutional federal. Illo non restaurava immediatemente le monarchia, ma aperiva un nove periodo de governamento autoritari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sexenio Revolucionario 1868-1874 |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/sexrevol |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados}}</ref> === Le Republica unitaria e le governamento de Serrano === Post le colpo de Pavía, le general Francisco Serrano assumeva le direction del poter. Le Republica continuava formalmente, ma le Cortes esseva dissolvite e le regime deveniva un governamento autoritari, sustenite per le armea e per sectores del liberalismo conservator. Le governamento de Serrano cercava de restaurar le ordine e de continuar le guerra contra le carlistas e le insurrection cantonal. Le libertates politic esseva restringite e le activitate del opposition republican esseva limitate. Le Republica de iste periodo differeva profundemente del projecto federal e democratic que habeva inspirate le proclamation de februario 1873. == Le restauration del monarchia == Le 29 de decembre 1874, le general Arsenio Martínez Campos organisava un pronunciamiento militar in Sagunto, proclamante Alfonso XII, filio de Isabella II, como rege de Espania. Le pronunciamiento initiava le restauration borbonic e poneva fin al periodo republican. Le nove monarchia se consolidava durante le annos sequente sub le direction politic de Antonio Cánovas del Castillo. Le Constitution de 1876 establiva le quadro institutional del nove regime e initiava un periodo de monarchia constitutional que durava, con interruptiones, usque al colapso del sistema in le prime parte del seculo XX.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Periodos constitucionales |url=https://www.senado.es/web/conocersenado/senadohistoria/periodosconstitucionales/index.html |publisher=Senado de España}}</ref> == Le conflictos del periodo == Le Prime Republica debeva affrontar plure conflictos simultanee, que debilitava le capacitate del Stato a mantener le ordine e a applicar reformas. === Le Tertie Guerra Carlista === Le [[Tertie Guerra Carlista]] (1872–1876) opponeva le partisanos de Carlos VII al governamento liberal. Le conflicto habeva su principal focos in le Pais Basque, Navarra, Catalonia e partes del nord-est de Espania. Le guerra consumava recursos militar e financieres e obligava le governamento a dedicar un parte importante de su attention al conflicto. Illo continuava etiam post le fin del Republica. === Le guerra de Cuba === Le [[Guerra de los Diez Anos]] (1868–1878) habeva comenciate in 1868 con le insurrection contra le dominion colonial espaniol. Le conflicto combinava revendicationes de independentia, reformas politic e le question del esclavitude. Le governamentos republican debeva affrontar un guerra colonial que demandava soldatos, recursos e decisiones politic complexe. === Le conflictos social === Le periodo esseva etiam marcate per agitationes social, strikes e mobilizationes del classes popular. Le movimento obrer se developava in un contexto de industrialisation limitate e de forte desigualitates economic. Le ideas del Prime International e le differentias inter socialistas, anarchistas e republicanos influentiava le debates politic e le organisation del movimento obrer. == Le projecto constitutional de 1873 == Le projecto de Constitution federal esseva un del principal iniciativas politic del Prime Republica. Presentate in 1873, illo non esseva approbate ni entrava in vigor. Le texto proponeva un federation de statos e un distribution del competentias inter le institutiones federal e le statos federate. Le projecto includeva inter su principios le autonomia territorial, le derectos individual e le separation del poteres. Le organisation territorial previste includeva regiones como Catalonia, Valencia, Murcia, Andalusia Alta e Basse, Aragon, Galicia, Asturias, Castilia e altere territorios. Cuba e Puerto Rico figurava etiam in le projecto, in un momento in que le question colonial esseva un del problemas central del politica espaniol. Le projecto representa un tentativa de formular un modello federal pro le Stato espaniol, ma le division del republicanos, le conflictos militar e le instabilitate institutional impediva su adoption.<ref>{{Cite web |title=El proceso constituyente español de 1873: origen y fracaso de la República Federal |url=https://academic.oup.com/icon/article/21/5/1403/7465291 |publisher=International Journal of Constitutional Law}}</ref> == Le presidentes del Republica == Durante le periodo republican, le Poder Executive habeva quatro presidentes: # Estanislao Figueras (februario–junio 1873): prime presidente del Republica. # Francisco Pi y Margall (junio–julio 1873): defensor del federalismo e del autonomia territorial. # Nicolás Salmerón (julio–septembre 1873): promovente del restauration del autoritate estatal contra le insurrectiones. # Emilio Castelar (septembre 1873–januario 1874): defensor de un Republica unitaria e de un executive forte. Post le colpo de Pavía, Francisco Serrano dirigeva le regime republican autoritari usque al restauration monarchic in decembre 1874.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Primera República Española |url=https://tesauros.cultura.gob.es/tesauros/contextosculturales/1000713.html |publisher=Ministerio de Cultura de España}}</ref> == Consequentias e significato historic == Le Prime Republica Espaniol esseva un tentativa de establir un regime republican in un contexto de profunde transformationes politic e social. Su breve duration e su instabilitate non permitteva le consolidation de un nove ordine constitutional. Tamen, le periodo habeva un importantia durabile in le historia politic de Espania. Illo contribueva al evolution del republicanismo, al discussion del federalismo e al formulation de nove conceptiones del organisation territorial del Stato. Le projecto constitutional de 1873 remane un referentia in le historia del federalismo espaniol. Le insurrection cantonal, le conflictos social e le debates parlamentar monstra le diversitate del expectationes que accompagnava le proclamation del Republica. Le restauration borbonic poneva fin a iste prime experientia republican, ma le republicanismo continuava a influentiar le vita politic espaniol durante le fin del seculo XIX e le prime decennios del seculo XX. {{Ref}} {{Historia de Espania}} [[Categoria:Prime Republica Espaniol]] [[Categoria:Historia contemporanee de Espania]] [[Categoria:Sexennio Democratic]] [[Categoria:Annos 1870 in Espania]] [[Categoria:Republicanismo in Espania]] q3zcjkplcsapw9p8hs41aojmi0yyw9p 0 62447 705330 2026-11-01T10:49:59Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Restauracion borbonic in Espania''' esseva le periodo historic e politic durante le qual le monarchia del Casa de Borbon esseva restaurate in Espania, post le fin del [[Prime Republica Espaniol|Prime Republica]]. Illo comenciava in 1874, con le proclamation de Alfonso XII como rege per le pronunciamiento del general Arsenio Martínez Campos in Sagunto, e terminava in 1931, con le proclamation del [[Secunde Republica Espaniol]]. Le...” 705330 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Restauracion borbonic in Espania''' esseva le periodo historic e politic durante le qual le monarchia del Casa de Borbon esseva restaurate in Espania, post le fin del [[Prime Republica Espaniol|Prime Republica]]. Illo comenciava in 1874, con le proclamation de Alfonso XII como rege per le pronunciamiento del general Arsenio Martínez Campos in Sagunto, e terminava in 1931, con le proclamation del [[Secunde Republica Espaniol]]. Le periodo es usualmente dividite in duo fases: le regno de Alfonso XII (1874–1885) e le regentia de Maria Cristina de Habsburg-Lorena (1885–1902), sequite per le regno personal de Alfonso XIII (1902–1931). Le sistema politic, elaborate principalmente per Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, se basava sur un monarchia constitutional, le alternation pactate del partidos conservator e liberal e un administration electoral fortemente controlate. Ben que le Restauracion provideva un periodo de stabilitate institutional relative post le conflictos del Sexennio Democratic e le guerras carlistas, le regime esseva marcate per le caciquismo, le fraude electoral, le exclusion de multe sectores politic e le crescentia del opposition republican, obrer e regionalista.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitución de 1876 |url=https://constitucion.congreso.es/w/constituci%C3%B3n-de-1876 |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Restauración borbónica (1875-1931) |url=https://www.embajadadeespana.org/pages/acerca-de-espana/historia/edad-contemporanea/restauracion-borbonica-1875-1931.php |publisher=Embajada de España}}</ref> == Origines e restauration del monarchia == === Le fin del Prime Republica === {{AP|Prime Republica Espaniol}} Le Prime Republica Espaniol, proclamate in februario 1873, habeva essite marcate per instabilitate politic, conflictos interne inter republicanos, le insurrection cantonal, le Tertie Guerra Carlista e le guerra de Cuba. Le colpo de Stato del general Manuel Pavía in januario 1874 poneva fin al experientia parlamentar republican e aperiva le via a un governamento autoritari sub le general Francisco Serrano. Durante le resto de 1874, Antonio Cánovas del Castillo promoveva le restauration del monarchia borbonic in le persona del principe Alfonso, filio de Isabella II. Le 1 de decembre 1874, Alfonso publicava le Manifesto de Sandhurst, redigite per Cánovas, in le qual ille presentava su candidatura al throno e declarava su intention de establir un monarchia constitutional e conciliator. Le 29 de decembre 1874, le general Arsenio Martínez Campos se pronunciava in Sagunto e proclamava Alfonso XII como rege. Le movimento militar obteneva le adhesion de altere guarniciones e le nove regime se instalava sin un opposition militar significative. Cánovas deveniva presidente del governamento e assumeva le direction del organisation del monarchia restaurate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitución de 1876 |url=https://constitucion.congreso.es/w/constituci%C3%B3n-de-1876 |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados}}</ref> == Le regno de Alfonso XII (1874–1885) == === Le consolidation del regime === Alfonso XII entrava in Madrid in januario 1875. Le nove governamento, dirigite per Cánovas del Castillo, cercava de stabilisar le situation politic e de restaurar le institutiones monarchic. Le prime annos del regno esseva dedicate al pacification del pais e al organisation del nove systema constitutional. Le governamento convocava electiones e preparava un nove Constitution, que esseva approbate in 1876. Le regime cercava de integrar in le monarchia le sectores conservator e liberal qui acceptava le institutiones borbonic, durante que le republicanos e altere oppositiones remaneva in grande parte excludite del rotation del poter. === Le Constitution de 1876 === Le Constitution de 1876 esseva le fundamento juridic del Restauracion e le texto constitutional de plus longe duration in le historia espaniol usque al Constitution de 1978. Elaborate sub le direction politic de Cánovas del Castillo e con un commission presidite per Manuel Alonso Martínez, illo esseva promulgate le 30 de junio 1876. Le Constitution establiva: * Un monarchia constitutional con soberania compartite inter le rege e le Cortes. * Un parlamento bicameral, formate per le Congresso del Deputatos e le Senato. * Un poter executive exercite per le rege e su ministros. * Un systema de derectos e libertates individual, le exercitio del quales poteva esser regulate per leges ordinari. * Le religion catholic como religion del Stato, con un toleration limitate del altere confessiones religiose. * Un systema electoral cuje modalitate esseva determinate per le legislation ordinari. Le rege conservava importantes prerogativas: nominava e revocava le ministros, convocava e dissolveva le Cortes e participava al poter legislative. Le Constitution permitteva un certa flexibilidade politic e rendeva possibile le alternation de governamentos conservator e liberal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitución de 1876 |url=https://constitucion.congreso.es/w/constituci%C3%B3n-de-1876 |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados}}</ref> === Le systema canovista e le alternation del partidos === Le systema politic del Restauracion esseva cognoscite como systema canovista, perque su principal architecto esseva Antonio Cánovas del Castillo. Su base esseva le alternation regular del duo grande partidos monarchic: le Partido Liberal-Conservator, dirigite per Cánovas, e le Partido Liberal-Fusionista, dirigite per Práxedes Mateo Sagasta. Le alternation, cognoscite como turno pacific, functionava per un accordo politic inter le dirigentes del partidos e le Corona. Quando un governamento perdeva le supporto del rege o deveniva politicemente debile, le monarcha incaricava le dirigente del altere partido de formar un nove governamento. Le nove presidente del Consilio dissolveva le Cortes e convocava electiones, que normalmente confirmava le majoritate parlamentar desirate per le governamento. Le systema habeva como objectivo evitar le colpos militar e le instabilitate governamental que habeva caracterisate grande parte del seculo XIX. Tamen, le alternation non dependeva principalmente del resultatos electoral, ma del accordos inter le elites politic e del control del administration. === Le caciquismo e le fraude electoral === Le caciquismo esseva un del elementos central del funcionamento real del systema canovista. Illo consisteva in le influentia exercite per personalitates local, cognoscite como caciques, super le electores e le administration in lor territorios. Le caciques utilisava lor position economic e social, lor relationes personal e lor accesso al autoritates local pro orientar le voto e garantir le election del candidatos appoiate per le governamento. Le manipulation electoral poteva prender plure formas: * Encasillado: le preparation anticipate del listas de candidatos que le governamento voleva facer electer in cata district. * Pucherazo: le manipulation directe del resultatos electoral, per substitution de urnas, falsification de actas o altere irregularitates. * Pressiones super le electores, promessas de favores e intervention del autoritates local. Iste practicas permitteva al partidos dinastic de conservar le poter e limitava le representativitate del electiones. Le systema exclueva de facto multe republicanos, socialistas, anarchistas e movimientos regionalistas del possibilitate de acceder al governamento national.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Restauración borbónica (1875-1931) |url=https://www.embajadadeespana.org/pages/acerca-de-espana/historia/edad-contemporanea/restauracion-borbonica-1875-1931.php |publisher=Embajada de España}}</ref> === Le partidos dinastic === ==== Partido Liberal-Conservator ==== Le Partido Liberal-Conservator esseva dirigite per Antonio Cánovas del Castillo. Illo reuniva sectores del monarchismo conservator, del liberalismo moderate e del elites economic e social favorabile al restauration borbonic. Su politica insisteva sur le ordine public, le autoritate del Corona, le protection del proprietate e le defensa del institutiones traditional. ==== Partido Liberal-Fusionista ==== Le Partido Liberal-Fusionista esseva organisate sub le direction de Práxedes Mateo Sagasta e reuniva progressive, constitutionalistas e altere sectores liberal qui acceptava le monarchia de Alfonso XII. Su governamentos promoveva gradualmente le ampliation de certe libertates public e le reformas legislative. Durante su periodo de poter esseva approbate, inter altere mesuras, le legislation que restabliva le libertate de association e le suffragio universal masculin. == Le pacification militar == === Le Tertie Guerra Carlista === Le Tertie Guerra Carlista (1872–1876) continuava durante le prime annos del Restauracion. Le carlistas, qui appoiava Carlos VII, manteneva un forte presentia in Navarra, le Pais Basc e partes de Catalonia. Le governamento de Alfonso XII intensificava le campania militar contra le carlistas. Le capitulation de lor principal fortificationes e le victoria del armea governamental in 1876 poneva fin al guerra. Post le victoria, le governamento aboliva le institutiones foral traditional del provincias basc e reorganisava lor relationes fiscal con le Stato per medio del conciertos economic, que concedeva un forma particular de autonomia administrative e tributari. === Le guerra de Cuba e le Pace de Zanjón === Le guerra de Cuba, cognoscite como Guerra de los Diez Anos (1868–1878), habeva comenciate durante le regno de Isabella II e continuava durante le Prime Republica e le prime annos del Restauracion. Le governamento espaniol cercava de terminar le conflicto per medio de operationes militar e negotiationes. Le general Martínez Campos arrivava a Cuba e promoveva un politica que combinava le action militar con le negotiation. Le Pace de Zanjón, signate in februario 1878, poneva fin al principal conflicto. Espania prometteva reformas politic e administrative, un amnistia e le abolition gradual del sclavitude. Tamen, le accordo non satisfaciva le sectores independentista, e le question cuban remaneva sin solution definitive. Le sclavitude in Cuba esseva abolite definitivemente in 1886.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Restauración borbónica (1875-1931) |url=https://www.embajadadeespana.org/pages/acerca-de-espana/historia/edad-contemporanea/restauracion-borbonica-1875-1931.php |publisher=Embajada de España}}</ref> == Le regentia de Maria Cristina (1885–1902) == === Le morte de Alfonso XII e le Pacte de El Pardo === Alfonso XII moriva le 25 de novembre 1885, ante que su filio Alfonso XIII nasceva. Su vidua, Maria Cristina de Habsburg-Lorena, assumeva le regentia durante le minoritate del futuro rege. Pro evitar un crise politic e garantir le continuitate del monarchia, Cánovas e Sagasta concludeva le Pacte de El Pardo in novembre 1885. Le accordo confirmava le collaboration inter le duo partidos dinastic e le continuation del alternation pacific al governamento. Le pacto permitteva que Sagasta assumeva le poter e que le governamento liberal initiava un serie de reformas. === Le reformas liberal === Durante le governamento de Sagasta, le regime approbava plure reformas que ampliava le libertates public e le participation politic. Inter le mesuras plus importante se trova: * Le lege de association de 1887, que recognosceva le derecto de association. * Le lege del jurados, que introduceva le participation de jurados in certe processos judicial. * Le ampliation del libertate de expression e de pressa. * Le lege electoral de 1890, que restabliva le suffragio universal masculin pro le citatanos adulte. Le suffragio universal masculin ampliava considerabilemente le numero de electores, ma le fraude electoral e le caciquismo continuava a limitar le effecto democratic del suffragio.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Restauración borbónica (1875-1931) |url=https://www.embajadadeespana.org/pages/acerca-de-espana/historia/edad-contemporanea/restauracion-borbonica-1875-1931.php |publisher=Embajada de España}}</ref> == Le opposition al systema == === Le republicanismo === Le republicanos refusava le monarchia borbonic e revendicava le establimento de un republica. Tamen, illes esseva dividite in plure correntes, con differentias super le federalismo, le organisation del Stato e le strategias de opposition. Alcunes participava in le politica parlamentar, durante que alteres appoiava insurrectiones o formas de opposition extra-parlamentar. Le division interne e le control electoral del partidos dinastic limitava lor influentia institutional. === Le movimento obrer === Le industrialisation e le transformationes del societate espaniol favoriva le expansion del movimento obrer, in particular in Catalonia, Madrid, le Pais Basque e partes de Andalusia. Le movimento obrer se divideva principalmente inter socialistas e anarchistas. ==== Le socialismo ==== Le socialismo espaniol se organisava circum le ideas marxista e le participation politic del classe laborante. In 1879, Pablo Iglesias e altere militantes fundava le Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE). In 1888 esseva create le Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT), un organisation sindical associate al socialismo. Le socialistas promoveva le organisation del laboratores, le amelioration del conditiones de labor e le participation al vita politic. ==== Le anarchismo ==== Le anarchismo habeva un forte presentia in Catalonia e Andalusia. Le anarchistas rejectava le Stato e le autoritate politic central, e promoveva le action directe, le association libere e le organisation del laboratores. In 1881 esseva create le Federación de Trabajadores de la Región Española (FTRE). Le movimento anarchista includeva correntes diverse, desde le activitate sindical e educational usque al actiones insurrectional e violent. Durante le fin del seculo XIX, alcun atentatos anarchistas e le repression estatal generava un periodo de confrontationes e de tension social. === Le regionalismo e le nationalismos === Le Restauracion videva le developpamento de movimientos regionalistas e nationalistas, que revendicava recognition del particularitates linguistic, cultural e politic de certe regiones. ==== Le catalanismo ==== In Catalonia, le catalanismo se developava in relation con le ''Renaixença'', un movimento de renovation del lingua e del cultura catalan. Le movementos cultural gradualmente acquireva un dimension politic e promoveva le recognition del particularitates regional. In 1891 esseva fundate le Unió Catalanista, que organisava in 1892 le Bases de Manresa, un documento que proponeva un forma de organisation politic con ample autonomia pro Catalonia. ==== Le nationalismo basc ==== Le nationalismo basc se developava in relation con le abolition del foros in 1876 e con le transformationes social e economic del Pais Basque. Sabino Arana deveniva le principal figura del nationalismo basc e fundava in 1895 le Partido Nacionalista Vasco (PNV). Su ideologia initial combinava le defensa del identitate basc, le catholicismo e un conception nationalista del territorio. ==== Le regionalismo galician ==== In Galicia, le movimento regionalista se developava in relation con le renovation cultural del lingua galician e le revendication de recognition politic e administrative. Le movimento includeva correntes diverse, desde le federalismo usque al regionalismo cultural. == Le question religiose e le education == Le Constitution de 1876 declarava le catholicismo religion del Stato, ma admitteva le practica private de altere confessiones religiose. Le relation inter le governamento e le ecclesia catholic esseva frequentemente marcate per conflictos super le education, le libertate religiose e le organisation del vita public. In 1875, le governamento de Cánovas adoptava mesuras que limitava le libertate de docer in le universitate. Le controverse provocava le demission e le exclusion de professores qui refusava acceptar le restrictiones ideologic. In reaction a iste politica, Francisco Giner de los Ríos e altere intellectuales fundava in 1876 le Institución Libre de Enseñanza, un institution educational independente que promoveva le libertate de docer, le renovation pedagogic e le education scientific. Le institution habeva un influentia importante sur le cultura e le education espaniol del fin del seculo XIX e del prime parte del seculo XX.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Restauración borbónica (1875-1931) |url=https://www.embajadadeespana.org/pages/acerca-de-espana/historia/edad-contemporanea/restauracion-borbonica-1875-1931.php |publisher=Embajada de España}}</ref> == Le regno de Alfonso XIII (1902–1931) == === Le majoritate de etate del rege === Alfonso XIII esseva declarate major de etate in 1902 e comenciava a regnar directemente. Le systema del Restauracion continuava formalmente, ma le partidos dinastic deveniva gradualmente plus dividite e le governamentos plus instabile. Le nove rege interveniva activemente in le politica e in le affaires militar. Le systema politic debeva affrontar le crescentia del movimento obrer, le expansion del nationalismos regional e le opposition de sectores intellectual e republican. === Le crise del 1909 === In 1909, le opposition al mobilisation de reservistas pro le guerra in Marocco provocava protestas in Barcelona e altere citates. Le events de julio, cognoscite como Semana Tragica, includeva strikes, insurrectiones e incendios de edificios religiose. Le repression del protestas esseva sever e provocava criticas national e international. Le execution del pedagogista e activista Francisco Ferrer Guardia, post un processo controverse, provocava protestas in diverse paises. === Le crise de 1917 === In 1917, Espania experimentava un crise politic, militar e social. Le juntas de defensa militar, le Assemblea de Parlamentarios e le huelga general promovite per organisationes obrer exprimeva le insatisfaction contra le systema politic e le difficultates economic. Le crise non provocava le fin immediatemente del monarchia, ma debilitava le institutiones e accentuava le division del elites politic. === Le guerra de Marocco e le desastre de Annual === Le expansion colonial espaniol in Marocco provocava un conflicto militar prolongate. In 1921, le armea espaniol suffreva un grave derrota in Annual, con un grande numero de mortos e le perdita de plure posiciones militar. Le desastre provocava un crise politic e militar e un investigation super le responsabilitates del derrota, que affectava le reputation del monarchia e del commandamento militar. === Le dictatura de Primo de Rivera === Le 13 de septembre 1923, le general Miguel Primo de Rivera organisava un colpo de Stato con le supporto del rege Alfonso XIII. Le constitution esseva suspendite, le Cortes dissolvite e le libertates politic restringite. Primo de Rivera dirigeva un dictatura militar, e postea un governamento civil, usque a su demission in januario 1930. Le tentativa de restaurar le systema parlamentar post le fin del dictatura non succedeva. Le monarchia perdeva un parte importante de su supporto politic e social. === Le fin del Restauracion === Le electiones municipal del 12 de april 1931 esseva interpretate como un referendum politic super le monarchia. Le candidatos republican obteneva un victoria importante in multe del grande citates. Le 14 de april 1931 esseva proclamate le Secunde Republica Espaniol. Alfonso XIII abandonava le pais e le regime monarchic cessava de functionar. Iste evento marca le fin del periodo del Restauracion borbonic in Espania.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Restauración borbónica (1875-1931) |url=https://www.embajadadeespana.org/pages/acerca-de-espana/historia/edad-contemporanea/restauracion-borbonica-1875-1931.php |publisher=Embajada de España}}</ref> == Le crise del 98 == Le crise del 98 esseva un del eventos plus importante del ultime parte del Restauracion. Le insurrection cuban, comenciate de novo in 1895, e le guerra con le Statos Unite in 1898 conduceva al perdita del ultime grande colonias espaniol in America e Asia. Le Tratato de Paris, signate in decembre 1898, formalmente finiva le guerra. Espania cedeva Cuba, Puerto Rico e Guam al Statos Unite e transferiva le Filippinas a iste pais. Le derrota provocava un crise politic e intellectual, e stimulava le movimento del Regeneracionismo, que cercava de explicar le causas del declino espaniol e de proponer reformas institutional, economic e educational. Le generation intellectual cognoscite como Generation de 98 reflecteva etiam sur le situation del pais e su identitate historic. == Consequentias e significato historic == Le Restauracion borbonic constitueva un periodo de longe duration in le historia contemporanee de Espania. Le Constitution de 1876 e le alternation inter conservatores e liberales provideva un quadro institutional relativamente stabile durante plure decennios. Tamen, le systema politic se basava sur le accordos inter le elites e super le manipulation electoral, e non permitteva un participation equal de tote le sectores del societate. Le caciquismo, le exclusion del opposition e le difficultates de adaptar le institutiones al transformationes social contribuiva al debilitamento del regime. Le industrialisation, le expansion del movimento obrer, le nationalismos regional, le conflictos colonial e le interventiones militar in le politica transformava le societate espaniol e accentuava le tensiones del systema. Le crise del 1898, le instabilitate politic del prime decennios del seculo XX e le dictatura de Primo de Rivera marcava le disintegration progressive del regime. Le proclamation del Secunde Republica in 1931 poneva fin al monarchia restaurate. == Vide etiam == * [[Prime Republica Espaniol]] * [[Alfonso XII de Espania]] * [[Alfonso XIII de Espania]] * [[Maria Cristina de Habsburg-Lorena]] * [[Antonio Cánovas del Castillo]] * [[Práxedes Mateo Sagasta]] * [[Constitution espaniol de 1876]] * [[Sistema canovista]] * [[Caciquismo]] * [[Turno pacific]] * [[Generation de 98]] * [[Crise del 98]] * [[Secunde Republica Espaniol]] {{Ref}} {{Historia de Espania}} [[Categoria:Restauracion borbonic in Espania]] [[Categoria:Historia contemporanee de Espania]] [[Categoria:Monarchia espaniol]] [[Categoria:Historia politic de Espania]] [[Categoria:1874 in Espania]] [[Categoria:1931 in Espania]] 8aa3yps3bs5zm715jzjn6ien77m5f49 705337 705330 2026-11-01T11:00:15Z Interlingvisto 60932 705337 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Restauracion borbonic in Espania''' esseva le periodo historic e politic durante le qual le monarchia del Casa de Borbon esseva restaurate in Espania, post le fin del [[Prime Republica Espaniol|Prime Republica]]. Illo comenciava in 1874, con le proclamation de Alfonso XII como rege per le pronunciamiento del general Arsenio Martínez Campos in Sagunto, e terminava in 1931, con le proclamation del [[Secunde Republica Espaniol]]. Le periodo es usualmente dividite in duo fases: le regno de Alfonso XII (1874–1885) e le regentia de Maria Cristina de Habsburg-Lorena (1885–1902), sequite per le regno personal de Alfonso XIII (1902–1931). Le sistema politic, elaborate principalmente per Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, se basava sur un monarchia constitutional, le alternation pactate del partidos conservator e liberal e un administration electoral fortemente controlate. Ben que le Restauracion provideva un periodo de stabilitate institutional relative post le conflictos del Sexennio Democratic e le guerras carlistas, le regime esseva marcate per le caciquismo, le fraude electoral, le exclusion de multe sectores politic e le crescentia del opposition republican, obrer e regionalista.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitución de 1876 |url=https://constitucion.congreso.es/w/constituci%C3%B3n-de-1876 |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Restauración borbónica (1875-1931) |url=https://www.embajadadeespana.org/pages/acerca-de-espana/historia/edad-contemporanea/restauracion-borbonica-1875-1931.php |publisher=Embajada de España}}</ref> == Origines e restauration del monarchia == === Le fin del Prime Republica === {{AP|Prime Republica Espaniol}} Le Prime Republica Espaniol, proclamate in februario 1873, habeva essite marcate per instabilitate politic, conflictos interne inter republicanos, le insurrection cantonal, le Tertie Guerra Carlista e le guerra de Cuba. Le colpo de Stato del general Manuel Pavía in januario 1874 poneva fin al experientia parlamentar republican e aperiva le via a un governamento autoritari sub le general Francisco Serrano. Durante le resto de 1874, Antonio Cánovas del Castillo promoveva le restauration del monarchia borbonic in le persona del principe Alfonso, filio de Isabella II. Le 1 de decembre 1874, Alfonso publicava le Manifesto de Sandhurst, redigite per Cánovas, in le qual ille presentava su candidatura al throno e declarava su intention de establir un monarchia constitutional e conciliator. Le 29 de decembre 1874, le general Arsenio Martínez Campos se pronunciava in Sagunto e proclamava Alfonso XII como rege. Le movimento militar obteneva le adhesion de altere guarniciones e le nove regime se instalava sin un opposition militar significative. Cánovas deveniva presidente del governamento e assumeva le direction del organisation del monarchia restaurate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitución de 1876 |url=https://constitucion.congreso.es/w/constituci%C3%B3n-de-1876 |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados}}</ref> == Le regno de Alfonso XII (1874–1885) == === Le consolidation del regime === Alfonso XII entrava in Madrid in januario 1875. Le nove governamento, dirigite per Cánovas del Castillo, cercava de stabilisar le situation politic e de restaurar le institutiones monarchic. Le prime annos del regno esseva dedicate al pacification del pais e al organisation del nove systema constitutional. Le governamento convocava electiones e preparava un nove Constitution, que esseva approbate in 1876. Le regime cercava de integrar in le monarchia le sectores conservator e liberal qui acceptava le institutiones borbonic, durante que le republicanos e altere oppositiones remaneva in grande parte excludite del rotation del poter. === Le Constitution de 1876 === Le Constitution de 1876 esseva le fundamento juridic del Restauracion e le texto constitutional de plus longe duration in le historia espaniol usque al Constitution de 1978. Elaborate sub le direction politic de Cánovas del Castillo e con un commission presidite per Manuel Alonso Martínez, illo esseva promulgate le 30 de junio 1876. Le Constitution establiva: * Un monarchia constitutional con soberania compartite inter le rege e le Cortes. * Un parlamento bicameral, formate per le Congresso del Deputatos e le Senato. * Un poter executive exercite per le rege e su ministros. * Un systema de derectos e libertates individual, le exercitio del quales poteva esser regulate per leges ordinari. * Le religion catholic como religion del Stato, con un toleration limitate del altere confessiones religiose. * Un systema electoral cuje modalitate esseva determinate per le legislation ordinari. Le rege conservava importantes prerogativas: nominava e revocava le ministros, convocava e dissolveva le Cortes e participava al poter legislative. Le Constitution permitteva un certa flexibilidade politic e rendeva possibile le alternation de governamentos conservator e liberal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitución de 1876 |url=https://constitucion.congreso.es/w/constituci%C3%B3n-de-1876 |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados}}</ref> === Le systema canovista e le alternation del partidos === Le systema politic del Restauracion esseva cognoscite como systema canovista, perque su principal architecto esseva Antonio Cánovas del Castillo. Su base esseva le alternation regular del duo grande partidos monarchic: le Partido Liberal-Conservator, dirigite per Cánovas, e le Partido Liberal-Fusionista, dirigite per Práxedes Mateo Sagasta. Le alternation, cognoscite como turno pacific, functionava per un accordo politic inter le dirigentes del partidos e le Corona. Quando un governamento perdeva le supporto del rege o deveniva politicemente debile, le monarcha incaricava le dirigente del altere partido de formar un nove governamento. Le nove presidente del Consilio dissolveva le Cortes e convocava electiones, que normalmente confirmava le majoritate parlamentar desirate per le governamento. Le systema habeva como objectivo evitar le colpos militar e le instabilitate governamental que habeva caracterisate grande parte del seculo XIX. Tamen, le alternation non dependeva principalmente del resultatos electoral, ma del accordos inter le elites politic e del control del administration. === Le caciquismo e le fraude electoral === Le caciquismo esseva un del elementos central del funcionamento real del systema canovista. Illo consisteva in le influentia exercite per personalitates local, cognoscite como caciques, super le electores e le administration in lor territorios. Le caciques utilisava lor position economic e social, lor relationes personal e lor accesso al autoritates local pro orientar le voto e garantir le election del candidatos appoiate per le governamento. Le manipulation electoral poteva prender plure formas: * Encasillado: le preparation anticipate del listas de candidatos que le governamento voleva facer electer in cata district. * Pucherazo: le manipulation directe del resultatos electoral, per substitution de urnas, falsification de actas o altere irregularitates. * Pressiones super le electores, promessas de favores e intervention del autoritates local. Iste practicas permitteva al partidos dinastic de conservar le poter e limitava le representativitate del electiones. Le systema exclueva de facto multe republicanos, socialistas, anarchistas e movimientos regionalistas del possibilitate de acceder al governamento national.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Restauración borbónica (1875-1931) |url=https://www.embajadadeespana.org/pages/acerca-de-espana/historia/edad-contemporanea/restauracion-borbonica-1875-1931.php |publisher=Embajada de España}}</ref> === Le partidos dinastic === ==== Partido Liberal-Conservator ==== Le Partido Liberal-Conservator esseva dirigite per Antonio Cánovas del Castillo. Illo reuniva sectores del monarchismo conservator, del liberalismo moderate e del elites economic e social favorabile al restauration borbonic. Su politica insisteva sur le ordine public, le autoritate del Corona, le protection del proprietate e le defensa del institutiones traditional. ==== Partido Liberal-Fusionista ==== Le Partido Liberal-Fusionista esseva organisate sub le direction de Práxedes Mateo Sagasta e reuniva progressive, constitutionalistas e altere sectores liberal qui acceptava le monarchia de Alfonso XII. Su governamentos promoveva gradualmente le ampliation de certe libertates public e le reformas legislative. Durante su periodo de poter esseva approbate, inter altere mesuras, le legislation que restabliva le libertate de association e le suffragio universal masculin. == Le pacification militar == === Le Tertie Guerra Carlista === Le Tertie Guerra Carlista (1872–1876) continuava durante le prime annos del Restauracion. Le carlistas, qui appoiava Carlos VII, manteneva un forte presentia in Navarra, le Pais Basc e partes de Catalonia. Le governamento de Alfonso XII intensificava le campania militar contra le carlistas. Le capitulation de lor principal fortificationes e le victoria del armea governamental in 1876 poneva fin al guerra. Post le victoria, le governamento aboliva le institutiones foral traditional del provincias basc e reorganisava lor relationes fiscal con le Stato per medio del conciertos economic, que concedeva un forma particular de autonomia administrative e tributari. === Le guerra de Cuba e le Pace de Zanjón === Le guerra de Cuba, cognoscite como Guerra de los Diez Anos (1868–1878), habeva comenciate durante le regno de Isabella II e continuava durante le Prime Republica e le prime annos del Restauracion. Le governamento espaniol cercava de terminar le conflicto per medio de operationes militar e negotiationes. Le general Martínez Campos arrivava a Cuba e promoveva un politica que combinava le action militar con le negotiation. Le Pace de Zanjón, signate in februario 1878, poneva fin al principal conflicto. Espania prometteva reformas politic e administrative, un amnistia e le abolition gradual del sclavitude. Tamen, le accordo non satisfaciva le sectores independentista, e le question cuban remaneva sin solution definitive. Le sclavitude in Cuba esseva abolite definitivemente in 1886.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Restauración borbónica (1875-1931) |url=https://www.embajadadeespana.org/pages/acerca-de-espana/historia/edad-contemporanea/restauracion-borbonica-1875-1931.php |publisher=Embajada de España}}</ref> == Le regentia de Maria Cristina (1885–1902) == === Le morte de Alfonso XII e le Pacte de El Pardo === Alfonso XII moriva le 25 de novembre 1885, ante que su filio Alfonso XIII nasceva. Su vidua, Maria Cristina de Habsburg-Lorena, assumeva le regentia durante le minoritate del futuro rege. Pro evitar un crise politic e garantir le continuitate del monarchia, Cánovas e Sagasta concludeva le Pacte de El Pardo in novembre 1885. Le accordo confirmava le collaboration inter le duo partidos dinastic e le continuation del alternation pacific al governamento. Le pacto permitteva que Sagasta assumeva le poter e que le governamento liberal initiava un serie de reformas. === Le reformas liberal === Durante le governamento de Sagasta, le regime approbava plure reformas que ampliava le libertates public e le participation politic. Inter le mesuras plus importante se trova: * Le lege de association de 1887, que recognosceva le derecto de association. * Le lege del jurados, que introduceva le participation de jurados in certe processos judicial. * Le ampliation del libertate de expression e de pressa. * Le lege electoral de 1890, que restabliva le suffragio universal masculin pro le citatanos adulte. Le suffragio universal masculin ampliava considerabilemente le numero de electores, ma le fraude electoral e le caciquismo continuava a limitar le effecto democratic del suffragio.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Restauración borbónica (1875-1931) |url=https://www.embajadadeespana.org/pages/acerca-de-espana/historia/edad-contemporanea/restauracion-borbonica-1875-1931.php |publisher=Embajada de España}}</ref> == Le opposition al systema == === Le republicanismo === Le republicanos refusava le monarchia borbonic e revendicava le establimento de un republica. Tamen, illes esseva dividite in plure correntes, con differentias super le federalismo, le organisation del Stato e le strategias de opposition. Alcunes participava in le politica parlamentar, durante que alteres appoiava insurrectiones o formas de opposition extra-parlamentar. Le division interne e le control electoral del partidos dinastic limitava lor influentia institutional. === Le movimento obrer === Le industrialisation e le transformationes del societate espaniol favoriva le expansion del movimento obrer, in particular in Catalonia, Madrid, le Pais Basque e partes de Andalusia. Le movimento obrer se divideva principalmente inter socialistas e anarchistas. ==== Le socialismo ==== Le socialismo espaniol se organisava circum le ideas marxista e le participation politic del classe laborante. In 1879, Pablo Iglesias e altere militantes fundava le Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE). In 1888 esseva create le Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT), un organisation sindical associate al socialismo. Le socialistas promoveva le organisation del laboratores, le amelioration del conditiones de labor e le participation al vita politic. ==== Le anarchismo ==== Le anarchismo habeva un forte presentia in Catalonia e Andalusia. Le anarchistas rejectava le Stato e le autoritate politic central, e promoveva le action directe, le association libere e le organisation del laboratores. In 1881 esseva create le Federación de Trabajadores de la Región Española (FTRE). Le movimento anarchista includeva correntes diverse, desde le activitate sindical e educational usque al actiones insurrectional e violent. Durante le fin del seculo XIX, alcun atentatos anarchistas e le repression estatal generava un periodo de confrontationes e de tension social. === Le regionalismo e le nationalismos === Le Restauracion videva le developpamento de movimientos regionalistas e nationalistas, que revendicava recognition del particularitates linguistic, cultural e politic de certe regiones. ==== Le catalanismo ==== In Catalonia, le catalanismo se developava in relation con le ''Renaixença'', un movimento de renovation del lingua e del cultura catalan. Le movementos cultural gradualmente acquireva un dimension politic e promoveva le recognition del particularitates regional. In 1891 esseva fundate le Unió Catalanista, que organisava in 1892 le Bases de Manresa, un documento que proponeva un forma de organisation politic con ample autonomia pro Catalonia. ==== Le nationalismo basc ==== Le nationalismo basc se developava in relation con le abolition del foros in 1876 e con le transformationes social e economic del Pais Basque. Sabino Arana deveniva le principal figura del nationalismo basc e fundava in 1895 le Partido Nacionalista Vasco (PNV). Su ideologia initial combinava le defensa del identitate basc, le catholicismo e un conception nationalista del territorio. ==== Le regionalismo galician ==== In Galicia, le movimento regionalista se developava in relation con le renovation cultural del lingua galician e le revendication de recognition politic e administrative. Le movimento includeva correntes diverse, desde le federalismo usque al regionalismo cultural. == Le question religiose e le education == Le Constitution de 1876 declarava le catholicismo religion del Stato, ma admitteva le practica private de altere confessiones religiose. Le relation inter le governamento e le ecclesia catholic esseva frequentemente marcate per conflictos super le education, le libertate religiose e le organisation del vita public. In 1875, le governamento de Cánovas adoptava mesuras que limitava le libertate de docer in le universitate. Le controverse provocava le demission e le exclusion de professores qui refusava acceptar le restrictiones ideologic. In reaction a iste politica, Francisco Giner de los Ríos e altere intellectuales fundava in 1876 le Institución Libre de Enseñanza, un institution educational independente que promoveva le libertate de docer, le renovation pedagogic e le education scientific. Le institution habeva un influentia importante sur le cultura e le education espaniol del fin del seculo XIX e del prime parte del seculo XX.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Restauración borbónica (1875-1931) |url=https://www.embajadadeespana.org/pages/acerca-de-espana/historia/edad-contemporanea/restauracion-borbonica-1875-1931.php |publisher=Embajada de España}}</ref> == Le regno de Alfonso XIII (1902–1931) == === Le majoritate de etate del rege === Alfonso XIII esseva declarate major de etate in 1902 e comenciava a regnar directemente. Le systema del Restauracion continuava formalmente, ma le partidos dinastic deveniva gradualmente plus dividite e le governamentos plus instabile. Le nove rege interveniva activemente in le politica e in le affaires militar. Le systema politic debeva affrontar le crescentia del movimento obrer, le expansion del nationalismos regional e le opposition de sectores intellectual e republican. === Le crise del 1909 === In 1909, le opposition al mobilisation de reservistas pro le guerra in Marocco provocava protestas in Barcelona e altere citates. Le events de julio, cognoscite como Semana Tragica, includeva strikes, insurrectiones e incendios de edificios religiose. Le repression del protestas esseva sever e provocava criticas national e international. Le execution del pedagogista e activista Francisco Ferrer Guardia, post un processo controverse, provocava protestas in diverse paises. === Le crise de 1917 === In 1917, Espania experimentava un crise politic, militar e social. Le juntas de defensa militar, le Assemblea de Parlamentarios e le huelga general promovite per organisationes obrer exprimeva le insatisfaction contra le systema politic e le difficultates economic. Le crise non provocava le fin immediatemente del monarchia, ma debilitava le institutiones e accentuava le division del elites politic. === Le guerra de Marocco e le desastre de Annual === Le expansion colonial espaniol in Marocco provocava un conflicto militar prolongate. In 1921, le armea espaniol suffreva un grave derrota in Annual, con un grande numero de mortos e le perdita de plure posiciones militar. Le desastre provocava un crise politic e militar e un investigation super le responsabilitates del derrota, que affectava le reputation del monarchia e del commandamento militar. === Le dictatura de Primo de Rivera === Le 13 de septembre 1923, le general Miguel Primo de Rivera organisava un colpo de Stato con le supporto del rege Alfonso XIII. Le constitution esseva suspendite, le Cortes dissolvite e le libertates politic restringite. Primo de Rivera dirigeva un dictatura militar, e postea un governamento civil, usque a su demission in januario 1930. Le tentativa de restaurar le systema parlamentar post le fin del dictatura non succedeva. Le monarchia perdeva un parte importante de su supporto politic e social. === Le fin del Restauracion === Le electiones municipal del 12 de april 1931 esseva interpretate como un referendum politic super le monarchia. Le candidatos republican obteneva un victoria importante in multe del grande citates. Le 14 de april 1931 esseva proclamate le Secunde Republica Espaniol. Alfonso XIII abandonava le pais e le regime monarchic cessava de functionar. Iste evento marca le fin del periodo del Restauracion borbonic in Espania.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Restauración borbónica (1875-1931) |url=https://www.embajadadeespana.org/pages/acerca-de-espana/historia/edad-contemporanea/restauracion-borbonica-1875-1931.php |publisher=Embajada de España}}</ref> == Le crise del 98 == Le crise del 98 esseva un del eventos plus importante del ultime parte del Restauracion. Le insurrection cuban, comenciate de novo in 1895, e le guerra con le Statos Unite in 1898 conduceva al perdita del ultime grande colonias espaniol in America e Asia. Le Tratato de Paris, signate in decembre 1898, formalmente finiva le guerra. Espania cedeva Cuba, Puerto Rico e Guam al Statos Unite e transferiva le Filippinas a iste pais. Le derrota provocava un crise politic e intellectual, e stimulava le movimento del Regeneracionismo, que cercava de explicar le causas del declino espaniol e de proponer reformas institutional, economic e educational. Le generation intellectual cognoscite como Generation de 98 reflecteva etiam sur le situation del pais e su identitate historic. == Consequentias e significato historic == Le Restauracion borbonic constitueva un periodo de longe duration in le historia contemporanee de Espania. Le Constitution de 1876 e le alternation inter conservatores e liberales provideva un quadro institutional relativamente stabile durante plure decennios. Tamen, le systema politic se basava sur le accordos inter le elites e super le manipulation electoral, e non permitteva un participation equal de tote le sectores del societate. Le caciquismo, le exclusion del opposition e le difficultates de adaptar le institutiones al transformationes social contribuiva al debilitamento del regime. Le industrialisation, le expansion del movimento obrer, le nationalismos regional, le conflictos colonial e le interventiones militar in le politica transformava le societate espaniol e accentuava le tensiones del systema. Le crise del 1898, le instabilitate politic del prime decennios del seculo XX e le dictatura de Primo de Rivera marcava le disintegration progressive del regime. Le proclamation del Secunde Republica in 1931 poneva fin al monarchia restaurate. == Vide etiam == * [[Prime Republica Espaniol]] * [[Alfonso XII de Espania]] * [[Alfonso XIII de Espania]] * [[Maria Cristina de Habsburg-Lorena]] * [[Antonio Cánovas del Castillo]] * [[Práxedes Mateo Sagasta]] * [[Constitution espaniol de 1876]] * [[Sistema canovista]] * [[Caciquismo]] * [[Turno pacific]] * [[Generation de 98]] * [[Crise del 98]] * [[Secunde Republica Espaniol]] {{Ref}} {{Historia de Espania}} [[Categoria:Restauracion borbonic in Espania]] [[Categoria:Historia contemporanee de Espania]] [[Categoria:Monarchia en Espania]] [[Categoria:Historia politic de Espania]] [[Categoria:1874 in Espania]] [[Categoria:1931 in Espania]] oqmc2dvcwlt5u5lqaia35qvot8ew7w8 0 62448 705334 2026-11-01T10:57:20Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''franquismo''', etiam cognoscite como '''dictatura de Francisco Franco''', esseva le regime politic autoritari instaurate in Espania post le victoria del faction nationalista in le [[Guerra Civil Espaniol]] (1936–1939). Le regime esseva dirigite per le general Francisco Franco, qui exerceva le poter como chefe del Stato e del governamento, e durava usque a su morte, le 20 de novembre 1975. Le franquismo se caracterisava per le con...” 705334 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''franquismo''', etiam cognoscite como '''dictatura de Francisco Franco''', esseva le regime politic autoritari instaurate in Espania post le victoria del faction nationalista in le [[Guerra Civil Espaniol]] (1936–1939). Le regime esseva dirigite per le general Francisco Franco, qui exerceva le poter como chefe del Stato e del governamento, e durava usque a su morte, le 20 de novembre 1975. Le franquismo se caracterisava per le concentration del poter politic in Franco, le absentia de un systema democratic pluralista, le repression del opposition, le censura, le restriction del libertates public e le centralismo national. Su ideologia combinava elementos del nationalismo espaniol, del catholicismo traditionalista, del militarismo, del autoritarismo e, specialmente durante le prime annos, del fascismo. Durante su longe duration, le regime experimentava transformationes institutional, social e economic. Le prime annos esseva marcate per le repression del victos del guerra civil, le isolation international e le politica economic autarchic. A partir del fin del annos 1950, le governamento adoptava reformas economic que initiava un periodo de industrialisation, croissance e transformation social, sin abandonar le dictatura politic. Le franquismo terminava post le morte de Franco in 1975 e le subsequent processo de transition democratic, que conduceva al establimento del monarchia parlamentar e al Constitution de 1978.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Payne |first=Stanley G. |title=The Franco Regime, 1936–1975 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |year=1987}}</ref> == Origines del franquismo == === Le crise del Secunde Republica === Le franquismo habeva su origines in le crise politic e social del [[Secunde Republica Espaniol]], proclamate in 1931. Durante iste periodo, le governamentos republican promoveva reformas in le agricultura, le armea, le education, le relationes inter le ecclesia e le Stato, e le organisation territorial. Iste reformas incontrava opposition in sectores conservator, monarchic, catholic e militar. Simultaneemente, le movimento obrer, le organisationes socialistas, anarchistas e communistas e le movimentos regionalistas participava activemente in le conflictos politic. Le polarisation se intensificava durante le annos 1930. Le electiones de februario 1936 portava al poter le Frente Popular, un coalition de partidos de sinistra. Le opposition al governamento cresceva, e le tensiones social e politic se agravava. === Le colpo de Stato de 1936 === Le 17 e 18 de julio 1936, un parte del armea se rebellava contra le governamento del Republica. Le insurrection comenciava in le Marocco espaniol e se extendeva a diverse regiones del pais. Le colpo de Stato non obteneva un victoria immediatemente, perque plure citates e regiones remaneva fidel al Republica. Le division del armea e del territorio provocava le initio del [[Guerra Civil Espaniol]]. Francisco Franco, qui commandava le tropas colonial in Africa del Nord, deveniva un del principal dirigentes del insurrection. In octobre 1936, ille esseva proclamate Generalissimo e chefe del governamento del Stato in le zona controlate per le nationalistas. Le faction nationalista recipeva le supporto militar e material del Germania nazi e del Italia fascista. Le Republica recipeva assistentia del Union Sovietic e del Brigadas International, inter altere fontes de supporto exterior. Le guerra terminava le 1 de april 1939 con le victoria del faction nationalista e le establimento del dictatura de Franco.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Harrison |first=Joseph |chapter=Backwardness and progress, 1900–36 |title=The Spanish Economy: From the Civil War to the European Community |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1995}}</ref> == Le establimento del dictatura (1939–1945) == === Le victoria nationalista e le concentration del poter === Post le fin del guerra civil, Franco concentrava in su manos le principal functiones del Stato. Il esseva chefe del Stato, chefe del governamento, Generalissimo del armeas e dirigente del partido unic. Le regime dissolveva le institutiones democratic del Republica e prohibiva le partidos politic e le organisationes sindical independente. Le Falange Espaniol Traditionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista deveniva le organisation politic unic del regime, fusionante le Falange con sectores traditionalista e monarchic. Le nove Stato se appoiava sur le armea, le administration, le Falange e le ecclesia catholic. Le regime se definiva como un Stato national, catholic e autoritari, e rejectava le liberalismo parlamentar, le marxismo e le pluralismo politic. === Le repression politic === Le repression contra le partisanos e sympathisantes del Republica esseva un elemento fundamental del consolidation del dictatura. Multe personas esseva executate, imprisionate, depurate de lor cargos public o obligate a exiliar se. Le Legislation de Responsabilidades Politic de 1939 permitteva de persequer personas accusate de haber appoiate le Republica desde 1934. Tribunales militar tractava numerose casos in processos que frequentemente non respectava le garantias judicial ordinari. Le repression affectava le ex-combatentes republicanos, sindicalistas, professores, intellectuales, periodistas e membros de organisationes politic prohibite. Le purgas del administration e del systema educational removeva numerose personas de lor functiones. Le repression continuava durante le decennios sequente, ben que su intensitate e formas variava in le curso del dictatura.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Payne |first=Stanley G. |title=The Franco Regime, 1936–1975 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |year=1987}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Franco's Internationalists: Social Experts and Spain's Search for Legitimacy |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2021}}</ref> === Le censura e le control cultural === Le regime exerceva un forte control super le medios de communication, le publicationes, le cinema, le radio e le education. Le censura preveniva le diffusion de ideas considerate contrarie al ideologia oficial. Le libros, le obras teatral e le articulos jornalistic esseva subjecte a inspection e prohibition. Le expression public de opiniones politic contrarie al regime poteva provocar sanctiones, arrestation o persecution. Le lingua espaniol esseva promovite como elemento central del identitate national. Le uso public del catalan, del basc e del galician esseva fortemente restringite, specialmente durante le prime annos del dictatura. Le politica cultural deveniva gradualmente plus flexible in certe periodos, ma le centralismo linguistic remaneva un characteristic del regime.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dowling |first=Andrew |title=Prohibition, Tolerance, Co-option: Cultural Appropriation and Francoism in Catalonia, 1939–75 |journal=Contemporary European History |volume=27 |issue=3 |year=2018 |pages=370–386 |doi=10.1017/S0960777318000267}}</ref> === Le relationes con le Germania e le Italia === Durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial, Franco manteneva relationes con le Germania nazi e le Italia fascista, le quales habeva appoiate su faction durante le guerra civil. In 1940, Franco incontrava Adolf Hitler in Hendaye, sur le frontiera franco-espaniol. Espania non entrava formalmente in guerra, ma declarava se inicialmente non-belligerante e permitteva le participation de voluntarios espaniol in le Division Azul, que combatteva al latere del armea german contra le Union Sovietic. Le regime provideva etiam assistentia logistic e economic al potentias del Axe, ma evitava un intervention militar directe, in parte per causa del debilitate economic del pais e del difficultates de reconstruer le nation post le guerra civil. A partir de 1943, con le cambiamento del situation militar international, Franco adoptava un position plus neutral e cercava de distantiar se del potentias del Axe. == Le isolation international (1945–1953) == === Le condemnation international === Post le victoria del Alliatos in 1945, le regime de Franco deveniva diplomaticamente isolate a causa de su relationes anterior con le potentias fascista e de su character autoritari. In 1946, le Assemblea General del Nationes Unite adoptava un resolution que condemnava le regime e recommendava le retiro del representantes diplomatic del pais. Plure estados retirava lor ambassatores de Madrid. Espania non esseva admittite al Nationes Unite durante iste periodo e remaneva excluse de plure organisationes international. === Le autarchia economic === Durante le prime annos del dictatura, le governamento adoptava un politica de autarchia, que cercava de reducir le dependentia economic del exterior e de promover le production national per medio del intervention del Stato. Le politica includeva: * Control statal del importationes e del exportationes. * Restriction del commercio exterior. * Regulation del precios e del production industrial. * Creation e expansion de interprisas public. * Interventiones in le agricultura e le distribution de alimentos. Le Instituto Nacional de Industria (INI), fundate in 1941, deveniva un instrumento central del politica industrial del regime. Le autarchia produceva difficultates economic, penuria de productos, rationamento de alimentos e expansion del mercato nigre. Le annos immediate post le guerra esseva marcate per pobreza e difficultates de approvisionamento. Le rationamento de alimentos esseva mantenite usque al initio del annos 1950. Le isolation international e le intervention economic contribuiva al lentitude del recuperation post le guerra civil.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Campos |first=Rodolfo G. |last2=Reggio |first2=Iliana |last3=Timini |first3=Jacopo |title=Autarky in Franco's Spain: The costs of a closed economy |journal=Economic History Review |year=2023 |doi=10.1111/ehr.13243}}</ref> === Le relation con le ecclesia catholic === Le ecclesia catholic recipeva un position privilegi in le organisation del Stato franquista. Le regime promoveva le catholicismo como fundamento moral e cultural del societate espaniol. Le education esseva fortemente influentiate per le institutiones religiose e le doctrina catholic. Le matrimonio, le familia e le vita public esseva regulate per normas que reflecteva le valores traditional del ecclesia. Iste collaboration inter le regime e le ecclesia esseva frequentemente designate per le termino "[[nationalcatholicismo]]". Le ecclesia provideva legitimisation religiose al dictatura, ben que con le passar del annos appariva etiam sectores ecclesiastic que criticava le repression e le absentia de libertates. == Le consolidation del regime (1953–1959) == === Le accordos con le Statos Unite === Le Guerra Frigid modificava le position international del regime. Le opposition de Franco al communismo e su orientation anticommunista deveniva un elemento importante pro le politica exterior del Statos Unite. In 1953, Espania signava le Pactos de Madrid con le Statos Unite. Le accordos permitteva le establimento de bases militar american in territorio espaniol in cambio de assistentia economic e militar. In le mesme anno, Espania signava un concordato con le Sancte Sede, que confirmava le privilegios del ecclesia catholic e le relationes special inter le Stato e le institutiones religiose. Iste accordos contribuiva al fin del isolation diplomatic del regime. === Le admission al Nationes Unite === In 1955, Espania esseva admittite al Nationes Unite, in le quadro del expansion del organisation e del nove equilibrios international del Guerra Frigid. Le admission confirmava le reintegration diplomatic del pais, ben que le regime continuava a esser un dictatura sin electiones libere ni pluralismo politic. == Le transformation economic (1959–1973) == === Le Plan de Stabilisation de 1959 === A partir del fin del annos 1950, le regime abandonav a gradualmente le politica autarchic. Le difficultates economic, le deficit exterior e le necessitate de modernisar le industria conduceva al adoption del Plan de Stabilisation de 1959. Le plan esseva elaborate con le participation de technocratas, multe del quales esseva associate al organisation catholic Opus Dei. Su objectivos includeva: * Reducer le inflation e le deficit public. * Stabilisar le moneta. * Facilitar le investition exterior. * Liberaliser parte del commercio e del activitate economic. * Promover le integration de Espania in le economia international. Le reforma marcava le transition a un modello economic plus aperte e favoriva le expansion industrial e commercial.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Matés-Barco |first=Juan Manuel |chapter=La economía en la etapa de la dictadura (1939–1975) |title=España (1923–2023): Un siglo de economía |publisher=Marcial Pons |year=2023 |pages=85–158}}</ref> === Le ''desarrollismo'' === Durante le annos 1960 e le prime annos 1970, Espania experimentava un periodo de rapide croissance economic, cognoscite como ''desarrollismo''. Le industria se expandiva, le infrastructuras esseva modernisate e le sectores del construction, del turismo e del servicios cresceva. Le investition exterior e le remessas del emigrantes contribuiva al expansion economic. Le turismo international deveniva un fonte importante de divisas e favoriva le transformation de plure regiones costal. Le urbanisation se accelerava e multe personas migrava ab le regiones rural verso Madrid, Barcelona, Bilbao e altere centros industrial. Le croissance economic transformava le structura social del pais e favoriva le expansion del classes medie, le education e le consommation. Tamen, le progresso economic non esseva accompaniate per un liberalisation politic equivalente. Le regime manteneva le control super le partidos, le sindicatos e le medios de communication.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Barciela |first=Carlos |last2=López Ortiz |first2=María Inmaculada |last3=Melgarejo Moreno |first3=Joaquín |last4=Miranda Encarnación |first4=José Antonio |title=La España de Franco (1939–1975): Economía |publisher=Síntesis |year=2001}}</ref> === Le migration e le transformation social === Le transformation economic provocava importante movimentos migratori. Multe habitantes del regiones rural se transferiva verso le citates industrial e le zonas turistic. Altere personas emigrava verso paises europee como Francia, Germania e Suissa, ubi illes trovava labor in le industria e le construction. Le remessas inviate per le emigrantes contribuiva al economia espaniol. Le contacto con altere societates europee influentiava etiam le transformation del valores social e del expectationes politic. Le expansion del education e del medios de communication modificava le societate, ben que le censura e le control politic continuava. == Le organisation politic e institutional del franquismo == === Le chefe del Stato === Francisco Franco manteneva le position de chefe del Stato durante tote le dictatura. Su autoritate non dependeva de electiones democratic e non esseva subjecte a un control parlamentar independente. Franco nominava e revocava ministros, dirigeva le armeas e interveniva in le nomination del principal cargos politic e administrative. Le regime construiva un systema institutional que permitteva a Franco de mantener le arbitrage inter le diverse familias politic que lo supportava. === Le Movimiento Nacional === Le Movimiento Nacional esseva le organisation politic unic del regime. Illo reuniva le Falange, sectores traditionalista, monarchistas e altere gruppos favorabile al dictatura. Le organisation controlava le activitate politic oficial e le institutiones del regime. Le participation in le Movimiento esseva un instrumento importante pro acceder a cargos public e pro participar in le structuras politic. === Le Cortes Espaniol === Le Cortes Espaniol esseva create in 1942 como un institution legislative del regime. Su membros non esseva eligite per suffragio democratic, ma designate o selecte per medio de corporaciones e institutiones official. Le Cortes non functionava como un parlamento pluralista e non disponeva de un poter independente del chefe del Stato. === Le Leges Fundamental del Regno === Le regime adoptava gradualmente un serie de textos juridic que serviva como quadro institutional. Illos esseva cognoscite como "Leges Fundamental del Regno" e includeva: * Le Fuero del Labor (1938). * Le Lege Constitutiv del Cortes (1942). * Le Fuero del Espanioles (1945). * Le Lege del Referendos National (1945). * Le Lege de Succession al Chefatura del Stato (1947). * Le Principios del Movimiento Nacional (1958). * Le Lege Organic del Stato (1967). Iste textos non establiva un systema democratic ni un separation independente del poteres. Illos serviva a organisar le institutiones del dictatura e a regular le succession del autoritate. === Le succession de Franco === In 1947, le Lege de Succession declarava Espania un regno, ma manteneva Franco como chefe del Stato vitalitie. In 1969, Franco designava Juan Carlos de Borbón como su successor a titulo de rege. Le decision esseva parte del preparation institutional del periodo post-Franco e non implicava un restauration immediatemente del monarchia. == Le opposition al franquismo == === Le opposition in le exilio === Post le victoria franquista, un grande numero de republicanos, socialistas, communistas, anarchistas e altere adversarios politic exiliava se, specialmente in Francia, Mexico e altere paises. Le organisationes republican in exilio tentava mantener lor activitate politic e obtener supporto international pro terminar le dictatura. Tamen, le division interne e le context international limitava lor capacitate de action. === Le guerrilla antifranquista === Durante le prime annos post le guerra civil, gruppos armate antifranquista, sovente designate como "maquis", continuava le resistentia in regiones montanose e rural. Le guerrilleros includeva ex-combatentes republican e membros de organisationes politic clandestin. Le repression del armea e del Guardia Civil, le difficultates logistic e le absentia de un supporto international stabile conduceva gradualmente al declino del movimento armate. === Le opposition obrer === Durante le annos 1950 e 1960, le movimento obrer se reorganisava in conditiones clandestin. Le strikes e le protestas laboral deveniva instrumentos importante de opposition al regime. In 1962, le Comisiones Obreras comenciava a developpar se como un movimento sindical que reuniva laboratores de diverse orientationes politic. Le organisation esseva declarate illegal, ma su activitate continuava in le fabricas e in le sectores industrial. Le opposition obrer contribuiva al erosion del control politic del regime, specialmente in le regiones industrial. === Le opposition studentesc e intellectual === Le universitates deveniva centros importante de opposition al franquismo. Studentes e professores organisava protestas contra le censura, le repression e le absentia de libertates academic. Intellectuales, escritores, artistas e periodistas participava in le diffusion de ideas democratic e in le critica del regime, sovente per medio de publicationes clandestin o de manifestationes cultural. === Le opposition nationalista === Le centralismo del dictatura provocava opposition in Catalonia, le Pais Basque e Galicia. Le movimentos cultural e politic revendicava le recognition del linguas e del identitates regional. In le Pais Basque, ETA esseva fundate in 1959 e adoptava gradualmente le luta armate contra le regime. In Catalonia, le opposition combinava le activitate cultural, le organisation politic clandestin e le revendication de autonomia. Le defensa del lingua catalan deveniva un elemento importante del resistentia cultural. == Le ultime annos del dictatura (1969–1975) == === Le crise del regime === Durante le ultime annos del dictatura, le regime affrontava difficultates crescente. Le opposition politic e sindical se expandiva, le conflictos laboral se multiplicava e le division interne inter sectores immobilista e reformista deveniva plus visibile. Le governamento cercava de mantener le ordine per medio del repression e del control institutional, ma le transformationes economic e social habeva create un societate plus complexe e plus difficile de controlar. === Le governamento de Carrero Blanco === In 1973, Franco nominava Luis Carrero Blanco presidente del governamento. Carrero Blanco esseva un del principal defensores del continuitate del regime post le morte del dictator. Le 20 de decembre 1973, Carrero Blanco esseva assassinate in Madrid per un bomba collocate per ETA. Su morte provocava un crise politic importante e debilitava le projectos de continuitate del franquismo. === Le governamento de Arias Navarro === Carlos Arias Navarro succedeva a Carrero Blanco como presidente del governamento. Su discurso initial mentionava le possibilitate de reformas limitate, ma le governamento non initiava un transformation democratic. Le repression politic continuava. In 1974, le execution de Salvador Puig Antich, militante anarchista, provocava protestas international. In 1975, le regime executava cinque militantes condemnate a morte per tribunales militar. Le executiones provocava condemnationes international e demonstrationes contra le dictatura. === Le morte de Franco === Francisco Franco moriva le 20 de novembre 1975, post un longe deterioramento de su stato de sanitate. Juan Carlos I assumeva le corona como rege de Espania e deveniva chefe del Stato. Le monarchia restaurate initiava un processo de transformation institutional que conduceva al fin del dictatura e al establimento de un regime democratic. == Le transition democratic == {{AP|Transition espaniol}} Post le morte de Franco, le nove rege Juan Carlos I confirmava inicialmente Carlos Arias Navarro como presidente del governamento. In 1976, ille nominava Adolfo Suárez, qui dirigeva le reformas que conduceva al legalisation del partidos politic e al convocation de electiones democratic. Le Lege pro le Reforma Politic esseva approbate in 1976 e ratificate per referendum. In junio 1977 se teneva le prime electiones general democratic desde 1936. Le processo constitutional terminava con le adoption del Constitution de 1978, que establiva Espania como un monarchia parlamentar e recognosceva un systema de autonomias territorial. Le transition poneva formalmente fin al institutiones politic del franquismo, ben que multe de su effectos social, institutional e cultural continuava a esser debattite in le societate espaniol. == Politica exterior == === Relationes con le potentias del Axe === Durante le prime parte del Secunde Guerra Mundial, le regime manteneva relationes strette con le Germania nazi e le Italia fascista. Le Division Azul participava in le campania german contra le Union Sovietic, ben que Espania non declarava formalmente le guerra al Alliatos. === Isolation e Guerra Frigide === Post 1945, le regime esseva condemnate per su relationes con le potentias fascista. Tamen, le developpamento del Guerra Frigid modificava le position del Statos Unite e de altere paises occidental. Le accordos de 1953 con Washington e le concordato con le Sancte Sede facilitava le reintegration international del regime. === Relationes con Europa === Durante le annos 1960, Espania cercava de ampliar su relationes economic con le paises europee. Le croissance economic dependiva in parte del commercio exterior, del investitiones e del turismo. Tamen, le absentia de institutiones democratic impediva le adhesion de Espania al Communitates Europee, que requireva conditiones politic differente. == Cultura e societate == === Education === Durante le prime decennios del dictatura, le education esseva fortemente influentiate per le catholicismo e le ideologia del regime. Le libros escolar promoveva un interpretation nationalista e traditionalista del historia espaniol. Le professores esseva subjecte a purgas e control politic, e le libertate academic esseva restringite. Durante le annos 1960, le expansion economic e le necessitate de formar un mano de obra plus qualificate favoriva le expansion del education. Le Lege General de Education de 1970 initiava un reforma importante del systema educational. === Cinema e medios de communication === Le cinema e le medios de communication esseva subjecte a censura. Le governamento controlava le contento politic e moral del productiones cultural e limitava le diffusion de obras considerate contrarie al regime. Nonobstante le restrictiones, le cinema espaniol developpava diverse correntes artistic e social. Alcun cineastas utilisava allegoria, humor e narration indirecte pro criticar le societate e le institutiones. === Lingua e identitate cultural === Le politica cultural del franquismo promoveva un identitate national centralisate e privilegia le lingua espaniol in le administration e in le education. Le uso public del catalan, del basc e del galician esseva fortemente restringite durante le prime annos del regime. Gradualmente, le restrictiones deveniva plus flexibile in certe contextos, ma le recognition official de iste linguas non esseva restablite durante le dictatura. Le activitate cultural in iste linguas continuava, sovente in organisationes private, publicationes limitate e circulos cultural. == Historiographia e memoria historic == Le interpretation del franquismo ha essite un thema central del historiographia contemporanee espaniol e international. Le studios historic examina le origines del regime, su relationes con le fascismo european, le repression politic, le transformationes economic e le responsa del societate al dictatura. Le memoria del guerra civil e del repression postbellic remane un thema de debate public e academic. Le investigationes sur le victimas, le fosse commun, le exilio e le persecution politic ha contribuite al documentation del experientia del dictatura. Le interpretationes del evolution economic distingue sovente le periodo autarchic del prime annos del regime del expansion economic que se developpava post le Plan de Stabilisation de 1959. == Consequentias del franquismo == Le dictatura de Franco transformava profundemente le societate espaniol. Le repression politic, le censura e le absentia de libertates democratic affectava plure generationes. Le guerra civil e le repression postbellic provocava mortes, imprisonmentos, exilio e separation de familias. Le dictatura eliminava le institutiones democratic del Republica e restringeva le autonomia territorial e le expression cultural de diverse communitates. Simultaneemente, le transformationes economic del annos 1960 e 1970 modificava le structura social del pais, accelerava le urbanisation e promoveva le integration economic con Europa. Le morte de Franco in 1975 aperiva le via al transition democratic, ma le memoria del dictatura e del guerra civil continuava a influentiar le debattes politic e social in Espania. == Vide etiam == * [[Guerra Civil Espaniol]] * [[Secunde Republica Espaniol]] * [[Francisco Franco]] * [[Falange Espaniol]] * [[Nationalcatolicismo]] * [[Division Azul]] * [[Autarchia]] * [[Plan de Stabilisation de 1959]] * [[ETA]] * [[Transition democratic in Espania]] * [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] {{Ref}} {{Historia de Espania}} [[Categoria:Franquismo]] [[Categoria:Dictaturas]] [[Categoria:Historia contemporanee de Espania]] [[Categoria:Francisco Franco]] [[Categoria:Espania in le seculo XX]] 0nxpitx2gz37m8eqjnpio6kxwckz425 705335 705334 2026-11-01T10:58:06Z Interlingvisto 60932 705335 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''franquismo''', etiam cognoscite como '''dictatura de Francisco Franco''', esseva le regime politic autoritari instaurate in [[Espania]] post le victoria del faction nationalista in le [[Guerra Civil Espaniol]] (1936–1939). Le regime esseva dirigite per le general [[Francisco Franco]], qui exerceva le poter como chefe del Stato e del governamento, e durava usque a su morte, le 20 de novembre 1975. Le franquismo se caracterisava per le concentration del poter politic in Franco, le absentia de un systema democratic pluralista, le repression del opposition, le censura, le restriction del libertates public e le centralismo national. Su ideologia combinava elementos del nationalismo espaniol, del catholicismo traditionalista, del militarismo, del autoritarismo e, specialmente durante le prime annos, del [[fascismo]]. Durante su longe duration, le regime experimentava transformationes institutional, social e economic. Le prime annos esseva marcate per le repression del victos del guerra civil, le isolation international e le politica economic autarchic. A partir del fin del annos 1950, le governamento adoptava reformas economic que initiava un periodo de industrialisation, croissance e transformation social, sin abandonar le dictatura politic. Le franquismo terminava post le morte de Franco in 1975 e le subsequent processo de transition democratic, que conduceva al establimento del monarchia parlamentar e al Constitution de 1978.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Payne |first=Stanley G. |title=The Franco Regime, 1936–1975 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |year=1987}}</ref> == Origines del franquismo == === Le crise del Secunde Republica === Le franquismo habeva su origines in le crise politic e social del [[Secunde Republica Espaniol]], proclamate in 1931. Durante iste periodo, le governamentos republican promoveva reformas in le agricultura, le armea, le education, le relationes inter le ecclesia e le Stato, e le organisation territorial. Iste reformas incontrava opposition in sectores conservator, monarchic, catholic e militar. Simultaneemente, le movimento obrer, le organisationes socialistas, anarchistas e communistas e le movimentos regionalistas participava activemente in le conflictos politic. Le polarisation se intensificava durante le annos 1930. Le electiones de februario 1936 portava al poter le Frente Popular, un coalition de partidos de sinistra. Le opposition al governamento cresceva, e le tensiones social e politic se agravava. === Le colpo de Stato de 1936 === Le 17 e 18 de julio 1936, un parte del armea se rebellava contra le governamento del Republica. Le insurrection comenciava in le Marocco espaniol e se extendeva a diverse regiones del pais. Le colpo de Stato non obteneva un victoria immediatemente, perque plure citates e regiones remaneva fidel al Republica. Le division del armea e del territorio provocava le initio del [[Guerra Civil Espaniol]]. Francisco Franco, qui commandava le tropas colonial in Africa del Nord, deveniva un del principal dirigentes del insurrection. In octobre 1936, ille esseva proclamate Generalissimo e chefe del governamento del Stato in le zona controlate per le nationalistas. Le faction nationalista recipeva le supporto militar e material del Germania nazi e del Italia fascista. Le Republica recipeva assistentia del Union Sovietic e del Brigadas International, inter altere fontes de supporto exterior. Le guerra terminava le 1 de april 1939 con le victoria del faction nationalista e le establimento del dictatura de Franco.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Harrison |first=Joseph |chapter=Backwardness and progress, 1900–36 |title=The Spanish Economy: From the Civil War to the European Community |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1995}}</ref> == Le establimento del dictatura (1939–1945) == === Le victoria nationalista e le concentration del poter === Post le fin del guerra civil, Franco concentrava in su manos le principal functiones del Stato. Il esseva chefe del Stato, chefe del governamento, Generalissimo del armeas e dirigente del partido unic. Le regime dissolveva le institutiones democratic del Republica e prohibiva le partidos politic e le organisationes sindical independente. Le Falange Espaniol Traditionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista deveniva le organisation politic unic del regime, fusionante le Falange con sectores traditionalista e monarchic. Le nove Stato se appoiava sur le armea, le administration, le Falange e le ecclesia catholic. Le regime se definiva como un Stato national, catholic e autoritari, e rejectava le liberalismo parlamentar, le marxismo e le pluralismo politic. === Le repression politic === Le repression contra le partisanos e sympathisantes del Republica esseva un elemento fundamental del consolidation del dictatura. Multe personas esseva executate, imprisionate, depurate de lor cargos public o obligate a exiliar se. Le Legislation de Responsabilidades Politic de 1939 permitteva de persequer personas accusate de haber appoiate le Republica desde 1934. Tribunales militar tractava numerose casos in processos que frequentemente non respectava le garantias judicial ordinari. Le repression affectava le ex-combatentes republicanos, sindicalistas, professores, intellectuales, periodistas e membros de organisationes politic prohibite. Le purgas del administration e del systema educational removeva numerose personas de lor functiones. Le repression continuava durante le decennios sequente, ben que su intensitate e formas variava in le curso del dictatura.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Payne |first=Stanley G. |title=The Franco Regime, 1936–1975 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |year=1987}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Franco's Internationalists: Social Experts and Spain's Search for Legitimacy |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2021}}</ref> === Le censura e le control cultural === Le regime exerceva un forte control super le medios de communication, le publicationes, le cinema, le radio e le education. Le censura preveniva le diffusion de ideas considerate contrarie al ideologia oficial. Le libros, le obras teatral e le articulos jornalistic esseva subjecte a inspection e prohibition. Le expression public de opiniones politic contrarie al regime poteva provocar sanctiones, arrestation o persecution. Le lingua espaniol esseva promovite como elemento central del identitate national. Le uso public del catalan, del basc e del galician esseva fortemente restringite, specialmente durante le prime annos del dictatura. Le politica cultural deveniva gradualmente plus flexible in certe periodos, ma le centralismo linguistic remaneva un characteristic del regime.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dowling |first=Andrew |title=Prohibition, Tolerance, Co-option: Cultural Appropriation and Francoism in Catalonia, 1939–75 |journal=Contemporary European History |volume=27 |issue=3 |year=2018 |pages=370–386 |doi=10.1017/S0960777318000267}}</ref> === Le relationes con le Germania e le Italia === Durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial, Franco manteneva relationes con le Germania nazi e le Italia fascista, le quales habeva appoiate su faction durante le guerra civil. In 1940, Franco incontrava Adolf Hitler in Hendaye, sur le frontiera franco-espaniol. Espania non entrava formalmente in guerra, ma declarava se inicialmente non-belligerante e permitteva le participation de voluntarios espaniol in le Division Azul, que combatteva al latere del armea german contra le Union Sovietic. Le regime provideva etiam assistentia logistic e economic al potentias del Axe, ma evitava un intervention militar directe, in parte per causa del debilitate economic del pais e del difficultates de reconstruer le nation post le guerra civil. A partir de 1943, con le cambiamento del situation militar international, Franco adoptava un position plus neutral e cercava de distantiar se del potentias del Axe. == Le isolation international (1945–1953) == === Le condemnation international === Post le victoria del Alliatos in 1945, le regime de Franco deveniva diplomaticamente isolate a causa de su relationes anterior con le potentias fascista e de su character autoritari. In 1946, le Assemblea General del Nationes Unite adoptava un resolution que condemnava le regime e recommendava le retiro del representantes diplomatic del pais. Plure estados retirava lor ambassatores de Madrid. Espania non esseva admittite al Nationes Unite durante iste periodo e remaneva excluse de plure organisationes international. === Le autarchia economic === Durante le prime annos del dictatura, le governamento adoptava un politica de autarchia, que cercava de reducir le dependentia economic del exterior e de promover le production national per medio del intervention del Stato. Le politica includeva: * Control statal del importationes e del exportationes. * Restriction del commercio exterior. * Regulation del precios e del production industrial. * Creation e expansion de interprisas public. * Interventiones in le agricultura e le distribution de alimentos. Le Instituto Nacional de Industria (INI), fundate in 1941, deveniva un instrumento central del politica industrial del regime. Le autarchia produceva difficultates economic, penuria de productos, rationamento de alimentos e expansion del mercato nigre. Le annos immediate post le guerra esseva marcate per pobreza e difficultates de approvisionamento. Le rationamento de alimentos esseva mantenite usque al initio del annos 1950. Le isolation international e le intervention economic contribuiva al lentitude del recuperation post le guerra civil.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Campos |first=Rodolfo G. |last2=Reggio |first2=Iliana |last3=Timini |first3=Jacopo |title=Autarky in Franco's Spain: The costs of a closed economy |journal=Economic History Review |year=2023 |doi=10.1111/ehr.13243}}</ref> === Le relation con le ecclesia catholic === Le ecclesia catholic recipeva un position privilegi in le organisation del Stato franquista. Le regime promoveva le catholicismo como fundamento moral e cultural del societate espaniol. Le education esseva fortemente influentiate per le institutiones religiose e le doctrina catholic. Le matrimonio, le familia e le vita public esseva regulate per normas que reflecteva le valores traditional del ecclesia. Iste collaboration inter le regime e le ecclesia esseva frequentemente designate per le termino "[[nationalcatholicismo]]". Le ecclesia provideva legitimisation religiose al dictatura, ben que con le passar del annos appariva etiam sectores ecclesiastic que criticava le repression e le absentia de libertates. == Le consolidation del regime (1953–1959) == === Le accordos con le Statos Unite === Le Guerra Frigid modificava le position international del regime. Le opposition de Franco al communismo e su orientation anticommunista deveniva un elemento importante pro le politica exterior del Statos Unite. In 1953, Espania signava le Pactos de Madrid con le Statos Unite. Le accordos permitteva le establimento de bases militar american in territorio espaniol in cambio de assistentia economic e militar. In le mesme anno, Espania signava un concordato con le Sancte Sede, que confirmava le privilegios del ecclesia catholic e le relationes special inter le Stato e le institutiones religiose. Iste accordos contribuiva al fin del isolation diplomatic del regime. === Le admission al Nationes Unite === In 1955, Espania esseva admittite al Nationes Unite, in le quadro del expansion del organisation e del nove equilibrios international del Guerra Frigid. Le admission confirmava le reintegration diplomatic del pais, ben que le regime continuava a esser un dictatura sin electiones libere ni pluralismo politic. == Le transformation economic (1959–1973) == === Le Plan de Stabilisation de 1959 === A partir del fin del annos 1950, le regime abandonav a gradualmente le politica autarchic. Le difficultates economic, le deficit exterior e le necessitate de modernisar le industria conduceva al adoption del Plan de Stabilisation de 1959. Le plan esseva elaborate con le participation de technocratas, multe del quales esseva associate al organisation catholic Opus Dei. Su objectivos includeva: * Reducer le inflation e le deficit public. * Stabilisar le moneta. * Facilitar le investition exterior. * Liberaliser parte del commercio e del activitate economic. * Promover le integration de Espania in le economia international. Le reforma marcava le transition a un modello economic plus aperte e favoriva le expansion industrial e commercial.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Matés-Barco |first=Juan Manuel |chapter=La economía en la etapa de la dictadura (1939–1975) |title=España (1923–2023): Un siglo de economía |publisher=Marcial Pons |year=2023 |pages=85–158}}</ref> === Le ''desarrollismo'' === Durante le annos 1960 e le prime annos 1970, Espania experimentava un periodo de rapide croissance economic, cognoscite como ''desarrollismo''. Le industria se expandiva, le infrastructuras esseva modernisate e le sectores del construction, del turismo e del servicios cresceva. Le investition exterior e le remessas del emigrantes contribuiva al expansion economic. Le turismo international deveniva un fonte importante de divisas e favoriva le transformation de plure regiones costal. Le urbanisation se accelerava e multe personas migrava ab le regiones rural verso Madrid, Barcelona, Bilbao e altere centros industrial. Le croissance economic transformava le structura social del pais e favoriva le expansion del classes medie, le education e le consommation. Tamen, le progresso economic non esseva accompaniate per un liberalisation politic equivalente. Le regime manteneva le control super le partidos, le sindicatos e le medios de communication.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Barciela |first=Carlos |last2=López Ortiz |first2=María Inmaculada |last3=Melgarejo Moreno |first3=Joaquín |last4=Miranda Encarnación |first4=José Antonio |title=La España de Franco (1939–1975): Economía |publisher=Síntesis |year=2001}}</ref> === Le migration e le transformation social === Le transformation economic provocava importante movimentos migratori. Multe habitantes del regiones rural se transferiva verso le citates industrial e le zonas turistic. Altere personas emigrava verso paises europee como Francia, Germania e Suissa, ubi illes trovava labor in le industria e le construction. Le remessas inviate per le emigrantes contribuiva al economia espaniol. Le contacto con altere societates europee influentiava etiam le transformation del valores social e del expectationes politic. Le expansion del education e del medios de communication modificava le societate, ben que le censura e le control politic continuava. == Le organisation politic e institutional del franquismo == === Le chefe del Stato === Francisco Franco manteneva le position de chefe del Stato durante tote le dictatura. Su autoritate non dependeva de electiones democratic e non esseva subjecte a un control parlamentar independente. Franco nominava e revocava ministros, dirigeva le armeas e interveniva in le nomination del principal cargos politic e administrative. Le regime construiva un systema institutional que permitteva a Franco de mantener le arbitrage inter le diverse familias politic que lo supportava. === Le Movimiento Nacional === Le Movimiento Nacional esseva le organisation politic unic del regime. Illo reuniva le Falange, sectores traditionalista, monarchistas e altere gruppos favorabile al dictatura. Le organisation controlava le activitate politic oficial e le institutiones del regime. Le participation in le Movimiento esseva un instrumento importante pro acceder a cargos public e pro participar in le structuras politic. === Le Cortes Espaniol === Le Cortes Espaniol esseva create in 1942 como un institution legislative del regime. Su membros non esseva eligite per suffragio democratic, ma designate o selecte per medio de corporaciones e institutiones official. Le Cortes non functionava como un parlamento pluralista e non disponeva de un poter independente del chefe del Stato. === Le Leges Fundamental del Regno === Le regime adoptava gradualmente un serie de textos juridic que serviva como quadro institutional. Illos esseva cognoscite como "Leges Fundamental del Regno" e includeva: * Le Fuero del Labor (1938). * Le Lege Constitutiv del Cortes (1942). * Le Fuero del Espanioles (1945). * Le Lege del Referendos National (1945). * Le Lege de Succession al Chefatura del Stato (1947). * Le Principios del Movimiento Nacional (1958). * Le Lege Organic del Stato (1967). Iste textos non establiva un systema democratic ni un separation independente del poteres. Illos serviva a organisar le institutiones del dictatura e a regular le succession del autoritate. === Le succession de Franco === In 1947, le Lege de Succession declarava Espania un regno, ma manteneva Franco como chefe del Stato vitalitie. In 1969, Franco designava Juan Carlos de Borbón como su successor a titulo de rege. Le decision esseva parte del preparation institutional del periodo post-Franco e non implicava un restauration immediatemente del monarchia. == Le opposition al franquismo == === Le opposition in le exilio === Post le victoria franquista, un grande numero de republicanos, socialistas, communistas, anarchistas e altere adversarios politic exiliava se, specialmente in Francia, Mexico e altere paises. Le organisationes republican in exilio tentava mantener lor activitate politic e obtener supporto international pro terminar le dictatura. Tamen, le division interne e le context international limitava lor capacitate de action. === Le guerrilla antifranquista === Durante le prime annos post le guerra civil, gruppos armate antifranquista, sovente designate como "maquis", continuava le resistentia in regiones montanose e rural. Le guerrilleros includeva ex-combatentes republican e membros de organisationes politic clandestin. Le repression del armea e del Guardia Civil, le difficultates logistic e le absentia de un supporto international stabile conduceva gradualmente al declino del movimento armate. === Le opposition obrer === Durante le annos 1950 e 1960, le movimento obrer se reorganisava in conditiones clandestin. Le strikes e le protestas laboral deveniva instrumentos importante de opposition al regime. In 1962, le Comisiones Obreras comenciava a developpar se como un movimento sindical que reuniva laboratores de diverse orientationes politic. Le organisation esseva declarate illegal, ma su activitate continuava in le fabricas e in le sectores industrial. Le opposition obrer contribuiva al erosion del control politic del regime, specialmente in le regiones industrial. === Le opposition studentesc e intellectual === Le universitates deveniva centros importante de opposition al franquismo. Studentes e professores organisava protestas contra le censura, le repression e le absentia de libertates academic. Intellectuales, escritores, artistas e periodistas participava in le diffusion de ideas democratic e in le critica del regime, sovente per medio de publicationes clandestin o de manifestationes cultural. === Le opposition nationalista === Le centralismo del dictatura provocava opposition in Catalonia, le Pais Basque e Galicia. Le movimentos cultural e politic revendicava le recognition del linguas e del identitates regional. In le Pais Basque, ETA esseva fundate in 1959 e adoptava gradualmente le luta armate contra le regime. In Catalonia, le opposition combinava le activitate cultural, le organisation politic clandestin e le revendication de autonomia. Le defensa del lingua catalan deveniva un elemento importante del resistentia cultural. == Le ultime annos del dictatura (1969–1975) == === Le crise del regime === Durante le ultime annos del dictatura, le regime affrontava difficultates crescente. Le opposition politic e sindical se expandiva, le conflictos laboral se multiplicava e le division interne inter sectores immobilista e reformista deveniva plus visibile. Le governamento cercava de mantener le ordine per medio del repression e del control institutional, ma le transformationes economic e social habeva create un societate plus complexe e plus difficile de controlar. === Le governamento de Carrero Blanco === In 1973, Franco nominava Luis Carrero Blanco presidente del governamento. Carrero Blanco esseva un del principal defensores del continuitate del regime post le morte del dictator. Le 20 de decembre 1973, Carrero Blanco esseva assassinate in Madrid per un bomba collocate per ETA. Su morte provocava un crise politic importante e debilitava le projectos de continuitate del franquismo. === Le governamento de Arias Navarro === Carlos Arias Navarro succedeva a Carrero Blanco como presidente del governamento. Su discurso initial mentionava le possibilitate de reformas limitate, ma le governamento non initiava un transformation democratic. Le repression politic continuava. In 1974, le execution de Salvador Puig Antich, militante anarchista, provocava protestas international. In 1975, le regime executava cinque militantes condemnate a morte per tribunales militar. Le executiones provocava condemnationes international e demonstrationes contra le dictatura. === Le morte de Franco === Francisco Franco moriva le 20 de novembre 1975, post un longe deterioramento de su stato de sanitate. Juan Carlos I assumeva le corona como rege de Espania e deveniva chefe del Stato. Le monarchia restaurate initiava un processo de transformation institutional que conduceva al fin del dictatura e al establimento de un regime democratic. == Le transition democratic == {{AP|Transition espaniol}} Post le morte de Franco, le nove rege Juan Carlos I confirmava inicialmente Carlos Arias Navarro como presidente del governamento. In 1976, ille nominava Adolfo Suárez, qui dirigeva le reformas que conduceva al legalisation del partidos politic e al convocation de electiones democratic. Le Lege pro le Reforma Politic esseva approbate in 1976 e ratificate per referendum. In junio 1977 se teneva le prime electiones general democratic desde 1936. Le processo constitutional terminava con le adoption del Constitution de 1978, que establiva Espania como un monarchia parlamentar e recognosceva un systema de autonomias territorial. Le transition poneva formalmente fin al institutiones politic del franquismo, ben que multe de su effectos social, institutional e cultural continuava a esser debattite in le societate espaniol. == Politica exterior == === Relationes con le potentias del Axe === Durante le prime parte del Secunde Guerra Mundial, le regime manteneva relationes strette con le Germania nazi e le Italia fascista. Le Division Azul participava in le campania german contra le Union Sovietic, ben que Espania non declarava formalmente le guerra al Alliatos. === Isolation e Guerra Frigide === Post 1945, le regime esseva condemnate per su relationes con le potentias fascista. Tamen, le developpamento del Guerra Frigid modificava le position del Statos Unite e de altere paises occidental. Le accordos de 1953 con Washington e le concordato con le Sancte Sede facilitava le reintegration international del regime. === Relationes con Europa === Durante le annos 1960, Espania cercava de ampliar su relationes economic con le paises europee. Le croissance economic dependiva in parte del commercio exterior, del investitiones e del turismo. Tamen, le absentia de institutiones democratic impediva le adhesion de Espania al Communitates Europee, que requireva conditiones politic differente. == Cultura e societate == === Education === Durante le prime decennios del dictatura, le education esseva fortemente influentiate per le catholicismo e le ideologia del regime. Le libros escolar promoveva un interpretation nationalista e traditionalista del historia espaniol. Le professores esseva subjecte a purgas e control politic, e le libertate academic esseva restringite. Durante le annos 1960, le expansion economic e le necessitate de formar un mano de obra plus qualificate favoriva le expansion del education. Le Lege General de Education de 1970 initiava un reforma importante del systema educational. === Cinema e medios de communication === Le cinema e le medios de communication esseva subjecte a censura. Le governamento controlava le contento politic e moral del productiones cultural e limitava le diffusion de obras considerate contrarie al regime. Nonobstante le restrictiones, le cinema espaniol developpava diverse correntes artistic e social. Alcun cineastas utilisava allegoria, humor e narration indirecte pro criticar le societate e le institutiones. === Lingua e identitate cultural === Le politica cultural del franquismo promoveva un identitate national centralisate e privilegia le lingua espaniol in le administration e in le education. Le uso public del catalan, del basc e del galician esseva fortemente restringite durante le prime annos del regime. Gradualmente, le restrictiones deveniva plus flexibile in certe contextos, ma le recognition official de iste linguas non esseva restablite durante le dictatura. Le activitate cultural in iste linguas continuava, sovente in organisationes private, publicationes limitate e circulos cultural. == Historiographia e memoria historic == Le interpretation del franquismo ha essite un thema central del historiographia contemporanee espaniol e international. Le studios historic examina le origines del regime, su relationes con le fascismo european, le repression politic, le transformationes economic e le responsa del societate al dictatura. Le memoria del guerra civil e del repression postbellic remane un thema de debate public e academic. Le investigationes sur le victimas, le fosse commun, le exilio e le persecution politic ha contribuite al documentation del experientia del dictatura. Le interpretationes del evolution economic distingue sovente le periodo autarchic del prime annos del regime del expansion economic que se developpava post le Plan de Stabilisation de 1959. == Consequentias del franquismo == Le dictatura de Franco transformava profundemente le societate espaniol. Le repression politic, le censura e le absentia de libertates democratic affectava plure generationes. Le guerra civil e le repression postbellic provocava mortes, imprisonmentos, exilio e separation de familias. Le dictatura eliminava le institutiones democratic del Republica e restringeva le autonomia territorial e le expression cultural de diverse communitates. Simultaneemente, le transformationes economic del annos 1960 e 1970 modificava le structura social del pais, accelerava le urbanisation e promoveva le integration economic con Europa. Le morte de Franco in 1975 aperiva le via al transition democratic, ma le memoria del dictatura e del guerra civil continuava a influentiar le debattes politic e social in Espania. == Vide etiam == * [[Guerra Civil Espaniol]] * [[Secunde Republica Espaniol]] * [[Francisco Franco]] * [[Falange Espaniol]] * [[Nationalcatolicismo]] * [[Division Azul]] * [[Autarchia]] * [[Plan de Stabilisation de 1959]] * [[ETA]] * [[Transition democratic in Espania]] * [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] {{Ref}} {{Historia de Espania}} [[Categoria:Franquismo]] [[Categoria:Dictaturas]] [[Categoria:Historia contemporanee de Espania]] [[Categoria:Francisco Franco]] [[Categoria:Espania in le seculo XX]] 8hzu95m0sjbtuh9n9u21clp9qxt7t8t 0 62449 705338 2026-11-01T11:05:35Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/entitate territorial}} '''Talossa''' (officialmente ''Regipäts Talossan'', o '''Regno de Talossa''') es un micronation fundate le 26 de decembre 1979 per Robert Ben Madison, un adolescente de 14 annos residente in [[Milwaukee]], in le stato de [[Wisconsin]], [[Statos Unite]]. Originarimente limitate al camera de su fundator, Talossa evolvite gradualmente in un communitate con institutiones politicas, un monarchia constitutional, un lingua construi...” 705338 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/entitate territorial}} '''Talossa''' (officialmente ''Regipäts Talossan'', o '''Regno de Talossa''') es un micronation fundate le 26 de decembre 1979 per Robert Ben Madison, un adolescente de 14 annos residente in [[Milwaukee]], in le stato de [[Wisconsin]], [[Statos Unite]]. Originarimente limitate al camera de su fundator, Talossa evolvite gradualmente in un communitate con institutiones politicas, un monarchia constitutional, un lingua construite, symbolos national e un cultura proprie. Le territorio revendicate per Talossa include un parte del latere oriental de Milwaukee, cognoscite como le Grande Area Talossan (Greater Talossan Area), e altere territorios revendicate in varie periodos. Su revendicationes territorial e su declaration de independentia non es recognoscite per le Statos Unite ni per le communitate international. In consequentia, Talossa es generalmente classificate como un micronation e non como un stato souveran recognoscite. == Historia == === Fundation e prime annos (1979–1985) === Le 26 de decembre 1979, Robert Ben Madison declarava su camera in le casa familial como un stato independente e proclamava le creation del Regno de Talossa. Il assumeva le titulo de rege sub le nomine de Robert I. Le nomine ''Talossa'' esseva inspirate per le parola finnese ''talossa'', que significa «in le casa». Durante le prime annos, le communitate esseva constituite principalmente per membros del familia e cognoscitos del fundator. Madison creava un bandiera, un emblem e un jornal manuscripte, e elaborava le prime elementos del historia e del organisation politic del regno. A partir de 1981, nove personas comenciava a esser admittite como citatanos. Le prime electiones democratic habeva loco in le mesme anno. Le institutiones del micronation se disveloppava gradualmente, e in 1985 Talossa deveniva formalmente un monarchia constitutional, con un separation plus definite inter le corona e le institutiones representative. <ref>{{Cite web |title=History of the Monarchy |url=https://talossa.com/history-of-the-monarchy/ |website=The Kingdom of Talossa |access-date=2026-11-01}}</ref> === Crise monarchic e restauration (1987–1997) === In le prime parte de 1987, Robert I abdicava in favor de Robert Dobberpuhl, qui regnava brevemente como Robert II. Le cambio de monarcha occurreva in un periodo de tension politic e de debattes super le continuation del monarchia. Le nove rege non obteneva le supporto durable del citatanos. Le movimento republican, in particular le gruppo cognoscite como ''People United for No King'' (PUNK), ganiava influentia e le regno entrava in un periodo de crise. Le regno deveniva temporarimente un republica, cognoscite como le "Peculiar Republica de Talossa", inter martio e augusto 1987. Le 24 de augusto 1987, Florence Yarney esseva proclamate monarcha sub le nomine de Florence I. Su regno durava usque a februario 1988, quando illa renuntiava al corona in favor del restauration de Robert I. Robert I retornava al throno in 1988 e promoveva le elaboration de un nove constitution. Le texto adoptate in ille anno esseva posteriormente replaciate per un nove lege fundamental, approbate per referendum in 1997 e cognoscite como le Lege Organic (''Organic Law''). Illo formalizava le structura constitutional e le principios del organisation politic del regno.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of the Monarchy |url=https://talossa.com/history-of-the-monarchy/ |website=The Kingdom of Talossa |access-date=2026-11-01}}</ref> === Expansione e visibilitate public (1990–2005) === Durante le annos 1990, Talossa comenciava a extender su activitate ultra le circulo personal de su fundator. Le diffusion del Internet permitteva al micronation de presentar se a un publico international e de attraher nove participantes. Su sito web, establite in le decennio, attirava le attention de medios de communication, includente publicationes american. Le reportagees in jornales e revistas contribuiva al arrivata de nove citatanos e al notorietate de Talossa como un del micronationes plus ancian e plus elaborate del Internet. In 1996, Madison resuscitava le "Liga del Statos Secessionista" (League of Secessionist States), un organisation intermicronational originarimente create in 1980 con altere participantes. Su sito web deveniva un puncto de contacto pro altere projectos micronational. Talossa participava assi al emergent cultura de micronationes online, in le qual communitates fictive o autoproclamate elaborava constitutiones, systemas de election, symbolos, linguas e relationes diplomatic inter se. In 2005, Robert I abdicava in favor de Louis I. Le relation inter Madison e le regno cambiava ulteriormente, e Madison disestabliva su version del organisation in le fin de ille anno. Nonobstante iste ruptura, le communitate talossan continuava a existir e a mantener institutiones e activitates proprie.<ref>{{Cite web |title=All About Talossa |url=https://talossa.com/all-about-talossa/ |website=The Kingdom of Talossa |access-date=2026-11-01}}</ref> === Le periodo posterior e le continuation del regno === Le abdication de Robert I non significava le fin definitive de Talossa. Le institutiones del regno continuava a functionar, ben que le historia posterior includeva periodos de interregno, transformation institutional e cambios de monarcha. Louis I regnava desde augusto 2005 usque a novembre 2006. Post un breve periodo sin rege, John I ascendeva al throno le 14 de martio 2007, post esser eligite per le Ziu e approbate per le citatanos. Le monarchia e le institutiones constitutional continuava a evolver. Le communitate manteneva su sito web, su foros, su organisatores politic e su activitates cultural, e continuava a invitar nove participantes a devenir citatanos. Talossa se presenta actualmente como un regno constitutional con citatanos dispersate in plure partes del mundo. Su existentia es principalmente social, cultural e institutional, e non depende del recognition diplomatic de altere statos.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Kingdom of Talossa |url=https://talossa.com/ |website=The Kingdom of Talossa |access-date=2026-11-01}}</ref> == Geographia e territorio == Le territorio traditionalmente revendicate per Talossa se trova in le latere oriental del citate de Milwaukee, Wisconsin, al ripa occidental del [[Lago Michigan]]. Le area es cognoscite como le Grande Area Talossan (GTA). Le revendication territorial origina del declaration de independentia de 1979, quando Madison proclamava su camera como territorio del nove regno. Le limites del territorio se ampliava in le annos successive, includente partes del area urban de Milwaukee. Talossa ha etiam revendicate altere territorios, includente le provincia de Cézembre, un insula al costa de [[Bretagne]], in [[Francia]]. Le extension e le statuto de iste revendicationes depende del definitiones institutional del micronation. Le revendicationes de Talossa non cambia le souveranitate juridic del territorios concernite: le area de Milwaukee remane sub le jurisdiction del Statos Unite e del autoritates de Wisconsin, e Cézembre remane parte del territorio francese.<ref>{{Cite web |title=All About Talossa |url=https://talossa.com/all-about-talossa/ |website=The Kingdom of Talossa |access-date=2026-11-01}}</ref> == Politica e governamento == === Monarchia constitutional === Talossa se define como un monarchia constitutional. Le rege es le chefe del stato e representa le continuitate del regno, ma le poter executive quotidian es exercite per un governamento que depende del supporto del parlamento. Le Lege Organic constitue le fundamento juridic del systema politic. Illo determina le competentias del institutiones, le proceduras legislative e le relationes inter le monarcha, le governamento e le citatanos. Le monarcha exerce certe prerogativas constitutional, includente le sanction o veto de legislation e le nomination de certe functionarios e dignitarios. Le monarchia es officialmente concepite como apolitic, e le rege non debe dirigir le governamento quotidian. === Parlamento: le Ziu === Le parlamento talossan porta le nomine de Ziu. Illo es bicameral e comprende le Cosa e le Senäts. Le Cosa es le camera popular. Su membros es eligite per le citatanos, con representation proportional. Le Senäts representa le provincias e participa al processo legislative secundo le Lege Organic. Le parlamento discute e approba leges, controla le activitate del governamento e participa al nomination o election de certe functionarios. Le legislation adoptate es publicate e integra le corpus juridic del regno. === Governamento executive === Le governamento es dirigite per le Seneschal, equivalente al prime ministro. Il es le chefe del executive e coordina le activitate del ministros e del departimentos governamental. Le Seneschal es sustentate per le majoritate parlamentar e su governamento es responsabile ante le Cosa. Le ministros se occupa de materias como le relationes exterior, le immigration, le justitia, le communication e le administration del affaires interne. Le Secretario de Stato ha un rolo distincte in le administration del regno, includente le organisation de electiones e le gestion de documentos e proceduras official. === Provincias === Talossa es dividite in provincias, que possede grados de autonomia e institutiones proprie. Le provincias es parte del structura constitutional e participa al representation in le Senäts. Le organisation provincial varia. Cata provincia pote haber su proprie formas de governamento, symbolos e traditiones, secundo le lege e le practica constitutional del regno.<ref>{{Cite web |title=All About Talossa |url=https://talossa.com/all-about-talossa/ |website=The Kingdom of Talossa |access-date=2026-11-01}}</ref> == Le lingua talossan == Le lingua talossan (''el glheþ Talossan'') es un lingua construite create per Robert Ben Madison in 1980. Illo esseva disveloppate como un elemento central del identitate cultural del micronation e es considerate su lingua national official.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Karlander |first=David |title=Language and micronationalism |journal=Language & Communication |volume=104 |year=2025 |pages=82–96 |url=https://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2%3A1989133/FULLTEXT01.pdf}}</ref> Le lingua es de typo romanice e ha un vocabulario e un grammatica elaborate. Su lexicon es influentiate principalmente per le francese, ma include etiam elementos e formas que recorda altere linguas romanicas, como le espaniol, le catalan, le lombardo e le romanche. Le talossan possede un systema orthographic proprie, que usa le alphabet latin con signos diacritic e litteras special. Su vocabulario ha crescite durante plure decennios per le labor de Madison e de altere contribuentes. Le lingua ha un function plus que purmente symbolic: illo es usate in documentos, textos cultural, nomines official, discursos e communicationes inter citatanos. Non tote le citatanos lo parla fluentemente, e le anglese es etiam frequentemente usate como lingua de communication. === Regulamento e institutiones linguistic === Le lingua esseva regulate per le Comità per l'Útzil del Glheþ (CÚG), o Committee for the Use of Talossan. Le comitate publicava documentos normative e supplementos lexical, que registrava cambios e recommendava formas linguistic. Le Società per l'Ilesnaziun del Glheþ Naziunal (SIGN) ha le mission de promover le apprendimento e le uso del lingua national. Le lingua talossan ha un codice ISO 639-3: tzl. Su inclusion in iste repertorio linguistic reflecte su identification como un lingua construite, non un lingua natural associate a un territorio recognoscite.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Talossan |url=https://arc.dbs.org/data/languages/tzl/index.html |website=ISO 639-3 language information |access-date=2026-11-01}}</ref> == Cultura e identitate == Le cultura talossan ha essite construite gradualmente per su fundator e per le successive generationes de citatanos. Illo combina elementos de cultura national traditional con practicas creative proprie del micronation. Le cultura include: * Heraldica: creation e registration de armas personal e symbolos institutional. * Literatura e publication: textos historic, essayos, periodicos e documentos official. * Musica: compositiones, hymnos e interpretationes musical. * Politica: formation de partidos, campanias electoral, debates e elaboration de leges. * Lingua: apprendimento, documentation e uso del talossan. * Ceremonias e traditiones: festivitates, distinctiones honorific e actos official. Le heraldica ha un rolo particular in le vita public del regno. Le citatanos pote obtener armas personal per medio del College Royal de Heraldica, e le insignias e distinctiones honorific contribuent al construction de un identitate collective. Le himno national e le bandiera es etiam elementos central del symbolismo talossan. == Citatanos e participation == Talossa invita personas de varie paises a devenir citatanos e participar in le vita del micronation. Le citizenship es dunque non limitate al territorio revendicate in Milwaukee. Le citatanos pote participar in electiones, crear o adherer a partidos politic, presentar propositiones legislative, participar in le governamento e contribuir al cultura e al lingua national. Le participation se face principalmente per Internet, per medio del sito official, del foros e de altere instrumentes de communication. Iste organisation transnational ha permittite al micronation de mantener un communitate ben que multe de su membros habita distante le un del altere.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Citizen's Guide |url=https://talossa.com/new-citizens-guide/ |website=The Kingdom of Talossa |access-date=2026-11-01}}</ref> == Talossa como micronation == Talossa es frequentemente citate como un exemplo de micronation, isto es, un entitate que imita o revendica le structuras de un stato sovereign sin esser generalmente recognoscite como tal per le statos e le organisationes international. Le caso de Talossa es notabile per su longevitá, le elaboration de su institutiones e le creation de un lingua construite. A differentia de multe projectos micronational ephemeral, Talossa ha mantenite un communitate active durante plure decennos e ha developpate un historia institutional relativamente complexe. Le juristas Harry Hobbs e George Williams observa que le micronationes constitue un fenomeno que pone questiones interessante super le definition del stato, le recognition international e le personalitate juridic. Le existentia de institutiones e de un population autoidentificate non suffice, per se, a conferir le statuto de stato sovereign in le derecto international.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hobbs |first=Harry |last2=Williams |first2=George |title=Micronations: A lacuna in the law |journal=International Journal of Constitutional Law |volume=19 |issue=1 |year=2021 |pages=71–97 |doi=10.1093/icon/moab020 |url=https://academic.oup.com/icon/article/19/1/71/6247754}}</ref> Talossa representa assi un forma de organisation social e cultural in le qual le participantes crea e mantene institutiones, regulas e symbolos national. Su importantia es principalmente historic e cultural in le studio del micronationes e del communitates politic online. == Vide etiam == * [[Micronation]] * [[Lingua construite]] * [[Monarchia constitutional]] * [[Milwaukee]] * [[Wisconsin]] {{Ref}} == Ligamines externe == * [https://talossa.com/ Sito official del Regno de Talossa] * [https://talossa.com/history-of-the-monarchy/ Historia del monarchia] * [https://talossa.com/all-about-talossa/ Presentation general de Talossa] * [https://talossa.com/new-citizens-guide/ Guida pro nove citatanos] [[Categoria:Micronationes]] [[Categoria:Monarchias]] [[Categoria:Wisconsin]] [[Categoria:Linguas construite]] [[Categoria:Organisationes fundate in 1979]] srgahkkjt3iwc3cb1d1xq6ut3m8mxl4 0 62450 705343 2026-11-01T11:26:02Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “'''Velocitate supersonic''' es le velocitate a que un objecto se move plus rapidemente que le propagation del sono in le medio circumstante. In le caso del aere, un objecto es supersonic quando su velocitate excede le velocitate local del sono, correspondente a un numero de Mach superior a 1. Le velocitate del sono in aere se modifica principalmente secundo le temperatura e, indirectemente, le altitude. A un temperatura de 20 °C e al nivello del mar, le velocitate...” 705343 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Velocitate supersonic''' es le velocitate a que un objecto se move plus rapidemente que le propagation del sono in le medio circumstante. In le caso del aere, un objecto es supersonic quando su velocitate excede le velocitate local del sono, correspondente a un numero de Mach superior a 1. Le velocitate del sono in aere se modifica principalmente secundo le temperatura e, indirectemente, le altitude. A un temperatura de 20 °C e al nivello del mar, le velocitate del sono es circa 343 metros per secunda (1 235 kilometros per hora). Un objecto que attinge velocitates superior a iste valor es dunque supersonic in iste conditiones. Le movimento supersonic produce phenomenos aerodynamic specific, inter le quales ondas de choc, cambios abrupt de pression, densitate e temperatura, e le formation possibile de un '''boom sonic'''. Iste phenomenos es importante in le conception de aviones, projectiles, vehiculos spatial e altere systemas que se move a grande velocitate. == Definition e numero de Mach == Le velocitate supersonic es definite per medio del '''numero de Mach''', nominate in honor del physicista [[Ernst Mach]]. Illo es le ration inter le velocitate de un objecto e le velocitate local del sono in le medio traversate: \[ M = \frac{v}{c} \] ubi: * \(M\) es le numero de Mach; * \(v\) es le velocitate del objecto relative al medio; * \(c\) es le velocitate del sono in iste medio. Quando \(M<1\), le movimento es subsonic. Quando \(M=1\), le objecto move al velocitate del sono. Quando \(M>1\), le movimento es supersonic. Le numero de Mach es un quantitate sin unitate. Illo permitte de describer le velocitate de un objecto independentemente del unitates de mesura e del conditiones local, a condition que le velocitate del sono in le medio sia cognoscite. === Regimes de velocitate === Le regimes aerodynamic es generalmente classificate como sequente: * '''Subsonic:''' \(M<0,8\). Le fluxo de aere es generalmente sub le velocitate del sono. * '''Transonic:''' circa \(0,8<M<1,2\). Le fluxo presenta simultaneemente regiones subsonic e supersonic, e ondas de choc pote apparer. * '''Supersonic:''' generalmente \(1,2<M<5\). Le fluxo es predominantemente supersonic e ondas de choc deveni importante. * '''Hypersonic:''' \(M>5\). Le calentamento aerodynamic e le effectos physicochemic del gas deveni particularmente importante. Iste limites es approximative e varia secundo le disciplina e le application. Le transition inter regimes non es sempre un cambio abrupt e uniforme in tote le fluxo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Role of the Mach Number |url=https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/beginners-guide-to-aeronautics/role-of-the-mach-number/ |website=NASA Glenn Research Center |access-date=2026-11-01}}</ref> == Physica del fluxo supersonic == === Propagation del ondas de pression === Quando un objecto se move per le aere, illo perturba le gas e produce ondas de pression. Si le velocitate del objecto es inferior al velocitate del sono, iste perturbationes pote propagar se in avantia del objecto. A velocitates supersonic, le objecto se move plus rapidemente que le propagation del perturbationes acustic. Le ondas de pression non pote dunque propagar se in avantia del objecto e se combina in structuras de pression intense, cognoscite como '''ondas de choc'''. Le ondas de choc es regiones multo tenue in le quales le proprietates del gas cambia rapidemente. Le pression, le temperatura e le densitate generalmente augmenta trans un onda de choc normal, durante que le velocitate del fluxo relative al onda diminui. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Crossed Shock Waves |url=https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/beginners-guide-to-aeronautics/crossed-shock-waves/ |website=NASA Glenn Research Center |access-date=2026-11-01}}</ref> === Cono de Mach === Un objecto que move a velocitate supersonic produce perturbationes que se combina in un structura con forma de cono, nominate '''cono de Mach'''. Le angulo de iste cono depende del numero de Mach. Le angulo de Mach \(\mu\) es relationate al numero de Mach per: \[ \sin \mu = \frac{1}{M} \] Le plus grande es le numero de Mach, le plus parve deveni le angulo del cono. Le superficie del cono representa le limite del region in le qual le perturbationes generate per le objecto pote esser observate. === Ondas de choc oblique e normal === Le ondas de choc pote esser classificate secundo lor orientation relative al fluxo: * '''Onda de choc normal:''' le fronte del onda es perpendicular al fluxo incidente. Le componente normal del velocitate passa de supersonic a subsonic. * '''Onda de choc oblique:''' le fronte del onda es inclinate relative al fluxo. Le componente normal del velocitate es reducite, ma le componente tangential remane generalmente inalterate. Le ondas de choc oblique es commun in le fluxo circum le alas, le fuselage e le admissiones de aere de motores supersonic. === Expansiones supersonic === Le fluxo supersonic pote etiam accelerar se e expandersi quando illo passa per un angulo exterior o un region de expansion. Le cambio es associate con un diminution del pression e del temperatura static del gas. Iste phenomeno es describite per le expansion de Prandtl-Meyer. Illo es importante in le conception de alas, admissiones de motores e boccas de foguette. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mach Number |url=https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/BGH/mach.html |website=NASA Glenn Research Center |access-date=2026-11-01}}</ref> == Boom sonic == Le '''boom sonic''' es le sono intense e abruptemente audibile que pote esser producite quando un objecto move per le aere a velocitate supersonic. Illo resulta del passage de ondas de choc super un observator. Un avion que vola a velocitate supersonic produce continuemente ondas de choc. Iste ondas forma un structura que se extende post le avion e pote attinger le superficie terrestre. Quando le fronte del onda passa super un observator, le cambio rapide de pression es percipite como un forte colpo de sono. Le boom sonic non es un evento que occurre solmente al momento in le qual un avion passa de velocitate subsonic a supersonic. Un avion que mantene un velocitate supersonic continua a producer ondas de choc durante su volo. Le intensitate del boom depende de factores como le massa e le forma del avion, su altitude, su velocitate e le conditiones atmospheric. Le trajectoria e le configuration del ondas determina le region del terreno in le qual le boom pote esser audite. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sonic Boom |url=https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/article/104540/sonic-boom/ |website=United States Air Force |access-date=2026-11-01}}</ref> == Velocitate del sono in differente medios == Le definition de velocitate supersonic non se limita al aere. Un objecto es supersonic si su velocitate excede le velocitate del sono in le medio in que illo se move. Le velocitate del sono depende del proprietates physic del medio, in particular su elasticitate e densitate. In gases, le temperatura e le composition chimic ha un rolo importante. In liquidos e solidos, le velocitate del propagation acustic pote esser multo plus alte que in aere. In aere sic a 20 °C, al nivello del mar, le velocitate del sono es circa 343 m/s. In aqua a temperatura ambiente, illo es circa 1 480 m/s, ben que le valor exacte depende del temperatura, del pression e del salinitate. Isto significa que un objecto que move a 1 000 m/s es supersonic in aere, ma non in aqua a temperatura ambiente. == Aviation supersonic == === Prime investigationes === Le studio del fluxo supersonic deveniva un disciplina central del aerodynamica durante le prime medietate del seculo XX. Le progresso del motores, del materiales e del methodos experimental permitteva al ingenieros de developpar avion que poteva superar le velocitate del sono. Durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial, le augmento del velocitate del aviones revelava problemas aerodynamic associate con le compressibilitate del aere. Le fluxo circum le alas poteva attinger velocitates local supersonic mesmo quando le avion integre ancora volava a velocitate subsonic. Isto produceva ondas de choc, augmento del resistentia aerodynamic e problemas de control. === Ruptura del barriera del sono === Le 14 de octobre 1947, le piloto american [[Chuck Yeager]] deveniva le prime persona generalmente recognoscite como haber pilotate un avion in volo horizontal a superar le velocitate del sono. Il faceva isto con le [[Bell X-1]], un avion experimental a propulsione per foguette, super le deserto de Mojave in California. Le evento demonstrava que le volo supersonic controllate esseva possibile. Le expression '''barriera del sono''' se refereva al difficultates aerodynamic que appareva quando le avion se approximava al velocitate del sono, e non a un barriera physic absolute. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Breaking the Sound Barrier |url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/armstrong/breaking-the-sound-barrier/ |website=NASA |access-date=2026-11-01}}</ref> === Aviones supersonic militar === Post le demonstration del volo supersonic, numerose aviones militar esseva disveloppate pro volar a iste velocitates. Illos includeva cacias, interceptores e bombarderos. Le aviones supersonic require motores capace de producer grande impulsion, structuras resistent al calentamento aerodynamic e formas adaptate al fluxo de aere a alte velocitate. Le alas pote haber formas delta o configurationes de sagittamento pronunciate, e le admissiones de aere del motores debe controlar le fluxo supersonic e reducir le velocitate del aere ante que illo entra in le compressor. === Aviation commercial supersonic === Le '''[[Concorde]]''' esseva un avion commercial supersonic developpate conjunctemente per le [[Francia]] e le [[Regno Unite]]. Illo entrava in servicio commercial in 1976 e poteva cruciar a circa Mach 2,02. Un altere avion commercial supersonic esseva le [[Tupolev Tu-144]], developpate in le [[Union Sovietic]]. Illo effectuava su prime volo in 1968 e entrava brevemente in servicio commercial in 1977. Le Concorde cessava le operation commercial in 2003. Le costate operation, le consumo de combustibile, le limitationes de ruta e le difficultates economic contribuiva al fin de su carriera. Le boom sonic e su impacte super le population limitava le possibilitates de volar supersonicamente super areas terrestre. Per iste ration, le major parte del servicios commercial supersonic esseva effectuate super le oceano. == Conception de vehiculos supersonic == Le conception de vehiculos supersonic implica problemas aerodynamic e structural specific. === Forma e resistentia aerodynamic === Le resistentia aerodynamic augmenta e cambia de comportamento quando le velocitate se approximava al velocitate del sono. In fluxo supersonic, le forma del objecto determina le position e le intensitate del ondas de choc. Le fuselages e le alas de aviones supersonic es generalmente construite con formas que reduce le resistentia aerodynamic. Le alas delta e le perfiles mince es frequentemente utilisate. Le '''regula del area''' es un principio de conception que reduce le resistentia transonic e supersonic per controlar le distribution del section transversal del avion. Illo pote producer un constriction del fuselage in le region del alas, in un forma que ha devenite cognoscite como «cintura de vespa». === Calentamento aerodynamic === A alte velocitate, le compression del aere e le friction aerodynamic transforma parte del energia cinetic in calor. Le temperatura del superficie de un vehiculo pote dunque augmentar considerabilemente. Iste effecto deveni particularmente importante in le regime hypersonic, in le qual le calentamento pote imponer exigentias sever al materiales e al protection termic. Le Concorde, per exemplo, experimentava expansion termic del fuselage durante le volo a Mach 2. Le vehiculos de reentrada spatial affronta conditiones multo plus extreme, que require scudos termic e materiales specialisate. === Propulsion === Le motores utilisate in aviones supersonic include motores a reaction, turboreactores e motores turbofan adaptate al alte velocitate. Le motores a reaction conventional require que le aere sia ralentate ante de entrar in le compressor. Le admission de aere usa dunque ondas de choc e ductos de compression pro accommodar le fluxo. A velocitates multo alte, motores como le '''ramjet''' e le '''scramjet''' pote esser utilisate. Un ramjet comprime le aere per le movimento del vehiculo mesme, sin compressor rotative. Un scramjet permitte que le fluxo de aere resta supersonic in le camera de combustion. Iste systemas es destinate principalmente a vehiculos experimental e projectos de alte velocitate. == Uso in exploration spatial == Le vehiculos spatial attinge frequentemente velocitates multo superior al velocitate del sono durante lor reentrada in le atmosphera terrestre. Durante le reentrada, le vehiculo comprime le aere ante su superficie e produce un onda de choc. Le energia convertite in calor pote facer que le gas circumstante attinge temperaturas extrememente alte e, in certe conditiones, se ionisa. Le protection termic es dunque indispensabile pro impedir que le calor deteriore le structura del vehiculo. Le conception del scudos termic depende del velocitate, del trajectoria, del massa e del proprietates del materiales. Le velocitates de reentrada pote attinger plure kilometros per secunda, correspondente a numeros de Mach multo alte. == Ruptura supersonic e materiales == Le phenomeno de velocitate supersonic occurre etiam in le deformation e ruptura de materiales solide. In certe materiales fragile, como vitro e ceramica, un fissura pote propagar se a velocitate que se approximava o, in certe circumstantias, excede un velocitate de onda elastic del material. Iste phenomeno es cognoscite como '''ruptura supersonic'''. Illo es studiate in le mechanica del fractura e in le investigation de como fissuras se forma e propaga in materiales submettite a tensiones intense. Le propagation de fissuras es un processo distincte del volo supersonic in gases, ben que ambe phenomenos implica velocitates comparate con le propagation de ondas in le medio. == Importancia scientific e technologic == Le studio del velocitate supersonic ha contribu ite al progresso de plure campos scientific e technologic: * '''Aerodynamica:''' comprension del fluxo compressibile, del ondas de choc e del resistentia aerodynamic. * '''Ingenieria aerospace:''' conception de aviones, foguettes e vehiculos de reentrada. * '''Materiales:''' disveloppamento de materiales resistent al calentamento e al cargas aerodynamic. * '''Propulsion:''' perfectionamento de motores a reaction, ramjets e scramjets. * '''Physica del materiales:''' studio del propagation rapide de fissuras e del ondas elastic. * '''Meteorologia e acoustica:''' analyse del propagation de ondas de pression in gases e altere medios. Le investigation continua super le reduction del boom sonic, le efficacia del propulsion supersonic e le possibilitate de developpar nove generationes de vehiculos a alte velocitate. == Vide etiam == * [[Numero de Mach]] * [[Velocitate del sono]] * [[Velocitate subsonic]] * [[Velocitate transonic]] * [[Velocitate hypersonic]] * [[Boom sonic]] * [[Onda de choc]] * [[Aerodynamica]] * [[Concorde]] * [[Bell X-1]] {{Ref}} == Ligamines externe == * [https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/beginners-guide-to-aeronautics/role-of-the-mach-number/ NASA Glenn Research Center – Role of the Mach Number] * [https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/BGH/mach.html NASA – Mach Number] * [https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/supersonic-student.pdf NASA – Supersonic: The History of NASA’s Sonic Boom Research] * [https://howthingsfly.si.edu/aerodynamics/waves-air Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum – Waves in the Air] * [https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/article/104540/sonic-boom/ United States Air Force – Sonic Boom] [[Categoria:Aerodynamica]] [[Categoria:Aviation]] [[Categoria:Velocitate]] [[Categoria:Acoustica]] [[Categoria:Ingenieria aerospace]] indbcdps1b7n60p6b4f63nq08ge3z9i 705344 705343 2026-11-01T11:26:55Z Interlingvisto 60932 705344 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} '''Velocitate supersonic''' es le velocitate a que un objecto se move plus rapidemente que le propagation del sono in le medio circumstante. In le caso del aere, un objecto es supersonic quando su velocitate excede le velocitate local del sono, correspondente a un numero de Mach superior a 1. Le velocitate del sono in aere se modifica principalmente secundo le temperatura e, indirectemente, le altitude. A un temperatura de 20 °C e al nivello del mar, le velocitate del sono es circa 343 metros per secunda (1 235 kilometros per hora). Un objecto que attinge velocitates superior a iste valor es dunque supersonic in iste conditiones. Le movimento supersonic produce phenomenos aerodynamic specific, inter le quales ondas de choc, cambios abrupt de pression, densitate e temperatura, e le formation possibile de un '''boom sonic'''. Iste phenomenos es importante in le conception de aviones, projectiles, vehiculos spatial e altere systemas que se move a grande velocitate. == Definition e numero de Mach == Le velocitate supersonic es definite per medio del '''numero de Mach''', nominate in honor del physicista [[Ernst Mach]]. Illo es le ration inter le velocitate de un objecto e le velocitate local del sono in le medio traversate: \[ M = \frac{v}{c} \] ubi: * \(M\) es le numero de Mach; * \(v\) es le velocitate del objecto relative al medio; * \(c\) es le velocitate del sono in iste medio. Quando \(M<1\), le movimento es subsonic. Quando \(M=1\), le objecto move al velocitate del sono. Quando \(M>1\), le movimento es supersonic. Le numero de Mach es un quantitate sin unitate. Illo permitte de describer le velocitate de un objecto independentemente del unitates de mesura e del conditiones local, a condition que le velocitate del sono in le medio sia cognoscite. === Regimes de velocitate === Le regimes aerodynamic es generalmente classificate como sequente: * '''Subsonic:''' \(M<0,8\). Le fluxo de aere es generalmente sub le velocitate del sono. * '''Transonic:''' circa \(0,8<M<1,2\). Le fluxo presenta simultaneemente regiones subsonic e supersonic, e ondas de choc pote apparer. * '''Supersonic:''' generalmente \(1,2<M<5\). Le fluxo es predominantemente supersonic e ondas de choc deveni importante. * '''Hypersonic:''' \(M>5\). Le calentamento aerodynamic e le effectos physicochemic del gas deveni particularmente importante. Iste limites es approximative e varia secundo le disciplina e le application. Le transition inter regimes non es sempre un cambio abrupt e uniforme in tote le fluxo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Role of the Mach Number |url=https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/beginners-guide-to-aeronautics/role-of-the-mach-number/ |website=NASA Glenn Research Center |access-date=2026-11-01}}</ref> == Physica del fluxo supersonic == === Propagation del ondas de pression === Quando un objecto se move per le aere, illo perturba le gas e produce ondas de pression. Si le velocitate del objecto es inferior al velocitate del sono, iste perturbationes pote propagar se in avantia del objecto. A velocitates supersonic, le objecto se move plus rapidemente que le propagation del perturbationes acustic. Le ondas de pression non pote dunque propagar se in avantia del objecto e se combina in structuras de pression intense, cognoscite como '''ondas de choc'''. Le ondas de choc es regiones multo tenue in le quales le proprietates del gas cambia rapidemente. Le pression, le temperatura e le densitate generalmente augmenta trans un onda de choc normal, durante que le velocitate del fluxo relative al onda diminui. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Crossed Shock Waves |url=https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/beginners-guide-to-aeronautics/crossed-shock-waves/ |website=NASA Glenn Research Center |access-date=2026-11-01}}</ref> === Cono de Mach === Un objecto que move a velocitate supersonic produce perturbationes que se combina in un structura con forma de cono, nominate '''cono de Mach'''. Le angulo de iste cono depende del numero de Mach. Le angulo de Mach \(\mu\) es relationate al numero de Mach per: \[ \sin \mu = \frac{1}{M} \] Le plus grande es le numero de Mach, le plus parve deveni le angulo del cono. Le superficie del cono representa le limite del region in le qual le perturbationes generate per le objecto pote esser observate. === Ondas de choc oblique e normal === Le ondas de choc pote esser classificate secundo lor orientation relative al fluxo: * '''Onda de choc normal:''' le fronte del onda es perpendicular al fluxo incidente. Le componente normal del velocitate passa de supersonic a subsonic. * '''Onda de choc oblique:''' le fronte del onda es inclinate relative al fluxo. Le componente normal del velocitate es reducite, ma le componente tangential remane generalmente inalterate. Le ondas de choc oblique es commun in le fluxo circum le alas, le fuselage e le admissiones de aere de motores supersonic. === Expansiones supersonic === Le fluxo supersonic pote etiam accelerar se e expandersi quando illo passa per un angulo exterior o un region de expansion. Le cambio es associate con un diminution del pression e del temperatura static del gas. Iste phenomeno es describite per le expansion de Prandtl-Meyer. Illo es importante in le conception de alas, admissiones de motores e boccas de foguette. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mach Number |url=https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/BGH/mach.html |website=NASA Glenn Research Center |access-date=2026-11-01}}</ref> == Boom sonic == Le '''boom sonic''' es le sono intense e abruptemente audibile que pote esser producite quando un objecto move per le aere a velocitate supersonic. Illo resulta del passage de ondas de choc super un observator. Un avion que vola a velocitate supersonic produce continuemente ondas de choc. Iste ondas forma un structura que se extende post le avion e pote attinger le superficie terrestre. Quando le fronte del onda passa super un observator, le cambio rapide de pression es percipite como un forte colpo de sono. Le boom sonic non es un evento que occurre solmente al momento in le qual un avion passa de velocitate subsonic a supersonic. Un avion que mantene un velocitate supersonic continua a producer ondas de choc durante su volo. Le intensitate del boom depende de factores como le massa e le forma del avion, su altitude, su velocitate e le conditiones atmospheric. Le trajectoria e le configuration del ondas determina le region del terreno in le qual le boom pote esser audite. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sonic Boom |url=https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/article/104540/sonic-boom/ |website=United States Air Force |access-date=2026-11-01}}</ref> == Velocitate del sono in differente medios == Le definition de velocitate supersonic non se limita al aere. Un objecto es supersonic si su velocitate excede le velocitate del sono in le medio in que illo se move. Le velocitate del sono depende del proprietates physic del medio, in particular su elasticitate e densitate. In gases, le temperatura e le composition chimic ha un rolo importante. In liquidos e solidos, le velocitate del propagation acustic pote esser multo plus alte que in aere. In aere sic a 20 °C, al nivello del mar, le velocitate del sono es circa 343 m/s. In aqua a temperatura ambiente, illo es circa 1 480 m/s, ben que le valor exacte depende del temperatura, del pression e del salinitate. Isto significa que un objecto que move a 1 000 m/s es supersonic in aere, ma non in aqua a temperatura ambiente. == Aviation supersonic == === Prime investigationes === Le studio del fluxo supersonic deveniva un disciplina central del aerodynamica durante le prime medietate del seculo XX. Le progresso del motores, del materiales e del methodos experimental permitteva al ingenieros de developpar avion que poteva superar le velocitate del sono. Durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial, le augmento del velocitate del aviones revelava problemas aerodynamic associate con le compressibilitate del aere. Le fluxo circum le alas poteva attinger velocitates local supersonic mesmo quando le avion integre ancora volava a velocitate subsonic. Isto produceva ondas de choc, augmento del resistentia aerodynamic e problemas de control. === Ruptura del barriera del sono === Le 14 de octobre 1947, le piloto american [[Chuck Yeager]] deveniva le prime persona generalmente recognoscite como haber pilotate un avion in volo horizontal a superar le velocitate del sono. Il faceva isto con le [[Bell X-1]], un avion experimental a propulsione per foguette, super le deserto de Mojave in California. Le evento demonstrava que le volo supersonic controllate esseva possibile. Le expression '''barriera del sono''' se refereva al difficultates aerodynamic que appareva quando le avion se approximava al velocitate del sono, e non a un barriera physic absolute. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Breaking the Sound Barrier |url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/armstrong/breaking-the-sound-barrier/ |website=NASA |access-date=2026-11-01}}</ref> === Aviones supersonic militar === Post le demonstration del volo supersonic, numerose aviones militar esseva disveloppate pro volar a iste velocitates. Illos includeva cacias, interceptores e bombarderos. Le aviones supersonic require motores capace de producer grande impulsion, structuras resistent al calentamento aerodynamic e formas adaptate al fluxo de aere a alte velocitate. Le alas pote haber formas delta o configurationes de sagittamento pronunciate, e le admissiones de aere del motores debe controlar le fluxo supersonic e reducir le velocitate del aere ante que illo entra in le compressor. === Aviation commercial supersonic === Le '''[[Concorde]]''' esseva un avion commercial supersonic developpate conjunctemente per le [[Francia]] e le [[Regno Unite]]. Illo entrava in servicio commercial in 1976 e poteva cruciar a circa Mach 2,02. Un altere avion commercial supersonic esseva le [[Tupolev Tu-144]], developpate in le [[Union Sovietic]]. Illo effectuava su prime volo in 1968 e entrava brevemente in servicio commercial in 1977. Le Concorde cessava le operation commercial in 2003. Le costate operation, le consumo de combustibile, le limitationes de ruta e le difficultates economic contribuiva al fin de su carriera. Le boom sonic e su impacte super le population limitava le possibilitates de volar supersonicamente super areas terrestre. Per iste ration, le major parte del servicios commercial supersonic esseva effectuate super le oceano. == Conception de vehiculos supersonic == Le conception de vehiculos supersonic implica problemas aerodynamic e structural specific. === Forma e resistentia aerodynamic === Le resistentia aerodynamic augmenta e cambia de comportamento quando le velocitate se approximava al velocitate del sono. In fluxo supersonic, le forma del objecto determina le position e le intensitate del ondas de choc. Le fuselages e le alas de aviones supersonic es generalmente construite con formas que reduce le resistentia aerodynamic. Le alas delta e le perfiles mince es frequentemente utilisate. Le '''regula del area''' es un principio de conception que reduce le resistentia transonic e supersonic per controlar le distribution del section transversal del avion. Illo pote producer un constriction del fuselage in le region del alas, in un forma que ha devenite cognoscite como «cintura de vespa». === Calentamento aerodynamic === A alte velocitate, le compression del aere e le friction aerodynamic transforma parte del energia cinetic in calor. Le temperatura del superficie de un vehiculo pote dunque augmentar considerabilemente. Iste effecto deveni particularmente importante in le regime hypersonic, in le qual le calentamento pote imponer exigentias sever al materiales e al protection termic. Le Concorde, per exemplo, experimentava expansion termic del fuselage durante le volo a Mach 2. Le vehiculos de reentrada spatial affronta conditiones multo plus extreme, que require scudos termic e materiales specialisate. === Propulsion === Le motores utilisate in aviones supersonic include motores a reaction, turboreactores e motores turbofan adaptate al alte velocitate. Le motores a reaction conventional require que le aere sia ralentate ante de entrar in le compressor. Le admission de aere usa dunque ondas de choc e ductos de compression pro accommodar le fluxo. A velocitates multo alte, motores como le '''ramjet''' e le '''scramjet''' pote esser utilisate. Un ramjet comprime le aere per le movimento del vehiculo mesme, sin compressor rotative. Un scramjet permitte que le fluxo de aere resta supersonic in le camera de combustion. Iste systemas es destinate principalmente a vehiculos experimental e projectos de alte velocitate. == Uso in exploration spatial == Le vehiculos spatial attinge frequentemente velocitates multo superior al velocitate del sono durante lor reentrada in le atmosphera terrestre. Durante le reentrada, le vehiculo comprime le aere ante su superficie e produce un onda de choc. Le energia convertite in calor pote facer que le gas circumstante attinge temperaturas extrememente alte e, in certe conditiones, se ionisa. Le protection termic es dunque indispensabile pro impedir que le calor deteriore le structura del vehiculo. Le conception del scudos termic depende del velocitate, del trajectoria, del massa e del proprietates del materiales. Le velocitates de reentrada pote attinger plure kilometros per secunda, correspondente a numeros de Mach multo alte. == Ruptura supersonic e materiales == Le phenomeno de velocitate supersonic occurre etiam in le deformation e ruptura de materiales solide. In certe materiales fragile, como vitro e ceramica, un fissura pote propagar se a velocitate que se approximava o, in certe circumstantias, excede un velocitate de onda elastic del material. Iste phenomeno es cognoscite como '''ruptura supersonic'''. Illo es studiate in le mechanica del fractura e in le investigation de como fissuras se forma e propaga in materiales submettite a tensiones intense. Le propagation de fissuras es un processo distincte del volo supersonic in gases, ben que ambe phenomenos implica velocitates comparate con le propagation de ondas in le medio. == Importancia scientific e technologic == Le studio del velocitate supersonic ha contribu ite al progresso de plure campos scientific e technologic: * '''Aerodynamica:''' comprension del fluxo compressibile, del ondas de choc e del resistentia aerodynamic. * '''Ingenieria aerospace:''' conception de aviones, foguettes e vehiculos de reentrada. * '''Materiales:''' disveloppamento de materiales resistent al calentamento e al cargas aerodynamic. * '''Propulsion:''' perfectionamento de motores a reaction, ramjets e scramjets. * '''Physica del materiales:''' studio del propagation rapide de fissuras e del ondas elastic. * '''Meteorologia e acoustica:''' analyse del propagation de ondas de pression in gases e altere medios. Le investigation continua super le reduction del boom sonic, le efficacia del propulsion supersonic e le possibilitate de developpar nove generationes de vehiculos a alte velocitate. == Vide etiam == * [[Numero de Mach]] * [[Velocitate del sono]] * [[Velocitate subsonic]] * [[Velocitate transonic]] * [[Velocitate hypersonic]] * [[Boom sonic]] * [[Onda de choc]] * [[Aerodynamica]] * [[Concorde]] * [[Bell X-1]] {{Ref}} == Ligamines externe == * [https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/beginners-guide-to-aeronautics/role-of-the-mach-number/ NASA Glenn Research Center – Role of the Mach Number] * [https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/BGH/mach.html NASA – Mach Number] * [https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/supersonic-student.pdf NASA – Supersonic: The History of NASA’s Sonic Boom Research] * [https://howthingsfly.si.edu/aerodynamics/waves-air Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum – Waves in the Air] * [https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/article/104540/sonic-boom/ United States Air Force – Sonic Boom] [[Categoria:Aerodynamica]] [[Categoria:Aviation]] [[Categoria:Velocitate]] [[Categoria:Acoustica]] [[Categoria:Ingenieria aerospatial]] [[Categoria:Velocitate aeree]] [[Categoria:Sono]] 6sr3e8exu2ij37inj0w0upd07h28yrg 705345 705344 2026-11-01T11:27:11Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Vide etiam */ 705345 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} '''Velocitate supersonic''' es le velocitate a que un objecto se move plus rapidemente que le propagation del sono in le medio circumstante. In le caso del aere, un objecto es supersonic quando su velocitate excede le velocitate local del sono, correspondente a un numero de Mach superior a 1. Le velocitate del sono in aere se modifica principalmente secundo le temperatura e, indirectemente, le altitude. A un temperatura de 20 °C e al nivello del mar, le velocitate del sono es circa 343 metros per secunda (1 235 kilometros per hora). Un objecto que attinge velocitates superior a iste valor es dunque supersonic in iste conditiones. Le movimento supersonic produce phenomenos aerodynamic specific, inter le quales ondas de choc, cambios abrupt de pression, densitate e temperatura, e le formation possibile de un '''boom sonic'''. Iste phenomenos es importante in le conception de aviones, projectiles, vehiculos spatial e altere systemas que se move a grande velocitate. == Definition e numero de Mach == Le velocitate supersonic es definite per medio del '''numero de Mach''', nominate in honor del physicista [[Ernst Mach]]. Illo es le ration inter le velocitate de un objecto e le velocitate local del sono in le medio traversate: \[ M = \frac{v}{c} \] ubi: * \(M\) es le numero de Mach; * \(v\) es le velocitate del objecto relative al medio; * \(c\) es le velocitate del sono in iste medio. Quando \(M<1\), le movimento es subsonic. Quando \(M=1\), le objecto move al velocitate del sono. Quando \(M>1\), le movimento es supersonic. Le numero de Mach es un quantitate sin unitate. Illo permitte de describer le velocitate de un objecto independentemente del unitates de mesura e del conditiones local, a condition que le velocitate del sono in le medio sia cognoscite. === Regimes de velocitate === Le regimes aerodynamic es generalmente classificate como sequente: * '''Subsonic:''' \(M<0,8\). Le fluxo de aere es generalmente sub le velocitate del sono. * '''Transonic:''' circa \(0,8<M<1,2\). Le fluxo presenta simultaneemente regiones subsonic e supersonic, e ondas de choc pote apparer. * '''Supersonic:''' generalmente \(1,2<M<5\). Le fluxo es predominantemente supersonic e ondas de choc deveni importante. * '''Hypersonic:''' \(M>5\). Le calentamento aerodynamic e le effectos physicochemic del gas deveni particularmente importante. Iste limites es approximative e varia secundo le disciplina e le application. Le transition inter regimes non es sempre un cambio abrupt e uniforme in tote le fluxo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Role of the Mach Number |url=https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/beginners-guide-to-aeronautics/role-of-the-mach-number/ |website=NASA Glenn Research Center |access-date=2026-11-01}}</ref> == Physica del fluxo supersonic == === Propagation del ondas de pression === Quando un objecto se move per le aere, illo perturba le gas e produce ondas de pression. Si le velocitate del objecto es inferior al velocitate del sono, iste perturbationes pote propagar se in avantia del objecto. A velocitates supersonic, le objecto se move plus rapidemente que le propagation del perturbationes acustic. Le ondas de pression non pote dunque propagar se in avantia del objecto e se combina in structuras de pression intense, cognoscite como '''ondas de choc'''. Le ondas de choc es regiones multo tenue in le quales le proprietates del gas cambia rapidemente. Le pression, le temperatura e le densitate generalmente augmenta trans un onda de choc normal, durante que le velocitate del fluxo relative al onda diminui. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Crossed Shock Waves |url=https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/beginners-guide-to-aeronautics/crossed-shock-waves/ |website=NASA Glenn Research Center |access-date=2026-11-01}}</ref> === Cono de Mach === Un objecto que move a velocitate supersonic produce perturbationes que se combina in un structura con forma de cono, nominate '''cono de Mach'''. Le angulo de iste cono depende del numero de Mach. Le angulo de Mach \(\mu\) es relationate al numero de Mach per: \[ \sin \mu = \frac{1}{M} \] Le plus grande es le numero de Mach, le plus parve deveni le angulo del cono. Le superficie del cono representa le limite del region in le qual le perturbationes generate per le objecto pote esser observate. === Ondas de choc oblique e normal === Le ondas de choc pote esser classificate secundo lor orientation relative al fluxo: * '''Onda de choc normal:''' le fronte del onda es perpendicular al fluxo incidente. Le componente normal del velocitate passa de supersonic a subsonic. * '''Onda de choc oblique:''' le fronte del onda es inclinate relative al fluxo. Le componente normal del velocitate es reducite, ma le componente tangential remane generalmente inalterate. Le ondas de choc oblique es commun in le fluxo circum le alas, le fuselage e le admissiones de aere de motores supersonic. === Expansiones supersonic === Le fluxo supersonic pote etiam accelerar se e expandersi quando illo passa per un angulo exterior o un region de expansion. Le cambio es associate con un diminution del pression e del temperatura static del gas. Iste phenomeno es describite per le expansion de Prandtl-Meyer. Illo es importante in le conception de alas, admissiones de motores e boccas de foguette. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mach Number |url=https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/BGH/mach.html |website=NASA Glenn Research Center |access-date=2026-11-01}}</ref> == Boom sonic == Le '''boom sonic''' es le sono intense e abruptemente audibile que pote esser producite quando un objecto move per le aere a velocitate supersonic. Illo resulta del passage de ondas de choc super un observator. Un avion que vola a velocitate supersonic produce continuemente ondas de choc. Iste ondas forma un structura que se extende post le avion e pote attinger le superficie terrestre. Quando le fronte del onda passa super un observator, le cambio rapide de pression es percipite como un forte colpo de sono. Le boom sonic non es un evento que occurre solmente al momento in le qual un avion passa de velocitate subsonic a supersonic. Un avion que mantene un velocitate supersonic continua a producer ondas de choc durante su volo. Le intensitate del boom depende de factores como le massa e le forma del avion, su altitude, su velocitate e le conditiones atmospheric. Le trajectoria e le configuration del ondas determina le region del terreno in le qual le boom pote esser audite. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sonic Boom |url=https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/article/104540/sonic-boom/ |website=United States Air Force |access-date=2026-11-01}}</ref> == Velocitate del sono in differente medios == Le definition de velocitate supersonic non se limita al aere. Un objecto es supersonic si su velocitate excede le velocitate del sono in le medio in que illo se move. Le velocitate del sono depende del proprietates physic del medio, in particular su elasticitate e densitate. In gases, le temperatura e le composition chimic ha un rolo importante. In liquidos e solidos, le velocitate del propagation acustic pote esser multo plus alte que in aere. In aere sic a 20 °C, al nivello del mar, le velocitate del sono es circa 343 m/s. In aqua a temperatura ambiente, illo es circa 1 480 m/s, ben que le valor exacte depende del temperatura, del pression e del salinitate. Isto significa que un objecto que move a 1 000 m/s es supersonic in aere, ma non in aqua a temperatura ambiente. == Aviation supersonic == === Prime investigationes === Le studio del fluxo supersonic deveniva un disciplina central del aerodynamica durante le prime medietate del seculo XX. Le progresso del motores, del materiales e del methodos experimental permitteva al ingenieros de developpar avion que poteva superar le velocitate del sono. Durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial, le augmento del velocitate del aviones revelava problemas aerodynamic associate con le compressibilitate del aere. Le fluxo circum le alas poteva attinger velocitates local supersonic mesmo quando le avion integre ancora volava a velocitate subsonic. Isto produceva ondas de choc, augmento del resistentia aerodynamic e problemas de control. === Ruptura del barriera del sono === Le 14 de octobre 1947, le piloto american [[Chuck Yeager]] deveniva le prime persona generalmente recognoscite como haber pilotate un avion in volo horizontal a superar le velocitate del sono. Il faceva isto con le [[Bell X-1]], un avion experimental a propulsione per foguette, super le deserto de Mojave in California. Le evento demonstrava que le volo supersonic controllate esseva possibile. Le expression '''barriera del sono''' se refereva al difficultates aerodynamic que appareva quando le avion se approximava al velocitate del sono, e non a un barriera physic absolute. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Breaking the Sound Barrier |url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/armstrong/breaking-the-sound-barrier/ |website=NASA |access-date=2026-11-01}}</ref> === Aviones supersonic militar === Post le demonstration del volo supersonic, numerose aviones militar esseva disveloppate pro volar a iste velocitates. Illos includeva cacias, interceptores e bombarderos. Le aviones supersonic require motores capace de producer grande impulsion, structuras resistent al calentamento aerodynamic e formas adaptate al fluxo de aere a alte velocitate. Le alas pote haber formas delta o configurationes de sagittamento pronunciate, e le admissiones de aere del motores debe controlar le fluxo supersonic e reducir le velocitate del aere ante que illo entra in le compressor. === Aviation commercial supersonic === Le '''[[Concorde]]''' esseva un avion commercial supersonic developpate conjunctemente per le [[Francia]] e le [[Regno Unite]]. Illo entrava in servicio commercial in 1976 e poteva cruciar a circa Mach 2,02. Un altere avion commercial supersonic esseva le [[Tupolev Tu-144]], developpate in le [[Union Sovietic]]. Illo effectuava su prime volo in 1968 e entrava brevemente in servicio commercial in 1977. Le Concorde cessava le operation commercial in 2003. Le costate operation, le consumo de combustibile, le limitationes de ruta e le difficultates economic contribuiva al fin de su carriera. Le boom sonic e su impacte super le population limitava le possibilitates de volar supersonicamente super areas terrestre. Per iste ration, le major parte del servicios commercial supersonic esseva effectuate super le oceano. == Conception de vehiculos supersonic == Le conception de vehiculos supersonic implica problemas aerodynamic e structural specific. === Forma e resistentia aerodynamic === Le resistentia aerodynamic augmenta e cambia de comportamento quando le velocitate se approximava al velocitate del sono. In fluxo supersonic, le forma del objecto determina le position e le intensitate del ondas de choc. Le fuselages e le alas de aviones supersonic es generalmente construite con formas que reduce le resistentia aerodynamic. Le alas delta e le perfiles mince es frequentemente utilisate. Le '''regula del area''' es un principio de conception que reduce le resistentia transonic e supersonic per controlar le distribution del section transversal del avion. Illo pote producer un constriction del fuselage in le region del alas, in un forma que ha devenite cognoscite como «cintura de vespa». === Calentamento aerodynamic === A alte velocitate, le compression del aere e le friction aerodynamic transforma parte del energia cinetic in calor. Le temperatura del superficie de un vehiculo pote dunque augmentar considerabilemente. Iste effecto deveni particularmente importante in le regime hypersonic, in le qual le calentamento pote imponer exigentias sever al materiales e al protection termic. Le Concorde, per exemplo, experimentava expansion termic del fuselage durante le volo a Mach 2. Le vehiculos de reentrada spatial affronta conditiones multo plus extreme, que require scudos termic e materiales specialisate. === Propulsion === Le motores utilisate in aviones supersonic include motores a reaction, turboreactores e motores turbofan adaptate al alte velocitate. Le motores a reaction conventional require que le aere sia ralentate ante de entrar in le compressor. Le admission de aere usa dunque ondas de choc e ductos de compression pro accommodar le fluxo. A velocitates multo alte, motores como le '''ramjet''' e le '''scramjet''' pote esser utilisate. Un ramjet comprime le aere per le movimento del vehiculo mesme, sin compressor rotative. Un scramjet permitte que le fluxo de aere resta supersonic in le camera de combustion. Iste systemas es destinate principalmente a vehiculos experimental e projectos de alte velocitate. == Uso in exploration spatial == Le vehiculos spatial attinge frequentemente velocitates multo superior al velocitate del sono durante lor reentrada in le atmosphera terrestre. Durante le reentrada, le vehiculo comprime le aere ante su superficie e produce un onda de choc. Le energia convertite in calor pote facer que le gas circumstante attinge temperaturas extrememente alte e, in certe conditiones, se ionisa. Le protection termic es dunque indispensabile pro impedir que le calor deteriore le structura del vehiculo. Le conception del scudos termic depende del velocitate, del trajectoria, del massa e del proprietates del materiales. Le velocitates de reentrada pote attinger plure kilometros per secunda, correspondente a numeros de Mach multo alte. == Ruptura supersonic e materiales == Le phenomeno de velocitate supersonic occurre etiam in le deformation e ruptura de materiales solide. In certe materiales fragile, como vitro e ceramica, un fissura pote propagar se a velocitate que se approximava o, in certe circumstantias, excede un velocitate de onda elastic del material. Iste phenomeno es cognoscite como '''ruptura supersonic'''. Illo es studiate in le mechanica del fractura e in le investigation de como fissuras se forma e propaga in materiales submettite a tensiones intense. Le propagation de fissuras es un processo distincte del volo supersonic in gases, ben que ambe phenomenos implica velocitates comparate con le propagation de ondas in le medio. == Importancia scientific e technologic == Le studio del velocitate supersonic ha contribu ite al progresso de plure campos scientific e technologic: * '''Aerodynamica:''' comprension del fluxo compressibile, del ondas de choc e del resistentia aerodynamic. * '''Ingenieria aerospace:''' conception de aviones, foguettes e vehiculos de reentrada. * '''Materiales:''' disveloppamento de materiales resistent al calentamento e al cargas aerodynamic. * '''Propulsion:''' perfectionamento de motores a reaction, ramjets e scramjets. * '''Physica del materiales:''' studio del propagation rapide de fissuras e del ondas elastic. * '''Meteorologia e acoustica:''' analyse del propagation de ondas de pression in gases e altere medios. Le investigation continua super le reduction del boom sonic, le efficacia del propulsion supersonic e le possibilitate de developpar nove generationes de vehiculos a alte velocitate. {{Ref}} == Ligamines externe == * [https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/beginners-guide-to-aeronautics/role-of-the-mach-number/ NASA Glenn Research Center – Role of the Mach Number] * [https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/BGH/mach.html NASA – Mach Number] * [https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/supersonic-student.pdf NASA – Supersonic: The History of NASA’s Sonic Boom Research] * [https://howthingsfly.si.edu/aerodynamics/waves-air Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum – Waves in the Air] * [https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/article/104540/sonic-boom/ United States Air Force – Sonic Boom] [[Categoria:Aerodynamica]] [[Categoria:Aviation]] [[Categoria:Velocitate]] [[Categoria:Acoustica]] [[Categoria:Ingenieria aerospatial]] [[Categoria:Velocitate aeree]] [[Categoria:Sono]] bnfljfdc8mz6w5zxwnjvmp6v0po5ugd 705346 705345 2026-11-01T11:27:35Z Interlingvisto 60932 705346 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} '''Velocitate supersonic''' es le [[velocitate]] a que un objecto se move plus rapidemente que le propagation del sono in le medio circumstante. In le caso del aere, un objecto es supersonic quando su velocitate excede le velocitate local del sono, correspondente a un numero de Mach superior a 1. Le velocitate del sono in aere se modifica principalmente secundo le temperatura e, indirectemente, le altitude. A un temperatura de 20 °C e al nivello del mar, le velocitate del sono es circa 343 metros per secunda (1 235 kilometros per hora). Un objecto que attinge velocitates superior a iste valor es dunque supersonic in iste conditiones. Le movimento supersonic produce phenomenos aerodynamic specific, inter le quales ondas de choc, cambios abrupt de pression, densitate e temperatura, e le formation possibile de un '''boom sonic'''. Iste phenomenos es importante in le conception de aviones, projectiles, vehiculos spatial e altere systemas que se move a grande velocitate. == Definition e numero de Mach == Le velocitate supersonic es definite per medio del '''numero de Mach''', nominate in honor del physicista [[Ernst Mach]]. Illo es le ration inter le velocitate de un objecto e le velocitate local del sono in le medio traversate: \[ M = \frac{v}{c} \] ubi: * \(M\) es le numero de Mach; * \(v\) es le velocitate del objecto relative al medio; * \(c\) es le velocitate del sono in iste medio. Quando \(M<1\), le movimento es subsonic. Quando \(M=1\), le objecto move al velocitate del sono. Quando \(M>1\), le movimento es supersonic. Le numero de Mach es un quantitate sin unitate. Illo permitte de describer le velocitate de un objecto independentemente del unitates de mesura e del conditiones local, a condition que le velocitate del sono in le medio sia cognoscite. === Regimes de velocitate === Le regimes aerodynamic es generalmente classificate como sequente: * '''Subsonic:''' \(M<0,8\). Le fluxo de aere es generalmente sub le velocitate del sono. * '''Transonic:''' circa \(0,8<M<1,2\). Le fluxo presenta simultaneemente regiones subsonic e supersonic, e ondas de choc pote apparer. * '''Supersonic:''' generalmente \(1,2<M<5\). Le fluxo es predominantemente supersonic e ondas de choc deveni importante. * '''Hypersonic:''' \(M>5\). Le calentamento aerodynamic e le effectos physicochemic del gas deveni particularmente importante. Iste limites es approximative e varia secundo le disciplina e le application. Le transition inter regimes non es sempre un cambio abrupt e uniforme in tote le fluxo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Role of the Mach Number |url=https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/beginners-guide-to-aeronautics/role-of-the-mach-number/ |website=NASA Glenn Research Center |access-date=2026-11-01}}</ref> == Physica del fluxo supersonic == === Propagation del ondas de pression === Quando un objecto se move per le aere, illo perturba le gas e produce ondas de pression. Si le velocitate del objecto es inferior al velocitate del sono, iste perturbationes pote propagar se in avantia del objecto. A velocitates supersonic, le objecto se move plus rapidemente que le propagation del perturbationes acustic. Le ondas de pression non pote dunque propagar se in avantia del objecto e se combina in structuras de pression intense, cognoscite como '''ondas de choc'''. Le ondas de choc es regiones multo tenue in le quales le proprietates del gas cambia rapidemente. Le pression, le temperatura e le densitate generalmente augmenta trans un onda de choc normal, durante que le velocitate del fluxo relative al onda diminui. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Crossed Shock Waves |url=https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/beginners-guide-to-aeronautics/crossed-shock-waves/ |website=NASA Glenn Research Center |access-date=2026-11-01}}</ref> === Cono de Mach === Un objecto que move a velocitate supersonic produce perturbationes que se combina in un structura con forma de cono, nominate '''cono de Mach'''. Le angulo de iste cono depende del numero de Mach. Le angulo de Mach \(\mu\) es relationate al numero de Mach per: \[ \sin \mu = \frac{1}{M} \] Le plus grande es le numero de Mach, le plus parve deveni le angulo del cono. Le superficie del cono representa le limite del region in le qual le perturbationes generate per le objecto pote esser observate. === Ondas de choc oblique e normal === Le ondas de choc pote esser classificate secundo lor orientation relative al fluxo: * '''Onda de choc normal:''' le fronte del onda es perpendicular al fluxo incidente. Le componente normal del velocitate passa de supersonic a subsonic. * '''Onda de choc oblique:''' le fronte del onda es inclinate relative al fluxo. Le componente normal del velocitate es reducite, ma le componente tangential remane generalmente inalterate. Le ondas de choc oblique es commun in le fluxo circum le alas, le fuselage e le admissiones de aere de motores supersonic. === Expansiones supersonic === Le fluxo supersonic pote etiam accelerar se e expandersi quando illo passa per un angulo exterior o un region de expansion. Le cambio es associate con un diminution del pression e del temperatura static del gas. Iste phenomeno es describite per le expansion de Prandtl-Meyer. Illo es importante in le conception de alas, admissiones de motores e boccas de foguette. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mach Number |url=https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/BGH/mach.html |website=NASA Glenn Research Center |access-date=2026-11-01}}</ref> == Boom sonic == Le '''boom sonic''' es le sono intense e abruptemente audibile que pote esser producite quando un objecto move per le aere a velocitate supersonic. Illo resulta del passage de ondas de choc super un observator. Un avion que vola a velocitate supersonic produce continuemente ondas de choc. Iste ondas forma un structura que se extende post le avion e pote attinger le superficie terrestre. Quando le fronte del onda passa super un observator, le cambio rapide de pression es percipite como un forte colpo de sono. Le boom sonic non es un evento que occurre solmente al momento in le qual un avion passa de velocitate subsonic a supersonic. Un avion que mantene un velocitate supersonic continua a producer ondas de choc durante su volo. Le intensitate del boom depende de factores como le massa e le forma del avion, su altitude, su velocitate e le conditiones atmospheric. Le trajectoria e le configuration del ondas determina le region del terreno in le qual le boom pote esser audite. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sonic Boom |url=https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/article/104540/sonic-boom/ |website=United States Air Force |access-date=2026-11-01}}</ref> == Velocitate del sono in differente medios == Le definition de velocitate supersonic non se limita al aere. Un objecto es supersonic si su velocitate excede le velocitate del sono in le medio in que illo se move. Le velocitate del sono depende del proprietates physic del medio, in particular su elasticitate e densitate. In gases, le temperatura e le composition chimic ha un rolo importante. In liquidos e solidos, le velocitate del propagation acustic pote esser multo plus alte que in aere. In aere sic a 20 °C, al nivello del mar, le velocitate del sono es circa 343 m/s. In aqua a temperatura ambiente, illo es circa 1 480 m/s, ben que le valor exacte depende del temperatura, del pression e del salinitate. Isto significa que un objecto que move a 1 000 m/s es supersonic in aere, ma non in aqua a temperatura ambiente. == Aviation supersonic == === Prime investigationes === Le studio del fluxo supersonic deveniva un disciplina central del aerodynamica durante le prime medietate del seculo XX. Le progresso del motores, del materiales e del methodos experimental permitteva al ingenieros de developpar avion que poteva superar le velocitate del sono. Durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial, le augmento del velocitate del aviones revelava problemas aerodynamic associate con le compressibilitate del aere. Le fluxo circum le alas poteva attinger velocitates local supersonic mesmo quando le avion integre ancora volava a velocitate subsonic. Isto produceva ondas de choc, augmento del resistentia aerodynamic e problemas de control. === Ruptura del barriera del sono === Le 14 de octobre 1947, le piloto american [[Chuck Yeager]] deveniva le prime persona generalmente recognoscite como haber pilotate un avion in volo horizontal a superar le velocitate del sono. Il faceva isto con le [[Bell X-1]], un avion experimental a propulsione per foguette, super le deserto de Mojave in California. Le evento demonstrava que le volo supersonic controllate esseva possibile. Le expression '''barriera del sono''' se refereva al difficultates aerodynamic que appareva quando le avion se approximava al velocitate del sono, e non a un barriera physic absolute. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Breaking the Sound Barrier |url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/armstrong/breaking-the-sound-barrier/ |website=NASA |access-date=2026-11-01}}</ref> === Aviones supersonic militar === Post le demonstration del volo supersonic, numerose aviones militar esseva disveloppate pro volar a iste velocitates. Illos includeva cacias, interceptores e bombarderos. Le aviones supersonic require motores capace de producer grande impulsion, structuras resistent al calentamento aerodynamic e formas adaptate al fluxo de aere a alte velocitate. Le alas pote haber formas delta o configurationes de sagittamento pronunciate, e le admissiones de aere del motores debe controlar le fluxo supersonic e reducir le velocitate del aere ante que illo entra in le compressor. === Aviation commercial supersonic === Le '''[[Concorde]]''' esseva un avion commercial supersonic developpate conjunctemente per le [[Francia]] e le [[Regno Unite]]. Illo entrava in servicio commercial in 1976 e poteva cruciar a circa Mach 2,02. Un altere avion commercial supersonic esseva le [[Tupolev Tu-144]], developpate in le [[Union Sovietic]]. Illo effectuava su prime volo in 1968 e entrava brevemente in servicio commercial in 1977. Le Concorde cessava le operation commercial in 2003. Le costate operation, le consumo de combustibile, le limitationes de ruta e le difficultates economic contribuiva al fin de su carriera. Le boom sonic e su impacte super le population limitava le possibilitates de volar supersonicamente super areas terrestre. Per iste ration, le major parte del servicios commercial supersonic esseva effectuate super le oceano. == Conception de vehiculos supersonic == Le conception de vehiculos supersonic implica problemas aerodynamic e structural specific. === Forma e resistentia aerodynamic === Le resistentia aerodynamic augmenta e cambia de comportamento quando le velocitate se approximava al velocitate del sono. In fluxo supersonic, le forma del objecto determina le position e le intensitate del ondas de choc. Le fuselages e le alas de aviones supersonic es generalmente construite con formas que reduce le resistentia aerodynamic. Le alas delta e le perfiles mince es frequentemente utilisate. Le '''regula del area''' es un principio de conception que reduce le resistentia transonic e supersonic per controlar le distribution del section transversal del avion. Illo pote producer un constriction del fuselage in le region del alas, in un forma que ha devenite cognoscite como «cintura de vespa». === Calentamento aerodynamic === A alte velocitate, le compression del aere e le friction aerodynamic transforma parte del energia cinetic in calor. Le temperatura del superficie de un vehiculo pote dunque augmentar considerabilemente. Iste effecto deveni particularmente importante in le regime hypersonic, in le qual le calentamento pote imponer exigentias sever al materiales e al protection termic. Le Concorde, per exemplo, experimentava expansion termic del fuselage durante le volo a Mach 2. Le vehiculos de reentrada spatial affronta conditiones multo plus extreme, que require scudos termic e materiales specialisate. === Propulsion === Le motores utilisate in aviones supersonic include motores a reaction, turboreactores e motores turbofan adaptate al alte velocitate. Le motores a reaction conventional require que le aere sia ralentate ante de entrar in le compressor. Le admission de aere usa dunque ondas de choc e ductos de compression pro accommodar le fluxo. A velocitates multo alte, motores como le '''ramjet''' e le '''scramjet''' pote esser utilisate. Un ramjet comprime le aere per le movimento del vehiculo mesme, sin compressor rotative. Un scramjet permitte que le fluxo de aere resta supersonic in le camera de combustion. Iste systemas es destinate principalmente a vehiculos experimental e projectos de alte velocitate. == Uso in exploration spatial == Le vehiculos spatial attinge frequentemente velocitates multo superior al velocitate del sono durante lor reentrada in le atmosphera terrestre. Durante le reentrada, le vehiculo comprime le aere ante su superficie e produce un onda de choc. Le energia convertite in calor pote facer que le gas circumstante attinge temperaturas extrememente alte e, in certe conditiones, se ionisa. Le protection termic es dunque indispensabile pro impedir que le calor deteriore le structura del vehiculo. Le conception del scudos termic depende del velocitate, del trajectoria, del massa e del proprietates del materiales. Le velocitates de reentrada pote attinger plure kilometros per secunda, correspondente a numeros de Mach multo alte. == Ruptura supersonic e materiales == Le phenomeno de velocitate supersonic occurre etiam in le deformation e ruptura de materiales solide. In certe materiales fragile, como vitro e ceramica, un fissura pote propagar se a velocitate que se approximava o, in certe circumstantias, excede un velocitate de onda elastic del material. Iste phenomeno es cognoscite como '''ruptura supersonic'''. Illo es studiate in le mechanica del fractura e in le investigation de como fissuras se forma e propaga in materiales submettite a tensiones intense. Le propagation de fissuras es un processo distincte del volo supersonic in gases, ben que ambe phenomenos implica velocitates comparate con le propagation de ondas in le medio. == Importancia scientific e technologic == Le studio del velocitate supersonic ha contribu ite al progresso de plure campos scientific e technologic: * '''Aerodynamica:''' comprension del fluxo compressibile, del ondas de choc e del resistentia aerodynamic. * '''Ingenieria aerospace:''' conception de aviones, foguettes e vehiculos de reentrada. * '''Materiales:''' disveloppamento de materiales resistent al calentamento e al cargas aerodynamic. * '''Propulsion:''' perfectionamento de motores a reaction, ramjets e scramjets. * '''Physica del materiales:''' studio del propagation rapide de fissuras e del ondas elastic. * '''Meteorologia e acoustica:''' analyse del propagation de ondas de pression in gases e altere medios. Le investigation continua super le reduction del boom sonic, le efficacia del propulsion supersonic e le possibilitate de developpar nove generationes de vehiculos a alte velocitate. {{Ref}} == Ligamines externe == * [https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/beginners-guide-to-aeronautics/role-of-the-mach-number/ NASA Glenn Research Center – Role of the Mach Number] * [https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/BGH/mach.html NASA – Mach Number] * [https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/supersonic-student.pdf NASA – Supersonic: The History of NASA’s Sonic Boom Research] * [https://howthingsfly.si.edu/aerodynamics/waves-air Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum – Waves in the Air] * [https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/article/104540/sonic-boom/ United States Air Force – Sonic Boom] [[Categoria:Aerodynamica]] [[Categoria:Aviation]] [[Categoria:Velocitate]] [[Categoria:Acoustica]] [[Categoria:Ingenieria aerospatial]] [[Categoria:Velocitate aeree]] [[Categoria:Sono]] r63ax36d3dwlw6dvsva6mx53w4ph0vj