Wikipedia iawiki https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagina_principal MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.1 first-letter Multimedia Special Discussion Usator Discussion Usator Wikipedia Discussion Wikipedia File Discussion File MediaWiki Discussion MediaWiki Patrono Discussion Patrono Adjuta Discussion Adjuta Categoria Discussion Categoria Portal Discussion Portal Appendice Discussion Appendice TimedText TimedText talk Modulo Discussion Modulo Evento Discussion Evento 0 1886 705385 634258 2026-11-01T20:33:04Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 705385 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} '''''Le ingeniose hidalgo Don Quixote de La Mancha'''''{{linfo}} ([[Alphabeto phonetic international|[ðon.kiˈχote.ðe.laˈmant͡ʃa]]]; atque traducte como '''''Dom Quichotte de Le Mancha''''', pron. approximate: [[Alphabeto phonetic international|/dɔn.kiˈʃɔtːe.de.leˈmanʃa/]] o [[Alphabeto phonetic international|/don.kʷiˈkote.de.leˈmanka/]]; in [[espaniol]]: ''El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha''; saepe note simplicemente como: ''El Don Quijote'') es un opera de litteratura espaniol scribite per [[Miguel de Cervantes]]. Es le [[libro]] le plus traducite depost le [[Biblia]]. Le libro esseva publicate in duo partes, le prime in 1605 e le secunde in 1615. In interlingua, il ha un traduction partial per Lorenzo García de la Barrera Mora, "Novus". Le romance comencia con le description de un hidalgo paupere de un loco indeterminate de La Mancha in le sud de Espania, qui se affolla con le lectura de libros de cavalleria e se crede esser un cavallero errante del medievo. == Ligamines externe == * [http://wikisource.org/wiki/Le_ingeniose_hidalgo_don_Quixote_de_La_Mancha Traduction in Interlingua a Wikisource]. * Texto in [[Lingua espaniol|castiliano]]: [https://web.archive.org/web/20101205210759/http://cvc.cervantes.es/obref/quijote/], [http://www.el-mundo.es/quijote/]. [[Categoria:Litteratura classic]] [[Categoria:Litteratura espaniol]] ereorqe9cmx1c5winl8y62rt90n42qu 0 5650 705393 697567 2026-11-01T23:06:57Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 705393 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/lingua}} Le '''germano'''{{linfoX}} (in le lingua ipse ''Deutsch'') es un [[linguage|lingua]] [[linguas indoeuropee|indoeuropee]] pertinente al gruppo del [[linguas germanic]] occidental. Illo es cognate al [[lingua anglese]], [[lingua saxonic antique]], [[lingua saxonic]], [[lingua frisian]], [[lingua nederlandese]], [[lingua alemannic]] e al [[yiddish]] (judeogermano). Illo es etiam un del linguas le plus importante del mundo e lo que ha le plus parlatores native in le [[Union Europee]]. == Historia == === Separation del germanic e formation del lingua german === Le historia del lingua german (specialmente le alte german) es frequentemente dividite in quatro periodos linguistic (stades linguistic): * 750–1050: Alte alto-germanic (Exemplo: “inti thin quena Elysabeth gibirit thir sun” – con syllabas plen in le medio e al fin del parola, e con flexion final distincte). : Le alte alto-germanic se distingueva del altere linguas germanic per le secunde mutation consonantic. Iste mutation produceva sonos como pf (comparabile con le anglese pipe e le german Pfeife) e ts (comparabile con le anglese cat e le german Katze). Le alte alto-germanic se characterisa per syllabas secundari plen, in le quales pote apparer omnes le vocales longe e breve. Information grammatical super caso e numero es continente in le vocales final, lo que monstra un structura linguistic fortemente synthetic. : Tamen, le alte alto-germanic non esseva un lingua unificate, sed un gruppo de dialectos e formas scribite, que se pote divider in tres categorias principal: alemannic, bavaric e francic. Le textos in alte alto-germanic monstra frequentemente un mixtura de dialectos, proque le loco del copia e le origine del original non sempre coincideva. Le poema ''Christus und die Samariterin'' ("Christus e le Samaritana") es un exemplo de un transscription alemannic de un original francic, e illo monstra elementos de ambes le dialectos. * 1050–1350: [[Medioalte german]] („und Elîzabêth dîn hûsvrowe sal dir geberin einen sun“ – [[debilitation del syllabas secundari]]) : Le periodo del medioalte german es marcate per le influentia del classe [[cavalier]]esc como portator de cultura, que adopta modelos franco-provençal e importa materias litterari. Isto duce al integration de numerose [[parolas de prestito|parolas de prestito]] francese in le medioalte german. In opposition al periodo alte-germanic, ubi principalmente le [[clero]] esseva active como scriptor, ora appare [[poetas]] secular como [[Walther von der Vogelweide]]. : A partir del seculo XII, appare textos germans con contento profan in numero crescente. Le ''[[Canto de Alexandre]]'' del [[presbiter Lamprecht]] (circa 1140) es le prime epopea secular que tracta le enterprises de [[Alexandro le Grande]]. Le litteratura cavalieresca se disveloppa in le epopea (con le legenda de Arturo como thema central) e in le Minnesang. Le ''Canto del Nibelungos'' elabora materiales mythologic germanic, e se produce litteratura factual german, con le prime documentos in lingua german transmittite circa le medio del seculo XIII. : Linguisticamente, le medioalte german se distingue del alte german per le [[debilitation del syllabas secundari]], que causa le ruptura del systema de [[caso grammatical|casos]]. Le [[articulo (parte del discurso)|articulo]] se disveloppa como substitution pro categorias grammatical perdite. Le evolution linguistic durante iste periodo duce a un structura plus analytic, accompaniate per le [[induration final]], e le evolution del [[umlaut]] como signo de [[plural]]. Malgrado le varietate regional, le lingua del poetas cavalieres monstra un tendentia al unification pro un comprehension interregional. * 1350–1650: [[Proto-neogerman]] („vnd deyn weyb Elisabeth wirt dyr eynen son geperen“ – [[monophthongation]] mediegermanic e [[diphthongation]] neogermanic) : Le proto-neogerman se characterisa per le formation de un lingua scribite german supra-regional. Marcat per le declino del [[feudalismo]], le ascension del [[burguesia]] e le introduction de [[universitates]] e [[scholas]], on observa un augmento del production scribite, inter illos textos juridic, ordinationes public e obras satiric como le libro de ''[[Till Eulenspiegel]]''. Le traduction de litteratura estranere deveni popular, e appare generes textual linguisticamente descriptiv. : In le plano linguistic, le proto-neogerman se distingue per cambiamentos como le [[diphthongation]] neogermanic, le [[monophthongation]] mediegermanic, [[apocope]], [[syncope]] e [[extension vocalic]] in syllabas tonate aperte. Le differentias regional influe le evolution: le diphthongation appare ja in le seculo XII in [[Carinthia]] e [[Alto Adige]], e se diffunde in le XIII seculo in le area [[bavaric]]. Le omission del syllabas secundari debilitate ([[apocope]], [[syncope]]), le [[majusculation]] del [[nomines]] e le substitution del principio intonatori in le punctuation es altere significationes de iste periodo. * post 1650: [[Neogerman]] („Tu femina Elisabet va generar te un filio“ – lingua [[standard]] supra-regional e normate, [[linguas parlate]], [[dialectos]]) : Le formation del hodierne lingua [[scribite]] german occurre durante le periodo proto-neogerman, con le diffusion del impression. Iste periodo monstra duo lineas de disveloppamento: le orientation verso un lingua scribite commun e le continuation del disveloppamento dialectal. Le structura linguistic deveni plus complexe, con dialectos oral, editiones harmonisante e variantes scribite intermedie, que plus o minus se conforma al parolas regional. Le formation del lingua scribite neogerman es considerate como un processo complexe de normalisation e integration, que coperi toto le periodo proto-neogerman. Iste evolution esseva promovite per le uso crescente del german in loco del [[latino]] in textos scribite, le invention del [[impression]], le fabrication de [[papyr]], le crescent importantia del citates e del burguesia, e le influentia del movimentos humanistic e reformatori (Fonte: Claudine Moulin-Fankhänel). Le separation e formation del lingua german ab le germanic pote esser comprendite como un triplice processo linguistic-historic:<ref>[[Stefan Sonderegger (germanista)|Stefan Sonderegger]]: ''Grundzüge deutscher Sprachgeschichte. Diachronie des Sprachsystems.'' Vol. 1: ''Einführung, Genealogie, Konstanten.'' De Gruyter, Berlin 1979 (reimpression 2011), pp. 118–128.</ref> # In le IV–VII seculos: le differentiation crescente del germanic commun tardive verso le germanic meridional e, in minor grado, verso le germanic del Rheno-Weser, super le quales se basava le dialectos tribal del alte medievo. # In le VII–IX seculos: le integration intra le federation del imperio francic in le [[Alte alto-germanic]]. Le – in le X seculo extinte e in [[Italia del nord]] parlate – [[lingua longobardic]] pertineva, secundo le linguistica moderne, probabilemente etiam a iste gruppo antecessor. # Desde le XV/XVI seculos: le superposition scribite o de lingua standard sur base alte-germanic (plus precisamente: ost-medio-germanic e sud-ost-germanic), durante que le basso-germanic esseva finalmente integrate in le lingua german, ben que influentias alte-germanic jam se pote observar ab le periodo alte-germanic. === Basso e Alte German === [[File:Historical West Germanic language area.png|200px|thumb|Le area linguistic westgermanic (sin le [[anglo antique]]) in le [[alto medievo]].<ref>Adaptation del carta in: Eckhard Meineke, Judith Schwerdt: ''Einführung in das Althochdeutsche.'' Paderborn/Zürich 2001, p. 209.</ref><br />'''Legenda:'''<br />{{Farblegende|#f5e82b|Varietates del basso-nederlandese antique}}{{Farblegende|#97d17b|Varietates del alte alto-german}}{{Farblegende|#ffd29f|Varietates del frison antique}}{{Farblegende|#dc99bd|Varietates del saxon antique}}{{Farblegende|#e51b19|Marcation del continuum dialectal westgermanic continental}}]] [[File:Sprachkarte von Deutschland (Bernhardi, 1843).jpg|hoch=1.2|thumb|Representation del [[spatio linguistic german|spatio linguistic german]] per le linguista [[Karl Bernhardi]] in 1843.<br />Iste carta del prime periodo del germanistica monstra alcun particularitates historic: per exemplo, le [[lingua svedese]] e le [[lingua danese]] es classificate sub le german, le [[lingua anglese]] appare como non apparentate, e le [[nederlandese]], [[frison]] e “[[basso-saxon|saxon]]” es considerate como parte del “stirpe basso-germanic”.]] Le varietates moderne del lingua german se divide in duo gruppos principal: [[alte german]] (hochdeutsch) e [[basso german]] (niederdeutsch). Ambe terminos proveni del nederlandese.<ref>Nicoline Van der Sijs: ''[[Onze Taal]]'', anno 74. Genootschap Onze Taal, Den Haag 2005, p. 310 ([https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_taa014200501_01/_taa014200501_01_0212.php Ligamine], [https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_taa014200501_01/_taa014200501_01.pdf PDF], nederlandese, consultate le 12 decembre 2020).</ref> Illos appare pro le prime vice in un texto [[medio-nederlandese]] de 1457 como ''{{lang|dum|hoghen duutsche}}'' e ''{{lang|dum|neder duutsche}}''.<ref>Luc de Grauwe: ''Theodistik. Zur Begründung eines Faches und ein Plädoyer für eine kontinentalwestgermanische Sicht auf die neuzeitliche Bifurkation Deutsch/Niederländisch''. In: Raphael Berthele, Helen Christen, Sibylle Germann, Ingrid Hove (eds.): ''Die deutsche Schriftsprache und die Regionen: Entstehungsgeschichtliche Fragen in neuer Sicht.'' Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2003, {{ISBN|3-11-017497-9}}, pp. 127 ss., hic pp. 136 s.</ref> Initialmente, iste designations habeva un significato purmente geographic: basso german se referiva al linguas del basso Rheno e Westfalia, durante que alte german (frequentemente etiam appellate oberländisch) designava le formas linguistic del regiones collinose e montaniose del Rheno. Con le apparition del linguistica scientific in le seculo XIX, le termino alte german comenciava a designar tote le dialectos [[westgermanic continental]] que participava al [[secunde mutation consonantic]] (alemannic, bavaric, francic oriental, rheno-francic, medio-francic, medio-german oriental = dialectos medio- e alte-german = dialectos alte-german). Le dialectos basso-german, como le [[anglese]], le [[frison]] e le [[nederlandese]], non participava o solmente in parte minime a iste mutation consonantic. Un prime tentativa de crear un equilibro supra-regional inter dialectos es a vices recognoscite in le [[lingua poetic medioalte-german]] del [[litteratura cortesan del alte medioevo|poesia cortesan]] circa 1200. In veritate, on pote observar que le poetas evitava vocabulario troppo regional e particularitates phonetic dialectal pro attinger un comprehension interregional. Tamen, le diffusion de iste opere esseva limitate, pois que sol un parte minor del population sapeva leger e scriber o habeva accesso a iste arte elitari. Le comenciamento del lingua scribite e standard moderne pote dunque esser locate in le processus de equilibration supra-regional del basse medievo e del initio del etate moderne. Dum in multe paises europée le lingua standard se disveloppava ab le dialecto del capital, le alte german standard actual representa un “compromisso” inter le dialectos medio- e alte-german situate al sud del cosiddite [[linea de Benrath]]. In le [[Germania del nord]], le [[alte german standard]], specialmente post le [[Reformation]], ha replaciate como lingua administrative e scolari le basso german local e, in [[Schleswig]], mesmo le [[danese]], e in [[Frisia oriental]] le frison. Durante le periodo del [[Hansa]], tamen, le [[medio-basso german]] functionava como lingua de communication in le nord-est del [[Mar del Nord]] e in tote le spatio del [[Mar Baltic]].<ref>Vibeke Winge: ''Gebrauch des Deutschen als Kontaktsprache der Dänen im Ostseeraum''. In: Agnese Dubova, Ineta Balode, Konrad Schröder (eds.): ''Sprach- und Kulturkontakte im Ostseeraum''. University of Bamberg Press, Bamberg 2022, {{ISBN|978-3-86309-841-4}}, pp. 81–93.</ref> Anque [[Martin Luther]] (1483–1546) esseva significative pro le disveloppamento linguistic german. Ja circa 1350 existiva tentativas de un lingua scribite supra-regional, cognoscite in le recerca como [[proto-neogerman]]. Secundo [[Werner Besch]], in le region del Danubio on habeva jam attingite un grado notabile de uniformitate, e Luther approximava su formas ost-medio-german al dialectos meridional. Su traduction del Biblia esseva un obra de grande influentia, accessibile a multe lectores e magistratos, e con effecto exemplar. Le formation del lingua scribite alte-german esseva in grande parte complete in le seculo XVII. Con le elimination del cosiddite [[accumulation de litteras]] in le XVIII seculo, le apparencia scribite del german attingeva su forma definitive, que ha cambiate solmente poco desde tunc. In le [[Nederlandes]], le citates flamand e brabantin, como [[Bruges]], [[Gand]] e [[Antwerpen]], deveniva durante le [[alte medievo]] centros mercantil.<ref name="Devies_155">Norman Devies: ''Verschwundene Reiche, Die Geschichte des vergessenen Europa.'' Darmstadt 2013, {{ISBN|978-3-534-25975-5}}, p. 155 (extracto de W. Blockmans, W. Prevenier: ''The Promised Lands: The Countries under Burgundian Rule, 1369–1530.'' Philadelphia 1999, pp. 164 s.).</ref><ref>{{Literatura |Autor=René Boumans, Jan Craeybeckx |Titulo=Het bevolkingscijfer van Antwerpen in het derde kwart der XVIe eeuw |Editore=T.G. |Data=1947 |Paginas=394–405}}</ref><ref>David Nicholas: ''The Domestic Life of a Medieval City: Women, Children and the Family in Fourteenth Century Ghent.'' p. 1.</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{Literatura |Autor=Hendrik Spruyt |Titulo=The Sovereign State and Its Competitors: An Analysis of Systems Change |Editore=Princeton University Press |Data=1996 |Online=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jx2Q4hxT5HAC}}</ref><ref name="world & people">{{Literatura |Autor=Larkin Dunton |Titulo=The World and Its People |Editore=Silver, Burdett |Data=1896 |Paginas=160}}</ref> In iste region fortemente urbanisate se disveloppava, quasi simultaneemente con le alte german standard, un lingua de compromisso derivate del dialectos basso-nederlandese meridional — le precessor del [[lingua nederlandese standard]] moderne. Le alte german non poteva, per iste causa, devenir lingua administrative del [[Nederlandes burgundic]] e influentia solmente minimalmente le dialectos nederlandese. In le XVII seculo, le lingua standard nederlandese esseva le lingua scribite dominante in grande partes occidental del hodierne [[Renania del Nord-Westfalia]] e [[Bassa Saxonia]]. In multe scholas del actual [[Circulo de Cleve]] le nederlandese remaneva lingua de instruction usque al XIX seculo.<ref>Jan Goossens: ''Niederdeutsche Sprache – Versuch einer Definition.'' In: Jan Goossens (ed.): ''Niederdeutsch – Sprache und Literatur''. Karl Wachholtz, Neumünster 1973, pp. 9–27.</ref> Secundo criterios sociolinguistic moderne, le dialectos basso-francic situate in territorio german e actualmente coperite per le lingua standard german non pote plus esser considerate nederlandese; per lor situation linguistic actual, illos pertine ora al gruppo dialectal german.<ref>Herman Vekeman, Andreas Ecke: ''Geschichte der niederländischen Sprache''. Lang, Bern [etc.] 1993, pp. 213–214.</ref> === Historia linguistic e mutation phonetic === Le periodos historic del lingua german es strictemente ligate al phenomena de [[mutation phonetic]] (Lautwandel). Le cosiddite [[mutation consonantic alte-germanic]] (hochdeutsche Lautverschiebung), un transformation del systema de consonantes, separa le german (in su forma de [[alte alto-germanic]]) del altere dialectos [[westgermanic continental]]. Iste mutation non ha essite realisate in le dialectos basso-german; in consequentia, le lingua standard german reflecte in su systema consonantic le influentia del regiones sud e central del area linguistic.<ref>[[Fausto Cercignani]]: ''The Consonants of German: Synchrony and Diachrony.'' Cisalpino, Milano 1979.</ref> Le transition del [[medioalte german]] al [[proto-neogerman]] es caracterisate, in le campo del sonos, per le phenomena de [[monophthongation]] e [[diphthongation]]. Ambe pertine al systema vocalic. Le diphthongation prende su origine in le sud-est del area linguistic e non se diffunde al nord basso-german ni al sud-west alemannic; per contra, le monophthongation ha su puncto de partida in le region medio-german. In general, le nord basso-german conserva, tanto in le systema consonantic como in le vocalic, un stato linguistic plus arcaic. Le sud-west alemannic non participa al cambiamentos vocalic, durante que le sud-est bavaric contribue al lingua german le diphthongation ma non executa le monophthongation. === Standardisation linguistic === [[File:Johann Christoph Adelung 1774.jpg|thumb|Frontispicio del dictionario german de Johann Christoph Adelung, 1774]] [[File:Deutsches Wörterbuch Grimm - Titel Band 1.png|thumb|Frontispicio del prime volumine del [[Dictionario german del fratres Grimm]]]] Le [[lingua cancelleresc saxon]] (conosciute etiam como Meißner Kanzleideutsch) se disveloppava durante le periodo del [[Humanismo german]]. Illa formava le base pro un german standard supra-dialectal, que Martin Luther realisava in su traduction del Biblia de 1522. Como contraparte existeva le [[lingua cancelleresc maximilianic]], imposte per le imperator a su officiales, que reflecteva le habitos linguistic alte-german e que se diffundeva in le Germania meridional e in Austria sub le forma del [[lingua scribite alte-german]], usate ibi usque al seculo XVIII. Post le [[Guerra de septe annos]], [[Maria Theresia]] se videva obligate a declarar le lingua cancelleresc saxon como lingua standard etiam pro le sud del imperio. Con le augmento del numero de personas scribente e del importantia del communication scribite, le mutation phonetic perdeva su rolo central in favor de un normalisation linguistic conscie. Un del plus importante grammaticos del seculo XVIII esseva [[Johann Christoph Adelung]], cuje [[dictionario]] (publicate inter 1774 e 1786) exerceva un influentia considerabile super su contemporaneos e super le [[lexicographia]]. Posteriormente, [[Jacob Grimm|Jacob]] e [[Wilhelm Grimm]] comenciava in 1852 le edition del monumental [[Dictionario german]], que esseva completate in 1961 e desde tunc es subjecte a revision continue. Durante le seculo XIX, le [[orthographia]] alte-german deveniva gradualmente normalisate. Un passo decisive verso un orthographia unificate occurreva con le ''Dictionario orthographic del lingua german'' de [[Konrad Duden]] (1880). In le [[Conferentia orthographic de 1901]], iste obra – in forma levemente modificate – esseva declarate fundamento del orthographia official, ben que sin un statuto formal. Tamen, le [[Duden]] non esseva sin concurrentia. Existeva altere dictionarios non official, como le cosiddite “[[Duden del typographos]]”, etiam publicate per le Bibliographisches Institut sub direction de Konrad Duden, e le ''Lista de parolas del orthographia german'' (1903) de [[Georg Ammon (pedagogo)|Georg Ammon]], redigite con le assistentia de [[Nikolaus Wecklein]].<ref>''Wörterverzeichnis der deutschen Rechtschreibung mit Beigabe des amtlichen Regelbuchs. Nach den amtlich festgestellten Grundsätzen verfaßt von Dr. G. Ammon ... unter Mitwirkung von Dr. N. Wecklein.'' R. Oldenbourg, München 1903.</ref> In addition, regulamentos official distincte esseva publicate, tal como le Vocabulario official pro le orthographia german pro uso in le cancellarias prussiane (1903) e le Regulas pro le orthographia german con vocabulario – edition con formas unificate in Austria (1904). Le differentias inter iste obras concerneva, inter alteres, le acceptation de formas alternative (p.ex. ''Keeks'' – ''Cakes'' – ''Kakes'', hodie ''Keks''), le representation del sono /s/ ante z in [[scriptura german]] e [[Fraktur]], e le modification o non-modification de nomines proprie (p.ex. ''Göthe'' in loco de ''Goethe'', ''Bismark'' in loco de ''Bismarck''). Le “Duden del typographos” de 1903 prendeva etiam in consideration le demandas specific del Association del Typographos German, del Union Imperial del Proprietarios de Imprimerias Austriac e del Association del Imprimerias Svizzer. In 1996, 2004 e 2006 occurreva nove [[reformationes del orthographia german de 1996|reformationes orthographic]], que continuava iste tradition de normalisation (vide etiam: [[Historia del orthographia german]]). Anque le [[pronuntiation]] alte-german (orthoepia) esseva objecto de tentativas de regulamento in le fin del seculo XIX, specialmente con le dictionario de pronunciation de [[Theodor Siebs]]. Tamen, iste normas non attingeva le mesme grado de autoritate que le orthographia del Duden. In opposition al lingua scribite alte-german, le lingua scribite basso-german non es officialmente normalisate, ben que illa es influentiate progressivemente per le Regulas pro le orthographia plattdeutsch stabilite in Hamburgo in 1956 e per le dictionario de [[Johannes Saß]]. === Influencias de altere linguas super le lingua german === A causa de su position central in Europa, le lingua german ha essite influentiate per multe altere linguas durante le seculos. In le [[Medievo]] e in le periodos anterior, le fonte principal de tal influentia esseva le [[lingua latin]], del qual multe parolas quotidian, specialmente in le campos de architectura, religion e guerra (p.ex. Fenster, Karren, Keller, Kloster, Kampf), ha essite prestate. Le [[lingua grec antic]] influentiava fortemente le vocabulario religiose, scientific e philosophic (Kirche, Pfingsten, Demokratie, Krypta, Philosophie, Physik). In certe casos, le terminos original germanic dispareva completemente: Arzt, Mediziner e le popular Doktor substitueva le plus ancian Laachi o Bader como designos pro le medico. Desde le fin del Medievo, le lingua italian exerceva un forte influxo in le dominios de commercio, finantias (brutto, netto, Konto, Risiko, Bankrott) e musica (Piano, Cembalo, da capo, bravo!). Posteriormente, le lingua francese deveniva le principal fonte de influentia, specialmente post le [[Guerra de Trenta Annos]], quando le nobilitate e mesmo le reges [[prusian]] parlava francese plus ben que german. De iste periodo veni multe parolas de stilo elevate como Boulevard, Konfitüre, Trottoir. Inter le seculos XII e XVII, le influentia del [[lingua nederlandese]] in le vocabulario german attingeva circa 3–4 % del total de prestamos.<ref>Kristin Otto: ''Eurodeutsch – Untersuchungen zu Europäismen und Internationalismen im deutschen Wortschatz.'' Logos Verlag, Berlin 2009, p. 153.</ref> Le linguage marin, in particular, monstra forte influentia nederlandese con parolas como Matrose, Hängematte, Harpune, e nomines de animales maritim como Kabeljau, Hai, Makrele, Pottfisch, Walross, Bückling, Garnele.<ref>Nicoline Van der Sijs: ''Geleend en uitgeleend.'' Uitgeverij Contact, Amsterdam / Antwerpen 1998, p. 24.</ref><ref>Friedrich Kluge: ''Seemannssprache.'' Halle 1911.</ref> Alcun terminos, como Tanz e Preis, ha origine francese ma ha attingite le Germania via le Nederlandes medioeval.<ref>Hans Sperber: ''Geschichte der deutschen Sprache.'' De Gruyter, 2019, p. 44.</ref> Prestos proveni etiam del linguas slavic (Grenze, Gurke, Pistole), del yiddish e del Rotwelsch (meschugge, Kaff, Schickse, Schlamassel, Zoff), ben que lor influentia general esseva minor. Del lingua arabic veni numerose parolas, specialmente in le scientias e in le commercio: * in commercio (Magazin, Tarif, Tara), * in botanica (Orange, Kaffee, Ingwer), * in medicina (Elixier, Balsam), * in mathematica (Algebra, Algorithmus, Ziffer), * in chemia (alkalisch, Alkohol), * in astronomia (Almanach, Zenit, Rigel). Iste influxos arrivava principalmente durante le Medievo, via le [[Cruciatas]], e se manifesta mesmo in parolas quotidian como Koffer, Benzin, Limonade. Desde le medietate del seculo XX, le influentia del [[lingua anglese]] cresce fortemente (vide [[Anglicismo|anglicismos]]). Alcunos lo considera problemic, specialmente quando existe synonymos german adequate, e critica le uso de pseudo-anglicismos (Handy, etc.). Le limitate competentia in anglese inter parte del population<ref>''Deutsche sprechen schlecht Englisch.'' In: ''Die Zeit'', 18 junio 2013.</ref> es considerate un factor de iste “mixtura” linguistic. Alcunos propone meliorar le instruction del anglese e preferer subtitulos al [[dublage]] pro mantener le distinction inter le linguas.<ref>''Sprachen lernen: Fernsehen auf Englisch.'' In: ''Die Zeit'', 9 april 2014.</ref> Le globalisation linguistic apportava etiam prestos ex linguas exotic, specialmente american-indian como le [[lingua tupi]]: Piranha (“pisce con dentes”), Tapir, Kaschu/Cashew (“arbor renal”), Maracuja (“planta fructifere”), Maniok (“casa del dea Mani”), Carioca (“habitante del loco Cari”), Ananas (“fructo odorose”), Jaguar (“cane del jungla”). ==== Influencias durante le seculo XX ==== [[File:Denglish.jpg|thumb|Uso linguistic german contemporanee: mixtura de german, anglese e francese in un magazin de vestimentos]] Durante le seculo XX, forte influentias continuava a modificar le german. Le diffusion del [[medios de massa]] favoriva le standardisation, durante que in regiones rural on promoveva le transition del dialectos al german standard. Le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]] disrupteva le communitates germanophonic in Europa, resultante in le perdita de multes dialectos e del [[lingua yiddish]], que dispareva quasi completemente per le [[Holocausto]]. Post le [[division de Germania]], le vocabulario e le expressiones se disveloppava in duo directiones distincte, un phenomene ora studiate per le [[linguistica]].<ref>Birgit Wolf: ''Sprache in der DDR – Ein Wörterbuch.'' De Gruyter, 2000.</ref> Post le [[reunification]], le medios commun e le mobilitate personal promovente un nove unitate linguistic. Le influentia angloamerican, specialmente post 1945, deveniva dominante – evidentiate in le uso massive de anglicismos e in le expression idiomatic e grammatical (Denglisch). ==== Initiativas contra le influentia de linguas estrange ==== Le effortios pro mantener le german “pur” de influentias foranee non es nove. In le seculo XVII, le ''[[Fruchtbringende Gesellschaft]]'' promoveva le creation de neologismos germanic pro replaciar latinismos e gallicismos: ''Mehrzahl'' (pro ''Numerus pluralis''), ''Mundart'' (pro ''Dialekt''), ''Verfasser'' (pro ''Autor''), ''Wörterbuch'' (pro ''Vocabularius''), ''Jahrhundert'' (pro ''Säkulum''), ''Anschrift'', ''Lehrsatz'', ''Staatsmann'', ''Briefwechsel''. Multe de iste creationes restava in uso, e lor structura semantic es recognoscibile mesmo sin cognoscentia de latino. Nonobstante, certe tentativas pare hodie curiose: Spiegel → “Schauglas”, Pistole → “Meuchelpuffer”, Nase → “Gesichtserker”, Mumie → “Dörrleiche”, o mesmo le deitates Aurora → “Rötinne”, Venus → “Lustinne”.<ref>Peter Polenz: ''Deutsche Sprachgeschichte vom Spätmittelalter bis zur Gegenwart.'' Vol. 2, De Gruyter, 2000, p. 121.</ref> Al fin del seculo XIX, le ''[[Allgemeiner Deutscher Sprachverein]]'' (precursor del ''[[Gesellschaft für deutsche Sprache]]'') continuava iste labor con successo partial. Parolas como Landstraße (pro Chaussee), Abteil (pro Coupé), Umwelt (pro Milieu), Leitbild (pro Ideal) entrava in uso. In Germania e Austria illos se fixava, ma non in le [[Suissa]], ubi le formas original francese se manteneva (Trottoir, Perron, Billet). Pro Elektrizität, on proponeva Strom (que restava in uso) e Glitz (que dispareva). Alteres terminos propositos ma non adoptate include: Strahlfang (pro Antenne), Nahrohr (pro Mikroskop), Glitzbetrieb (pro Elektromotor), Kraftwagenschuppen (pro Garage), Schneckel (pro Spirale), Zielung (pro Tendenz). In summa, le historia del influentias externe super le german reflecte un dialogo continue inter apertura cultural e tentativas de preservation linguistic national. == Varietates == Le area linguistic germanic forma parte del [[Continuum dialectal]] west-germanic continental, in le qual dialectos local vicin es normalmente intercomprensibile, e le differentias cresce tanto plus quanto plus lontan duo dialectos es parlate. Commun al integre area linguistic germanic es solmente le [[Lingua standard]], que [[Lingua-tetto|coperi]] le dialectos e le linguas regional de communication e que a su vice include plure varietates standard. Le differentias inter le varietates standard es tamen relativemente parve, durante que alcun dialectos in le area linguistic germanic es difficilmente comprehendite per altere parlatores de dialectos o parlatores del germano standard. Le classification scientific del [[Dialectos germano|dialectos germanic]] se basa sur studios del 19-e seculo. In le mesme tempore, in multe regiones comenciava le formation de [[Linguas popular|linguas popular]] como un forma mixtic inter lingua standard e dialecto. A parte del facto que in le scholas le lingua standard alte-germanic esseva e es ancora insegnate, le diffusion rapide de [[Radiodiffusion]] e [[Television]] durante le 20-e seculo exerceva un influentia decisive super le evolution linguistic; in Germania, le disintegration del spatios dialectal e le mixtura geographic del population post le [[Fuga e expulsion de germanos ex Europa Central e Oriental 1945–1950|movimentos de fuga post le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] se adjungeva. Desde le medietate del 20-e seculo, le lingua popular displaciava dunque plus e plus le vetere dialectos. In Suissa e Austria, le uso del dialectos es ancora multo plus frequente, ma le tendentia verso le superregionalisation se observa etiam ibi.<ref>{{Literatura |Autor=Rudolf de Cillia, Jutta Ransmayr |Titulo=Le germano austriac in le schola |Editore=Böhlau |Loco=Vienna |Data=2019}}</ref> === Varietates standard === [[File:Standardvarietäten des Deutschen.png|thumb|alt=|hochkant=1.2|Le varietates national e regional del [[Lingua standard germanic]]]] Intra le [[Lingua pluricentric|lingua standard germanic pluricentric]], on distingue como varietates standard, de un latere, le [[Alte-germano del Germania federal|germano federal]], le [[Germano austriac|germano austriac]] e le [[Germano suiss|germano suiss]], e de altere latere – con un grado minor de independentia normativa – le germanos standard de Belgio, [[Germano de Tirol del Sud|Tirol del Sud]], Liechtenstein e [[Lingua luxemburgese|Luxemburg]]. In Germania, Austria, Tirol del Sud e in le parte germanophonic de Belgio, le respective varietates del germano standard exerce tote le functiones typic de un lingua standard. In Suissa, le uso del varietate suiss del germano standard se limita principalmente al dominio del [[Lingua scribite|lingua scribite]], durante que le linguas popular es quasi exclusivamente le dialectos [[Schweizerdeutsch|suiss-germanic]]. In Luxemburg, existe al latere del forma luxemburgese del germano standard un varietate standard [[Lingua luxemburgese|luxemburgese]] autonome, que exerce alcun functiones de un lingua standard. Le vocabulario standard, identic in tote le septe centros national o semi-national del area germanophonic, es appellate [[Germano commun]]. Iste vocabulario del germano commun non constitue un [[Varietate linguistic|varietate linguistic]] proprie, ma forma le base lexical de tote le varietates del germano standard. {{Vide anque|Dictionario de variantes del germano|Germano federal standard|Uso linguistic del RDA}} === Dialectos === [[File:German dialect continuum in 1900 (according to Wiesinger & König).png|thumb|hochkant=1.7| {| |Area linguistic germanic circa 1900 (secundo [[Peter Wiesinger]] e [[Werner König (linguista)|König]]<ref>Peter Wiesinger: ''Le classification del dialectos germanic.'' In: Werner Besch, Ulrich Knoop, Wolfgang Putschke, Herbert Ernst Wiegand (eds.): ''Dialectologia. Un manual pro le recerca dialectologic germanic e general,'' 2-e parte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1983, {{ISBN|3-11-009571-8}}, pp. 807–900.</ref><ref>Werner König: ''dtv-Atlas del lingua germanic.'' 19-e edition. dtv, München 2019, {{ISBN|978-3-423-03025-0}}, p. 230.</ref>) con le sequente gruppos dialectal major: {{Cllist |title = {{Legend|#8c506e|Basso-francic}} |1 = 1. [[Niederrheinisch|Renano bass-francic]] }} {{Cllist |title = {{Legend|#3e9abc|Basso-germanic}} |1 = 4. [[Dialectos westfalic|Westfalic]] |2 = 5. [[Nord-saxonic bass-germanic]] |3 = 6. [[Ostfalic]] |4 = 7. [[Mecklenburgico-Pomeranian del West]] |5 = 8. [[Dialectos brandenburgese|Brandenburgese]] |6 = 9. [[Pomeranian del Centro]] |7 = 10. [[Pomeranian del Est]] |8 = 11. [[Prussian del Basso]] }} {{Cllist |title = {{Legend|#f5ef47|Medio-germanic}} |1 = 12. [[Ripuaric]] |2 = 13. [[Lingua luxemburgese|Luxemburgese]] |3 = 14. [[Dialectos mosel-francic|Mosel-francic]] |4 = 15. [[Rheno-francic]] |5 = 16. [[Dialectos hessic|Hessic central]] |6 = 17. [[Dialectos hessic|Hessic septentrional]] |7 = 18. [[Dialectos hessic|Hessic oriental]] |8 = 19. [[Dialectos thuringic|Thuringic]] |9 = 20. [[Saxonic septentrional]] |10 = 21. [[Sud-marcic]] |11 = 22. [[Saxonic del Sud]] |12 = 23. [[Silesian (dialecto germanic)|Silesian]] |13 = 24. [[Prussian alte]] }} {{Cllist |title = {{Legend|#ecca09|Alte-germanic}} |1 = 25. [[Franconic del Sud]] |2 = 26. [[Bavaric|Bavaric del Nord]] |3 = 27. [[Bavaric|Bavaric central]] |4 = 28. [[Bavaric|Bavaric del Sud]] |5 = 29. [[Dialectos schwabic|Schwabic]] |6 = 30. [[Alemannic bass]] |7 = 31. [[Alemannic medie]] |8 = 32. [[Alemannic alte]] |9 = 33. [[Alemannic del altissime Alpes]] }} {{Legend|#cbaecf|Insulas linguistic germanic in regiones non germanophone}} |}]] [[File:Dialektkarte nach Nerbonne und Siedle.png|thumb|alt=|Distantias de pronunciation inter dialectos in Germania, visualisate per gruppos:<ref>Hermann Niebaum, Jürgen Macha: ''Introduction al dialectologia del germano.'' 3-e edition. De Gruyter, Berlin 2014, {{ISBN|978-3-11-033871-3}}, p. 105.</ref>{{Legend|#FF00FF|Cluster basso-germanic}} {{Legend|#00FF00|Cluster medio-oriental}} {{Legend|#00FFFF|Cluster alte-germanic}} {{Legend|#FFD700|Cluster ripuaric}} {{Legend|#DC143C|Cluster renano-westmunsterlandic}}]] Un division general del [[Dialectos germano|dialectos germanic]] es generalmente facite secundo le [[Linea de Benrath]], in dialectos basso-germanic al nord, que non participava in le [[Secunde mutation consonantic germanic|secunde mutation consonantic]], e dialectos alte-germanic al sud, que esseva influentiate per illa. Le dialectos alte-germanic se subdivide in dialectos medio- e alte-germanic. Como limite inter istes, on citava antea frequentemente le [[Linea de Karlsruhe]] (linea ''euch/enk'' al confinio ost-francic-bavaric e linea ''mähe/mähet'' al limite sud-francic-schwabic). Hodie, on considera generalmente le [[Linea de Speyer (Isoglossa)|linea de Speyer]] (''Appel/Apfel''-linea) o in le occidente le quasi parallel [[Linea de Germersheim–Kassel|linea de Germersheim]] (''Pund/Pfund''-linea) como le confinio inter medio- e alte-germanic. === Linguas mixte === Le classification del lingua mixte [[Missingsch]] ex Alto German e Basse German es incerte. Simile es le caso con le [[Petuh]] con elementos de Alto German, Basse German, Danese e Jutlandic del Sud. Le [[Jutlandic del Sud]], con forte influentias del lingua Basse German e con formas nordic partialmente plus vetule, es generalmente classificate como un dialecto del lingua danese. Etiam le varietate danese [[Sydslesvigdansk|Danese de Schleswig del Sud]] (*Südschleswigdänisch*), que es diffuse in le nord de Schleswig-Holstein, ha influentias german; su classification como dialecto, variante del Danese Standard, o como lingua mixte non es ancora complete. Le diverse "linguas mixte" in [[Nord America]], como per exemplo le [[German de Texas]], es accentos o dialectos del Alto German o del lingua Basse German. Le German del Paraná-Volga in Argentina e Brasil es un varietate super base dialectal, cuje prehistoria se trova in [[Russia]]. [[Riograndenser Hunsrückisch|Hunsrückian de Rio Grande]] es un varietate in [[Brasil]] basate super le [[Hunsrückisch|Hunsrückian]]. Le [[Essekerisch|German de Osijek]] ex [[Osijek]] ([[Croatia]]) ha etiam un substrato dialectal. Totevia, il non existe solmente linguas mixte ex varietates german e altere linguas germanic. Ex German e [[Niedersorbische Sprache|Sorbiano Inferior]] emergeva le nominate [[Ponaschemu]]. Le [[Wasserpolnisch|Polonese de Aqua]], con elementos del lingua german o del dialecto Silesian Superior, es classificate partialmente como dialecto del Polonese, partialmente como lingua proprie. Le [[yiddish]], que secundo le majoritate del opinion originalmente remonta al [[Alto German Medie]], ma que se ha disveloppate autonomemente specialmente sub influentias [[Linguas slavic|slave]] e [[hebraic]] e ha formate un proprie lingua scripte, es generalmente considerate in le linguistica como un lingua autonome. Le stato del [[Wymysörisch]] (German de Wilmesau), ancora parlate in Silesia per circa 100 personas plus vetule, es incerte. === Linguas creole e pidgin super base german === In le curso del [[colonisation]], in le hodierne [[East New Britain]] (in Papua-Nove Guinea) emergeva le nominate [[Unserdeutsch]], un [[lingua creole]] basate super le german; in Namibia, in ultra, emergeva le [[Küchendeutsch|German de Coquina]] o ''Küchendeutsch'', un [[lingua pidgin]]. Le Unserdeutsch, totevia, es intertanto quasi extincte, proque le majoritate del parlantes emigrava. In ultra, usque a 150 parolas de origine german ha essite conservate in le lingua ''[[Tok Pisin]]'' in [[Papua-Nove Guinea]]. Le German de Coquina, in contrasto, ha hodie ancora circa 15.000 – le plus sovente plus vetule – parlantes. Justo como altere linguas pidgin e creole, Unserdeutsch e German de Coquina debe esser considerate como systemas linguistic autonome ex un perspectiva linguistic. == Diffusion e stato juridic == [[File:Legal status of German in the world.svg|thumb|400px|(Vide le description in le imagine sequente)]] [[File:Legal status of German in Europe.svg|thumb|400px|{{Farblegende|#ffcc00|<small>Le germano es lingua official o co-official (''de jure'' o ''de facto'') e lingua maternal del majoritate del population.</small>}} {{Legend|#d98575|<small>Le germano es un lingua co-official, ma non lingua maternal del majoritate del population.</small>}} {{Legend|#7373d9|<small>Le germano (o un varietate del germano) es un lingua minoritari legalmente recognoscite (quadratos indica regiones con diffusion troppo parve).</small>}} {{Legend|#30efe3|<small>Le germano (o un varietate del germano) es parlate per un minoritate significative (>50.000), ma sin stato juridic official.</small>}}]] Circa 100 milliones de personas parla germano como lingua maternal, e ancora un numero simile lo parla como lingua estranier. In le momento actual, circa 15,5 milliones de personas in tote le mundo studia le lingua germanic. In la majoritate del paises, on observa un tendentia stabile o crescente in iste respecto.<ref>[[Klaus-Dieter Lehmann]]: ''Le lingua germanic in le mundo: sempre plus personas la apprende.'' In: ''[[Der Tagesspiegel]].'' 20 augusto 2019, p. 20. Secundo Lehmann, solmente al circa 160 Institutos Goethe in le mundo, le numero del studiosos de germano cresceva in le ultime cinque annos per 20 %, e le exames de germano per 30 %. (Ibidem)</ref> Septe statos e territorios que ha le germano como una de lor linguas official, e que per isto pertine total o partialmente al '''spatio linguistic germanic''' (anque appellate '''area germanophone''' o '''territorio linguistic germanic'''), es organisate in le [[Consilio pro le orthographia germanic]]. Ultra isto, desde 2004 ha loco un [[Incontro del capos de stato del paises germanophone|incontro annual informal del paises germanophone]], in le qual se reuni le capos de stato del sex statos europee souverane que ha le germano como una de lor linguas official national. === Datos geographic del spatio linguistic === Le puncto plus occidental del ''spatio linguistic germanic'' continue in Europa central, ubi le germano o un dialecto germanic es ancora lingua de communication quotidian, es le communa de [[Rambruch]] in Luxemburg. Exactemente 850 km plus a oriente se trova le communa austriac [[Deutsch Jahrndorf]] in le [[Burgenland]], que representa le puncto plus oriental. Al nord, le communa germanic [[List auf Sylt]] marca le fin del area linguistic, situate quasi exactemente 1005 km al nord de su contraparte, le communa suisse [[Zermatt]] presso le [[Matterhorn]]. === Germano como lingua maternal === ==== Numero de parlatores ==== Desde le initio del annos 1990, le numero del parlatores native de germano es indicate a circa 90 a 100 milliones in tote le mundo.<ref>Jacques Leclerc: ''Quebec 2001''.</ref> Differentias quantitative resulta de plure factores:<ref name="Ammon, 2014">Ulrich Ammon: [http://www.ulrichammon.de/resources/Stellung_der_deutschen_Sprache.pdf ''Le position del lingua germanic in le mundo.''] (PDF; 201 kB) de Gruyter Mouton, Berlin/München/Boston 2015, {{ISBN|978-3-11-019298-8}}.</ref> * Le appartinentia a un gruppo linguistic o le identification del lingua maternal o secundari de personas non es statisticamente registrate in le majoritate del paises, dunque pote solmente esser extrapolate (spesso con approximation). In plus, in sondages official, personas bilingue (i.e. con duo linguas maternal) pote usualmente indicar solmente una. * Le classification de certe varietates (spesso con multe parlatores) como parte del lingua germanic, i.e. del [[Lingua tetto|lingua-tetto]] germano, es controvertite o ha cambiate recentemente (per exemplo [[Alsatian]], [[Lingua luxemburgese|luxemburgese]] e [[Limburgese]]). * In multe estimationes, on non distingue inter parlatores native e parlatores secundari (per exemplo, multe personas con origine migratori in paises germanophone), ma se indica solmente lor total o solmente le prime gruppo. [[Ethnologue]] indica le numero de parlatores de [[Lingua standard germanic|germano standard]] in Germania a circa 79 milliones, inter illes circa 71 milliones parlatores native. Le estimation non include (spesso bilingue) parlatores de altere varietates del mundo (p.ex. [[Dialectos bavaric|bavaric]], [[Germano suisse]] o [[Hunsrückisch del Rio Grande do Sul]]) e mesme signalava su incompletezza. Secundo Ethnologue, mundialmente il ha circa 76 milliones de parlatores native e 56 milliones de parlatores secundari de germano standard, in total circa 132 milliones de parlatores.<ref>[[Ethnologue]], 21e edition 2018, pagina ''[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/deu German, Standard]'' del version in linea, consultate le 16 april 2018.</ref> Si on adde le cifras pro le germano standard e pro le varietates non listate sub “Standard German”, le total resulta in circa 90 milliones de parlatores native. Basate sur sondages representative e statisticas demografic, altere autores suppone un maximo de circa 95 milliones de parlatores native.<ref name="sprachkreis-deutsch.ch" /><ref name="Ammon, 2014" /><ref name="autogenerated1">Inquesta novembre–decembre 2005: [http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_sum_de.pdf Eurobarometro special 243 „Le europaeos e lor linguas“, p.&nbsp;4.] (PDF; 591 kB), consultate le 26 januario 2010, e inquesta maio–junio 2005 {{Webarchiv |url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_237.en.pdf |text=Europeans and Languages |wayback=20070128095746}} (PDF; 148 kB), consultate le 26 januario 2010.</ref> Estimationes que indica usque a 105 milliones de parlatores probabilemente include parlatores secundari e/o varietates controvertite ma numerose.<ref name="Länderkunde" /> Le germano esseva assi, in 2012, le plus diffuse [[Lingua maternal]] in le [[Union European|Union European]].<ref>Commission European: [http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_de.pdf ''Eurobarometro special 386: Le citatanos europae e lor linguas.''] (PDF) s.l., 2012, pp. 8 e 12.</ref> ===== Diffusion geographica e numeros de parlatores ===== <!-- Nota: Si on modifica le tabella sequente, le valor pro data-sort-value debe esser completate con octo cifras con zeros initial, pro que le ordinamento numeric functiona correctemente. Pro valores “de-usque”, usar le valor median. --> {| class="wikitable toptextcells sortable" ! style="width:110px"| Pais !! Numero de parlatores |- | {{ARG}} ||data-sort-value="00400000" | 400.000<ref name="LAR">Raymond G. Gordon Jr. (ed.): ''Ethnologue: Languages of the World.'' 15e edition. SIL International, Dallas, Tex. 2005. ([https://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=AR Version online: Languages of Argentina], consultate le 2 januario 2007)</ref> |- | {{AUS}} ||data-sort-value="00079000" | circa 79.000<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/country/AU ethnologue.com]</ref> |- | {{BEL}} ||data-sort-value="00078000" | 78.000 (in [[Belgica oriental]], como minoritate etiam in le [[Communitates plattdeutsch|regiones de Montzen]] e [[Areler Land]]; le germano es una del tres linguas official de Belgica, insimul con le [[Lingua nederlandese|nederlandese]] e le [[Lingua francese|francese]]), plus circa 40.000 immigrantes germanophone<ref>[https://www.belgieninfo.net/immer-mehr-deutschsprachige-auslaender-in-belgien/ ''Sempre plus estrangeiros germanophone in Belgica''] in ''belgieninfo.net'', consultate le 16 augusto 2022.</ref> |- | {{BOL}} ||data-sort-value="00140000" | 70.000<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Bolivia&oldid=103617 |title=“Bolivia” |language=en |accessdate=2019-05-20}}</ref> usque 140.000<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pdt |title=“Plautdietsch” |language=en |accessdate=2019-05-20}}</ref> [[Menonitas de Russia]], qui se mantene fidel al germano, in vita quotidian in forma de [[Plautdietsch]], un dialecto basso-germanic, ma in ecclesia e scriptura usa le alto-germanic. |- | {{BRA}} ||data-sort-value="01500000" | 1.500.000<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/country/BR ethnologue.com]</ref> (con [[Hunsrückisch de Rio Grande do Sul]] forsan usque 3.000.000) |- | {{CHL}} ||data-sort-value="00020000" | 20.000 (vide etiam [[Launa-germano]]) |- | {{DNK}} ||data-sort-value="00025900" | 25.900 (in [[Slesvig del nord]]), parte de illo etiam basso-germanic (circa duo tertios del minoritate germanic parla tamen le dialecto [[Sønderjysk|sud-jutic]] como lingua quotidian)<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/country/DK/languages ethnologue.com]</ref> |- | {{DEU}} ||data-sort-value="76500000" | circa 76–77 milliones, con le germano como lingua maternal; le germano es lingua official legal. |- | {{DOM}} ||data-sort-value="00030000" | 30.000<ref>Residentes germanic secundo www.spiegel.de</ref> |- | {{EST}} ||data-sort-value="00002000" | quasi 2.000 ([[Balticos germanic]], [[Germano-russos]]) |- | {{FRA}} ||data-sort-value="01200000" | 1.200.000, specialmente in [[Alsacia]] e le nord-oriente de [[Lorena]] (46 % del alsacianos declarava in 2022 haber bon cognoscentia de [[Alsaciano]])<ref>[https://www.olcalsace.org/de/der-dialekt-in-zahlen olcalsace.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251102084528/https://www.olcalsace.org/de/der-dialekt-in-zahlen |date=2025-11-02 }} L’Alsace en version originale</ref><ref name="OLCA">{{Cita web |url=https://www.olcalsace.org/fr/observer-et-veiller/le-dialecte-en-chiffres |titel=Le dialecte en chiffres |hrsg=Office pour la langue et les cultures d’Alsace et de Moselle (OLCA) |abruf=2025-07-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009070709/https://www.olcalsace.org/fr/observer-et-veiller/le-dialecte-en-chiffres |archivedate=2022-10-09 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2025-11-02}}</ref> • 79 % del personas plus que 65 annos • 55 % del 55–64 annos • 43 % del 45–54 annos • 28 % del 35–44 annos • 19 % del 25–34 annos • 9 % del 18–24 annos • 3 % del 3–17 annos (2012) |- | {{GRC}} ||data-sort-value="00045000" | 45.000<ref>Fonte: Ministero del exterior german.</ref> |- | {{IRL}} ||data-sort-value="00100000" | 100.000<ref>Fonte: www.deutsch-iren.de</ref> |- | {{ISR}} ||data-sort-value="00200000" | 200.000<ref>[https://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=IL Ethnologue report for Israel] ethnologue.com, consultate le 13 novembre 2009.</ref> (vide etiam [[Yiddish]]) |- | {{ITA}} ||data-sort-value="00370000" | 310.000 (solo in [[Alto Adige]]; plus le insulas linguistic germanic e germanophonos estranieros)<ref>Numero pro Alto Adige secundo Institut Provincial de Statistica ASTAT: [http://www.provinz.bz.it/astat/de/volkszaehlung/aktuelles.asp?aktuelles_action=4&aktuelles_article_id=406345 Resultatos del censimento 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306093954/http://www.provinz.bz.it/astat/de/volkszaehlung/aktuelles.asp?aktuelles_action=4&aktuelles_article_id=406345 |date=2016-03-06 }}. A isto se adde le insulas linguistic del nord Italia e plus de 50.000 immigrantes germanophone in Italia.</ref> |- | {{CAN}} ||data-sort-value="00438000" | 438.000<ref name="Statistics Canada">{{Webarchiv |url=http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/demo11a.htm?sdi=language |text=''Population per lingua maternal, per provincia e territorio (Censimento 2006).'' |archive-is=20080420}} Canada’s national statistical agency, consultate le 13 novembre 2009.</ref> |- | {{KAZ}} ||data-sort-value="00180000" | 180.000<ref name="Russlanddeutsche">{{Cita web|url=https://www.bundestag.de/resource/blob/887844/59aafe076253330e4bd436db354e2779/WD-2-008-22-pdf-data.pdf |titel=Germano-russos in le statos del ancian Union Sovietic: numero, structura per etate, position social e politic |werk=bundestag.de |hrsg=Bundestag german – servicios scientific |datum=2022 |format=PDF; 138 kB |abruf=2022-08-16}}</ref> (vide etiam [[Germano de Kazakhstan]]) |- | {{KGZ}} ||data-sort-value="00008300" | 8.300<ref name="Russlanddeutsche" /> (vide etiam [[Germano de Kirghizistan]]) |- | {{HRV}} ||data-sort-value="00003013" | 3.013<ref>{{Internetquelle |url=http://www.dzs.hr/Hrv/censuses/Census2001/Popis/H01_02_03/H01_02_03.html |titel=Censimento 2001 |hrsg=Officio statistic national de Croatia |datum=2001 |abruf=2024-08-31 |sprache=hr}}</ref> |- | {{LVA}} ||data-sort-value="00003000" | circa 3.000 ([[Balticos germanic]], [[Germano-russos]]) |- | {{LIE}} ||data-sort-value="00035365" | plus de 30.000 (le germano es lingua official unic) |- | {{LTU}} ||data-sort-value="00003001" | circa 3.000, specialmente in le region de Memel (Prussia oriental, [[Balticos germanic]], [[Germano-russos]]) |- | {{LUX}} ||data-sort-value="00474000" | 474.000 (le germano es, insimul con le [[Lingua luxemburgese|luxemburgese]] e le [[Lingua francese|francese]], lingua official legal.) |- | {{MEX}} ||data-sort-value="00085000" | 80.000–90.000 |- | {{NAM}} ||data-sort-value="00030000" | 30.000 (le germano es una del linguas national legalmente recognoscite) |- | {{NLD}} ||data-sort-value="00095000" | 80.000–110.000<ref>[https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/03743/table?fromstatweb Personas con nationalitate german, austriac o suisse in Nederland], [[Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek]], 2018.</ref><ref>''Onbekende buren: Duitsland voor Nederlanders – Nederland voor Duitsers.'' D. Linthout, Atlas Verlag, Amsterdam 2006.</ref> |- | {{AUT}} ||data-sort-value="07570000" | 7,57 milliones de austriacos germanophone (le germano como lingua official legal, insimul con linguas minoritari) |- | {{PRY}} ||data-sort-value="00166000" | 166.000<ref name="ethnologue.com/PY">[https://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=PY ''Languages of Paraguay''] ethnologue.com.</ref> |- | {{POL}} ||data-sort-value="00096000" | 96.000, del qual 58.000 parlatores native (principalmente in le [[Voivodat de Opole]]) |- | {{ROU}} ||data-sort-value="00045000" | 45.000 |- | {{RUS}} ||data-sort-value="00400000" | 400.000<ref name="Russlanddeutsche" /> |- | {{SWE}} ||data-sort-value="00050000" | circa 50.000 personas parla germano como lingua maternal.<ref>[http://www.scb.se/ Tabelle: Popolation per pais de nascentia e origine, 31 decembre 2014], Officio central de statistica svedese, consultate le 11 februario 2016.</ref> Illes vive disperse per tote le pais, specialmente in le citates major [[Stockholm]], [[Göteborg]] e [[Malmö]], ma etiam in regiones rural como [[Småland]].<ref>Statisticas municipal sur https://www.scb.se/</ref> In ultra, il ha un numero incognite de personas con radices germanic. Le germanos es inter le plus ancian gruppos immigratori in Svedia, presente desde le medievo.<ref>[http://wiki.genealogi.se/index.php/Invandringen_till_Sverige_(1000_-_1900) Immigration in Svedia 1000–1900] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118100815/http://wiki.genealogi.se/index.php/Invandringen_till_Sverige_(1000_-_1900) |date=2018-11-18 }}, wiki.genealogi.se, consultate le 11 februario 2016.</ref><ref>Anders Johnson: ''Garpar, gipskatter och svartskallar – Invandrarna som byggde Sverige.'' Stockholm 2010.</ref> |- | {{CHE}} ||data-sort-value="05000000" | 5 milliones (63,7 % del population suisse; le germano es lingua official legal insimul con le [[Lingua francese|francese]], [[Lingua italian|italiano]] e [[Retoromanic]]) |- | {{SRB}} ||data-sort-value="00005000" | 5.000 (vide etiam [[Schwaben del Danubio]] in [[Voivodina]]) |- | {{SVK}} ||data-sort-value="00005500" | 5.186 parlatores native<ref>{{Internetquelle |url=http://portal.statistics.sk/files/tab.11.pdf |titel=Wayback Machine |datum=2014-10-06 |format=PDF |archiv-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006172351/http://portal.statistics.sk/files/tab.11.pdf |archiv-datum=2014-10-06 |abruf=2017-12-19}}</ref> (vide etiam [[Germano del Carpates]]), le germano como secunde lingua official in le communa [[Krahule|Blaufuss]] |- | {{SVN}} ||data-sort-value="00001628" | 1.628<ref>[http://www.stat.si/pxweb/Database/Popis2002/Popis2002.asp Censimento 2002] stat.si</ref> |- | {{ESP}} ||data-sort-value="00100000" | 100.000 (immigrantes, inter illes circa 60.000 in le [[Baleares]]) |- | {{ZAF}} ||data-sort-value="00100000" | 100.000 citatanos german, fonte: Ministero del exterior (vide etiam [[Germano del Natal]]) |- | {{THA}} ||data-sort-value="00025000" | 25.000<ref>Fonte: WDR Television 2007.</ref> |- | {{CZE}} ||data-sort-value="00039100" | 39.100<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/country/CZ/languages ethnologue.com]</ref> |- | {{TUR}} ||data-sort-value="00025000" | 25.000 |- | {{UKR}} ||data-sort-value="00033000" | 33.000<ref name="Russlanddeutsche" /> |- | {{HUN}} ||data-sort-value="00117500" | 35.000–200.000 (vide etiam [[Germano hungarese]], [[Schwaben del Danubio]]) |- | {{USA}} ||data-sort-value="01100000" | 1.100.000<ref name="Census">[http://www.census.gov/hhes/socdemo/language/data/acs/ACS-12.pdf ''Language Use in the United States: 2007''] (PDF; 1,9 MB) U.S. Census Bureau, 2010.</ref> – A isto se adde centenares de milles de parlatores in gruppos [[Anabaptista|anabaptista]] conservative, frequentemente non registrate statisticamente, inter illos [[Amish de ordine ancian]] (350.000) con [[Germano de Pennsylvania]] e duo [[Dialectos alemannic|dialectos alemannic]], [[Menonitas de ordine ancian]] (40.000) con germano de Pennsylvania, [[Menonitas de Russia]] (15.000) con [[Plautdietsch]] e [[Hutteritas]] (12.000) con [[Hutterisch]]. In iste communitates on parla quotidianmente un dialecto germanic, ma in ecclesia e scriptura se usa un alto-germanic archaic, mantenite fidelmente mesmo post 300 annos in America del Nord. |- | {{GBR}} ||data-sort-value="00077000" | 77.000<ref>{{Internetquelle |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/2011-census-top-20-languages-1563629 |titel=2011 Census: The main 20 languages spoken in the UK |hrsg=Mirror |datum= |abruf=2023-08-07 |sprache=en}}</ref> |- | Total ||data-sort-value="098000000" | circa 98 milliones |} : ''Le tabella monstra solmente statos con probabilemente plus de 25.000 parlatores germanic, o statos que era historicamente regiones de colonisation germanic. Le numeros indicate es in grande parte basate non super le numero actual de parlatores active – que es quasi impossibile a mesurar – ma super estimationes, nationalitate, veteres datos migratori, etc. Per consequentia, alcunes del valores pote esser considerabilemente plus alte o plus basse que le realitate.'' {{Vide anque|Minoritates germanophone}} ===== Medios germanophone in le estrangeiro ===== Un bon indicator del diffusion mundial del lingua germanic es le [[Medios germanophone in le estrangeiro]], le numero del qual cresce lentemente. === Diffusion como lingua maternal e statuto juridic === ==== Spatio linguistic germanic compacte ==== (ordinate secundo numeros approximate de parlatores) ===== Germania ===== In Germania, le germano es le lingua le plus usate. Illo es lingua [[Linguas official in Germania|official]], lingua [[Standard linguistic|standard]] in le medios national e lingua scribite. Como lingua quotidian, illo es quasi unic in multes regiones (spesso con coloration regional). Le transition inter le germano standard e le [[Dialectos germanic|dialectos germanic]] es gradual. In Germania, le germano es: * secundo {{§|23|vwvfg|juris}} del [[Lege de procedura administrative]] (VwVfG) e etiam * secundo {{§|19|sgb_10|juris}} del [[Decime Libro del Codice del Benestar Social]] (SGB X) como lingua [[official]], * secundo {{§|5|beurkg|juris}} del [[Lege del authentication]] (BeurkG) como lingua pro [[Documento]]s notariale, * secundo {{§|244|hgb|juris}} del [[Codice de commercio]] (HGB) como lingua pro le bilantios annual de interprisas, * secundo {{§|184|gvg|juris}} del [[Lege del organisation judiciari]] (GVG) como lingua del tribunales. Le question de si legalmente le termino “germano” include solmente le alto-germanic o etiam le basso-germanic es interpretate in maniera non uniforme: durante que le Corte Federal de Justitia (BGH) in un decision concernente requestas de modello de utilitate presentate in plattdeutsch presso le Officio de Patentes de München considerava le basso-germanic como lingua estranier (“Documentos de registration in basso-germanic (plattdeutsch) non es redigite in lingua germanic secundo § 4a, al. 1, linea 1 del GebrMG.” – decision del BGH, 19 novembre 2002 – numero de causa X ZB 23/01), le commentario de Foerster/Friedersen/Rohde super § 82 a del Lege de administration regional de Schleswig-Holstein indica, con referentia a decisiones de tribunales superior desde 1927 (OLG Oldenburg, 10 octobre 1927 – K 48, HRR 1928,392), que sub le termino “lingua germanic” se comprende tanto le alto-germanic como le basso-germanic. [[File:Bilingual signs German-Frisian, police station Husum, Germany 0892.JPG|thumb|alt=Placa bilingue germano-frisian al station de policia de Husum|Inscription bilingue germano-frisian al direction de policia de [[Husum]], Nordfrisia]] Regulationes special se applica a [[Lingua sorb|sorbic]], [[Lingua danese|danese]] (como lingua del minoritate danese in Schleswig-Holstein), [[Linguas frisian|frisian]], [[Romani]] e [[Basso-germanic]]. Le basso-germanic, frisian e danese es recognoscite in Schleswig-Holstein secundo § 82 b del [[Lege de administration regional (Schleswig-Holstein)|LVwG]] como linguas regional official a latere del alto-germanic. Per consequentia, per exemplo, le autoritates in Schleswig-Holstein e, secundo un decision del Corte Federal de Justitia, etiam le Officio de Patentes in München debe tractar petitiones presentate in plattdeutsch. Secundo le [[Carta europee pro le linguas regional o minoritari]], le linguas recognoscite como minoritari o regional in Germania es le sequentes: * [[Lingua danese|Danese]] (sia le [[Danese standard|danese standard]] (frequentemente como [[Sydslesvigdansk]]) como [[Sønderjysk]]): in Schleswig-Holstein, secundo parte III * [[Linguas frisian|Frisian]]: [[Lingua frisian del nord|frisiano del nord]] in Schleswig-Holstein, [[Lingua frisian de Saterland|frisiano de Saterland]] in Niedersachsen, ambes secundo parte III * [[Lingua sorb|Sorbic]]: [[Sorbic superior]] in Saxonia, [[Sorbic inferior]] in Brandenburg, ambes secundo parte III * [[Romani]] (lingua del [[Sinti]] e [[Roma]]): in Hessen secundo parte III, in le resto del republica federal secundo parte II * [[Lingua basso-germanic|Basso-germanic]]: in Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg, Niedersachsen, Bremen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern secundo parte III; in Nordrhein-Westfalen, Brandenburg e Sachsen-Anhalt secundo parte II Le implementationes regional legal non es ancora complete in tote le casos – isto concerne in particular le lingua Romani. In maniera partial (regional e/o material), in Schleswig-Holstein le linguas regional e minoritari basso-germanic, danese e frisian (vide [[Lege frisian]]) ha le rango de lingua official. Altere linguas in Germania – como, per exemplo, le [[Lingua jenes|jenese]] [[Sociolecto|sociolecto]] o le [[Yiddish]] – o linguas [[Allochthone (Ethnologia)|allochtone]] como turco o polonese non ha essite includite in le Carta.<ref>{{Webarchiv |url=http://www.bka.gv.at/DocView.axd?CobId=3453 |text=Bulletin federal austriac (texto identic in Germania e Suissa) |wayback=20090821122104}} bka.gv.at</ref><ref>{{Webarchiv |url=http://ec.europa.eu/education/policies/lang/languages/langmin/euromosaic/index_en.html |text=Commission Europee: ''Languages of Europe''. |wayback=20081231041659}} Studio Euromosaic (anglese), stato: 27 octobre 2006.</ref> Lingua ancianmente parlate como le [[Lingua moselroman|moselroman]] (extincte in le 11e seculo), le [[Lingua polabic|polabic]] (extincte in le 18e seculo) o le yiddish quasi non se parla hodie. Le inclusion del lingua germanic como declaration in le articulo 22 del [[Constitution federal del Republica Federal de Germania|Constitution federal]] ha essite discutit socialmente in 2008. Le partido german [[Union Christian Democratic de Germania|CDU]] approvava tal demanda in su congresso de novembre 2008.<ref>{{Webarchiv |url=http://www.sueddeutsche.de/,tt3m1/politik/247/449970/text/ |text=''Proposition del CDU irrita Merkel – German in le Constitution'' |wayback=20081205112807}}, [[Süddeutsche Zeitung|sueddeutsche.de]], 3 decembre 2008.</ref> Altere partitos critava le proposition como panico xenophobe o inutile, pois que le germano es evidentemente le lingua national.<ref>{{Internetquelle |autor=Karina Scholz |url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/streit-um-bekenntnis-zur-deutschen-sprache-im-grundgesetz-4248064.html |titel=Disputa super le inclusion del lingua germanic in le Constitution federal |werk=Tagesspiegel |datum=2008-12-03 |abruf=2023-03-06}}</ref><ref>{{Webarchiv |url=http://www.fr-online.de/in_und_ausland/politik/aktuell/1639241_Man-spricht-deutsch.html |text=''Özdemir critica le decision del CDU: On parla germano'' |wayback=20081229203244}}, [[Frankfurter Rundschau|fr-online.de]], 2 decembre 2008.</ref> Le [[Servitios scientific del Bundestag german|Servitios scientific del Bundestag]] concludava in un studio que tal inclusion del lingua germanic como symbolo o objectivo de stato in le Constitution federal esserea legalmente admissibile.<ref>{{Webarchiv |url=http://www.bundestag.de/dokumente/analysen/2010/Deutsch_im_Grundgesetz.pdf |text=''German in le Constitution federal.'' |wayback=20120813074812}} Servitios scientific, 22 novembre 2010 (PDF; 64 kB). Consultate le 22 maio 2013.</ref> {{Vide anque|Debate super le inclusion del lingua germanic in le Constitution federal}} Secundo le [[Microcensimento]] 2021, in circa 80 % del familias private in Germania se parla exclusivemente germano. In altere 15 % se usa, in addition al germano, al minus un altere lingua.<ref>{{Internetquelle |url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Presse/Pressemitteilungen/Zahl-der-Woche/2023/PD23_08_p002.html |titel=80 % del population parla a casa exclusivemente germano |hrsg=[[Officio federal de statistica]] |werk=destatis.de |datum=2023-02-21 |abruf=2023-02-22}}</ref> ===== Austria ===== [[File:Oberwart - Felsőőr.JPG|thumb|Placca de loco germano-hungare [[Oberwart]], [[Burgenland]]]] In Austria, secundo Articulo 8 Paragrapho 1 del Lege Constitutional Federal (BVG) de 1920, le "lingua german" (sin specification plus precise) es le lingua de stato del Republica, sin preiudicio del derectos concedite al minoritates linguistic. Ultra le german, le [[sloveno]] in [[Carinthia]] e in [[Steiermark|Styria]], assi como le [[hungare]] e le [[Burgenlandkroatische Sprache|croate de Burgenland]] in [[Burgenland]] es [[Lingua official|linguas official]]. Ben que le sloveno in Styria non es semper usate como lingua official, in le vita quotidian e in le ambito statal, le [[Österreichisches Deutsch|German Austriac]] es de facto usate como le varietate national (varietate standard) del Alto German. Iste varietate standard austriac esseva ergo normate statalmente in le II Republica per le [[Österreichisches Wörterbuch|Dictionario Austriac]] (pro le prime vice in 1951, quando illo reimplaciava tote le ancian libros de regulas german). Secundo le Charta Europee del Linguas Regional o Minoritari, le sequente es le linguas recognoscite in Austria como linguas minoritari in detalio: * [[Burgenlandkroatische Sprache|Croate de Burgenland]] in Burgenland secundo Parte III * [[Romani]] in Burgenland secundo Parte II * [[Slovac]] in Vienna secundo Parte II * [[Sloveno]] in Carinthia secundo Parte III, in Styria secundo Parte II * [[Chec]] in Vienna secundo Parte II * [[Hungare]] in Burgenland secundo Parte III, in Vienna secundo Parte II ===== Switza ===== [[File:SprachenSchweiz.jpg|thumb|Un signal quadrilingue in Switza: german, francese, italiano e romanche]] In Switza, le german es lingua national e official a nivello federal, juxta le [[Französische Sprache|francese]], le [[Italienische Sprache|italiano]] e le [[Bündnerromanisch|romanche]], le qual es lingua official a nivello federal solmente in le contacto directe con parlantes de romanche. Quasi 63% del population, que es circa cinque milliones de habitantes de Switza, reporta le german como lor lingua materne. Le forma de Alto German Standard usate in Switza, le [[Schweizer Hochdeutsch|Alto German Suisse]], presenta differentias con le lingua standard in Germania e Austria in relation a [[Wortschatz|vocabulario]], formation de parolas, [[Morphologie (Linguistik)|morphologia]], [[Syntax|syntaxis]], [[Orthographie|orthographia]] e [[Aussprache|pronunciation]]. Iste characteristicas special es nominate [[Helvetismus|helvetismos]]. Le lingua colloquial es etiam quasi exclusivemente [[Schweizerdeutsch|German Suisse]], un nomine collective pro differente formas del [[Alemannische Dialekte|dialectos alemanne]] indigena. In 17 de 26 [[Kanton (Schweiz)|cantones]], le german es le sol lingua official, in quatro altere cantones illo es lingua official juxta le francese (Cantones [[Kanton Bern|Bern]], [[Kanton Freiburg|Fribourg]] e [[Kanton Wallis|Valais]]) respectivemente juxta le italiano e le romanche ([[Graubünden|Grisones]]). A nivello municipal, cata municipio pote fixar su proprie lingua(s) official in su proprie competentia. Switza es le unic stato in Europa in le qual le [[Jenische Sprache|Jenish]], un varietate del German, esseva recognoscite con le ratification del [[Europäische Charta der Regional- oder Minderheitensprachen|Charta Europee del Linguas Regional o Minoritari]] in 1997 como un lingua "non ligate territorialmente", ben que non como lingua official.<ref>{{Webarchiv |url=http://www.bak.admin.ch/bak/themen/sprachen_und_kulturelle_minderheiten/00507/00511/index.html?lang=de |text=Viagiantes - Recognition como minoritate national. |wayback=20071220231634}} Confederation Helvetic, Officio Federal de Cultura.</ref> {{Vide anque|Sprachen in der Schweiz|Schweizerisches Idiotikon}} ===== Liechtenstein ===== In Liechtenstein, le Alto German Standard es le sol lingua official valide. Linguas minoritari non es usate. Le lingua colloquial es [[Liechtensteinische Mundarten|Liechtensteinian]], un forma dialectal [[Alemannische Dialekte|alemanne]] e intimemente relationate con le [[Schweizerdeutsch|German Suisse]] e le [[Vorarlbergisch|dialectos de Vorarlberg]]. ===== Luxemburg ===== [[File:Warken-Waarken.png|thumb|Placca de loco bilingue in Luxemburg: Le designation luxemburgese in italico ''(Waarken)'' es subordinate al nomine official francese ([[Ettelbrück|Warken]]; hic identic al nomine in Alto German).]] [[File:Treibjagd-Luxemburg.png|thumb|Signal de aviso bilingue in Luxemburg]] In Luxemburg, le Alto German es [[Amtssprache|lingua official]] insimul con le [[Luxemburgische Sprache|Luxemburgese]] e le [[Französische Sprache|Francese]]; totevia, le francese es le "lingua legislative", i.e., per exemplo, le versiones francese es le que prevale pro textos legislative o pro appellos de offertas statal. Le Luxemburgese es un [[Moselfränkische Dialektgruppe|varietate linguistic]] [[Varietät (Linguistik)|moselfrancon]] del German, es le unic "[[Luxemburg#Sprachen|lingua national]]" del Granducato desde 1984 e es usate particularmente in radio e television (p.ex. [[RTL Group]]). Totevia, le Alto German joca un rolo dominante specialmente in le [[Printmedium|pressa scripte]], in le schola como le prime lingua de [[Alphabetisierung (Lesefähigkeit)|alphabetisation]]<ref>{{Internetquelle |url=https://luxembourg.public.lu/de/leben/bildung/sprachen-schule-bildung.html |titel=Linguas in le schola |sprache=de |abruf=2023-04-18}}</ref>, in libros, etc.; ergo, on parla etiam de un [[Diglossie|diglossia]] luxemburgese-alto-german. Secundo sondages del UE<ref>{{Webarchiv |url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_237.en.pdf |text=Europeos e linguas Eurobarometro 63.4 |wayback=20070128095746}} (anglese, PDF; 144&nbsp;kB). Recuperate le 13 de novembre 2009.</ref>, plus de 90% del Luxemburgos reporta que illes parla sia german a un bon o multo bon nivello, sia francese sufficientemente. Le officio de statistica luxemburgese STATEC determinava in 2011 le sequente distribution del linguas colloquial (a casa, al travalio/schola, con parentes/amicos): Luxemburgese 70,5%, Francese 55,7%, Alto German 30,6%.<ref>[http://www.statistiques.public.lu/catalogue-publications/RP2011-premiers-resultats/2013/13-13-DE.pdf Instituto National del Statistica e del Studios Economic – Lingua(s) colloquial(es)] (PDF; 315&nbsp;kB) Recuperate le 7 de junio 2014.</ref> Tote le officios public es legalmente obligate a responder in le lingua del citatano, ben que in general illes non se conforma a iste regula. Pro le nomines de loco e ergo etiam pro le placcas de loco, le designationes official francese es le que prevale (p.ex. "Dudelange" pro Düdelingen o "Luxembourg" pro Luxemburg), ben que sub illo le nomine de loco in luxemburgese es sovente in italico. Altere placcas de strata es majoritarimente in francese e alto german, plus rarmente in luxemburgese (p.ex. in le autostratas le aviso de un *Arrêt de secours/Nothaltebucht*). In le pressa scripte, tote le tres linguas es representate, ma con differente importantia. Le plus grande quotidiano ''[[Luxemburger Wort]] / La Voix du Luxembourg'' misce in su version imprimite articulos in lingua german, francese e luxemburgese e offere in su sito web le option inter german, francese, anglese e portugese.<ref>[http://www.wort.lu/ Sito web del Luxemburger Wort], recuperate le 7 de junio 2014.</ref> Le secunde plus grande quotidiano ''[[Tageblatt]]'' misce le tres linguas official in su version imprimite de modo similar, ma rende su sito web disponibile solmente in german.<ref>[http://www.tageblatt.lu/ Sito web del Tageblatt], recuperate le 7 de junio 2014.</ref> Le uso del lingua per le companias luxemburgese es multo determinate per le typo de commercio; assi, le publicitate e le paginas de initio del impresas de artesanato es multo sovente exclusivemente in german, durante que le officios de advocato, architectos o consultores fiscal rende lor sito web disponibile in le majoritate del casos solmente in francese e anglese. Sitos web de personas private, scholas o clubs, etc. misce sovente le tres linguas official in lor paginas. Ben que le Alto German Standard e le Luxemburgese prevale in le sitos web del partitos politic, le paginas del officios public es majoritarimente solmente disponibile in francese.<ref>{{Internetquelle |url=https://gouvernement.lu/de.html |titel=de |datum=2017-06-13 |abruf=2021-05-23}}</ref> ==== Statos in Europa e Nord-Asia ==== (ordinate alphabeticamente) ===== Statos Baltic ===== {{AP|Germanos Baltic}} In le statos baltic [[Estonia]], [[Lettonia]] e [[Lituania]] vive ancora circa 8000 membros del minoritate german (Germanos Baltic, Prussianos Oriental e [[Germanos de Russia]]), qui parla Alto German e partialmente etiam Basse German. Pro Estonia, le numero es estimate a sub 2000 (in 2000: 1870), pro Lettonia a circa 3000 (2004: 3311), e etiam pro Lituania a circa 3000<ref>secundo {{Webarchiv |url=http://www.stat.gov.lt/en/pages/view/?id=1763&PHPSESSID=756a5976f2c9cff73b1a04144e501d58 |text=stat.gov.lt |archive-is=20120924}} – super le distribution regional 2001.</ref> bastante accurate. Nonobstante, del exactemente 3243 Germanos que vive in Lituania, solmente 804 parla german como lor lingua materne secundo iste dato. ===== Belgica ===== {{AP|Deutschsprachige Gemeinschaft|titel1=Communitate Germanophone de Belgica}} In Belgica, le Alto German es lingua official a nivello federal, juxta le [[Lingua nederlandese|nederlandese]] e le [[Lingua francese|francese]]. In [[Belgica Oriental]], le cantones [[Eupener Land|Eupen]] e [[Belgische Eifel|Sankt Vith]], le german es lingua official, e in ultra le francese es co-official como lingua minoritari. Le situation es inverse in le [[Kanton Malmedy|Canton de Malmedy]] e in le [[Plattdeutsche Gemeinden|Municipios Basse-German]], ubi le francese es lingua official e le german es lingua minoritari. In total, circa 100.000 Belgianos parla german como lingua materne, del quales circa 80.000 pertine al Communitate Germanophone, que es circa 0,7% del population total del pais.<ref>Rudolf Kern in: ''Linguistica de contacto: un manual international de investigation contemporanee''. De Gruyter, 2008 ([https://books.google.de/books?id=1cWcxCLjtI0C&pg=PA1134&dq=%22100.000%22+deutschsprachige+belgier&hl=de Previsualisation]).</ref><ref>{{Internetquelle |url=https://ostbelgienlive.be/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-72/186_read-448/ |titel=Le Communitate Germanophone in Belgica |hrsg=Portal de information del cives del Communitate Germanophone de Belgica |sprache=de |abruf=2024-09-27 |zitat=Le area linguistic german – que es congruente con le territorio del Communitate Germanophone – conta hodie 79479 habitantes: le plus sovente Belgianos germanophone, ma etiam concives vallone, flamande e estranier.}}</ref> ===== Danmarca ===== {{AP|Minoritate German in Danmarca}} In Danmarca, le german es parlate per le circa 15.000<ref>{{Internetquelle |autor=Gerald Volkmer |url=https://www.bpb.de/shop/zeitschriften/apuz/243866/deutsche-minderheiten-im-ausland/ |titel=Minoritates German in le Exterior |datum=2017-03-10 |sprache=de |abruf=2024-10-14}}</ref> membros del gruppo ethnic german in [[Schleswig del Nord|Schleswig del Nord]] e gaude de derectos de lingua minoritari, sin esser un lingua official al nivello national o regional.<ref>[http://www.uoc.es/euromosaic/web/document/alemany/an/i2/i2.html ''German in Denmark''], Euromosaic (anglese). Recuperate le 13 de novembre 2009.</ref> Un parte del minoritate parla etiam basse german como ''Nordschleswiger Platt''. On estima que duo tertios de illes usa totevia le [[Dialecto Jutlandic del Sud|dialecto jutlandic del sud]] del [[lingua danese]] como lingua colloquial e le german como lingua elevate (''Hochsprache'').<ref>[https://www.gfbv.it/3dossier/eu-min/schleswig.html ''Schleswig del Nord – Schleswig-Holstein: Danos e Germanos como Minoritates''.] Societate pro Populos Menaçate, 15 de martio 2005.</ref> Le censos danese non registra datos super le lingua o le affiliation ethnic. Le scholas german in Schleswig del Nord es subventionate statalmente a plus de 80%, como altere scholas libere in Danmarca; a isto se adde un supplemento special pro coperir le instruction bilingue in lingua materne, de modo que le scholas german es in practica totalmente equal al scholas municipal. ===== Francia ===== {{AP|Alsatiano|Francon Lotringian}} [[File:Strassburg-Sandplätzel-Schild.png|thumb|Placca de strata francese-alsatiane in [[Strasburgo]]]] In Francia, le dialectos alsatiane e franco-lotringian es parlate per circa 1.200.000 personas, principalmente in le [[Alsatia|Alsatia]] e le parte nord-oriental de [[Lorena|Lotringia]] ([[Mosella (departamento)|Departamento de Moselle]]). 66% del alsatianos reportava in 2022 haber cognoscentia del alsatiano (46% bon cognoscentia, 20% cognoscentia limitate).<ref name="OLCA" /><ref name="DDZ">{{Internetquelle |url=https://www.olcalsace.org/de/der-dialekt-in-zahlen |titel=Le Dialecto in Numeros |hrsg=Officio pro le Lingua e Culturas de Alsatia e Moselle (OLCA) |abruf=2021-05-01}}</ref> Totevia, le numeros de parlantes es in declino, specialmente in Lotringia e in le citates. In 2012, le portion total esseva 76%, ben que le portion de bon parlantes de dialecto esseva 3% minus in 2012. In le Departamento de Moselle, le numero de parlantes de dialecto esseva circa 170.000 (17%) in 1999<ref>{{Internetquelle |url=https://fr.slideshare.net/slideshow/rapport-langues-defrancersum-1/27490072 |titel=Rapporto Linguas de Francia – comité consultative |sprache=fr |abruf=2025-07-16}}</ref>; totevia, le parte sud-occidental del Departamento nunquam esseva germanophone o cesseva de esser germanophone jam depois le [[Guerra de Trenta Annos|Guerra de Trenta Annos]]. Le [[Politica de Francia|Republica Francese]] non recognosce altere linguas como official in le senso de [[Politica Linguistic Francese|lingua official]] trans le [[Lingua Francese|francese]], malgrado le existentia de octo [[Linguas in Francia|linguas regionalmente distribuite]] (e alteres distribuite ultra-regionalmente). Le francese es le "lingua del Republica" secundo le constitution. Nonobstante, le altere linguas ha un recognition official como *$$langues régionales$$* – includente, pro le ancian [[Region de Francia|Region de Alsatia]] e le Departamento de Moselle, le dialectos german localmente distribuite e le alto german como forma scripte e lingua de referentia de iste dialectos regional. Iste statuto se manifesta le plus sovente solmente in le politica educative, proque le linguas regional pote esser apprendite in le schola con differentia de intensitate. Totevia, le statuto del german es fortificate additionalmente in comparaison con altere linguas regional, proque se supponeva un portion plus alte del population con mancante cognoscentias de francese a causa del cambios de frontieras in le Guerras Mundial. Assi, le empleatos del autoritates recipe un salario plus alte si illes domina le german. Le german recipe un statuto particularmente official per le facto que le textos official de campania electoral (*$$profession de foi$$*), que cata candidato qui se presenta a un election debe submitter, debe esser in un version francese e german (con contento identic). In iste caso, solmente alto german es acceptate. In cata altere region, le publicationes official in cata altere lingua que le francese non es recognoscite e es confiscate per le prefecturas in alcun casos. In le ecclesias, missas mixte o in dialecto occurre a vices ancora. Post decade de [[Politica Linguistic Francese|resistentia per le autoritates francese]], un retorno al dialectos alsatiane e lotringian e al alto german comenciava solmente in le annos 1990. Assi, circa 54% del alsatianos parlava multo ben o ben alto german in 2022, plus de 18% del alumnos de schola materne e elementari alsatiane frequentia un schola bilingue e 82,5% de tote le alumnos in Alsatia apprendeva alto german como lingua estranie in 2018. In le scholas elementari e materne, iste percentual esseva quasi 100%.<ref>{{Internetquelle |url=https://www.ac-strasbourg.fr/les-parcours-franco-allemands-121571 |titel=Les parcours franco-allemands |sprache=fr |abruf=2025-07-16}}</ref><ref>{{Internetquelle |url=https://www.ac-strasbourg.fr/les-parcours-franco-allemands-121571 |titel=Les parcours franco-allemands |sprache=fr |abruf=2025-07-16}}</ref> Etiam in Lotringia il ha plure scholas con instruction de german paritari o fortificate.<ref>{{Internetquelle |url=https://www.culture-bilinguisme-lorraine.org/de/zweisprachigen-klassen |titel=Classes Bilingue |abruf=2025-07-16}}</ref> In Alsatia, cursos de dialecto pro adultos es etiam offerte.<ref>{{Internetquelle |url=https://www.olcalsace.org/de/elsaessisch-lernen |titel=Apprender Alsatiano |hrsg=Officio pro le Lingua e Culturas de Alsatia e Moselle (OLCA) |abruf=2025-07-16}}</ref> Le unic jornal completamente germanophone es le "Riviera-Côte d’Azur-Zeitung" in [[Nizza|Nizza]], que se dirige principalmente a touristas. In Alsatia e Lotringia, tote le diarios e hebdomadarios in german debeva cessar, proque illes habeva perdite lectores in le decades post 1945 a causa de multe restrictiones statal e per le cambiamento, partialmente voluntari, partialmente fortate, de german/alsatiano a francese como lingua colloquial. Le plus importante fonte de information imprimite pro le alsatianos germanophone es actualmente le supplemento quotidian de plure paginas in german del jornales ''L’Alsace'' (Mulhouse) e ''[[Ultime Novas de Alsatia|Dernières Nouvelles d’Alsace]]'' (Strasburgo).<ref>{{Webarchiv |url=http://www.dna.fr/actualite/auf-deutsch |text=Website del “Dernières Nouvelles d’Alsace” super le supplemento germanophone del duo plus grande jornales alsatiane |wayback=20140508205822}}</ref><ref>[https://www.lalsace.fr/actualite/en-allemand Website de “L’Alsace” super le supplemento germanophone del duo plus grande jornales alsatiane]</ref> ===== Italia ===== {{AP|Position Legal del Lingua German in Tirol del Sud}} [[File:Trilingual road sign in Val Gardena.jpg|thumb|Signalisation trilingue in [[Val Gardena]] ([[Tirol del Sud]]) in ladino, german e italiano]] [[File:Friuli-venezia giulia1.jpg|thumb|Inscription quadrilingue del Consilio Regional de [[Friuli-Venetia Julia]] in [[Trieste]]]] In Italia, le german es lingua official regionalmente in Tirol del Sud (a latere del [[Lingua italian|italiano]] e localmente del [[Lingua ladin|ladino]]). Ex le circa 509.000 habitantes de Tirol del Sud (stato 2012), 62,3% del population del Provincia Autonome de Bolzano reportava in le ultime censo de 2011 german como lor lingua materne (secundo le declaration official del gruppo linguistic, sin consideration de linguas estranie, 69,4%). Le tendentia es levissimemente in augmentation a causa del crescente numero de habitantes, mesmo con un diminution proportional (censo de 1991 circa 65,3%). Circa 75% del population de lingua italian vive in le tres plus grande citates [[Bolzano]], [[Merano]] e [[Bressanone]] con un portion respective de 73,8%, 49,1%, e 25,8% del population del citate (declaration del gruppo linguistic, stato 2011). Tote le officios public es legalmente bilingue, assi como tote le placcas de loco e de strata. Iste e altere signalisationes in le vita public esseva quasi exclusivemente italian usque al secunde [[Statuto de Autonomia de Tirol del Sud|Statuto de Autonomia]] de 1972, proque le german esseva non desirate o mesmo prohibite a iste respecto. Hodie, le german predomina clarmente excepte in Bolzano e Merano e le [[Bassa Atesina|parte basse de Tirol del Sud]]. Foras del citate plus grande mentionate in Tirol del Sud e del parte basse de Tirol del Sud, le italiano es quasi absente como lingua quotidian. Le german es lingua official ultra le Tirol del Sud stricte in le [[Trentino-Tirol del Sud|Region de Trentino-Tirol del Sud]]. Totevia, in Trentino il ha solmente duo areas minor ubi dialectos german es ancora parlate: le [[Valle de Fersina|Valle de Fersina]] e le commune de [[Lusern]]. Ultra isto, le german ha etiam un statuto co-official (a latere del italiano e francese) in le Valle de Gressoney (pertinente al Region Autonome de [[Valle de Aosta|Aosta]] e partialmente habitabile per Walser). Totevia, le population germanophone/[[German Valais|alemannophone]] comprehende hic solmente alcun villages. Minoritates linguistic german existe etiam in le regiones de Veneto e Friuli (inter alteres [[Sappada|Pladen]], [[Sauris|Zahre]], [[Timau|Tischlwang]], [[Val Canale|Val Canale]] e restos del [[Lingua Cimbrian|Cimbrian]] in le [[Septime Communes|Septime Communes]] e [[Tredice Communes|Tredice Communes]]). {{Vide anque|Walser|Cimbros}} ===== Polonia ===== [[File:Cisek2.jpg|thumb|Inscription bilingue al officio municipal de [[Cisek|Cisek/Czissek]] in le [[Voivodato de Opole|Voivodato de Opole]], Polonia]] In Polonia, ben que le uso del lingua german esseva prohibite in le periodo communista, specialmente in Silesia, tanto in le vita public, in le ecclesias e scholas, como etiam in le vita private, vive circa 58.000 parlantes de lingua materne german secundo le censo (2011).<ref>{{Literatur |Autor=[[Franz-Josef Sehr]] |Titel=Professor ex Polonia cata anno in Beselich depost decades |Sammelwerk=Annale pro le Circulo de Limburg-Weilburg 2020 |Verlag=Le Comitato del Circulo del districto de Limburg-Weilburg |Ort=Limburg |Datum=2019 |ISBN=978-3-927006-57-7 |Seiten=223–228}}</ref> Illes se concentra hodie principalmente in le [[Voivodato de Opole|Voivodato de Opole]], ubi le german ha un statuto official como "lingua auxiliar" in plure communes pro le [[Minoritate German in Polonia#Recognition Legal e Infrastructure|Minoritate German in Polonia]]. Plure jornales in german appare in Polonia con tiradas de usque 10.000 copias. Ultra isto, trans le programma germanophone de media hora de [[Radio Polonia|Radio Polonia]], il ha etiam un emission de quaranta-cinque minutas in german appellate [[Silesia Actual|Actualitates de Silesia]]. De plus, un emission de television in german de 15 minutas, [[Jornal de Silesia|Jornal de Silesia]], es diffundite septimanalmente in [[TVP Opole]] e [[TVP Katowice]]. In le capital Varsovia, il ha le [[Schola Willy-Brandt de Varsovia|Schola Willy-Brandt]], un schola de incontro germano-polonese, ubi instruction es date etiam in lingua german. Placcas de loco multilingue es usate secundo le lege polonese ab un portion minoritari de al minus 20% in le commune o citate respective, le qual es attinte a vices in le Voivodato de Opole. ===== Russia ===== {{AP|Germanos de Russia}} In Russia, le ultime censo de 2002 resultava in un numero total de 597.212 germanos, del quales 350.000 solmente in [[Siberia|Siberia]]. Totevia, solmente un parte del Germanos de Russia parla german como lingua materne.Le german es recognoscite como lingua de communication del population de origine german in le duo districtos national de Siberia del West, [[Districto National de Azovo|Azovo]] ([[Oblast de Omsk|Region de Omsk]]) e [[Districto National de Halbstadt|Halbstadt]] ([[Region de Altai|Region de Altai]]). ===== Romania ===== {{AP|Germanos de Romania|Swabianos de Banat|Danubianos Swabian}} {{AP|Swabianos de Satu Mare|Saxones de Transylvania}} [[File:SibiuHermannstadtSchild.jpg|thumb|Placca de entrata de loco bilingue de [[Sibiu|Sibiu/Hermannstadt]], Romania]] In Romania, vive circa 40.000 a 50.000 parlantes de lingua materne german, que corresponde a circa 0,2 a 0,3% del population romanian. Iste gruppo de population es principalmente componite del Saxones de Transylvania e del Danubianos Swabian. A causa del massive emigration del generationes juvene a Germania e Austria, specialmente post 1990, iste gruppos de population suffre totevia de un forte super-inveteramento; le etate medie es circa 69 annos. Malgrado iste basse portion de population, le lingua german es viste generalmente como un hereditage cultural, gaude de tote le derectos de un lingua minoritari e es presente specialmente in citate e communes como p.ex. [[Sibiu|Sibiu/Hermannstadt]], [[Sighisoara|Sighișoara]], [[Timisoara|Timișoara]] o [[Satu Mare|Satu Mare]], proque signalisationes multilingue pote esser trovate ibi a vices. De plus, le minoritate german es politicamente active per le partito "[[Foro Democratic del Germanos in Romania|Foro Democratic del Germanos in Romania]]" e forni, per exemplo, le borgomastro o le borgomastra de Sibiu/Hermannstadt desde 2000 e temporarimente le presidente del consilio de districto de [[Districto Sibiu|Sibiu]]. De plus, le Presidente de Stato in officio desde novembre 2014, [[Klaus Iohannis|Klaus Iohannis]], es un Saxon de Transylvania. In alcun areas del minoritate german, infrastructure german notabile existe etiam in le forma de jardines de infantes, scholas elementari, secundari e superior, assi como theatros, ma etiam jornales como le hebdomadario [[Jornal de Sibiu|Jornal de Sibiu]] o le [[Jornal General German pro Romania|Jornal General German pro Romania]].<ref>{{Webarchiv |url=http://www.recensamant.ro/ |text=Governamento Romanian |wayback=20100208235230}}</ref> ===== Republica Chec ===== {{AP|Minoritate German in le Republica Chec|Germanos de Sudeten|Germanos de Bohemia e Moravia}} In le Republica Chec existe ancora un parve minoritate german de circa 41.200 personas (0,4% del population total), restos del Germanos de Sudeten qui ha scappate al [[Expulsion del Germanos de Tchecoslovachia|expulsion]] post le Secunde Guerra Mundial. Le numero de parlantes de lingua materne german diminue constantemente, proque specialmente le generationes juvene del minoritate es exponite a un pression de assimilation extreme del checo e in grande parte non cresce plus con le german. Le designation "Germanos de Sudeten" es de plus non plus in uso, in vice on usa habitualmente le termino "Germanos in le Republica Chec", qui gaude de certe derectos minoritari desde le [[Revolution de 1989|Revolution]] in 1990 e es organisate in le "Assemblea National del Germanos in Bohemia, Moravia e Silesia" e in le "Association Cultural del Citanos de Nationalitate German". Infrastructure german, como jardines de infantes, scholas, placcas de strata o de loco, non existe plus generalmente, e le lingua german non ha statuto official o de lingua de communication regional o national. Totevia, hebdomadarios in german appare, como le ''[[Echo National – Magazin del Germanos in le Republica Chec|Echo National – Magazin del Germanos in le Republica Chec]]'' e le ''[[Jornal de Praga|Jornal de Praga]]'', que colliga al ancian [[Cultura Germanophone in Praga|cultura germanophone in Praga]]. ===== Turchia ===== In le plus grande citate [[Istanbul|Istanbul]] vive circa 25.000 [[Germanos de Bosporo|Germanos de Bosporo]] desde plure seculos. ===== Hungaria ===== {{AP|Germanos de Hungaria}} [[File:Sopron.Grabenrunde.zweisprachiges.Strassenschild.jpg|thumb|Placca de strata bilingue in [[Sopron|Sopron/Ödenburg]], Hungaria]] Le minoritate german in [[Hungaria|Hungaria]] (Germanos de Hungaria) gaude de derectos minoritari, ma es ja largemente assimilate, specialmente in le generationes juvene, de modo que le german es le plus sovente solmente apprendite como lingua estranie. On parla officilamente de circa 200.000 Germanos de Hungaria. Totevia, de illes probabilemente solmente maximo 50.000 es ancora parlantes de lingua materne german (circa 0,5% del population total). Proque le minoritate vive multo disperse trans le pais e ha solmente pauc conscientia de identitate, on parla ergo sovente de un duple identitate del Germanos de Hungaria. Placcas de loco, de strata, de traffico e official bilingue pote esser trovate, per exemplo, in le citate de Ödenburg ([[Sopron]]) presso le frontiera austriac e isolatemente in altere partes del pais. In altere areas con un plus grande minoritate german, il ha gruppos de jardines de infantes o classes de schola german multo isolatemente. Le minoritate german in Hungaria es organisate in le Autoadministration National del Germanos in Hungaria. ==== Transoceanic ==== (ordinate alphabeticamente) ===== Australia ===== {{AP|Germanos Australian}} Secundo le resultatos del ultime censo, in 2006 77.576 o circa 0,4% del 19.855.287 habitantes de Australia cognoscite a ille tempore parlava german a casa. Le majoritate de iste parlantes de german viveva, como le majoritate del population total, in le milliones de citates del pais ([[Melbourne]], [[Sydney]], [[Brisbane]], [[Perth]], [[Adelaide]]). Le plus grande portion del population total con residentia permanente esseva formate per le parlantes de german in Adelaide (0,57%) e su suburbios (0,68%), le [[Sunshine Coast (Queensland)|Costa del Sol]] (0,64%) e le [[Gold Coast (Australia)|Costa Aurate]] (0,52%), le [[Cape-York-Halbinsel|Peninsula de Capo York]] includente le tropicos humide con [[Cairns]] e le area circumjacente (0,61%) e un parte del area frontalier inter [[Nove Galles del Sud|Nove Galles del Sud]] e [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] (0,52%), in ultra in Melbourne e longe le costa de Nove Galles del Sud. A iste parlantes de german practicante se adde illes qui domina le german ma non lo usa quotidianmente plus. De plus, il ha un hebdomadario germanophone in Australia appellate "Die Woche in Australien" (Le Septimana in Australia). Illo se dirige principalmente a immigrantes de origine german, austriac e switze e offre articulos super eventos in Europa e novitates intra le communitate germanophone de Australia. Ultra le numero de parlantes de german, le numero de personas de origine german es multo plus alte, amontante forsan a circa un medie a un million de personas o plus, ma illo es totevia assatis minus in comparaison con le portion de personas de origine german in le population del [[Vereinigte Staaten|Statos Unite de America]]. Nonobstante, alcun germanos jocava un rolo assatis importante in le historia, specialmente in le discoperimento e exploration de Australia. ===== Brasil ===== {{AP|Germanos Brasilian}} Il non existe numeros vermente representative e fundate super le numero del parlantes de lingua materne german in Brasil. Secundo estimationes, totevia, circa duo a cinque milliones de personas de origine german vive in Brasil, del quales circa 850.000 a 900.000 es bilingue (German e [[Portugiesische Sprache|Portugese]]) e pote esser considerate como parlantes de lingua materne german. [[Ethnologue]], in contrasto, indica 3.000.000 parlantes solmente pro le [[Riograndenser Hunsrückisch|Hunsrückian de Rio Grande]], le quales totevia probabilemente se superpone con le circa 1.500.000 parlantes estimate de Alto German Standard.<ref>{{Literatur |Titel=Hunsrik |Sammelwerk=Ethnologue |Datum= |Online=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/hrx |Abruf=2018-11-23}}</ref> Le gruppo de population del Hunsrückian de Rio Grande se concentra essentialmente in le statos de [[Santa Catarina|Santa Catarina]] e [[Rio Grande do Sul|Rio Grande del Sud]] in le sud del pais e hic plus in micre citates non situate al costa. Exemplos de isto es [[Pomerode]], [[Santa Rosa de Lima (Santa Catarina)|Santa Rosa de Lima]] o [[Treze Tílias|Treze Tílias]], in le quales grande partes del population parla ancora german. Ultra le Hunsrückian de Rio Grande, le [[Pomerano|Pomerano]] joca etiam un plus grande rolo. Iste dialecto german, que ha emerge ex le [[Ostpommersch|Pomeranian Oriental]], es hodie specialmente representate in le stato federal de [[Espírito Santo|Espírito Santo]], ma es parlate etiam in [[Minas Gerais|Minas Gerais]], [[Rondônia|Rondônia]] (desde 1970), Santa Catarina e Rio Grande del Sud. Del 300.000 parlantes secundo Ethnologue in Brasil, 120.000 debe viver in Espírito Santo.<ref>{{Internetquelle |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/br/languages |titel=Brazil |sprache=en |abruf=2019-07-16}}</ref> Durante que Brasil del Sud esseva principalmente germanophone al initio del seculo 20, le lingua german esseva reemplaciate per le Portugese per assimilation e per suppression o mesmo prohibition in le medio del seculo 20 – specialmente durante le [[Zweiter Weltkrieg|Secunde Guerra Mundial]] – per le Portugese. In le curso del annos, totevia, le situation ha cambiate significativamente, de modo que hodie le lingua german es specialmente promovite como un hereditage cultural e servi al region circum [[Blumenau]] mesmo como un attraction touristic, ben que justo hic le lingua german es solmente parlate limitatemente. Infrastructure german in forma de jornales e scholas existe limitatemente, ma in le area public le german es quasi absente, proque le Portugese es le unic lingua official e le damno per suppression al gruppo linguistic german in Brasil esseva troppo grande e continue pro esser reversibile. Nonobstante, desde 2010 plure municipalitates ha elevate dialectos german a un secunde lingua official al nivello communal.<ref name=":0">{{Internetquelle |autor= |url=http://ipol.org.br/lista-de-linguas-cooficiais-em-municipios-brasileiros/ |titel=Lista de línguas cooficiais em municípios brasileiros |titelerg=Liste von brasilianischen Gemeinden, welche eine ko-offizielle Sprache, z.&nbsp;B. Deutsch und den ostpommerschen oder hunsrückischen Dialekt, eingeführt haben |hrsg=Instituto de Investigação e Desenvolvimento em Política Linguística |werk=ipol.org.br |datum=2021-08-19 |abruf=2025-03-08 |sprache=pt-BR |format= |archiv-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212052326/http://ipol.org.br/lista-de-linguas-cooficiais-em-municipios-brasileiros/ |archiv-datum=2021-12-12 |offline=ja }}</ref> {{Vide anque|Riograndenser Hunsrückisch|Deutschsprachige in Lateinamerika}} <br />[[File:Pomeranoespiritosanto.svg|thumb|Communes in le Stato Federal de Espírito Santo con German como secunde Lingua Official (Stato 2018)]] {| class="wikitable" |+Communes con German como secunde Lingua Official (Stato 2018)<ref name=":0" /> ! !Pomerano !Hunsrückisch !Alto German Standard |- |[[Santa Catarina|Santa Catarina]] | * [[Pomerode]] | * [[Antônio Carlos (Santa Catarina)|Antônio Carlos]] | * [[Pomerode]] * [[São Miguel da Boa Vista]] * [[Alto Bela Vista]] |- |[[Rio Grande do Sul|Rio Grande del Sud]] | * [[Canguçu]] | * [[Santa Maria do Herval]] | |- |[[Espírito Santo|Espírito Santo]] | * [[Santa Maria de Jetibá]] * [[Pancas]] * [[Domingos Martins]] * [[Laranja da Terra]] * [[Vila Pavão]] * [[Itarana]] | | |} Communes, in le quales le instruction de german es obligatori: [[Rio Grande do Sul|Rio Grande del Sud]] * [[Nova Petrópolis]] Santa Catarina * [[Blumenau]] ===== Canada ===== In [[Kanada|Canada]] 438.000 personas parla german como lingua materne,<ref name="Statistics Canada" /> inter illes etiam multe Menonitas, pro exemplo in Ontario. Isto corresponde a circa 1,5% del population total. Illes es le plus sovente colonos german del seculo 19 e immigrantes del seculo 20. In Canada, totevia, solmente le francese e le anglese es linguas official. ===== Namibia ===== {{AP|Deutsche Sprache in Namibia|Küchendeutsch}} [[File:WindhukSchild.jpg|thumb|Placca de strata in [[Windhoek|Windhoek]], [[Namibia|Namibia]]]] Le german esseva, con le [[Afrikaans|Afrikaans]] e le [[Englische Sprache|Anglese]], lingua official in le tunc [[Südwestafrika|Africa del Sud-West]] in le epoca del Apartheid de junio 1984 usque al independentia de Namibia in 1990. Desde alora, le anglese es le unic lingua official a nivello national, e le german es nunc un lingua de communication e un de circa 20 linguas national del pais. Con isto, Namibia es le unic pais extra-europee in le qual le german ha un statuto legal a nivello national e es pro isto ancorate legalmente per le constitution como parte del cultura namibian. Circa 20.000 Namibianos (minus de un cento del population total) indica le german como lor lingua materne. ===== Papua-Nove Guinea ===== {{AP|Unserdeutsch}} Le parte nordic del stato pacific [[Papua-Nove Guinea]] esseva un colonia german sub le nomine [[Deutsch-Neuguinea|Nove Guinea German]] de 1884 a 1914. Ben que le majoritate del colonos del [[Imperio German]] esseva expellite per trupas australian in 1915, le lingua national [[Tok Pisin|Tok Pisin]] ha essite influenciate per le lingua german. Altere linguas official es le nove lingua colonial Anglese e [[Hiri Motu|Hiri Motu]]. Le lingua german es solmente parlate como lingua materne per circa 100 personas, le plus sovente ancian. Le varietate local parlate hic es appellate Unserdeutsch. ===== Paraguay ===== {{AP|Deutschsprachige in Lateinamerika}} In [[Paraguay|Paraguay]], secundo Ethnologue, 166.000 personas ha le Alto German Standard como lingua materne, inter illes 19.000 qui ha le Alto German Standard e [[Plautdietsch|Plautdietsch]] insimul como lingua materne. A isto se adde altere 19.000 personas, cuje lingua materne es solmente Plautdietsch.<ref name="ethnologue.com/PY" /> Un gruppo importante inter le habitantes germanophone de Paraguay es le Menonitas germanophone, qui immigrava desde 1927, le plus sovente ex Russia. Per ulterior immigration del Statos Unite, Canada e Mexico, lor numero amonta nunc a 45.000–50.000 personas. Illes vive principalmente in le nord-west del pais e in le Chaco, ubi illes forma un minoritate numericmente insignificante ma equipate con grande fortia economic e certe privilegios. Illes parla le plus sovente le dialecto basse-german Plautdietsch. Nonobstante, le Alto German joca un rolo significante in le colonias menonite: specialmente como lingua de ecclesia, schola e administration, assi como lingua del medios. 5 a 7% del population paraguayan es immigrantes de origine german. Le censo de 2002 prova 1838 (≈ 0,035% del population) personas vivente in Paraguay nascite in Germania. In le regno del dictator de origine german [[Alfredo Stroessner|Alfredo Stroessner]], qui teneva le officio de Presidente del Stato in le annos 1954 a 1989, dece milles de Germanos Brasilian de origine brasilian immigrava. Solmente in le annos 1973/74 il esseva 42.000, super toto in le Departimentos Alto Paraná, Caazapá, Itapua, Canendiyú, Caaguazú e San Pedro. Solmente in iste Departimentos vive hodie multo plus de 100.000 Germanos Brasilian in 9 colonias grande e 45 marginale. Un altere centro del immigration se trova circa Hohenau con al minus 30.000–35.000 Germanos Brasilian. Desde le [[Alfredo Stroessner#Entmachtung und Exil|cadita de Stroessner]] in februario 1989, altere 150.000 personas de origine german ex Brasil se addeva. Al frontiera argentin vive etiam multe personas de origine polonese e ukrainian. In le region frontalier brasilian vive nunc circa 500.000 colonos de lingua portugese, inter illes 150.000 Germanos Brasilian de origine del Statos Federal Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná. Illes es etiam appellate Brasiguayos. ===== Statos Unite ===== {{AP|Deutsche Sprache in den Vereinigten Staaten|Pennsylvania Dutch|Texasdeutsch}} Hodie le german es parlate in le [[Statos Unite de America]] per circa 1,5 milliones de personas. Secundo un extrapolation del U.S. Census Bureau basate super le American Community Survey de 2007, illo es le lingua de casa de 1.104.354 habitantes del Statos Unite e es assi al septime position inter le linguas le plus parlate.<ref name="Census" /> Que le Alto German quasi habeva devenite lingua official del Statos Unite es un rumor, que es basate super un false interpretation ([[Legenda de Muhlenberg]]). De facto, iste rumor se refereva al tentativa fallite de pubblicar in le futuro textos legal in le Stato de Virginia etiam in german. Totevia, le germanos es probabilemente in total, dependente del methodo de calculation, le gruppo de ancestres numericmente le plus significante o le secunde plus significante del population actual del SUA, concurrente pro le prime placia con le descendentes de immigrantes del insulas britannic (Angleses, Scotteses, Cymros, Irlandeses – dependente si istes es aggregate o non, e qui vale como german; vide Censo). {{Vide anque|Geschichte der Deutschen in den Vereinigten Staaten}} === German como lingua estranier === {{AP|German como lingua estranier}} Le quantification del parlantes de lingua estranier del lingua german a nivello mundial es basate super estimationes multo vague. Le numero minime mentionate, de circa 16 milliones, es basate super un investigation del *Gruppo de Travalio Permanente German como Lingua Estranier* del Officio Federal de Affaires Estraniere del Republica Federal de Germania e del [[Goethe-Institut]] de 2005 (le investigation de 2000 estimava le numero de studentes de german a nivello mundial ancora a circa 20 milliones),<ref>[http://www.goethe.de/uun/pub/de18483.htm ''German como Lingua Estranier a nivello mundial: Collecta de datos 2005''.] goethe.de</ref> ma illo es tanto irrealista in le assertion de includer tote le personas qui domina le german como [[lingua estranier]], como le numeros extreme opposite de plure centos de milliones. Le numero nominate per le Gruppo de Travalio Permanente German como Lingua Estranier es solmente appropriate pro quantificar le numero de illes qui apprende le german como lingua estranier in institutiones educational registrate foras e non include ergo illes qui ha apprendite le lingua german per altere vias – p.ex., per "contacto directe" in le paises germanophone e regiones adjacente (inter alteres travaliatores immigrante) o per cursos (universitates, scholas de adultos, etc.). Solmente pro le area del Union Europee, un numero de circa 55 milliones de cives del UE (12 pro cento) qui domina le german como lingua estranier esseva determinate per le Eurobarometer in maio a junio de 2005, inter illes circa 6 milliones in Germania; in un secunde investigation del Eurobarometer de novembre a decembre 2005, le numero es 14 pro cento<ref name="autogenerated1" /> (vide etiam version curte in [[Linguas Official del Union Europee]]). Contante un total de deviation standard e probabilitate, un numero inter 50 e 60 milliones intra le UE es de presumer. Non includite in iste numero es, inter alteres, le parlantes de lingua estranier del lingua german in Switza (plus de 2 milliones), in Russia (secundo estimationes, le numero poterea esser 10 milliones o plus; secundo le Gruppo de Travalio Permanente German como Lingua Estranier: quasi 5 milliones), in paises foras del UE ubi ex-travaliatores immigrante e lor familias vive (Turchia, Ex-Yugoslavia). German es inseniate como lingua estranier in multe paises. Le materiales de instruction e apprendimento contine le [[Standarddeutsch|Alto German Standard]] de Switza, Austria o Germania. In Europa, le lingua german es le plus largemente diffundite como lingua estranier post le anglese e le russo. German es selectionate como lingua estranier particularmente frequentemente in le [[Niederlande|Pais Basse]], in [[Belgien|Belgica]], [[Skandinavien|Scandinavia]], [[Russland|Russia]], in le [[Baltikum|Statos Baltic]], in [[Slowenien|Slovenia]], [[Kroatien|Croatia]], [[Polen|Polonia]], [[Bosnien und Herzegowina|Bosnia e Herzegovina]], in le [[Elsass|Alsatia]], in le [[Schweiz|Switza]] francophone e in le Switza italophone, in [[Serbien|Serbia]], [[Montenegro|Montenegro]], [[Ungarn|Hungaria]], le [[Slowakei|Slovachia]], [[Tschechien|Republica Chec]], [[Nordmazedonien|Macedonia del Nord]], [[Belarus|Bielorussia]] e [[Bulgarien|Bulgaria]].<ref>{{Internetquelle |url=https://www.bpb.de/system/files/dokument_pdf/05%20Fremdsprachen.pdf |titel=German como Lingua Estranier |hrsg=Centro Federal pro Education Politic |datum=2012 |format=PDF; 237&nbsp;kB |abruf=2015-04-01}}</ref> In alcun de iste paises e regiones, le german es le prime lingua estranier in le schola; illo es assi mesmo ante le anglese. Etiam in [[Japan|Japon]] on apprende german frequentemente. In altere paises, como in Francia (circa quatro milliones secundo Eurobarometer, qui domina le german como lingua estranier) e le Statos Unite, ubi secundo un studio de Gallup de 2001 circa 7,5 milliones de Americanos domina le german como lingua estranier,<ref>[http://www.gallup.com/poll/1825/About-One-Four-Americans-Can-Hold-Conversation-Second-Language.aspx ''Circa un de quatro Americanos pote haber un conversation in un Secunde Lingua''.] gallup.com</ref> le german perde de plus in plus importantia in comparation con le [[espaniol]]. In [[Asia Oriental]] (Japon), le german esseva usate como lingua medical in le seculos 19 e 20 (in loco del [[Latein|latino]]). In 2002, le german esseva le lingua le plus usate in le [[Internet]] post le [[anglese]] (sequite per le [[francese]], le [[japonese]], le espaniol e le [[chinese]]). Circa 7,7 pro cento de tote le paginas in le Internet esseva alora in german (paginas de Internet in anglese: circa 50%).<ref>{{Internetquelle |autor=Martin Ebbertz |url=https://www.netz-tipp.de/sprachen.html |titel=Le Internet parla anglese … e recentemente etiam german: Linguas e lor diffusion in le World Wide Web |datum=2002 |abruf=2011-01-01}}</ref> Pro 2007, circa 5,9% es indicate pro le german (45% pro le anglese, 4,4% pro le francese).<ref>{{Internetquelle |autor=Daniel Pimienta, Daniel Prado, Álvaro Blanco |url=http://dtil.unilat.org/public/12_annees_langues_internet.pdf |titel=Douze années de mesure de la diversité linguistique sur l’Internet: bilan et perspectives |format=PDF |abruf=2011-04-29}} 2010, p. 40–41.</ref> In 2024, W3Techs registra le german como lingua in 5,4% del sitios web (49,9% anglese, 5,8% espaniol).<ref>{{Internetquelle |url=https://w3techs.com/technologies/overview/content_language |titel=Statistica de uso del linguas de contento pro sitos web |werk=w3techs.com |datum=2024-06-19 |abruf=2013-12-28}}</ref> Secundo un investigation del *Gruppo de Travalio Permanente German como Lingua Estranier*, al qual le [[Auswärtiges Amt|Officio Federal de Affaires Estraniere]] e le Goethe-Institut pertine, inter alteres, in 2000 le majoritate de studentes de german esseva in: * Russia: 4.657.500 (3,26%) (secundo estimationes usque a plus de 10 milliones) * Polonia: 2.202.708 (5,70%) (secundo Eurobarometer circa 7 milliones) * Francia: 1.603.813 (2,52%) (secundo Eurobarometer circa 4 milliones) * Republica Chec: 799.071 (7,80%) (secundo Eurobarometer circa 3 milliones) * Ukraina: 629.742 * Hungaria: 629.472 (secundo Eurobarometer circa 3,5 milliones) * Kazakhstan: 629.874 * Pais Basse: 591.190 * Statos Unite: 551.274 (secundo un studio de Gallup circa 7,5 milliones) Pro [[Kamerun|Cameroon]], le numero de studentes de german es indicate a circa 200.000 secundo un reporto del [[Deutsche Welle|Deutsche Welle]]. In total, 300.000 personas in Cameroon parla german como lingua estranier.<ref>[http://www.dw.de/leben-in-kamerun-leichter-als-in-deutschland/a-15374849 Deutsche Welle – Reporto: Vita in Cameroon plus facile que in Germania?]; pro Cameroon e [[Togo]] vide etiam {{Webarchiv|url=http://hd-campus.tv/video/Von-Afrika-nach-Deutschland/4bcc45d25efa9edb9cceb5fbc952d6a1 |wayback=20190627141719 |text=Vita in Cameroon plus facile que in Germania? }}</ref><ref name="DS111">{{Internetquelle |autor= |url=https://www.dw.com/de/wenn-deutsch-gleich-zukunft-hei%C3%9Ft/a-5070255 |titel=German pro le futuro |titelerg= |hrsg=Deutsche Welle |werk=www.dw.com |datum=2010-11-29 |abruf=2024-04-29 |sprache= |format= }}</ref> In [[Usbekistan|Uzbekistan]], circa 50% del circa 1,2 milliones de studentes del pais apprende german,<ref>{{Internetquelle |autor= |url=http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/cae/servlet/contentblob/364458/publicationFile/156375/PublStatistik.pdf |titel=Statistica Lingua German in Uzbekistan |titelerg= |hrsg=Officio Federal de Affaires Estraniere |werk=www.auswaertiges-amt.de |datum= |abruf=2024-02-26 |sprache= |format=PDF |offline=ja |archiv-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924005752/http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/cae/servlet/contentblob/364458/publicationFile/156375/PublStatistik.pdf |archiv-datum=2015-09-24 |archiv-bot=2024-11-25 14:57:58 InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> le maximo estimate es 750.000.<ref>{{Webarchiv|url=http://www.uzbekistan.de/de/botschaft/bilaterale-beziehungen/usbekistan-deutschland-21-jahre-diplomatische-beziehungen |wayback=20150402171911 |text=www.uzbekistan.de: Uzbekistan – Germania: 21 annos de relationes diplomatic }}</ref> Secundo le representation del sondage Eurobarometer 2012, le german es, insimul con le francese, le secunde lingua estranier le plus parlate inter le Europeos. Plus de un tertio del Europeos parla anglese (38%) e un octave parla german (12%) como lingua estranier. Le cognoscentia del lingua german es largemente diffundite particularmente in le Pais Basse, Slovachia, Belgica, Danmark, Svedia, Croatia e Slovenia; in iste paises, le proportion del population con cognoscentia de german es inter 20 e circa 71 pro cento.<ref>{{Cita web|autor=Eurobarometer |url=https://ec.europa.eu/assets/eac/languages/policy/strategic-framework/documents/ebs_386_de.pdf |titel=Le cives europee e lor linguas |werk=Commission Europee |datum=2012 |format=PDF |abruf=2022-07-26}}</ref> [[File:Knowledge of German EU map.png|thumb|Cognoscentia del lingua german in le paises del [[Europäische Union|Union Europee]], alcun de su [[Beitrittskandidaten der Europäischen Union|candidatos a accession]] e [[Schweiz|Switza]] e [[Liechtenstein|Liechtenstein]] secundo un studio de [[Eurobarometer]] de 2006]] In detalio, in 2012 le sequente parlava german como lingua estranier secundo iste dato: * in le Pais Basse circa 12,5 milliones (71 pro cento) * in Danmark circa 2,5 milliones (47 pro cento) * in Slovenia quasi un million (42 pro cento) * in Croatia circa 1,5 milliones (33 pro cento) (2006) * in Svedia circa 2,5 milliones (26 pro cento) * in Slovachia un million (22 pro cento) * in Belgica circa 2,5 milliones (22 pro cento) * in Polonia circa 7 milliones (19 pro cento) * in Estonia circa 0,2 milliones (18 pro cento) * in Finlandia quasi un million (17 pro cento) * in Hungaria circa 1,5 milliones (16 pro cento) * in Republica Chec circa 1,5 milliones (15 pro cento) * in Lituania 0,4 milliones (14 pro cento) * in Germania circa 8 milliones (10 pro cento) * in Bulgaria circa 0,6 milliones (8 pro cento) * in Francia circa 4 milliones (6 pro cento) * in le Regno Unite quasi 4 milliones (6 pro cento) * in Grecia circa 0,6 milliones (5 pro cento) * in Turchia circa 3 milliones (4 pro cento) (2006) * in Italia circa 2,5 milliones (4 pro cento) (2006) === German in organisationes international === ==== Union Europee ==== German es un de 24<ref name="EUAS">{{Cita web|url=https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/figures/administration_de#goto_2 |titel=Administration del UE – Servitores, Linguas e Locationes |hrsg=Union Europee |abruf=2021-05-01}}</ref> [[Amtssprachen der Europäischen Union|linguas official del Union Europee]] e, juxta le anglese e le francese, etiam [[Arbeitssprache|lingua de travalio]] del [[Europäische Union|Union Europee]]. German es le lingua materne le plus parlate in le Union Europee e le secunde lingua le plus parlate (parlantes de lingua materne e estranier) in le Union Europee, quasi post le anglese e a un grande distantia ante le francese. Totevia, minus de 20 pro cento del servitores del [[Europäische Kommission|Commission Europee]] ha cognoscentia del german e, de facto, le stato como lingua de travalio se reduce al submission de textos pro le consultationes final.<ref>Ulrich Ammon: [https://www.welt.de/welt_print/kultur/article6550655/Europa-spricht-kein-Deutsch.html ''Europa non parla german''.] In: ''[[Die Welt]].'' 25 de februario 2010.</ref> ==== Nationes Unite ==== In le [[Vereinte Nationen|ONU]], le german non es un lingua official o de travalio. Un stato special in comparation con le altere linguas non-official es que desde 1975 le Servicio de Traduction German del Nationes Unite crea versiones german pro importante documentos official. Iste servicio, que es integrate in le Secretariato del ONU, es finantiate per un fundo fiduciari que Germania, Liechtenstein, Austria e Switza supporta con contributiones. Le [[Weltorganisation für geistiges Eigentum|Organisation Mundial pro le Proprietate Intellectual]], un autoritate del Nationes Unite, administra le [[Vertrag über die Internationale Zusammenarbeit auf dem Gebiet des Patentwesens|Tractato de Cooperation International in le Dominio del Patentamentos]], abbreviate PCT. In le ambito del PCT, le german es, juxta le arabe, chinese, anglese, francese, japonese, corean, portugese, russo e espaniol, un del linguas in le quales le applicationes de patente pote esser submittite. ==== Institutiones international ==== Le plus importante institutiones international (foras del [[Europäische Union|UE]]) que include le german inter su linguas official es, inter alteres: * [[Europäische Patentorganisation|Organisation Europee de Patentes]] – EPO * [[Europäische Weltraumorganisation|Organisation Europee del Spatio]] – ESA * [[Organisation für Sicherheit und Zusammenarbeit in Europa|Organisation pro Securitate e Cooperation in Europa]] – OSZE * [[Reporter ohne Grenzen|Reportatores sin Frontieras]] – ROG * [[World Association of Newspapers|Association Mundial de Jornales]] – WAN * Numerose associationes sportive europee e global, p.ex.: ** [[Europäische Handballföderation|Federation Europee de Handball]] – EHF ** [[Fédération Internationale de Basketball|Federation International de Basketball]] – FIBA ** [[Fédération Internationale de Bobsleigh et de Tobogganing|Federation International de Bobsleigh e Tobogganing]] – FIBT ** [[FIFA|Federation International de Football Association]] – FIFA ** [[Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique|Federation International de Gymnastica]] – FIG ** [[Fédération Internationale de Luge de Course|Federation International de Luge de Cursa]] – FIL ** [[Fédération Internationale de Ski|Federation International de Ski]] – FIS ** [[Internationale Biathlon-Union|Union International de Biathlon]] – IBU ** [[Union of European Football Associations|Union del Associationes Europee de Football]] – UEFA == Structura linguistic == === Pronunciation === {{AP|Pronunciation del lingua germanic}} === Alphabeto === {{AP|Alphabeto germanic}} Le alphabeto germanic es le varietate del alphabeto latin que se usa pro scriber le lingua germanic. In le uso standardisate hodierne, illo comprende le 26 litteras fundamental del alphabeto latin, plus le tres vocales umlautate (Ä, Ö, Ü). In Germania, Austria e Luxemburg, assi como inter le minoritates germanophone in Belgio, Danmark (Nordschleswig), Italia (Tirol del Sud) e Polonia (Alta Silesia), se adde le littera Eszett ([[ß]]) (anque appellate “s-acut” o “schart S”). In Suissa e in Liechtenstein, tamen, illo non es plus usate. === Orthographia === {{AP|Orthographia germanic}} === Grammatica === {{AP|Grammatica germanic}} Le lingua germanic ha, in comparation con altere linguas germanic, preservate un ric systema de formas verbal e nominal (flexion), in un extension similar solmente al islandese. Le germano distingue tres genera grammatical (sexos linguistic) pro substantivos, con le quales debe concordar le formas del articulos e adjectivos que los accompania. In plus, iste tres categorias de parolas ha quatro casos grammatical e duo numeros (singular e plural). Un particularitate es le flexion addicional del adjectivos in duo classes, “forte” e “debile”, que depende del typo de articulo que precede. Le germano marca formas pro tempore, persona e modo al verbo, e usa verbos auxiliari pro exprimer ulteriores categorias grammatical. Le verbos appare in un systema ric de prefixos, particulas e altere elementos que forma verbos composte. Typic pro le germano es etiam le numero grande de prepositiones e un inventario multo ample de [[Modalpartikel|particulas modal]] ''(halt, eben, eh)'' e de [[Composita (Grammatica)|compositos lexical]]. {{Vide anque|Terminos grammatical in germano}} === Parolas hereditari, parolas de prestito e parolas estranier === {{AP|Parolas hereditari|Parolas de prestito|Parolas estranier}} Le parolas hereditari (''Erbwörter'') es illas [[Lexema|lexemas]] que, desde le tempore del proto-germanico, ha essite parte continuate del vocabulario del varietates germanic ex le qual se disveloppava le germano moderne. Un grande parte de iste parolas le proto-germanico ipse habeva hereditate ab le proto-indogermanico (o proto-indoeuropeo). Inter le parolas hereditari se trova parolas como ''zwei, Zaun, hundert, Liebe, Zahn'' o ''Vieh''. Le parolas de prestito e estranier, al contrario, non pertine al fundo lexical germanic, sed entrava in le lingua germanic ab altere linguas. Le majoritate de istes proveni ab altere linguas indogermanic/indoeuropeic. Le parolas estranier se distingue del parolas de prestito per lor accentuation, orthographia o pronunciation, que las face recognoscibile como “estranier”. Exemplos de parolas de prestito ab le latino es ''Fenster, Wein, Straße, Ziegel'' o ''Rettich'', durante que ''Pfaffe, Kirche, Graf, Meter'' e ''Thron'' es de origine grec ancian. Alcun parolas de prestito le germano ha recipite ab le [[Lingua hebraic|hebraico]], per exemplo ''dufte'' (de טוֹב ‘bon’) o ''Pleite'' (de פלטה ‘fuga’). Parolas estranier de origine grec ancian es ''Biologie, Theologie, Mathematik, Apotheke, Arktis, Historie, Chronometer, Demokratie'' o ''Arithmetik''. Parolas estranier de origine italian es, per exemplo, ''Bilanz'' e ''Melone''; ab le francese veni ''Garderobe, Toilette'' e ''Pissoir''. Le majoritate del parolas de prestito e estranier in le lingua germanic es etiam de origine indogermanic. Assi, ''Bruch'' e ''Fraktur'' reveni ambe al mesme parola indogermanic. Durante que ''Bruch'' es un parola hereditari germanic, ''Fraktur'' (assi como ''Fraktion'' e ''Fragment'') proveni del latino. Similmente, le parola hereditari ''Joch'' e le parola estranier indian ''Yoga'' ha le mesme radice originari. == Questiones de evaluation == === Germano como lingua official === [[Lingua anglese|Anglese]] non es un [[Lingua official in Germania]]. In decembre 2014, le politico european [[Alexander Graf Lambsdorff]] demandava que, al latere del germano, le lingua anglese esserea recognoscite como [[Lingua administrative|lingua administrative]] e plus tarde etiam como lingua official, pro meliorar le conditiones pro immigrantes qualificate, prevenir le [[carentia de personal specialis]] e facilitar le investitiones.<ref>[http://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/amtssprache-deutsch-berliner-behoerden-machen-es-internationalen-start-ups-nicht-leicht/8011324.html 'Le autoritates berlinese non facilita le vita al start-ups international.''] In: ''Der Tagesspiegel.'' 2 april 2014.</ref> In plure citates e statos federal ja existe offertas in lingua anglese; in alcun locos illa mesmo ha essite elevate al rango de lingua administrative official, como in [[Düsseldorf]] in 2015.<ref>[https://www.liberale.de/content/englisch-als-weitere-verwaltungsspracheEnglisch als weitere Verwaltungssprache Düsseldorfs], Portal del [[Partito liberal democratic (Germania)|FDP]], 6 augusto 2015.</ref> Le accessibilitate del mercato laboral german pro, per exemplo, [[Expatriate|expatriatos]] e studiosos international se vole assi augmentar; iste laboratores ha frequentemente altos ingresos e plus probabilmente restarea in Germania si illes pote comprender e usar melio le administration, pro postea apprender le lingua germanic.<ref>[https://www.welt.de/debatte/kommentare/article135390461/Englisch-muss-unsere-Verwaltungssprache-werden.html ''Le anglese debe devenir nostre lingua administrative.''] In: ''Die Welt.'' Commentario de Alexander Graf Lambsdorff, 15 decembre 2014.</ref> Secundo un inquesta representative de [[YouGov]] del anno 2013, 59 % del germanos approvareva que le lingua anglese obtenerea le stato de lingua official in tote le [[Union European|Union European]].<ref>{{Cita web|autor= |url=https://yougov.de/politics/articles/6885-umfrage-mehrheit-der-deutschen-fur-englisch-als-zw|titel=Inquesta: Majoritate del germanos pro le anglese como secunde lingua official |titelerg= |hrsg=YouGov PLC Institut de recerca de opinion |werk=yougov.de |datum=2013-08-09 |abruf=2025-01-08 |sprache=de}}</ref> Un empleator pote requirer ab un laborator extraniero que ille exerce su activitate in lingua germanic e que ille labora secundo instructiones formulate in germano.<ref>Ministerio bavarese pro economia e medios, energia e technologia: {{Webarchiv |url=http://www.work-in-bavaria.de/fileadmin/user_upload/work-in-bavaria/dokumente/Arbeitgeber-Seite/rz_fachkraeftewegweiser_Endfassung_PDF_121203.pdf text=www.work-in-bavaria.de: ''Brochura de information: Guida pro personal qualificate in Bavaria'' |wayback=20150402141132}} (PDF; 1,75 MB) Januario 2015, p. 157.</ref><ref>Sententia del [[Tribunal federal del labor (Germania)|Tribunal federal del labor]] del 28 januario 2012 – 2 AZR 764/08.</ref> === Evitation del lingua germanic === In le curso del globalisation existe un tendentia a evitar le uso del lingua germanic in le spatio linguistic germanic. Isto non se refere solmente a formas de communication oral o scribite ubi un del participantes non domina sufficientemente le germano o ubi isto es presumite ab initio, ma etiam a situationes ubi le destinatario del communication comprende le germano. Isto occurre in situationes normalisate como le communication radiofonic in le aviation, ma etiam in vaste partes del [[Economia cultural|industria cultural]]. Durante multe tempore in Germania, per exemplo, esseva considerate indecente cantar in germano si le musica non pertineva al generes de [[Schlager]] o [[Musica folkloric]]. Un caso special es representate per le victimas del [[National-socialismo]], que refusa parlar o scriber in germano, mesmo si illes apprendeva iste lingua in lor infantia o juventute. Secundo illes, le germano esseva un lingua que, durante longe tempore, esseva plus “latrate” que parlate. “Tote Europa audiva le latration germanic; illo se ha profundamente imprimite in le memoria del populos”, dice [[Jürgen Trabant]].<ref>Jürgen Trabant: [http://edoc.bbaw.de/files/28/VI_01_Trabant.pdf ''Le lingua latrate: super le germano''] (PDF; 106 kB), presso le Academie Berlin-Brandeburg de scientias.</ref> === “Protection” del lingua germanic === Un [[Politica linguistic|politica linguistic]] active, como es practicata per exemplo in [[Francia]] e [[Islanda]] pro impedir le influxo de anglicismos, non es plus presente in Germania desde le medio del seculo XX. Tamen, ancora hodie in le area linguistic germanic existe [[Cura del lingua#In le area germanic|curatores linguistic]] que se effortia pro proteger le lingua germanic contra le “[[Pansatores linguistic del anno|corruptores linguistic]]”. {{Vide anque|Lista de associationes linguistic germanic}} Pro le promotion del lingua germanic foras del pais labora le [[Instituto Goethe]], le [[Officio central pro le education exterior]] e le [[Servitio germanic de cambio academic|Servitio academic de cambio germanic]] (DAAD). [[Klaus-Dieter Lehmann]], como presidente del Instituto Goethe, exprimiva su preoccupation special pro le germano como [[Lingua scientific|lingua scientific]]. Plus de 90 % del publicationes scientific se face in anglese. Le descriptiones scientific sovente se basa sur imagines e metaphoras del vita quotidian; si iste connexion es rupte in germano, le participation al cognoscentia e le accesso a resultatos scientific per parlatores germanic devenirea periclitante, lo que poterea menaciar le legitimitate del scientia. Lehmann etiam lamentava que le instruction scolari del germano in Germania hodie es reducite in loco de esser expandite. Le lingua germanic, diceva ille, es “con su referentias cultural e litterari reducite plus e plus a un instrumento de communication practic.”<ref>Klaus-Dieter Lehmann: ''Le lingua germanic in le mundo: sempre plus personas la apprende.'' In: ''Der Tagesspiegel.'' 20 augusto 2019, p. 20.</ref> == Vide etiam == {{Interwiki|nomine=germano|codice=de}} * [[Declination german]] == Referentias == {{Reflist|2}} == Ligamines externe == * [http://www.101languages.net/german/ German 101] German for beginners and travelers (English) * [http://www.deutschenglisches.com/ German English Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002025534/http://www.deutschenglisches.com/ |date=2011-10-02 }} {{Linguas germanic}} [[Categoria:Lingua german|Germano]] [[Categoria:Linguas de Europa]] {{pecietta|linguistica}} ehm4kh2ka32fon17aomzlcbxkabx1ax 0 5932 705405 700501 2026-11-02T04:11:55Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 705405 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revision}} {{Infobox/articulo/entitate territorial}} '''Ukra<u>i</u>na''' o '''Ucr<u>a</u>ina''' {{linfoX}} (officialmente: Україна, ''Ukrajina'' [[Alphabeto phonetic international|[ʊkrɐˈjinɐ]]]; usque [[Union Sovietic|1991]]: Украина, ''Ukraina'') es un [[pais]] de Europa oriental que limita al west con [[Moldavia]], [[Romania]], [[Hungaria]], [[Slovachia]], e [[Polonia]], al nord con [[Bielorussia]], e al est con [[Russia]]. Illo ha un area de 603’628 km² — includente [[Crimea]], de facto sub controlo Russe — facente ab illo le plus grande [[pais]] integremente intra [[Europa]].<ref>{{cite book|url= http://books.google.com/?id=owsHh0v-QT4C&pg=PA345&dq=second+largest+European+country+after+%22Russian+federation%22#v=onepage&q=second+largest+European+country+after+%22Russian%20federation%22&f=false |title= Global Clinical Trials |authorlink=Richard Chin |author=Chin, Richard |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |year=2011 |isbn=0-12-381537-1 |page=345}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= http://books.google.com/?id=JXPK9Qp8Yu8C&pg=PT88&dq=Ukraine+second+largest+country+Europe+after+Russia#v=onepage&q=Ukraine%20second%20largest%20country%20Europe%20after%20Russia&f=false |title= Future of Google Earth |authorlink=Chandler Evans |author=Evans, Chandler |publisher=BookSurge |year=2008 |isbn= 1-4196-8903-7 |page=174}}</ref><ref name="UKRCONSUL">{{cite web |title= Basic facts about Ukraine |url= http://www.ukrconsul.org/BASIC_FACTS.htm |publisher= Ukrainian consul in NY |accessdate= 10 November 2010 |archivedate= 26 March 2016 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160326032109/http://ukrconsul.org/BASIC_FACTS.htm }}</ref> Le [[territorio]] de Ukraina esseva habitate durante al minus 44’000 annos,<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/8963177/Neanderthals-built-homes-with-mammoth-bones.html |title=Neanderthals built homes with mammoth bones |work=[[Daily Telegraph]] |location= London |date=18 December 2011 |author= Gray, Richard |accessdate=8 January 2014}}</ref> e le pais esseva candidato pro le [[domestication del cavallo]]<ref>Matossian ''Shaping World History'' p. 43</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://imh.org/index.php/legacy-of-the-horse-full-story/the-domestication-of-the-horse/what-we-theorize-when-and-where-did-domestication-occur/ |title=What We Theorize – When and Where Did Domestication Occur |accessdate=12 December 2010 |work=International Museum of the Horse }}</ref><ref name="cbc.ca">{{cite news |title=Horsey-aeology, Binary Black Holes, Tracking Red Tides, Fish Re-evolution, Walk Like a Man, Fact or Fiction |url=http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/episode/2009/03/07/horsey-aeology-binary-black-holes-tracking-red-tides-fish-re-evolution-walk-like-a-man-fact-or-ficti/|work=Quirks and Quarks Podcast with Bob Macdonald |publisher= CBC Radio |date=7 March 2009|accessdate=18 September 2010}}</ref> e pro le origines del familia linguistic [[Linguas indoeuropee|indoeuropee]]. == Historia == === Prime historia === Le colonisation human in le actual territorio de Ukraina remonta a dezenas de milles de annos. Verso 4500 a.C., le cultura de Cucuteni-Trypillia floreva in grande partes del region. Plus tarde, le area esseva habitate per Cimmerios, Scythas, Sarmatas e altere populos. Colonias grec e roman se developpava al longo del costa del Mar Nigre, dum migrationes slavic formava le population del region durante le prime periodo medieval.<ref name="BritannicaUkraine">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – History''.</ref><ref name="Trypillia">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Cucuteni culture''.</ref> === Rus de Kiev === A partir del seculo IX, le Rus de Kiev emergeva como un importante stato de Europa oriental centrate in Kiev. Sub Vladimir le Grande, le christianismo esseva adoptate in 988, e sub Yaroslav le Sage le stato attingeva su apogeo cultural e politic. Con le tempore, rivalitates interne debilitava le Rus de Kiev, e illo se fragmentava in principatos separate. Invasiones mongol in le seculo XIII devastava Kiev e un grande parte del region. In le sud-west, le Principato de Galicia-Volhynia deveniva un importante stato successor.<ref name="KyivanRus">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Kievan Rus''.</ref> === Dominio estraniero === A partir del seculo XIV, le terras ukrainian passava de plus in plus sub le controlo de [[Polonia]] e [[Lituania]]. Le Confederation Polono-Lituan ganiava le controlo del major parte del territorios ukrainian post 1569. Intertanto, le Khanato de Crimea controlava un grande parte del steppe meridional e duceva a cabo incursiones de sclavos.<ref name="PolandLithuania">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Lithuania and Poland''.</ref><ref name="CrimeanKhanate">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimean Khanate''.</ref> === Hetmanato Cosac === Le communitates cosac cresceva in responsa a tensiones social, religiose e politic sub le dominio polonese. In 1648, Bohdan Khmelnytsky duceva un grande sublevation e establiva le Hetmanato Cosac. In 1654, ille formava un aliantia con le tsar russe. Guerras subsequente debilitava le Hetmanato, e su territorio esseva dividite inter Russia e Polonia. Durante le seculo XVIII, le [[Imperio Russe]] eliminava gradualmente le autonomia cosac, aboliva le Hetmanato e annexava Crimea in 1783. Le territorios ukrainian esseva de plus in plus submittite al russification, dum le regiones occidental passava sub le dominio del Habsburgos.<ref name="Khmelnytsky">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Bohdan Khmelnytsky''.</ref><ref name="Hetmanate">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Hetmanate''.</ref><ref name="Crimea1783">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimea – Russian conquest''.</ref> === Le seculo XIX e le initio del seculo XX === Le seculo XIX videva le crescentia del nationalismo ukrainian e un renascentia cultural ducite per figuras como Taras Shevchenko e Mykhailo Drahomanov. Le lingua e le cultura ukrainian se confrontava con forte restrictiones in le Imperio Russe, dum le conditiones esseva generalmente plus tolerante in le Galicia controlate per le Austriacos.<ref name="UkrainianNationalRevival">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – The 19th century''.</ref> Le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] e le collapso del imperios russe e austro-hungare creava un opportunitate pro le independentia ukrainian. Varios statos ukrainian emergeva, includente le Republica Popular Ukrainian, sed annos de guerra e instabilitate politic finiva con le major parte del territorios ukrainian central e oriental deveniente parte del Ukraina Sovietic. Le terras ukrainian occidental esseva dividite inter [[Polonia]], [[Romania]] e [[Checoslovachia]].<ref name="UkrainianRevolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – The Ukrainian Revolution''.</ref> === Le Ukraina Sovietic e le Holodomor === Ukraina deveniva un republica fundatrice del Union Sovietic. Le annos 1920 apportava initialmente developpamento cultural per medio del ukrainisation, sed isto finiva sub [[Iosif Stalin]]. Collectivisation fortiate, repression e confiscationes de cereales contribueva al fame del Holodomor de 1932–33, in le qual milliones de ukrainianos moriva. Le purgationes sovietic destrueva tamben un grande parte del elite intellectual e cultural de Ukraina.<ref name="Holodomor">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Holodomor''.</ref><ref name="USHMMHolodomor">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, ''The Holodomor''.</ref> === Secunde Guerra Mundial === In 1939–40, le expansion territorial sovietic portava le major parte del terras ukrainian sub un unic autoritate politic pro le prime vice. Le [[Germania Nazi|Germania nazi]] invadeva le [[Union Sovietic]] in 1941, e Ukraina deveniva un del principal campos de battalia del Secunde Guerra Mundial. Milliones de ukrainianos moriva, includente grande numeros de judeos assassinate durante le [[Holocausto]]. Nationalistas ukrainian e movimentos de resistentia combatteva tanto le Germania nazi como le Union Sovietic in differente momentos. Le fortias sovietic recuperava Ukraina in 1944, e le Armea Insurgente Ukrainian continuava le resistentia contra le URSS usque in le annos 1950.<ref name="WWIIUkraine">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – World War II''.</ref><ref name="USHMMUkraine">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, ''Ukraine''.</ref> === Le Ukraina Sovietic del postguerra === Ukraina suffreva un enorme destruction durante le guerra, sed reconstrueva rapidemente su industria. In 1954, [[Crimea]] esseva transferite del RSFS de Russia al RSS de Ukraina. Le politicas sovietic intensificava plus tarde le russification e le repression politic. Ukraina deveniva un importante centro industrial, scientific e militar del URSS. In 1986, le disastro nuclear de Chernobyl deveneva un del pejor accidentes nuclear del mundo.<ref name="CrimeaTransfer">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimea – Transfer to Ukraine''.</ref><ref name="ChernobylIAEA">International Atomic Energy Agency, ''The Chernobyl Accident''.</ref> === Independentia === A mesura que le Union Sovietic se debilitava sub Mikhail Gorbachev, le nationalismo ukrainian e le demandas de soberanitate cresceva. Ukraina declarava su independentia le 24 de augusto 1991, e 92 del votantes supportava le independentia in un referendum le 1 de decembre 1991.<ref name="UkraineIndependence">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Independence''.</ref><ref name="Referendum1991">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Referendum of 1991''.</ref> Le Union Sovietic se dissolveva formalmente plus tarde in ille mense.<ref name="USSRDissolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Soviet Union – Dissolution''.</ref> Le transition a un economia de mercato causava grave difficultates economic, includente hyperinflation e un cadita dramatic del PIB. Le privatisation a grande scala contribueva tamben al ascension de oligarchas potente.<ref name="UkraineEconomy">World Bank, ''Ukraine – Overview and economic history''.</ref> === Ukraina depost 2000 === Le politica ukrainian ha frequentemente essite dividite super le relationes con Russia e le Occidente. Le Revolution Orange (2004) contestava resultatos electoral disputate, dum le protestas de Euromaidan (2013–14) se opponeva al decision del presidente Viktor Yanukovych de abandonar un accordo con le Union Europee. Yanukovych fugeva del pais in februario 2014.<ref name="OrangeRevolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Orange Revolution''.</ref><ref name="Euromaidan">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Euromaidan''.</ref> Russia subsequentemente annexava Crimea e supportava fortias separatista in le Donbas, initiante le Guerra Russo-Ukrainian. In februario 2022, Russia lanceava un invasion a scala complete de Ukraina. Le fortias ukrainian resisteva al invasion e plus tarde recuperava un parte del territorio occupate.<ref name="RussiaUkraine2014">Council on Foreign Relations, ''Ukraine: Conflict at the Crossroads of Europe and Russia''.</ref><ref name="RussiaInvasion2022">United Nations, ''War in Ukraine''.</ref> Desde 2014, Ukraina se ha orientate de plus in plus verso le Union Europee e le OTAN. Illo signava un Accordo de Association con le UE, ganiava le viage sin visa al UE in 2017, e recipeva le stato de candidato al UE in junio 2022.<ref name="EUAssociation">European Union, ''EU-Ukraine Association Agreement''.</ref><ref name="VisaFree">European Commission, ''Visa liberalisation with Ukraine''.</ref><ref name="EUCandidate">European Commission, ''Ukraine – EU candidate status''.</ref> Le guerra con Russia remane le evento definiente del historia contemporanee de Ukraina. == Geographia == Le major parte de Ukrainia se trova super le Planicie de Europa Oriental. Le pais es traversate per importante fluvios, inter illes le Dnieper, le Dniester, le Bug Meridional e le Donets. In le oeste se trova le montanias Carpates, ubi le Hoverla attinge 2 061 metros; in le sud se trova le Montanias de Crimea. Le solo nigre e fertile, cognoscite como chernozem, favorisa le agricultura. Le pais possede anque ressources natural como ligno, gaz natural, kaolino e lithium.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le territorio ha subite varie problemas environmental, includente pollution del aere e del aqua, deforestation e radiation associate con le accidente de Chernobyl. Le guerra contra Russia ha aggravate iste problemas, con destruction de infrastructura e contamination de ecosistemas. Le destruction del barrage de Kakhovka in 2023, per exemplo, alterava profundemente le ecosistemas e le disponibilitate de aqua in le sud.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unep.org/resources/report/environmental-impact-conflict-ukraine-preliminary-review |title=The Environmental Impact of the Conflict in Ukraine: A Preliminary Review |website=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unep.org/resources/report/rapid-environmental-assessment-kakhovka-dam-breach-ukraine-2023 |title=Rapid Environmental Assessment of Kakhovka Dam Breach Ukraine, 2023 |website=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Clima e biodiversitate === Le clima de Ukrainia es generalmente continental humide, con variationes regional. Le nord es plus fresc, le sud plus calide e generalmente plus sic, e le oeste recipe plus precipitation. Le Carpates ha un clima montaniose con pluviar plus abundante. Le cambiamento climatic pote modificar le distribution del precipitation e reducer le disponibilitate de aqua in le estate, particularmente in le regiones meridional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Climate |title=Ukraine — Climate |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Ukrainia possede plure regiones ecologic, includente le foreste de Polesia, le steppe e le wetlands del delta del Danubio. Su territorio alberga numerose species de plantas e animales, ben que multe de illes es menaciate per perdita de habitat, pollution e alterate uso del terra.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Plant-and-animal-life |title=Ukraine — Plant and animal life |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Politica == [[File:Chart Constitution of Ukraine EN.svg|297px|thumb|right|Schema del systema politic de Ukraina]] Ukrainia es un stato unitari con un sistema semi-presidential. Le presidente, le Verkhovna Rada e le Cabinetto de Ministros divide le principal responsabilitates del governamento, con un poter judiciari independente. Le Constitution, adoptate in 1996, establi le principios fundamental del stato e le funcionamento del institutiones public.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Government-and-society |title=Ukraine — Government and society |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254%D0%BA/96-%D0%B2%D1%80?lang=en |title=Constitution of Ukraine |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260918200356/https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254%D0%BA/96-%D0%B2%D1%80?lang=en |archivedate=2026-09-18 |accessdate=2026-09-18}}</ref> === Constitution e governamento === Le presidente es eligite pro un mandato de cinque annos. Le Verkhovna Rada es le parlamento unicameral e consiste de 450 membros. Le prime ministro dirige le governamento, mentre le presidente conserva diverse competentes constitutional, includente certe poderes de nomination. Le autoritates local include consilios e mayores eligite, al latere de administrationes regional e districtual.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.president.gov.ua/en |title=Official website of the President of Ukraine |website=President of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rada.gov.ua/en |title=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |website=Parliament of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> In le annos recente, le guerra e le adoption de medidas extraordinari ha modificate le funcionamento normal del institutiones politic. Organisationes international ha anque signalate problemas concernente le libertate del expression, le functioning del institutiones e le stato del democracia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/ukraine/freedom-world/2026 |title=Ukraine: Freedom in the World 2026 |website=Freedom House |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Divisiones administrative === Le pais es dividite in 24 oblast, al quales se adde le Republica Autonome de Crimea e le citates de Kyiv e Sevastopol con un stato administrative special. Ukrainia considera Crimea e Sevastopol como parte de su territorio, ben que illes es sub control russe desde 2014. Le oblast e Crimea es subdividite in raion e municipalitates.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Government-and-society |title=Ukraine — Government and society |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Relationes exterior === Ukrainia es membro del [[Organisation del Nationes Unite|Nationes Unite]] e participa in le OSCE e in varie iniciativas de cooperation international. Desde le independentia, le pais ha cercate un integration plus profunde con Europa e le structuras transatlantic. Le accordo de association con le Union Europee esseva signate in 2014 e le area de libere commercio associate entrava in vigor in 2016. Ukrainia recipeva le stato de pais candidate al Union Europee in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/ukraine/ |title=Ukraine |website=Council of the European Union |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region/countries-and-regions/ukraine_en |title=EU trade relations with Ukraine |website=European Commission |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le relationes con Russia se deteriorava fortemente post le annexion russe de Crimea e le guerra in le Donbas in 2014, e deveniva ancora plus conflictual post le invasion a grande scala de 2022. Le cooperation de Ukrainia con le Union Europee, le NATO e le Statos Unite ha crescite durante iste periodo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/what-we-do/partnerships-and-cooperation/relations-with-ukraine |title=Relations with Ukraine |website=NATO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Fortias armate === Ukrainia heredava un grande apparato militar del [[Union Sovietic]] e possedeva anque armas nuclear quando deveniva independente. Illo renunciava a su arsenal nuclear durante le annos 1990. Le fortias conventional esseva ulteriormente reducite, ma le cooperation con [[OTAN|NATO]] e le reformas militar se intensificava, particularmente post 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nti.org/countries/ukraine/ |title=Ukraine |website=Nuclear Threat Initiative |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/what-we-do/partnerships-and-cooperation/relations-with-ukraine |title=Relations with Ukraine |website=NATO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le invasion russe de 2022 transformava le fortias armate ukrainian in le principal institution militar del pais. Ukrainia ha recipite importante assistentia militar e financial de altere paises, dum le guerra ha causate numerose mortes, destruction de infrastructura e grandes costos economic.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/what-we-do/partnerships-and-cooperation/natos-support-for-ukraine |title=NATO's support for Ukraine |website=NATO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2026/02/23/updated-ukraine-recovery-and-reconstruction-needs-assessment-released |title=Updated Ukraine Recovery and Reconstruction Needs Assessment Released |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Economia == [[File:Міст Патона з нічною архітектурною підсвіткою та панорама Лівого берега.jpg|297px|thumb|right|Kyiv, le centro financial de Ukraina.]] Le economia ukrainian combina agricultura, industria, extraction minier, energia, fabrication, servicios e technologia del information. Le Union Europee es un del principal socios commercial del pais. Avant le guerra a grande scala, Ukrainia esseva un importante exportator de productos agricole e possedeva un sector industrial e technologic significative.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ukraine/overview |title=Ukraine Overview |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region/countries-and-regions/ukraine_en |title=EU trade relations with Ukraine |website=European Commission |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra ha reducite le production, perturba le commercio e causate importante destruction material. Le reconstruction del pais representa un importante desafio economic, al latere de problemas plus ancian como corruption, debilitate institutional e disparitates regional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2026/02/23/updated-ukraine-recovery-and-reconstruction-needs-assessment-released |title=Updated Ukraine Recovery and Reconstruction Needs Assessment Released |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Agricultura === Ukrainia es un importante productor e exportator de frumento, mais, hordeo, colza e girasole. Le fertilitate de su chernozem rende le agricultura un del pilares del economia. Le guerra ha perturbate le production agricole, le transport del productos e le exportation per le Mar Nere, con consequentias etiam pro le mercatos alimentari international.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ukraine.un.org/en/307994-ukraines-agriculture-cannot-wait-fao-sets-out-three-year-emergency-and-early-recovery-plan |title=Ukraine's agriculture cannot wait: FAO sets out a three-year emergency and early recovery plan |website=United Nations in Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Turismo e transporto === Avant le invasion de 2022, le turismo se concentrava particularmente in Kyiv, Lviv, Odesa, Kamianets-Podilskyi, le Carpatos e le costa del Mar Nigre. Le pais possede numerose castellos, ecclesias, monumentos historic e sitos natural. Le turismo in Crimea declinava fortemente post le annexion russe de 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ukraine.ua/visit/ |title=Visit Ukraine |website=Ukraine.ua |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Ukrainia ha un vaste rete ferroviari e importante vias fluvial, includente le [[Nipro]] e le [[Danubio]]. Le guerra ha damnificate pontes, stratas, ferrovias e portos, e ha limitate le navigation maritime.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ukraine/overview |title=Ukraine Overview |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Energia e technologia del information === Le systema energetic ukrainian depende de energia nuclear, carbon e gaz natural. Le central nuclear de Zaporizhzhia es un del plus grande del mundo. Desde 2022, attaccos e occupationes ha causate importante problemas pro le infrastructura energetic.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/focus/ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=International Atomic Energy Agency |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le sector del technologia del information ha devenite un componente importante del economia. Numerose companias e professionales continuava lor activitate durante le guerra, frequentemente con operationes partialmente transferite verso altere regiones o altere paises.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ukraine/overview |title=Ukraine Overview |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Demographia == Avant le invasion a grande scala, Ukrainia habeva un population de plus de 41 milliones de personas e un population majoritariemente urban. Le population ha diminuite desde le initio del annos 1990 per un combination de basse natalitate, mortalitate e migration. Le censimento de 2001 monstrava un majoritate de ukrainianos, con le rusos como le principal minoritate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/People |title=Ukraine — People |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra in le Donbas e le invasion de 2022 provocava le displaciamento de milliones de personas intra le pais e verso altere paises europee. Le population actual e su distribution geographic es difficile a establir con precision a causa del guerra e del occupation de partes del territorio.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unhcr.org/ua/en |title=Ukraine situation |website=UNHCR |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Areas urban === Kyiv es le plus grande citate del pais. Altere importante citates include Kharkiv, Odesa, Dnipro, Donetsk, Lviv e Zaporizhzhia. Le guerra ha alterate profundemente le population e le conditiones de vita de multe citates, particularmente in le regiones oriental e meridional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Linguas === [[File:Українськомовні1959—2001.gif|297px|thumb|right|Durante le periodo post-Secunde Guerra Mundial, le russification de ucrainianos ethnic, assi como le immigration de massa de russos ethnic, cambiava significativamente le composition ethnic e linguistic del population de Ucraina. Le cambio esseva specialmente evidente in le Donbas, ubi le parlantes de ucrainiano deveniva un minoritate.]] Le ukrainiano es le sol lingua official del pais. Le russo es largamente comprendite e esseva historicamente multo usate, specialmente in le regiones oriental e meridional. Minoritates linguistic include parlatores de romaniano, hungaro e altere linguas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254%D0%BA/96-%D0%B2%D1%80?lang=en |title=Constitution of Ukraine |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260918200356/https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254%D0%BA/96-%D0%B2%D1%80?lang=en |archivedate=2026-09-18 |accessdate=2026-09-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/2704-19 |title=On Supporting the Functioning of the Ukrainian Language as the State Language |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Durante le periodo sovietic, le russo habeva un position dominante in multe dominios del vita public. Post le independentia, le ukrainiano ha ganiate plus grande presentia in le education, le administration e le medios. Le guerra ha accelerate iste transformationes, particularmente in le relation inter lingua, identitate national e cultura.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Language |title=Ukraine — Language |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/2704-19 |title=On Supporting the Functioning of the Ukrainian Language as the State Language |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Diaspora e religion === Un importante diaspora ukrainian existe in [[Europa]], [[America del Nord]] e [[America del Sud]], con grande communitates in paises como Canada, Polonia, le Statos Unite e le Regno Unite. Le guerra ha augmentate rapidemente le numero de ukrainianos residente temporarimente o permanentemente in altere paises.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iom.int/ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=International Organization for Migration |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le [[christianismo]] es le religion predominant. Le ecclesias orthodoxe representa le principal tradition religiose, al latere del Ecclesia Greco-Catholic ukrainian, del [[Ecclesia Catholic|catholicismo roman]] e de communitates protestante. Existe anque communitates judee, musulman e de altere religions. Le distribution religiose varie inter le regiones del pais.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Religion |title=Ukraine — Religion |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Sanitate e education === Le systema de sanitate combina servicios public subventionate e provider private. Reformas ha cercate a modernisar le systema, ma le guerra ha aumentate le demanda de servicios medical, includente le cura de ferites, rehabilitation e supporto psychologic, e ha danificate numerose infrastructuras.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/europe/publications/i/item/WHO-EURO-2026-12416-52190-80173 |title=WHO's response to health emergencies in Ukraine: annual report 2025 |website=World Health Organization |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le education es garantite per le stato e include education general obligatori e education superior. Ukrainia ha un alte taxa de alfabetisation e plure importante universidades, specialmente in [[Kiovia]], Lviv, Kharkiv, Odesa e Chernivtsi. Le pais participa in le Processo de Bologna. Le guerra ha interrompete le education in numerose regiones e ha fortiate multe institutiones a adoptar instruction a distantia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/ukraine-war |title=Rebuilding the foundations of peace in Ukraine |website=UNESCO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Cultura == [[File:80-391-0151 Kyiv St.Sophia's Cathedral RB 18 2 (cropped).jpg|197px|thumb|right|Le Cathedral de Sancte Sophia in Kyiv, un sito del Patrimonio Mundial de UNESCO, es un del principal cathedrals christian in Ukraina.]] Le cultura ukrainian ha radices in le [[Ecclesia Orthodoxe|christianismo orthodoxe]], le traditiones de Kievan Rus', le cultura cosacca e le traditiones popular regional. Le arte, le musica, le litteratura, le architectura e le gastronomia reflecte influentias ukrainian, central-europee, russe e altere.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/The-arts |title=Ukraine — The arts |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Ukrainia possede plure sitos inscribite al Patrimonio Mundial del UNESCO. Le guerra ha causate damage a numerose edificios historic, museos e altere elementos del patrimonio cultural.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/ua |title=Ukraine |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/ukraine-war |title=Rebuilding the foundations of peace in Ukraine |website=UNESCO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Differentiationes regional === Le regiones occidental de Ukrainia ha essite historicamente plus influentiate per le culturas central-europee e per traditiones national ukrainian. Le regiones oriental e meridional ha habite historicamente plus grande contacto con le cultura e le lingua russe. Iste distinctiones ha contribuite a differentias politic e cultural, ben que illos non corresponde a divisiones absolute del societate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra ha modificate multe de iste patrones. Le uso del ukrainiano e le identification con le stato ukrainian ha crescite in diverse communitates, includente personas qui parlava principalmente russo ante le guerra.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Language |title=Ukraine — Language |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Architectura e litteratura === Le architectura ukrainian include influentias [[Byzantium|byzantin]], polon, russe e austro-hungar, insimul con le stilo baroc ukrainian e le architectura del periodo sovietic. Le litteratura ha origines medieval e include autores como Ivan Kotliarevsky e Taras Shevchenko. Durante le periodo sovietic, autores e intellectuales esseva frequentemente subjectate a censura e repression; post le independentia, le litteratura ukrainian ha experimentate un nove periodo de developpamento.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Ukrainian-literature |title=Ukrainian literature |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/The-arts |title=Ukraine — The arts |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Musica, medios e gastronomia === Le musica ukrainian comprende musica popular, classical e contemporanee. Instrumentos traditional como le kobza e le bandura ha un importante rolo cultural. Kyiv es un del principal centros del industria cultural e del medios, e internet e le medios social representa importante canales de information.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/The-arts |title=Ukraine — The arts |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le gastronomia traditional include pratos como borscht, varenyky, holubtsi, nalysnyky e kapusnyak. Pane, patatas, cereales, girasole e salo ha anque un importante rolo in le cuisine traditional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ukrainian-cuisine |title=Ukrainian cuisine |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Sport === Le [[football]] es un del sportes le plus popular in Ukrainia, e le equipa national ha participate in competiciones international importante. Le pais ha anque producite athletas de nivello international in boxeo, includente Oleksandr Usyk, le fratres Klitschko e Vasyl Lomachenko.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Sports-and-recreation |title=Ukraine — Sports and recreation |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Altere disciplinas importante include le atletismo, ubi Serhii Bubka deveniva un figura international, basket-ball e schacchos. Le sport ukrainian ha continuate a functionar malgrado le disruption causate per le guerra.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Sports-and-recreation |title=Ukraine — Sports and recreation |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} {{Paises de Europa}} {{elem|paises del mundo}} [[Categoria:Ukraina| ]] swojr55fbt4iipqovjsjp1xl5a86fiu 0 13537 705398 673168 2026-11-02T01:23:29Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 705398 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/articulo}} '''Naruto''' es un [[anime]] e [[manga]] japonese de [[Masashi Kishimoto]]. == Historia == Iste anime tracta de un puero appellate Uzumaki Naruto, in le etate de 12 annos. Ille nasceva sin familia e su major sonio es devenir le ''kage'' de su village. Su equipa 7 es formate per Sasuke Uchiha, Sakura Haruno e como Maestro Kakashi Hatake. Iste puero ha sigillate in su interior al Kyuubi (appellate etiam le demonio del 9 caudas), qui alicun vice destrueva Konoha, le citate ubi ille vive. Iste historia ha duo partes: "Naruto" e "Naruto Shippuden". In ''Naruto Shippuden'', le personages ha un etate major. Sasuke Uchiha qui pertineva a un clan de prestigio, decideva fugir pro vengiar se. Ab ille puncto, Naruto insimul con Sakura cerca le maniera de traher a su amico e al esser plus forte, ille tosto lo facera. Le serie Shippuden esseva transmittite in [[2009]]. Le technicas dominate per Naruto es ''tajuu kage bunshin no jutsu'' e ''rasengan''. Le patre presupponite de Naruto es Minato, Yondaime. Le amicos de Naruto es Sakura, Sasuke, Iruka, e Kakashi. == Rangos ninja == * '''Academia''' es ninjas del rango plus basse: Konohamaru, Moegi e Udon * '''Genin''' es ninja junior del village: Uzumaki Naruto, Uchiha Sasuke, Haruno Sakura, Yamanaka Ino, Aburame Shino, Inuzuka Kiba, Hyuuga Hinata, Rock Lee, Hyuuga Neji, Tenten, Dosu Kinuta, Zaku Abumi, Tsuchi Kin, Gaara, Temi e Kankurou * '''Chuunin''' es ninjas del medio: Umino Iruka, Mizuki, Nara Shikamaru * '''Jounin''' es le ninjas plus intelligente: Hatake Kakashi, Yiuu Kirenai, Sarutobi Asuma, Might Guy * '''Jounin avantiate''' es le ninjas specialisate in le recollection de information. * '''Sannin''' es 3 ninjas plus forte que un Jounin: Tsunade, Orochimaru e Jiraiya * '''Kage''' es le ninja plus forte de su village. Le ninja del village de Naruto conquire le nomine '''Hokage'''. (ANBU: etiam appellate chassatores mascarate, protege le village, pro mantener le secretos in illo) == Paises == * Pais del Igne - Le pais de Naruto * Pais del Sono - Le pais ubi Orochimaru es leader * Pais del Unda - Le pais de Tazuna * Pais del Aqua - Le pais de Zabuza * Pais del Vento- Le pais de Gaara * Pais del Graminacea * Pais del Pluvia * Pais del Cha * Pais del Terra * Pais del Tonitro == Kages == * '''Hokage''' - Le kage del Village del Follia * '''Kazekage''' - Le kage del Village del Arena * '''Mizukage''' - Le kage del Village del Nive * '''Tsukage''' - Le kage del Village del Petra * '''Raikage''' - Le kage del Village del Fulmine * '''Hoshikage''' - Le kage del Village del Stella == Kekkei Genkai == In le anime e manga ''[[Naruto]]'', un '''kekkei genkai''' es litteralmente "lineage sanguinee avantiate" o "lineage avantiate", e es un proprietate de modification genetic. * Clan Uchiha: Sharingan e Mankeyou Sharingan * Clan Hyuuga: Byakugan == Emissiones == * TV Tokyo - [[Japon]] * Cartoon Network - [[Brasil]], America Latina, [[Statos Unite]] * Jetix - [[Espania]] e le [[Regno Unite]] * SBT - [[Brasil]] * Animax - [[Japon]] * Italia 1 - [[Italia]] == Naruto Shippuuden == Le [[10 de februario]] [[2007]], Masashi Kishimoto creava Naruto Shippuuden, le nove epocha depost de 9 annos e 220 episodios. Le serie conta le historia post duo anos e medie. Uzumaki Naruto es ora plus forte e ha un nove objectivo: salvar Sasuke de Orochimaru. == Ligamines externe == * {{en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20170313191140/http://www.naruto.com/ Sito global] * {{es}} [http://www.allaboutnaruto.com Sito in espaniol] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080507021715/http://www.allaboutnaruto.com/ |date=2008-05-07 }} * {{pt}} [http://www.narutoproject.com Sito in portugese] [[Categoria:Television]] [[Categoria:Programmas de television]] sgi1cxdlhebrmina55jwtl77z8g191d 0 15240 705404 676280 2026-11-02T03:34:56Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 705404 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/articulo/persona}} '''Simone Simons''' (nascite in [[Hoensbroek]] le [[17 de januario]] [[1985]]) es un [[Paises Basse|nederlandese‎]] [[mezzosoprano]]<ref>http://www.allmusic.com/album/r795285</ref> cantatrice le qual es le vocalista principal del ensemble de [[symphonic metal]] [[Epica (banda)|Epica]]. == Biographia == Simons ha tenite un interesse per le musica desde que illa habeva dece annos, e depost de ascoltar le album de [[Nightwish]] ''[[Oceanborn]]'' al etate de dece-cinque, illa comenciava a prender lectiones de canto classic. Illa cantava in un [[choro]] per un par de menses in 2002, e se univa a Epica pronto depost. Illa esseva previemente in un relation romantic con le guitarista de Epica [[Mark Jansen]] e co-scribe le litteras del banda con ille. Illa es actualmente compromittite con [[Oliver Palotai]], [[clavierista]] del banda [[Statos Unite de America|statounitese]] de [[power metal]] [[Kamelot]]. Su canto favorite pro musicar es "Reprendo mai più" per [[Emma Shapplin]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=wanadoo.nl |url=http://home.wanadoo.nl/seventh.son/simone.htm |accessdate=2009-01-03 |archivedate=2006-09-02 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060902024025/http://home.wanadoo.nl/seventh.son/simone.htm }}</ref> In januario de 2008, il esseva annunciate in le sito de internet de Epica que Simone suffere de [[MRSA]]. Isto ha causate que Epica cancella multos de sus shows. In Februario, su condition meliorava, pero non esseva completemente restabilite. In Martio, Epica faceva tour con [[Amanda Somerville]], que reimplaciava a Simons pro su [[Statos Unite|US]] tour<ref name="Epica.nl">[http://www.epica.nl Epica.nl]</ref> usque le 11 de Maio de 2008, quando Simone musicava altere vice in su show in Bibelot, Dordrecht<ref name="Epica.nl"/>. == Discographia == === Con Epica === ==== Albumes ==== * ''[[The Phantom Agony]]'' (2003) * ''[[Consign to Oblivion]]'' (2005) * ''[[The Score - An Epic Journey]]'' (2005) * ''[[The Divine Conspiracy]]'' (2007) ==== Singles ==== * "[[The Phantom Agony (song)|The Phantom Agony]]" (2003) * "[[Feint (song)|Feint]]" (2004) * "[[Cry for the Moon]]" (2004) * "[[Solitary Ground]]" (2005) * "[[Quietus (Silent Reverie)]]" (2005) * "[[Never Enough (Epica song)|Never Enough]]" (2007) * "[[Chasing the Dragon (Epica song)|Chasing the Dragon]]" (2008) ==== DVDs ==== * ''[[We Will Take You with Us]]'' (2004) ==== Altere Lanceamentos ==== * ''[[Cry for the Moon (demo)|Cry for the Moon]]'' (demo, 2003) * ''[[The Road to Paradiso]]'' (book and compilation, 2006) === Apparitiones como invitato === * [[Aina (band)|Aina]] - ''[[Days of Rising Doom]]'' (2003) * [[Kamelot]] - ''[[The Black Halo]]'' in "The Haunting (Somewhere in Time)" and appears in its video (2005) * [[Kamelot]] - ''[[Ghost Opera]]'' in "Blücher" and "Season's End" (2007) * [[Kamelot]] - ''[[One Cold Winter's Night]]''-live CD in "The Haunting (Somewhere in Time)" and appears in the concert DVD-during this song. * [[Primal Fear (band)|Primal Fear]] - ''[[New Religion (album)|New Religion]]'' in "Everytime It Rains" (2007) * [[Ayreon]] - ''[[01011001]]'' in "Web of Lies" (2008) * [[Xystus]] & [[US Concert]] - ''[[Equilibrio]]'' in "Act 1 - My Song of Creation", "Act 2 - Destiny Unveiled" and "Act 2 - God of Symmetry" (2008) == Referentias == <references /> == Ligamines externe == {{commonscat|Simone Simons}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070608144022/http://www.simonesimons.nl/ Official Website] * [http://www.epica.nl/?page=band&show=members&sub=1 Profile at the official Epica site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511011152/http://www.epica.nl/?page=band&show=members&sub=1 |date=2012-05-11 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Simons, Simone}} [[Categoria:Gente nederlandese]] [[Categoria:Cantatores]] [[Categoria:Mezzosoprano]] ds6hcv3h5aoj68y6x7b5tryi5agw0jb 0 16139 705384 693085 2026-11-01T19:36:06Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 705384 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox entitate territorial administrative}} '''Castilia e León''' es un communitate autonome [[Espania|espaniol]] constituite in [[1983]]. Su territorio es situate in le parte nord del plateau del [[peninsula iberic]]. Illo se compone del provincias de [[Provincia de Avila|Avila]], [[Provincia de Burgos|Burgos]], [[Provincia de León|León]], [[Provincia de Palencia|Palencia]], [[Provincia de Salamanca|Salamanca]], [[Provincia de Segovia|Segovia]], [[Provincia de Soria|Soria]], [[Provincia de Valladolid|Valladolid]] e [[Provincia de Zamora|Zamora]]. Es le plus grande communitate autonome de Espania e le tertie region le plus extense de Europa. Como le Statuto de Autonomia de Castilia e León declara in su preambulo (2007): <blockquote> ''La Comunidad Autónoma de Castilla y León surge de la moderna unión de los territorios históricos que componían y dieron nombre a las antiguas coronas de León y Castilla.'' </blockquote> == Historia == === Prehistoria === Varie es le discopertas archeologic que monstra que in le prehistoria iste terras esseva jam habitate. === Antiquitate === Ante le arrivata del romanos, on sape que le territorios que forma hodie Castilia e León esseva occupate per diverse populos celtic, como le vacceos, le autrigones, le vettones, astures o celtiberos. Iste populos luctava con le romanos e il es cognoscite le resistentia de Numantia, juxta Soria. Le romanisation esseva multe importante e forte, e hodie nos ha grande operas de arte roman, principalmente le Aqueducto de Segovia. === Medievo === Post le cadita de Roma, le terras esseva occupate per le populos visigothic e le posterior arrivata del musulmanes e le posterior reconquesta ha multe relation con le composition actual del Peninsula iberic. In le zona montaniose del actual Asturias se formava un parve regno christian que se opponeva al presentia islamic in le Penisnula. Illes se proclamava heredes del reges visigothic, que habeva essite multo romanisate. Iste resistentia christian se expandeva al sud, passante le capital a León e creante le Regno de León. === Etate contemporanee === Le communitate autonome de Castilia e León es le resultato del union in 1983 de novem provincias: le tres que, post le division territorial de 1833, esseva del Region de León e le sex de Castilia la Vetule, exceptante le provincias de Santander (actual Communitate Autonome de [[Cantabria]]) e Logroño (actual Communitate Autonome de [[Le Rioja]]). Con Cantabria se defendeva le creation de un communitate autonome per motivos historic, cultural e geographic, dum in Le Rioja le processo esseva plus complexe pro le existentia de tres vias: * union con Castilia e León. * union a un communitate basco-navarra. * creation de un communitate autonome proprie. Le population appoiava le creation de un communitate autonome e isto esseva lo que eveniva. == Patrimonio linguistic == [[File:Sto Dom de Sil-0.JPG|thumb|Monasterio de Sancto Domingo de Silos]] Per le region percurre grande parte del ''Camino de la Lengua Castellana'', lo que indica le importantia de iste terra in le nascentia e in le disveloppamento del lingua. Respecto al nascentia, in le Monasterio de Sancto Domingo de Silos se conserva le ''Beato de Silos''. In iste monasterio se trova le ''Glosas Silenses''. Etiam in terras castilian se trova le Monasterio de San Pedro de Cardeña, ubi on scribeva le ''Beato de Cardeña''. Anque, le proprie Statuto de Autonomia del Communitate nomina le ''Cartularios de Valpuesta'' como un del cunas del castiliano. Le ''Instituto Castellano y Leonés de la Lengua'' se carga de realisar diverse labores scientific associate. Le Statuto de Autonomia recognosce altere linguas de su territorio in addition al espaniol: * le [[Lingua leonese|leonese]]. * le [[galleciano]]. == Geographia == Le morphologia de Castilia es León es formate per le plateau e un cinctura de relievos montaniose. === Provincias === Castilia e León ha novem provincias: {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} * [[Provincia de León]] * [[Provincia de Palencia]] * [[Provincia de Burgos]] * [[Provincia de Soria]] * [[Provincia de Segovia]] {{col-2}} * [[Provincia de Avila]] * [[Provincia de Salamanca]] * [[Provincia de Zamora]] * [[Provincia de Valladolid]] {{col-end}} == Education == Le education in Castilia e León es un pilar fundamental pro le Junta de Castilia e León e per isto le administration investi plus que le medio espaniol pro haber un juventute preparate. === Universitates === {| class="wikitable" border="1" | ! Public ! Private |- | * [[Universidad de Burgos]] * [[Universidad de León]] * [[Universidad de Salamanca]] * [[Universidad de Valladolid]] * Universidad de Verano de Castilla y León * [[Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia]] | * [[Instituto de Empresa Universidad]] (Segovia) * [[Universidad Católica Santa Teresa de Jesús de Ávila]] * [[Universidad Europea Miguel de Cervantes]] (Valladolid) * [[Universidad Internacional de Castilla y León]] (Burgos) * [[Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca]] |} == Arte == Le communitate de Castilia e León es ric in patrimonio historic e cultural. Pro isto, le proprie Statuto de Autonomia de Castilia e León, in su ultime reforma, collige le necessitate de que le region guarda tote iste ricchessa. Le arte es exemplo del momentos historic de le region. On pote vider le arte romanic e le legato medieval, del Renascentia e baroc, debite al grande importantia del terras que forma hodie Castilia e León in ille epochas historic. === Architectura === [[File:San Martín de Frómista.JPG|thumb|Ecclesia de [[San Martin de Fromista]], representative del arte romanic de Palentia.]] Le architectura de Castilia e León es de grande importantia historic. Il ha multe importante cathedrales, ecclesias e monasterios. In architectura militar, il ha quartieros del officieros como le de Segovia. Ma, le plus importante es le castellos. Terra de castellos, multes distinguite per lor importantia, como le Castello de Peñafiel, le Castello de Frías, le Castello de Fuensaldaña, le Castello de Simancas, le Castello de Cuéllar o le Castello de Coca. De plus, Castilia e León ha tres citates Patrimonio del Humanitate: Segovia, Salamanca e Avila. Il existe anque un importante patrimonio mozarabe como le Monasterio de San Miguel de Escalada o le Real Monasterio de Santa Clara de Tordesillas. In le architectura del Renascentia, on distingue le Palatio de Santa Cruz, sede del rectorato del Universitate de Valladolid. Nos pote anque trovar in Valladolid le Palatio de Fabio Nelli, hodie museo; le Palatio de de Pimentel, actual Diputation de Valladolid e ubi nasceva le rege Philippo II. === Sculptura === Le sculptura es un del brancas artistic ubi plus ha distaccate le artistas del region. Le plus cognoscite es Juan de Juani, Alonso Berruguete e Gregorio Fernández. Illes es sculptores del ''Escuela Castelian'' e le major parte del operas que percurre le stratas durante le Semana Sancte es opera de iste maestros. Durante le Contra-Reforma catholic, reges e episcopos incargava operas a iste sculptores per fomentar le fervor religiose inter le citatanos. Grande operas baroc surgeva in ista region. === Pictura === Le pictura romanic esseva intra le ecclesias, in le muros. Un exemplo es le picturas del Pantheon del Reges de León. Le plus cognoscite es le picturas de San Baudelio de Berlanga in le provincia de Soria. == Communicationes e transportos == === Aeroportos === Castilia e León ha quatro aeroportos de uso civil: # Aeroporto de Valladolid # Aeroporto de León # Aeroporto de Salamanca # Aeroporto de Burgos === Ferrovias === Le rete de ferrovia es multo ample e su principal lineas va desde Madrid usque le cornice cantabric e Gallecia, con stationes in Astorga, Burgos, León, Miranda de Ebro, Palentia, Ponferrada e Valladolif, tote illos importante nodos ferroviari. == Politica == [[File:Juan Vicente Herrera (febrero de 2009).jpg|thumb|150px|[[Juan Vicente Herrera]], presidente del Junta de Castilia e León]] In le actualitate le Communitate es governate per Juan Vicente Herrera, del Partido Popular. Iste partito habeva majoritate absolute in le ultime electiones autonome al cortes de Castilia e León in 2011. Le Partido Socialista de Castilla y León es in le opposition. Su chef es Óscar López. Solo duo partitos plus habeva representation in le Cortes: le Unión del Pueblo Leonés e Izquierda Unida. === Regionalismo castilian-leonese === Le regionalismo castilian-leonese es un movimento politic e cultural cuje scopo es preservar le identitate historic e cultural de Castilia e Leon. === Leonesismo === [[File:Bandera del País Leonés.svg|thumb|220px|Bandiera proponite como le bandiera del Pais Leonese.]] Le leonesismo es un movimento cultural e politic nationalista e regionalista que vole le recognition del antique Regno de León (le provincias de [[Provincia de León|León]], [[Provincia de Zamora|Zamora]] e [[Provincia de Salamanca|Salamanca]]) al qual illos nomina Pais Leonese o Region Leonese como region e nationalitate historic e su establimento como communitate autonome. === Castilianismo === [[File:Castilla nación .jpg|thumb|right|Etiquetta gummate castelianiste. Il es scribite ''Castilia nostre nation''.]] Le castilianismo es un ideologia que promove e preserva le valores proprie e distinctive de [[Castilia]]: traditiones, cultura, integritate territorial e recursos natural e human. == Ligamines externe == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110224050907/http://www.jcyl.es/ Junta de Castilia e León] * [http://www.ccyl.es/ Cortes de Castilia e León] * [http://www.turismocastillayleon.com/ Portal de tourismo de Castilia e León] {{Communitates Autonome de Espania}} [[Categoria:Castilia e León| ]] d1ulxdr8dxtpfjt3j4cudc078draljd 102 18017 705394 702477 2026-11-01T23:12:48Z ListeriaBot 24326 Wikidata list updated [V2] 705394 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q5 . ?item wdt:P1412 wd:Q35934 } |columns=item,label,P18,P569,P570,P21,P1412 |sort=P569 |thumb=48 |links= |references=all |summary=itemnumber }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! item ! label ! imagine ! data de nascentia ! data de morte ! sexo ! linguas parlate o scribite |- | [[:d:Q130757821|Q130757821]] | ''[[:d:Q130757821|Josep Rosselló Ordines]]'' | | data-sort-value="1882" | 1882-10-21 | data-sort-value="1966" | 1966-08-18 | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[esperanto]]<br/>[[Lingua catalan|catalano]]<br/>[[Lingua espaniol|espaniol]]<br/>[[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<br/>[[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q8002100|Q8002100]] | [[Wilhelm Bladin]] | | data-sort-value="1884" | 1884-11-24 | data-sort-value="1968" | 1968-09-16 | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q6015315|Q6015315]] | [[John Nordin (interlinguista)|John Nordin]] | | data-sort-value="1887" | 1887-05-09 | data-sort-value="1983" | 1983-06-29 | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[interlingua]]<br/>[[Ido]] |- | [[:d:Q20723|Q20723]] | [[William Edward Collinson]] | | data-sort-value="1889" | 1889-01-04 | data-sort-value="1969" | 1969-06-05 | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[interlingua]]<br/>[[esperanto]]<br/>[[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q3545427|Q3545427]] | [[Stefano Bakonyi]] | | data-sort-value="1892" | 1892<ref name="ref_07af80eea8b2217349d28e572c0868ba7e82fd43670ad720030deb7c8f6a7a7d">''[[:d:Q1201876|Open Library]]''</ref><ref name="ref_51a2884a7a850194f7d7e318254c10580f3a2ec7623fcd7cbcdba566b226af2e">''[[:d:Q105192847|Biblioteka Narodowa]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1969" | 1969<ref name="ref_07af80eea8b2217349d28e572c0868ba7e82fd43670ad720030deb7c8f6a7a7d">''[[:d:Q1201876|Open Library]]''</ref><ref name="ref_51a2884a7a850194f7d7e318254c10580f3a2ec7623fcd7cbcdba566b226af2e">''[[:d:Q105192847|Biblioteka Narodowa]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q18422|Q18422]] | [[Ric Berger]] | [[File:G RicBerger.gif|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1894" | 1894-08-16<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8c99c49a7fa983c35c3aa1c422e3167238d01d64329cfb24e6fa98bfafb1d3cb">''[[:d:Q41640909|Artists of the World Online]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1984" | 1984-08-04<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_31a940547f64c2a4e0a5895ff7162a98629ee95edfc5731705dc6cbb94f95fe7">''[[:d:Q54919|VIAF]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<br/>[[interlingua]]<br/>[[esperanto]]<br/>[[Interlingue]] |- | [[:d:Q25686690|Q25686690]] | ''[[:d:Q25686690|Jaroslav Podobský]]'' | | data-sort-value="1895" | 1895-04-22<ref name="ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105">''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''</ref><ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref><ref name="ref_3b1979d214f536e48f0133eff16d51bb31544315c4f47b5fdd726d2e9de128ab">''[[:d:Q11293091|Český hudební slovník osob a institucí]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-09-28<ref name="ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105">''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''</ref><ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref><ref name="ref_3b1979d214f536e48f0133eff16d51bb31544315c4f47b5fdd726d2e9de128ab">''[[:d:Q11293091|Český hudební slovník osob a institucí]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[Lingua chec]]<br/>[[esperanto]]<br/>[[Ido]]<br/>[[Interlingue]]<br/>[[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q22001609|Q22001609]] | [[Frank Esterhill]] | | data-sort-value="1896" | 1896 | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q112859|Q112859]] | [[Eugen Wuster]] | [[File:Eugen Wüster 1967.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1898" | 1898-10-10<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1977" | 1977-03-29<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[esperanto]]<br/>[[interlingua]]<br/>[[Lingua german|germano]]<ref name="ref_3a72c37677e0a6924ac9c866f7de9d73b1520f45e12f4f9d164b54527559eb9a">http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122083058</ref><br/>[[Interlingue]] |- | [[:d:Q3942663|Q3942663]] | [[Engelbert Pigal]] | [[File:OCCIDENTAL-Runde Mauer bei Wien 1927 (cropped) - Engelbert Pigal.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1899" | 1899<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1978" | 1978<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q22761|Q22761]] | [[Alexander Gode]] | | data-sort-value="1906" | 1906-10-30<ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970-08-10<ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q12356357|Q12356357]] | [[Valter Ahlstedt]] | | data-sort-value="1908" | 1908-01-13<ref name="ref_fe17a8b4fefcd52df028e7cd6522deb3c942fb5d94a27e77b8d77bc34d967e18">''[[:d:Q137211150|Sveriges dödbok 1800–2024]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="2005" | 2005-04-25<ref name="ref_fe17a8b4fefcd52df028e7cd6522deb3c942fb5d94a27e77b8d77bc34d967e18">''[[:d:Q137211150|Sveriges dödbok 1800–2024]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fe17a8b4fefcd52df028e7cd6522deb3c942fb5d94a27e77b8d77bc34d967e18">''[[:d:Q137211150|Sveriges dödbok 1800–2024]]''</ref> | [[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q739942|Q739942]] | [[Hugh Blair]] | | data-sort-value="1909" | 1909-05-23<ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967-01-28<ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[interlingua]]<br/>[[Lingua anglese|anglese]] |- | [[:d:Q3895054|Q3895054]] | [[André Schild]] | [[File:André Schild.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1910" | 1910-08-01<ref name="ref_ca309088f927c1bcb4a56da699efd177180166b4094c2895ff0ad10e78b90530">https://www.interlingua.com/historia/biographias/schild.htm</ref> | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981-07-13 | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[interlingua]]<br/>[[esperanto]]<br/>[[Lingua francese|francese]]<br/>[[Lingua german|germano]]<br/>[[Interlingue]] |- | [[:d:Q7818187|Q7818187]] | [[Toma Macovei]] | | data-sort-value="1911" | 1911-07-23 | data-sort-value="2003" | 2003-04-25 | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[interlingua]]<br/>[[esperanto]] |- | [[:d:Q11132545|Q11132545]] | [[Alice Morris Sturges]] | | data-sort-value="1911" | 1911-11-12 | data-sort-value="1986" | 1986-07-15 | ''[[:d:Q6581072|feminin]]'' | [[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q140386199|Q140386199]] | ''[[:d:Q140386199|H. P. Frodelund]]'' | | data-sort-value="1912" | 1912<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref> | [[Lingua danese|danese]]<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref><br/>[[interlingua]]<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref><br/>[[esperanto]]<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q24238036|Q24238036]] | ''[[:d:Q24238036|Hannes Hyrenius]]'' | | data-sort-value="1914" | 1914-08-04 | data-sort-value="1979" | 1979-11-09 | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q16016016|Q16016016]] | [[Július Tomin]] | | data-sort-value="1915" | 1915-04-12<ref name="ref_07e31f630494daad23efbf44c732bb66ce7f7fb725d3631117c06a5398102c6c">http://svazky.cz/test/svazkyMT.php?jmeno=Julius&prijm=Tomin&dnar=12.04.1915&hledej=Hledat</ref> | data-sort-value="2003" | 2003-04-07 | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q112539397|Q112539397]] | [[Karel Wilgenhof]] | | data-sort-value="1917" | 1917<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="2009" | 2009<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref> | [[Lingua nederlandese|nederlandese]]<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref><br/>[[interlingua]]<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q18238171|Q18238171]] | [[Sven Axel Sigurd Collberg]] | | data-sort-value="1919" | 1919-09-10 | data-sort-value="2003" | 2003 | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[interlingua]]<br/>[[Lingua svedese|svedese]] |- | [[:d:Q6172158|Q6172158]] | [[Jeanne Martinet]] | | data-sort-value="1920" | 1920-03-24<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="2018" | 2018-11-06<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581072|feminin]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> | [[interlingua]]<br/>[[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q22001610|Q22001610]] | [[René Jacobs]] | | data-sort-value="1920" | 1920-10-04 | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q3440619|Q3440619]] | [[Robert Austerlitz]] | | data-sort-value="1923" | 1923-12-13<ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_51a2884a7a850194f7d7e318254c10580f3a2ec7623fcd7cbcdba566b226af2e">''[[:d:Q105192847|Biblioteka Narodowa]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1994" | 1994-09-09<ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_ae252dccea5cdaaa1379456832ceda432881776d03b668cf65e400a170467893">''[[:d:Q105657727|BiographySampo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_aba585e7bcff5bc07e83f12a27e02523501f205c0eb0b67a27da135bf81e06cd">''[[:d:Q4349956|The National Biography of Finland]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[interlingua]]<br/>[[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<br/>[[Lingua romanian|romaniano]] |- | [[:d:Q24233822|Q24233822]] | ''[[:d:Q24233822|Giovanni Blandino]]'' | | data-sort-value="1923" | 1923-04-14<ref name="ref_996e2ba30a3b0572d837f62195fc3a2ec6264fa5780ae41a75483d05834fa86a">http://catalogo.pusc.it/auth/8904</ref> | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011-02-26<ref name="ref_996e2ba30a3b0572d837f62195fc3a2ec6264fa5780ae41a75483d05834fa86a">http://catalogo.pusc.it/auth/8904</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> | [[interlingua]]<br/>[[Lingua italian|italiano]] |- | [[:d:Q6520710|Q6520710]] | [[Leland Yeager]] | [[File:Yeager.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1924" | 1924-10-04<ref name="ref_8c963042403572a345270af03cf635daf6434fc8281898dd4825c0093cee0a6f">http://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6198k9b</ref> | data-sort-value="2018" | 2018-04-23<ref name="ref_264c3c8a2fdb26e2cfecf5f8435e06253234ac2966a8809180a67c180e63a594">http://economics.virginia.edu/featured-article/43751</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[interlingua]]<br/>[[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_1b0f99fd57fe9cab119191937398ab42099888813675d6410e1093e487cb6d76">''[[:d:Q16744133|CONOR.SI]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q24266701|Q24266701]] | [[Pian Boalt]] | | data-sort-value="1925" | 1925-02-27<br/>1925<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | | ''[[:d:Q6581072|feminin]]''<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q13156522|Q13156522]] | [[Ingvar Stenström]] | | data-sort-value="1928" | 1928-05-19 | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref> | [[interlingua]]<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua svedese|svedese]]<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q24228279|Q24228279]] | [[Bent Andersen]] | | data-sort-value="1930" | 1930-03-17 | data-sort-value="2016" | 2016-03-20 | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q1100696|Q1100696]] | [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)|Jeszenszky Ferenc]] | [[File:Jeszenszky Ferenc.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1932" | 1932-08-22 | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011-04-21 | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q13156563|Q13156563]] | [[Åsmund Knutson]] | | data-sort-value="1933" | 1933-05-12 | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q24233520|Q24233520]] | [[Jonas Negalha]] | | data-sort-value="1933" | 1933-04-26<ref name="ref_a038a894def0a35a72086159eeda90d36c532b4bb42b75f239e3225dd3a2f9ed">''[[:d:Q23833686|Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="2007" | 2007-04-12<ref name="ref_a038a894def0a35a72086159eeda90d36c532b4bb42b75f239e3225dd3a2f9ed">''[[:d:Q23833686|Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q3942656|Q3942656]] | [[Stanley Mulaik]] | | data-sort-value="1935" | 1935-04-09<ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_14315f79fca4f8f3505e2435a3b18200ef70703d3cac7702cbb24610914be43b">https://archive.org/details/whoswhoinsouthso0000unse_k0u4/page/522/mode/2up</ref> | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref> | [[interlingua]]<br/>[[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref><ref name="ref_1b0f99fd57fe9cab119191937398ab42099888813675d6410e1093e487cb6d76">''[[:d:Q16744133|CONOR.SI]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q13156510|Q13156510]] | [[Erik Enfors]] | | data-sort-value="1938" | 1938-03-19 | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q5246750|Q5246750]] | [[Deanna Hammond]] | | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942 | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997 | ''[[:d:Q6581072|feminin]]'' | [[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q6420000|Q6420000]] | ''[[:d:Q6420000|Klavs Neerbek]]'' | | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944 | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[interlingua]]<br/>[[Lingua danese|danese]] |- | [[:d:Q13156511|Q13156511]] | [[F. P. Gopsill]] | | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944 | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q3892121|Q3892121]] | [[Tazio Carlevaro]] | | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-07-27 | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_598a125ab8c8805bad3640e2e2bec5a9d5114952c0b5423a0aff512b443156f7">https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb137633028</ref> | [[esperanto]]<br/>[[interlingua]]<br/>[[Ido]]<br/>[[Lingua italian|italiano]]<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua german|germano]]<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua espaniol|espaniol]]<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q24357899|Q24357899]] | [[Italo Notarstefano]] | | data-sort-value="1947" | 1947<ref name="ref_31a940547f64c2a4e0a5895ff7162a98629ee95edfc5731705dc6cbb94f95fe7">''[[:d:Q54919|VIAF]]''</ref> | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_9db7cdfba6f55a5e2af1041c0df135cfa74542918a43f4a0b01619770b81c070">https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16951616v</ref> | [[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q24233832|Q24233832]] | [[Paolo Castellina]] | | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-06-17 | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q3943006|Q3943006]] | [[Anders Blixt]] | [[File:Anders Blixt på Fantastika, Swecon 2026.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1959" | 1959-03-20<ref name="ref_7f5bbff9df041d88c8b61ec14cbb798b82512ffc53e56e8c973ae72eb0508039">''[[:d:Q1798125|LIBRIS]]''</ref> | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q118904199|Q118904199]] | [[Josu Lavin]] | | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-03-23 | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[Lingua basc|basco]]<br/>[[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q6315154|Q6315154]] | [[Jurij Cherednikov]] | | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964 | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q10995332|Q10995332]] | ''[[:d:Q10995332|Gonçalo Neves]]'' | | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-06-05 | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref> | [[esperanto]]<ref name="ref_9766667fd61e97a9b57e95db4e51637489839a1b4fcc06a298180fda9e57e9c0">''[[:d:Q20481229|Originala Literaturo Esperanta]]''</ref><br/>[[Ido]]<br/>[[Volapük]]<br/>[[interlingua]]<br/>[[Lingua portugese]]<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q58833028|Q58833028]] | [[Carlos Valcárcel Riveiro]] | [[File:Carlos Valcárcel Ribeiro-EMLex Wiktionary HackFest 2018 10.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972-09-03 | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[Lingua espaniol|espaniol]]<br/>[[interlingua]]<br/>[[lingua gallecian]]<br/>[[Lingua portugese]]<br/>[[Lingua francese|francese]] |- | [[:d:Q20605100|Q20605100]] | [[Petyo Angelov]] | | data-sort-value="1978" | 1978-11-07 | data-sort-value="2012" | 2012-05-06 | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q133173137|Q133173137]] | ''[[:d:Q133173137|Júlia Rosell Saldaña]]'' | | data-sort-value="1987" | 1987 | | ''[[:d:Q6581072|feminin]]'' | [[Lingua catalan|catalano]]<br/>[[Lingua espaniol|espaniol]]<br/>[[Lingua latin|latino]]<br/>[[Lingua italian|italiano]]<br/>[[Lingua francese|francese]]<br/>[[Lingua portugese]]<br/>[[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<br/>[[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q56678985|Q56678985]] | ''[[:d:Q56678985|Ivan Camilo Quintero Santacruz]]'' | [[File:Wikimedia Summit 2019 - Portrait Ivan Camilo Quintero Santacruz.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1991" | 1991-02-02 | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[Lingua espaniol|espaniol]]<br/>[[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<br/>[[esperanto]]<br/>[[interlingua]]<br/>[[Lingua catalan|catalano]] |- | [[:d:Q97269314|Q97269314]] | [[Vicente Costalago]] | | data-sort-value="1991" | 1991-11-08<ref name="ref_daf17aed294d56ac2d446d98f35280ea09b0de6a22f6f7cb2e5237a33c615b1a">''[[:d:Q3196878|Cosmoglotta]]''</ref> | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[Lingua franca nova|Lingua Franca Nova]]<br/>[[interlingua]]<br/>[[Interlingue]]<br/>[[Glosa]]<br/>[[Lingua extremaduran]] |- | [[:d:Q3895079|Q3895079]] | [[James Chandler]] | | | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[interlingua]]<ref name="ref_835f6edb72c59e71a29f11dec76a9d0340efa4d857a2b3554759c45e835d7f1f">http://interlanguages.net/interlingua.html</ref> |- | [[:d:Q4727517|Q4727517]] | [[Alix Potet]] | | | | ''[[:d:Q6581072|feminin]]'' | [[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q4776419|Q4776419]] | ''[[:d:Q4776419|Antonio Arocho]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<br/>[[Lingua espaniol|espaniol]]<br/>[[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q11017562|Q11017562]] | [[Eric Ahlström]] | | | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q13156516|Q13156516]] | [[Hugo Fischer]] | | | data-sort-value="1978" | 1978 | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q24228288|Q24228288]] | [[Thomas Breinstrup]] | | | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q24238144|Q24238144]] | [[Selahattin Kayalar]] | | | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q65404522|Q65404522]] | [[Julio Dobkin]] | | | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<br/>[[interlingua]]<br/>[[Portugese brasilian]]<br/>[[Lingua espaniol|espaniol]]<br/>[[Lingua francese|francese]] |} ---- &sum; 57 items. {{Wikidata list end}} ==Lista de parlatores de interlingua - no includite in Wikidata== * [[Christina Brandt]] * [[S. W. Buckhalter]] * [[Julio Dobkin]] * [[Franco de Fraxino]] * [[H. P. Frodelund]] * [[Esbern Hak]] - anagramma de [[Hans Neerbek]] * [[Julio Inquilino]] * [[Martin Lavallée]] * [[Jørgen Lund]] * [[Hermenegildo de la Campa Martínez]] * [[Giovanni Mascellaro]] * [[Carolo Salicto]] * [[Brian C. Sexton]] * [[Aleš Uhlíř]] * [[Raymond Volf]] * [[Jakob Waage]] * [[Marco Waterman]] * [[Ricard Wilshusen]] == Referenties == [[Categoria:Parlatores de interlingua| ]] lags920j1klzeh370p0gi0r89hhe8s4 0 30852 705409 691132 2026-11-02T04:37:48Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 705409 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/articulo}} Le '''Wikipedia in esperanto''' (''Vikipedio'') es le edition de [[Wikipedia]] in le [[Lingua artificial|lingua construite]] [[esperanto]]. Il esseva fundate le 6 de april de 2001 e esseva le dece-prime sito de [[Fundation Wikimedia|Wikimedia]] a esser create, insimul con le [[Wikipedia in basco]]. Le modificationes technic que esseva facite pro permitter le scriptura in le alphabeto de esperanto esseva le initio pro le application del alphabetos de altere linguas e accelerava le passage de tote le Wikipedias a [[Unicode]].<ref>{{Cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119052131/http://blogs.transparent.com/esperanto/unicoding-the-esperanto-wikipedia/ |archivedate=2013-01-19 |title=Unicoding the esperanto Wikipedia (Part 3 of 4) |url=http://blogs.transparent.com/esperanto/unicoding-the-esperanto-wikipedia/ |accessdate=2013-02-15}}</ref><ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2012-12-31/Interview The Signpost: ''Interview with Brion Vibber, the WMF's first employee'']</ref> Le origine del redactores del Wikipedia in esperanto es le plus international de tote le Wikipedias.<ref name="traffic">{{Cite web |title=Wikimedia Traffic Analysis Report - Page Edits Per Wikipedia Language |date=2012-10-11 |url=http://stats.wikimedia.org/wikimedia/squids/SquidReportPageEditsPerLanguageBreakdown.htm |accessdate=2013-02-15 |archivedate=2011-08-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110803213708/http://stats.wikimedia.org/wikimedia/squids/SquidReportPageEditsPerLanguageBreakdown.htm }}</ref> Illo es le {{Ordinal|31}} Wikipedia secundo le numero de articulos e le Wikipedia le plus grande in un [[lingua artificial]].<ref name="statisticas">[http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias Lista de Wikipedias secundo le numero de articulos]</ref> Como in le [[Wikipedia in interlingua]], le Wikipedia in esperanto usa un systema de versiones stabile in le articulos.<ref>[http://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedio:Markitaj_versioj Versiones stabile (Markitaj versioj)]</ref> == Importantia pro le lingua == Le Wikipedia in esperanto es le prime encyclopedia super themas general in esperanto{{Facto|data=2025-12-19}}, illo significa multo pro le communitate de esperanto.{{Facto|data=2025-12-19}} Nonobstante, un grande parte del articulos es traductiones ab altere Wikipedias in linguas national. Le organisationes de esperanto non contribue directemente, ma appoia al Wikipedia in esperanto de altere manieras, per exemplo render disponibile cameras durante conferentias e reuniones pro informar e trainar personas sur Wikipedia. Durante le [[Congresso universal de esperanto|congresso universal]] in [[Rotterdam]] (2008), on faceva duo conferentias de wikipedistas e un presentation durante le conferentia esperantologic.{{Facto|data=2025-12-19}} == Petras milliari == * Le 6 de april de 2001 nasce le Wikipedia in esperanto * Le 5 de decembre de 2003 le Wikipedia in esperanto attinge 10.000 articulos. * Le 7 de julio de 2006 le Wikipedia in esperanto attinge 50.000 articulos. * Le 15 de junio de 2008 le Wikipedia in esperanto attinge 100.000 articulos. * Le 10 de augusto de 2011 le Wikipedia in esperanto attinge 150.000 articulos. * Le 13 de augusto de 2014 le Wikipedia in esperanto attinge 200.000 articulos. * Le 19 de julio de 2021 le Wikipedia in esperanto attinge 300.000 articulos.{{Facto|data=2025-12-19}} == Vide etiam == * [[Wikipedia in interlingua]] == Referentias == <references/> [[Categoria:Wikipedias per lingua|esperanto]] [[Categoria:esperanto]] q7vwy7kj4w66bg4uasmpu9lu7m7ijl0 0 31808 705359 694232 2026-11-01T12:10:42Z Tim Ocean 30221 Tim Ocean ha renominate le pagina [[Consul]] a [[Consule]], superscribente un redirection: Titulo mal orthographiate 694232 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/articulo}} '''Consul'''{{linfo}} esseva le principal magistratura in [[Roma antique]]. Le romanos eligeva duo consules qui servirea per un anno. Le duo alternava in le position supreme cata mense. Cata consul habeva le potestate de veto sur le decisiones de su collega. Post le establimento del principato per Augusto, le rolo de consul deveniva plus symbolic ma le position totevia continuava existente usque al collapso del imperio. Le romanos nominava cata anno secundo su duo consules. {{refer}} {{Roma antique}} [[Categoria:Historia de Roma]] [[Categoria:Titulos]] ezydu17q4bo5t8ty17pi6aiuc4jtgx7 705361 705359 2026-11-01T12:12:00Z Tim Ocean 30221 ort. 705361 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/articulo}} '''Consule'''{{linfo}} esseva le principal magistratura in [[Roma antique]]. Le romanos eligeva duo consules qui servirea per un anno. Le duo alternava in le position supreme cata mense. Cata consule habeva le potestate de veto sur le decisiones de su collega. Post le establimento del principato per Augusto, le rolo de consule deveniva plus symbolic ma le position totevia continuava exister usque al collapso del imperio. Le romanos nominava cata anno secundo su duo consules. {{refer}} {{Roma antique}} [[Categoria:Historia de Roma]] [[Categoria:Titulos]] cu524c6z0y8shk45rpvjuy5noe56ec3 705362 705361 2026-11-01T12:16:50Z Tim Ocean 30221 voc. 705362 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/articulo}} '''Consule'''{{linfo}} esseva le principal officio in [[Roma antique]]. Le romanos eligeva duo consules qui servirea per un anno. Le duo alternava in le position supreme cata mense. Cata consule habeva le potestate de veto sur le decisiones de su collega. Post le establimento del principato per Augusto, le rolo de consule deveniva plus symbolic ma le position totevia continuava exister usque al collapso del imperio. Le romanos nominava cata anno secundo su duo consules. {{refer}} {{Roma antique}} [[Categoria:Historia de Roma]] [[Categoria:Titulos]] 11iya4d3oo89hp70cw1au4wly0qt8fo 0 32281 705408 663060 2026-11-02T04:35:06Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 705408 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} '''Wikidata''' es un [[base de cognoscentia]] [[Wiki|modificate in collaboration]] e implementate per le [[Fundation Wikimedia]]. Illo es concipite pro fornir un fonte commun de typos de datos secur (per exemplo: datas de nascentia) que pote esser usate per projectos Wikimedia como [[Wikipedia]].<ref name="Wikidata Main Page archive"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wikimedia.de/wiki/Pressemitteilungen/PM_3_12_Wikidata_EN |title=Data Revolution for Wikipedia |date=March 30, 2012 |publisher=Wikimedia Deutschland |accessdate=le 11 de septembre 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411005241/https://www.wikimedia.de/wiki/Pressemitteilungen/PM_3_12_Wikidata_EN |archivedate=April 11, 2015 |deadurl=no }}</ref> Isto es simile al maniera que [[Wikimedia Commons]] forni un immagazinage central pro files multimedial pro accesso ab omne projectos Wikimedia. Wikidata es actionate per le software [[:mw:Wikibase|Wikibase]]. == Conceptos == Wikidata es un [[base de datos]] organisate circa elementos. Cata elemento representa un thema (o un pagina administrative usate pro mantener Wikipedia) e es identificate per un numero unic, prefixate per un littera. Per exemplo, le elemento pro le thema [[Politica]] es [[:d:Q7163|Q7163]]. Isto forni le information basic requirite pro identificar le thema que le elemento coperi sin favorir alicun lingua. Le informationes es addite al elementos per le creation de declarationes. Le declarationes prende le forma de pares de [[Valor clave|valores clave]], cata declaration consistente de un proprietate (le clave) e un valor ligate al proprietate. ==Historia del disveloppamento== Le creation del projecto esseva fundate per donationes del [[Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence]], del [[Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation]], e de [[Google, Inc.]], in total 1,3 milliones [[euro]]s.<ref>{{cite news |title=Paul Allen Invests In A Massive Project To Make Wikipedia Better |first=Boonsri |last=Dickinson |url=http://articles.businessinsider.com/2012-03-30/tech/31259697_1_wikimedia-foundation-wikipedia-project |newspaper=Business Insider |date=le 30 de martio 2012 |accessdate=le 11 de septembre 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121213143424/http://articles.businessinsider.com/2012-03-30/tech/31259697_1_wikimedia-foundation-wikipedia-project |archivedate=2012-12-13 |deadurl=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Wikipedia’s Next Big Thing: Wikidata, A Machine-Readable, User-Editable Database Funded By Google, Paul Allen And Others |first=Sarah |last=Perez |url=http://techcrunch.com/2012/03/30/wikipedias-next-big-thing-wikidata-a-machine-readable-user-editable-database-funded-by-google-paul-allen-and-others/ |newspaper=TechCrunch |date=le 30 de martio 2012 |accessdate=le 11 de septembre 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150125061833/http://techcrunch.com/2012/03/30/wikipedias-next-big-thing-wikidata-a-machine-readable-user-editable-database-funded-by-google-paul-allen-and-others/ |archivedate=2015-01-25 |deadurl=no }}</ref> Le disveloppamento initial del projecto es supervisate per [[Wikimedia Deutschland]] e ha essite articulate in tres phases: # Centralisar ligamines interlingual (ligamines inter articulos Wikipedia super le mesme thema in differente linguas) # Fornir un loco central pro datos in quadros de information (''infobox'') # Crear e actualisar articulos de lista basate super le datos de Wikidata ===Phase 1=== [[File:Wikidata layout Phase I.png|thumb|190px<!--(deberea concordar le largessa de cata altere imagine alineate a sinistra)-->|Un arrangiamento del quatro componentes principal de un pagina de Wikidata in phase-1: le etiquetta, description, pseudonymos e ligamines interlingual.]] Wikidata era fundate le 30 de octobre 2012 e era le prime nove projecto del fundation Wikimedia desde 2006.<ref name="Wikidata Main Page archive">[http://www.wikidata.org Wikidata] ({{WebCite|http://www.webcitation.org/6BnYRmONz}})</ref><ref>{{cite mailing list |url=http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata-l/2012-October/001151.html |title=wikidata.org is live (with some caveats) |date=le 30 de octobre 2012 |accessdate=le 3 de novembre 2012 |mailinglist=wikidata-l |last=Pintscher |first=Lydia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Wikipedia data revolution |first=Matthew |last=Roth |url=http://blog.wikimedia.org/2012/03/30/the-wikipedia-data-revolution/ |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation |date=le 30 de martio 2012 |accessdate=le 11 de septembre 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208155709/http://blog.wikimedia.org/2012/03/30/the-wikipedia-data-revolution/ |archivedate=2014-12-08 |deadurl=no }}</ref> A ille tempore, solmente le prime phase esseva disponibile. Isto permitteva de crear elementos e plenar los de informationes basic: un etiquetta (un nomine o titulo, alias), terminos alternative pro le etiquetta, un description, e ligamines a altere articulos re le thema in omne le varie editiones de linguas de Wikipedia. Initialmente, Wikidata esseva simplemente un deposito central de ligamines interlingual. Necun edition de lingua de Wikipedia era capace a acceder Wikidata, necessitante que illos continuava a mantener lor proprie collectiones de ligamines interlingual. Le 14 de januario 2013, le [[Wikipedia in hungaro]] deveniva le prime a activar le provision de ligamines interlingual via Wikidata.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blog.wikimedia.de/2013/01/14/first-steps-of-wikidata-in-the-hungarian-wikipedia/ |title=Prime grados de Wikidata in le Wikipedia Hungare |publisher=Wikimedia Deutschland |date=le 14 de januario 2013 |accessdate=le 15 de januario 2013 |autor=Pintscher, Lydia}}</ref> Iste functionalitate esseva extendite al Wikipedias in [[Wikipedia in hebreo|hebreo]] e [[Wikipedia in italiano|italiano]] le 30 de januario, al [[Wikipedia in anglese]] le 13 de februario e a omne altere Wikipedias le 6 de martio.<!-- --><ref name="wmde 30 jan">{{cite web |url=http://blog.wikimedia.de/2013/01/30/wikidata-coming-to-the-next-two-wikipedias/ |title=Wikidata coming to the next two Wikipedias |publisher=Wikimedia Deutschland |accessdate=le 31 de januario 2013 |author=Pintscher, Lydia}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://blog.wikimedia.de/2013/02/13/wikidata-live-on-the-english-wikipedia/ |title=Wikidata live on the English Wikipedia |publisher=Wikimedia Deutschland |date=le 13 de februario 2013 |accessdate=le 15 de februario 2013 |author=Pintscher, Lydia}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://blog.wikimedia.de/2013/03/06/wikidata-now-live-on-all-wikipedias/ |title=Wikidata now live on all Wikipedias |publisher=Wikimedia Deutschland |date=le 6 de martio 2013 |accessdate=le 8 de martio 2013 |author=Pintscher, Lydia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.golem.de/news/onlineenzyklopaedie-wikidata-ist-fuer-alle-wikipedien-da-1304-98941.html |title=Wikidata ist für alle Wikipedien da |publisher=Golem.de |language=German|accessdate=le 29 de januario 2014}}</ref> <!-- -->Post que nulle consenso esseva attingite re un proposition de restringer le remotion del ligamines interlingual del Wikipedia in anglese,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_talk:Wikidata_interwiki_RFC&oldid=547663432 |title=Wikipedia talk:Wikidata interwiki RFC |date=le 29 de martio 2013 |accessdate=le 30 de martio 2013}}</ref> le facultate pro deler los del Wikipedia anglese esseva accordate a editores automatic ([[Internet bot|bot]]s). === Phase 2 === Le prime aspectos del secunde phase era displicate le 4 de februario 2013, con le introduction del declaration al entratas de Wikidata. Le valores era initialmente limitate a duo typos de datos (elementos e imagines ab Wikimedia Commons), con plus de typos de datos (coordinatas e datas) a sequer plus tarde. Le prime nove typo, ''string'', habeva su initio le 6 de martio.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pintscher|first=Lydia|title=Wikidata/Status updates/2013 03 01|url=http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikidata/Status_updates/2013_03_01|work=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki|publisher=Wikimedia Foundation|accessdate=le 3 de martio 2013}}</ref> Le capacitate del varie editiones linguistic de Wikipedia pro acceder al datos addite a Wikidata como parte del phase 2 esseva implementate progressivemente desde le 27 de martio e le 25 de april 2013. <ref>{{cite web |last=Pintscher |first=Lydia |title=You can have all the data! |url=http://blog.wikimedia.de/2013/03/27/you-can-have-all-the-data/ |publisher=Wikimedia Deutschland |date=le 27 de martio 2013 |accessdate=le 28 de martio 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Wikidata goes live worldwide |publisher=The H |author= |url=http://h-online.com/-1849479 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101031329/http://www.h-online.com/open/news/item/Wikidata-goes-live-worldwide-1849479.html |archivedate=2014-01-01 |date=le 25 de april 2013 |accessdate=2015-01-24 }}</ref> ===Phase 3=== Le phase 3 involvera le querer del base de datos e le creation del listas basate super le datos immagazinate in Wikidata.{{citation needed|date=junio 2014}} ==Galeria== <gallery> File:Datamodel in Wikidata.svg|Iste diagramma monstra le plus importante terminos usate in Wikidata File:Wikidata statements Mars.png|Tres entratas ab Wikidata super le planeta Marte. Le valores include ligamines a altere elementos e a Wikimedia Commons. File:Wikidata's World.webm|Mundo de Wikidata. </gallery> ==Vide etiam== * [[DBpedia]] * [[Freebase]] * [[Semantic MediaWiki]] * [[Wikidata:Wikidata:Glossary|Wikidata:Glossary]] == Lecturas additional == * Denny Vrandečić, Markus Krötzsch: ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20170829042018/http://korrekt.org/papers/Wikidata-CACM-2014.pdf Wikidata: A Free Collaborative Knowledge Base]''. Communicationes del ACM. ACM. 2014 (pre stampa). ==Referentias == <references/> ==Ligamines externe== * [[meta:Wikidata]] – pagina de coordination del projecto a [[Meta-Wiki]] * [//test.wikidata.org Demo] – que le usator prova le stato del disveloppamento currente * [https://lists.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo/wikidata-l Wikidata-l] – Lista de discussion pro le projecto Wikidata * [https://lists.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo/wikidata-bugs Wikidata-bugs] – Lista de reporto del errores pro le projecto Wikidata {{Fundation Wikimedia}} [[Category:Projecto de Wikimedia]] qtkpzk0lbx9189184fui2obgi7e2470 0 33172 705401 684989 2026-11-02T02:17:43Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 705401 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} Le '''Quadro Europee Commun de Referentia re Linguas''' ('''QECRL''') : '''Apprender, Inseniar, Evaluamento''', in [[Lingua anglese|anglese]] ''Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment'' <ref>{{cite book |last1=Council of Europe |year=2011 |title=''Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment''|publisher=Council of Europe|url=http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/linguistic/Cadre1_en.asp}}</ref><ref>''Gemeinsamer europäischer Referenzrahmen für Sprachen: lernen, lehren, beurteilen''. Europarat, Rat für kulturelle Zusammenarbeit, Straßburg 2001, {{ISBN|978-3-468-49469-7}}</ref><ref>{{cita web |título=Marco Común Europeo de Referencia: Presentación |autor=Instituto Cervantes |url=http://cvc.cervantes.es/ensenanza/biblioteca_ele/marco/presentacion.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227191206/http://cvc.cervantes.es/ensenanza/biblioteca_ele/marco/presentacion.htm |archivedate=2014-12-27 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2015-08-31}}</ref> , es un manual usate pro prescriber le capabilitates de studiantes de ''lingua estranie'' in [[Europa]]. Ille esseva commetita de le [[Consilio de Europa]] como parte principal del projecto "Apprender de [[Lingua]]s pro civitate europee" (''Language Learning for European Citizenship'') inter [[1989]] e [[1996]]. Su scopo principal es, proviser un methodo de evaluamento/evaluation e inseniamento, le qual es applicabile a omne linguas in Europa. Le nivellos es describite per descriptiones illustrative, le qual le studiante debe plen-facer per examines. : A nivello basic :: A1 prime passos (''Breaktrough'' o ''beginner'') :: A2 fundamental (''Way stage'' o ''elementary'') : B nivello progredente, ma medie :: B1 cis medie (''Treshold'' o ''intermediate'') :: B2 trans medie (''Vantage'' o ''upper intermediate'') : C nivello professional del usator :: C1 avantiate (''Effective operational proficiency'' o ''advanced'') :: C2 professionalitate (''Mastery'' o '' proficiency'') Un scala/gama plus detale on obtene per le nivellos additional ''A2+, B1+, B2+''. Un nivello ''C2'' non significa, que on haberea attingite un nivello de parlatores native. == Referentias == <references/> ==Ligamines externe== *[http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/linguistic/cadre_fr.asp] C.E. = Conseil de l'Europe, 2001, Un cadre européen commun de référence pour les langues: apprendre, enseigner, évaluer, Didier, {{ISBN|9782278050758}} h2vjv5ppzfmz44h3zdkhm87y4y5n2gs 0 33887 705402 680520 2026-11-02T02:54:24Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 705402 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} '''Richard Nixon''' esseva [[presidente del Statos Unite de America]]. '''Biographia''' Nixon nasceva al ferma de su genitores, Francis e Hannah, in 1913. Ille obteneva un premio pro studiar le lege in le Universitate de Duke e lo completava in 1937. In 1942 ille e su marita resideva in [[Washington, D.C.]], ubi ille laborava in un officio governamental. Ille tosto entrava un schola del armea de mar e deveniva un officiero. Ille passava tempore in le Pacifico durante le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]]. Ille lassava le armea in 1946. In 1946 ille esseva seligite un representante de [[California]] in Washington, D.C. Ille deveniva famose pro laborar contra [[communismo]]. In 1950 ille esseva selegite un senator. In 1952 [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Dwight Eisenhower]] le seligite como su vicepresidente potential e vinceva le election. In 1960 Nixon entrava le campania de presidente contra [[John F. Kennedy]], qui de facto vinceva le election. Postea Nixon practicava le lege in California e le [[Citate de Nove York]]. In 1968 Nixon de novo entrava le campania de presidente, promittente le pace e le fin del [[Guerra de Vietnam]]. Post su election Nixon gradualmente removeva soldatos ex Vietnam. Ille meliorava relationes con le [[Union Sovietic]] e [[China]]. Nixon facilemente vinceva le secunde election. Totevia poc menses post le election, membros del partito Democratic accusava republicanos de secretemente entrar su officios. Nixon sapeva le affair e essayava de celar lo. Un processo legal esseva comenciate. Nixon refusava participation, totevia quando le judicios demandava que ille cederea registrationes, su participation deveniva clar. Nixon quitar le presidentia in 1974. Le vicepresidente [[Gerald Ford]] deveniva le presidente e pardonava tote offensas. Nixon perdeva multe popularitate post le affair. Postea ille continuava labores diplomatic in [[Asia]] e le Union Sovietic. Ille moriva in le Citate de Nove York in 1994. ==Referentias== https://web.archive.org/web/20250627201002/https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/president-nixon https://www.britannica.com/biography/Richard-Nixon https://www.whitehousehistory.org/bios/richard-nixon {{Presidentes del Statos Unite de America}} heki4f1t87yxg3wphtgc8kqaej9139r 102 39840 705387 705142 2026-11-01T21:03:10Z ListeriaBot 24326 Wikidata list updated [V2] 705387 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q15617994 } |wdq= |columns=item,label,P279,P31,description |thumb=32 |links= |references=all }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! item ! label ! subclasse de ! instantia de ! description |- | [[:d:Q5084|Q5084]] | ''[[:d:Q5084|hamlet]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3055118|single entity of population]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q11939023|populated place nucleus]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1497375|architectural ensemble]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q4632675|dwelling place]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q98966309|classification of human settlements]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q6256|Q6256]] | [[pais]] | ''[[:d:Q4835091|territory]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q7275|Q7275]] | [[stato]] | ''[[:d:Q155076|juridical person]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1896989|subject of international law]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q96196009|former or current state]]'' | ''[[:d:Q211606|social structure]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | organisation politic e juridic de un territorio delimitate |- | [[:d:Q7688|Q7688]] | ''[[:d:Q7688|raion]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q12829|Q12829]] | ''[[:d:Q12829|comarca]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<ref name="ref_fb1f64d34c5132f5694317071ca178ed1972feacbb7953a7f9690398b08c1731">''[[:d:Q13219454|Library of Congress Authorities]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q15284|Q15284]] | ''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2659904|government organization]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | division administrative |- | [[:d:Q19576|Q19576]] | ''[[:d:Q19576|wilaya]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q23058|Q23058]] | [[cantones de Switza]] | ''[[:d:Q7631075|entitate territorial administrative de Switza]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q107390|stato federate]]''<br/>[[canton]]<br/>''[[:d:Q192611|districto electoral]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | entitates administrative constituente de Switza |- | [[:d:Q24764|Q24764]] | ''[[:d:Q24764|municipality of the Philippines]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1350310|administrative territorial entity of the Philippines]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3957|burgo]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q43229|organisation]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27002|Q27002]] | ''[[:d:Q27002|selsoviet]]'' | ''[[:d:Q211201|soviet]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q4204491|administrative territorial entity of the Soviet Union]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q31749783|selsoviet]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q14757767|fourth-level administrative division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q28575|Q28575]] | ''[[:d:Q28575|county]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>[[region]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q30059|Q30059]] | ''[[:d:Q30059|arrondissement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q4835091|territory]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q34876|Q34876]] | [[provincia]] | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q42132|Q42132]] | ''[[:d:Q42132|eup]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q44753|Q44753]] | ''[[:d:Q44753|province of Argentina]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3042547|administrative territorial entity of Argentina]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q192611|districto electoral]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q46169|Q46169]] | [[parco national]] | [[parco]]<ref name="ref_420055a4825d3d507a1b1bab63ea8356b7d9c4b38be8887d8bcf27ff32cf86f6">''[[:d:Q52441805|Thesaurus for Graphic Materials]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fb1f64d34c5132f5694317071ca178ed1972feacbb7953a7f9690398b08c1731">''[[:d:Q13219454|Library of Congress Authorities]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q473972|protected area]]''<ref name="ref_fb1f64d34c5132f5694317071ca178ed1972feacbb7953a7f9690398b08c1731">''[[:d:Q13219454|Library of Congress Authorities]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q62059246|public reserve]]''<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q386426|natural heritage]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q137393561|type of park]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q108028209|designation type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q57318|Q57318]] | ''[[:d:Q57318|free imperial city]]'' | [[citate]]<br/>''[[:d:Q26830017|state in the Holy Roman Empire]]''<br/>[[Citate-stato]]<br/>''[[:d:Q13218276|free city]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q61878|Q61878]] | [[barangay]] | ''[[:d:Q1350310|administrative territorial entity of the Philippines]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1761572|barrio]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q86622|Q86622]] | ''[[:d:Q86622|governorate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q17310396|administrative territorial entity of the Russian Empire]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1798622|governorate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q4204491|administrative territorial entity of the Soviet Union]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q102496|Q102496]] | ''[[:d:Q102496|parish]]'' | ''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q121144515|type of religious institution]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q112099|Q112099]] | [[stato insular]] | [[stato]]<br/>[[pais]]<br/>''[[:d:Q111018943|habited island]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q127448|Q127448]] | ''[[:d:Q127448|communa svedese]]'' | ''[[:d:Q914262|administrative territorial entity of Sweden]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10541491|legal form]]''<ref name="ref_5b5ad8eccbd23d32f8151624d3a14f5e5e47154a2fa1fe282807b0648f6c1a3e">https://www.skatteverket.se/foretag/drivaforetag/startaochregistrera/organisationsnummer.4.361dc8c15312eff6fd235d1.html</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | municipalitate in Svedia |- | [[:d:Q131401|Q131401]] | ''[[:d:Q131401|califato]]'' | ''[[:d:Q4204060|stato islamic]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1250464|realm]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1307214|forma de governamento]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q148837|Q148837]] | ''[[:d:Q148837|polis]]'' | [[Citate-stato]]<br/>''[[:d:Q15661340|ancient city]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q149621|Q149621]] | ''[[:d:Q149621|district]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q154547|Q154547]] | [[ducato]] | [[stato]]<br/>[[monarchia]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q161243|Q161243]] | ''[[:d:Q161243|territorio dependente]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q618123|geographical feature]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q165116|Q165116]] | ''[[:d:Q165116|grand duchy]]'' | [[ducato]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q171308|Q171308]] | [[oblast]] | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q182547|Q182547]] | [[provincia del Imperio Roman]] | ''[[:d:Q100205512|administrative territorial entity of ancient Rome]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q161243|territorio dependente]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q183366|Q183366]] | [[Territorio]] | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>[[region]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q191093|Q191093]] | ''[[:d:Q191093|province of South Africa]]'' | ''[[:d:Q4683555|administrative territorial entity of South Africa]]''<br/>[[provincia]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q192611|districto electoral]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q196068|Q196068]] | ''[[:d:Q196068|lordship]]'' | ''[[:d:Q188063|fiefdom]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1550557|manorialism]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q19944802|government structure]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q208500|Q208500]] | [[Principato]] | [[stato]]<br/>[[monarchia]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1550557|manorialism]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q188063|fiefdom]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1307214|forma de governamento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q223573|Q223573]] | ''[[:d:Q223573|barony]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q264441|Q264441]] | ''[[:d:Q264441|Bezirk]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q285181|Q285181]] | ''[[:d:Q285181|eparchy]]'' | ''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1492823|ecclesiastical district]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q94670589|Christian organization]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q22085013|eparchy]]'' | ''[[:d:Q121144515|type of religious institution]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q104098715|territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q313354|Q313354]] | ''[[:d:Q313354|hundred]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q353344|Q353344]] | ''[[:d:Q353344|countship]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q43229|organisation]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q373074|Q373074]] | ''[[:d:Q373074|suffragan diocese]]'' | ''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q665487|diocese]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q374614|Q374614]] | ''[[:d:Q374614|urban district of Great Britain and Ireland]]'' | ''[[:d:Q717478|administrative territorial entity of the United Kingdom]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q398141|Q398141]] | ''[[:d:Q398141|school district]]'' | ''[[:d:Q149621|district]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2385804|educational institution]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q6663997|local education agency]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q399445|Q399445]] | ''[[:d:Q399445|amt]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q451019|Q451019]] | ''[[:d:Q451019|gutsbezirk]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q837766|local authority]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q475050|Q475050]] | [[Districto federal]] | ''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q5214867|federal territory]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q482810|Q482810]] | ''[[:d:Q482810|Special City of Korea]]'' | [[citate]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q483515|Q483515]] | ''[[:d:Q483515|myeon]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41156|administrative territorial entity of South Korea]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q483519|Q483519]] | ''[[:d:Q483519|ri]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41156|administrative territorial entity of South Korea]]''<br/>[[village]]<br/>''[[:d:Q14757767|fourth-level administrative division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q485258|Q485258]] | ''[[:d:Q485258|Statos de Brasil]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10374536|administrative territorial entity of Brazil]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q192611|districto electoral]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | entitates federative de Brasil |- | [[:d:Q490933|Q490933]] | ''[[:d:Q490933|local community]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q177634|community]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q137018865|type of place]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q499073|Q499073]] | ''[[:d:Q499073|direct-controlled municipality]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15092400|independent city]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q515483|Q515483]] | ''[[:d:Q515483|baladiyya]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q515716|Q515716]] | ''[[:d:Q515716|prefecture]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q517267|Q517267]] | ''[[:d:Q517267|commandery]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41761295|administrative territorial entity of China]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q518343|Q518343]] | ''[[:d:Q518343|municipal borough]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1006876|borough in the United Kingdom]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q562061|Q562061]] | ''[[:d:Q562061|market municipality]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q18511725|urbe de mercato]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q609042|Q609042]] | ''[[:d:Q609042|shtetl]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3374262|miasteczko]]''<br/>[[village]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q620225|Q620225]] | ''[[:d:Q620225|apostolic vicariate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q12778511|vicariate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1492823|ecclesiastical district]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q43229|organisation]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q111737478|Catholic ecclesiastical district]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q118905629|type of Roman Catholic institution]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q104086571|first-order class]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q625160|Q625160]] | ''[[:d:Q625160|ecclesiastical province]]'' | ''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q4835091|territory]]''<br/>[[provincia]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q121144515|type of religious institution]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q643589|Q643589]] | ''[[:d:Q643589|departimento]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q687121|Q687121]] | ''[[:d:Q687121|volost]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q688385|Q688385]] | ''[[:d:Q688385|Talschaft]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q718570|Q718570]] | ''[[:d:Q718570|circuit]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q770948|Q770948]] | ''[[:d:Q770948|okres]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q771444|Q771444]] | ''[[:d:Q771444|aul]]'' | ''[[:d:Q136678713|fortified village]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q98966309|classification of human settlements]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q782614|Q782614]] | ''[[:d:Q782614|autonomous region]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q788176|autonomous administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q788176|Q788176]] | ''[[:d:Q788176|autonomous administrative territorial entity]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q817477|Q817477]] | ''[[:d:Q817477|tehsil]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q839328|Q839328]] | ''[[:d:Q839328|fu]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q905280|Q905280]] | ''[[:d:Q905280|pyatina]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q914262|Q914262]] | ''[[:d:Q914262|administrative territorial entity of Sweden]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3268571|administrative territorial entity of a single country]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q923805|Q923805]] | ''[[:d:Q923805|trittys]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q935921|Q935921]] | ''[[:d:Q935921|kaza]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1993723|administrative territorial entity of the Ottoman Empire]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1006876|Q1006876]] | ''[[:d:Q1006876|borough in the United Kingdom]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5195043|borough]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q717478|administrative territorial entity of the United Kingdom]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1070912|Q1070912]] | ''[[:d:Q1070912|zhou]]'' | ''[[:d:Q515716|prefecture]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q41761295|administrative territorial entity of China]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q19832712|historical administrative division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1087624|Q1087624]] | ''[[:d:Q1087624|nahiyah]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1093829|Q1093829]] | ''[[:d:Q1093829|citate del Statos Unite de America]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3327870|municipality in the United States]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q5951278|urban area of the United States]]'' | [[citate]]<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1122846|Q1122846]] | ''[[:d:Q1122846|district of Japan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1850442|administrative territorial entity of Japan]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q149621|district]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q517267|commandery]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1137272|Q1137272]] | ''[[:d:Q1137272|county borough]]'' | ''[[:d:Q717478|administrative territorial entity of the United Kingdom]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1138414|Q1138414]] | ''[[:d:Q1138414|isolated settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q4632675|dwelling place]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2887356|farmyard]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1497364|building complex]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1141653|Q1141653]] | ''[[:d:Q1141653|prowincja]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>[[provincia]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1205915|Q1205915]] | ''[[:d:Q1205915|German Reich within the borders of 31 December 1937]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q17524420|aspect of history]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1209783|Q1209783]] | ''[[:d:Q1209783|shukuba]]'' | ''[[:d:Q786014|rest area]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q63987304|stage station]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1850442|administrative territorial entity of Japan]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q120922181|postal station]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1210300|Q1210300]] | ''[[:d:Q1210300|Mkhare]]'' | ''[[:d:Q244339|administrative territorial entity of Georgia]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1273945|Q1273945]] | ''[[:d:Q1273945|pashalik]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1993723|administrative territorial entity of the Ottoman Empire]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1288520|Q1288520]] | ''[[:d:Q1288520|local council in Israel]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2762194|local government in Israel]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]''<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q98966309|classification of human settlements]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1336152|Q1336152]] | ''[[:d:Q1336152|princely state]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15646492|administrative territorial entity of British India]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3024240|stato preterite]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1371288|vassal state]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1345234|Q1345234]] | ''[[:d:Q1345234|comarca of Spain]]'' | [[Organisation territorial de Espania|entitate territorial administrative de Espania]]<br/>''[[:d:Q12829|comarca]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]''<br/>[[Territorio]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1350181|Q1350181]] | ''[[:d:Q1350181|shire of Scotland]]'' | ''[[:d:Q461231|administrative territorial entity of Scotland]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q19832712|historical administrative division]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q67376938|historic county of the United Kingdom]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1364324|Q1364324]] | ''[[:d:Q1364324|uezd]]'' | ''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1367821|Q1367821]] | ''[[:d:Q1367821|subprefecture]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1427085|Q1427085]] | ''[[:d:Q1427085|okrug]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1462047|Q1462047]] | ''[[:d:Q1462047|vilayet]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1993723|administrative territorial entity of the Ottoman Empire]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q19576|wilaya]]'' | ''[[:d:Q28872924|designation for an administrative territorial entity of a single country]]''<ref name="ref_91c7c23bff8c4dcbdbe5d51fa021788763682add9ec85294b192cf219b99e5bb">https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/vilayet</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1503467|Q1503467]] | ''[[:d:Q1503467|Unrechtsstaat]]'' | [[stato]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1506541|Q1506541]] | ''[[:d:Q1506541|Roman Catholic ecclesiastical region]]'' | ''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q111737478|Catholic ecclesiastical district]]''<br/>[[region]]<br/>''[[:d:Q23955632|Catholic organization]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q118905629|type of Roman Catholic institution]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1541735|Q1541735]] | ''[[:d:Q1541735|former province of Hokkaidō]]'' | ''[[:d:Q860290|province of Japan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1564271|Q1564271]] | ''[[:d:Q1564271|nahiye]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1993723|administrative territorial entity of the Ottoman Empire]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q14757767|fourth-level administrative division]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1087624|nahiyah]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1584957|Q1584957]] | ''[[:d:Q1584957|district of Palermo]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3976662|subdivision of Palermo]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q13582281|circoscrizione di decentramento comunale in Italy]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1631226|Q1631226]] | ''[[:d:Q1631226|settlement council]]'' | ''[[:d:Q948571|organ of state]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q211201|soviet]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1633408|Q1633408]] | ''[[:d:Q1633408|concelho]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q5473816|Q5473816]] | ''[[:d:Q5473816|Crown land]]'' | ''[[:d:Q19832712|historical administrative division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q5571369|Q5571369]] | ''[[:d:Q5571369|quarter of a city in Italy]]'' | ''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2824645|divisiones administrative de Italia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q5639312|Q5639312]] | [[voivodato]] | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q5811429|Q5811429]] | ''[[:d:Q5811429|districto de Managua]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15633191|distrito]]''<ref name="ref_c5c18d02d2456633a865aa182f508540bb9b7fd9b79faec5410bcc187a564713">https://legislacion.asamblea.gob.ni/normaweb.nsf/3133c0d121ea3897062568a1005e0f89/3eeff3b3d65b7dca062570a100578775?OpenDocument=</ref><ref name="ref_2140b8da7d48a7bcf9ae7ac2fa244fac2a7e7090ffd0d9dc0eae783758b76f89">https://legislacion.asamblea.gob.ni/Normaweb.nsf/%28%24All%29/CB601E7A823CA0F2062576C600548A12?OpenDocument</ref><ref name="ref_c1ecf794bf294dbadc7b7cd4a918fce24e3a2a7c515bb0f5aa4e78d3265d6202">https://legislacion.asamblea.gob.ni/Normaweb.nsf/b34f77cd9d23625e06257265005d21fa/09721a4025c41318062570a1005830de</ref> | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<ref name="ref_c5c18d02d2456633a865aa182f508540bb9b7fd9b79faec5410bcc187a564713">https://legislacion.asamblea.gob.ni/normaweb.nsf/3133c0d121ea3897062568a1005e0f89/3eeff3b3d65b7dca062570a100578775?OpenDocument=</ref><ref name="ref_c1ecf794bf294dbadc7b7cd4a918fce24e3a2a7c515bb0f5aa4e78d3265d6202">https://legislacion.asamblea.gob.ni/Normaweb.nsf/b34f77cd9d23625e06257265005d21fa/09721a4025c41318062570a1005830de</ref><ref name="ref_2140b8da7d48a7bcf9ae7ac2fa244fac2a7e7090ffd0d9dc0eae783758b76f89">https://legislacion.asamblea.gob.ni/Normaweb.nsf/%28%24All%29/CB601E7A823CA0F2062576C600548A12?OpenDocument</ref> | typo de unitate territorial de Managua, Nicaragua; septe districtos create per Decreto Executive 421 (1989), reducite a cinque post Lege 329 e le creation de Ciudad Sandino e El Crucero (1999), e reorganisate in septe per Ordination Municipal 03-2009 |- | [[:d:Q5942455|Q5942455]] | ''[[:d:Q5942455|keverang]]'' | ''[[:d:Q19832712|historical administrative division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q6014817|Q6014817]] | ''[[:d:Q6014817|karye]]'' | | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q6024226|Q6024226]] | ''[[:d:Q6024226|metropolitan municipality]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q200250|metropole]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1907114|area metropolitan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q6026936|Q6026936]] | ''[[:d:Q6026936|liva]]'' | | [[Unitate militar]]<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q6063891|Q6063891]] | ''[[:d:Q6063891|partido]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q6100739|Q6100739]] | ''[[:d:Q6100739|administrative territorial entity of Istanbul]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q6104039|Q6104039]] | ''[[:d:Q6104039|región socioeconómica de Costa Rica]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q6106059|Q6106059]] | ''[[:d:Q6106059|Indian republics]]'' | ''[[:d:Q25380035|ethnic community]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1839674|lands inhabited by indigenous peoples]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q6972919|Q6972919]] | ''[[:d:Q6972919|National Government Park]]'' | ''[[:d:Q22746|urban park]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q137393561|type of park]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q7194321|Q7194321]] | ''[[:d:Q7194321|has]]'' | ''[[:d:Q975783|estate in land]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q5473816|Crown land]]''<ref name="ref_268b7068665b16c80a5ae4117de3e05654b47632163243a2af084b0f27b515d0">https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/has--arazi</ref> | ''[[:d:Q19832712|historical administrative division]]''<ref name="ref_268b7068665b16c80a5ae4117de3e05654b47632163243a2af084b0f27b515d0">https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/has--arazi</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q7251287|Q7251287]] | ''[[:d:Q7251287|protected area of Wales]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7251293|protected area of the United Kingdom]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q7251291|Q7251291]] | ''[[:d:Q7251291|protected area of the Northern Territory]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q13406463|lista de Wikimedia]]'' | lista de un projecto de Wikimedia |- | [[:d:Q7375078|Q7375078]] | ''[[:d:Q7375078|royal manor]]'' | ''[[:d:Q196068|lordship]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1550557|manorialism]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q188063|fiefdom]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q7380054|Q7380054]] | ''[[:d:Q7380054|Luak Tanah Mengandung]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q118594136|luak]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q7425963|Q7425963]] | ''[[:d:Q7425963|Satavado]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q7432341|Q7432341]] | ''[[:d:Q7432341|school division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q398141|school district]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q7444705|Q7444705]] | ''[[:d:Q7444705|sector]]'' | ''[[:d:Q219858|zone]]''<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q7495728|Q7495728]] | ''[[:d:Q7495728|shiyakha]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15044339|administrative territorial entity of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q7551933|Q7551933]] | ''[[:d:Q7551933|mahalla]]'' | ''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q5084|hamlet]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]''<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q4286337|city district]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q7631923|Q7631923]] | ''[[:d:Q7631923|subregion]]'' | [[region]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q7703797|Q7703797]] | ''[[:d:Q7703797|Territory of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3253485|administrative territorial entity of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q192611|districto electoral]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q654140|provincias del Republica Democratic del Congo]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q7886462|Q7886462]] | ''[[:d:Q7886462|moshav shitufi]]'' | ''[[:d:Q917146|moshav]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q161387|kibbutz]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q7887960|Q7887960]] | ''[[:d:Q7887960|United Kingdom aircraft registration]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2438179|civil aircraft]]'' | ''[[:d:Q838849|aircraft registration]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q7888177|Q7888177]] | ''[[:d:Q7888177|United Kingdom military aircraft registration mark]]'' | ''[[:d:Q838849|aircraft registration]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q216916|military aircraft]]'' | ''[[:d:Q140396411|military aircraft registration mark]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q8071905|Q8071905]] | ''[[:d:Q8071905|Zillah]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q8242634|Q8242634]] | ''[[:d:Q8242634|Baronía de Cárcer]]'' | | [[Territorio]]<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q8501237|Q8501237]] | ''[[:d:Q8501237|large city]]'' | ''[[:d:Q50231|administrative territorial entity of the People's Republic of China]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q9367715|Q9367715]] | ''[[:d:Q9367715|ulus]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q10139375|Q10139375]] | ''[[:d:Q10139375|Eastern Catholic ecclesiastical province]]'' | ''[[:d:Q111737478|Catholic ecclesiastical district]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q625160|ecclesiastical province]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q427961|metropolis]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q118905629|type of Roman Catholic institution]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q10296503|Q10296503]] | ''[[:d:Q10296503|župa]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q10433151|Q10433151]] | ''[[:d:Q10433151|civic municipality]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1969448|term]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q10466601|Q10466601]] | ''[[:d:Q10466601|Danske grevskaber og baronier]]'' | ''[[:d:Q353344|countship]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q10545864|Q10545864]] | ''[[:d:Q10545864|kism]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15044339|administrative territorial entity of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q10551473|Q10551473]] | ''[[:d:Q10551473|parish union]]'' | ''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q10666776|Q10666776]] | ''[[:d:Q10666776|setting]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q10861243|Q10861243]] | ''[[:d:Q10861243|stamp territory]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q10910840|Q10910840]] | ''[[:d:Q10910840|Ting]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11183787|Q11183787]] | ''[[:d:Q11183787|Ortschaft]]'' | ''[[:d:Q253019|Ortsteil]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11385643|Q11385643]] | ''[[:d:Q11385643|ho]]'' | ''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q29428403|pentad]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11396088|Q11396088]] | ''[[:d:Q11396088|bunkoku]]'' | ''[[:d:Q860290|province of Japan]]''<br/>[[Territorio]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11414697|Q11414697]] | ''[[:d:Q11414697|myō]]'' | ''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11424278|Q11424278]] | ''[[:d:Q11424278|autonomous ward (Japan)]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1850442|administrative territorial entity of Japan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11479488|Q11479488]] | ''[[:d:Q11479488|Industrial District]]'' | ''[[:d:Q30921518|use districts]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1662024|industrial district]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11479490|Q11479490]] | ''[[:d:Q11479490|Exclusive Industrial District]]'' | ''[[:d:Q30921518|use districts]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11480694|Q11480694]] | ''[[:d:Q11480694|urbanization promotion area]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11643682|city planning area of Japan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q16142566|city planning (Japan)]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q116691874|area classification (Japan)]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11480695|Q11480695]] | ''[[:d:Q11480695|urbanization control area]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11643682|city planning area of Japan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q116691874|area classification (Japan)]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q16142566|city planning (Japan)]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11488831|Q11488831]] | ''[[:d:Q11488831|mikuriya]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1887569|shōen]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11564383|Q11564383]] | ''[[:d:Q11564383|Quasi-residential District]]'' | ''[[:d:Q30921518|use districts]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11564397|Q11564397]] | ''[[:d:Q11564397|Quasi-industrial District]]'' | ''[[:d:Q30921518|use districts]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11564414|Q11564414]] | ''[[:d:Q11564414|quasi-city planning area]]'' | ''[[:d:Q28692710|state territory]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11564415|Q11564415]] | ''[[:d:Q11564415|Quasi-fire Prevention District]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11570788|Q11570788]] | ''[[:d:Q11570788|special use district]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q473972|protected area]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11570918|Q11570918]] | ''[[:d:Q11570918|Specified Block]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11602099|Q11602099]] | ''[[:d:Q11602099|Category 1 Medium-to-high-rise Exclusive Residential District]]'' | ''[[:d:Q30921518|use districts]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11602100|Q11602100]] | ''[[:d:Q11602100|Category 1 Residential District]]'' | ''[[:d:Q30921518|use districts]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11602101|Q11602101]] | ''[[:d:Q11602101|Category 1 Low-rise Exclusive Residential District]]'' | ''[[:d:Q30921518|use districts]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11602320|Q11602320]] | ''[[:d:Q11602320|Category 2 Medium-to-high-rise Exclusive Residential District]]'' | ''[[:d:Q30921518|use districts]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11602321|Q11602321]] | ''[[:d:Q11602321|Category 2 Low-rise Exclusive Residential District]]'' | ''[[:d:Q30921518|use districts]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11602322|Q11602322]] | ''[[:d:Q11602322|Category 2 Residential District]]'' | ''[[:d:Q30921518|use districts]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11602738|Q11602738]] | ''[[:d:Q11602738|suji]]'' | ''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11607807|Q11607807]] | ''[[:d:Q11607807|Ryokuchi hozen chiiki]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q5162954|conservation designation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11631303|Q11631303]] | ''[[:d:Q11631303|hyō]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11639125|Q11639125]] | ''[[:d:Q11639125|Neighborhood Commercial District]]'' | ''[[:d:Q30921518|use districts]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11643597|Q11643597]] | ''[[:d:Q11643597|Special Districts for Urban Renaissance]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11643682|Q11643682]] | ''[[:d:Q11643682|city planning area of Japan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q28692710|state territory]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11649786|Q11649786]] | ''[[:d:Q11649786|railway zone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1192403|concession]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11657023|Q11657023]] | ''[[:d:Q11657023|Fire Prevention District]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11664885|Q11664885]] | ''[[:d:Q11664885|ryō]]'' | ''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11665558|Q11665558]] | ''[[:d:Q11665558|Scenic districts]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q759882|protected landscape area]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q858308|Cultural Property of Japan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11668267|Q11668267]] | ''[[:d:Q11668267|駐車場整備地区]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11669892|Q11669892]] | ''[[:d:Q11669892|High-level Use District]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11669894|Q11669894]] | ''[[:d:Q11669894|Height Control District]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11916810|Q11916810]] | ''[[:d:Q11916810|Deli en Serdang]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11970574|Q11970574]] | ''[[:d:Q11970574|Country (Norwegian history)]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q12033861|Q12033861]] | ''[[:d:Q12033861|Lokalie]]'' | ''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q121144515|type of religious institution]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q12039398|Q12039398]] | ''[[:d:Q12039398|městská část]]'' | ''[[:d:Q4286337|city district]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q12132320|Q12132320]] | ''[[:d:Q12132320|Енпуç ен]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q12409827|Q12409827]] | ''[[:d:Q12409827|Territory of the Tribe of Manasseh]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q104442652|territory of a tribe]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q12479773|Q12479773]] | ''[[:d:Q12479773|first-level administrative country subdivision in Indonesia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1434505|administrative territorial entity of Indonesia]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q12479774|Q12479774]] | ''[[:d:Q12479774|second-level administrative country subdivision in Indonesia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1434505|administrative territorial entity of Indonesia]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3299260|local government area]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q12724246|Q12724246]] | ''[[:d:Q12724246|cnezat]]'' | [[Principato]] | ''[[:d:Q1307214|forma de governamento]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q12778511|Q12778511]] | ''[[:d:Q12778511|vicariate]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1492823|ecclesiastical district]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q12910663|Q12910663]] | ''[[:d:Q12910663|srez]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q12978349|Q12978349]] | ''[[:d:Q12978349|Special Grade Municipalities]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q13058507|Q13058507]] | ''[[:d:Q13058507|subdivision of West Bengal]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q13358528|Q13358528]] | ''[[:d:Q13358528|fiscal district]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q10947702|administrative territorial entity of Song dynasty]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q16077826|administrative territorial entity of Jin dynasty]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q11387891|administrative territorial entity of the Yuan Empire]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q718570|circuit]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q13526752|Q13526752]] | ''[[:d:Q13526752|lugar]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11939023|populated place nucleus]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3257686|localitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3055118|single entity of population]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q98966309|classification of human settlements]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q13646349|Q13646349]] | ''[[:d:Q13646349|Government (Dutch East Indies)]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q14777355|Q14777355]] | ''[[:d:Q14777355|mahalla of Bangladesh]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2271985|administrative territorial entity of Bangladesh]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q7551933|mahalla]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q14916058|Q14916058]] | ''[[:d:Q14916058|territory]]'' | [[Territorio]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q15253706|Q15253706]] | ''[[:d:Q15253706|city]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q7930989|city or town]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q15630906|Q15630906]] | ''[[:d:Q15630906|rural district]]'' | ''[[:d:Q149621|district]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q15637757|Q15637757]] | ''[[:d:Q15637757|mahakuma]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q15649504|Q15649504]] | ''[[:d:Q15649504|satrapy]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1371288|vassal state]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q15725677|Q15725677]] | ''[[:d:Q15725677|pedanía]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q98966309|classification of human settlements]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q15727673|Q15727673]] | ''[[:d:Q15727673|city district of Hanover]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2740635|Stadtbezirk]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q15728204|Q15728204]] | ''[[:d:Q15728204|province of Saudi Arabia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15623255|administrative territorial entity of Saudi Arabia]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1771656|mintaqa]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q15894786|Q15894786]] | ''[[:d:Q15894786|United States administrative division type]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q15901936|Q15901936]] | ''[[:d:Q15901936|district of South Korea (autonomous)]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q149621|district]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q41156|administrative territorial entity of South Korea]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q15903862|Q15903862]] | ''[[:d:Q15903862|縣轄區]]'' | ''[[:d:Q149621|district]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q28872924|designation for an administrative territorial entity of a single country]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q16118675|Q16118675]] | ''[[:d:Q16118675|حي شعبي]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15642541|human-geographic territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q16142566|Q16142566]] | ''[[:d:Q16142566|city planning (Japan)]]'' | ''[[:d:Q69883|urbanistica]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q69883|urbanistica]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q16181672|Q16181672]] | ''[[:d:Q16181672|special autonomous city in South Korea]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41156|administrative territorial entity of South Korea]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]''<br/>[[citate]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q16638537|Q16638537]] | ''[[:d:Q16638537|мястэчка]]'' | ''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q16646034|Q16646034]] | ''[[:d:Q16646034|episcopal vicariate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12778511|vicariate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q121144515|type of religious institution]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q16652878|Q16652878]] | ''[[:d:Q16652878|zaimka]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3257686|localitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q16846820|Q16846820]] | ''[[:d:Q16846820|Imperial city]]'' | ''[[:d:Q57318|free imperial city]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q16915726|Q16915726]] | ''[[:d:Q16915726|mesoregion]]'' | [[region]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q17051044|Q17051044]] | ''[[:d:Q17051044|mahalle]]'' | ''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2916486|administrative territorial entity type of Turkey]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q17130641|Q17130641]] | ''[[:d:Q17130641|syssel]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q17143723|Q17143723]] | ''[[:d:Q17143723|Catholic parish]]'' | ''[[:d:Q102496|parish]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''<ref name="ref_077f98c9b6834479313df83a5999c3486ebb74fd613105ca4b4d0d994ab4f2d8">''[[:d:Q7005198|New Advent]]''</ref><ref name="ref_077f98c9b6834479313df83a5999c3486ebb74fd613105ca4b4d0d994ab4f2d8">''[[:d:Q7005198|New Advent]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q13358519|parish]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q23955632|Catholic organization]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q43229|organisation]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q118905629|type of Roman Catholic institution]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q17147958|Q17147958]] | ''[[:d:Q17147958|intendency]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q17208868|Q17208868]] | ''[[:d:Q17208868|都市再生緊急整備地域]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q17217734|Q17217734]] | ''[[:d:Q17217734|tenaga]]'' | ''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q17299748|Q17299748]] | ''[[:d:Q17299748|Vulka]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q17319258|Q17319258]] | ''[[:d:Q17319258|presidency of British India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2385925|presidencies and provinces in British India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3558349|presidency]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q17361443|Q17361443]] | ''[[:d:Q17361443|administrative territorial entity of a state of the United States]]'' | [[divisiones politic del Statos Unite]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q17990737|Q17990737]] | ''[[:d:Q17990737|Landscape Districts]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q759882|protected landscape area]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q18199255|Q18199255]] | ''[[:d:Q18199255|Amtskommune]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q18658990|Q18658990]] | ''[[:d:Q18658990|Ke-tsng-siā-hiunn]]'' | ''[[:d:Q18652293|Pó-lí-hiong-ò]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3268571|administrative territorial entity of a single country]]'' | ''[[:d:Q18658211|administrative territorial entity of Taiwan under Qing rule]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10915529|administrative division of Taiwan under Japanese rule]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q18729324|Q18729324]] | ''[[:d:Q18729324|razyezd]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q19563262|Q19563262]] | ''[[:d:Q19563262|county of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q64606162|administrative territorial entity of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q26654367|former county]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q19610511|Q19610511]] | ''[[:d:Q19610511|township]]'' | ''[[:d:Q141104744|geopolitical region]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q19703730|Q19703730]] | ''[[:d:Q19703730|district-notary office]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q19832689|Q19832689]] | ''[[:d:Q19832689|îlot]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15642541|human-geographic territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q19868905|Q19868905]] | ''[[:d:Q19868905|administrative territorial entity of Minas Gerais]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10374536|administrative territorial entity of Brazil]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q19905455|Q19905455]] | ''[[:d:Q19905455|borough]]'' | ''[[:d:Q688718|administrative territorial entity of Quebec]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q14757767|fourth-level administrative division]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q5195043|borough]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q30059|arrondissement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q19939940|Q19939940]] | ''[[:d:Q19939940|ban]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41156|administrative territorial entity of South Korea]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15640612|fifth-level administrative division]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q5084|hamlet]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q19941361|Q19941361]] | ''[[:d:Q19941361|tong]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41156|administrative territorial entity of South Korea]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q14757767|fourth-level administrative division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q20113851|Q20113851]] | ''[[:d:Q20113851|gun]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q20180964|Q20180964]] | ''[[:d:Q20180964|franciscan custody]]'' | ''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q20203616|Q20203616]] | ''[[:d:Q20203616|Indian reservation]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1839674|lands inhabited by indigenous peoples]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q57237926|reservation]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q25380035|ethnic community]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q20541692|Q20541692]] | ''[[:d:Q20541692|settlement in Galicia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3257686|localitate]]''<br/>[[village]]<br/>[[Organisation territorial de Espania|entitate territorial administrative de Espania]]<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]]<ref name="ref_1fbd72c043ce0480eaea53a397388f5226d3cd78ac056c09e7b89586971eb320">''[[:d:Q3306957|Galician Statute of Autonomy of 1981]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<ref name="ref_1fbd72c043ce0480eaea53a397388f5226d3cd78ac056c09e7b89586971eb320">''[[:d:Q3306957|Galician Statute of Autonomy of 1981]]''</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q20826981|Q20826981]] | ''[[:d:Q20826981|Rural community (local government)]]'' | ''[[:d:Q387917|administrative divisions of Germany]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q175185|rural area]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q20986707|Q20986707]] | ''[[:d:Q20986707|cantred]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q21039427|Q21039427]] | ''[[:d:Q21039427|boma]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15623929|administrative territorial entity of South Sudan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q21619677|Q21619677]] | ''[[:d:Q21619677|amanate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q6501447|local government]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q21824758|Q21824758]] | ''[[:d:Q21824758|ga]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41156|administrative territorial entity of South Korea]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q21824871|Q21824871]] | ''[[:d:Q21824871|ro]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41156|administrative territorial entity of South Korea]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q22085013|Q22085013]] | ''[[:d:Q22085013|eparchy]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q22693483|Q22693483]] | ''[[:d:Q22693483|Pflegamt]]'' | ''[[:d:Q643589|departimento]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q23827464|Q23827464]] | ''[[:d:Q23827464|centre of Saudi Arabia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15623255|administrative territorial entity of Saudi Arabia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q24024848|Q24024848]] | ''[[:d:Q24024848|eup of South Korea]]'' | ''[[:d:Q42132|eup]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q41156|administrative territorial entity of South Korea]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q24026248|Q24026248]] | ''[[:d:Q24026248|участок]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q24859699|Q24859699]] | ''[[:d:Q24859699|総合区]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1850442|administrative territorial entity of Japan]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q29925520|borough of Japan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q24949989|Q24949989]] | ''[[:d:Q24949989|Zonal Council]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q24953176|Q24953176]] | ''[[:d:Q24953176|special administrative region]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q161243|territorio dependente]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q25377531|Q25377531]] | ''[[:d:Q25377531|Territorial Authority]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q25532202|Q25532202]] | ''[[:d:Q25532202|amlak]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q25537045|Q25537045]] | ''[[:d:Q25537045|khaganate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q417175|regno]]'' | ''[[:d:Q17362920|Wikimedia duplicated page]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q26262476|Q26262476]] | ''[[:d:Q26262476|third-level administrative country subdivision in Indonesia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1434505|administrative territorial entity of Indonesia]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q26912005|Q26912005]] | ''[[:d:Q26912005|regio]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15642541|human-geographic territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27254663|Q27254663]] | ''[[:d:Q27254663|Station village]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27254666|Q27254666]] | ''[[:d:Q27254666|urban-type settlement by the railway station]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27295972|Q27295972]] | ''[[:d:Q27295972|посёлок железнодорожной платформы]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27517998|Q27517998]] | ''[[:d:Q27517998|маяк]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27518087|Q27518087]] | ''[[:d:Q27518087|казарма]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27518260|Q27518260]] | ''[[:d:Q27518260|монтёрский пункт]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27518266|Q27518266]] | ''[[:d:Q27518266|метеостанция]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27518282|Q27518282]] | ''[[:d:Q27518282|гидрологический пост]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27518287|Q27518287]] | ''[[:d:Q27518287|контрольный пункт связи]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27518793|Q27518793]] | ''[[:d:Q27518793|железнодорожный блокпост]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27526294|Q27526294]] | ''[[:d:Q27526294|железнодорожный пост]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27526303|Q27526303]] | ''[[:d:Q27526303|лесной посёлок]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27531730|Q27531730]] | ''[[:d:Q27531730|kordon]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27532791|Q27532791]] | ''[[:d:Q27532791|railway booth]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27532818|Q27532818]] | ''[[:d:Q27532818|railway barracks]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27537456|Q27537456]] | ''[[:d:Q27537456|железнодорожный дом]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27537502|Q27537502]] | ''[[:d:Q27537502|посёлок лесоучастка]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27566198|Q27566198]] | ''[[:d:Q27566198|остановочная платформа]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27577201|Q27577201]] | ''[[:d:Q27577201|железнодорожная платформа]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27587207|Q27587207]] | ''[[:d:Q27587207|city municipality]]'' | ''[[:d:Q192287|administrative divisions of Russia]]''<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27587491|Q27587491]] | ''[[:d:Q27587491|urban-type settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15078955|urban-type settlement in Russia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27588300|Q27588300]] | ''[[:d:Q27588300|железнодорожная площадка]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27588331|Q27588331]] | ''[[:d:Q27588331|state farm settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q28081313|Q28081313]] | ''[[:d:Q28081313|municipality section]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q28517354|Q28517354]] | ''[[:d:Q28517354|sesma]]'' | ''[[:d:Q19832712|historical administrative division]]''<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q28683636|Q28683636]] | ''[[:d:Q28683636|High-rise residential Attraction District]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q28754498|Q28754498]] | ''[[:d:Q28754498|chōme]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5327369|chōchō]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q29925520|Q29925520]] | ''[[:d:Q29925520|borough of Japan]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q29946056|Q29946056]] | ''[[:d:Q29946056|highly urbanized city]]'' | ''[[:d:Q104157|city of the Philippines]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q30674761|Q30674761]] | ''[[:d:Q30674761|Australian marine park]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2616170|marine reserve]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q30749622|Q30749622]] | ''[[:d:Q30749622|archpriesthood]]'' | ''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q385337|deanery]]'' | ''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q30928563|Q30928563]] | ''[[:d:Q30928563|邑]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q7884789|toponym]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q30943418|Q30943418]] | ''[[:d:Q30943418|城]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q31835971|Q31835971]] | ''[[:d:Q31835971|Munizipalität]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q31883575|Q31883575]] | ''[[:d:Q31883575|amt]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q33146843|Q33146843]] | ''[[:d:Q33146843|municipality of Catalonia]]'' | [[municipalitates de Espania]]<br/>''[[:d:Q11917457|subdivisions of Catalonia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q42692874|Q42692874]] | ''[[:d:Q42692874|Verwaltungsbezirk]]'' | ''[[:d:Q264441|Bezirk]]''<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q47795905|Q47795905]] | ''[[:d:Q47795905|Piarist province]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2029182|province of a religious order]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q109612062|territorial demarcation of the Pious Schools]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q48760287|Q48760287]] | ''[[:d:Q48760287|Countryside Residential District]]'' | ''[[:d:Q30921518|use districts]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q48784221|Q48784221]] | ''[[:d:Q48784221|collación]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1761572|barrio]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1626455|parroquia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q48816145|Q48816145]] | ''[[:d:Q48816145|sector of Islamabad]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7444705|sector]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q51041800|Q51041800]] | ''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1530022|organisation religiose]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q121144515|type of religious institution]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q52063214|Q52063214]] | ''[[:d:Q52063214|provincial park]]'' | ''[[:d:Q473972|protected area]]''<br/>[[parco]]<br/>''[[:d:Q728904|nature park]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q137393561|type of park]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q52226526|Q52226526]] | ''[[:d:Q52226526|Roede van Harelbeke]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>[[canton]] | |- | [[:d:Q55237813|Q55237813]] | ''[[:d:Q55237813|village of New York]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q751708|village in the United States]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q47682|administrative territorial entity of New York]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q55998242|Q55998242]] | ''[[:d:Q55998242|administrative region of Quebec]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3455524|region administrative]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q56205755|Q56205755]] | ''[[:d:Q56205755|district of Rotuma]]'' | ''[[:d:Q149621|district]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q56271507|Q56271507]] | ''[[:d:Q56271507|鎮]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q58446572|Q58446572]] | ''[[:d:Q58446572|electoral division of County Galway]]'' | ''[[:d:Q192611|districto electoral]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q58872171|Q58872171]] | ''[[:d:Q58872171|baronía]]'' | ''[[:d:Q9008644|Ancient Regime of Spain]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q43229|organisation]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q188063|fiefdom]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q223573|barony]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q61478101|administrative territorial entity of the Crown of Castile]]'' | ''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q60843390|Q60843390]] | ''[[:d:Q60843390|subdivision of Odisha]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q61089180|Q61089180]] | ''[[:d:Q61089180|municipal part of the Czech Republic]]'' | ''[[:d:Q115252541|part of a municipality in Czech Republic and Slovakia]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3507889|administrative territorial entity of the Czech Republic]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q61763780|Q61763780]] | ''[[:d:Q61763780|administrative territorial entity of Aragon]]'' | [[Organisation territorial de Espania|entitate territorial administrative de Espania]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q63645004|Q63645004]] | ''[[:d:Q63645004|territorial autonomy]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1307214|forma de governamento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q65251207|Q65251207]] | ''[[:d:Q65251207|Territory of the Tribe of Benjamin]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q104442652|territory of a tribe]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q65281628|Q65281628]] | ''[[:d:Q65281628|行政区]]'' | ''[[:d:Q137773|ward of Japan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q65522058|Q65522058]] | ''[[:d:Q65522058|府藩県]]'' | ''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1850442|administrative territorial entity of Japan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q66661665|Q66661665]] | ''[[:d:Q66661665|governorate of Saudi Arabia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15623255|administrative territorial entity of Saudi Arabia]]''<ref name="ref_80b3aaf6e6432e022cda75644619f938b777b2cf758fa0e768d75257f71be855">''[[:d:Q105518758|Law of Provinces]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1798622|governorate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1764608|muhafazah]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q28872924|designation for an administrative territorial entity of a single country]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q66980180|Q66980180]] | ''[[:d:Q66980180|macrohood]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q66980952|Q66980952]] | ''[[:d:Q66980952|microhood]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15642541|human-geographic territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q69935452|Q69935452]] | ''[[:d:Q69935452|town of Taiwan under Japanese rule]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10915529|administrative division of Taiwan under Japanese rule]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q69936911|county of Taiwan under Japanese rule]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10910840|Ting]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q69935538|Q69935538]] | ''[[:d:Q69935538|village of Taiwan under Japanese rule]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10915529|administrative division of Taiwan under Japanese rule]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q69936911|county of Taiwan under Japanese rule]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10910840|Ting]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q85882297|Q85882297]] | ''[[:d:Q85882297|Exceptional Floor Area Ratio District]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q86725643|Q86725643]] | ''[[:d:Q86725643|fumoto]]'' | ''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q86726256|Q86726256]] | ''[[:d:Q86726256|province cartusienne]]'' | ''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2029182|province of a religious order]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q90511324|Q90511324]] | ''[[:d:Q90511324|Franciscan province (O.F.M.)]]'' | ''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2029182|province of a religious order]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q92157630|Q92157630]] | ''[[:d:Q92157630|school sector]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q93389881|Q93389881]] | ''[[:d:Q93389881|región sanitaria de Cataluña]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q96196009|Q96196009]] | ''[[:d:Q96196009|former or current state]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1063239|polity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q97344267|Q97344267]] | ''[[:d:Q97344267|Поселение]]'' | ''[[:d:Q192287|administrative divisions of Russia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q102104752|Q102104752]] | ''[[:d:Q102104752|city of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]'' | ''[[:d:Q843752|political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15042037|statistical territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q102131920|Q102131920]] | ''[[:d:Q102131920|thikana]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1336152|princely state]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q104442652|Q104442652]] | ''[[:d:Q104442652|territory of a tribe]]'' | [[region]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q104530683|Q104530683]] | ''[[:d:Q104530683|Pusta]]'' | ''[[:d:Q175185|rural area]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q104711456|Q104711456]] | ''[[:d:Q104711456|Трудовая коммуна (РСФСР)]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q105063846|Q105063846]] | ''[[:d:Q105063846|part of the municipality part]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3507889|administrative territorial entity of the Czech Republic]]''<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q105985227|Q105985227]] | ''[[:d:Q105985227|省]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q106078286|Q106078286]] | ''[[:d:Q106078286|component city]]'' | ''[[:d:Q104157|city of the Philippines]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q106079704|Q106079704]] | ''[[:d:Q106079704|independent component city]]'' | ''[[:d:Q104157|city of the Philippines]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q106458883|Q106458883]] | ''[[:d:Q106458883|state]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q107390|stato federate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q106458918|Q106458918]] | ''[[:d:Q106458918|parish]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q106531650|Q106531650]] | ''[[:d:Q106531650|province]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]''<br/>[[provincia]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q106532582|Q106532582]] | ''[[:d:Q106532582|territory]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q106533981|Q106533981]] | ''[[:d:Q106533981|district]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q106534046|Q106534046]] | ''[[:d:Q106534046|dependency]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q106592151|Q106592151]] | ''[[:d:Q106592151|national nature park]]'' | [[parco national]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q106698210|Q106698210]] | ''[[:d:Q106698210|arrondissement of Cameroon]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3360771|administrative territorial entity of Cameroon]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q106889447|Q106889447]] | ''[[:d:Q106889447|ardiaconate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q19832712|historical administrative division]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q107484850|Q107484850]] | ''[[:d:Q107484850|alcaldía mayor]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q107759421|Q107759421]] | ''[[:d:Q107759421|mountain hamlet]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q5084|hamlet]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q107918234|Q107918234]] | ''[[:d:Q107918234|městský obvod]]'' | ''[[:d:Q4286337|city district]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q108000498|Q108000498]] | ''[[:d:Q108000498|part of municipality in Czechoslovakia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q20724760|administrative territorial entity of Czechoslovakia]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q108379543|Q108379543]] | ''[[:d:Q108379543|Fauna and Flora Sanctuary]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1790016|protected area of Colombia]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q179049|nature reserve]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q108494671|Q108494671]] | ''[[:d:Q108494671|Greek catholic parish]]'' | ''[[:d:Q102496|parish]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q163740|nonprofit organization]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1530022|organisation religiose]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q109562558|Q109562558]] | ''[[:d:Q109562558|salesian province]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2029182|province of a religious order]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q109586943|Q109586943]] | ''[[:d:Q109586943|Capuchin province]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2029182|province of a religious order]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q109587150|Q109587150]] | ''[[:d:Q109587150|Conventual Franciscan province]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2029182|province of a religious order]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q109593182|Q109593182]] | ''[[:d:Q109593182|province of the Order of Preachers]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2029182|province of a religious order]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<ref name="ref_11f0eddf37fa068d6459534293196ef29db5f4ec33a8062b36139827c576f973">https://www.op.org/provincias/?lang=es#1559123084713-8a1110dd-2fca</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q109612062|Q109612062]] | ''[[:d:Q109612062|territorial demarcation of the Pious Schools]]'' | ''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1492823|ecclesiastical district]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q109612325|Q109612325]] | ''[[:d:Q109612325|vice-province]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110158634|Q110158634]] | ''[[:d:Q110158634|Сєлѥниѥ градьска тѷпа]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2989457|urban-type settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110256042|Q110256042]] | ''[[:d:Q110256042|police-administered area]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15044339|administrative territorial entity of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q114839325|police administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110256333|Q110256333]] | ''[[:d:Q110256333|new city of Egypt]]'' | ''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1074523|planned community]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15044339|administrative territorial entity of Egypt]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110390579|Q110390579]] | ''[[:d:Q110390579|city of United Kingdom]]'' | [[citate]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110946229|Q110946229]] | ''[[:d:Q110946229|dong]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q111081341|Q111081341]] | ''[[:d:Q111081341|waterfront district (Japan)]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q111264878|Q111264878]] | ''[[:d:Q111264878|demarcación paisajística]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15642541|human-geographic territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q111737478|Q111737478]] | ''[[:d:Q111737478|Catholic ecclesiastical district]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1492823|ecclesiastical district]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q23955632|Catholic organization]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q4835091|territory]]''<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q118905629|type of Roman Catholic institution]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q112245920|Q112245920]] | ''[[:d:Q112245920|полицейская часть]]'' | ''[[:d:Q17310396|administrative territorial entity of the Russian Empire]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q112945489|Q112945489]] | ''[[:d:Q112945489|circaria]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q113386230|Q113386230]] | ''[[:d:Q113386230|independent subprovince]]'' | ''[[:d:Q330425|sanjak]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1993723|administrative territorial entity of the Ottoman Empire]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q113388921|Q113388921]] | ''[[:d:Q113388921|privileged Ottoman province]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1993723|administrative territorial entity of the Ottoman Empire]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q113389351|Q113389351]] | ''[[:d:Q113389351|mutasarrifate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1993723|administrative territorial entity of the Ottoman Empire]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q113389576|Q113389576]] | ''[[:d:Q113389576|nahiye seat]]'' | ''[[:d:Q470540|seat]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q113390156|Q113390156]] | ''[[:d:Q113390156|kaza seat]]'' | ''[[:d:Q470540|seat]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q113390205|Q113390205]] | ''[[:d:Q113390205|sanjak seat]]'' | ''[[:d:Q470540|seat]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1306755|centro administrative]]''<ref name="ref_8f744e3de8e53df3722302465cf1f48e542fd72eabe15b2c2796f7dfba6618c6">''[[:d:Q61720929|Encyclopaedia of Islam, 3rd edition]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q113390253|Q113390253]] | ''[[:d:Q113390253|vilayet seat]]'' | ''[[:d:Q470540|seat]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q113660981|Q113660981]] | ''[[:d:Q113660981|Otok (administrative unit)]]'' | ''[[:d:Q946868|Tumen]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q115252541|Q115252541]] | ''[[:d:Q115252541|part of a municipality in Czech Republic and Slovakia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q115916908|Q115916908]] | ''[[:d:Q115916908|electoral area of British Columbia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q175185|rural area]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q17457753|census subdivision in Canada]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q115943990|Q115943990]] | ''[[:d:Q115943990|Colonias of Cuautitlan Izcalli]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5148198|colonia of Mexico]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q116007761|Q116007761]] | ''[[:d:Q116007761|land district of British Columbia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3750285|administrative territorial entity of Canada]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q18346622|cadastral division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q116215378|Q116215378]] | ''[[:d:Q116215378|free city]]'' | ''[[:d:Q57318|free imperial city]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q13218276|free city]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q116691874|Q116691874]] | ''[[:d:Q116691874|area classification (Japan)]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11643682|city planning area of Japan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q117209621|Q117209621]] | ''[[:d:Q117209621|commune of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3253485|administrative territorial entity of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q192611|districto electoral]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q117350247|Q117350247]] | ''[[:d:Q117350247|Commercial District in Japan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q30921518|use districts]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q5152545|commercial area]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1133961|commercial district]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q117351014|Q117351014]] | ''[[:d:Q117351014|災害危険区域]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q117351402|Q117351402]] | ''[[:d:Q117351402|歴史的風土特別保存地区]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q117351444|Q117351444]] | ''[[:d:Q117351444|第一種歴史的風土保存地区]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q118593746|Q118593746]] | ''[[:d:Q118593746|Luak Berundang]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q118594136|Q118594136]] | ''[[:d:Q118594136|luak]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q118601355|Q118601355]] | ''[[:d:Q118601355|Luak Beradat]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q119146498|Q119146498]] | ''[[:d:Q119146498|Colonias of State of Mexico]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5148198|colonia of Mexico]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q120410026|Q120410026]] | ''[[:d:Q120410026|Local Educational Management Unit]]'' | ''[[:d:Q149621|district]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2385804|educational institution]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q6663997|local education agency]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q122146132|Q122146132]] | ''[[:d:Q122146132|special green space conservation districts]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q23790|natural monument]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q179049|nature reserve]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q5162954|conservation designation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q122911647|Q122911647]] | ''[[:d:Q122911647|territorial episcopal vicariate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q16646034|episcopal vicariate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12778511|vicariate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q4835091|territory]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q111737478|Catholic ecclesiastical district]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q121144515|type of religious institution]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q118905629|type of Roman Catholic institution]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q122955538|Q122955538]] | ''[[:d:Q122955538|treding]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q122956696|Q122956696]] | ''[[:d:Q122956696|subdivision of Sikkim]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q105626471|subdistrict of India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q122987727|Q122987727]] | ''[[:d:Q122987727|subdivision of Lakshadweep]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q105626471|subdistrict of India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q122987729|Q122987729]] | ''[[:d:Q122987729|subdivision of Manipur]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q105626471|subdistrict of India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q123009250|Q123009250]] | ''[[:d:Q123009250|community development block of Tamil Nadu]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2775236|community development block in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q123340192|Q123340192]] | ''[[:d:Q123340192|pobláu]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3257686|localitate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q123553915|Q123553915]] | ''[[:d:Q123553915|part of National Government Park]]'' | ''[[:d:Q6972919|National Government Park]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q124022543|Q124022543]] | ''[[:d:Q124022543|Kotar]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q124098638|Q124098638]] | ''[[:d:Q124098638|Roman Catholic ecclesiastical province]]'' | ''[[:d:Q111737478|Catholic ecclesiastical district]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q625160|ecclesiastical province]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q23955632|Catholic organization]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q118905629|type of Roman Catholic institution]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q124466626|Q124466626]] | ''[[:d:Q124466626|Gokusho Urban Landscape Formation District]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q676050|old town]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2221906|geographic location]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q473972|protected area]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q124474738|Q124474738]] | ''[[:d:Q124474738|Jōtenji-dōri Urban Landscape Formation District]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2221906|geographic location]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q473972|protected area]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q124669069|Q124669069]] | ''[[:d:Q124669069|division of Madhya Pradesh]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q124958590|Q124958590]] | ''[[:d:Q124958590|arrondissement de Brazzaville]]'' | ''[[:d:Q30059|arrondissement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125352368|Q125352368]] | ''[[:d:Q125352368|村镇]]'' | ''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125626392|Q125626392]] | ''[[:d:Q125626392|revenue division in Tamil Nadu]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125626445|Q125626445]] | ''[[:d:Q125626445|revenue division in Andhra Pradesh]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125626476|Q125626476]] | ''[[:d:Q125626476|revenue division in Telangana]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125627541|Q125627541]] | ''[[:d:Q125627541|revenue division in Kerala]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125631936|Q125631936]] | ''[[:d:Q125631936|subdivision of Bihar]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125631953|Q125631953]] | ''[[:d:Q125631953|subdivision of Uttar Pradesh]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907346|Q125907346]] | ''[[:d:Q125907346|division of Uttar Pradesh]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907347|Q125907347]] | ''[[:d:Q125907347|division of Jharkhand]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907349|Q125907349]] | ''[[:d:Q125907349|division of Chhattisgarh]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907350|Q125907350]] | ''[[:d:Q125907350|division of Rajasthan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907351|Q125907351]] | ''[[:d:Q125907351|division of Haryana]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907352|Q125907352]] | ''[[:d:Q125907352|division of Jammu And Kashmir]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907353|Q125907353]] | ''[[:d:Q125907353|division of Bihar]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907354|Q125907354]] | ''[[:d:Q125907354|division of Assam]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907355|Q125907355]] | ''[[:d:Q125907355|division of Odisha]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907356|Q125907356]] | ''[[:d:Q125907356|division of Delhi]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907357|Q125907357]] | ''[[:d:Q125907357|division of Maharashtra]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907359|Q125907359]] | ''[[:d:Q125907359|division of Himachal Pradesh]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907360|Q125907360]] | ''[[:d:Q125907360|division of Karnataka]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907362|Q125907362]] | ''[[:d:Q125907362|division of Meghalaya]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907363|Q125907363]] | ''[[:d:Q125907363|division of Arunachal Pradesh]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907364|Q125907364]] | ''[[:d:Q125907364|division of Ladakh]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907365|Q125907365]] | ''[[:d:Q125907365|division of Punjab]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907368|Q125907368]] | ''[[:d:Q125907368|division of Uttarakhand]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907369|Q125907369]] | ''[[:d:Q125907369|division of Nagaland]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125918906|Q125918906]] | ''[[:d:Q125918906|subdivision of Maharashtra]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125919325|Q125919325]] | ''[[:d:Q125919325|subdivision of Uttarakhand]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125919353|Q125919353]] | ''[[:d:Q125919353|subdivision of Jharkhand]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125923559|Q125923559]] | ''[[:d:Q125923559|subdivsion of Gujarat]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q126896673|Q126896673]] | ''[[:d:Q126896673|district of South Korea (non-autonomous)]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q149621|district]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q41156|administrative territorial entity of South Korea]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q127229284|Q127229284]] | ''[[:d:Q127229284|Ammany of Brussels]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q127378230|Q127378230]] | ''[[:d:Q127378230|isolated dwelling in Latvia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q109779065|human settlement in Latvia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q128477938|Q128477938]] | ''[[:d:Q128477938|haengjeongmyeon]]'' | ''[[:d:Q483515|myeon]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q128807925|Q128807925]] | ''[[:d:Q128807925|arban]]'' | [[village]]<br/>''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q98966309|classification of human settlements]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q130241638|Q130241638]] | ''[[:d:Q130241638|каймаканство]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q130376174|Q130376174]] | ''[[:d:Q130376174|ri (administrative)]]'' | [[village]]<br/>''[[:d:Q41156|administrative territorial entity of South Korea]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q130458414|Q130458414]] | ''[[:d:Q130458414|郷]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q130616842|Q130616842]] | ''[[:d:Q130616842|circoscrizione di Ravenna]]'' | ''[[:d:Q13582281|circoscrizione di decentramento comunale in Italy]]''<ref name="ref_dd65dee6a537ba0e05d1f1ed5316bd12d7968992a988c0fc93b55df5d013f4e0">https://www.comune.ra.it/il-comune/decentramento/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q132730984|Q132730984]] | ''[[:d:Q132730984|commune of Burundi]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3266850|commune]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q192611|districto electoral]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q132732881|Q132732881]] | ''[[:d:Q132732881|administrative territorial entity of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3268571|administrative territorial entity of a single country]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q133800978|Q133800978]] | ''[[:d:Q133800978|praefectura]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15644911|administrative territorial entity of the Roman Empire]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q134552029|Q134552029]] | ''[[:d:Q134552029|Pana (Meitei culture)]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q135009855|Q135009855]] | ''[[:d:Q135009855|sub-tehsil]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q135111350|Q135111350]] | ''[[:d:Q135111350|district]]'' | ''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q135112192|Q135112192]] | ''[[:d:Q135112192|parish annex]]'' | ''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q135299026|Q135299026]] | ''[[:d:Q135299026|territorial unit (uban) of a Tbilisi district]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<ref name="ref_71c6998a0c78646412338731cf5df74a1762d1601988206b4d7e04c6c89b3f5f">https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/2602734</ref> | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<ref name="ref_71c6998a0c78646412338731cf5df74a1762d1601988206b4d7e04c6c89b3f5f">https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/2602734</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q135415335|Q135415335]] | ''[[:d:Q135415335|Hêm]]'' | ''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q135437929|Q135437929]] | ''[[:d:Q135437929|hetmanate]]'' | [[stato]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q135447139|Q135447139]] | ''[[:d:Q135447139|Verbrecherstaat]]'' | [[stato]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q135451523|Q135451523]] | ''[[:d:Q135451523|mezraa]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q135455595|Q135455595]] | ''[[:d:Q135455595|kasaba]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3957|burgo]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q135512166|Q135512166]] | ''[[:d:Q135512166|gospodarlık]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q136098733|Q136098733]] | ''[[:d:Q136098733|paşa livası]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q136431832|Q136431832]] | ''[[:d:Q136431832|Ortschaft (Niedersachsen)]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11183787|Ortschaft]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q136442176|Q136442176]] | ''[[:d:Q136442176|Zone police]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q136442212|Q136442212]] | ''[[:d:Q136442212|Zone gendarmerie]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q136534136|Q136534136]] | ''[[:d:Q136534136|поссовет в СССР]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1631226|settlement council]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q211201|soviet]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q4204491|administrative territorial entity of the Soviet Union]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q136534923|Q136534923]] | ''[[:d:Q136534923|горсовет в СССР]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3154693|city council]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q211201|soviet]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q4204491|administrative territorial entity of the Soviet Union]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q136935588|Q136935588]] | ''[[:d:Q136935588|Guinean neighborhood]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q137211599|Q137211599]] | ''[[:d:Q137211599|aksakal]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q137211677|Q137211677]] | ''[[:d:Q137211677|tuman (Bukhara Emirate)]]'' | ''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q137211923|Q137211923]] | ''[[:d:Q137211923|qūrğancha]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q137260405|Q137260405]] | ''[[:d:Q137260405|SS-Abschnitt XXXIX]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q18332808|SS-Abschnitt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q43229|organisation]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q207320|paramilitary organization]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q153936|militia]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q138388710|Q138388710]] | ''[[:d:Q138388710|consiglio di zona of Livorno]]'' | ''[[:d:Q13582281|circoscrizione di decentramento comunale in Italy]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q138823494|Q138823494]] | ''[[:d:Q138823494|federated region]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3455524|region administrative]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q138823699|Q138823699]] | ''[[:d:Q138823699|federated community]]'' | ''[[:d:Q138823755|administrative community]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q138823755|Q138823755]] | ''[[:d:Q138823755|administrative community]]'' | ''[[:d:Q177634|community]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q140039150|Q140039150]] | ''[[:d:Q140039150|presbytery]]'' | ''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q121144515|type of religious institution]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q140835258|Q140835258]] | ''[[:d:Q140835258|arrondissement municipal du Gabon]]'' | ''[[:d:Q837766|local authority]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q140835651|Q140835651]] | ''[[:d:Q140835651|commune gabonaise]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3266850|commune]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q141164518|Q141164518]] | ''[[:d:Q141164518|fifth-level administrative division in Indonesia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15640612|fifth-level administrative division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q141164534|Q141164534]] | ''[[:d:Q141164534|sixth-level administrative division in Indonesia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q22927291|sixth-level administrative division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q141164550|Q141164550]] | ''[[:d:Q141164550|seventh-level administrative division in Indonesia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1799794|administrative territorial entity of a specific level]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q141715243|Q141715243]] | ''[[:d:Q141715243|indigenous region]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q788176|autonomous administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q141734473|Q141734473]] | ''[[:d:Q141734473|city]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1867183|local government area of Australia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q141734481|Q141734481]] | ''[[:d:Q141734481|region]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1867183|local government area of Australia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q141734493|Q141734493]] | ''[[:d:Q141734493|shire]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1867183|local government area of Australia]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q662296|shire]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q141763519|Q141763519]] | ''[[:d:Q141763519|city of the United Kingdom]]'' | ''[[:d:Q123964505|populated place]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q141807683|Q141807683]] | ''[[:d:Q141807683|Canton du Cameroun]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2962054|traditional chiefdom in Cameroon]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1250464|realm]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q141928864|Q141928864]] | ''[[:d:Q141928864|diocesan office (roman catholic church)]]'' | ''[[:d:Q694045|delegated legislation]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q137660857|delegación]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q48783281|negociado]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q232846|branch]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2366457|department]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12778511|vicariate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2136638|Department]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q118905629|type of Roman Catholic institution]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1683373|Q1683373]] | ''[[:d:Q1683373|Edo-period village]]'' | ''[[:d:Q4174776|village of Japan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1761072|Q1761072]] | ''[[:d:Q1761072|state park]]'' | ''[[:d:Q473972|protected area]]''<br/>[[parco]]<ref name="ref_420055a4825d3d507a1b1bab63ea8356b7d9c4b38be8887d8bcf27ff32cf86f6">''[[:d:Q52441805|Thesaurus for Graphic Materials]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q137393561|type of park]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1761350|Q1761350]] | ''[[:d:Q1761350|sum]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1761572|Q1761572]] | ''[[:d:Q1761572|barrio]]'' | ''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1764608|Q1764608]] | ''[[:d:Q1764608|muhafazah]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1798622|governorate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1771656|Q1771656]] | ''[[:d:Q1771656|mintaqa]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1780506|Q1780506]] | ''[[:d:Q1780506|commune of Benin]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3502443|administrative territorial entity of Benin]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]''<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1782540|Q1782540]] | ''[[:d:Q1782540|railway town]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1787683|Q1787683]] | ''[[:d:Q1787683|Kreishauptmannschaft]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1790016|Q1790016]] | ''[[:d:Q1790016|protected area of Colombia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q473972|protected area]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1798622|Q1798622]] | ''[[:d:Q1798622|governorate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1839674|Q1839674]] | ''[[:d:Q1839674|lands inhabited by indigenous peoples]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1887569|Q1887569]] | ''[[:d:Q1887569|shōen]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2478141|aristocrate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q178706|institution]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2116450|manor estate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1850442|administrative territorial entity of Japan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1990968|Q1990968]] | ''[[:d:Q1990968|Divisional Secretariat of Sri Lanka]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15313532|administrative territorial entity of Sri Lanka]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q859482|secretariat]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2023000|Q2023000]] | ''[[:d:Q2023000|khutor]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q72030539|farmstead]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2029182|Q2029182]] | ''[[:d:Q2029182|province of a religious order]]'' | ''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q111737478|Catholic ecclesiastical district]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1435020|General Curia]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q124098638|Roman Catholic ecclesiastical province]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q121144515|type of religious institution]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q104098715|territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2029618|Q2029618]] | ''[[:d:Q2029618|markaz]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1306755|centro administrative]]''<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2034632|Q2034632]] | ''[[:d:Q2034632|starostwo]]'' | ''[[:d:Q64606162|administrative territorial entity of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2083380|Q2083380]] | ''[[:d:Q2083380|parish union]]'' | ''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q111737478|Catholic ecclesiastical district]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q124964|coalition]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2113743|Q2113743]] | ''[[:d:Q2113743|magiri]]'' | ''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q75020334|administrative division of the Ryukyu Kingdom]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1850442|administrative territorial entity of Japan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2139516|Q2139516]] | ''[[:d:Q2139516|riksintresse (Sweden)]]'' | ''[[:d:Q96211395|heritage site in Sweden]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q473972|protected area]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2177636|Q2177636]] | ''[[:d:Q2177636|municipality of Denmark]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11618279|LAU 1]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3976655|administrative territorial entity of Denmark]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3266850|commune]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q43229|organisation]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10541491|legal form]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2225692|Q2225692]] | ''[[:d:Q2225692|fourth-level administrative division in Indonesia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1434505|administrative territorial entity of Indonesia]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q14757767|fourth-level administrative division]]''<br/>[[village]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2246189|Q2246189]] | ''[[:d:Q2246189|justiciarate]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2298529|Q2298529]] | ''[[:d:Q2298529|corregimiento]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q17147964|administrative territorial entity of the Spanish Empire]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q19832712|historical administrative division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2311958|Q2311958]] | [[canton]] | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | unitate administrative in varie paises |- | [[:d:Q2330190|Q2330190]] | ''[[:d:Q2330190|subprefecture in Hokkaidō]]'' | ''[[:d:Q850450|subprefecture of Japan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2349866|Q2349866]] | ''[[:d:Q2349866|Stimmkreis]]'' | ''[[:d:Q192611|districto electoral]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2385925|Q2385925]] | ''[[:d:Q2385925|presidencies and provinces in British India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15646492|administrative territorial entity of British India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2401504|Q2401504]] | ''[[:d:Q2401504|darugha]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2460358|Q2460358]] | ''[[:d:Q2460358|municipality of Turkey]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2916486|administrative territorial entity type of Turkey]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2500304|Q2500304]] | ''[[:d:Q2500304|electoral division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3356092|administrative territorial entity of Ireland]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q192611|districto electoral]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2513212|Q2513212]] | ''[[:d:Q2513212|županija]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2514025|Q2514025]] | ''[[:d:Q2514025|posyolok]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2543447|Q2543447]] | ''[[:d:Q2543447|region of Nunavut]]'' | ''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1414991|area]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | lista de un projecto de Wikimedia |- | [[:d:Q2576151|Q2576151]] | ''[[:d:Q2576151|daïra]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2577883|Q2577883]] | ''[[:d:Q2577883|occupied territory]]'' | ''[[:d:Q123614767|occupied location]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q161243|territorio dependente]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2615343|Q2615343]] | ''[[:d:Q2615343|region]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3455524|region administrative]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2631496|Q2631496]] | ''[[:d:Q2631496|constituency of the European Parliament]]'' | ''[[:d:Q192611|districto electoral]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2695008|Q2695008]] | ''[[:d:Q2695008|administrative territorial entity of Luxembourg]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3268571|administrative territorial entity of a single country]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2706826|Q2706826]] | ''[[:d:Q2706826|sheikhdom]]'' | [[Principato]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1307214|forma de governamento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2738486|Q2738486]] | ''[[:d:Q2738486|krai]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q691899|kraj]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2880091|Q2880091]] | ''[[:d:Q2880091|bayrak]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2135465|legal term or legal concept]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2885819|Q2885819]] | ''[[:d:Q2885819|ledanía]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2944629|Q2944629]] | ''[[:d:Q2944629|Arrotxapea]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2944644|Q2944644]] | ''[[:d:Q2944644|Ezcaba]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2944651|Q2944651]] | ''[[:d:Q2944651|Buztintxuri]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2944737|Q2944737]] | ''[[:d:Q2944737|Iturrama]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2991489|Q2991489]] | ''[[:d:Q2991489|County palatine]]'' | ''[[:d:Q28575|county]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q353344|countship]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3012073|Q3012073]] | ''[[:d:Q3012073|daikansho]]'' | ''[[:d:Q481289|residentia official]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3015636|Q3015636]] | ''[[:d:Q3015636|Txantrea]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3025553|Q3025553]] | ''[[:d:Q3025553|Diputación Foral de Navarra]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q3044930|provincial deputation]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3183364|Q3183364]] | [[Organisation territorial de Espania|entitate territorial administrative de Espania]] | ''[[:d:Q3268571|administrative territorial entity of a single country]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3187075|Q3187075]] | ''[[:d:Q3187075|aimag]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3252884|Q3252884]] | ''[[:d:Q3252884|Gau]]'' | ''[[:d:Q4835091|territory]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3266850|Q3266850]] | ''[[:d:Q3266850|commune]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2221906|geographic location]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3268571|Q3268571]] | ''[[:d:Q3268571|administrative territorial entity of a single country]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3327874|Q3327874]] | ''[[:d:Q3327874|rural municipality of Canada]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3788231|municipal government in Canada]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3750285|administrative territorial entity of Canada]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q17457753|census subdivision in Canada]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3333989|Q3333989]] | ''[[:d:Q3333989|minor local entity of Spain]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10854310|administrative territorial entity below municipality in Spain]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q14757767|fourth-level administrative division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3360771|Q3360771]] | ''[[:d:Q3360771|administrative territorial entity of Cameroon]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3268571|administrative territorial entity of a single country]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3373237|Q3373237]] | ''[[:d:Q3373237|payam]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15623929|administrative territorial entity of South Sudan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3434769|Q3434769]] | ''[[:d:Q3434769|macroregion]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q137022846|type of region]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3455524|Q3455524]] | ''[[:d:Q3455524|region administrative]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q18810687|political institution]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q137022846|type of region]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1969448|term]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3477348|Q3477348]] | ''[[:d:Q3477348|urban area]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15642541|human-geographic territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3491994|Q3491994]] | ''[[:d:Q3491994|subdistrict]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3518810|Q3518810]] | ''[[:d:Q3518810|unorganized area of Canada]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3750285|administrative territorial entity of Canada]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q17457753|census subdivision in Canada]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q269528|unincorporated area]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3532042|Q3532042]] | ''[[:d:Q3532042|block]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3642453|Q3642453]] | ''[[:d:Q3642453|Borgate officielles de Rome]]'' | ''[[:d:Q702492|area urban]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3677901|Q3677901]] | ''[[:d:Q3677901|circunscripción]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q21286738|Wikimedia permanent duplicate item]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3689003|Q3689003]] | ''[[:d:Q3689003|contrada]]'' | ''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3772949|Q3772949]] | ''[[:d:Q3772949|subah]]'' | [[provincia]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3818638|Q3818638]] | ''[[:d:Q3818638|mudiriyah]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3826458|Q3826458]] | ''[[:d:Q3826458|lamidat]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q43229|organisation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4008486|Q4008486]] | ''[[:d:Q4008486|Borgo Vanchiglia]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4024737|Q4024737]] | ''[[:d:Q4024737|pastoral zone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4129217|Q4129217]] | ''[[:d:Q4129217|vyselok]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4165160|Q4165160]] | ''[[:d:Q4165160|ドーリャ]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4208486|Q4208486]] | ''[[:d:Q4208486|qadiyat]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4313916|Q4313916]] | ''[[:d:Q4313916|Nasleg]]'' | ''[[:d:Q4204491|administrative territorial entity of the Soviet Union]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1192440|history of the administrative division of Russia]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1376945|Administrative divisions of the Sakha Republic]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4315043|Q4315043]] | ''[[:d:Q4315043|district national]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3268571|administrative territorial entity of a single country]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1427085|okrug]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4332636|Q4332636]] | ''[[:d:Q4332636|Кас]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4377540|Q4377540]] | ''[[:d:Q4377540|praetorian prefecture]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15644911|administrative territorial entity of the Roman Empire]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4388751|Q4388751]] | ''[[:d:Q4388751|razryad]]'' | ''[[:d:Q19832712|historical administrative division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4393587|Q4393587]] | ''[[:d:Q4393587|republic]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4425709|Q4425709]] | ''[[:d:Q4425709|sō]]'' | ''[[:d:Q4174776|village of Japan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4456179|Q4456179]] | ''[[:d:Q4456179|territorial unit with special status of Moscow]]'' | ''[[:d:Q462667|administrative territorial entity of Moscow]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4535144|Q4535144]] | ''[[:d:Q4535144|yurt]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4691989|Q4691989]] | ''[[:d:Q4691989|agency]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4856913|Q4856913]] | ''[[:d:Q4856913|banner]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4897108|Q4897108]] | ''[[:d:Q4897108|partida]]'' | ''[[:d:Q175185|rural area]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4899885|Q4899885]] | ''[[:d:Q4899885|beylerbeylik]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1993723|administrative territorial entity of the Ottoman Empire]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]] | |- | [[:d:Q4976993|Q4976993]] | ''[[:d:Q4976993|parish]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q5121385|Q5121385]] | ''[[:d:Q5121385|circle]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q5144960|Q5144960]] | ''[[:d:Q5144960|microregion]]'' | [[region]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q5148433|Q5148433]] | ''[[:d:Q5148433|Mexico City colonia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5148198|colonia of Mexico]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q5154611|Q5154611]] | ''[[:d:Q5154611|community]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q5195043|Q5195043]] | ''[[:d:Q5195043|borough]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q5284423|Q5284423]] | ''[[:d:Q5284423|division]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q5284624|Q5284624]] | ''[[:d:Q5284624|division of West Bengal]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q5434436|Q5434436]] | ''[[:d:Q5434436|fanzhen]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10922837|administrative territorial entity of the Tang dynasty]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1197588|military government]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |} {{Wikidata list end}} rsqehmai9u0pw6brcetptvb9ea1q52b 0 40571 705410 705231 2026-11-02T10:53:05Z ListeriaBot 24326 Wikidata list updated [V2] 705410 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P580 ?dtstart . ?item wdt:P582 ?dtend . FILTER (?dtstart < "1942-05-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) FILTER (?dtstart > "1942-04-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) } |wdq= |columns=item,P580,P582,label,P31,description |sort=P580 |thumb=48 |links= |references=all }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! item ! data de initio ! data de fin ! label ! instantia de ! description |- | [[:d:Q555797|Q555797]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-09 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-17 | ''[[:d:Q555797|Bataan Death March]]'' | ''[[:d:Q326259|death march]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q560410|Q560410]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-20<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-13<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q560410|Operation Trio]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q582956|punitive expedition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q709352|Q709352]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-18 | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-09-02 | ''[[:d:Q709352|Japan Campaign]]'' | ''[[:d:Q831663|military campaign]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1888420|Q1888420]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-03 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-11-22 | ''[[:d:Q1888420|1942 Argentine Primera División]]'' | ''[[:d:Q27020041|sports season]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2017584|Q2017584]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-26 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-09-13 | ''[[:d:Q2017584|1942 Croatian First League]]'' | ''[[:d:Q27020041|sports season]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2069591|Q2069591]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-10 | data-sort-value="1984" | 1984-07-21 | ''[[:d:Q2069591|People are Funny]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15416|programma de television]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2072027|Q2072027]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-04 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-30 | ''[[:d:Q2072027|Unternehmen Eisstoß]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2749196|Q2749196]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-21<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-22<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q2749196|Operation Abercrombie]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4308094|Q4308094]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-28 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-11 | ''[[:d:Q4308094|Мурманская операция (1942)]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4868890|Q4868890]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-25 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-27 | ''[[:d:Q4868890|Bath Blitz]]'' | ''[[:d:Q4688003|aerial bombing of a city]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q5329907|Q5329907]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-05<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-09<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q5329907|Easter Sunday Raid]]'' | ''[[:d:Q476807|military raid]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q18354410|Q18354410]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-23 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-04 | ''[[:d:Q18354410|Exeter Blitz]]'' | ''[[:d:Q4688003|aerial bombing of a city]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q18693631|Q18693631]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-24 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-11 | ''[[:d:Q18693631|Battles of Kiestinki]]'' | [[Battalia]]<br/>''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q19378375|Q19378375]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-24<ref name="ref_cb295146d30b2beab41b8a1be229b4b9b57eefef2dd7707cd8a586750d318241">https://www.nasjonalmuseet.no/en/collection/exhibition/2157</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-16<ref name="ref_cb295146d30b2beab41b8a1be229b4b9b57eefef2dd7707cd8a586750d318241">https://www.nasjonalmuseet.no/en/collection/exhibition/2157</ref> | ''[[:d:Q19378375|Kunst og ukunst i Nasjonalgalleriet. Oppryddingen april 1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q59861107|temporary art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q76356468|Q76356468]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-02<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-05<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | ''[[:d:Q76356468|Transport von Berlin nach Warschau am 02.04.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q76356473|Q76356473]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-03<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-06<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | ''[[:d:Q76356473|Transport von München nach Piaski am 03.04.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q76356478|Q76356478]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-18<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref><ref name="ref_f6f9068b9ee774619c1ad6596ed2df4039beae49b819774990b1750dd875195c">https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-transportu-z-terezina-razeno-podle-data-odjezdu/</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-20<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | ''[[:d:Q76356478|Transport Ap from Terezin to Ghetto Rejowiec (April 18, 1942)]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q76356482|Q76356482]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-22<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-24<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | ''[[:d:Q76356482|Transport von Düsseldorf nach Ghetto Izbica am 22.04.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q76356486|Q76356486]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-23<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref><ref name="ref_f6f9068b9ee774619c1ad6596ed2df4039beae49b819774990b1750dd875195c">https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-transportu-z-terezina-razeno-podle-data-odjezdu/</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-25<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | ''[[:d:Q76356486|Transport from Ghetto Theresienstadt to Piaski on 23. APRIL1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q76356491|Q76356491]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-25<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref><ref name="ref_f6f9068b9ee774619c1ad6596ed2df4039beae49b819774990b1750dd875195c">https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-transportu-z-terezina-razeno-podle-data-odjezdu/</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-27<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | ''[[:d:Q76356491|Transport von Ghetto Theresienstadt nach Warschau am 25.04.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q76356494|Q76356494]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-25<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-28<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | ''[[:d:Q76356494|Transport von Würzburg nach Krasnystaw am 25.04.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q76356497|Q76356497]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-26<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-29<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | ''[[:d:Q76356497|Transport von Stuttgart nach Ghetto Izbica am 26.04.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q76356500|Q76356500]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-27<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-29<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | ''[[:d:Q76356500|Transport von Wien nach Włodawa am 27.04.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q76356503|Q76356503]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-27<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref><ref name="ref_f6f9068b9ee774619c1ad6596ed2df4039beae49b819774990b1750dd875195c">https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-transportu-z-terezina-razeno-podle-data-odjezdu/</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-30<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | ''[[:d:Q76356503|Transport von Ghetto Theresienstadt nach Ghetto Izbica am 27.04.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q76356507|Q76356507]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-30<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref><ref name="ref_f6f9068b9ee774619c1ad6596ed2df4039beae49b819774990b1750dd875195c">https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-transportu-z-terezina-razeno-podle-data-odjezdu/</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-02<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | ''[[:d:Q76356507|Transport von Ghetto Theresienstadt nach Ghetto Zamość am 30.04.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q76356513|Q76356513]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-30<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-03<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | ''[[:d:Q76356513|Transport von Dortmund nach Ghetto Zamość am 30.04.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478970|Q79478970]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-06<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-19<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478970|Edward Hagedorn]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478975|Q79478975]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-07<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-29<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478975|Western Living]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478979|Q79478979]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-14<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-03<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478979|Advance Guard of Advertising Artists]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478984|Q79478984]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-14<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-03<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478984|Inter-American Photographic Salon]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478988|Q79478988]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-14<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-03<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478988|Paintings by Horace Pippin]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478994|Q79478994]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-14<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-10<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478994|Sawdust and Spangles: Arts of the Circus]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478996|Q79478996]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-15<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-03<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478996|Retrospective Exhibition of Eric Mendelsohn]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478999|Q79478999]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-16<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-03<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478999|Rouault Prints]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79479004|Q79479004]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-21<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-04<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79479004|Anna Klumpke]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79479009|Q79479009]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-28<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-03<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79479009|American Academy in Rome Regional Competition]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q104055174|Q104055174]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-04 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-04<ref name="ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d">https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-vsech-transportu-do-terezina-razeno-podle-data-odjezdu/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q104055174|Transport Ah]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q104055175|Q104055175]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-04 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-04<ref name="ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d">https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-vsech-transportu-do-terezina-razeno-podle-data-odjezdu/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q104055175|Transport Ez-St 10]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q104055176|Q104055176]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-08 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-08<ref name="ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d">https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-vsech-transportu-do-terezina-razeno-podle-data-odjezdu/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q104055176|Transport Ai]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q104055177|Q104055177]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-16 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-16<ref name="ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d">https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-vsech-transportu-do-terezina-razeno-podle-data-odjezdu/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q104055177|Transport Ez-St 11]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q104055178|Q104055178]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-16 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-16<ref name="ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d">https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-vsech-transportu-do-terezina-razeno-podle-data-odjezdu/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q104055178|Transport Ez]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q104055179|Q104055179]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-18 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-18<ref name="ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d">https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-vsech-transportu-do-terezina-razeno-podle-data-odjezdu/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q104055179|Transport Akb]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q104055181|Q104055181]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-24 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-24<ref name="ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d">https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-vsech-transportu-do-terezina-razeno-podle-data-odjezdu/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q104055181|Transport Am]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q104055184|Q104055184]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-28 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-28<ref name="ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d">https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-vsech-transportu-do-terezina-razeno-podle-data-odjezdu/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q104055184|Transport Ao]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q104055186|Q104055186]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-29 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-29<ref name="ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d">https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-vsech-transportu-do-terezina-razeno-podle-data-odjezdu/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q104055186|Transport Ez-St 12]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q109467699|Q109467699]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-14<ref name="ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5">https://www.nationalmuseum.se/assets/Dokument/Utst%C3%A4llningar-1866-2017.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-06-14<ref name="ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5">https://www.nationalmuseum.se/assets/Dokument/Utst%C3%A4llningar-1866-2017.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q109467699|Kinesiska målningar ur museets samlingar]]'' | ''[[:d:Q29023906|temporary exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5">https://www.nationalmuseum.se/assets/Dokument/Utst%C3%A4llningar-1866-2017.pdf</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q109467701|Q109467701]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-24<ref name="ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5">https://www.nationalmuseum.se/assets/Dokument/Utst%C3%A4llningar-1866-2017.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-06-07<ref name="ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5">https://www.nationalmuseum.se/assets/Dokument/Utst%C3%A4llningar-1866-2017.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q109467701|Orrefors1917–1942, 25 års verksamhet]]'' | ''[[:d:Q29023906|temporary exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5">https://www.nationalmuseum.se/assets/Dokument/Utst%C3%A4llningar-1866-2017.pdf</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q109467702|Q109467702]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-25<ref name="ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5">https://www.nationalmuseum.se/assets/Dokument/Utst%C3%A4llningar-1866-2017.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-26<ref name="ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5">https://www.nationalmuseum.se/assets/Dokument/Utst%C3%A4llningar-1866-2017.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q109467702|Svensk Bokkonst 1941 - 25 utvalda böcker]]'' | ''[[:d:Q29023906|temporary exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5">https://www.nationalmuseum.se/assets/Dokument/Utst%C3%A4llningar-1866-2017.pdf</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q109467703|Q109467703]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-29<ref name="ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5">https://www.nationalmuseum.se/assets/Dokument/Utst%C3%A4llningar-1866-2017.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-08-02<ref name="ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5">https://www.nationalmuseum.se/assets/Dokument/Utst%C3%A4llningar-1866-2017.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q109467703|Unga tecknare 5:e utställningen]]'' | ''[[:d:Q29023906|temporary exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5">https://www.nationalmuseum.se/assets/Dokument/Utst%C3%A4llningar-1866-2017.pdf</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890690|Q110890690]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-15 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-06-10 | ''[[:d:Q110890690|Two Years of War in England: Photographs by William Vandivert]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890691|Q110890691]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-22 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-06-21 | ''[[:d:Q110890691|Wartime Housing]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q111977505|Q111977505]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-17<ref name="ref_06ad4d4df440aba45673624245af05c162e345cf8bf90665866bd10a21cef9ec">''[[:d:Q15058296|Air Force Combat Units of World War II]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-09-02<ref name="ref_06ad4d4df440aba45673624245af05c162e345cf8bf90665866bd10a21cef9ec">''[[:d:Q15058296|Air Force Combat Units of World War II]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q111977505|Japan Air Offensive]]'' | ''[[:d:Q831663|military campaign]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q4698343|air offensive]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q111977515|Q111977515]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-02<ref name="ref_06ad4d4df440aba45673624245af05c162e345cf8bf90665866bd10a21cef9ec">''[[:d:Q15058296|Air Force Combat Units of World War II]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-01-28<ref name="ref_06ad4d4df440aba45673624245af05c162e345cf8bf90665866bd10a21cef9ec">''[[:d:Q15058296|Air Force Combat Units of World War II]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q111977515|India-Burma Campaign]]'' | ''[[:d:Q831663|military campaign]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q115019047|Q115019047]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-15 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-16 | ''[[:d:Q115019047|Art Director's Club Exhibition of Advertising Art]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q115019048|Q115019048]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-22 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-07-05 | ''[[:d:Q115019048|Renaissance in Fashion]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q116755751|Q116755751]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-11<ref name="ref_2f4b8161089e4d720c0c27c3b5c507b464f5b0b8b040b81a1b2112ca575d3b3d">https://encyclopedia.densho.org/Manzanar_Free_Press_(newspaper)/#:~:text=The%20Manzanar%20Free%20Press%20was,of%20three%20typeset%2C%20printed%20newspapers.</ref> | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-10-19<ref name="ref_2f4b8161089e4d720c0c27c3b5c507b464f5b0b8b040b81a1b2112ca575d3b3d">https://encyclopedia.densho.org/Manzanar_Free_Press_(newspaper)/#:~:text=The%20Manzanar%20Free%20Press%20was,of%20three%20typeset%2C%20printed%20newspapers.</ref> | ''[[:d:Q116755751|Manzanar Free Press]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11032|jornal]]''<ref name="ref_684629b478e139705481e49addab946ffbefb968e64aed83819b41062b08c124">https://newsroom.artandwriting.org/2022/11/03/from-the-archives-chiye-mori/</ref><ref name="ref_2f4b8161089e4d720c0c27c3b5c507b464f5b0b8b040b81a1b2112ca575d3b3d">https://encyclopedia.densho.org/Manzanar_Free_Press_(newspaper)/#:~:text=The%20Manzanar%20Free%20Press%20was,of%20three%20typeset%2C%20printed%20newspapers.</ref><ref name="ref_a1937fb3ba4b5c42b16b8926a731b4a634d780f74668c03feff81433772aaa5c">https://www.nps.gov/manz/learn/education/id-booklets.htm</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q106651350|biweekly newspaper]]''<ref name="ref_684629b478e139705481e49addab946ffbefb968e64aed83819b41062b08c124">https://newsroom.artandwriting.org/2022/11/03/from-the-archives-chiye-mori/</ref><ref name="ref_2f4b8161089e4d720c0c27c3b5c507b464f5b0b8b040b81a1b2112ca575d3b3d">https://encyclopedia.densho.org/Manzanar_Free_Press_(newspaper)/#:~:text=The%20Manzanar%20Free%20Press%20was,of%20three%20typeset%2C%20printed%20newspapers.</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q126046682|Q126046682]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-17<br/>1942-04-16 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-16 | ''[[:d:Q126046682|Rabi' al-Thani 1361 AH]]'' | ''[[:d:Q125390868|hijri month of a given year]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q133091602|Q133091602]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-20 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-09-07 | ''[[:d:Q133091602|1942 South Atlantic League season]]'' | ''[[:d:Q27020041|sports season]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q134879167|Q134879167]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-10 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-30 | ''[[:d:Q134879167|Women US Championship 1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3654501|U.S. Women's Chess Championship]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q136439906|Q136439906]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-19 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-06-28 | ''[[:d:Q136439906|1942 California League season]]'' | ''[[:d:Q27020041|sports season]]'' | |} {{Wikidata list end}} a4r2rmglp6yhavvwqobwqf78g00vl2t 0 42873 705407 697986 2026-11-02T04:34:28Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 705407 wikitext text/x-wiki {{eminente}} {{Taxobox | color = pink | name = Vulpe | image = Vulpes vulpes laying in snow.jpg | image_caption = Un [[Vulpes vulpes|vulpe rubie]] (''Vulpes vulpes'') cubate in le nive | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Mammalia]] | ordo = [[Carnivora]] | familia = [[Canidae]] | subdivision_ranks = Generes | subdivision = * ''[[Vulpes]]'' * ''[[Cerdocyon]]'' * †''[[Dusicyon]]'' * ''[[Lycalopex]]'' * ''[[Otocyon]]'' * ''[[Urocyon]]'' }} Le '''vulpe'''{{linfoX}} es un [[mammifero]] [[omnivore]] de grandor parve a medie, pertinente a plure [[Genere (rango taxonomic)|generes]] del familia [[Canidae]]. Le vulpes ha un cranio applattate, aures vertical e triangular, un [[muso]] punctute e legiermente recurvate e un [[cauda]] longe e spisse. Dece-duo [[specie]]s pertine al gruppo [[Monophylia|monophyletic]] del "ver vulpes" del genere ''[[Vulpes]]''. Circa 25 altere species actual o [[extincte]] es semper o alicun vices denominate "vulpes"; illos pertine al gruppo [[Paraphylia|paraphyletic]] del vulpes sud-american o del gruppo peripheric, que se compone de ''Otocyon megalotis'', del vulpe gris e del vulpe insular.<ref>{{en}} Macdonald, David W.; Sillero-Zubiri, Claudio, eds. (2004). ''The biology and conservation of wild canids'' (Nachdr. d. Ausg. 2004. ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 49. {{ISBN|0198515561}}.</ref> Le vulpes vive super tote le continentes minus Antarctica. Le specie de vulpe le plus indisputabilemente commun e diffuse es le [[Vulpes vulpes|vulpe rubie]] (''Vulpes vulpes'') con circa 47 subspecies recognoscite.<ref name="redfox">{{en}} Lloyd, H.G. (1981). ''The red fox'' (2. impr. ed.). London: Batsford. p. 21. {{ISBN|0-7134-11902}}.</ref> Le repartition global del vulpes, e etiam lor reputation de animal astute, ha contribuite a lor prominentia in le [[folklore]] e le [[cultura popular]] in multe societates del mundo. Le chassa al vulpe, practicate con le adjuta de canes, esseva un activitate establite in Europa durante multe tempore, specialmente in le [[Insulas Britannic]], e esseva exportate in varie partes del [[Nove Mundo]] per le colonos europee. == Etymologia == Le parola "vulpe" es derivate del [[latino]] ''vulpēs'', ab le proto-italico ''*wolpis'', ab le [[Lingua proto-indoeuropee|proto-indoeuropeo]] ''*h₂wl(o)p- ~ *h₂ulp-'' (“vulpe (rubie)”). Compara con le [[Lingua britone|britono]] ''louarn'', le [[lituano]] ''lãpė'', le [[greco ancian]] ἀλώπηξ (alṓpēx), le [[persiano]] روباه‎ (rubâh). == Relationes phylogenetic == In le familia Canidae, le resultatos de analyses [[ADN]] monstra plure divisiones [[Phylogenetica|phylogenetic]]: 1. Le canides de typo vulpin, que comprende ''[[Vulpes macrotis]]'', le vulpe rubie (''Vulpes vulpes''), ''[[Vulpes chama]]'', le [[Vulpes lagopus|vulpe arctic]] (''Vulpes lagopus'') e ''[[Vulpes zerda]]''.<ref name=gentrends>{{en}} Wayne, Robert K. (June 1993). "Molecular evolution of the dog family". ''Trends in Genetics.'' 9 (6): 218–224. doi:10.1016/0168-9525(93)90122-x. {{PMID|8337763}}.</ref> 2. Le canides de typo lupin (genere ''[[Canis]]'', ''[[Cuon]]'' e ''[[Lycaon]]''), que comprende le [[can]] (''Canis lupus familiaris''), le [[Canis lupus|lupo gris]] (''Canis lupus''), le [[Canis rufus|lupo rubie]] (''Canis rufus''), ''[[Canis lycaon]]'', le [[Canis latrans|coyote]] (''Canis latrans''), ''[[Canis aureus]]'', ''[[Canis simensis]]'', ''[[Canis mesomelas]]'', ''[[Canis adustus]]'', le [[Cuon alpinus|can salvage asiatic]] (''Cuon alpinus'') e le [[Lycaon pictus|can salvage african]] (''Lycaon pictus'').<ref name=gentrends /> 3. Le canides [[America del Sud|sud-american]], que comprende ''[[Speothos venaticus]]'', ''[[Lycalopex uetulus]]'', ''[[Cerdocyon thous]]'' e ''[[Chrysocyon brachyurus]]''.<ref name=gentrends /> 4. Varie taxones monotypic, que comprende ''[[Otocyon megalotis]]'', le [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus|vulpe gris]] (''Urocyon cinereoargenteus'') e ''[[Nyctereutes procyonoides]]''.<ref name=gentrends /> == Biologia == [[File:FoxSkelLyd1.png|thumb|[[Skeleto]] de vulpe]] === Morphologia general === Le vulpes es generalmente plus parve que alicun altere membros del familia Canidae tal como le lupos e le [[chacal]]es, mais il ha in iste familia alicun membros plus parve que illos, tal como ''Nyctereutes procyonoides''. In le plus grande specie, le vulpe rubie, le masculos pesa inter 4,1 e 8,7 [[gramma|kg]] <ref>{{en}} Larivière, S.; Pasitschniak-Arts, M. (1996). ''"Vulpes vulpes". Mammalian Species'': No. 537, pp. 1–11. doi:10.2307/3504236.</ref> in media, mais le plus parve specie, ''Vulpes zerda'', pesa solmente de 0,7 a 1,6 kg.<ref>{{en}} Nobleman, Marc Tyler (2007). ''Foxes.'' Benchmark Books (NY). pp. 35–36. {{ISBN| 978-0-7614-2237-2}}.</ref> Le tractos vulpin typic comprende un facie triangular, aures punctute, un rostro elongate e un cauda spisse. Le vulpes es digitigrade, lo que significa que illos ambula super lor digitos sin lassar lor calces toccar le solo. A differentia del majoritate del membros del familia Canidae, le vulpes ha ungulas partialmente retractile.<ref name="wildfox">{{en}} Burrows, Roger (1968). ''Wild fox.'' Newton Abbot: David & Charles. {{ISBN|9780715342176}}.</ref> Le ''vibrissae'' del vulpes, o mustachios, es nigre. Le mustachios super le musello, ''mystaciae vibrissae'', es longe de 100–110 mm in media, mais tote le altere mustachios del capita es plus curte in media. Alicun mustachios (''carpal vibrissae'') se trova etiam super le membros anterior e es longe de 40 mm in media; illos es orientate a basso e retro.<ref name=redfox /> Altere characteristicas physic varia secundo le [[habitat]] e le necessitates de adaptation. === Pellicia === Tote le species de vulpe ha pelles de colores, longitudes e spissitates differente. Le colores de pilos varia del blanc perlate al blanc e nigre, e al nigre maculate con blanc e gris super le parte inferior. ''Vulpes zerda'' (e altere species de vulpe adaptate al vita in le deserto, tal como ''Vulpes macrotis''), per exemplo, ha grande aures e pilos curte pro adjutar le corpore a remaner frigide.<ref name=redfox /><ref name=wildfox /> Le vulpes arctic, del altere latere, ha aures minime, membros curte e etiam un pelle spisse e isolante, lo que adjuta le corpore a remaner calide.<ref>{{en}} [http://www.arkive.org/arctic-fox/vulpes-lagopus/ "Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus)".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006125952/http://www.arkive.org/arctic-fox/vulpes-lagopus/ |date=2014-10-06 }} ARKive. Retrieved 2 October 2014.</ref> Quanto al vulpes rubie, illos typicamente ha un pelle castanie clar e generalmente un marca blanc al extremitate de lor cauda.<ref>{{en}} Fox, David. [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Vulpes_vulpes/ "Vulpes vulpes, red fox".] Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2 October 2014.</ref> Le color e le textura del pilos de un vulpe pote variar secundo le stationes del anno; le pelles de vulpes es plus ric e dense durante le menses plus frigide, e plus legier durante le menses plus calide. Pro disfacer se del dense mantello hibernal, le vulpes muta un vice per anno cerca april; le muta comencia al pedes e continua super le gambas e postea le dorso.<ref name=wildfox /> Le color del pelle pote etiam cambiar con le inveteramento del individuo.<ref name=redfox /> === Dentation === Le [[dentation]] de un vulpe, como lo de tote le altere canides, es I 3/3, C 1/1, PM 4/4, M 3/2 = 42. (''Vulpes macrotis'' ha sex [[molar]]es in plus pro un total de 48 dentes.) Le vulpes ha pares de dentes carnivore pronunciate, lo que es characteristic de un carnivoro. Iste pares se compone del dente [[premolar]] superior e del prime dente molar inferior, e collabora pro lacerar materias dur tal como le carne. Le dentes del vulpes es multo secante, lo que es etiam characteristic de un carnivoro, e excellente pro stringer un preda.<ref>{{en}} [http://www.nhc.ed.ac.uk/index.php?page=493.172.288 "Canidae".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621092257/http://www.nhc.ed.ac.uk/index.php?page=493.172.288 |date=2013-06-21 }} The University of Edinburgh. Retrieved 23 September 2014.</ref> === Comportamento === [[File:Alopex lagopus coiled up in snow.jpg|thumb|Un vulpe arctic reposante se in le nive.]] Al stato salvage, le duration de vita typic de un vulpe es de un a tres annos, ben que alicun individuos pote viver usque dece annos. A differentia de multe canides, le vulpes non vive semper in mutas. Normalmente, illos vive in parve gruppos familial, mais alicunes (le vulpes arctic) es cognoscite pro esser solitari.<ref name=redfox /><ref name=wildfox /> Le vulpes es omnivore.<ref>{{en}} Fedriani, J.M.; T. K. Fuller; R. M. Sauvajot; E. C. York (2000-07-05). [https://web.archive.org/web/20111006040228/http://www.ebd.csic.es/cani/public_html/Oecologia_00.pdf "Competition and intraguild predation among three sympatric carnivores"] (PDF). Oecologia. 125 (2): 258–270. [[:en:Digital object identifier|doi]]:[https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420000448 10.1007/s004420000448]. {{PMID|24595837}}. Archived from [http://www.ebd.csic.es/cani/public_html/Oecologia_00.pdf the original] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006040228/http://www.ebd.csic.es/cani/public_html/Oecologia_00.pdf |date=2011-10-06 }} (PDF) on 2011-10-06.</ref><ref>{{en}} Fox, David L. (2007). [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Vulpes_vulpes.html "Vulpes vulpes (red fox)".] ''Animal Diversity Web.'' University of Michigan Museum of Zoology.</ref> Lor dieta es in grande parte componite de invertebratos como insectos, e parve vertebratos como reptiles e aves, e pote includer ovos e plantas. Multe species es predatores generalisate, mais alicunes (tal como ''Cerdocyon thous'') ha dietas plus specialisate. Le majoritate del species de vulpe consume cerca 1 kg (2,2 lb) de alimento per die. Le vulpes cela le surplus de alimento, interrante lo pro consumer lo plus tarde, usualmente sub folios, nive o le solo.<ref name=wildfox /><ref>{{en}} Macdonald, David W. (26 April 2010). "Food Caching by Red Foxes and Some Other Carnivores". Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie. 42 (2): 170–185. [[:en:Digital object identifier|doi]]:[https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1976.tb00963.x 10.1111/j.1439-0310.1976.tb00963.x.]</ref> Le technica de attacco del vulpes consiste in quattar pro camouflagiar se in le terreno, ante saltar con multe fortia, per medio del gambas posterior, pro atterrar super le preda.<ref name=redfox /> Per usar lor dentes canin pronunciate, le vulpes stringe le collo de lor preda e succute usque le animal es morte o pote esser eventrate.<ref name=redfox /> Le vulpe gris e ''Nyctereutes procyonoides'' es le duo sol species canin cognoscite pro scander arbores regularmente.<ref>{{en}} Lavigne, Guillaume de (2015-03-19). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=P85eCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT258&dq=%C2%A0The+gray+fox+is+one+of+only+two+canine+species+known+to+climb+trees&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjOqK2w-ffUAhUC7oMKHYV7B1EQ6AEIQDAF#v=onepage&q=%C2%A0The%20gray%20fox%20is%20one%20of%20only%20two%20canine%20species%20known%20to%20climb%20trees&f=false Free Ranging Dogs – Stray, Feral or Wild?.]'' Lulu Press, Inc. {{ISBN|9781326219529}}.</ref> === Characteristicas sexual === Le [[scroto]] del vulpe mascule es mantenite presso le corpore con le [[testiculo]]s intra, mesmo post que illos ha descendite. Como altere canides, le masculo ha un [[baculum]], o osso del penis.<ref name=redfox /><ref>{{en}} Čanády, Alexander. "Variability of the baculum in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) from Slovakia." Zoology and Ecology 23.3 (2013): 165–170.</ref><ref>{{en}} Bijlsma, Rob G. [http://zoogdierwinkel.nl/sites/default/files/imce/nieuwesite/Winkel/pdf%20download/Lutra%2057(1)_Bijlsma_2014.pdf "Copulatory lock of wild red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in broad daylight."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829171201/http://www.zoogdierwinkel.nl/sites/default/files/imce/nieuwesite/Winkel/pdf%20download/Lutra%2057(1)_Bijlsma_2014.pdf |date=2017-08-29 }} Naturalist 80: 45–67.</ref> Le testiculos del vulpes rubie es plus parve que illos del vulpes arctic.<ref>{{en}} [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox#CITEREFHeptnerNaumov1998 Heptner & Naumov 1998], p. 341</ref> Le [[spermatogenesis|formation de sperma]] del vulpes rubie comencia in augusto-septembre, le testiculos attingente lor peso maxime in decembre-februario.<ref>{{en}} [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox#CITEREFHeptnerNaumov1998 Heptner & Naumov 1998], p. 537</ref> Le vulpes feminin es in calor de un a sex dies, lo que significa que lor cyclo de reproduction dura dece-duo menses. Como con altere canides, le ovocellulas es secretate durante le estro sin necessitar esser stimulate per copulation. Un vice que le ovo es fertilisate, le vulpe feminin entra in un periodo de [[gestation]] que pote durar de 52 a 53 dies. Le vulpes tende a haber portatas de quatro a cinque vulpinos in media con 80 pro cento de probabilitate de devenir pregnante.<ref name=redfox /><ref>{{en}} Parkes, I. W. Rowlands and A. S. (21 August 2009). "The Reproductive Processes of certain Mammals.-VIII. Reproduction in Foxes (Vulpes spp.)". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 105 (4): 823–841. [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier doi]:[https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1935.tb06267.x 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1935.tb06267.x.]</ref> Le grandor del portatas poter variar significantemente secundo le species e le milieu – le vulpe arctic, per exemplo, pote haber usque dece-un vulpinos.<ref>{{en}} Hildebrand, Milton (1952). "The Integument in Canidae". ''Journal of Mammalogy.'' 33 (4): 419–428. [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier doi]:[https://doi.org/10.2307/1376014 10.2307/1376014.] [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR JSTOR] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1376014 1376014.]</ref> Le vulpe feminin ha quatro pares de [[tetta]]s. Cata tetta ha de octo a vinti ductos lactifere que connecte le [[glandula mammari]] al papilla, lo que permitte al [[lacte]] de esser transportate a illo.{{citation needed}} === Vocalisation === Le repertoire vocal del vulpe es grande: *Gemimento (o gemito) – Facite poco post le nascentia. Producite frequentemente quando le pullos ha fame o quando lor temperatura corporal es basse. Le gemimento stimula le matre de maniera que illa respice le vulpinos; on sape tamben que illo stimula le masculo de maniera que ille respice le femina e le vulpinos. *Latrato acute – Facite cerca dece-novem dies postea. Le gemimento del vulpinos deveni latratos infantil, acute producite multo quando illos joca. *Crito explosive – Al etate de cerca un mense, le vulpinos pote emitter un crito explosive que servi a menaciar le intrusos o le altere pullos; un ululation acute. *Crito de combatto – Durante le conflictos inter adultos, le crito explosive deveni un crito de combatto con le bucca toto aperte; un latrato plus stridente. *Grunnimento – Le maniera como un adulto indica al vulpinos de nutrir se o venir a illo. *Latrato simple – Le vulpes adulte annuncia le presentia de intrusos o se defende per latrar.<ref name=redfox /><ref>{{en}} Tembrock, Günter. "Canid vocalizations". ''Behavioural Processes.'' 1 (1): 57–75. doi:[https://doi.org/10.1016/0376-6357%2876%2990007-3 10.1016/0376-6357(76)90007-3].</ref> In le caso del vulpes domesticate, alicun individuos adulte sembla preservar le gemito pro exprimer excitamento o submission in presentia de lor possessores.<ref name=redfox /> == Classification == Le canides communmente appellate vulpes comprende le generes e species sequente:<ref name=redfox /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Genere !! Specie(s) !! Imagine |- | ''[[Canis]]'' || ''[[Canis simensis]]'', le lupo ethiope || [[File:Canis simensis.jpg|thumb|''Canis simensis'', native del regiones montuose de Ethiopia.]] |- | ''[[Cerdocyon]]'' || ''[[Cerdocyon thous]]'', le vulpe mangiator de crabbas || [[File:Cerdocyon thous MG 9503.jpg|thumb|''Cerdocyon thous'', un specie sud-american.]] |- | † ''[[Dusicyon]]'' || genere extincte, includente ''[[Dusicyon australis]]'', o lupo del insulas Falkland, etiam cognoscite como le vulpe del insulas Falkland || [[File:FalklandIslandFox2.jpg|thumb|Illustration de ''Dusicyon australis'' per [[John Gerrard Keulemans]] (1842–1912).]] |- | ''[[Lycalopex]]'' || *''[[Lycalopex culpaeus]]'' *''[[Lycalopex fulvipes]]'' *''[[Lycalopex griseus]]'' *''[[Lycalopex gymnocercus]] *''[[Lycalopex sechurae]] *''[[Lycalopex vetulus]] || [[File:Fox pan de azucar.JPG|thumb|''Lycalopex griseus'' in le parco national de Pan de Azúcar secundo le costa pacific del deserto de Atacama.]] |- | ''[[Otocyon]]'' || ''[[Otocyon megalotis]]'' || [[File:Bat eared fox Kenya crop.jpg|thumb|''[[Otocyon megalotis]]'', le vulpe "con aures de vespertilion", in Kenya.]] |- | ''[[Urocyon]]'' || *''[[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]]'' (vulpe gris) *''[[Urocyon littoralis]]'' (vulpe insular) *[[vulpe de Cozumel]] (non ancora describite) || [[File:Urocyon littoralis (Island fox) FWS 001.jpg|thumb|Un vulpe insular super un del insulas Channel de California.]] |- | ''[[Vulpes]]'' || *''[[Vulpes lagopus]]'' (vulpe arctic) *''[[Vulpes bengalensis]]'' *''[[Vulpes cana]]'' *''[[Vulpes chama]]'' *''[[Vulpes corsac]]'' *''[[Vulpes zerda]]'' *''[[Vulpes macrotis]]'' *''[[Vulpes pallida]]'' *''[[Vulpes rueppellii]]'' *''[[Vulpes vulpes]]'' (vulpe rubie) *''[[Vulpes velox]]'' *''[[Vulpes ferrilata]]'' || |} [[File:Räv vid Revhusen i Ystad - Juli 2012..jpg|thumb|Vulpe rubie]] == Conservation == [[File:Urocyon littoralis pair.jpg|right|thumb|Le vulpe insular es un specie quasi-menaciate.]] Plure species de vulpe es impericulate in lor milieus native. Le difficultates cognoscite per le vulpes include le perdita de habitat e le facto que illos es chassate pro lor pelles, pro le traffico de animales o pro continer le diffusion de pathogenos.<ref>{{en}} Ginsburg, Joshua Ross and David Whyte MacDonald. [https://books.google.com/books?id=QvUfIvp4muEC&pg=PA2&dq=fox+endangered+species+%22crab-eating%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=yz2vU7W3KtiYqAaVsoKIDQ&ved=0CCoQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=fox%20endangered%20species%20%22crab-eating%22&f=false Foxes, Wolves, Jackals, and Dogs.] p.58.</ref> Partialmente a causa de lor stylo de chassa opportunistic e lor persistentia, le vulpes es sovente percipite como incommoditates.<ref>{{en}} Bathgate, Michael. [https://books.google.com/books?id=sD6TAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA18&dq=fox+nuisance+species&hl=en&sa=X&ei=k0qvU4nZGdGLqgaE7YG4CA&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=fox%20nuisance%20species&f=false The Fox's Craft in Japanese Religion and Culture.] 2004. p.18.</ref> Malgrado isto, le vulpes ha essite usate con successo in fermas gratias a lor capacitate de eliminar le insectos parasite del fructos sin damnificar le fructos.<ref>{{en}} McCandless, [https://web.archive.org/web/20100730043903/http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/pubs/press/foxes.html Linda Foxes are Beneficial on Fruit Farms.] nysaes.cornell.edu (1997-04-24)</ref> === Vulpe insular (''Urocyon littoralis'') === Le [[Urocyon littoralis|vulpe insular]], ben que considerate un specie quasi-menaciate in multe partes del mundo, deveni actualmente de plus in plus impericulate in su milieu [[endemic]] del [[insulas Channel]] de [[California]].<ref name=Allee>{{en}} ANGULO, ELENA; ROEMER, GARY W.; BEREC, LUDĚK; GASCOIGNE, JOANNA; COURCHAMP, FRANCK (29 May 2007). [https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/57044/1/conBiol.pdf "Double Allee Effects and Extinction in the Island Fox"] (PDF). Conservation Biology. 21 (4): 1082–1091. [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier doi]:[https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00721.x 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00721.x.]</ref> Le populationes insular es generalmente plus parve que illos continental a causa de ressources limitate como le spatio, le alimento e le possibilitate de refugiar se.<ref name="essentials">{{en}} Primack, Richard B. (2014). Essentials of conservation biology (Sixth ed.). Sinauer Associates. pp. 143–146. {{ISBN|9781605352893}}.</ref> Illos, in consequentia, es altemente susceptibile a menacias externe que comprende le predatores estranie, le homines e le climate extreme.<ref name=essentials /> Super le insulas Channel de California, il esseva discoperite que le population de vulpes insular esseva multo basse a causa de un epidemia del [[maladia de Carré]] inter 1999 e 2000<ref name=popvar>{{en}} Kohlmann, Stephan G.; Schmidt, Gregory A.; Garcelon, David K. (10 April 2005). "A population viability analysis for the Island Fox on Santa Catalina Island, California". Ecological Modelling. '''183''' (1): 77–94. doi:[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2004.07.022 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2004.07.022.]</ref> e etiam a causa de predation per [[aquila|aquilas]] aurate non native.<ref name=restoration>{{en}} [http://www.nps.gov/chis/naturescience/fox-saving.htm "Channel Islands: The Restoration of the Island Fox".] National Park Service. Retrieved 25 September 2014.</ref> Depost 1993, le aquilas ha causate un diminution de usque 95% del population.<ref name=popvar /> A causa del numero parve de vulpes, le population ha cognoscite un [[effecto Allee]]: isto es lo que eveni quando, a densitates sufficientemente basse, le capacitate reproductive del individuos diminue.<ref name=Allee /> Le conservationistas, ergo, debeva extraher copulas reproductor san ab le population salvage de maniera que illos se reproduceva in captivitate usque il habeva satis de vulpes a relaxar in le natura.<ref name=popvar /> Le pasturatores non native esseva etiam allontanate pro permitter al plantas native de revegetar a lor altor natural, lo que forniva al vulpes un protection adequate contra le aquilas aurate.<ref name=restoration /> === Vulpe de Darwin (''Pseudalopex fulvipes'') === Le [[Pseudalopex fulvipes|vulpe de Darwin]] es considerate criticamente impericulate a causa de su parve population cognoscite de 250 individuos matur e etiam su distribution restringite.<ref name=eco>{{en}} Jiménez, J. E. (2006). [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00218.x/full "Ecology of a coastal population of the critically endangered Darwin's fox (Pseudalopex fulvipes) on Chiloé Island, southern Chile".] Journal of Zoology. 271 (1): 63–77. doi:[https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00218.x 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00218.x]. Retrieved 30 September 2014.</ref> Super le territorio [[Chile|chilen]] continental, le population existe solmente in le parco national de [[Nahuelbuta]] e le [[foreste pluvial valvidian]] ambiente.<ref name=eco /> Similarmente super le [[insula Chiloé]], lor population se limita al forestes que se extende del extremitate nord al extremitate sud del insula.<ref name=eco /> Ben que le parco national de Nahuelbuta es protegite, 90% del specie vive super le insula Chiloé.<ref>{{en}} Jiménez, J.E.; Lucherini, M. & Novaro, A.J. (2008). [http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/41586 "Pseudalopex fulvipes".] [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.] Version 2014.1. [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature International Union for Conservation of Nature.] Retrieved 30 September 2014.</ref> Un problema major incontrate per ille species, es dunque lor habitat limitate e diminuente a causa del section e ardimento del forestes improtegite.<ref name=eco /> A causa del deforestation, le habitat del vulpe de Darwin se reduce, lo que permitte de multiplicar se a su competitor, ''Lycalopex griseus'', le qual prefere le habitates aperte; iste competition conduce progressivemente al disparition del vulpe de Darwin.<ref name=endangered>{{en}} Yahnke, Christopher J.; Johnson, Warren E.; Geffen, Eli; Smith, Deborah; Hertel, Fritz; Roy, Michael S.; Bonacic, Cristian F.; Fuller, Todd K.; Van Valkenburgh, Blaire; Wayne, Robert K. (1996). "Darwin's Fox: A Distinct Endangered Species in a Vanishing Habitat". Conservation Biology. '''10''' (2): 366–375. doi:[https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10020366.x 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10020366.x].</ref> Un altere problema incontrate es su incapacitate de combatter le maladias transmittite per le numero crescente de canes domestic.<ref name=eco /> Pro conservar iste animales, le recercatores recommenda que on protegite le forestes que connecte le parco national de Nahuelbuta al litoral de Chile e assi al insula Chiloé e su forestes.<ref name=endangered /> Illos suggere tamben que on examina altere forestes in Chile pro determinar si vulpes de Darwin viveva illac previemente o potera viver illac plus tarde, in le eventualitate que il es necessari reintroducer iste specie in ille regiones.<ref name=endangered /> E finalmente, le recercatores recommenda le creation de un programma de reproduction in captivitate, in Chile, a causa del numero limitate de individuos matur in le natura.<ref name=endangered /> == Relationes con homines == [[File:Sunny Fox.jpg|thumb|Un vulpe rubie super le portico de un casa.]] Le vulpes es sovente considerate como incommoditates a causa de lor attaccos opportunistic super le aves domestic e altere micre animales de ferma. Le attaccos de vulpes super humanos es rar.<ref>{{en}} Barratt, Sarah and Martin Barratt. [https://books.google.com/books?id=gJl8AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT28&dq=fox+human+attack+unlikely&hl=en&sa=X&ei=L1KvU9CBC5KiyATEx4LQBg&ved=0CBwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=fox%20human%20attack%20unlikely&f=false Practical Quail-keeping.] 2013.</ref> Multe vulpes se adapta ben al presentia human; plure species es classificate como "carnivoros citadine" a causa de lor capacitate de mantener populationes sin jammais quitar le limites de un citate.<ref name=urb_carn>{{en}} Iossa, G. et al. [https://books.google.com/books?id=xYKqluO6c8UC&pg=PA283&dq=fox+urban+environment&hl=en&sa=X&ei=9CKuU7DNApKVyATE24LwBQ&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=fox%20urban%20environment&f=false A Taxonomic Analysis of Urban Carnivore Ecology], from ''Urban Carnivores''. Stanley Gehrt et al. eds. 2010. p.174.</ref> In zonas urban, le vulpes pote viver plus longemente e haber portatas de vulpinos plus micre que le vulpes in zonas non urban.<ref name=urb_carn /> Le vulpes urban es omnipresente in Europa, ubi lor comportamento es differente del vulpes non urban, includente densitates superior de population, territorios plus micre e cercas de alimento in gruppos.<ref>{{en}} Francis, Robert and Michael Chadwick. [https://books.google.com/books?id=JVWJWKzTrJkC&pg=PA126&dq=fox+urban+environment&hl=en&sa=X&ei=9CKuU7DNApKVyATE24LwBQ&ved=0CEMQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=fox%20urban%20environment&f=false Urban Ecosystems] 2013. p.126.</ref> Le vulpes ha essite introducite in multe locos, con effectos differente super le fauna e flora indigene.<ref>{{en}} See generally Long, John. [https://books.google.com/books?id=7YC3cYhGMOcC&pg=PT551&dq=fox+introduced+australia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vTivU975KoWpyAT8yoKQCg&ved=0CEoQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=fox%20introduced%20australia&f=false Introduced Mammals of the World.] 2013.</ref> In alicun paises, le vulpes es predatores major del [[conilio]]s e gallinas. Le oscillationes de population de iste duo species esseva le prime oscillation non linear studiate, e conduceva al [[equation Lotka-Volterra]], cognoscite anque como le equation predator–preda.<ref>{{en}} Sprott, Julien. [https://books.google.com/books?id=buILBDre9S4C&pg=PA89&dq=Lotka-Volterra+equation+%22first+nonlinear%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=AWGvU_CCPIuSyATS5oDIDw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Lotka-Volterra%20equation%20%22first%20nonlinear%22&f=false Elegant Chaos] 2010. p.89.</ref><ref>{{en}} Komarova, Natalia. [https://books.google.com/books?id=_PWsM_hzQjgC&pg=PA113&dq=Lotka-Volterra+equation+originated+foxes&hl=en&sa=X&ei=21-vU43FMcSOyASmnYD4BQ&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Lotka-Volterra%20equation%20originated%20foxes&f=false Axiomatic Modeling in Life Sciences], from Mathematics and Life Sciences. Alexandra Antoniouk and Roderick Melnik, eds. pp.113–114.</ref> === Le chassa al vulpe === Le chassa al vulpe esseva inventate in le [[Regno Unite]] in le seculo 16. Presentemente, chassar con canes es prohibite ibi,<ref>{{en}} [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/5109184.stm "Hunt campaigners lose legal bid."] BBC News Online. 2006-06-23.</ref><ref>{{en}} Singh, Anita (2009-09-18). [https://web.archive.org/web/20090930013856/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/epic/htg/6203266/David-Cameron-to-vote-against-fox-hunting-ban.html "David Cameron 'to vote against fox hunting ban'."] The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/epic/htg/6203266/David-Cameron-to-vote-against-fox-hunting-ban.html the original] on 30 September 2009. Retrieved 2010-05-02.</ref><ref>{{en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20050307100822/http://www.nwlacs.co.uk/foxhunting.htm Fox Hunting.] North West League Against Cruel Sports Support Group. nwlacs.co.uk</ref><ref>{{en}} [http://www.emteconline.co.uk/rliteracy/rpersuade/foxhunt.pdf "Fox Hunting: For and Against"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331221254/http://www.emteconline.co.uk/rliteracy/rpersuade/foxhunt.pdf |date=2010-03-31 }} (PDF).</ref> ben que chassar sin canes es ancora permittite. Vulpes rubie esseva introducite in [[Australia]] in le comenciamento del seculo 19 pro le sport, post que illos deveniva multo numerose. Illos ha causate diminutiones de population in multe species local e illos sole chassar le animales de ferma, particularmente le juvene agnos.<ref>{{en}} [http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive-species/publications/factsheet-european-red-fox-vulpes-vulpes Fact Sheet: European Red Fox, Department of the Environment, Australian Government].</ref> Le chassa al vulpe es practicate como intertenimento in plure altere paises como Canada, Francia, Irlanda, Italia, Russia e le Statos Unite. === Domestication === [[File:A tame fox cub at home with Mr and Mrs Gordon Jones, Talysarn (4478261667).jpg|thumb|Un vulpe domesticate in Talysarn, Galles.]] Multe historias de vulpe domesticate ha essite documentate, mais le domestication de longe duration es rar. Un recente exception notabile es le vulpe argentee (varietate del vulpe rubie) in [[Russia]], lo que resultava in cambiamentos comportamental visibile; es ora un studio de caso super le manipulation de un population animal conforme a necessitates human de domestication. Le gruppo actual de vulpes argentee domesticate es le resultato de quasi cinquanta annos de experimentos in [[Union Sovietic]] e Russia pro domesticar le mutation argentee del vulpe rubie. Iste reproduction selective produceva tractos physic e comportamental que es sovente observate in cattos domestic, canes e altere animales, tal como cambiamentos de pigmentation, aures cadente e caudas inrolate.<ref>{{en}} Trut, Lyudmila N. (1999). [http://www.floridalupine.org/publications/PDF/trut-fox-study.pdf "Early Canid Domestication: The Fox Farm Experiment"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815195330/http://www.floridalupine.org/publications/PDF/trut-fox-study.pdf |date=2015-08-15 }} (PDF). American Scientist. '''87.'''</ref> In particular, le nove vulpes deveniva plus docile, lassante humanos caressar los, gemente pro reciper attention, e olfacente e leccante lor custodes.<ref>{{en}} Kenneth Mason, Jonathan Losos, Susan Singer, Peter Raven, George Johnson(2011) ''Biology Ninth Edition'', p. 423. McGraw-Hill, New York.{{ISBN|978-0-07-353222-6}}.</ref> === Attaccos super humanos === In le Regno Unite, un certe numero de casos de attaccos benigne super humanos esseva reportate. Multes concerneva vulpes que attaccava infantes post haber entrate in domos a traverso de foramines.<ref>{{en}} Dunne, J.; Moore-Bridger, B.; Powell, T. (2018-06-21). [https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/woman-mauled-in-bed-by-fox-im-traumatised-and-fear-i-would-contract-rabies-a3868586.html "Woman mauled in bed by fox in Clapham flat: I'm traumatised and feared I would contract rabies".] ''The Evening Standard.'' Retrieved 2018-06-22.</ref> === In le cultura === [[File:Prince Hanzoku terrorised by a nine- tailed fox.jpg|thumb|right|180px|''Prince Hanzoku terrorisate per un vulpe nonacaudal'' per [[Utagawa Kuniyoshi]] (1798–1861).]] Le vulpe appare in multe culturas, habitualmente in le folklore. Il ha totevia legier differentias in le maniera como illo es describite. In le folklores occidental e [[persia]]n, le vulpe es depictite como un symbolo de astutia e fraude — un reputation que trahe su origine principalmente de su capacitate presumite de eluder le chassatores. Illo es sovente representate per un personage que possede iste characteristicas e que pote esser o un incommoditate in le historia, o un heroe mal comprendite o un antagonista dishoneste. In le folklore [[asia]]tic, le vulpe es describite como un spirito familiar que ha poteres magic. Como in le folklore occidental, le vulpe es depictite como malitiose, generalmente dupante altere personas, con le capacitate de disguisar se como un femina human attractive. Il ha totevia altere descriptiones del vulpe como un creatura mystic, sacrate, que pote equalmente causar le miraculo e le destruction.<ref>{{en}} Uther, Hans-Jörg (2006). "The Fox in World Literature: Reflections on a ‘Fictional Animal’". ''Asian Folklore Studies.'' '''65''' (2): 133–160. JSTOR 30030396.</ref> Vulpes con novem caudas es mentionate in le folklore, litteratura e mythologia [[China|chinese]], in que illos pote esser un bon o mal augurio, secundo le conto.<ref>{{en}} Kang, Xiaofei (2006). ''The cult of the fox: Power, gender, and popular religion in late imperial and modern China.'' New York: Columbia University Press. p. 15–21. {{ISBN|0-231-13338-3}}.</ref> Iste motivo esseva plus tarde introducite ab le cultura chinese a illos [[corea]]n e [[japon]]ese.<ref>{{en}} Wallen, Martin (2006). ''Fox.'' London: [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaktion_Books Reaktion Books.] pp. 69–70. {{ISBN|9781861892973}}.</ref> Le constellation Vulpecula representa un vulpe.<ref>{{en}} [http://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-names/ "Constellation Names".] ''Constellation Guide.'' Retrieved 1 October 2014.</ref> {{clear}} == Referentias == {{Reflist}} {{traduction|en|Fox|851204368}} == Vide etiam == {{Commons|Vulpes vulpes}} * [[Appendice:Galeria de imagines de animales]] [[Categoria:Canis]] 97yv2q2dogl8ojdjmtrpo9hmu9dl0f5 0 43525 705386 635607 2026-11-01T20:35:01Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 705386 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/articulo/persona}} '''Dylan Marlais Thomas''' ([[Galles]] le [[27 de octobre]] [[1914]]&nbsp;– [[New York (citate)|Nove York]] le [[9 de novembre]] [[1953]]) era un poeta gallese cuje obras include le poemas "Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night" ("Non va mansuete in ille bon nocte" ) e "And Death Shall Have No Dominion" ("E morte va haber necun dominio"); le "ludo pro voces" ''Under Milk Wood''; e contos e radiodiffusiones como "A Child's Christmas in Wales" (Le Natal de un infante in Galles") e ''Portrait of the Artist as a Young Dog'' (''Portrait del artista como un nomine juvene''). Su vidua era Caitlin Macnamara (qui ille ha sposate in 1937–1953). Illes habeva duo filios, Llewelyn Edouard Thomas (1939–2000) e Colm Garan Hart Thomas (1949–2012), e un filia, Aeronwy Bryn Thomas (1943–2009). == Ligamines externe == * Encyclopedia Britannica (articulo in anglese): https://www.britannica.com/biography/Dylan-Thomas * Sito (in anglese e gallese): https://web.archive.org/web/20150205231152/http://www.dylanthomas.com/ {{traduction|sco|Dylan Thomas|609220}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Thomas, Dylan}} [[Categoria:Poetas]] [[Categoria:Gente gallese]] r4a0lmbbroqcuka1jv3mqhki491shfw 0 46613 705406 705139 2026-11-02T04:27:08Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 705406 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/articulo/persona}} '''Vicente Costalago''' es un scriptor, philologo, e [[Interlinguistica|interlinguista]]. Ille nasceva in [[Espania]] e studiava linguas moderne, traduction, e interpretation in le universitate. Ille comenciava editar in Wikipedia in julio 2006, in le version in espaniol. Ille etiam auxiliava in le versiones in [[esperanto]], [[Lingua asturian|asturiano]], [[Lingua gallecian|galleciano]], [[Lingua catalan|catalano]], [[extremadurano]] e occitano. Etiam, le version in creolo jamaican esseva create gratias a su auxilio (ille habeva le idea haber un Wikipedia in ille lingua e ille etiam adjungeva imagines e categorias e consiliava le editores principal). Ille collaborava con le Nashanal Kriol Kongsl pro disveloppar un version in creolo belizean, e con altere wikipedistas ille creava le Wikipedia in creolo guyanan francese. Administrator del Wikipedias in creolo jamaican, [[interlingue]] e [[Lingua judeo-espaniol|judeo-hispan]], in ille ultime ille creava articulos re le lingua, su litteratura, dialectos, grammatica, e un bibliographia. Ille etiam auxiliava in altere versiones: in liguriano, in oromo, in xitsonga, in luganda, in hawaiano, in tahitiano, in hakka, in novial, adjungente imagines, avisos, e categorias. Ille etiam creava articulos in [[ido]] e in [[interlingua]]. == Obra == === Litteratura === Le prime lingua planificate que ille cognosceva esseva esperanto, quando ille legeva un vetule libro que ille trovava in le casa de su ava. Ille oblidava lo usque quando ille discoperiva que existeva un Wikipedia in ille lingua. Ille comenciava apprender lo, sed ille deveniva plus interessate per ido, e ille cambiava ad ille lingua. Post plure annos, dum le quales ille dubitava inter ido e interlingua, ille transiva verso interlingua, sed tosto ille trovava lingua franca nova. Ille abandonava omne projectos pro laborar con ille lingua, sed post alicun tempore, ille videva que le lingua non pote servir in scientia, e pro isto, ille cambiava ad interlingue in 2020 post un breve periodo in interlingua. Ille esseva un membro del Asosia per Lingua Franca Nova desde le 31 julio 2019 usque le 11 julio 2020. Ille publicava plure obras in lingua franca nova, principalmente traductiones de obras litterari e del Biblia, e ille scribeva multe libros de texto e pro infantes. Ille etiam coadjuvava in le amelioration del syntaxe del lingua, creava un terminologia, principalmente re theologia, religion, mathematica e scientias natural, e comenciava le creation de proverbios. Ille auxiliava in le creation del grammatica de lingua franca nova in espaniol e del dictionario lingua franca nova-espaniol. In maio 2020, ille publicava le prime novella scribite in le lingua, titulate [[La xerca per Pahoa]]. Postea, ille comenciava publicar in Occidental. In iste caso, illo esseva anque un texto original, ''Li sercha in li castelle Dewahl e altri racontas''. Postea veniva ''Antologie hispan'', un recompilation de extractos del principal texto del litteratura espaniol ab su comencio usque hodie. Illo esseva sequite de un altere traduction: ''Fabules, racontas e mites'', e un obra original, ''Li tresor de Fluvglant''. Ille publicava ''La marcia nonconoseda'', le secunde reconto original publicate in Lingua Franca Nova. Su secunde libro publicate in interlingua, ''Juliade'', appareve in martio 2022. Depost, ille publicava ''Antolojia espaniol'', in lingua franca nova, e ''Antologie de poesie europan'' in Occidental. Le sequente libro esseva ''Mikri Antologie'', scribite in Novial. In augusto 2022, ille publicava ''Subuqti'', un reconto original in Interlingue, influite del realismo de Leo Tolstoy, specialmente de su obra Anna Karenina. In octobre 2022, ille publicava le poemario ''Verses escapat de mi mente'', con poemas original in interlingue. Ille anque publicava in le mesme mense ''Denova en la marcia'' in lingua franca nova. Postea, ille publicava ''Anidros'' in Occidental e ''Poemas'' in Interlingua in decembre 2022. In le mesme mense, ille publicava le tertie parte del serie "La Club de la Marcia", titulate ''La Club de la Marcia en peril'' e su prime libro in Esperanto, ''La trezoro de Erokeriherria''. In 2023 ille publicava le poemario in Occidental ''Yo have ancor alquó a dir'' e, in maio, altere poemario original in Interlingue, con le titulo ''Exea!''. Ille anque publicava altere poemario in Lingua Franca Nova con le nomine ''Pensas rimada'' in maio 2023. Le 16 de julio 2023 ille publicava ''Kilglan'', altere libro original in Interlingua. Ille publicava le poemario original in interlingue ''Nov Vive'' in augusto 2023. In octobre 2023, ille publicava ''Rancur'', un reconto original in lingua franca nova. In novembre 2023, appareva su libro de texto in Glosa ''Brevi historia de plu internatio auxi-lingua''. In martio 2024 ille publicava un libro de recontos original in Interlingue: ''Heroicitás'', que narra quatro eventos heroic del historia de Espania: Numantia, le miraculo de Empel, le victoria de Blas de Lezo in Cartagena de Indias e le resistentia del heroes espaniol in Baler (Philippinas). In junio 2024 ille publicava ''Poesies de amore e desamore'', que esseva inspirate del lyrica del flamenco espaniol. In augusto 2024 ille publicava le parve poemario ''Senas'' in lingua franca nova, inspirate del viages que ille faceva durante un septimana in le nord de Italia, e anque su prime poemario in ido, ''Poemeti''. Le 11 de septembre 2024 ille publicava su ultime libro in Interlingue: ''Reminiscenties'', in le qual ille includeva su prime obra de teatro in verso (e le prime in le historia del lingua), nominate "Amore libertator". Le 13 de septembre 2024 ille publicava su secunde libro in Ido, ''La predicajo di Hakum''. Su prime obra de litteratura publicate in un lingua natural esseva ''El Viriatu'', in [[Lingua extremenie|extremenio]], que appareva le 19 de novembre. Illo narra in verso le vita del general lusitan qui luctava contra Roma in le Antiquitate. Illo esseva includite in le libro ''Euris estremeñus i sotras poemas'', publicate in april 2025<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago/euris-estreme%C3%B1us-i-sotras-poemas/paperback/product-gjqemyn.html?q=euris+estreme%C3%B1us&page=1&pageSize=4 Euris estremeñus i sotras poemas]</ref>. Le 22 de mayo de 2025, ille publicava un poema in murciano, le dialecto del espaniol parlate in [[Region de Murcia|Murcia]] titulate ''Püema en murciano''<ref>[https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/05/22/puema-en-murciano/ Püema en murciano]</ref>. Le 2 de novembre de 2025 ille publicava su seconde libro in extremaduran, ''Estórias estremeñas''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago/est%C3%B3rias-estreme%C3%B1as/paperback/product-nvjwvwn.html?q=vicente+costalago&page=1&pageSize=4 Estórias estremeñas]</ref>. In le mes sequente, appariva le traduction de ''Subuqti'' a Interlingua, facite per ille mesme<ref name="SubuqtiInterlingua">[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago/subuqti/paperback/product-yv9dzwr.html?q=subuqti&page=1&pageSize=4 Subuqti]</ref>. Le libro esseva promovite in YouTube per Martin Lavallée.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/shorts/nmZCBpQiF2k Marinero russe e femina native de Subuqti: an celle amor supervivera criticas del societate russe?]</ref> In januario 2026 ille publicava le libro original in Lingua Franca Nova ''La Asosia de Galduherri'', su ultime obra in ille lingua<ref name="galduherri">[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/la-asosia-de-galduherri/paperback/product-m26ew56.html?q=la+asosia+de+galduherri&page=1&pageSize=4 La Asosia de Galduherri]</ref>. In marto, ille publicava un libro de poesia original in fala, con le titulo ''Vérsus sóltus''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago/v%C3%A9rsus-s%C3%B3ltus/paperback/product-zmz6qpm.html?q=V%C3%A9rsus+s%C3%B3ltus&page=1&pageSize=4 Vérsus sóltus]</ref>. In junio ille publicava le quarte libro del serie ''La Club de la Marcia'', con le titulo ''La Club de la Marcia en la Lago Negra''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/la-club-de-la-marcia-en-la-lago-negra/paperback/product-2mnqejy.html?q=La+Club+de+la+Marcia+en+la+Lago+Negra&page=1&pageSize=4 La Club de la Marcia en la Lago Negra]</ref>. In julio ille publicava in Occidental le libro de poesia ''Cris de Silentie'', que tracta de themas como le mundo in crisis, guerra, fame; e il es etiam poemas religiose, con referentias a alicun versos del Biblia.<ref name="cris">[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/cris-de-silentie/paperback/product-yveynrz.html?q=cris+de+silentie&page=1&pageSize=4 Cris de Silentie]</ref>. Etiam in julio ille publicava le traduction de ''Subuqti'' al basco<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/subuqti/paperback/product-gjzymjz.html?q=Subuqti&page=1&pageSize=4 Subuqti]</ref>. In agosto ille publicava le traduction de ''Anidros'' a interligua<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/anidros/paperback/product-kvge78p.html?page=1&pageSize=4 Anidros]</ref> e a esperanto<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/anidros/paperback/product-45474rn.html?q=Anidros&page=1&pageSize=4 Anidros]</ref>. === Magazines === Ille colabora con le magazine in interligue nominate ''[[Cosmoglotta]]'' ab 2020.<ref>[https://archive.org/search?query=creator%3A%22Interlingue+Union%22 Interlingue-Union in archive.org]</ref> Etiam ille ha publicate in ''[[Ido-Saluto!]]'' ab 2024. In 2025, ille creava le magazine mensual ''[[U Glosa Jurnali]]'',<ref>[https://archive.org/details/@vicentecv?and%5B%5D=subject%3A%22Glosa%22 U Glosa Jurnali]</ref> in Glosa. Ab 2026, ille publica in le ''Revista Grada'', un magazine extremaduran, in le columna reservate per le [[OSCEC]]. === Manuales === Ille ha publicate manuales in Interlingua<ref>[https://www.interlingua.com/e-libros/cultura-classic/ Cultura classic (Vicente Costalago)]</ref><ref>[https://www.interlingua.com/e-libros/historiadeeuropa/ Historia de Europa e interlingua (Vicente Costalago)]</ref><ref>[https://www.interlingua.com/e-libros/litteraturaromanic/ Litteratura romanic e interlingua (Vicente Costalago)]</ref><ref>[https://www.interlingua.com/e-libros/le-medievo/ Le Medievo (Vicente Costalago)]</ref>, Lingua Franca Nova<ref>[https://elefen.org/fixador/pdf/cultur-clasica-a5.pdf Cultur e tradision clasica]</ref><ref>[https://elefen.org/fixador/pdf/istoria-de-europa-a5.pdf Istoria de Europa]</ref><ref>[https://elefen.org/fixador/pdf/istoria-de-espania-a5.pdf Istoria de Espania]</ref><ref>[https://elefen.org/fixador/pdf/leteratur-romanica-e-elefen-a4.pdf Leteratur romanica e elefen]</ref>, Occidental<ref>[https://occidental-lang.com/resources/Cultura_classic.pdf Cultura classic]</ref><ref>[https://occidental-lang.com/resources/Historie.pdf Historie]</ref><ref>[https://occidental-lang.com/resources/Geografie.pdf Geografie]</ref><ref>[https://occidental-lang.com/resources/Mathematica.pdf Mathematica]</ref> e Ido<ref name="antiqueso">[https://ia601405.us.archive.org/31/items/klasik-antiqueso-a-4/Klasik_Antiqueso_A4.pdf Klasik Antiqueso]</ref>. === YouTube === In januario 2023 ille creava su prime canal de YouTube, nominate ''Plu Artificia Lingua'' ("linguas artificial" in Glosa), ubi ille incarga videos de diverse linguas artificial parlante in le lingua re le qual ille parla in le video.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/@pluartificialingua Plu Artificia Lingua]</ref> Le 8 martio 2025, ille creava su secunde canal de YouTube, nominate ''MiSimpliBio'', ubi ille incarga videos in Glosa.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/@MiSimplibio MiSimpliBio]</ref>. == Bibliographia == [[File:Leteratur_romanica_e_elefen.png|197px|right]] [[File:Istoria_de_Europa.png|197px|right]] [[File:Cultur_e_tradision_clasica.png|197px|right]] [[File:Historie_(Interlingue).png|197px|right]] [[File:Cultura_classic.png|197px|right]] [[File:Geografie_(Interlingue).png|197px|right]] [[File:Mathematica.png|197px|right]] === In interlingua === * Libros ** 2022: ''Juliade''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago/juliade/paperback/product-qm8ez5.html?page=1&pageSize=4 Juliade]</ref> ** 2022: ''Poemas''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/poemas/paperback/product-4p6ppd.html?q=&page=1&pageSize=4 Poemas]</ref> ** 2023: ''Kilglan''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/kilglan/paperback/product-wjgq65.html?q=kilglan&page=1&pageSize=4 Kilglan]</ref> ** 2025: ''Subuqti''<ref name="SubuqtiInterlingua"/> ** 2026: ''Anidros''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/anidros/paperback/product-kvge78p.html?page=1&pageSize=4 Anidros]</ref> * Libros de texto: ** 2020: [https://www.interlingua.com/e-libros/heracles/ Le dece-duo travalios de Heracles] ** 2020: [https://www.interlingua.com/e-libros/litteraturaromanic/ Litteratura romanic e interlingua] ** 2020: [https://www.interlingua.com/archivos/Historia%20de%20Europa.pdf Historia de Europa] ** 2020: [https://www.interlingua.com/e-libros/concisedescriptiondellinguavalencian/ Concise description del lingua valencian] ** 2025: [https://www.interlingua.com/archivos/Cultura%20classic.pdf Cultura classic] ** 2026: [https://www.interlingua.com/archivos/Le%20Medievo.pdf Le Medievo] === In lingua franca nova === * Libros ** 2020: ''[[La xerca per Pahoa]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Libro |url=https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/la-xerca-per-pahoa/paperback/product-gpdq4k.html?page=1&pageSize=4 |accessdate=2021-08-12 |archivedate=2021-08-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811131944/https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/la-xerca-per-pahoa/paperback/product-gpdq4k.html?page=1&pageSize=4 }}</ref> ** 2022: ''La marcia nonconoseda''<ref>{{Cite web |title=La marcia nonconoseda |url=https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago/la-marcia-nonconoseda/paperback/product-qm5g6n.html?page=1&pageSize=4 |accessdate=2022-03-02 |archivedate=2022-02-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221073534/https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago/la-marcia-nonconoseda/paperback/product-qm5g6n.html?page=1&pageSize=4 }}</ref> ** 2022: ''Antolojia espaniol''<ref name="Antolojia">{{Cite web |title=Antolojia espaniol |url=https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/antolojia-espaniol/paperback/product-qmmpmq.html?page=1&pageSize=4 |accessdate=2022-06-30 |archivedate=2022-05-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511114904/https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/antolojia-espaniol/paperback/product-qmmpmq.html?page=1&pageSize=4 }}</ref> ** 2022: ''Denova en la marcia''<ref name ="denova">[https://elefen.org/vici/leteratur/denova_en_la_marcia/xef Denova en la marcia]</ref> ** 2022: ''La Club de la Marcia en peril''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/la-club-de-la-marcia-en-peril/paperback/product-zgdv7z.html?q=La+Club+de+la+Marcia+en+peril&page=1&pageSize=4 La Club de la Marcia en peril], publicat li 27 decembre 2022</ref>. ** 2023: ''Naras nonfisada''<ref>[https://elefen.org/vici/leteratur/naras_nonfisada/xef Naras nonfisada]</ref> ** 2023: ''Pensas rimada''<ref>[https://payhip.com/b/VEGum Pensas rimada]</ref> ** 2023: ''Un contia de libria''<ref>[https://elefen.org/vici/leteratur/un_contia_de_libria/xef Un contia de libria]</ref> ** 2023: ''Rancur''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago/rancur/paperback/product-v8r7mqy.html?page=1&pageSize=4 Rancur]</ref> ** 2024: ''Senas''<ref>[https://elefen.org/vici/leteratur/senas/xef Senas]</ref> ** 2026: ''La Asosia de Galduherri''<ref name="galduherri"/> ** 2026: ''La Club de la Marcia en la Lago Negra''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/la-club-de-la-marcia-en-la-lago-negra/paperback/product-2mnqejy.html?q=La+Club+de+la+Marcia+en+la+Lago+Negra&page=1&pageSize=4 La Club de la Marcia en la Lago Negra]</ref> * Libros de texto: ** [http://elefen.org/disionario/leteratur-romanica-e-elefen.pdf Leteratur romanica e lingua franca nova] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327163452/http://elefen.org/disionario/leteratur-romanica-e-elefen.pdf |date=2020-03-27 }} ** [http://elefen.org/disionario/istoria-de-europa-a4.pdf Istoria de Europa] ** [http://elefen.org/disionario/cultur-clasica-a4.pdf Cultur clasica] ** [https://elefen.org/vici/istoria_de_espania/xef Istoria de Espania] * Libros pro infantes: ** [http://elefen.org/pdf/desinias-per-colori.pdf Desinias per colori] ** [http://elefen.org/pdf/la-crea-de-la-mundo.pdf La crea de la mundo] ** [http://elefen.org/pdf/nos-conose-la-mundo-espania.pdf Nos conose la mundo: Espania] ** [http://elefen.org/pdf/naras-per-enfantes.pdf Naras per enfantes], traducite con Jean-Claude Caraco. ** [http://elefen.org/pdf/ci-es-ci.pdf Ci es ci?] ** [http://elefen.org/pdf/on-conose-la-animales.pdf On conose la animales] * Essayos ** [http://elefen.org/vici/leteratur/siensa_en_lingua_franca_nova Siensa en lingua franca nova] * Altere ** [http://elefen.org/pdf/libros-de-biblia.pdf La libros de la Biblia] ** [http://elefen.org/disionario/mitolojia-clasica.pdf Disionario de mitolojia clasica] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327145742/http://elefen.org/disionario/mitolojia-clasica.pdf |date=2020-03-27 }}. ** Collaboration in le creation del dictionario lingua franca nova-hispan * Traductiones ** Le Quatro Evangelios<ref>[https://elefen.org/vici/relijio/biblia/mateo/xef Evanjelio de San Mateo]</ref><ref>[https://elefen.org/vici/relijio/biblia/evanjelio_de_san_marco/xef Evanjelio de San Marco]</ref><ref>[https://elefen.org/vici/relijio/biblia/evanjelio_de_san_lucas/xef Evanjelio de San Lucas]</ref><ref name="evanjeliosanjoan">[https://elefen.org/vici/relijio/biblia/evanjelio_de_san_joan/xef Evanjelio de San Joan]</ref> ** Capitulo prima de [[Don Quixote de La Mancha]]<ref>[https://elefen.org/vici/leteratur/la_nobil_injeniosa_don_quijote_de_la_mancha/xef La nobil injeniosa Don Quijote de La Mancha]</ref> === In interlingue === * Libros ** 2021: ''Li sercha in li castelle Dewahl e altri racontas''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Li sercha in li castelle Dewahl e altri racontas |url=https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/li-sercha-in-li-castelle-dewahl-e-altri-racontas/paperback/product-j2775p.html?page=1&pageSize=4 |accessdate=2021-07-27 |archivedate=2022-04-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409004527/https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/li-sercha-in-li-castelle-dewahl-e-altri-racontas/paperback/product-j2775p.html?page=1&pageSize=4 }}</ref> ** 2021: ''Antologie hispan''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Antologie hispan |url=https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/antologie-hispan/paperback/product-pmknpz.html?page=1&pageSize=4 |accessdate=2021-09-07 |archivedate=2022-04-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409004527/https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/antologie-hispan/paperback/product-pmknpz.html?page=1&pageSize=4 }}</ref>. ** 2021: ''Fabules, racontas e mites''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fabules, racontas e mites |url=https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/fabules-contes-e-mites/paperback/product-4g6ezk.html?page=1&pageSize=4 |accessdate=2022-03-07 |archivedate=2022-04-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409004527/https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/fabules-contes-e-mites/paperback/product-4g6ezk.html?page=1&pageSize=4 }}</ref>. ** 2022: ''Li tresor de Fluvglant''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Li tresor de Fluvglant |url=https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/li-tresor-de-fluvglant/paperback/product-8grj8y.html?page=1&pageSize=4 |accessdate=2022-03-07 |archivedate=2022-02-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222181751/https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/li-tresor-de-fluvglant/paperback/product-8grj8y.html?page=1&pageSize=4 }}</ref> ** 2022: ''Antologie de poesie europan''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/antologie-de-poesie-europan/paperback/product-zj6dd5.html?q=Antologie+de+poesie+europan&page=1&pageSize=4 Antologie de poesie europan]</ref> ** 2022: ''Subuqti''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/subuqti/paperback/product-r922ev.html?q=&page=1&pageSize=4 Subuqti]</ref> ** 2022: ''Verses escapat de mi mente''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zuqez/verses-escapat-de-mi-mente/paperback/product-8p4zzq.html?q=verses+escapat+de+mi+mente&page=1&pageSize=4 Verses escapat de mi mente]</ref> ** 2022: ''Anidros''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/anidros/paperback/product-4p69v7.html?q=&page=1&pageSize=4 Anidros]</ref> ** 2022: ''Li Crímines de Cnocorran''<ref>[https://occidental-lang.com/resources/Li_crimines_de_Cnocorran.pdf Li Crímines de Cnocorran]</ref> ** 2023: ''Yo have ancor alquó a dir''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/yo-have-ancor-alqu%C3%B3-a-dir/paperback/product-eyedmr.html?page=1&pageSize=4 Yo have ancor alquó a dir]</ref> ** 2023: ''Exea!''<ref name="exea">[https://payhip.com/b/IUw5s Exea!]</ref> ** 2023: ''Nov Vive''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/nov-vive/paperback/product-qr9p5v.html?page=1&pageSize=4 Nov Vive]</ref> ** 2024: ''Heroicitás''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago/heroicit%C3%A1s/paperback/product-655ppyz.html?q=&page=1&pageSize=4 Heroicitás]</ref> ** 2024: ''Poesies de amore e desamore''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago/poesies-de-amore-e-desamore/paperback/product-dym6dg7.html?page=1&pageSize=4 Poesies de amore e desamore]</ref> ** 2024: ''Reminiscenties''<ref name="reminiscenties">[https://archive.org/details/Reminiscenties Reminiscenties]</ref> ** 2026: ''Cris de silentie''<ref name="cris"/> * Libros de texto ** [https://occidental-lang.com/resources/Historie.pdf Historie] ** [https://occidental-lang.com/resources/Cultura_classic.pdf Cultura classic] ** [https://occidental-lang.com/resources/Geografie.pdf Geografie] ** [https://occidental-lang.com/resources/Mathematica.pdf Mathematica] * Traductiones ** Le poema "Si", par [[Rudyard Kipling]] (25 novembre 2020). * Articulos in Cosmoglotta ** 2020: ''Li casu del hebreic quam exemple por Occidental'' in Cosmoglotta 326. ** 2020: ''Mi unesim visita in li biblioteca de La-Chaux-de-Fonds'' in Cosmoglotta 326. ** 2022: ''Litteratura in Occidental'' con un ''Bibliografie de ovres e textus litterari in Occidental'', en Cosmoglotta 329<ref>[https://archive.org/details/cg-329-2022/page/2/mode/2up Cosmoglotta 329]</ref>. ** 2022: Poesia ''Al lingue'', in Cosmoglotta 330<ref>[https://archive.org/details/cg-330-2022-el/mode/2up Cosmoglotta 330]</ref>. ** 2023: ''Situation actual de nor lingue: Esque it es plu bon o plu mal?'', in Cosmoglotta 331<ref>[https://archive.org/details/cosmoglotta_331.20023 Cosmoglotta 331]</ref> ** 2024: ''Ultim adío a Claude Gacond'', in Cosmoglotta 334<ref name="Cosmoglotta334">[https://archive.org/details/cosmoglotta-334-2024/mode/2up Cosmoglotta 334]</ref> ** 2024: ''Li beson del viage del heróe in nor vives'', in Cosmoglotta 334<ref name="Cosmoglotta334"/> ** 2025: ''Un lingue es un dialecte con un armé e un marine'', in Cosmoglotta 336<ref name="Cosmoglotta336">[https://archive.org/details/cg-336-2025-2 Cosmoglotta 336]</ref> ** 2025: ''On ne save quo on have til quande on perdi it'', in Cosmoglotta 336<ref name="Cosmoglotta336"/> ** 2026: ''Li chimere de atinger pace per un lingue universal neutral'', in Cosmoglotta 337<ref>[https://archive.org/details/cg-337-2026-1/page/6/mode/2up Cosmoglotta 337]</ref> * Dictionarios ** [https://occidental-lang.com/dictionaries/?d=es Dictionarium interlingue-hispan] ** [https://occidental-lang.com/dictionaries/?d=val Dictionarium interlingue-valencian] ** [https://occidental-lang.com/dictionaries/?d=bal Dictionarium interlingue-baleari] ** [https://occidental-lang.com/dictionaries/?d=an Dictionarium interlingue-aragonesi] ** [https://occidental-lang.com/dictionaries/?d=gl Dictionarium interlingue-galician] ** [https://occidental-lang.com/dictionaries/?d=pt Dictionarium interlingue-portugalesi] === In esperanto === * 2022: ''La trezoro de Erokeriherria'', publicate le 27 de decembre 2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=La trezoro de Erikoriherria |url=https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/la-trezoro-de-erokeriherria/paperback/product-pv8p9e.html?q=La+trezoro+de+Erokeriherria&page=1&pageSize=4 |accessdate=2022-12-27 |archivedate=2022-12-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227144201/https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/la-trezoro-de-erokeriherria/paperback/product-pv8p9e.html?q=La+trezoro+de+Erokeriherria&page=1&pageSize=4 }}</ref> * 2026: ''Anidros'' === In Ido === * Libros ** 2024: ''Poemeti'', publicate le 28 augusto 2024<ref name="poemeti">[https://archive.org/details/Poemeti Poemeti]</ref><ref name="Ido-Saluto">Ido-Saluto! 3/2024</ref><ref name="labluamuzo">[https://labluamuzo.blogspot.com/2025/01/2024-ka-diskreta-yaro-en-la-ido.html 2024: Ka diskreta yaro en la Ido-literaturo?]</ref> ** 2024: ''La predicajo di Hakum'', publicate le 13 septembre 2024<ref name="Ido-Saluto"/><ref name="labluamuzo"/> * Manuales ** 2026: ''Klasik Antiqueso''<ref name="antiqueso"/> * Articulos pro magazines ** 2024: ''Originala poemi'' publicate in Ido-Saluto 2024/3. ** 2025: ''La Hispana vacinizad-expediciono ad Amerika'', publicate in Ido-Saluto 2025/1. ** 2025: ''La Miraklo di Empel: Kande la cielo chanjis la kuro di historio'', publicate in Ido-Saluto 2025/2. ** 2025: ''L’Ultimi di Filipini: La heroala siejo qua markis la fino dil Hispana Imperio en Asia'', publicate in Ido-Saluto 2025/3.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/ido-saluto-3-2025/mode/2up Ido-Saluto 2025/3]</ref> ** 2025: ''Numantia: La nedomtebla spirito di libera populo'', publicate in Ido-Saluto 2025/4.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/ido-saluto-4-2025/page/18/mode/2up Ido-Saluto 2025/4]</ref> ** 2026: ''Blas de Lezo e la heroala defenso di Cartagena de Indias: La brava rezistado qua protektis la Hispana Imperio en Amerika'', Ido-Saluto 2026/1.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/ido-saluto-1-2026/page/n19/mode/2up Ido-Saluto 2026/1]</ref> === In mini === * 2022: ''Pensa'', publicate le 21 februario 2022 in [https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/pensa/paperback/product-kqnz4e.html?page=1&pageSize=4 Lulu.com]. Illo es le prime obra original publicate in iste lingua. === In mundeze === * Libros ** 2020: ''latina peleye en mundeze'', prime libro in mundeze<ref>{{Cite web |title=latina peleye |url=https://www.mundezo.com/files/latina_peleye.pdf |accessdate=2020-12-31 |archivedate=2020-10-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018095642/https://www.mundezo.com/files/latina_peleye.pdf }}</ref> ** 2021: ''kitceyara partey o mundeze'', con Djuna de Lannoy<ref>{{Cite web |title=4 april 2021 |url=https://www.mundezo.com/files/kitceyara_parte.pdf |accessdate=6 January 2024 |archivedate=4 December 2022 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204151010/https://www.mundezo.com/files/kitceyara_parte.pdf }}</ref> ** 2021: ''filma tsitseye'', con Djuna de Lannoy<ref>{{Cite web |title=11 novembre 2021 |url=https://www.mundezo.com/files/filma_tsiteye.pdf |accessdate=2024-01-06 |archivedate=2022-12-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204151007/https://www.mundezo.com/files/filma_tsiteye.pdf }}</ref> * Alteres ** 2020: Creator del [https://mundeze.fandom.com/wiki/Mundeze_Wiki Wiki in mundeze] ** 2023: Creator del traductor esperanto-mundeze<ref>[https://lingojam.com/Esperanto-Mundezetranslator Traductor Esperanto-Mundeze]</ref> === In novial === * ''Mikri Antologie''<ref name="novial">[https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/mikri-antologie/paperback/product-vdj8gy.html?q=Mikri+Antologie Mikri Antologie]</ref> === In glosa === * Libros e poemas ** 2022/2023<ref>Publicate in interrete in 2022 e como libro in 2023</ref>: ''Histori''<ref>[https://glosa.fandom.com/wiki/Histori_(bibli) Histori]</ref><ref>[https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/histori/paperback/product-yvvv7rn.html?page=1&pageSize=4 Histori]</ref> ** 2023: ''Si'', de Rudyard Kipling<ref>[https://glosa.fandom.com/wiki/Literatura:Si Si]</ref> ** 2023: ''Plu buno homo plu leuko elefa'', de Ernest Hemingway<ref>[https://glosa.fandom.com/wiki/Literatura:Plu_buno_homo_plu_leuko_elefa Plu buno homo plu leuko elefa]</ref> ** 2023: ''Brevi historia de plu internatio auxi-lingua''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/brevi-historia-de-plu-internatio-auxi-lingua/paperback/product-yv7wdwm.html?page=1&pageSize=4 Brevi historia de plu internatio auxi-lingua in Lulu]</ref> ** 2023: ''Mi promise a tu, mi landa''<ref>[https://glosa.fandom.com/wiki/Mi_promise_a_tu,_mi_landa Mi promise a tu, mi landa]</ref> ** 2023: ''Mi pa cerka u simpli bio''<ref>[https://glosa.fandom.com/wiki/Mi_pa_cerka_u_simpli_bio Mi pa cerka u simpli bio]</ref> ** 2025: ''Ultima spira''<ref>[https://glosa.fandom.com/wiki/Ultima_spira Ultima spira]</ref> ** 2025: ''E so pa gresi plu pedi de antiqi tem''<ref>[https://glosa.fandom.com/wiki/And_did_those_feet And did those feet]</ref> * Magazines ** 2025: ''U Glosa jurnali'' === In baleari === Benque ille non parla baleari, ille ha coordinate le traduction del libro [https://prexins.files.wordpress.com/2021/04/historis-de-la-bibblia-final.pdf Històris de la Bibblia]. In iste lingua, ille es le creator del ''Wiki en llengo baléà''<ref>[https://prexins.wordpress.com/2021/04/20/el-balear/ El balear]</ref> e de un repositorio de textos, le ''Baleateca''<ref>[https://baleateca.miraheze.org/wiki/P%C3%A1gina_principal Baleateca]</ref>. * 2022: ''Es cò acuadó''<ref>[https://prexins.files.wordpress.com/2022/01/es-co-acuado.pdf Es cò acuadó]</ref>, con Mikèl Garau. * 2022: ''Es retrato oual''<ref>[https://prexins.wordpress.com/2022/02/19/es-retrato-oual/ Es retrato oual]</ref>, con Mikèl Garau. * 2022: ''Es móx negre''<ref>[https://prexins.wordpress.com/2022/04/19/es-mox-negre/ Es móx negre]</ref>, con Mikèl Garau. * 2022: ''Manuscrit trobad dins una botélla''<ref>[https://prexins.wordpress.com/2022/05/24/326/ Manuscrit trobat dins una botélla]</ref>, con Mikèl Garau. * 2022: ''S'esfinge'', <ref>[https://prexins.wordpress.com/2022/06/13/sesfinge/ S'esfinge]</ref>, con Mikèl Garau. * 2022: ''Berenice'', <ref>[https://prexins.wordpress.com/2022/08/07/berenice/ Berenice]</ref>, con Mikèl Garau. === In espaniol === * Poemas ** 2024: ''Pensamientos tras la riada de Valencia''.<ref>Scribite le 31 octobre 2024, postea le catastrophe que occurreva in Valencia post le DANA. Publicate in le blog del autor.</ref> * Revistas: ** I.2026: ''Que se alce la voz'' in ''Grada''<ref>[https://www.grada.es/que-se-alce-la-voz/blogueros/oscec/ Que se alce la voz]</ref> ** II.2026: ''Mi relación con el extremeño''<ref>[https://www.grada.es/mi-relacion-con-el-extremeno/revista-grada/colaboradores/ Mi relación con el extremeño]</ref> ** III.2026: ''Una joya lingüística extremeña''<ref>[https://www.grada.es/una-joya-linguistica-extremena/blogueros/oscec/ Una joya lingüística extremeña]</ref> ** VI.2026: ''Cuando lo urgente silencia lo importante''<ref>[https://www.grada.es/cuando-lo-urgente-silencia-lo-importante/blogueros/oscec/ Cuando lo urgente silencia lo importante]</ref> === In extremadurano === * Libros: ** 2025: ''Euris estremeñus i sotras poemas''. ** 2025: ''Estórias estremeñas''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago/est%C3%B3rias-estreme%C3%B1as/paperback/product-nvjwvwn.html?q=vicente+costalago&page=1&pageSize=4 Estórias estremeñas]</ref> === In fala === * Libros: ** 2026: ''Vérsus sóltus'' === Bibliographias === * {{lad}} [https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedya:Bibliografia_del_djudeo-espanyol Vikipedya:Bibliografia del djudeo-espanyol] * {{bal}} [https://llengobalear.miraheze.org/wiki/Bibbliografia_de_sa_llengo_bal%C3%A9%C3%A0 Bibbliografia de sa llengo baléà] * {{ie}} [https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingue#Ovres Liste de ovres litterari in Occidental] * {{ie}} [https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_de_ovres_in_occidental_in_li_CDELI Liste de ovres in occidental in li CDELI] * {{vlc}} [https://www.lenciclopedia.org/wiki/Anex:Bibliografia_del_valenci%C3%A0 Anex:Bibliografia del valencià] * {{lfn}} [https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliografia_sur_Provinse_Soria Bibliografia sur Provinse Soria] * {{mt}} [https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibljografija_tal-lingwa_Maltija Bibljografija tal-lingwa Maltija] * {{ie}} [[:ie:Bibliografie de Interlingue]] * [https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fino%27_Chamoru#Bibliografia Bibliografie del lingue chamoru] * {{ext}} [https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliografia_d%27Estrema%C3%BAra Bibliografia d'Estremaúra] <gallery> Leteratur_romanica_e_elefen.png Istoria_de_Europa.png Cultur_e_tradision_clasica.png Historie_(Interlingue).png Cultura_classic.png Geografie_(Interlingue).png </gallery> === Alteres === * 2016: Creator del [https://jam.wikipedia.org Wikipedia in jamaican] con le adjuta de Larry Chang. * 2016: Creator del [https://web.archive.org/web/20220706080603/https://frenkisch.fandom.com/wiki/Frenkisch_Wikia Wiki in Frenkisch] * 2017: Creator del [https://aragonesoriental.fandom.com/es/wiki/P%C3%A1gina_principal Wiki in aragones oriental]. * 2018: Creator del [https://bzj.miraheze.org/wiki/Main_Page enciclopedie] in creol belizean<ref>Le projecto es stoppate desde le 7 april de 2021.</ref><ref>[https://www.belmopanonline.com/belizean-kriol-language-detail/bileez-kriol-wiki-chek-owt-tudeh Bileez Kriol Wiki…Chek Owt Tudeh!]</ref>. * 2020: Creator S'Enciclopèdi, un [https://llengobalea.fandom.com/es/wiki/Wiki_Llengo_Bal%C3%A9%C3%A0 enciclopedie] in [[baleari]]. * 2020: Creator de li [https://baleateca.miraheze.org/wiki/P%C3%A1gina_principal Baleateca], un compilation de textos in baleari. * 2020: Creator del [https://pandunia.fandom.com/wiki/Xefi_varkolate Wiki in pandunia]. ** Traductor de "[https://pandunia.fandom.com/wiki/Tortuge_e_tuze tortuge e tuze]" a pandunia * 2021: Creator del [https://glosa.fandom.com/wiki/Glosa_Wiki Wiki in Glosa] * 2020: ''[https://prexins.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/diccionario-de-verbos-criollo-beliceno-espanol-1.pdf Diccionario de verbos Criollo beliceño - español]'' (publicate in linea)<ref>Inviat li 21 may 2020</ref> * 2021: ''Diccionario de aragonés oriental''<ref>Finit li 5 marto 2021</ref> (impublicate) * 2021: ''Latn adij ina Jumiekan'', con Larry Chang<ref>Publicat li 11 marte 2021 en [https://www.jumieka.com/pachiz.html LanguiJumieka]</ref> * 2021: Creator del [https://web.archive.org/web/20210430021912/https://proyo.fandom.com/wiki/Proyo_Wiki Wiki in Proyo]<ref>Creat li 25 may 2021</ref> * 2021: ''Històris de la Bibblia''<ref>[https://prexins.files.wordpress.com/2021/04/historis-de-la-bibblia-final.pdf 20 april 2021]</ref> (coordinator) * 2021: Creator del [https://lingwa-de-planeta-ldp.fandom.com/wiki/Lingwa_de_Planeta_LDP_Wiki Wiki in Lingwa de Planeta]<ref name="Unnamed_2-20230318120755">Creat li 23 may 2021</ref> * 2021: Creator del Reformad Novial, un reforma del [[Novial]]. * 2021: Creator del [https://minilang.fandom.com/wiki/Mini_Wiki Wiki in Mini]<ref>Creat li 17 julí 2021</ref> * 2021: Creator del [https://novlingue.fandom.com/wiki/Novlingue_Wiki Wiki in Novlingue]<ref>Creat li 20 octobre 2021</ref> * 2022: Creator del [https://web.archive.org/web/20240223131000/https://yola.fandom.com/wiki/Yola_Wiki Wiki in Yola]<ref>Unesim articul de marte 2022.</ref> * 2022: Creator del [https://negerhollands.fandom.com/wiki/Negerhollands_Wiki Wiki in Negerhollands]<ref>Creat li 21 juní 2022</ref> * 2022: Creator del [https://web.archive.org/web/20230413101504/https://plu-artificia-lingua.fandom.com/wiki/Plu_Artificia_Lingua_Wiki Plu Artificia Lingua Wiki]<ref>Creat li 13 april 2023</ref> * 2023: Creator del [https://naffarrera.fandom.com/es/wiki/Wiki_Naffarrera Wiki in Naffarrera]<ref>Creat li 25 may 2023</ref> * 2023: Creator del [https://guosa.fandom.com/wiki/Guosa_Wiki Wiki in Guosa]<ref>Creat li 30 julí 2023</ref> * 2023: Creator del [https://jitasama.fandom.com/wiki/Jitasama_Wiki Wiki in Jitasama] * 2023: Creator del [https://latinosineflexione.fandom.com/wiki/Latino_Sine_Flexione_Wiki Wiki in Latino sine Flexione]<ref>Creat li 11 decembre 2023</ref> * 2024: Creator del [https://papia-tugu.fandom.com/wiki/Papia_Tugu_Wiki Papia Tugu Wiki]<ref>Creat li 18 januar 2024</ref> * 2024: Creator del [https://prouvencau.fandom.com/fr/wiki/Wiki_Prouven%C3%A7au Wiki Prouvençau]<ref>Creat li 25 februar 2024</ref> * 2024: Creator del [https://tami-lobo.fandom.com/wiki/Tami_lobo_Wiki Wiki in Suma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517135312/https://tami-lobo.fandom.com/wiki/Tami_lobo_Wiki |date=2024-05-17 }}<ref>Creat li 17 may 2024</ref> * 2024: Creator del [https://web.archive.org/web/20240524094437/https://sona-lasin.fandom.com/wiki/Sona_lasin_Wiki Wiki in Sona]<ref>Creat li 19 may 2024</ref> * 2024: Creator del [https://etoibuk.fandom.com/wiki/Etoibuk_Wiki Wiki in Uni] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524094433/https://etoibuk.fandom.com/wiki/Etoibuk_Wiki |date=2024-05-24 }}<ref>Creat li 24 may 2024</ref> * 2024: Creator del [https://dasopya.fandom.com/wiki/Dasopya_Wiki Wiki in Dasopya]<ref>Creat li 10 decembre 2024</ref> * 2025: Creator del [https://frater.fandom.com/wiki/Frater_Wiki Frater Wiki]<ref>Creat li 31 de januar 2025</ref> === YouTube === * [https://www.youtube.com/@pluartificialingua Plu Artificia Lingua] * [https://www.youtube.com/@MiSimplibio MiSimpliBio] {{Ref}} == Ligamines externe == * [https://www.interlingua.com/novas/2020-08-02-tres-nove-libros-gratuite/ Presentation de alcun obras in Interlingua] * [https://prexins.wordpress.com/ Blog] * [https://www.instagram.com/cdeli_lcdf/ Conto de Instagram] * [https://novlingue.wixsite.com/my-site Pagina web oficial de Novlingue] * [https://lingojam.com/English-Novlingue Traductor de Novlingue] * [https://mithradates.substack.com/p/un-felici-decovrition-del-annu-1957?sd=pf Un felici decovrition del annu 1957] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=soSy1lD2irk&ab_channel=MartinLavallee Litteratura in interlingua: Kilglan, per Vicente Costalago, romance amorose e militar] * [https://www.canalextremadura.es/a-la-carta/la-corrobra/audios/la-corrobra-090124 Interview in La Corrobra (09/01/24)] === MiSimpliBio === * [https://x.com/MiSimpliBio Conte de X] * [https://www.instagram.com/misimplibio/ Conte de Instagram] {{Vicente Costalago}}{{Interlingua}}{{Glosa}} [[Categoria:Vicente Costalago| ]] d2gj2eifwcb06lc41ngpp6dyn6gcmcj 0 55267 705397 685162 2026-11-01T23:56:59Z Tim Ocean 30221 /* Periodo de Vienna (1927-1949) */ gram. 705397 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Cosmoglotta 326.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Un grande parte del litteratura in occidental ha essite publicate in su revista official [[Cosmoglotta]].]] Un grande parte del '''litteratura in occidental''' ha essite publicate in su revista official [[Cosmoglotta]]. [[Interlingue|Occidental]] es un lingua artificial create per [[Edgar de Wahl]] in 1922. Illo se characterisa per esser un lingua naturalistic e regular, un via intermedie inter le artificialitate de esperanto e ido, e le total naturalitate de interlingua (que include multe irregularitates).<ref name="Cosmoglotta 329">Costalago, Vicente ''Litteratura in Occidental'', in Cosmoglotta 329 (Januar-junio 2022), pag. 2-15</ref> Le periodos del litteratura in interlingue son dividite assi: * Prime periodo (1921-1927): Desde le creation del lingua usque le cambio de sede a Vienna. * Periodo de Vienna (1927-1949): Desde le cambio de sede a Vienna usque le cambio de nomine a interlingue. * Periodo de paralyse (1950-1999): Desde le cambio de nomine del lingua usque le creation del prime Yahoo! Group. * Revitalisation in internet (1999 usque al presente): Desde le creation del prime Yahoo! Group usque al presente. == Prime periodo (1921-1927) == Le prime publication cognoscite in occidental es le libro ''Transcendent algebra, ideografie matematical, experiment de un lingua filosofic'', per Jacob Linzbach, publicate in 1921. Nonobstante, iste libro non pote esser considerate como un "opera litterari".<ref name="Cosmoglotta 329"/> Le prime texto litterari que se pote trovar in Cosmoglotta es ''Hymne'', per Kaarlo Hammar, traducite del finnese per K.J. Saarinen in Kosmoglott 1925.<ref name="Cosmoglotta 329"/> Le sequente opera litterari appareva in le Supplemento de Kosmoglott 1 (anno 1926). Iste revista habeva como objectivo le publication de traductiones de textos scientific e litterari. In le prime numero on pote trovar traductiones de duo poemas de Goethe facite per A. Toman: le verso 48 (ben que illo appareva como le 54 in Cosmoglotta) del texto ''Vier Jahreszeiten'' e anque un parte del poema ''Wandrers Nachtlied''.<ref name="Cosmoglotta 329"/> A. Toman traduceva anque poesias de Jaroslav Vrchlický. In 1926 appareva ''Nationalisme in Occidente'', que esseva le traduction a partir del anglese facite per A. Toman del prime capitulo de ''Nationalism'', publicate in 1918 per [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. == Periodo de Vienna (1927-1949) == Le secunde periodo del historia litterari de occidental es le periodo de [[Vienna]], que comenciava in 1927 e se extendeva usque 1949, quando le nomine del lingua esseva cambiate a interlingue. In ''Supplement al Cosmoglotta'' 7 (1927), il se trovava le traduction del ''Sententias persas'' per Saadi, e in ''Supplement al Cosmoglotta 8'' (Marte 1927), se trovava ''Li Francia depos li guerre'', per Hermann Keyserling, e un fragmento de ''Suicide'', per T. G. Masaryk1. In 1930, Ric Berger publicava ''Historiettes in Occidental'', un compilation de historiettas originalmente publicate in le revista Helvetia<ref name="Cosmoglotta 329"/>. Anque in 1930, ''Ú es mi hem?'' per Konstanti Balmont esseva publicate, traducite per A. Toman in collaboration con M. Guilbert, A. Deminger, e E. de Wahl<ref name="Cosmoglotta 329"/>. In 1931, le obra ''Manuel Menendez'', un obra per Edmondo de Amicis traducite per A. Toman con adjuta de Edgar de Wahl, esseva publicate. Anque in iste anno, ''Un descende in li Maelstrom'', un obra per [[Edgar Allan Poe]], equalmente traducite per A. Toman con adjuta de Edgar de Wahl, esseva publicate<ref name="Cosmoglotta 329"/>. Jaroslav Podobský publicava ''Li Astres del Verne'', un collection de poesia original in Occidental<ref name="Cosmoglotta 329"/>. In 1938, Jan Amos Kajš publicava ''Krasina, raconta del subterrania del Moravian carst''<ref name="Cosmoglotta 329"/>. Inter le obras original, on distingue illos de A.E. Cortinas, como ''Li vive pende a un fil'', ''Li mendico'', ''Li incercerat princessa'', e ''Pro amore al musica''; e le conto ''Cacuma'', per P. Dimitriev, publicate in Cosmoglotta A 143 (januario 1949)<ref name="Cosmoglotta 329"/>. == Periodo de stagnation (1950-1999) == [[File:Un Adío, de Arvid Brenner, traductet in 1958 per Eric Ahlström.jpg|179px|right|thumb|''Un Adío'', per Arvid Brenner, traducite in 1958 per Eric Ahlström.]] Le periodo de stagnation comenciava in 1950, quando le Occidental-Union officialmente votava le cambio de nomine del linguage a interlingue. Iste cambio esseva acceptate con un appoio de 91%. Iste periodo finiva con le creation del prime grupo Yahoo! in occidental in 1999<ref name="Cosmoglotta 329"/>. [[Interlingua]] appareva in 1951 e multe occidentalistas, includente [[Ric Berger]], un de lor principal defensores, comenciava a appoiar iste nove lingua del [[International Auxiliary Language Association|IALA]], que significava un debilitation del movimiento. Cosmoglotta continuava a apparer, ma con minor periodicitate usque al puncto de cessar de apparer in 1985. Secundo Don Harlow, un autor esperantista, Adrian Pilgrim, redactor de Cosmoglotta a iste epocha, diceva que le occidental poteva esser describe como un "lingua morte"<ref name="Cosmoglotta 329"/>. ''Li matre parla'', un traduction per Josef Křesina a partir del original chec de Jiří Marek, esseva publicate in 1954<ref name="Cosmoglotta 329"/>. ''Li alocution al chefes de Lebak'', per Multatuli, esseva traducite per [[Piet Cleij]] e publicate in 1955. Illo es un fragmento del obra "Max Havelaar", que "representava un sever accusation contra le systema colonial nederlandese de iste epocha"<ref name="Cosmoglotta 329"/>. In 1957, le Interlingue Institute Nederland publicava ''Camises Nuptial'', per Karel Jaromír Erben, traducite per Josef Křesina. In 1958, Eric Ahlström publicava ''Un adío'', un traduction libere de Arvid Brenner. Del mesme traductor es le libro ''Un desertor'', originalmente scripte per Bo Bergman e publicate (le traduction) in 1958, le mesme anno del publication de ''Episode con perspectives'', per Harald Herdal<ref name="Cosmoglotta 329"/>. In 1964, Francis R. Pope publicava le libro ''Poemas'', un collection de poesias traducite del germano, del francese e del anglese<ref name="Cosmoglotta 329"/>. == Revival in le internet (1999 al presente) == Le revival del occidental comenciava in 1999, quando le prime Yahoo! Group in occidental esseva create. Ante isto, le lingua habeva passate per un periodo de decadentia durante le annos octanta e novanta. In iste epocha, le creation de Wikipedia merita mention, que attingeva 5000 articulos in 2020<ref name="Cosmoglotta 329"/>. Le prime texto publicate in iste epocha es ''Li Cartusie de Parma'', per Stendhal, publicate in internet per Robert Winter in 2011. In 2012, Thomas Schmidt publicava ''Li Munde de Sandra'' in le revista electronic Posta Mundi, que specialisa in publicationes litterari in linguas artificial. Iste autor traduce etiam ''Li litt prince'' in 2014<ref name="Cosmoglotta 329"/>. In 2019, Dave MacLeod publicava ''Li Romance de Photogen e Nycteris''<ref name="Cosmoglotta 329"/>. Inter le annos 2021 e 2023, [[Vicente Costalago]] ha publicate textos original como ''Li sercha in li castelle Dewahl e altri racontas'', ''Li tresor de Fluvglant'', ''Subuqti'', e ''Verses escapat de mi mente''; e traductiones como ''Antologie hispan'', ''Fabules, racontas e mites'', e ''Antologie de poesie europan''<ref name="Cosmoglotta 329"/>. {{Referentias}} [[Categoria:Interlingue]] khlfiol7ttfkzchm7gcofa0pkat4zsd 2 59505 705377 705122 2026-11-01T15:19:42Z Tim Ocean 30221 act. 705377 wikitext text/x-wiki Salute a omnes. Io es un nove redactor de iste Wikipedia. Io me appella Piotr. Io es un interlinguista polonese. Mi nivello de interlingua es proxime a C1. Plus exactemente io habe plus que 9000 parolas/flashcards active de interlingua in mi Anki. Io ha essite un redactor del Wikipedia Polonese pro un longe tempore. Io es le autor de multiple articulos. Io es tamben un autor de alcun articulos/fragmentos al Wikipedia Anglese. Mi nomine al Reddit es PLrc. Io ha revidite/corrigite errores in le sequente articulos (inter alteres). Le grasses es de longitude medie o grande: * [[Dune]], * [[Isaac Bashevis Singer]], * [[Historia de interlingua|'''Historia de interlingua''']], * [[Historia de ido|'''Historia de ido''']], * [[Romance (litteratura)]], * [[Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof|'''Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof''']], * [[Vicente Costalago|'''Vicente Costalago''']], * [[Volapük|'''Volapik''']], * [[Historia de esperanto]], * [[Litteratura in Interlingue|'''Litteratura in interlingue''']], * [[Polonia]], * '''[[Francia]],''' * [[Lingua catalan]], * '''[[Historia de volapük]]''' (io non ha ancora revidite stilo in tote le articulo), * [[Hugo Fischer]], * [[Pro Biblia]]. Io es le autor o ha contribute significantemente al sequente articulos: * [[Brian E. Drake]], * [[Andreas Juste]], * [[International concurso pianista Frédéric Chopin|International concurso pianista Frederic Chopin]], * [[Methodo de interlingua|'''Methodo de interlingua''']], * '''[[Grammatica de interlingua]],''' * '''[[Stanley Mulaik]],''' * [[Stanisław Lem]], * [[Solaris]], * [[Auli]], * [[Bridge]], * [[Standardisation interlinguistic]], * [[Tatras]]. Le prime duo es traducite ab ido. Io non parla ido (nec esperanto) ma il pare que ido es plus simile a interlingua que esperanto e il es relativemente facile comprender un texto idista. De plus io ha create iste peciettas: * [[Ezra Clark Stillman]], * [[Barbara Rubinstein]], * [[Partition]], * [[Harleigh Kyson]], * [[Vesir]], * [[Lingua extremaduran]], * [[Pat]], * [[Mirosław Wiechowski]], * [[Interlingua. Le Lingua International. Un Grammatica Descriptive]], * [[Levata]], * [[Jocos de levatas]], * [[Cassubia]]. rhz9gyftg1sqy714qxq3v864kkvsw2j 0 60915 705363 695834 2026-11-01T12:20:09Z Tim Ocean 30221 cat. 705363 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vesir''' o '''visir'''<ref>{{Cite book|author=Piet Cleij|title=Le Lista de 51.500 parolas de Piet Cleij}}</ref> es un prominente consiliero politic o ministro in un pais de "[[Iran|Persia]] Grande". Le [[Califato Abbaside|califas abbaside]] dava le titulo vesir a un ministro anteriormente appellate ''katib'' (secretario) qui esseva in le principio solmente un adjutante, ma posteriormente deveniva le representante e successor del ''dapir'' (scriba official o secretario) del reges sassanide. In uso moderne, le termino ha essite usate pro ministros in un grande parte del [[Oriente Medie]] e ultra. {{refer}} {{Traduction|en|Vizier|incomplete=si}} [[Categoria:Politica]] [[Categoria:Historia]] [[Categoria:Titulos]] {{Pecietta|politica|historia}} ia6x9vasozmjx94ogivhrqmewlnwjqz 0 61094 705403 698411 2026-11-02T03:30:43Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 705403 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Senato del Statos Unite''' es un camera del [[Bicameralismo|bicameral]] [[Congresso del Statos Unite]]; illo es le [[camera superior]], e le [[Camera de Representantes del Statos Unite|Camera de Representantes del S.U.]] es le [[camera inferior]]. Insimul, le Senato e le Camera ha le autoritate, sub le [[Articulo Un del Constitution del Statos Unite|Articulo Un]] del [[Constitution del Statos Unite|Constitution]], de elaborar e approbar o rejectar legislation federal. Le Senato ha le potentia exclusive de confirmar [[Presidente del Statos Unite|nominationes presidential del SUA]], de approbar o rejectar tractatos, e de condemnar o exonerar casos de [[Impeachment in le Statos Unite|impeachment]] initiate per le Camera. Le Senato e le Camera provide un [[Separation del poteres sub le Constitution del Statos Unite|sistema de controlo e equilibrio]] super le potentias del [[Governo federal del Statos Unite#Branca executive|branca executive]] e del [[Judiciatura federal del Statos Unite|branca judiciari]] del governo. Le composition e le potentias del Senato es establite per le Articulo Uno del Constitution del SUA, que ha essite in vigor desde le 4 de martio 1789.<ref name="senate_a1_sec3">{{Cite web |title=Constitution del Statos Unite |url=https://www.senate.gov/civics/constitution_item/constitution.htm#a1_sec3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127215619/https://www.senate.gov/civics/constitution_item/constitution.htm |archive-date=27 de novembre 2022 |access-date=8 de januario 2023 |publisher=Senate.gov}}</ref> Cata uno del [[Statos del SUA|50 statos]] es representate per duo [[#Membros|senatores]] qui servi [[Classes de senatores del Statos Unite|mandatos alternante de sex annos]], pro un total de 100 membros.<ref name="Article1">{{Cite journal |title=Articulo 1, Section 3, Clause 1 |url=https://constitution.congress.gov/browse/article-1/section-3/ |journal=Constitution del Statos Unite |issue=}}</ref> Desde le creation del Senato in 1789 usque a 1913, le senatores esseva nominate per le [[Legislatura de stato (Statos Unite)|legislaturas de stato]] de lor respective statos. Desde 1913, tamen, post le ratification del [[Dicesepte Emendamento al Constitution del Statos Unite|Dicesepte Emendamento]], le senatores ha essite eligite per voto [[Election directe|popular]] a nivello de stato.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Dicesepte Emendamento |url=https://constitution.congress.gov/constitution/amendment-17/ |journal=Constitution del Statos Unite}}</ref> Le Senato ha plure potentias de [[adviso e consentimento]]. Iste include le approbation de [[tractatos]], le confirmation de [[Cabinet del Statos Unite|secretarios del Cabinet]], [[Judice federal del Statos Unite|judices federal]] (incluse [[Lista de judices del Corte Supreme del Statos Unite|judices del Corte Supreme]]), [[Flag officer#Statos Unite|officiarios de bandiera]], officiarios regulatori, [[Ambassatores del Statos Unite|ambassatores]], [[Departamentos executive federal del Statos Unite|altere officiarios executive federal]], e [[Servitios in uniforme del Statos Unite|officiarios federal in uniforme]]. Si necun candidato recipe un majoritate del [[Collegio electoral (Statos Unite)|electores]] pro [[Vice-presidente del Statos Unite|vice-presidente]], le [[Duodecime Emendamento al Constitution del Statos Unite|deber cade al Senato]] de eliger un del duo candidatos con le plus alte numero de electores pro iste function. Le Senato conduce processos contra officiarios qui ha essite accusate per impeachment per le Camera. Le Senato ha essite considerate un corpore plus deliberative<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Amar |first=Vik D. |date=1 de januario 1988 |title=Le Senato e le Constitution |journal=The Yale Law Journal |volume=97 |issue=6 |pages=1111–1130 |doi=10.2307/796343 |jstor=796343 |s2cid=53702587 | issn = 0044-0094 }}</ref> e plus prestigiose<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stewart |first1=Charles |last2=Reynolds |first2=Mark |date=1 de januario 1990 |title=Mercatos televisive e electiones al Senato del SUA |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_legislative-studies-quarterly_1990-11_15_4/page/495 |journal=Legislative Studies Quarterly |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=495–523 |jstor=439894}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 de julio 2018 |title=Quando le Camera e le Senato es controlate per partitos differente, qui vince? |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/07/us/politics/house-senate-difference-control.html |access-date=21 de novembre 2023 |archive-date=21 de novembre 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121211025/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/07/us/politics/house-senate-difference-control.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |author=Joseph S. Friedman |date=30 de martio 2009 |title=Le sequencia rapide de eventos que forzava le action del Senato: un reevaluation del Dicesepte Emendamento, 1890–1913 |url=http://repository.upenn.edu/curej/93/ |url-status=live |journal=Curej – College Undergraduate Research Electronic Journal |issue=93 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724022757/https://repository.upenn.edu/curej/93/ |archive-date=24 de julio 2019 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724022757/https://repository.upenn.edu/curej/93/ |date=2019-07-24 }}</ref> que le Camera del Representantes, a causa de su mandatos plus longe, su dimensiones plus parve, e su electoratos a nivello de stato, factores que historicemente conduceva a un atmosphera plus collegial e minus [[Partisan (political)|partisan]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Frances E. |date=16 de junio 2006 |title=Consentir a dissentir: contento del agenda e partisanismo del Senato, 198 |journal=Legislative Studies Quarterly |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=199–222 |doi=10.3162/036298008784311000}}</ref> Le [[Camera del Senato del Statos Unite|camera del Senato]] es situate in le ala nord del [[Edificio del Capitolio del Statos Unite|Edificio del Capitolio]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], le capital del nation. Non essente se ipse un senator, le vice-presidente del Statos Unite servi como [[ex officio]] official presidente e presidente del Senato; ille vota solmente quando e si le Senato es equalmente dividite. In le absentia del vice-presidente, le [[Presidente pro tempore del Senato del Statos Unite|presidente pro tempore]], qui es traditionalmente le membro plus senior del partito majoritari del Senato, preside super le Senato, e plus frequentemente per regulamento permitte a un senator junior de occupar le sedia, sub le direction del [[Parlamentario del Senato del Statos Unite|parlamentario]]. In le initio del annos 1920, le practica de partitos majoritari e minoritari de eliger lor [[Lideres de partito del Senato del Statos Unite|lideres del plenario]] comenciava. Le activitate legislative e executive del Senato es administrate e planificate per le leader majoritari del Senato, qui, in certe ocasiones, negotia alcun asuntos con le leader minoritari del Senato. Un practica characteristic del Senato es le [[Filibuster in le Senato del Statos Unite|filibuster]] in certe casos e su remedio, le [[cloture|voto super le cloture]]. {{Referentias}} == Ligamines externe == * [http://www.senate.gov Sito web official del Senato del Statos Unite] [[Categoria:Senato del Statos Unite| ]] [[Categoria:Fundationes de 1789 in le Statos Unite]] [[Categoria:Branca legislative del governamento del Statos Unite]] [[Categoria:Cameras alte national]] [[Categoria:Cameras federal]] i6rjql9og5e48k2m815la0hiwccha2k 0 61808 705395 702164 2026-11-01T23:15:21Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 705395 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} '''Lutetia''' (latin: ''Lutetia Parisiorum''; francese: ''Lutèce'') esseva un citate gallo-roman e le principal predecessor antique del actual [[Paris]]. Illo esseva le capital del territorio del [[Parisii]], un populo gallic, e deveniva un importante centro urban del Gallia romanisate. Le citate se developpava principalmente super le rive sinistre del [[Sena]], al pede e super le [[Montagne Sainte-Geneviève]], con altere sectores super le [[Île de la Cité]] e le rive dextere. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://archeologie.culture.gouv.fr/paris/en/ancient-paris |titulo=Ancient Paris |sitioweb=Ministère de la Culture – Paris antique |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le nom de Lutetia es cognoscite per le fontes antique, includente [[Julius Caesar]], qui mentiona le oppidum del Parisii durante le [[Guerra del Gallos]]. Le localisation exacte del oppidum gallic ha essite subjecto a discussiones archeologic: le identification traditional con le [[Île de la Cité]] es ancora discutite, proque le excavations recente non ha revelate super le insula vestigios convincente del occupation gallic del periodo anterior al conquista roman. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://archeologie.culture.gouv.fr/paris/en/gallic-lutetia |titulo=The Gallic Lutetia |sitioweb=Ministère de la Culture – Paris antique |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Origines == Le territorio de Paris esseva occupate desde le [[Neolithic]]. Excavationes al bordo del Sena, particularmente in le area de [[Bercy]], ha revelate habitationes, embarcationes e altere vestigios que remonta al circa 4500 a.C. Le communitates prehistoric viveva del agricultura, del allevamento e del commercio fluvial. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.carnavalet.paris.fr/en/le-nouveau-parcours |titulo=The pathway |sitioweb=Musée Carnavalet – Histoire de Paris |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> A partir del circa III seculo a.C., le [[Parisii]] se establiva in le region de Paris. Le populo parece haber obtenite un parte importante de su ricchessa per le controlo del commercio fluvial e del accesso al Sena e su affluentos. Le Parisii produceva etiam moneta de auro de grande qualitate, que constitue un importante testimonio del lor potentia economic e politic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://archeologie.culture.gouv.fr/paris/en/celtic-settlements-paris-region |titulo=Celtic settlements in the Paris region |sitioweb=Ministère de la Culture – Paris antique |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Lutetia gallic == Le prime mention litterari de Lutetia appare in le ''[[Commentarii de Bello Gallico]]'' de Caesar. In 53 a.C., Caesar convoca in le territorio del Parisii un assemblea del populos gallic. In 52 a.C., durante le guerra contra le coalitiones gallic, le legato roman [[Titus Labienus]] marchava verso Lutetia pro affrontar le Parisii commandate per [[Camulogenus]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://archeologie.culture.gouv.fr/paris/en/battle-lutetia |titulo=The battle of Lutetia |sitioweb=Ministère de la Culture – Paris antique |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Secundo le narration de Caesar, le oppidum se trovava super un insula del Sena. Ante le arrivata del Romanos, le Gallicos incendiava le settlemento e destruiva le pontes pro impedir que le legiones lo occupava. Labienus passava le fluvio plus a valle e le Romanos vinceva le battalia contra le forces de Camulogenus. Le localisation del oppidum es tamen incerta. Le identification traditional con le Île de la Cité se basa super le description de Caesar e super le position strategic del insula, ma le excavationes moderne non ha trovate strata urban o fortificationes que pote esser datate al periodo gallic. Le excavations de Nanterre ha revelate, al contrario, un importante settlemento gallic de plus de 15 hectares, ben que su relation con le Lutetia de Caesar remane discutite. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://archeologie.culture.gouv.fr/paris/en/gallic-lutetia |titulo=The Gallic Lutetia |sitioweb=Ministère de la Culture – Paris antique |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Conquista roman e nove citate == Post le conquista de Gallia per [[Rome]], le prime phase del occupation roman de Lutetia es ancora imperfectemente cognoscite. Material archeologic trovate super le Montagne Sainte-Geneviève, includente monetas gallic e roman e ceramica importate ab Italia, indica que le zona esseva reoccupate relativamente tosto post le conquista. Durante le regno de [[Augusto]], in le ultime parte del I seculo a.C., le citate gallo-roman se developpava super le rive sinistre del Sena. Le nove Lutetia deveniva le capite del ''civitas Parisiorum'', le territorio administrative del Parisii. Le centro urban principal esseva organisate secundo un schema orthogonal roman, con le [[cardo maximus]] como principal axe nord-sud, correspondente in grande parte al actual [[rue Saint-Jacques]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.carnavalet.paris.fr/sites/default/files/2022-07/paris_antiquite_mp_pdf.pdf |titulo=Dossier « Le Paris de l’Antiquité » |sitioweb=Musée Carnavalet – Histoire de Paris |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le citate consisteva in tres sectores principal: le citate del rive sinistre, le Île de la Cité e le suburbios del rive dextere. Le rive sinistre esseva le centro monumental e administrative del citate, durante que le insula e le rive dextere habeva functiones residential, commercial e portuari. Durante le [[Tiberius|regno de Tiberius]], le commercio terrestre e fluvial se developpava. Le [[Pilier des Nautes]] e le vestigios del portu antique monstra le importantia del corporationes de navigatores e del commercio del Sena. == Le citate roman == Le principal concentration del monumentos public esseva super le pente nord del Montagne Sainte-Geneviève. Le disposition del edificios formava quasi un scena monumental visibile ab le Sena: al alto se trovava le forum, a mi-pente le theatro e altere thermas, e plus basse le grande Thermas de Cluny. Le amphitheatro esseva construite extra le area central del citate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://archeologie.culture.gouv.fr/paris/en/slopes-sainte-genevieve-hill |titulo=On the slopes of the Sainte-Geneviève hill |sitioweb=Ministère de la Culture – Paris antique |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Forum de Lutetia === Le forum esseva le centro civic del citate. Illo reuniva functiones politic, administrative, juridic, religiose, financiari e commercial. Le complex esseva constituite de un grande placia circumdate per porticos con colonnades, con un cryptoportico, un templo al occidental extremitate e un basilica al extremitate oriental. Botecas esseva installate lungo le exterior del porticos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://archeologie.culture.gouv.fr/paris/en/forum |titulo=The forum |sitioweb=Ministère de la Culture – Paris antique |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le forum esseva construite durante le secunde medietate del I seculo d.C., probablement inter le regno de [[Claudius]] e illo de [[Vespasian]]. Su position corresponde approximativemente al actual area del [[Panthéon]] e del [[Place du Panthéon]]. === Amphitheatro === Le Amphitheatro de Lutetia, cognoscite hodie como [[Arènes de Lutèce]], esseva un grande edificio de spectacles con character mixte. Illo includeva un arena elliptic, duo grandes entratas lateral e un ''cavea'' que non circumdava completemente le arena, le parte mancante essente occupate per un scena pro mimos, pantomimos e spectaculos cantate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://archeologie.culture.gouv.fr/paris/en/amphitheatre |titulo=The amphitheatre |sitioweb=Ministère de la Culture – Paris antique |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le edificio mesurava circa 100 × 130,4 metros e esseva un del plus grande amphitheatros de iste typo in Gallia. Le arena serviva a combates de gladiatores e a venationes, durante que le scena permitteva altere formas de spectaculo. Le capacitate poteva attinger circa 17 000 espectadores. Le data exacte de construction non es certe, ma le edificio esseva probabilemente edificate ante le fin del I seculo. Illo esseva abandonate al initio del IV seculo e partes de su structura esseva reutilisate in le fortificationes del Île de la Cité. === Theatro === Le Theatro de Lutetia esseva un edificio de spectaculos con un cavea semicircular e un scena rectangular. Un galeria frontal permitteva al espectadores de acceder al cavea. Le vestigios esseva identificate durante travaux effectuates inter 1861 e 1884, particularmente in le area del boulevard Saint-Michel e del rue Racine. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://archeologie.culture.gouv.fr/paris/fr/le-theatre |titulo=Le théâtre |sitioweb=Ministère de la Culture – Paris antique |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Thermas === Le [[Thermas de Cluny]] esseva le remanente le plus importante de un vaste complexe de thermas public. Le ensemble se extendeva inter le Boulevard Saint-Germain e le Rue des Écoles, e inter le Boulevard Saint-Michel e le area del actual Musée national du Moyen Âge. Le thermas non esseva solmente installationes pro hygiene. Como in altere citates roman, illos serviva tamben como locos de incontro social, relaxation, exercitio e conversation. Le complexe de Lutetia includeva spatia de iste natura associate al vita quotidian del habitantes. === Aqueducto === Le expansion del citate e le construction de thermas e fontes requireva un systema regular de alimentation in aqua. Le [[Aqueducto de Lutetia]] conduceva aqua ab plure fontes situate al sud de Paris, in le actual [[Essonne]]. Le aqueducto habeva un percurso de circa 26 kilometros, con un fluxo estimate de circa 2 000 metros cubic per die. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://archeologie.culture.gouv.fr/paris/en/sources-and-destination |titulo=Sources and destination |sitioweb=Ministère de la Culture – Paris antique |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Vias e habitationes === Le citate del rive sinistre esseva organisate secundo un rete orthogonal de vias. Le cardo maximus, con direction nord-sud, esseva le principal axe del citate e correspond in grande parte al actual rue Saint-Jacques. Le habitationes esseva repartite in insulae e quartieres, con zonas de domicilios, botecas e officinas. Le pentes del Montagne Sainte-Geneviève offereva bon drainage natural verso le Bièvre e le Sena, un factor importante pro le installation de habitationes. Le monumentos public esseva concentrate sur le pente nord, ubi le architectura monumental esseva visibile ab le fluvio. === Portu e navigation === Le Sena habeva un function central in le vita economic de Lutetia. Le portu antique esseva associate con le Île de la Cité e includeva areas de deposito e installationes ligate al commercio fluvial. Le activitate del navigatores del Sena es etiam documentate per le Pilier des Nautes, un monument votive que combina divinitates roman e gallic. Durante le Antiquitate tardive, le function del portu cambiava. Le portu commercial deveniva un portu militar associate al defense del Sena, durante que le Île de la Cité assumeva un importantia administrative crescente. === Necropole === Lutetia possedeva plure necropoles. Le plus importante necropole cognoscite, le Necropole Saint-Jacques, se trovava al sud del citate, lungo le cardo maximus. Illa occupava circa quatro hectares e esseva usate regularmente ab le initio del I seculo usque al III seculo d.C.; le abandonmento comenciava durante le IV seculo. Circa 400 sepulturas de inhumation e cremation ha essite identificate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://archeologie.culture.gouv.fr/paris/en/saint-jacques-necropolis |titulo=The Saint-Jacques necropolis |sitioweb=Ministère de la Culture – Paris antique |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Île de la Cité e le Antiquitate tardive == A partir del III seculo, le citate esseva affligite per instabilitate e per le incursion de populos germanic. Le rive sinistre perdeva gradualmente parte de su population e plure monumentos public esseva abandonate e depredate pro reutilisar lor materiales. Durante le IV seculo, un castrum esseva construite super le Île de la Cité. Le insula esseva fortificate con un muro e deveniva le nove centro defensive e administrative del citate. Le area circumferite per le muro esseva inferior a 10 hectares, ben que le population non esseva limitate a iste spatio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://archeologie.culture.gouv.fr/paris/en/urban-shrinkage-and-fortified-city |titulo=The urban shrinkage and the fortified city |sitioweb=Ministère de la Culture – Paris antique |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le emperatores [[Valentiniano I]] e [[Julian]] soggiornava in Lutetia. In 360, Julian esseva proclamate imperator per su tropas in le citate. Le Île de la Cité contineva etiam un residencia imperial e plure thermas. Le citate habeva pontes que ligava le insula al duo rivages, e le portu assumeva un function militar. == Christianisation == Le christianisation de Lutetia deveniva significative principalmente a partir del III seculo, ben que le vestigios archeologic sia relativemente rare. Le tradition christian attribue a [[Dionysius de Paris|Dionysius]] e su companiones Rusticus e Eleutherius un rol in le evangelisation del region, ma le fontes archeologic non permitte reconstruer le detalhes de iste processo. Le prime ecclesia cognoscite del citate esseva probabilemente situate in un casa private super le Île de la Cité, non lontan del sito del actual [[Cathedral de Notre-Dame de Paris]]. Un fragmento de un vitro con un [[Chi Rho|chrisma]] trovate durante le excavationes del parvis de Notre-Dame constitue un del rare testimonios material del christianismo del IV seculo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://archeologie.culture.gouv.fr/paris/en/early-christian-period |titulo=The early Christian period |sitioweb=Ministère de la Culture – Paris antique |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Steles funerari christian del V seculo testimonia le expansion progressive del nove religion in le citate. Inter le inscriptiones conservate se trova un dedication facite per Vitalis a su sposa Barbara. == De Lutetia a Paris == Durante le Antiquitate tardive, le denomination del citate evolveva. Le expression ''Civitas Parisiorum'', «le citate del Parisii», deveniva le designation administrative del centro urban e de su territorio. In le seculos subsequente, le forma ''Parisius'' deveniva le nom latin usate pro le citate que finalmente deveniva [[Paris]]. Le transformation non esseva un abrupto disparition de Lutetia. Illo involveva un contraction del citate antique, le fortification del Île de la Cité e le reorganisation del centro politic e administrative. Le citate medieval se developpava super iste strato antique, conservante parte del vias, del pontes, del installations e del topographia establite durante le periodo roman. == Patrimonio archeologic == Le vestigios de Lutetia es dispersate per le actual Paris. Inter le principal remanentes se trova le [[Thermas de Cluny]], le [[Arènes de Lutèce]], le vestigios del forum, le vestigios del theatro, le restes del aqueducto, le necropole Saint-Jacques e le vestigios del citate tarde-roman super le Île de la Cité. Le [[Crypte archéologique de l'île de la Cité]] presenta vestigios que permitte observar le evolution urban del centro de Paris ab le Antiquitate usque al epocas plus recente. Le excavationes de 1965–1972 sub le placia ante Notre-Dame revelava successives stratos del citate e vestigios del periodo gallo-roman e tarde-roman. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.crypte.paris.fr/en/crypt/history-archaeological-crypt-and-excavations |titulo=History of the archaeological crypt and excavations |sitioweb=Ville de Paris – Crypte archéologique |accesso=4 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261004172953/https://www.crypte.paris.fr/en/crypt/history-archaeological-crypt-and-excavations |archivedate=2026-10-04 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-04}}</ref> Le [[Musée Carnavalet – Histoire de Paris]] conserva numerose objetos proveniente del periodo antique e presenta le origines del Paris e le evolution del Parisii in le citate gallo-roman. Le collections include monetas del Parisii e objectos que illustra le romanisation progressive del societate local. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.carnavalet.paris.fr/visiter/offre-culturelle/aux-origines-de-paris |titulo=Aux origines de Paris |sitioweb=Musée Carnavalet – Histoire de Paris |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Signification historic == Lutetia es un del principal sitios archeologic que explica le origine antique de Paris. Le citate representa le transition inter un centro gallic ligate al commercio del Sena e un citate roman organisate secundo le modelos urban e institutional del Imperio Roman. Su historia monstra tamben le adaptation del citate al transformationes politic e militar del Antiquitate tardive: le contraction del rive sinistre, le fortification del Île de la Cité, le crescente importantia del centro administrative e le transition progressive verso le citate medieval. Le vestigios de Lutetia constitue hodie un elemento central del patrimonio archeologic de Paris e del studio del urbanisation antique in Gallia. Le investigationes archeologic continua a modificar le comprension del origine exacte e del evolution del citate, specialmente concernente le localisation del oppidum del Parisii. == Referentias == <references /> [[Categoria:Paris]] 2vevvbeywuolqo3f8q5cdujo3idyydv 0 61826 705391 705342 2026-11-01T22:23:18Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 705391 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Implantation del Republica Portugese''' esseva le processo revolutionari que conduceva al abolition del [[monarchia]] constitutional e al establimento del regime republicane in [[Portugal]] le 5 de octobre 1910. Le revolution habeva su centro in [[Lisbona]], ubi le insurrection comenciava in le prime horas del 4 de octobre e terminava con le proclamation del Republica le matino del 5 de octobre, al balcon del [[Câmara Municipal de Lisbona]]. Le nove regime es cognoscite como le Prime Republica Portugese, que durava usque al colpo de Stato del 28 de maio 1926. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.museu.presidencia.pt/pt/conhecer/simbolos-nacionais/implantacao-da-republica/ |titulo=Implantação da República |sitioweb=Museu da Presidência da República |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://antt.dglab.gov.pt/exposicoes-virtuais-2/100-anos-de-republica/ |titulo=100 Anos de República |sitioweb=Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo |accesso=5 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261005071245/https://antt.dglab.gov.pt/exposicoes-virtuais-2/100-anos-de-republica/ |archivedate=2026-10-05 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-05}}</ref> == Antecedentes == Le ideas republicane se diffundeva in Portugal durante le ultime decennios del 19e seculo. Le republicanismo ganiava nove impulso post le Ultimato britan le 11 de januario 1890, que esseva percipite per multe sectores como un humiliation national e contribueva al crise del monarchia. Desde le initio del 20e seculo, le ideas republicane esseva propagandate plus systematicamente per le Partido Republicano Portugese, per le centros republicane e per le comicios public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.museu.presidencia.pt/pt/conhecer/simbolos-nacionais/implantacao-da-republica/ |titulo=Implantação da República |sitioweb=Museu da Presidência da República |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le crise politic esseva aggravate per le difficultates del monarchia de Carlos I e per le instabilitate governamental. Le regime esseva dominate per le alternantia del partidos traditional, le Partido Regenerador e le Partido Progressista, durante que le movimento republicane ganava influentia specialmente in le centros urban. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.parlamento.pt/Parlamento/Documents/bib/Cartaz_5_out.pdf |titulo=5 de Outubro de 1910 – Implantação da República Portuguesa |sitioweb=Assembleia da República – Biblioteca Passos Manuel |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Un altere evento decisive esseva le regicidio del 1 de februario 1908, quando le rey Carlos I e le prince hereditari Luís Filipe esseva assassinate in Lisbona. Le Museu da Presidência nota que le assassinato provocava divisiones inter le republicanos, ma que le deterioration del situation politic contribueva al desenvolvimento del conspiration contra le monarchia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.museu.presidencia.pt/pt/conhecer/simbolos-nacionais/implantacao-da-republica/ |titulo=Implantação da República |sitioweb=Museu da Presidência da República |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Preparation del revolution == {{Historia de Portugal}} Le preparation del insurrection esseva intensificate durante 1909 e 1910. Le conspiratores republicane collaborate con elementos del Exercito e del Marina, durante que sociedades secret como le Carbonaria e certe circulos del [[Francmasoneria]] habeva un rolo in le preparation del movimento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.museu.presidencia.pt/pt/conhecer/simbolos-nacionais/implantacao-da-republica/ |titulo=Implantação da República |sitioweb=Museu da Presidência da República |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le insurrection esseva concebite como un action militar e civil que debeva provocar le cadita del monarchia e establir un regime republicane. Le preparation esseva caracterisate per le participation de diverse tendentias del republicanismo e per le cooperation con militares favorabile al revolution. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://antt.dglab.gov.pt/exposicoes-virtuais-2/100-anos-de-republica/ |titulo=100 Anos de República |sitioweb=Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo |accesso=5 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261005071245/https://antt.dglab.gov.pt/exposicoes-virtuais-2/100-anos-de-republica/ |archivedate=2026-10-05 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-05}}</ref> == Revolution del 4 e 5 de octobre 1910 == Le insurrection comenciava in [[Lisbona]] in le prime horas del 4 de octobre 1910. Le combats se diffundeva in plure punctos strategic del citate. Le principal zonas del confrontation includeva le Terreiro do Paço, le [[Rotunda]] e le areas proxime del centre politic e militar del capital. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.museu.presidencia.pt/pt/conhecer/simbolos-nacionais/implantacao-da-republica/ |titulo=Implantação da República |sitioweb=Museu da Presidência da República |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le situation esseva inicialmente incerta. Le forces republicane incontrava difficultates e plure incidentes quasi faceva fallir le insurrection. Tamen, le forces fidel al monarchia non riusciva a utilisar iste contratempos pro restaurar le controlo del citate, e le movemento revolutionari manteneva positiones sufficient pro continuar le operationes. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.museu.presidencia.pt/pt/conhecer/simbolos-nacionais/implantacao-da-republica/ |titulo=Implantação da República |sitioweb=Museu da Presidência da República |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le 5 de octobre 1910, le Republica esseva proclamate publicamente in Lisbona. Secundo le Museu da Presidência, le proclamation esseva facite del balcon del Paços do Concelho de Lisbona. Le Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo fixa le hora del proclamation a circa 9:00 del matino. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.museu.presidencia.pt/pt/conhecer/simbolos-nacionais/implantacao-da-republica/ |titulo=Implantação da República |sitioweb=Museu da Presidência da República |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://antt.dglab.gov.pt/exposicoes-virtuais-2/100-anos-de-republica/ |titulo=100 Anos de República |sitioweb=Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo |accesso=5 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261005071245/https://antt.dglab.gov.pt/exposicoes-virtuais-2/100-anos-de-republica/ |archivedate=2026-10-05 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-05}}</ref> Le proclamation marca le fin del monarchia constitutional portugese e le establimento del regime republicane. Le ultime rey, Manuel II, esseva deposte e partiva de Portugal, durante que le nove autoritates assumeva le direction del Stato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.museu.presidencia.pt/pt/conhecer/simbolos-nacionais/implantacao-da-republica/ |titulo=Implantação da República |sitioweb=Museu da Presidência da República |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Governo Provisorie == Post le proclamation, esseva formate un Governo Provisorie dirigite per Teófilo Braga. Le nove autoritates debeva organisar le nove regime, garantir le continuitate del administration e preparar le convocation de un assemblea incaricate de elaborar un constitution republicane. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.parlamento.pt/Parlamento/Paginas/republica.aspx |titulo=1.ª República |sitioweb=Assembleia da República |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le prime governo comprendeva figuras importante del republicanismo portugese, inter illes António José de Almeida, Afonso Costa, Bernardino Machado, José Relvas e Correia Barreto. Le prime Governo Provisorie se occupava del reorganisation del Stato e del preparation del nove regime constitutional. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.parlamento.pt/ArquivoDocumentacao/Documents/jornalConstituinte.pdf |titulo=Diário da Assembleia Constituinte |sitioweb=Assembleia da República |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le nove regime adoptava etiam nove symbolos national, includente un nove drapello e un nove hymne, in substitution del symbolos del monarchia. Le Parlamento documenta que le prime decisiones del nove regime includeva le abolition del monarchia e le adoption del nove bandeira e hymne national. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.parlamento.pt/DAR/Paginas/HistoriaJornal.aspx |titulo=História do jornal oficial do Parlamento |sitioweb=Assembleia da República |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Assemblea Constituente e Constitution de 1911 == Post le revolution, esseva necessari elaborar un nove constitution que establisse le fundamentos del regime republicane. Le Assemblea National Constituente esseva eligite in 1911 e se reuniva in Lisbona. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.parlamento.pt/Parlamento/Paginas/PercursosConstituicao.aspx |titulo=Exposição virtual «As Constituições» |sitioweb=Assembleia da República |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Constitution Politic del Republica Portugese de 1911 esseva votate e approbate le 21 de augusto 1911. Illa consacrava le sovranitate del Nation, le election directe del Parlamento e le separation e division del poteres politic. Tamen, le suffragio non esseva ancora universal e le feminas, le analphabetos e certe militares non habeva le derecto de voto in le conditiones del nove systema. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://ahpweb.parlamento.pt/Detalhe/?id=84298&pesq=ps&t=4&tx=assembleia+AND+nacional |titulo=Constituição Política da República Portuguesa (1911) |sitioweb=Arquivo Histórico Parlamentar |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Post le approbation del Constitution, le Assemblea Constituente se transformava in le Congresso del Republica, dividite in un Camara del Deputatos e un Senato. Le Parlamento eligeva le prime Presidente del Republica, Manuel de Arriaga, per suffragio indirecte in session conjuncte del Congresso. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.parlamento.pt/Parlamento/Paginas/PercursosConstituicao.aspx |titulo=Exposição virtual «As Constituições» |sitioweb=Assembleia da República |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Consequentias politic == Le Implantation del Republica inaugurava un nove periodo del historia politic portugese. Le Prime Republica esseva caracterisate per un systema constitutional republicane, un forte rolo del Parlamento e importantes transformationes in le relationes inter le Stato e le [[Ecclesia Catholic]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.parlamento.pt/Parlamento/Paginas/republica.aspx |titulo=1.ª República |sitioweb=Assembleia da República |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le nove regime establiva inter su principios le separation del poteres, le derectos e libertates individual e le separation del Stato e del Ecclesias. Le Parlamento mentiona tamben le ensino primari obligatori e gratuite e le confirmation del abolition del pena de morte inter le principios del nove era politic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.parlamento.pt/DAR/Paginas/HistoriaJornal.aspx |titulo=História do jornal oficial do Parlamento |sitioweb=Assembleia da República |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Prime Republica non esseva tamen un periodo politic stabile. Le regime se concludeva le 28 de maio 1926, quando un colpo de Stato militar dissolveva le Parlamento e establiva un regime de dictatura militar. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.parlamento.pt/Parlamento/Paginas/republica.aspx |titulo=1.ª República |sitioweb=Assembleia da República |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Commemoration == Le 5 de octobre deveniva le data emblematic del Republica Portugese e continua a esser le die national associate al Implantation del Republica. Le Assembleia da República organiza exposiciones e activitates commemorative dedicate al 5 de octobre e al historia del Prime Republica. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.parlamento.pt/Paginas/2024/outubro/5-de-Outubro-na-Assembleia-da-Republica.aspx |titulo=5 de Outubro na Assembleia da República |sitioweb=Assembleia da República |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le evento ha un position central in le memoria historic del Portugal contemporanee, perque marca le passage del monarchia al regime republicane e le initio del prime periodo republicane del 20e seculo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.museu.presidencia.pt/pt/conhecer/simbolos-nacionais/implantacao-da-republica/ |titulo=Implantação da República |sitioweb=Museu da Presidência da República |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Referentias == <references /> [[Categoria:Historia politic de Portugal]] [[Categoria:1910 in Portugal]] [[Categoria:Dias festive de Portugal]] [[Categoria:Colpos de stato in Portugal]] [[Categoria:Regicidio de 1908]] [[Categoria:Prime Republica portugese]] [[Categoria:Conflictos in 1910]] [[Categoria:Anticatholicismo in Portugal]] 2tvoyaerrfklneiqpligvcq3wbz9x9j 0 61830 705396 702253 2026-11-01T23:28:07Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 705396 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Historia de Portugal}} Le '''historia de Portugal in le Medievo''' comprende le formation del [[Contato Portucalense]], le processus de [[Reconquesta]], le formation del Regno de Portugal e le consolidation del monarchia durante le seculos XII–XV. Le territorio portucalense se developpava in le contexto politic del regnos de Leon e [[Castilia]] e del expansion christian in le peninsula Iberic. == Origine == In le fin del seculo XI, Henrique de Burgundia, un nobile de origine francese, se maritava con Teresa, filia de Alfonso VI de Leon. Le Contato Portucalense esseva associate al dominio de Alfonso VI e passava sub le governation de Henrique e, post su morte, de Teresa durante le minoritate de lor filio [[Afonso Henriques]].<ref name="TorreTombo1140">Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo, documento de 1140 in le qual Afonso Henriques appare como rege. [https://antt.dglab.gov.pt/exposicoes-virtuais-2/doc/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260422111616/https://antt.dglab.gov.pt/exposicoes-virtuais-2/doc/ |date=2026-04-22 }}</ref> Afonso Henriques gradualmente affirmava su autoritate contra le factiones associate con sua matre. Le victoria de Sancte Mamede in 1128 constitueva un momento decisive in su consolidation politic. In le decennios sequente, Afonso Henriques expandiva su autoritate e dirigeva le guerra contra le potentias musulman in le sud. Le formation del regno debe esser comprendite como un processo graduale, e le interpretation traditional del independantia portugese in 1143 ha essite discutite per le historiographia moderne.<ref name="GuiaMedieval">Maria Filomena Coelho, Leandro Rust, Miguel Gomes Martins e Maria do Rosário Morujão, ''1179: Reino de Portugal'', Tinta da China / Guia Medieval. [https://guiamedieval.webhostusp.sti.usp.br/1179-reino-de-portugal/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250419144328/https://guiamedieval.webhostusp.sti.usp.br/1179-reino-de-portugal/ |date=2025-04-19 }}</ref> == Afonso Henriques e le formation del regno == Afonso Henriques deveniva le principal figura del formation del monarchia portugese. Un documento conservate al Torre do Tombo, datate de 1140, es un del plus vetere originales in le qual ille es nominate rege.<ref name="TorreTombo1140" /> Le relationes con Leon esseva complexe. Le traditionalmente nominate Tractato de Zamora de 1143 es generalmente associate con le recognition del status de Afonso como rege, ma le interpretation de iste evento es subjecte a discussion inter historiadores. Le fontes contemporanee non permitte sempre de reconstruer le evento in le maniera simple del narration historiographic posterior.<ref name="GuiaMedieval" /> Le recognition ecclesiastic esseva un altere elemento importante. In 1179, le papa Alexandre III emitteva le bulla ''Manifestis Probatum'', que confirma le position de Afonso Henriques e de su heredes como governantes del territorio portugese.<ref name="ANTTManifestis">Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo, ''Manifestis Probatum'', 23 de maio 1179, Bulas, mç. 16, n.º 20. [https://antt.dglab.gov.pt/]</ref> Afonso Henriques moriva in 1185, post haber etablite le bases territorial e politic del Regno de Portugal. == Reconquesta == Le expansion territorial portugese esseva intimemente ligate al processo de Reconquesta. Afonso Henriques conquestava Santarém e [[Lisbona]] in 1147, con le participation de grupos de cruzatos veniente de varie partes del Europa occidental. Le conquesta de Lisbona esseva un evento militar e politic major, pois le citate deveniva un del principal centros del nove regno. Le expansion continuava durante le regnos sequente, con avances e retrocessos in le Alentejo e Algarve. Sub Sancho I, le guerra contra le potentias musulman continuava, ma le situation territorial variava. Le rege etiam promoveva le population e le organisation del nove territorios per forais e concessiones a communitates e ordines militar. Le processus de conquesta territorial in Portugal arrivava a su principal conclusion sub Afonso III, quando le Algarve esseva incorporate al regno.<ref name="DinisReconquista">Eurípedes Simões de Paula, ''D. Denis e a Reconquista (1279-1325)'', Revista de História, Universidade de São Paulo. [https://revistas.usp.br/revhistoria/pt_BR/article/view/121616]</ref> == Sancho I == Sancho I, filio de Afonso Henriques, continuava le expansion territorial ma etiam dedicava importante attention al population del territorios conquerite. Le concessiones de forais, terras e privilegios contribueva al consolidation del monarchia e al colonisation del zonas de frontiera. == Afonso II == Le regno de Afonso II esseva marcate per conflictos inter le monarchia, le nobilitate e le Ecclesia. Le rege cercava a fortificar le autoritate royal e a controlar le patrimonio del Corona. Le perioda etiam es importante pro le evolution del Cortes portugese, institution que deveniva un del instrumentos del relation inter le monarchia, le nobilitate, le clericato e le communitates urban. == Sancho II == Sancho II continuava le politica de expansion contra le dominios musulman. Le conflictos interne e le opposition del sectores ecclesiastic e politic, tamen, conduceva a un crisi del autoritate royal. In 1245, le conflicto inter Sancho II e le oppositores al regno conduceva al intervento del papa. Sancho perdeva gradualmente su position politic e moriva in Toledo in 1248. == Afonso III == Afonso III deveniva rege in le contexto del crise del regno de Sancho II. Sub ille, le expansion territorial verso le Algarve esseva praticamente completate. Le incorporation del Algarve provocava un conflicto con Alfonso X de Castilia. Le questiones territorial esseva finalmente regulatis per accordos inter le duo monarchias, e le Algarve remaneva associate al Corona portugese. Afonso III etiam fortificava le relation inter le Corona e le representantes del villas. Le Cortes de Leiria de 1254 constitueva un momento importante in le evolution del representation politic del regno. == Dinis I == Le regno de Dinis I, que comenciava in 1279, esseva marcate per le consolidation administrative, economic e territorial del regno. Post le conclusion del principal phase del Reconquesta portugese, le politica royal se orientava plus verso le administration del territorio, le agricultura e le commercio.<ref name="DinisReconquista" /> In 1297, le Tratato de Alcanizes fixava grande parte del frontiera inter Portugal e Castilia. Le regno de Dinis etiam promoveva le navigation e le commercio e esseva associate con le development del Universitate de Coimbra. Le regno de Dinis representa assi un transition inter un monarchia dominate per le guerra de conquesta territorial e un monarchia plus orientate verso le administration, le economia e le consolidation institutional.<ref name="DinisReconquista" /> == Afonso IV == Afonso IV succedeva a Dinis e continuava le politica de consolidation del monarchia. In 1340, ille participava al victoria christian contra le forces de Granada e lor aliados in le batalha del Rio Salado. Su regno esseva etiam marcate per importantes conflictos dinastic e per le historia de Pedro e Inês de Castro, que deveniva un del plus celebre episodios del historia medieval portugese. == Pedro I == Pedro I regnava inter 1357 e 1367. Su regno es frequentemente associate con un forte affirmation del autoritate royal e con un politica severe in materia de justitia. Le relationes inter le Corona, le nobilitate e le Ecclesia continuava a esser un elemento central del politica del regno. == Fernando I == Le regno de Fernando I esseva marcate per conflictos con Castilia e per su pretensiones al corona castiliane. Le guerras e le cambiamentos de alliance conduceva a un situation politic instabile. Le matrimonio de sua filia Beatriz con Juan I de Castilia esseva un elemento central del Tratato de Salvaterra. Quando Fernando moriva in 1383, le succession deveniva le causa de un grave crise politic. == Le Crise de 1383–1385 == Le morte de Fernando I in 1383 provocava un crise de succession. Le Mestre de Avis, Joao, filio illegitime de Pedro I, deveniva le principal figura del opposition al dominio castilian. In 1384, Nuno Álvares Pereira obteneva un victoria super le Castilianos in le batalha de Atoleiros. Le batalha habeva importante effectos politic e militar super le consolidation del faction de Joao de Avis.<ref name="Atoleiros">João Gouveia Monteiro, ''A Batalha de Atoleiros (6 de Abril de 1384): Ensaio Geral para Aljubarrota?'', Universidade de Coimbra. [https://impactum-journals.uc.pt/rhsc/article/view/15092]</ref> In 1385, le Cortes de Coimbra eleggeva Joao, Mestre de Avis, como rege de Portugal. Le election marcava le establimento del Casa de Avis.<ref name="Cortes1385">Universidade de Coimbra, ''As Cortes de 1385''. [https://dl.uc.pt/bitstream/10316.2/47072/1/as_cortes_de_1385.pdf]</ref> Le victoria portugese in le batalha de Aljubarrota le 14 de augusto 1385 consolidava le nove dynastia e reducía le periculo de domination castiliane.<ref name="Atoleiros" /> == Joao I e le fin del Medievo == Joao I consolidava su position post le victoria de Aljubarrota. Le relationes con Anglaterra deveniva etiam plus importante, e le Tratato de Windsor de 1386 confirmava e extendiva le alliance inter [[Portugal]] e [[Anglaterra]]. Le regno de Joao I marca le transition inter le periodo medieval e le expansion maritime portugese. In 1415, le conquesta de Ceuta inaugurava un nove phase de expansion extra le peninsula Iberic. == Signification historic == Le Medievo esseva decisive pro le formation territorial, politic e institutional de Portugal. Le processo comenciava con le Contato Portucalense, continuava con le consolidation del monarchia sub Afonso Henriques e le sue successores, e culminava in le stabilisation del frontieras e del autoritate royal durante le ultime seculos medieval.<ref name="GuiaMedieval" /> Le formation del regno non esseva un evento unic, ma un processo de longe duration que involveva guerras, diplomatia, relationes ecclesiastic, population del territorios e consolidation del institutiones royal.<ref name="GuiaMedieval" /> == Referentias == <references /> [[Categoria:Historia de Portugal]] 79d9aa3r5oriqjf5abo45gh7s06aaia 0 62137 705392 704089 2026-11-01T22:30:12Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 705392 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''intervention militar international in Libya de 2011''' esseva un intervention militar executate per un coalition de Statos, con participation principal de membros del [[OTAN]], durante le [[Guerra Civil Libyan de 2011]]. Le operation esseva initiate in martio 2011, post que le [[Consilio de Securitate del Nationes Unite]] adoptava le Resolution 1973, que autorisava le adoption de «tote le mesuras necessari» pro proteger le population civil e le zonas populate sub menacia de attacco. Le intervention includeva le establimento de un zona de interdiction de volo, le application de un embargo de armas e le execution de attaccos aeree e maritime contra fortias militar associate al governamento de [[Muammar al-Gaddafi]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://press.un.org/en/2011/sc10200.doc.htm |titulo=Security Council Approves ‘No-Fly Zone’ over Libya, Authorizing ‘All Necessary Measures’ to Protect Civilians |sitioweb=United Nations |fecha=17 de martio 2011 |accesso=11 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le prime attaccos esseva executate le 19 de martio 2011 per un coalition multinational. Le OTAN assumeva le commandamento del operationes militar le 31 de martio e conduceva le Operation Unified Protector usque al 31 de octobre 2011. Le intervention contribueva al victoria del insurrection contra le governamento de Gaddafi, qui perdeva Tripoli in augusto e cuje chef esseva occidite in octobre 2011. Le intervention e su consequentias remaneva objecto de debattes concernente le protection del civiles, le interpretation del mandato del ONU e le effectos politic e securitari de longo termino in Libya. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/what-we-do/operations-and-missions/nato-and-libya-february-october-2011 |titulo=NATO and Libya (February–October 2011) |sitioweb=NATO |accesso=11 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/former-secretary-general/statement/2011-10-20/statement-the-secretary-general-libya |titulo=Statement by the Secretary-General on Libya |sitioweb=United Nations |fecha=20 de octobre 2011 |accesso=11 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Contexto == In februario 2011, le protestas contra le governamento de Muammar al-Gaddafi se expandiva per Libya, in le contexto del protestas e revoltas cognoscite como le [[Primavera Arabic]]. In Benghazi e altere citates, le demonstrationes esseva incontrate per le repression del fortias de securitate e per le uso de fortia contra protestatores. Le situation deveniva un conflicto armate inter le governamento e gruppos insurrectional, que establiva le [[Consilio National de Transition]] como su principal organo politic. Le escalada del violentia e le menacia de un offensive governamental contra Benghazi provocava un crescente reaction international. Le autoritates del ONU e numerose governamentos exprimeva preoccupation concernente le possibilitate de attaccos contra le population civil. Le governamento de Gaddafi, al contrario, presentava le operationes contra le insurrection como mesuras destinate a restaurar le controlo del Stato e combatter le gruppos armate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://main.un.org/securitycouncil/en/s/res/1973-%282011%29 |titulo=Resolution 1973 (2011) |sitioweb=United Nations Security Council |fecha=17 de martio 2011 |accesso=11 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Resolutiones del Consilio de Securitate == Le 26 de februario 2011, le Consilio de Securitate del ONU adoptava le Resolution 1970, que imposeva un embargo de armas a Libya, establi mesuras de sanction e remitteva le situation al [[Corte Penal International]]. Le resolution respondeva al repression del protestas e al allegationes de graves violationes del derectos human. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://main.un.org/securitycouncil/en/s/res/1970-%282011%29 |titulo=Resolution 1970 (2011) |sitioweb=United Nations Security Council |fecha=26 de februario 2011 |accesso=11 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le 17 de martio 2011, le Consilio adoptava le Resolution 1973 per dece votos favorabile e cinque abstentiones. Le resolution demandava un cessamento immediate del attaccos contra le civiles, establi un zona de interdiction de volo e autorisava le Statos membro a usar «tote le mesuras necessari» pro proteger le population civil e le zonas populate sub menacia de attacco. Illo excludeva explicitemente le deployment de un fortia de occupation estranier in le territorio libyan. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://press.un.org/en/2011/sc10200.doc.htm |titulo=Security Council Approves ‘No-Fly Zone’ over Libya, Authorizing ‘All Necessary Measures’ to Protect Civilians |sitioweb=United Nations |fecha=17 de martio 2011 |accesso=11 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le resolution provideva le fundamento juridic international citate per le Statos participante al intervention. Nonobstante, le interpretation del mandato e le extension del operationes contra le fortias de Gaddafi deveniva ulteriormente subjectos de controverse politic e juridic. == Operationes initial == Le 19 de martio 2011, fortias de Francia, del [[Regno Unite]] e del [[Statos Unite]] comenciava le prime operationes militar contra objectivos associate al fortias de Gaddafi. Le action initial includeva attaccos contra systemas de defense antiaeree, installations militar e vehiculos armate, con le objectivo de impedir le attaccos aeree governamental e limitar le capacitate del fortias del governamento de avanzar contra zonas populate. Le prime phase esseva conducite per un coalition multinational sub le nomine Operation Odyssey Dawn, coordinate initialmente per le Statos Unite. Francia, le Regno Unite e altere participantes europee contribuiva con avion, naves e altere medios militar. Le operation includeva attaccos aeree e le application del interdiction de volo establite per le ONU. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/what-we-do/operations-and-missions/nato-and-libya-february-october-2011 |titulo=NATO and Libya (February–October 2011) |sitioweb=NATO |accesso=11 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Operation Unified Protector == Le 31 de martio 2011, le OTAN assumeva le commandamento e le controlo del operationes militar international in Libya sub le nomine Operation Unified Protector. Le operation esseva basate super tres componentes principal: * le application del embargo de armas in le Mediterraneo; * le enforcement del zona de interdiction de volo; * le protection del population civil e del zonas populate sub menacia de attacco, per medio de operationes aeree e maritime. Le naves del OTAN effectuava inspectiones de embarcationes suspectate de transportar armas, material ligate al conflicto o mercenarios. Le fortias aeree continuava a intervenir contra objectivos militar que, secundo le evaluation del operation, representava un menacia pro le civiles o le zonas populate. Le OTAN declarava que su actiones se basava super le mandato del ONU e que le operation esseva destinate a proteger le population civil. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/what-we-do/operations-and-missions/nato-and-libya-february-october-2011 |titulo=NATO and Libya (February–October 2011) |sitioweb=NATO |accesso=11 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le OTAN indicava que nulle truppa sub su commandamento esseva deployate sur terra in Libya durante le ''Operation Unified Protector''. Le operation terminava le 31 de octobre 2011, post le collapso del governamento de Gaddafi e le declaration del liberation del pais per le Consilio National de Transition. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/what-we-do/operations-and-missions/nato-and-libya-february-october-2011 |titulo=NATO and Libya (February–October 2011) |sitioweb=NATO |accesso=11 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Participantes international == Le intervention includeva un coalition de paises que varia in lor contribution e in le momento de lor participation. Inter le participantes se trovava Francia, le Regno Unite, le Statos Unite, Canada, Italia, Norvegia, Belgica e Danmark. Alteres paises provideva supporto logistic, surveillance, refuelling aeree o altere formas de assistentia. Le Statos membro del OTAN assumeva le commandamento commun del operationes al fin de martio, ben que le prime actiones militar esseva initiate per un coalition que non operava inicialmente sub commandamento OTAN. Le operation esseva effectuate in coordination con le ONU e con altere actores international, includente le [[Liga del Statos Arabic]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/what-we-do/operations-and-missions/nato-and-libya-february-october-2011 |titulo=NATO and Libya (February–October 2011) |sitioweb=NATO |accesso=11 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Resolution 1973 esseva adoptate con dece votos favorabile e cinque abstentiones, de Brasil, China, Germania, India e Russia. Le abstention del Germania esseva notabile perque le pais non susteneva le resolution, ben que illo non votava contra. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://press.un.org/en/2011/sc10200.doc.htm |titulo=Security Council Approves ‘No-Fly Zone’ over Libya, Authorizing ‘All Necessary Measures’ to Protect Civilians |sitioweb=United Nations |fecha=17 de martio 2011 |accesso=11 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Evolution del conflicto == Durante le primavera e le estate de 2011, le intervention aeree international limitava le capacitate del fortias de Gaddafi de usar aviones e plure systemas militar contra le insurrection. Le situation sur terra remaneva tamen complexe, con combats inter le fortias governamental e le rebelles in differente partes del pais. Le fortias insurrectional recapturava gradualmente territorios e avancava verso Tripoli. In augusto 2011, le rebelles initiava un offensive que conduceva al captura de grande parte del capital. Le governamento perdeva le controlo effective de Tripoli, ben que le combats continuava in altere zonas, specialmente in Sirte e Bani Walid. Le intervention international non esseva le sol factor del victoria insurrectional: le combats sur terra, le organisation del fortias rebelle e le disintegration progressive del structuras del governamento contribueva etiam al resultato del guerra. Le operationes aeree del coalition habeva tamen un rolo importante in le debilitamento del fortias governamental e in le evolution militar del conflicto. == Morte de Muammar al-Gaddafi e fin del intervention == Le 20 de octobre 2011, Muammar al-Gaddafi esseva capturate e occidite in le vicinitate de Sirte durante le phase final del guerra. Le mesme die, le Secretario General del ONU declarava que le regime de 42 annos de Gaddafi habeva terminate e appellava a un processo de reconciliation national, justitia e respect pro le derectos human. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/former-secretary-general/statement/2011-10-20/statement-the-secretary-general-libya |titulo=Statement by the Secretary-General on Libya |sitioweb=United Nations |fecha=20 de octobre 2011 |accesso=11 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le 23 de octobre 2011, le Consilio National de Transition declarava le liberation de Libya. Le OTAN terminava su operation le 31 de octobre. Le guerra civil habeva assi attingite su fin formal, ma le pais restava confrontate a difficultates in le reconstruction del institutiones e in le disarmamento e integration del gruppos armate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/former-secretary-general/statements/2011-10-23/statement-of-the-secretary-general-the-declaration-of-the-liberation-of-libya |titulo=Statement of the Secretary-General on the Declaration of the Liberation of Libya |sitioweb=United Nations |fecha=23 de octobre 2011 |accesso=11 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Victimas civil e controverse == Le intervention esseva justificate per le Statos participante como un operation pro proteger le population civil, in conformitate con le Resolution 1973 del Consilio de Securitate. Le OTAN declarava que illo habeva adoptate mesuras destinate a limitar le damno collateral, includente le uso de munitiones guidate e proceduras de verification del objectivos. Nonobstante, le operationes aeree causava mortes civil e damnos a infrastructura. Le Commission de Inquesta del [[Consilio de Derectos Human del Nationes Unite]], in su reporto publicate in 2012, examina 20 attaccos aeree del OTAN. Illa documentava cinque attaccos in le quales 60 civiles esseva occidite e 55 ferite, e etiam duo attaccos contra infrastructura civil pro le quales le Commission non poteva identificar un objectivo militar. Le reporto concludeva que le OTAN habeva prendite precau­tiones pro evitar victimas civil, ma identificava incidents que requireva investigation plus approfondite. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.right-docs.org/doc/a-hrc-19-68/ |titulo=Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Libya |sitioweb=United Nations Human Rights Council |fecha=2012 |accesso=11 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261011215205/https://www.right-docs.org/doc/a-hrc-19-68/ |archivedate=2026-10-11 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-11}}</ref> In maio 2012, [[Human Rights Watch]] publicava le reporto ''Unacknowledged Deaths: Civilian Casualties in NATO’s Air Campaign in Libya''. Le organisation documentava octo attaccos aeree que habeva causate 72 mortes civil, includente feminas e infantes. Human Rights Watch observava que in plure locos investigate non esseva trovate indicios clar de un presentia militar que justificarea le attacco, e demandava al OTAN investigationes plus transparente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2012/05/13/unacknowledged-deaths/civilian-casualties-natos-air-campaign-libya |titulo=Unacknowledged Deaths: Civilian Casualties in NATO’s Air Campaign in Libya |sitioweb=Human Rights Watch |fecha=13 de maio 2012 |accesso=11 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Human Rights Watch recognosceva que le OTAN habeva prendite mesuras significative pro limitar le risco de victimas civil, ma sublineava que le mortalitate in certe attaccos e le absentia de information public super le objectivos specific poneva questiones concernente le conformitate de certe operationes con le derecto international humanitari. Le OTAN, de su parte, manteneva que le objectivos del operationes esseva militar e que le attaccos esseva effectuate in le quadro del mandato international. == Consequentias e evaluation == Le intervention contribueva al fin del governamento de Gaddafi e al victoria militar del insurrection in 2011. Nonobstante, le fin del regime non esseva sequite per un transition stabil e uniforme. Le nove autoritates affrontava le difficultate de consolidar le institutiones, integrar o disarmar le gruppos armate e establir un monopolio national del fortia. Le [[Mission de Supporto del Nationes Unite in Libya]] esseva establite in septembre 2011, a requesta del autoritates libyan, pro supportar le transition politic e le reconstruction del institutiones. Le ONU continuava a prestar assistentia in le campos del transition politic, le derectos human e le consolidation del pace. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://unsmil.unmissions.org/en/node/56556 |titulo=Background |sitioweb=United Nations Support Mission in Libya |accesso=11 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le evaluation del intervention resta subjecto a interpretationes differente. Su defensores accentua le mandato del ONU e le necessitate de proteger le civiles contra le menacias del fortias governamental. Su criticos sublinea le extension del operationes militar, le controversias concernente le interpretation del mandato e le difficultates del transition post-Gaddafi. Le analyses del intervention distingue generalmente inter le fundamento juridic initial, le execution del operationes e le consequentias politic e securitari post le guerra. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:2011 in Libya]] [[Categoria:Interventiones militar]] [[Categoria:Historia de Libya]] [[Categoria:OTAN]] [[Categoria:Operationes militar]] [[Categoria:Primavera Arabic]] [[Categoria:Intervention estranier in le guerra civil libyan (2011)| ]] [[Categoria:Operationes de bombardamento aeree]] [[Categoria:Articulos continente clips de video]] [[Categoria:Conflictos de 2011]] [[Categoria:Securitate international]] [[Categoria:Operationes militar]] [[Categoria:Presidentia de Barack Obama]] [[Categoria:Responsabilitate de proteger]] [[Categoria:Implication francese in le cambio de regimine]] [[Categoria:Implication del Statos Unite in le cambio de regimine]] [[Categoria:Historia militar del Mediterraneo]] [[Categoria:Politica estranier del administration Obama]] [[Categoria:Neocolonialismo]] 0lg467r0xexxesthj0lzc75adftu1l6 0 62195 705388 704298 2026-11-01T21:32:25Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 705388 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Costa Rica''' comprende le evolution del societates indigena que habitava le territorio ante le arrivata del europeos, le conquista e colonisation espaniol, le independentia de 1821, le formation del republica, le disveloppamento del economia agricole e le transformationes politic e social del seculos XIX e XX. Le pais es etiam marcate per le guerra civil de 1948, le abolition del armea como institution permanente e le consolidation de un systema politic civil.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://guides.loc.gov/costa-rica-country-guide |titulo=Costa Rica: Hispanic Reading Room Country Guide |sitioweb=Library of Congress |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.museocostarica.go.cr/el-museo/cuartel-bellavista/fuerzas-armadas-en-costa-rica/ |titulo=Las Fuerzas Armadas en Costa Rica |sitioweb=Museo Nacional de Costa Rica |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le evolution del pais ha essite influentiate per su position geographic inter America Central e America del Sud, le diversitate del communitates indigena, le relationes con le potentias colonial, le commercio international e le conflictos concernente le terra e le participation politic. Le historia national include etiam le integration progressive del population, le expansion del education e le disveloppamento del institutiones democratic. == Periodo precolumbian == === Prime habitationes human === Le territorio del actual Costa Rica esseva habitate per communitates human milles de annos ante le arrivata del espanioles. Le Museo National de Costa Rica indica que le prime occupationes human cognoscite remonta a circa 12 000 annos ante le presente. Le evidentia archaeologic include instrumentos de petra, restos de habitationes, ceramica e altere vestigios que permitte reconstruer le evolution del societates precolumbian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.museocostarica.go.cr/divulgacion/articulos-educativos/historia-profunda/ |titulo=Historia profunda de Costa Rica |sitioweb=Museo Nacional de Costa Rica |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le adoption progressive del agricultura favorava le stabilisation de communitates sedentari. Le cultura del mais e de altere plantas alimentari, le production de ceramica e le elaboration de instrumentos permitteva le disveloppamento de formas de organisation social plus complexe. Le territorio participava a redes de intercambio que connecteva le regiones de America Central con le nord de America del Sud. Le commercio de alimentos, materias prime, instrumentos e objectos ritual contribueva al circulation de technicas e ideas inter communitates. === Regiones cultural indigena === Le archaeologos distingue generalmente tres grande regiones archaeologic in le territorio costarican: Gran Nicoya, in le nord-west; le Region Central, que include le Valle Central e areas adjacente; e Gran Chiriquí, in le sud del pais e in relation con le territorio del actual Panama. Cata region presenta particularitates in le ceramica, le habitationes, le sepulturas e le objectos artistic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.museocostarica.go.cr/divulgacion/articulos-educativos/historia-profunda/ |titulo=Historia profunda de Costa Rica |sitioweb=Museo Nacional de Costa Rica |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le societates indigena disveloppava formas de organisation que poteva includer cacicazgos, dirigentes politic e religiose, artisanos specialisate e redes de relationes inter communitates. Le organisation variava secundo le region e le periodo, e le differente grupos poteva establir alianças, commercio ou conflictos pro le controlo del recursos. === Cultura e patrimonio precolumbian === Le patrimonio indigena de Costa Rica include ceramica, objectos de jade, ornamentation in auro, sculturas e le famose spheras de petra del Diquís, situate principalmente in le sud del pais. Iste spheras, insimul con altere restos archaeologic, demonstra le capacitate technic e le organisation social del societates que habitava le region ante le conquista.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.museocostarica.go.cr/divulgacion/articulos-educativos/historia-profunda/ |titulo=Historia profunda de Costa Rica |sitioweb=Museo Nacional de Costa Rica |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le communitates indigena non dispareva con le fin del periodo precolumbian. Populos como le Bribri, Cabécar, Maleku, Boruca e altere communitates ha mantenite linguas, traditiones e formas de organisation proprie, malgrado le transformationes causate per le colonisation e le expansion del Stato moderne. == Conquista e colonisation espaniol == === Arrivata del europeos === In 1502, durante su quarto viage transatlantic, Christophoro Colombo attingeva le costa caribe del territorio que hodie forma Costa Rica. Le contactos con le europeos initiava un processo de exploration, conquista e colonisation que se extenderea durante le seculo XVI.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/costarica/172384.htm |titulo=Background Note: Costa Rica |sitioweb=U.S. Department of State |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le conquista non esseva immediate. Le geographia, le distantias, le resistentia de communitates indigena e le absentia de grande depositos de metallos preciose comparabile a illos de Mexico e Peru complicava le establishmento del dominio espaniol. Le expeditiones espaniol tentava establir centros de colonisation e controlar le population indigena, le terra e le recursos. Le resistentia local e le difficultates de communication impediva frequentemente le consolidation rapide del autoritate colonial in partes del territorio.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.dgan.go.cr/ran%20/index.php/RAN/article/view/191 |titulo=Arqueología y etnohistoria de los grupos indígenas del sureste de Costa Rica |sitioweb=Revista del Archivo Nacional de Costa Rica |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Administration colonial === Costa Rica esseva incorporate al Imperio espaniol e administrate como parte del Capitania General de Guatemala, que includeva grande parte de America Central. Le administration colonial establiva institutiones politic, judicial e ecclesiastic, durante que le economia se orientava progressivemente verso le agricultura e le commercio regional.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/costa-rica |titulo=Costa Rica: A Guide to the United States’ History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations |sitioweb=U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le colonisation transformava le societates indigena per le introduction de nove institutiones, le christianisation, le collection de tributos e le utilisation del labor indigena. Epidemias e exploitation contribueva al declino demographic in plure regiones. Nonobstante, le communitates indigena conservava formas de organisation local e elementos importante de lor identitate cultural.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://dgan.go.cr/ran/index.php/RAN/article/view/148 |titulo=Período colonial y supervivencia cultural indígena, Talamanca, Costa Rica |sitioweb=Revista del Archivo Nacional de Costa Rica |accesso=4 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261014203232/https://dgan.go.cr/ran/index.php/RAN/article/view/148 |archivedate=2026-10-14 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-14}}</ref> === Societate e economia colonial === Durante le periodo colonial, Costa Rica habeva un population relativamente reducite e un economia orientate principalmente al agricultura. Le distantia ab le principal centros administrative e commercial del imperio e le limitate production de metallos preciose contribuiva al disveloppamento de un societate rural con relationes economic differente de illos de regiones como Mexico o Peru. Le proprietate del terra e le production agricole formava le base del economia. Le commercio con altere partes de America Central e le contactos con le costa caribe connecteva le territorio a redes regional, ben que le communicationes remaneva difficile. == Independentia e formation del Stato == === Independentia de 1821 === Le 15 de septembre 1821, le provincias del Capitania General de Guatemala proclamava lor independentia de Espania. Costa Rica participava a iste processo como parte del territorio centroamerican, e le independentia initiava un periodo de transformation politic e institutional.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://guides.loc.gov/costa-rica-country-guide |titulo=Costa Rica: Hispanic Reading Room Country Guide |sitioweb=Library of Congress |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le noticia del independentia attingeva Costa Rica post un periodo de communicationes lente inter le citates centroamerican. Le autoritates e representantes local debeva determinar le forma del nove governamento e le relationes con le altere territorios que antea pertineva al administration colonial. Le Pacto Social Fundamental Interino de Costa Rica, cognoscite como Pacto de Concordia e approbate in decembre 1821, establiva un quadro initial pro le organisation politic del pais. Illo es considerate un del prime documentos constitutional del historia costarican.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://pj.poder-judicial.go.cr/index.php/informacion-institucional/historia-organizacion-y-funcionamiento |titulo=Historia, organización y funcionamiento |sitioweb=Poder Judicial de Costa Rica |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Incorporation al Imperio Mexican e Federation Centroamerican === Post le independentia de Espania, Costa Rica e altere provincias centroamerican esseva incorporate temporarimente al Imperio Mexican de Agustín de Iturbide. Post le fin de iste imperio, le territorios se associava in le Provincias Unite de America Central, constituite in 1823. Le federation comprendeva Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador e Nicaragua. Le difficultates de organisation, le conflictos inter liberales e conservatores e le rivalitates inter le autoritates federal e provincial conduceva al disintegration del federation durante le annos 1838–1841. Costa Rica se disveloppava alora como un Stato independente.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/costa-rica |titulo=Costa Rica: A Guide to the United States’ History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations |sitioweb=U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le pais formalmente proclamava su independentia como republica in 1848, durante le governamento de José María Castro Madriz. Iste evento establiva un nove marco institutional pro le Stato costarican.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/costa-rica |titulo=Costa Rica: A Guide to the United States’ History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations |sitioweb=U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Incorporation del Partido de Nicoya === In 1824, le communitates de Santa Cruz e Nicoya, que pertineva al Partido de Nicoya, se incorporava a Costa Rica. Le incorporation esseva ratificate per un decreto del Congresso Federal de America Central in 1825 e includiva etiam le villa de Guanacaste, actualmente Liberia. Iste processo contribueva al formation del territorio national costarican.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://bicentenario.muni-carta.go.cr/proceso2.aspx |titulo=Sitio de nuestra Independencia: proceso histórico |sitioweb=Municipalidad de Cartago |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Expansion economic e formation del Republica == === Agricultura e commercio del cafe === Durante le seculo XIX, le production de cafe deveniva un del pilares del economia costarican. Le exportation del producto connectava le pais a mercados international e contribuiva al formation de un elite commercial e agrari. Le ingresos del cafe supportava le disveloppamento de infrastructuras, del administration public e del institutiones educational.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/costarica/172384.htm |titulo=Background Note: Costa Rica |sitioweb=U.S. Department of State |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le expansion del cafe favorava le disveloppamento del Valle Central e le consolidation de San José como centro politic e economic. Le societate rural, tamen, non deveniva completemente egalitari: le proprietate del terra e le accesso al capital e al commercio remaneva inegual. === Relationes con le Statos Unite e le conflicto contra William Walker === Durante le annos 1850, le expansion del filibusterismo in America Central provocava un conflicto regional. Le expedition de William Walker in Nicaragua e su tentativa de establir un regime sub su controlo menaciava le independentia del paises centroamerican. Costa Rica participava al campania militar contra Walker in 1856, durante le presidentia de Juan Rafael Mora Porras. Le soldatos costarican interveniva in le conflicto regional, e le battalia de Rivas deveniva un evento central in le memoria national. Juan Santamaría, un soldato costarican qui moriva durante le combate, esseva postea commemorate como heroe national. Le campania contribueva al consolidation del identitate national e del cooperation centroamerican contra le intervention filibuster.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mep.go.cr/palabras-clave/abolicion-ejercito-costa-rica |titulo=Abolición del Ejército de Costa Rica |sitioweb=Ministerio de Educación Pública de Costa Rica |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Le ferrovia e le economia del banana === Durante le fin del seculo XIX, le construction de ferrovias e le expansion del production de bananas transformava le economia costarican. Le ferrovia connectava le Valle Central al costa caribe e facilitava le exportation de productos agricole. Le empresas estranier, specialmente in le sector del banana, acquireva un rolo importante in le economia e in le disveloppamento del infrastructuras.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/costarica/172384.htm |titulo=Background Note: Costa Rica |sitioweb=U.S. Department of State |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le expansion del agricultura de exportation creava opportunitates economic, ma etiam accentuava le differentias inter proprietarios, travaliatores e communitates rural. Le conditiones de labor e le relationes inter empresas e travaliatores deveniva un tema importante del historia social del pais. == Reformas politic e conflictos social in le seculo XX == === Transformationes del Stato e participation politic === Durante le prime decennios del seculo XX, Costa Rica experimentava transformationes del systema politic e del economia. Le expansion del education, le disveloppamento del organisationes laboral e le apparition de movimentos politic plus diverse contribueva al formation de un vita public plus active. Le crise economic mundial del annos 1930 affectava le commercio e le production agricole. Le difficultates economic e le demandas de reforma promoveva debates concernente le rolo del Stato, le protection social e le derectos del travaliatores. === Reformas social del annos 1940 === Durante le annos 1940, le Stato costarican ampliava su rolo social e economic. Le governamento de Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia promoveva reformas in materia de protection del travaliatores e assistentia social, con le cooperation de actores politic e ecclesiastic. Le reformas social deveniva un elemento central del debatte politic e contribueva al polarisation inter differente sectores del societate.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.museocostarica.go.cr/el-museo/cuartel-bellavista/fuerzas-armadas-en-costa-rica/ |titulo=Las Fuerzas Armadas en Costa Rica |sitioweb=Museo Nacional de Costa Rica |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Guerra civil de 1948 e abolition del armea == === Crise electoral e guerra civil === Le election presidential de 1948 deveniva le detonator de un grave crise politic. Le resultato que declarava Otilio Ulate Blanco como victor esseva annullate, e le decision provocava un rebellion armate conducite per José Figueres Ferrer. Le guerra civil durava circa cinque septimanas e causava plus de 500 mortes.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.museocostarica.go.cr/el-museo/cuartel-bellavista/fuerzas-armadas-en-costa-rica/ |titulo=Las Fuerzas Armadas en Costa Rica |sitioweb=Museo Nacional de Costa Rica |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Post le fin del conflicto, un junta governamental sub le direction de Figueres assumeva le poter e initiava un periodo de reformas institutional. Le transition non esseva sin tensiones: le persecution politic e le actos de violentia continuava post le cessation del combates. === Abolition del armea === Le 1 de decembre 1948, José Figueres Ferrer annunciava le abolition del armea como institution permanente durante un ceremonia al Quartel Bellavista, que esseva postea convertite in sede del Museo National. Le decision esseva un momento symbolic importante in le historia politic costarican e esseva ulteriormente consolidate per le Constitution de 1949.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mep.go.cr/palabras-clave/abolicion-ejercito-costa-rica |titulo=Abolición del Ejército de Costa Rica |sitioweb=Ministerio de Educación Pública de Costa Rica |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le abolition esseva parte de un transformation plus large del Stato e del relationes inter le institutiones civil e le securitate national. Le responsabilitates de ordine public esseva transferite a corpores de securitate e policia. Le pais manteneva postea le principio de non disponer de un armea permanente, ben que le Stato conserva le competentia de organisar forzas de securitate secundo le lege. === Constitution de 1949 === Le Constitution politic de 1949 establiva le quadro institutional del actual Republica de Costa Rica. Illo defini le organisation del poderes public, le derectos constitutional e le principios del systema politic post le guerra civil. Le Constitution include le abolition del armea como institution permanente e reforça le rolo del institutiones civil.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.museocostarica.go.cr/el-museo/cuartel-bellavista/fuerzas-armadas-en-costa-rica/ |titulo=Las Fuerzas Armadas en Costa Rica |sitioweb=Museo Nacional de Costa Rica |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le periodo post 1948 es sovente associate al consolidation del Estado social, al expansion del education e al disveloppamento del servicios public. Le implementation de iste politicas occurreva gradualmente e varia secundo le governamentos e le conditiones economic. == Costa Rica durante le Guerra Frigide == Durante le Guerra Frigide, Costa Rica manteneva un systema politic civil e participava al relationes regional in un periodo marcate per conflictos armate in altere partes de America Central. Le pais non disponeva de un armea permanente, ma su governamentos debeva confrontar tensiones regional, migration e pressiones diplomatic. Durante le annos 1970 e 1980, le guerras in Nicaragua, El Salvador e Guatemala affectava le ambiente regional. Costa Rica participava a iniciativas diplomatic e a effortios pro promover le negotiation e le pace in America Central. == Plan de pace centroamerican == Durante le annos 1980, le presidente Óscar Arias Sánchez promoveva un initiative regional pro terminar le conflictos armate de America Central. Le effortios diplomatic contribueva al elaboration del Accordo de Esquipulas II, signate in 1987 per le governamentos centroamerican. Le accordo establiva un quadro pro le reconciliation national, le dialogo politic e le solution pacific del conflictos regional. Le activitate diplomatic de Arias esseva recognoscite per le Premio Nobel del Pace in 1987. Le initiative forma parte del historia de Costa Rica como un pais que promoveva le negotiation regional durante un periodo de guerras e crises politic in America Central.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1987/arias/facts/ |titulo=Óscar Arias Sánchez: Facts |sitioweb=Nobel Prize |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Costa Rica contemporanee == === Economia e transformation social === Durante le fin del seculo XX e le initio del seculo XXI, Costa Rica diversificava su economia. Le agricultura continuava a esser importante, specialmente le production de cafe, bananas, ananas e altere productos de exportation, durante que le industria, le turismo e le servicios cresceva in importantia. Le expansion del turismo esseva associate al biodiversitate del pais, al protection de areas natural e al disveloppamento de parcos national. Costa Rica deveniva etiam un centro regional pro certe activitates de servicios e production industrial, includente sectores de technologia e dispositivos medical. Le transformation economic non eliminava tote le inegalitates. Le differentias de ingresos, le accesso al habitation, le conditiones de labor e le disveloppamento in regiones rural remaneva questiones importante del politica public. === Institutiones e vita democratic === Le systema politic costarican continua a functionar sub le Constitution de 1949, con electiones periodicamente organisate e un structura de poderes executive, legislative e judicial. Le historia post 1948 es marcate per le alternantia de governamentos electe e le disveloppamento de institutiones civil. Le abolition del armea permanente remane un del symbolos institutional del pais, ma le securitate public e le lucta contra le criminalitate ha devenite temas importante del debatte public contemporanee. Le governamentos ha debite conciliar le tradition institutional con nove desafios social e regional. == Populos indigena e memoria historic == Le populos indigena continua a formar parte del societate costarican. Le communitates Bribri, Cabécar, Maleku, Boruca e altere populos conserva linguas, traditiones e formas de organisation proprie. Le protection del territorios indigena, le education intercultural e le recognition del derectos collective es temas importante del relationes inter le Stato e iste communitates. Le memoria historic del pais combina le patrimonio precolumbian, le experientia del colonisation, le formation del republica, le reformas social, le guerra civil de 1948 e le evolution del institutiones democratic. Le museos, archives, sitos archaeologic e traditiones oral contribue al conservation e transmission de iste historia. {{Ref}} {{Historia de America}} [[Categoria:Historia de Costa Rica| ]] l11pjex4sa17zbrmidhzx20yxpa4sf2 0 62213 705390 704340 2026-11-01T22:06:11Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 705390 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Venezuela''' comprende le evolution del populationes indigena, le colonisation espaniol, le guerras de independentia, le formation del republica e le transformationes politic, economic e social del seculos XIX, XX e XXI. Situate in le nord de America del Sud, Venezuela possede un territorio que combina costas caribe, montanias andin, planuras, forestas tropic e le bassin del [[Orinoco]]. Ante le arrivata del europeos, le territorio esseva habitate per numerose populationes indigena con linguas e formas de organisation distincte. Le colonisation comenciava durante le seculo XVI, e le independentia esseva proclamate le 5 de julio 1811, durante le processo revolutionari que conduceva al fin del dominio espaniol in le region. Durante le seculo XIX, Venezuela experimentava guerras civil, rivalitates inter caudillos e periodos de instabilitate institutional. Le disveloppamento del industria petrolifere durante le seculo XX transformava profundemente su economia e su societate. Le retorno al governamento civil in 1958 esseva sequite per plure decennios de politica electoral, ante le crisi del systema traditional e le ascension de [[Hugo Chávez]] in 1999.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://guides.loc.gov/venezuela-country-guide/introduction |titulo=Venezuela: Hispanic Reading Room Country Guide |sitioweb=Library of Congress |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/92010376/ |titulo=Venezuela: A Country Study |sitioweb=Library of Congress, Federal Research Division |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le historia recente es marcate per le transformation del institutiones sub Chávez e [[Nicolás Maduro]], le crise economic e migratori, le contestation del electiones de 2024 e le intervention militar statounitese de januario 2026, durante le qual Maduro esseva capturate. In octobre 2026, Delcy Rodríguez exerce le presidentia interin del pais, durante que le calendario e le conditiones de nove electiones remane subjectos de negotiation e debattito.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/venezuela-president-returns-us-visit-no-deals-no-firm-election-date-2026-09-26/ |titulo=Venezuela president returns from US visit with no deals, no firm election date |sitioweb=Reuters |fecha=26 de septembre 2026 |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Populationes indigena == Le territorio del actual Venezuela esseva habitate per populationes indigena durante milles de annos ante le arrivata del europeos. Le communitates se adaptava a ambientes variate, includente le costa caribe, le montanias, le planuras del [[Llanos]], le foresta amazonic e le delta del Orinoco. Inter le populationes indigena se trovava grupos de linguas caribe, arawak e chibcha, assi como communitates con linguas e traditiones proprie. Lor modos de vita variava: certe grupos practicava agricultura sedentari, durante que alteres se basava principalmente super le cassa, le pisca, le recolta e le intercambio regional. Le agricultura includiva le cultivation de mais, manioc e altere plantas adaptate al ambientes tropic. Le fluvios serviva como vias de communication, e le redes de intercambio connectava le communitates del interior con le costa caribe. Le contacto con le europeos provocava profund transformationes demographic e cultural. Le maladias introducite, le occupation del terra, le guerra e le systemas de labor colonial affectava gravemente plure populationes indigena. Nonobstante, illas continuava a mantener lor linguas, traditions e formas de organisation. Le populationes indigena continua a formar parte del societate venezuelan contemporanee, con communitates presente in le Amazonia, le Delta Amacuro, le Zulia e altere regiones.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://guides.loc.gov/venezuela-country-guide/introduction |titulo=Venezuela: Hispanic Reading Room Country Guide |sitioweb=Library of Congress |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Exploration e colonisation espaniol == === Prime contactos europee === Le prime expeditiones europee attingeva le costa venezuelan durante le fin del seculo XV. [[Cristóbal Colón]] explorava le costa oriental durante su tertie viage in 1498. Le expeditiones sequente examinava le litoral, le insulas e le zonas proxime al delta del Orinoco. Le nomine «Venezuela» es generalmente associate al exploration del [[Golfo de Venezuela]] e del [[Lago de Maracaibo]]. Un interpretation traditional liga le nomine al expression «Veneziola», usate per [[Amerigo Vespucci]] e altere exploratores in relation con le habitationes palafitic observate in le region. Le origine exacte del nomine es tamen objecto de discussion historic. Durante le prime decennios del seculo XVI, le Corona espaniol establiva settlementes e centros administrative in le costa. Le colonisation esseva lente e irregular, proque le territorio non habeva le mesme concentration de metales preciose que le regiones de Mexico e Peru. === Formation del provincia de Venezuela === Le colonisation involveva le fundation de citates, le establimento de proprietates agricole e le conversion religiose del populationes indigena. Le missiones ecclesiastic habeva un rolo importante in le occupation del territorio e in le organisation de settlementes. In 1527, esseva fundate [[Coro]], un del prime centros colonial permanente. Plus tarde, [[Caracas]] esseva fundate in 1567 per [[Diego de Losada]] e deveniva progressivemente un centro politic e economic importante. Le territorio esseva administrate per differente provincias e jurisditiones colonial. Durante le seculos XVI e XVII, le economia combinava agricultura, allevamento, commercio e, in certe regiones, exploitation de recursos natural. Le production de cacao deveniva ulteriormente un del principal actividades de exportation. === Capitania General de Venezuela === In 1777, le monarchia espaniol creava le Capitania General de Venezuela, que reuniva sub un autoritate militar e administrative commun plure provincias del region. Iste reorganisation contribueva al formation del territorio que deveniva le nucleo del actual stato venezuelan. Le economia colonial dependeva in parte del agricultura de plantation, specialmente del cacao, e del commercio con altere partes del Imperio Espaniol. Le proprietarios de plantationes e le comerciantes formava un elite economic, durante que le societate includeva populationes indigena, europeos, africanos deportate e sclavisate, e grupos de origine mixta. Le sclavitude african esseva un elemento importante del production agricole. Le interaction inter iste populationes produceva un societate culturalmente diverse, ma marcate per hierarchias social e juridic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/92010376/ |titulo=Venezuela: A Country Study |sitioweb=Library of Congress, Federal Research Division |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Revolution e independentia == === Revolution de 1810 === Le invasion napoleonic de Espania in 1808 e le crise del monarchia provocava un serie de movimentos politic in America espaniol. Le question del legitimitate del autoritate colonial deveniva central, e diverse citates establiva juntas local in nomine del rege Fernando VII. Le 19 de april 1810, un movimento in Caracas conduceva al destitution del capitano general [[Vicente Emparan]] e al establimento de un junta que assumeva le governamento del provincia. Iste evento es considerate le initio del processo revolutionari venezuelan. Le movimento se extendeva a altere partes del territorio, e le representantes politic comenciava a discuter le autonomia, le representation e le possibilitate de separation definitive del monarchia espaniol. === Declaration de independentia de 1811 === Le 5 de julio 1811, le Congresso de Venezuela proclamava le independentia del Corona espaniol. Le declaration esseva un del prime actos formal de independentia in America espaniol e establiva le fundamentos del nove republica. Le prime Constitution federal esseva approbate in decembre 1811. Illa organisava un republica basate super principios representative e federal, ma le nove regime faceva fronte a opposition militar, conflictos interne e difficultates economic. Le prime Republica cadeva in 1812 post un serie de victorias royalista e un grave crise, aggravate per un terremoto que affectava plure citates durante le mesme anno. Le autoritates espaniol restabiliva lor controlo super grande parte del territorio.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://mppre.gob.ve/publicacion/721-0 |titulo=5 de julio: declaración de la independencia de Venezuela |sitioweb=Ministerio del Poder Popular para Relaciones Exteriores de Venezuela |fecha=24 de maio 2023 |accesso=14 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261014182237/https://mppre.gob.ve/publicacion/721-0 |archivedate=2026-10-14 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-14}}</ref> === Simón Bolívar e le Secunde Republica === [[Simón Bolívar]] deveniva le principal leader militar e politic del independentia venezuelan. In 1813, ille conduceva le [[Campaña Admirable]], un expedition militar que permitteva le recuperation de Caracas e le establimento del Secunde Republica. Le guerra continuava tamen con grande violentia. Le forzas royalista, le divisiones inter le revolutionarios e le mobilisation de grupos popular complicava le consolidation del republica. In 1814, le Secunde Republica cadeva e plure leaders independentista esseva obligate a retirar se o exiliar se. Bolívar continuava a reorganisar le resistentia, con supporto de altere leaders e de forzas veniente de differente regiones de America del Sud. Le guerra assumeva progressivemente un dimension regional, ligate al liberation de [[Nueva Granada]], Ecuador e altere territorios del Imperio Espaniol. === Victoria independentista e Gran Colombia === Durante le annos 1817–1819, le revolutionarios establiva bases plus stabile in le region del Orinoco e in le Llanos. Le victoria in le [[Battalia de Boyacá]] in 1819 permitteva a Bolívar consolidar le independentia de Nueva Granada. In 1819, le Congresso de Angostura e le creation del [[Gran Colombia]] establiva un projecto politic que reuniva Venezuela, Nueva Granada e ulteriormente Ecuador in un republica commun. Le [[Battalia de Carabobo]], le 24 de junio 1821, esseva un victoria decisive pro le independentia de Venezuela. Ben que certe forzas royalista continuava a resister, le controlo independentista super le principal centros del territorio deveniva progressivemente plus firme. Le projecto de Gran Colombia incontrava difficultates concernente le centralisation del poter, le interesses regional e le differentias inter le leaders politic. In 1830, Venezuela se separava formalmente de Gran Colombia e initiava un nove fase como stato independente.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=JFRXHY01TmgUOonab4q3H7wHNdB8uruKr5Vf%2Bjy9FzK2VahvJCNKOPa%2FGore%2FMKCWjDn8nIzRC8feBIQu%2FQR%2Bg%3D%3D |titulo=Historical summary: Constitutional, political and legal structure of Venezuela |sitioweb=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Prime Republica de Venezuela == === Formation del stato independente === Post le separation de Gran Colombia in 1830, [[José Antonio Páez]] deveniva un figura central del nove Republica de Venezuela. Le prime decennios esseva marcate per le construction del institutiones, le rivalitates inter elites regional e le difficultates de controlar un territorio extensive. Le economia continuava a depender del agricultura e del exportation de cacao, caffe, bestial e cuoio. Le infrastructuras esseva limitate, e le communication inter regiones remaneva difficile. Le vita politic esseva dominada per leaders militar e proprietarios de terra. Le participation politic esseva restringite, e le succession de governamentos esseva frequentemente marcate per rebelliones, colpos de stato e conflictos inter factiones. === Guerra civil e caudillismo === Durante le seculo XIX, le caudillismo —le influentia de leaders regional que controlava forzas armate e redes de clientela— habeva un rolo importante in le politica venezuelan. Le [[Guerra Federal]] de 1859–1863 esseva un del conflictos plus grave del periodo. Le guerra opponeva federalistas e centralistas e habeva causas ligate al distribution del terra, al inegalitates social e al controlo del institutiones del stato. Le conflicto terminava con le Tractato de Coche in 1863 e conduceva a un reorganisation politic, ben que le inegalitates e le rivalitates regional continuava a influentiar le societate. == Centralisation e modernisation del fin del seculo XIX == Durante le ultime decennios del seculo XIX, le governamentos cercava a centralisar le autoritate, disveloppar infrastructuras e modernisar le administration. [[Antonio Guzmán Blanco]] exerceva un influentia importante in le politica national inter le annos 1870 e 1880. Su governamentos promoveva obras public, ferrovias, education e reformas administrative. Illes cercava etiam a reducir le influentia politic del Ecclesia e a augmentar le controlo del stato super le institutiones. Le modernisation remaneva tamen unequal. Le economia continuava a depender del agricultura e del exportation de productos primari, durante que le population rural faceva fronte a povretta e accesso limitate al education e al servicios. == Dictaturas e prime seculo del petroleum == === Juan Vicente Gómez === In 1908, [[Juan Vicente Gómez]] assumeva le poter e establiva un regime autoritari que durava usque a su morte in 1935. Su governamento centralisava le stato, debilitava le opposition politic e manteneva un forte controlo super le forzas armate. Durante iste periodo, le exploitation del petroleum comenciava a transformar le economia. Le discoperta e le disveloppamento de grandes jacimentos attraheva capital estranier e contribueva a modificar le relationes inter le stato, le empresas e le mercato international. Le ingresos petrolifere augmentava progressivemente, ma le beneficios esseva distribuite in maniera unequal e le economia deveniva plus dependente del exploitation del hydrocarburos. === Eleazar López Contreras e Isaías Medina Angarita === Post le morte de Gómez in 1935, [[Eleazar López Contreras]] assumeva le presidentia e initiava un apertura politic limitate. Le governamento introduceva reformas administrative e social, e le organisationes politic e sindical comenciava a disveloppar se plus visibilemente. Durante le presidentia de [[Isaías Medina Angarita]] (1941–1945), le participation politic se extendeva e le legislation petrolifere esseva reformate. Tamen, le opposition reclamava un plus grande democratisation del systema electoral e del institutiones. In 1945, un colpo de stato removeva Medina Angarita. Le nove governamento, associate a [[Acción Democrática]], promoveva le electiones e le participation politic, ma le processo esseva interrompite per un nove colpo militar in 1948. === Marcos Pérez Jiménez === Post un periodo de governamento militar, [[Marcos Pérez Jiménez]] assumeva le presidentia in 1952 e manteneva un regime autoritari usque a januario 1958. Le regime promoveva obras public e projectos de infrastructura, specialmente in Caracas, e le ingresos petrolifere contribueva al expansion del construction e del urbanisation. Nonobstante, le opposition esseva reprimite e le libertates politic restringite. In januario 1958, un movimento conjuncte de sectores civil e militar removeva Pérez Jiménez. Iste evento aperiva le via al retorno del governamento constitutional.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/92010376/ |titulo=Venezuela: A Country Study |sitioweb=Library of Congress, Federal Research Division |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Democratia de 1958 e pacto de Puntofijo == Post le cadita de Pérez Jiménez, le principal partidos politic establiva un accordo pro sustener le ordine democratic e evitar nove colpos militar. Le Pacto de Puntofijo, signate in 1958 per [[Acción Democrática]], [[COPEI]] e [[Unión Republicana Democrática]], serviva como quadro de cooperation inter le principal actores politic. Le electiones de decembre 1958 conduceva al election de [[Rómulo Betancourt]], qui assumeva le presidentia in 1959. Le governamento promoveva reformas institutional e le consolidation del systema electoral. In 1961 esseva approbate un nove Constitution. Le systema democratic manteneva electiones periodicamente e le alternation del partidos, ben que le pais faceva fronte a rebelliones armate, insurrectiones e tentativas de colpo de stato durante le prime annos. Le economia petrolifere permitteva al stato financiar education, sanitate e infrastructuras. Tamen, le dependentia del petroleum e le inegalitate social remaneva problemas structural. == Nationalisation del petroleum e crise economic == Durante le annos 1970, le augmento del precios del petroleum produceva un importante incremento del ingresos public. In 1976, sub le presidentia de [[Carlos Andrés Pérez]], Venezuela nationalisava le industria petrolifere e creava [[Petróleos de Venezuela]] (PDVSA) como empresa statal. Le nationalisation augmentava le rolo del stato in le economia e permitteva al governamento controlar directemente le principal fonte de exportation. Le ingresos petrolifere financiava projectos industrial, infrastructuras e programas public. Tamen, le dependentia del petroleum, le expansion del expensas public e le problemas de gestion contribueva a crises economic durante le annos 1980. Le debita externe, le inflation e le reduction del capacitate de compra affectava sectores importante del population. == Caracazo e crise del systema politic == In 1989, le presidente [[Carlos Andrés Pérez]] initiava un programma de ajuste economic que includeva augmentos del precios e cambios in le subsidios. Le mesuras provocava protestas e disturbios importante, specialmente in Caracas e in altere citates. Le eventos del Caracazo, comenciate le 27 de februario 1989, esseva sequite per un repression del autoritates e un numero importante de mortes. Le cifra exacte resta disputate, ma le evento deveniva un puncto de ruptura in le relation inter le population e le institutiones politic. In 1992, duo tentativas de colpo militar esseva organisate. Un del leaders del prime tentativa, [[Hugo Chávez]], deveniva ulteriormente un figura central del politica national. In 1993, Pérez esseva removite del presidentia in le quadro de un processo politic e juridic concernente su gestion. Le crise del partidos traditional e le dissatisfaction con le systema politic contribueva al election de Chávez in 1998. == Hugo Chávez e le Revolution Bolivariana == === Election de 1998 e Constitution de 1999 === [[Hugo Chávez]] esseva eligite presidente in decembre 1998 e assumeva le cargo in februario 1999. Su programma politic, designate como Revolution Bolivariana, proponeva le transformation del institutiones, un nove Constitution e un redistribution plus grande del recursos del petroleum. In 1999, un assemblea constituente elaborava un nove Constitution, approbate per referendum. Le pais assumeva le denomination official de [[República Bolivariana de Venezuela]]. Le nove quadro institutional modificava le relationes inter le poteres del stato e introduceva nove mecanismos de participation politic. Le governamento de Chávez promoveva programas social e augmentava le rolo del stato in le economia. Su politica recipeva supporto de sectores que considerava que le programas social e le participation popular respondeva a inegalitates historic. Altere sectores criticava le concentration del poter executive, le relationes con le opposition e le cambios in le institutiones.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://mppre.gob.ve/index.php/publicacion/677-0 |titulo=Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela |sitioweb=Ministerio del Poder Popular para Relaciones Exteriores de Venezuela |fecha=23 de maio 2023 |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261015000737/https://mppre.gob.ve/index.php/publicacion/677-0 |archivedate=2026-10-15 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-14}}</ref> === Crisi politic de 2002 e greva petrolifere === In april 2002, un colpo de stato de breve duration removeva Chávez del poter durante duo dies. Le presidente esseva restituite al cargo post mobilisationes popular e divisiones intra le forzas armate. Durante le fin de 2002 e le initio de 2003, un greva importante in le industria petrolifere e altere sectores cercava forçar un cambio del governamento. Le conflicto affectava le production e le exportation del petroleum e habeva consequentias economic importante. Le crisi augmentava le polarisation politic e transformava le relationes inter le governamento, le opposition e le sectores economic. === Politicas social e controlo del petroleum === Durante le annos 2000, le governamento de Chávez employava un parte importante del ingresos petrolifere in programas de education, sanitate, alimentation e habitation. Le programas, sovente designate como misiones, habeva effectos variabile secundo le regiones e le servicios. Le governamento augmentava le controlo statal super sectores economic e promoveva nationalisationes in plure industrias. Le politica exterior cercava ampliar le cooperation con Cuba e altere governamentos latinoamerican, e Venezuela participava al creation de nove formas de cooperation regional. Le expansion del expensas public esseva fortemente dependente del ingresos petrolifere. Iste dependentia deveniva un vulnerabilitate quando le precios international del petroleum cambiava. == Nicolás Maduro e le crise del annos 2010 == Post le morte de Chávez in martio 2013, [[Nicolás Maduro]] assumeva le presidentia e esseva eligite in le election de april 2013. Su governamento faceva fronte a un deterioration economic marcate per inflation alte, reduction del production, carentias de productos e difficultates del systema de servicios public. Le reduction del precios del petroleum a partir de 2014 aggravava le crise, durante que le controlo cambiari, le restrictiones economic e le difficultates del industria petrolifere affectava le production e le commercio. Le opposition obteneva un victoria importante in le electiones legislative de 2015. Le relationes inter le Assemblea National e le altere institutiones deveniva tamen conflictual. Le crisi constitutional se aggravava in 2017, quando le Tribunal Supremo de Justitia assumeva o restringiva competentias del Parlamento, provocante protestas e condemnationes international. Durante le annos sequente, le governamento e le opposition se confrontava super le legitimitate del electiones, le functionamento del institutiones e le conditiones pro un transition politic. == Migration e crise humanitari == Durante le annos 2010 e 2020, milliones de venezuelanos quittava le pais pro cercar securitate, empleos e accesso a servicios basic. Le migration affectava le paises vicin, specialmente [[Colombia]], [[Peru]], [[Ecuador]], [[Chile]] e [[Brasil]], assi como communitates in le [[Statos Unite]] e in Europa. Le causas del migration includeva le crise economic, le inflation, le reduction del ingresos familiar, le difficultates de accesso a medicamentos e servicios de sanitate e le insecuritate. Le conditiones variava inter familias e regiones, e le experientia del migrantes esseva influentiate per le politicas de reception e le possibilitates de integration del paises hospite. Le organisationes international e le governamentos regional disveloppava programas de assistentia, registration e integration pro responder al necessitates del population migrante e del communitates que le recipeva. == Electiones de 2024 e contestation politic == Le election presidential de 28 de julio 2024 produceva un grave disputa politic. Le autoritates electoral proclamava Maduro como victor, durante que le opposition contestava le resultatos e publicava registros que, secundo su interpretation, indicava un victoria de [[Edmundo González Urrutia]]. Le resultato e le proceduras electoral deveniva objectos de controversia international. Diverse governamentos e organisationes demandava plus grande transparentia, publication del resultatos detaliate e verification independente. Le protestas post-election esseva sequite per arrestos e allegationes de violationes de derectos human. Le interpretation del election e le legitimitate del autoritates remaneva divisive in le societate venezuelan e in le relationes international.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.euaa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/publications/2026-06/2026_05_EUAA_COI_Query_Response_Q18_Venezuela_Humanitarian_and_socio-economic_situation.pdf |titulo=COI Query Response: Venezuela — Humanitarian and Socio-economic Situation |sitioweb=European Union Agency for Asylum |fecha=junio 2026 |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Intervention statounitese de 2026 e governamento interin == In januario 2026, un operation militar de [[Statos Unite]] in Venezuela conduceva al captura de Nicolás Maduro e de su sposa, [[Cilia Flores]], qui esseva transportate a [[New York]] pro facer fronte a accusationes penal formulate per le autoritates statounitese. Le operation e le captura provocava un crise international concernente le sovranitate venezuelan, le uso del fortia e le legalitate del intervention. Post le captura de Maduro, Delcy Rodríguez, qui habeva occupate le vice-presidentia, assumeva le function de presidente interin. Le transition esseva marcate per negotiationes con le Statos Unite, le relationes con le opposition e le question del organisation de nove electiones. In septembre 2026, Rodríguez participava al sessiones del [[Organisation del Nationes Unite]] e declarava que Venezuela organisarea electiones como parte de un transition verso un systema plus democratic, ma sin annunciar un data definitive. Le opposition reclamava un calendario clar e garanties pro le participation politic e le verification del resultatos. Le situation remaneva in evolution in octobre 2026. Le futuro del institutiones, le organisation de electiones e le gestion del ingresos petrolifere continuava a esser questiones central del transition politic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/venezuela-president-returns-us-visit-no-deals-no-firm-election-date-2026-09-26/ |titulo=Venezuela president returns from US visit with no deals, no firm election date |sitioweb=Reuters |fecha=26 de septembre 2026 |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/cilia-flores-wife-venezuelas-maduro-press-release-us-jail-2026-10-08/ |titulo=Venezuela's Maduro charged in US with ordering torture of opponents, Americans |sitioweb=Reuters |fecha=8 de octobre 2026 |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Economia e petroleum == Le petroleum ha transformate le economia venezuelan durante le seculo XX. Le disveloppamento del exploitation petrolifere comenciava a grande scala durante le prime decennios del seculo, e le exportationes deveniva un del principal fontes de ingresos del stato. In 1976, le industria petrolifere esseva nationalisate e le empresa statal [[Petróleos de Venezuela]] (PDVSA) esseva create. Le petroleum permitteva al governamento financiar infrastructuras e programas social, ma le dependentia del ingresos petrolifere rendeva le economia vulnerabile al fluctuationes del mercato international. Venezuela possede un del plus grande reservas probate de petroleum del mundo, specialmente in le [[Cintura Petrolifere del Orinoco]]. Nonobstante, le production ha essite affectate per problemas de infrastructura, reduction del investitiones, difficultates technic e sanctiones international. Le agricultura, le industria manufacturera, le exploitation de minerales e le servicios constitue etiam partes del economia. Le diversification economic e le reconstruction del infrastructuras figura inter le questiones importante del futuro economic del pais.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.eia.gov/international/analysis/country/ven |titulo=Venezuela: Country Analysis |sitioweb=U.S. Energy Information Administration |fecha=8 de februario 2024 |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Societate e cultura == Le societate venezuelan es marcate per un diverse patrimonio indigena, african e europee, assi como per le contribution de communitates immigrante proveniente de altere partes del mundo. [[Espaniol]] es le lingua dominante, durante que plure linguas indigena remane parlate per communitates native. Le musica e le dansas include traditiones regional como le [[joropo]], associate specialmente al Llanos, assi como le musica caribe e altere formas popular. Le gastronomia venezuelan include platos como le [[arepa]], le [[hallaca]] e le pabellón criollo. Le traditiones religiose combina principalmente le catholicismo con altere formas de credentia e practicas cultural. Le cultura del pais ha essite influentiate per le historia del colonisation, le migration, le petroleum, le urbanisation e le transformationes politic del seculo XX e XXI. == Memoria historic e patrimonio == Le memoria del independentia, del figura de Simón Bolívar, del transformation del petroleum e del evolution del democratia occupa un loco central in le interpretation del historia venezuelan. Le patrimonio include sitios archeologic, citates colonial, monumentos del independentia e locos associate al historia del industria petrolifere. Le historia recente es etiam marcate per le debattitos super le derectos human, le migration, le legitimitate electoral e le relation inter le institutiones national e le actores international. Le conservation del archives e le accesso a information independente es importante pro le studio del periodo contemporanee. {{Ref}} {{Historia de America}} [[Categoria:Historia de Venezuela| ]] 68t93ssrl09hecnaqqqzcrixgorwn3g 0 62290 705389 705100 2026-11-01T21:44:09Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 705389 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Moldavia''' concerne le evolution del territorio del actual [[Republica de Moldavia]], situate in Europa Oriental, inter le [[Prut]] e le [[Dniester]]. Le region ha essite habitate desde le prehistoria e ha formate parte de differente entitates politic, inter illos le [[Principato de Moldavia]], le [[Imperio Russic]], [[Romania]] e le [[Union Sovietic]]. Le Stato moldove moderne declarava su independentia le 27 de augusto 1991, durante le disintegration del Union Sovietic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://regatulunit.mfa.gov.md/en/content/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=Ambassada del Republica de Moldavia al Regno Unite |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le historia del region es marcate per su position inter Europa Central e Europa Oriental e per le relationes con le poteres vicin. Le territorio ha essite influentiate per le culturas roman, slavic, hungar, ottoman e russic. Le question del identitate national, del lingua e del relationes con Romania e Russia ha habite un rolo importante in le evolution politic del pais. == Prehistoria e Antiquitate == Le territorio del actual Moldavia es habitate desde le [[Paleolithico]]. Le reperimentos archeologic monstra le presentia de communitates human in le region desde le prehistoria remote. Durante le [[Neolithico]] e le [[Etate del Bronze]], le populationes local developpava le agricultura, le ceramica e settlementes permanente. Un del culturas archeologic le plus importante del region esseva le cultura Cucuteni-Tripolie, developpate durante le Eneolithico in partes del actual Romania, Moldavia e Ucraina. Illa es cognoscite pro su ceramica elaborate e pro le dimension de alcun de su settlementes.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.sua.mfa.gov.md/ro/content/istoria |titulo=Istoria |sitioweb=Ambassada del Republica de Moldavia in le Statos Unite |accesso=17 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250625185711/http://www.sua.mfa.gov.md/ro/content/istoria |archivedate=2025-06-25 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-17}}</ref> Durante le Antiquitate, le territorio esseva populate per gruppos geto-dacian e se trovava in un zona de contacto inter le culturas del Mar Nere e Europa Central. Le expansion del [[Imperio Roman]] in Dacia durante le seculo II influentiava le region, specialmente in su partes occidental e meridional, ben que non tote le territorio del actual Moldavia esseva incorporate in le imperio. Post le retrahimento del legiones roman de Dacia in 271, le region continuava a esser habitate per populationes local e esseva traversate per varie gruppos migratori, includente Gothos, Hunos, Avaros e Slavos. Le influentia de iste populationes participa al formation del communitates medieval del region.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://regatulunit.mfa.gov.md/en/content/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=Ambassada del Republica de Moldova al Regno Unite |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Formation del Principato de Moldavia == Durante le Medievo, le territorio inter le Carpathos e le Dniester faceva parte de un zona de contactos e de conflictos inter diverse potentias regional. Le migrationes, le developpamento del commercio e le evolution del principatos del Europa Oriental contribuiva gradualmente al formation de nove structuras politic. Durante le medietate del seculo XIV, le Principato de Moldavia se formava como un Stato medieval. [[Bogdan I de Moldavia]] es generalmente considerate le fundator del principato independente circa 1359, post haber se liberate del suzeranitate hungar.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://aboutmoldova.md/en/view_sub_cat.php?sub_cat=108 |titulo=History |sitioweb=About Moldova |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le principato comprendeva un territorio plus vaste que le actual Republica de Moldavia, includente partes del actual Romania. Su capitales successive includeva [[Baia]], [[Suceava]] e, plus tarde, [[Iași]]. Le territorio al est del Prut, que corresponde a grande parte del actual Moldavia, formava un parte del principato. == Le Regno de Stephano le Grande == Un del governantes le plus importante del Principato de Moldavia esseva [[Stephano le Grande]], qui regnava inter 1457 e 1504. Su periodo es associate al consolidation del administration del principato, al developpamento de fortificationes e al construction de monasterios e ecclesias. Stephano cercava de mantener le independentia del principato contra le pression de potentias vicin, includente le [[Imperio Ottoman]], le Regno de Hungaria e le [[Regno de Polonia]]. Su victoria contra le Ottomanos al battalia de Vaslui in 1475 es un del episodios plus celebre de su regno. Nonobstante le resistentia militar, le Principato de Moldavia deveniva gradualmente un Stato tributari del Imperio Ottoman durante le seculo XVI.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://aboutmoldova.md/en/view_sub_cat.php?sub_cat=108 |titulo=History |sitioweb=About Moldova |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le principato manteneva tamen su proprie governamento, leges e institutiones interne. Le suzeranitate ottoman significava principalmente obligationes tributari e limitationes in le politica exterior, non un incorporation complete al imperio. == Le Principato de Moldavia sub suzeranitate ottoman == Durante le seculos XVI e XVII, le Principato de Moldavia remaneva sub le suzeranitate del [[Imperio Ottoman]]. Le governantes, cognoscite como hospodares, esseva nominate o recognoscite in le quadro del relationes con le autoritates ottoman. Le region continuava a esser un zona de contacto inter le Ottomanos, le Polonos, le Hungaros e le Russos. Le guerras e le rivalitates inter iste potentias affectava le stabilitate del principato e le conditiones economic del population. Durante le seculo XVIII, le [[Imperio Russic]] augmentava su influentia in Europa Oriental. Le guerras russo-ottoman habeva consequentias importante pro Moldavia, specialmente pro le territorio al est del Prut. == Annexation de Bessarabia per le Imperio Russic == In 1812, post le [[Guerra Russo-Ottoman de 1806–1812]], le [[Tractato de Bucharest de 1812]] transferiva al Imperio Russic le parte oriental del Principato de Moldavia, situate inter le Prut e le Dniester. Iste territorio deveniva cognoscite como Bessarabia e esseva integrate in le administration imperial russic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://regatulunit.mfa.gov.md/en/content/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=Ambassada del Republica de Moldova al Regno Unite |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le dominio russic modificava le organisation administrative, le education e le relationes cultural del region. Le population comprendeva moldovanos, ucrainos, russofonos, judios, bulgaros, gagauzos e altere communitates. Le russification administrative e le migrationes interne e externe transformava gradualmente le composition social del territorio. Le parte occidental del Principato de Moldavia remaneva distincte de Bessarabia. In 1859, Moldavia e [[Wallachia]] se univa sub [[Alexandru Ioan Cuza]], creando le base del Stato roman moderne. In 1878, post le [[Guerra Russo-Turc de 1877–1878]], le Imperio Russic recuperava le sud de Bessarabia, que habeva essite retrocesse a Moldavia in 1856.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.sua.mfa.gov.md/ro/content/istoria |titulo=Istoria |sitioweb=Ambassada del Republica de Moldova in le Statos Unite |accesso=17 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250625185711/http://www.sua.mfa.gov.md/ro/content/istoria |archivedate=2025-06-25 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-17}}</ref> == Bessarabia durante le Prime Guerra Mundial == Le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] e le [[Revolution Russic de 1917]] provocava un crise del autoritate imperial in Bessarabia. In le autumno de 1917, representantes de diverse gruppos politic e social creava le Sfatul Țării, un assemblea representative que deveniva le principal organo politic del region. Le 2 de decembre 1917, le assemblea proclamava le Republica Democratic Moldava, initialmente concepite como un entitate autonome intra un futur federation russic. Le crise politic e militar del region continuava, e le 24 de januario 1918 le assemblea proclamava le independentia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://visit.chisinau.md/en/istoric/ |titulo=History |sitioweb=Visit Chișinău |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le 27 de martio 1918, le Sfatul Țării votava pro le union de Bessarabia con le [[Regno de Romania]]. Le decision esseva adoptate per majoritate, con conditiones que esseva ulteriormente tractate e removite. Le union deveniva un elemento central del historia politic del region, ma su interpretation continua a esser un subjecto de debatte historic e politic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nationalmuseum.md/en/exhibitions/the_compartment_bessarabia_in_the_first_half_of_the_20th_century/ |titulo=The compartment “Bessarabia in the first half of the 20th century” |sitioweb=Museo National de Historia de Moldova |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Bessarabia in Romania inter le guerras == Inter 1918 e 1940, Bessarabia esseva administrate como parte de Romania. Le integration involveva le harmonisation del institutiones, le legislation e le administration del region con le resto del regno roman. Le reforma agrari de 1918–1920 redistribueva parte del terras e affectava le structura rural. Le education e le alfabetisation se developpava, ma Bessarabia remaneva in grande parte rural e economicamente minus industrialisate que plure altere regiones de Romania. Le politica de romanisation del administration e del education esseva un elemento importante del periodo. Le effectos de iste politica variava inter communitates e locos, e le relationes inter le autoritates roman e le minoritates linguistic e ethnic esseva sovente complex.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nationalmuseum.md/en/exhibitions/the_compartment_bessarabia_in_the_first_half_of_the_20th_century/ |titulo=The compartment “Bessarabia in the first half of the 20th century” |sitioweb=Museo National de Historia de Moldova |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Annexation sovietic e creation del Republica Sovietic Moldava == In augusto 1939, le [[Union Sovietic]] e le [[Germania nazi]] signava le [[Pacto Molotov-Ribbentrop]], cuje protocollo secrete includeva Bessarabia in le zona de interesse sovietic. In junio 1940, le Union Sovietic exig eva que Romania cedeva Bessarabia e le nord de [[Bucovina]]; le tropas sovietic entrava in le territorio post le retrahimento roman. Le 2 de augusto 1940, le Union Sovietic establiva le Republica Sovietic Socialista Moldava (RSS Moldava). Le nove republica esseva formate principalmente con le parte central de Bessarabia e partes del ancian Republica Autonome Sovietic Socialista Moldava, que habeva essite create in 1924 in le Republica Sovietic de Ucraina, al est del Dniester. Partes del nord e del sud de Bessarabia esseva transferite al Republica Sovietic Socialista de Ucraina.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://new.constcourt.md/pageview.php?id=276&idc=11&l=ro&t=%2FPrezentare-generala%2FPremise-istorice%2FDeclaratia-de-independenta-a-Republicii-Moldova%2F |titulo=Declarația de independență a Republicii Moldova |sitioweb=Curtea Constituțională a Republicii Moldova |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le administration sovietic introduceva collectivisation agricole, nationalisation del proprietates e transformation del institutiones. Le repression politic, le deportationes e le famine del annos 1946–1947 habeva effectos grave super le population. Le politica sovietic etiam promoveva le uso del lingua russe e un identitate moldava distincte del identitate roman, un question que deveniva central in le debates politic posterior. == Secunde Guerra Mundial == In junio 1941, Romania, alora alliate con Germania nazi, participa al invasion del Union Sovietic. Le tropas roman e german recapturava Bessarabia e le region remaneva sub administration roman usque al retorno del fortias sovietic in 1944. Durante iste periodo, le autoritates roman participa al persecution e deportation de judios e de altere gruppos, includente le deportationes a Transnistria, un territorio al est del Dniester administrate per Romania durante le guerra. Le population judee de Bessarabia suffreva massacres, deportationes e conditiones mortal. In 1944, le Union Sovietic recuperava le controlo del territorio. Post le fin del guerra, le Republica Sovietic Socialista Moldava esseva restabilite e le structura territorial create in 1940 remaneva in vigor.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://regatulunit.mfa.gov.md/en/content/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=Ambassada del Republica de Moldova al Regno Unite |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Moldavia sub le regime sovietic == Inter 1944 e 1991, le Republica Sovietic Socialista Moldava faceva parte del [[Union Sovietic]]. Le administration sovietic promoveva le industrialisation, le urbanisation e le collectivisation del agricultura. Le citates, specialmente [[Chișinău]], cresceva, e le industria alimentari, mecanic e altere sectores deveniva importante pro le economia local. Le politica linguistic e identitari esseva un del aspectos plus contestate del periodo. Le autoritates sovietic usava le denomination «lingua moldava» pro le lingua official del republica e, durante parte del periodo, imponeva le alfabeto [[cyrillic]] pro su scriptura. Le relation inter le lingua roman e le lingua moldava deveniva un puncto central del debates cultural e politic. Le regime manteneva un systema de partido unic e restringeva le libertates politic. Le opposition era reprimite, e le autoritates exercitava controlo super le education, le cultura e le activitate religiose. Tamen, le societate sovietic etiam transformava le economia e le structura demografic del region per migrationes, education de massa e expansion urban. == Le movimento national e le fin del Union Sovietic == Durante le fin del annos 1980, le reformas de [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], cognoscite como [[Perestroika]] e [[Glasnost]], permitteva le expansion del debatte public e del movimentos national. In Moldavia, gruppos cultural e politic reclamava le recognition del lingua roman e le reintroduction del alphabeto latin. Le 31 de augusto 1989, le lingua roman deveniva le lingua de Stato e le alphabeto latin esseva reintroducite. Iste decision es commemorate como un evento importante in le historia moderne del pais.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://regatulunit.mfa.gov.md/en/content/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=Ambassada del Republica de Moldova al Regno Unite |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le 23 de junio 1990, le parlamento declarava le sovranitate del Republica Sovietic Socialista Moldava. Le 27 de augusto 1991, durante le disintegration del Union Sovietic, le Republica de Moldavia proclamava su independentia. Le declaration de independentia denunciava le consequentias del Pacto Molotov-Ribbentrop e le incorporation del territorio in le Union Sovietic in 1940.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://new.constcourt.md/pageview.php?id=276&idc=11&l=ro&t=%2FPrezentare-generala%2FPremise-istorice%2FDeclaratia-de-independenta-a-Republicii-Moldova%2F |titulo=Declarația de independență a Republicii Moldova |sitioweb=Curtea Constituțională a Republicii Moldova |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Independentia e le conflicto de Transnistria == Post le proclamation del independentia, le governamento de Moldavia debeva enfrentar tensiones concernente le identitate national, le lingua official e le organisation del Stato. In le region de [[Transnistria]], al est del Dniester, le autoritates local rejectava le direction politic de Chișinău e proclamava un entitate separate in 1990. Le tensiones escalava in un conflicto armate in 1992 inter le fortias del governamento moldove e le fortias separatista transnistrian, que recipeva supporto de elementos del [[14e Armata de Guardias]] russic. Le accordo de cessate le foco del julio 1992 poneva fin al major parte del combates, ma non resolveva le question del status del region.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://presedinte.md/eng/discursuri/discursul-presedintei-maia-sandu-in-parlamentul-lituaniei-de-ziua-restaurarii-independentei-lituaniei |titulo=President Maia Sandu’s speech to the Lithuanian Parliament on Independence Restoration Day |sitioweb=Presidency of the Republic of Moldova |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Transnistria ha mantenite su proprie administration de facto, ma su independentia non es recognoscite internationalmente; de jure, le territorio es considerate parte del Republica de Moldavia. Le solution del conflicto continua a esser un del principales questiones de securitate e politica exterior del pais. == Moldavia independente in le seculo XXI == Post 1991, Moldavia ha developpate un systema politic multipartitic e ha traversate transformationes economic significative. Le pais ha affrontate difficultates associate al transition post-sovietic, al migration, al corruption e al vulnerabilitate economic. Le relationes exterior ha includite cooperation con Romania, Ucraina, Russia e le Union Europee. In 2014, Moldavia signava un accordo de association con le Union Europee, que entrava in vigor in 2016. Le 3 de martio 2022, Moldavia presentava un application pro devenir membro del [[Union Europee]] e recipeva le status de pais candidate in junio 2022. Le negotiationes de accession esseva formalmente aperite le 25 de junio 2024.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/moldova/ |titulo=Moldova |sitioweb=Consilio del Union Europee |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra de Russia contra Ucraina, initiate in 2022, ha augmentate le importantia del securitate regional, del energia e del relationes exterior pro Moldavia. Le pais continua a confrontar le question non resolvite de Transnistria e a developpar su institutiones e su relationes con le Union Europee. {{Ref}} {{Historia de Europa per pais}} [[Categoria:Historia de Moldavia| ]] 30n7jkxeqgwku0hgapxpcuh4ltl3wum 0 62377 705400 704894 2026-11-02T02:13:02Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 705400 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''protestas del Generation Z''' es un serie de manifestationes, mobilisationes juvenil e movimentos de contestation politic que se ha developpate in diverse paises desde le fin del decennio de 2010, con un expansion international specialmente visibile durante 2024–2026. Le expression «protestas de Gen Z» designa un insimul heterogenee de movimentos, sovente initiate o impulsate per juvenes nascite circa inter le medietate del annos 1990 e le initio del annos 2010. Illos non constitue un organisation international unic e non ha un programma commun. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://publications.civicus.org/publications/2026-state-of-civil-society-report/gen-z-protests-new-resistance-rises/ |titulo=Gen Z protests: New resistance rises |sitioweb=CIVICUS |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le causas varia secundo le pais, ma include frequentemente le corruption, le inegalitate economic, le disoccupation juvenil, le augmento del costo del vita, le deterioramento del servicios public, le restrictiones del libertate de expression e le malcontentamento con le institutiones politic. Le medios digital e le retes social ha facilitated le coordination del demonstrationes e le circulation de symbolos e methodos de mobilization inter paises. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://publications.civicus.org/publications/2026-state-of-civil-society-report/gen-z-protests-new-resistance-rises/ |titulo=Gen Z protests: New resistance rises |sitioweb=CIVICUS |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le movimentos ha producite resultatos differente. In certe casos, le protestas ha contribuite al demission de governantes o al revocation de politicas contestate; in altere casos, le autoritates ha respondite con arrestationes, restrictiones e uso del fortia. Le consequentias varia considerabilemente secundo le contexto national, le demandas del manifestantes e le responsa del institutiones. == Origines e contexto == Le activismo juvenil precede le apparition del expression «protestas de Gen Z». Durante le decennios precedente, juvenes habeva ja participate in movimentos pro le derectos civil, le protection del ambiente, le libertate politic e le reforma educational. Le mobilisationes contra le violentia armate in le Statos Unite in 2018 e le movimento climatic ''Fridays for Future''initiate per Greta Thunberg in le mesme anno, es exemplos del activismo juvenil que precedeva le actual unda de protestas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/11/youth-strike-for-climate-change-everything-you-need-to-know |titulo=Youth strike for climate: everything you need to know |sitioweb=The Guardian |fecha=11 de martio 2019 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le pandemia de COVID-19, le crise economic, le difficultates de accesso al empleo e al habitation e le inegalitates social contribuiva al contexto in le qual multe juvenes developpava lor activitate politic. Le expression «Gen Z» esseva gradualmente usate per le medios pro describer movimentos que combina protestationes traditional con formas de organisation basate super retes social e communication digital. Le extension del movimentos non significa que tote le personas del Generation Z participa in protestas o comparte le mesme orientation politic. Le participation pote reunir juvenes de differente classes social, orientationes politic e gruppos ethnic, e pote etiam extender se a altere generationes. == Causas e revendicationes == Le causas del protestas varia inter paises, ma plure temas recurre in le movimentos. === Corruption e responsabilitate politic === In multe paises, le manifestantes denuncia le corruption, le nepotismo, le uso private de recursos public e le falta de transparentia in le decisiones del governantes. Le protestas pote demandar investigationes independente, responsabilitate juridic, reformas institutional o le demission de responsables politic. Le dissatisfaction con le elites politic es sovente associate al perception que le institutiones non responde sufficientemente al necessitates del juvenes. In certe casos, le revendicationes initia con un problema specific e se extende postea a demandas plus large concernente le governamento e le systema politic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://publications.civicus.org/publications/2026-state-of-civil-society-report/gen-z-protests-new-resistance-rises/ |titulo=Gen Z protests: New resistance rises |sitioweb=CIVICUS |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Inegalitate e costo del vita === Le augmento del precio del alimentation, del energia, del habitation e del transporto ha alimentate protestas in diverse paises. Le juvenes denuncia le difficultate de acceder a empleos stabile, salarios sufficientemente alte e habitationes accessibile. In paises con alte nivellos de disoccupation juvenil, le falta de opportunitates professional e le perception de mobilitate social reducite ha contribuite al malcontentamento. Le demandas pote includer le creation de empleos, le melioramento del servicios public e le reduction del custos de necessitates basic. === Education e servicios public === Le education es un altere fonte de mobilization. Le protestas pote esser initiate per le augmento del custos educative, le reduction del subsidios, le insufficientia de professores o le deterioramento del edificios scolastic e universitari. In altere casos, le manifestantes demanda un melior accesso al sanitate, al aqua potabile e al electricitate. In Madagascar, per exemplo, le protestas de 2025 comenciava in relation con le interruptiones del servicios de aqua e electricitate, ante de extender se a demandas plus large concernente le governamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://apnews.com/article/6d7fdc429b089938b97ea044a65b4466 |titulo=Madagascar's president fires the government following days of deadly Gen Z protests |sitioweb=Associated Press |fecha=29 de septembre 2025 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Libertate de expression e derectos politic === Le restriction del retes social, le censura, le repression del opposition e le allegationes de fraude electoral ha etiam provocate mobilisationes juvenil. Le protestas pote demandar le protection del libertate de expression, le derecto de reunir se e le observantia del proceduras democratic. Le movimento in Nepal in septembre 2025 es un exemplo: le decision del governamento de prohibir plure grande plataformas de retes social deveniva un detonator immediate de protestas ja alimentate per le indignation concernente le corruption e le nepotismo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.investing.com/news/world-news/how-gen-z-protests-over-corruption-and-jobs-ousted-nepal-pm-oli-4231763 |titulo=How 'Gen Z' protests over corruption and jobs ousted Nepal PM Oli |sitioweb=Reuters, reproduite per Investing.com |fecha=9 de septembre 2025 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Methodos de mobilization == Le protestas de Gen Z combina methodos traditional de mobilization con instrumentos digital. Le formas de action varia secundo le pais e le situation politic. Inter le methodos usate se trova: * Manifestationes e corteos in le vias public; * Assembleas, sit-in e occupationes de spatios public; * Scioperos e actiones de disobedientia civil; * Petitiones e campanias digital; * Publication de videos, messagios e information super le retes social; * Creation de gruppos de coordination e de canales de communication; * Uso de symbolos commun e de referentias cultural popular. Le retes social, includente TikTok, Instagram, X, Telegram e Discord, ha facilitated le diffusion rapide de informationes e le coordination de actiones. In certe casos, le participantes ha usate plure plataformas alternativ quando le autoritates restringeva le accesso a un servicio specific. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/news/self-censorship-documenting-repression-news-medias-role-protests-toppling-bangladeshs-pm |titulo=From self-censorship to documenting repression: news media's role in the protests toppling Bangladesh's PM |sitioweb=Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism |fecha=14 de augusto 2024 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261021120706/https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/news/self-censorship-documenting-repression-news-medias-role-protests-toppling-bangladeshs-pm |archivedate=2026-10-21 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-20}}</ref> Le organisation decentralisate es un altere characteristica de multe movimentos. Alcunes non ha un chef unic o un structura formal, ma se coordina per medio de gruppos local e communitates digital. Isto pote facilitar le participation, ben que le absentia de un direction central pote complicar le negotiation con le autoritates e le definition de objectivos commun. == Symbolos e cultura digital == Un del symbolos le plus recognoscibile associate al unda recente de protestas es le bandiera del Piratas del Cappello de Paglia del manga e anime japonese *One Piece*. Le bandiera, que representa un cranio con un cappello de paglia, esseva usate in demonstrationes in Indonesia, Nepal, Madagascar e altere paises. Le symbolo es associate al equipage fictive de ''One Piece'', que se oppone a autoritates oppressive in le historia. Su adoption per manifestantes ha functionate como un referentia cultural commun e como un expression de solidaritate inter movimentos que non possede necessarimente le mesme demandas. Le symbolo esseva etiam usate in protestas anterior a 2025, ma su visibilitate international augmentava durante le mobilisationes de ille anno. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://publications.civicus.org/publications/2026-state-of-civil-society-report/gen-z-protests-new-resistance-rises/ |titulo=Gen Z protests: New resistance rises |sitioweb=CIVICUS |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le humor, memes, satira e referentias a videojuegos, manga e cultura popular forma parte del repertorio communicational del movimentos. Illos permitte diffunder messagios politic in formatos familiar a un parte importante del participantes e attinger audientias al exterior del spatio traditional del demonstrationes. == Principal protestas == Le expression «protestas de Gen Z» es usate pro un insimul de movimentos national. Le lista non es exhaustive e le inclusion de un evento sub iste denomination non significa que tote su participantes pertine al Generation Z. === Bangladesh (2024) === Le protestas in Bangladesh comenciava in julio 2024 como demonstrationes de studentes contra le systema de quotas in le recrutamento pro postos del administration public. Le movimento se extendeva a demandas concernente le corruption, le abuso de poter e le responsa del governamento al repression. Le 5 de augusto 2024, le Prime Ministra Sheikh Hasina demitteva e quitava le pais post plure septimanas de protestas e confrontos mortifere. Un governamento interin esseva postea constituite sub le direction del economista Muhammad Yunus. Le movimento es sovente considerate un del prime grande victorias del unda contemporanee de protestas associate a Gen Z. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.investing.com/news/economic-indicators/explainerwhy-did-bangladesh-pm-sheikh-hasina-resign-and-where-is-she-now-3556626 |titulo=Why did Bangladesh PM Sheikh Hasina resign and where is she now? |sitioweb=Reuters, reproduite per Investing.com |fecha=6 de augusto 2024 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Kenya (2024) === In Kenya, demonstrationes comenciava in junio 2024 contra le ''Finance Bill 2024'', que habeva proposite augmentos fiscal. Le protestas, largemente impulsate per juvenes e organisate per medio de retes social, se extendeva a demandas concernente le corruption e le responsabilitate del governamento. Le movimento duceva al retiro del projecto de lege e deveniva un del exemplos le plus visibile de mobilization juvenil contra mesuras economic considerate onerose. Le protestas includeva etiam confrontos e repression policial, con mortes e ferimentos reportate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://publications.civicus.org/publications/2026-state-of-civil-society-report/gen-z-protests-new-resistance-rises/ |titulo=Gen Z protests: New resistance rises |sitioweb=CIVICUS |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Indonesia e altere paises asiatic (2025) === In Indonesia, le protestas de 2025 esseva alimentate per le indignation concernente le augmentos de indemnisationes e allocutiones pro parlamentarios, le difficultates economic e le allegationes de violentia policial. Le mobilisationes includeva demonstrationes e confrontationes in plure citates e duceva a un remaniamento del governamento e al revision de certe politicas. Protestas juvenil esseva reportate etiam in le Philippinas, Timor-Leste e le Maldivas, con demandas que variava inter le corruption, le gastos public, le responsabilitate del representantes electe e le accesso al servicios basic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://publications.civicus.org/publications/2026-state-of-civil-society-report/gen-z-protests-new-resistance-rises/ |titulo=Gen Z protests: New resistance rises |sitioweb=CIVICUS |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Nepal (2025) === Le protestas de Gen Z in Nepal comenciava in septembre 2025 post le prohibition de plure plataformas de retes social per le governamento. Le decision provocava indignation inter juvenes que ja denunciava le corruption, le nepotismo e le stilos de vita del familias de politicos. Le demonstrationes deveniva violente e le repression causava numerose mortes e ferimentos. Le Prime Ministro K. P. Sharma Oli demitteva le 9 de septembre. Le prohibition del retes social esseva levate e un governamento interin esseva constituite sub Sushila Karki, ex-presidente del Corte Supreme. Le eventos deveniva un puncto de referentia pro altere movimentos juvenil. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.investing.com/news/world-news/how-gen-z-protests-over-corruption-and-jobs-ousted-nepal-pm-oli-4231763 |titulo=How 'Gen Z' protests over corruption and jobs ousted Nepal PM Oli |sitioweb=Reuters, reproduite per Investing.com |fecha=9 de septembre 2025 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Madagascar (2025) === In Madagascar, le protestas comenciava in septembre 2025 contra le interruptiones frequente del aqua e del electricitate. Le demonstrationes se extendeva a demandas concernente le responsabilitate del governamento e le conditiones de vita. Le repression e le confrontos causava mortes e ferimentos. Le presidente Andry Rajoelina dimitteva le prime ministro e le resto del governamento le 29 de septembre, ma inicialmente recusava demitter su cargo. Le crise continuava postea e deveniva un del casos le plus importante del unda de protestas juvenil in Africa. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://apnews.com/article/6d7fdc429b089938b97ea044a65b4466 |titulo=Madagascar's president fires the government following days of deadly Gen Z protests |sitioweb=Associated Press |fecha=29 de septembre 2025 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Marocco (2025) === In Marocco, demonstrationes organisate in grande parte per juvenes se extendeva a plure citates a partir de septembre 2025. Le colectivo digital GenZ 212, nominate secundo le indicativo telephonic international del pais, reclamava plus de investimento in le sanitate e le education e denunciava le corruption e le falta de opportunitates. Le protestas comenciava con demonstrationes in favor de servicios public melior e deveniva plus intense in certe citates, ubi esseva reportate confrontationes, incendios, saqueos e interventiones del fortias de securitate. Le autoritates annunciava planos de investimento in le sanitate e le education, durante que le arrestationes e le allegationes de uso excessive del fortia restava objecto de controverse. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/moroccos-youth-police-clash-fifth-night-protests-demanding-education-health-care-2025-10-01/ |titulo=Morocco's youth and police clash for fifth night of protests demanding education and health care |sitioweb=Reuters |fecha=1 de octobre 2025 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Bulgaria e altere paises europee (2025–2026) === In Bulgaria, protestas contra le corruption e un projecto de budgeto pro 2026 se extendeva inter novembre 2025 e januario 2026. Le mobilisationes duceva al retiro del projecto e al demission del governamento de Rosen Zhelyazkov. In altere partes de Europa, protestas associate a juvenes concerneva le costo del vita, le accesso al habitation, le education, le derectos politic e le corruption. Le participation de Gen Z non significa que tote iste movimentos habeva le mesme objectivos o que illos esseva directemente coordinat inter se. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://publications.civicus.org/publications/2026-state-of-civil-society-report/gen-z-protests-new-resistance-rises/ |titulo=Gen Z protests: New resistance rises |sitioweb=CIVICUS |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Altere movimentos de 2026 === Durante 2026, le expression esseva applicate etiam a protestas in diverse paises, includente India, Japonia, Albania, Serbia, Georgia, le Philippinas e Pakistan. Le causas varia: controversias super examinationes educational e violentia policial in India; opposition a reformas constitutional in Japonia; allegationes de corruption e controlo del medios in Albania; e contestationes super le direction politic e le integritate electoral in Serbia e Georgia. Le inclusion de iste movimentos sub le etiqueta «Gen Z» depende del composition del participantes, del rolo del juvenes in le organisation e del maniera in que le medios e le actores del movimento los describe. Non existe un criterio international unic que determina si un protestation debe esser classificate como un protesta de Gen Z. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://publications.civicus.org/publications/2026-state-of-civil-society-report/gen-z-protests-new-resistance-rises/ |titulo=Gen Z protests: New resistance rises |sitioweb=CIVICUS |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Repression e derectos human == In plure paises, le responsa del autoritates al protestas includeva restrictiones al manifestationes, arrestationes, uso de gas lacrimogene, cannones de aqua e, in certe casos, uso de armas de fogo. Le gravitate del repression varia considerabilemente inter le contextos national. Le casos de Bangladesh, Nepal e Madagascar includeva mortes e un numero importante de ferimentos. Le organismos de derectos human e le medios international examinava le circumstantias del interventiones policial, le proportionalitate del uso del fortia e le accesso al investigationes independente. Le violentia non esseva limitate al autoritates: in alcun protestas esseva reportate incendios, destruction de edificios, saqueos e aggressiones contra personas e proprietates. Le analyse del eventos necessita distinguer le manifestationes pacific, le actiones de disobedientia civil e le actos violente committite per certe participantes o per altere actores. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://publications.civicus.org/publications/2026-state-of-civil-society-report/gen-z-protests-new-resistance-rises/ |titulo=Gen Z protests: New resistance rises |sitioweb=CIVICUS |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Impacto del retes social == Le retes social ha un rolo importante in le organisation del protestas. Illos permitte al participantes diffunder informationes, publicar videos de interventiones policial, coordinar reuniones e facer circular revendicationes sin depender integremente del medios traditional. Le uso de plataformas digital pote etiam facilitar le cooperation inter movimentos de paises differente. Le experientias de Nepal e Marocco monstrava que gruppos juvenil pote usar canales de communication online pro organizar actiones e adaptar tacticas usate in altere contextos. In Nepal, le prohibition de plure plataformas esseva un detonator immediate del protestas; in Marocco, le colectivo GenZ 212 usava Discord e altere retes pro coordinar su activitate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://publications.civicus.org/publications/2026-state-of-civil-society-report/gen-z-protests-new-resistance-rises/ |titulo=Gen Z protests: New resistance rises |sitioweb=CIVICUS |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Nonobstante, le communication digital non elimina le necessitate de organisation local, de participation in persona e de coordination logistic. Le accesso inegual al interrete, le surveillance online e le restrictiones del plataformas pote tamben limitar le activitate del movimentos. == Resultatos e interpretation == Le resultatos del protestas varia considerabilemente. In certe casos, le mobilisationes contribuiva al demission de governantes, al revocation de politicas o al adoption de mesuras public. In altere casos, le demandas principal non esseva satisfacte e le protestas esseva dispersate o reprimate. Le organisation del societate civil CIVICUS observa que le unda de protestas reflecte un malcontentamento plus large concernente le inegalitate, le corruption, le falta de opportunitates e le perception que le institutiones non responde al necessitates del juvenes. Illo nota tamben que le repression pote, in certe circumstantias, intensificar le mobilization in vice de terminar lo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://publications.civicus.org/publications/2026-state-of-civil-society-report/gen-z-protests-new-resistance-rises/ |titulo=Gen Z protests: New resistance rises |sitioweb=CIVICUS |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le expression «protestas de Gen Z» servi dunque como un categoria descriptive pro un serie de movimentos que comparte certe characteristicas, ma non como le nomine de un movimento mundial unificate. Le demandas, le orientationes politic, le resultatos e le relationes con le institutiones differe de pais a pais. {{Ref}} == Ligamines externe == * {{Cita web |url=https://publications.civicus.org/publications/2026-state-of-civil-society-report/gen-z-protests-new-resistance-rises/ |titulo=Gen Z protests: New resistance rises |sitioweb=CIVICUS |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}} * {{Cita web |url=https://www.reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/news/self-censorship-documenting-repression-news-medias-role-protests-toppling-bangladeshs-pm |titulo=From self-censorship to documenting repression: news media's role in the protests toppling Bangladesh's PM |sitioweb=Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism |fecha=14 de augusto 2024 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261021120706/https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/news/self-censorship-documenting-repression-news-medias-role-protests-toppling-bangladeshs-pm |archivedate=2026-10-21 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-20}} * {{Cita web |url=https://www.investing.com/news/world-news/how-gen-z-protests-over-corruption-and-jobs-ousted-nepal-pm-oli-4231763 |titulo=How 'Gen Z' protests over corruption and jobs ousted Nepal PM Oli |sitioweb=Reuters, reproduite per Investing.com |fecha=9 de septembre 2025 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}} * {{Cita web |url=https://apnews.com/article/6d7fdc429b089938b97ea044a65b4466 |titulo=Madagascar's president fires the government following days of deadly Gen Z protests |sitioweb=Associated Press |fecha=29 de septembre 2025 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}} * {{Cita web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/moroccos-youth-police-clash-fifth-night-protests-demanding-education-health-care-2025-10-01/ |titulo=Morocco's youth and police clash for fifth night of protests demanding education and health care |sitioweb=Reuters |fecha=1 de octobre 2025 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}} [[Categoria:Movimentos social]] [[Categoria:Protestas contemporanee]] 9im2ega8x98k36nw4qbr2s495ujzgne 0 62378 705399 704891 2026-11-02T02:13:00Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 705399 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''protestas de Gen Z in Asia''' es un serie de manifestationes, mobilisationes juvenil e movimentos de contestation politic que se extendeva in plure paises asiatic desde le prime annos del decennio de 2020, con un expansion importante in 2024–2026. Le expression se refere a protestas in grande parte impulsate per membros del [[Generation Z]], sovente contra le corruption, le nepotismo, le inegalitate economic, le restrictiones del libertate politic e le deterioramento del servicios public. Le movimentos non constitue un organisation unic e lor revendicationes varia considerabilemente secundo le pais. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.dw.com/en/gen-z-protests-why-are-asias-youth-so-angry/a-74349495 |titulo=Gen Z protests: Why are Asia's youth so angry? |sitioweb=Deutsche Welle |fecha=14 de octobre 2025 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le protestas obteneva le attention international specialmente post le revolta de studentes in Bangladesh in 2024 e le protestas de Gen Z in Nepal in septembre 2025. In ambe casos, le mobilisationes contribuiva a cambiamentos politic major e al cadita de governamentos. Altere protestas, in paises como Indonesia, Timor-Leste, le Philippinas e India, duceva a revocationes de politicas, promissas de reformas o altere formas de responsa del autoritates. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cfr.org/articles/asias-gen-z-protests-are-intense-can-they-create-lasting-change |titulo=Asia’s Gen Z Protests Are Intense. Can They Create Lasting Change? |sitioweb=Council on Foreign Relations |fecha=23 de octobre 2025 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le retes social, le communication digital e le symbolos cultural commun, includente le bandiera del manga e anime *One Piece*, ha facilitated le coordination e le diffusion de iste movimentos. Nonobstante, le protestas non es homogenee: illos varia per lor composition social, demandas, strategias e relationes con le institutiones politic. == Origines e contexto == Le activismo juvenil asiatic precede le actual unda de protestas. Durante le decennios precedente, studentes e altere gruppos juvenil habeva ja organisate demonstrationes contra le autoritarismo, le corruption, le inegalitate e le restrictiones del derectos civil. Le protestas de studentes in [[Hong Kong]], le movimentos democratic in [[Thailandia]] e le mobilisationes contra le junta militar in [[Myanmar]] es exemplos de iste tradition. Le pandemia de COVID-19 e su consequentias economic augmentava le difficultates de numerose juvenes, includente le disoccupation, le precaritate del empleo e le costo del habitation. In plure paises, le perception que le elites politic e economic protegeva lor proprie interesses alimentava le dissatisfaction con le governamentos e le institutiones. Le expression «Gen Z» deveniva un etiqueta commun pro describer iste protestas, specialmente post le acontecimientos in Bangladesh in 2024 e in Nepal in 2025. Tamen, le participation non se limita a personas de un sol generation: in plure casos, syndicalistas, laboratores, organisationes del societate civil e altere sectores del population se associava al demonstrationes. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cfr.org/articles/asias-gen-z-protests-are-intense-can-they-create-lasting-change |titulo=Asia’s Gen Z Protests Are Intense. Can They Create Lasting Change? |sitioweb=Council on Foreign Relations |fecha=23 de octobre 2025 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Causas e revendicationes == Le causas del protestas varia secundo le contexto national, ma plure temas appare in differente paises. === Corruption e nepotismo === Le corruption e le nepotismo es inter le principal motivos citate per le participantes. Le manifestantes denuncia le uso private de recursos public, le privilegios attribuite a representantes politic e lor familias, le falta de transparentia e le absentia de responsabilitate institutional. In plure casos, le revendicationes includeva investigationes independente, sanctiones contra actos de corruption e reformas del administration public. === Inegalitate economic e disoccupation === Le difficultates economic include le augmento del costo del vita, le precaritate del empleo, le disoccupation juvenil e le difficultate de acceder a habitationes. In paises con un population juvenil importante, le falta de opportunitates professional e le perception de inegalitate inter le elites e le resto del population contribuiva al malcontentamento. In Indonesia, per exemplo, le protestas de 2025 esseva alimentate per le indignation concernente le privilegios e indemnisationes de parlamentarios, durante que numerose personas affrontava difficultates economic. === Education e servicios public === Le education e le sanitate constitueva un altere foco de mobilization. Le demandas includeva le melioramento del edificios educational, le accesso a formation de qualitate, le controlo del corruption in le systemas de examination e le augmento del recursos public. In Timor-Leste, le protestas de 2025 se opponeva a planos concernente le compra de vehiculos pro parlamentarios e le introduction de pensiones vitalitie pro legislatores. In India, le protestas de 2026 concerneva le irregularitates in examinationes national e le demanda de reformas del systema educational. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/world/gen-z-protests-global-uprising-bangladesh-nepal-india-explained-10803674/ |titulo=Why Gen Z protests are reshaping politics worldwide: From Bangladesh and Nepal to India |sitioweb=The Indian Express |fecha=26 de julio 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Libertate politic e derectos civil === Le restrictiones del libertate de expression, le censura digital e le repression del opposition politic ha etiam provocate mobilisationes. In Nepal, le prohibition de plure plataformas de retes social in septembre 2025 deveniva le detonator immediate de protestas ja alimentate per le indignation concernente le corruption e le nepotismo. In altere paises, le manifestantes denunciava le restriction del libertate de reunir se, le uso del fortia contra demonstrationes e le absentia de mecanismos efficiente pro controlar le action del autoritates. == Methodos de mobilization == Le protestas de Gen Z combina formas traditional de demonstration con instrumentos digital. Inter le methodos usate se trova: * Manifestationes e corteos in le vias public; * Occupationes de spatios public e assembleas de studentes; * Sit-in e altere formas de disobedientia civil; * Campanias e petitiones online; * Diffusion de videos e information per retes social; * Coordination per gruppos digital e canales de communication; * Uso de symbolos cultural e memes pro diffunder messagios politic. Le organisation decentralisate permitte a gruppos local participar sin necessitate de un direction national unic. Nonobstante, le absentia de un structura central pote render plus difficile le negotiation con le governamentos e le transformation de demandas commun in un programma politic formal. == Bangladesh (2024) == Le protestas in [[Bangladesh]] comenciava in junio e julio 2024 como demonstrationes de studentes contra le systema de quotas in le recrutamento pro postos del administration public. Le movimento se extendeva a demandas concernente le corruption, le abuso de poter e le responsa del governamento al repression. Le confrontationes deveniva plus intense durante le ultime septimanas de julio e le initio de augusto. Le 5 de augusto 2024, le Prime Ministra Sheikh Hasina demitteva e quitava le pais post plure septimanas de protestas e violentia. Le Parlamento esseva dissolvite e un governamento interin esseva constituite sub le direction del economista Muhammad Yunus. Le revolta esseva un del eventos que contribuiva al diffusion international del expression «Gen Z protests». Ben que le movimento comenciava con un demanda specific concernente le quotas de empleo, su revendicationes se extendeva a un contestation plus large del governamento e del systema politic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/news/self-censorship-documenting-repression-news-medias-role-protests-toppling-bangladeshs-pm |titulo=From self-censorship to documenting repression: news media's role in the protests toppling Bangladesh's PM |sitioweb=Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism |fecha=14 de augusto 2024 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261021120706/https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/news/self-censorship-documenting-repression-news-medias-role-protests-toppling-bangladeshs-pm |archivedate=2026-10-21 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-20}}</ref> == Indonesia (2025) == In [[Indonesia]], protestas juvenil se extendeva in augusto 2025 contra le privilegios e indemnisationes de parlamentarios, le inegalitate economic e le difficultates del costo del vita. Le indignation cresceva post reportos super le beneficio economic de legislatores durante un periodo de preoccupationes concernente le empleo e le inflation. Le demonstrationes se extendeva a plure citates e deveniva violente in certe locos. Le confrontationes causava mortes, ferimentos e arrestationes. Le presidente Prabowo Subianto respondeva per le reduction de certe privilegios de parlamentarios e per un remaniamento del governamento, que includeva le substitution del ministra de Finantias Sri Mulyani Indrawati. Le protestas non duceva al cadita del governamento, ma le autoritates annunciava concessiones e cambiamentos institutional in responsa al malcontentamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.dw.com/en/gen-z-protests-why-are-asias-youth-so-angry/a-74349495 |titulo=Gen Z protests: Why are Asia's youth so angry? |sitioweb=Deutsche Welle |fecha=14 de octobre 2025 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Nepal (2025) == Le protestas de Gen Z in Nepal comenciava le 8 de septembre 2025, post le decision del governamento de prohibir plure grande plataformas de retes social. Le decision provocava indignation inter juvenes, que ja denunciava le corruption, le nepotismo e le privilegios del elites politic. Le demonstrationes deveniva violente e le repression causava mortes e numerose ferimentos. Le Prime Ministro K. P. Sharma Oli demitteva le 9 de septembre. Le prohibition del retes social esseva levate e un governamento interin esseva constituite sub Sushila Karki, ex-presidente del Corte Supreme. Le protestas duceva al dissolution del Parlamento e al convocation de nove electiones. In le electiones de 2026, le *Rastriya Swatantra Party* obteneva un majoritate parlamentari importante e Balendra Shah, un rapper e ex-alcalde de Kathmandu, deveniva Prime Ministro. Le resultato esseva considerate un transformation major del politica national, ben que le realisation del demandas del movimento continuava a depender del action del nove governamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.investing.com/news/world-news/how-gen-z-protests-over-corruption-and-jobs-ousted-nepal-pm-oli-4231763 |titulo=How 'Gen Z' protests over corruption and jobs ousted Nepal PM Oli |sitioweb=Reuters, reproduite per Investing.com |fecha=9 de septembre 2025 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://ari.nus.edu.sg/ariscope/genz-protests-bangladesh-nepal/ |titulo=Why “Gen Z” Protests Played Out Differently in Bangladesh and Nepal |sitioweb=Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore |fecha=11 de septembre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Timor-Leste (2025) == In [[Timor-Leste]], demonstrationes de studentes occurreva in septembre 2025 contra planos de compra de vehiculos pro parlamentarios e contra un lege que habeva establite pensiones vitalitie pro legislatores. Le manifestantes denunciava le contrasto inter le gastos del representantes politic e le difficultates economic del population. Le protestas se concentrava in le capital, [[Dili]], ubi studentes e altere participantes exigeva le cancellation del mesuras contestate. Le Parlamento abandonava le planos concernente le vehiculos e votava pro supprimer le lege super le pensiones. Le resultato esseva un exemplo de concession institutional obtenite post protestas juvenil. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.dw.com/en/gen-z-protests-why-are-asias-youth-so-angry/a-74349495 |titulo=Gen Z protests: Why are Asia's youth so angry? |sitioweb=Deutsche Welle |fecha=14 de octobre 2025 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Philippinas (2025–2026) == In le [[Philippinas]], le protestas de juvenes e altere sectores del population includeva demonstrationes contra allegationes de corruption in projectos de controlo del inundationes e altere expensas public. In septembre 2025, grande manifestationes occurreva in [[Manila]], ubi le participantes demandava investigationes super projectos public que, secundo le allegationes, habeva recipite fundos sin producir le obras previstas. Le mobilisationes continuava in 2026, con revendicationes concernente le transparentia del budgeto, le responsabilitate del functionarios e le uso de fundos public. Le participation juvenil se integrava in un movimento plus large que includeva organisationes del societate civil, gruppos religiose e altere sectores del population. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.dw.com/en/gen-z-protests-why-are-asias-youth-so-angry/a-74349495 |titulo=Gen Z protests: Why are Asia's youth so angry? |sitioweb=Deutsche Welle |fecha=14 de octobre 2025 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == India (2026) == In [[India]], demonstrationes de juvenes e studentes occurreva in [[New Delhi]] inter junio e julio 2026. Le mobilisationes esseva initiate per le *Cockroach Janta Party* (CJP), un movimento juvenil que comenciava como un projecto de satira politic e deveniva un campania de protestation. Le protestas se concentrava super irregularitates in le examinationes national, includente le fuga de questiones del examen NEET e problemas del systema de correction del *Central Board of Secondary Education*. Le manifestantes demandava le demission del Ministro del Education Dharmendra Pradhan, reformas del administration del examinationes e compensation pro le familias de studentes que habeva morite per suicidio in relation con le difficultates educational. Le activista e defensor del education Sonam Wangchuk se associava al demonstrationes in junio e initiava un sciopero del fame. Post negotiationes con le governamento, ille terminava le sciopero le 23 de julio. Le ministro Pradhan demitteva le 25 de julio, e le organisationes participante declarava le fin del protestas post que le autoritates acceptava le demandas principal del CJP. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/world/gen-z-protests-global-uprising-bangladesh-nepal-india-explained-10803674/ |titulo=Why Gen Z protests are reshaping politics worldwide: From Bangladesh and Nepal to India |sitioweb=The Indian Express |fecha=26 de julio 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In octobre 2026, le mobilization juvenil in India se extendeva a demandas concernente le transparentia electoral, le disoccupation e le allegationes de favoritismo politic. Reuters reportava que le demonstrationes contra le Commission Electoral e le governamento habeva ganiate visibilitate in Delhi e altere partes del pais. Le governamento e le *Bharatiya Janata Party* negava le allegationes concernente le manipulation del listas electoral. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/modis-predicament-gen-z-pours-out-indias-streets-dissent-surges-2026-10-16/ |titulo=Modi's predicament: Gen Z pours out on India's streets as dissent surges |sitioweb=Reuters |fecha=16 de octobre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Symbolos e cultura popular == Le bandiera del Piratas del Cappello de Paglia, proveniente del manga e anime japonese *One Piece*, deveniva un del symbolos le plus visibile del protestas juvenil asiatic. Le bandiera representa un cranio con un cappello de paglia e es associate al equipage fictive que se oppone a autoritates oppressive in le historia. Le symbolo appareva in demonstrationes in Indonesia, Nepal e le Philippinas e esseva adoptate tamben in altere contextos. Su uso permitteva a manifestantes de paises differente exprimer solidaritate per medio de un referentia cultural commun, sin que isto significava que illes compartiva tote le mesme demandas politic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/sep/24/how-one-piece-manga-flag-became-symbol-asia-gen-z-protest-movement-liberation |titulo='A symbol of liberation': how the One Piece manga flag became the symbol of Asia's gen Z protest movement |sitioweb=The Guardian |fecha=24 de septembre 2025 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le memes, le humor e le communication digital es tamben instrumentos del movimentos. Illos permitte diffunder messagios politic, criticar le elites e mobilisar participantes, ben que le uso de symbolos commun non transforma le protestas in un organisation unificate. == Repression e derectos human == Le responsa del autoritates variava considerabilemente inter paises. In Bangladesh, Nepal e Indonesia, le protestas includeva confrontos mortifere e packaging e interventiones policial que provocava investigationes e criticas de organisationes de derectos human. In altere contextos, le governamentos respondeva per le retiro de politicas contestate, le promissas de investigationes o le negotiationes con representantes del manifestantes. Le resultato dependava del situation institutional, del organisation del movimento e del capacitate del participantes de mantener le mobilization. Le actos violente committite per alcun manifestantes, includente incendios, vandalismo e saqueos, esseva etiam documentate in plure paises. Le analyse del protestas necessita distinguer le demonstrationes pacific del actos violente e examinar separatamente le responsa del policia e del autoritates. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://publications.civicus.org/publications/2026-state-of-civil-society-report/gen-z-protests-new-resistance-rises/ |titulo=Gen Z protests: New resistance rises |sitioweb=CIVICUS |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Resultatos e consequentias == Le resultatos del protestas varia inter le paises. In Bangladesh e Nepal, le mobilisationes contribuiva al cadita del governamentos e a transitiones politic. In Indonesia e Timor-Leste, le protestas duceva a revocationes o suspensiones de mesuras contestate. In India, le protestas educational de 2026 duceva al demission del ministro competente e a promissas de reformas. Non tote le movimentos obteneva le mesme resultatos, e le cambios de governamento non garanti per se le solution del problemas que provocava le protestas. Le implementation de reformas, le recuperation institutional e le relation inter le nove dirigentes e le movimentos social continua a variar secundo le pais. Le protestas monstrava tamben que le mobilization digital pote facilitar le rapide coordination de actiones, ma le transformation de revendicationes in reformas durabile require organisation, negotiation e institutiones capabile de responder a demandas public. == Vide etiam == * [[Generation Z]] * [[Activismo juvenil]] {{Ref}} == Ligamines externe == * {{Cita web |url=https://www.dw.com/en/gen-z-protests-why-are-asias-youth-so-angry/a-74349495 |titulo=Gen Z protests: Why are Asia's youth so angry? |sitioweb=Deutsche Welle |fecha=14 de octobre 2025 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}} * {{Cita web |url=https://www.cfr.org/articles/asias-gen-z-protests-are-intense-can-they-create-lasting-change |titulo=Asia’s Gen Z Protests Are Intense. Can They Create Lasting Change? |sitioweb=Council on Foreign Relations |fecha=23 de octobre 2025 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}} * {{Cita web |url=https://ari.nus.edu.sg/ariscope/genz-protests-bangladesh-nepal/ |titulo=Why “Gen Z” Protests Played Out Differently in Bangladesh and Nepal |sitioweb=Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore |fecha=11 de septembre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}} * {{Cita web |url=https://publications.civicus.org/publications/2026-state-of-civil-society-report/gen-z-protests-new-resistance-rises/ |titulo=Gen Z protests: New resistance rises |sitioweb=CIVICUS |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}} * {{Cita web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/modis-predicament-gen-z-pours-out-indias-streets-dissent-surges-2026-10-16/ |titulo=Modi's predicament: Gen Z pours out on India's streets as dissent surges |sitioweb=Reuters |fecha=16 de octobre 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}} * {{Cita web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/world/gen-z-protests-global-uprising-bangladesh-nepal-india-explained-10803674/ |titulo=Why Gen Z protests are reshaping politics worldwide: From Bangladesh and Nepal to India |sitioweb=The Indian Express |fecha=26 de julio 2026 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}} * {{Cita web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/sep/24/how-one-piece-manga-flag-became-symbol-asia-gen-z-protest-movement-liberation |titulo='A symbol of liberation': how the One Piece manga flag became the symbol of Asia's gen Z protest movement |sitioweb=The Guardian |fecha=24 de septembre 2025 |accesso=20 de octobre 2026}} [[Categoria:Protestas in Asia]] [[Categoria:Movimentos social]] [[Categoria:Historia contemporanee de Asia]] dghoerc71gm093k6j5yprgy7wftnmr1 0 62451 705360 2026-11-01T12:10:43Z Tim Ocean 30221 Tim Ocean ha renominate le pagina [[Consul]] a [[Consule]], superscribente un redirection: Titulo mal orthographiate 705360 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Consule]] mf60irpimdom2k69kqwtg5wgzzg4291 0 62452 705364 2026-11-01T14:02:51Z Tim Ocean 30221 art. create 705364 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Montes Tatras''' es dividite in partes tres: Tatras Occidental a occidente, Tatras Alte in le centro e Tatras Bielanske in oriente. Illos es un catena de Montes Carpatic le plus alte e locate le plus longe a nord. Illos es minime catena de montanias alte in tote le mundo (circa 50 kilometros ab west ad oriente). Le tres partes differe in apparentia. Tatras Alte es le plus alte e ha character alpestre: acute summitates roccose. Tatras Oriental ha piccos benigne coperita con herba. Tatras Bielanske, minime parte de Tatras, ha apparentia simile a Tatras Oriental. 01fx4yh01djz69u30dcuzqry7y3cobb 705365 705364 2026-11-01T14:25:12Z Tim Ocean 30221 act. 705365 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Montes Tatras''' es dividite in partes tres: Tatras Occidental a occidente, Tatras Alte in le centro e Tatras Bielanske in oriente. Illos es un catena de Montes Carpatic le plus alte e locate le plus longe a nord. Illos es minime catena de montanias alte in tote le mundo (circa 51 kilometros ab west ad oriente). Le tres partes differe in apparentia. Tatras Alte es le plus alte e ha character alpestre: acute summitates roccose. Tatras Oriental ha piccos benigne coperita con herba. Tatras Bielanske, minime parte de Tatras, ha apparentia simile a Tatras Oriental. k5uvxi7z14vvmueb6yn0azj1sv54uz6 705366 705365 2026-11-01T14:28:13Z Tim Ocean 30221 Tim Ocean ha renominate le pagina [[Usator:Tim Ocean/Tatras]] a [[Tatras]]: Publication 705365 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Montes Tatras''' es dividite in partes tres: Tatras Occidental a occidente, Tatras Alte in le centro e Tatras Bielanske in oriente. Illos es un catena de Montes Carpatic le plus alte e locate le plus longe a nord. Illos es minime catena de montanias alte in tote le mundo (circa 51 kilometros ab west ad oriente). Le tres partes differe in apparentia. Tatras Alte es le plus alte e ha character alpestre: acute summitates roccose. Tatras Oriental ha piccos benigne coperita con herba. Tatras Bielanske, minime parte de Tatras, ha apparentia simile a Tatras Oriental. k5uvxi7z14vvmueb6yn0azj1sv54uz6 705368 705366 2026-11-01T14:28:41Z Tim Ocean 30221 cat. 705368 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Montes Tatras''' es dividite in partes tres: Tatras Occidental a occidente, Tatras Alte in le centro e Tatras Bielanske in oriente. Illos es un catena de Montes Carpatic le plus alte e locate le plus longe a nord. Illos es minime catena de montanias alte in tote le mundo (circa 51 kilometros ab west ad oriente). Le tres partes differe in apparentia. Tatras Alte es le plus alte e ha character alpestre: acute summitates roccose. Tatras Oriental ha piccos benigne coperita con herba. Tatras Bielanske, minime parte de Tatras, ha apparentia simile a Tatras Oriental. [[Categoria:Montes]] bpsa08p2t4fm6lcxdrdz5gpk5dyo229 705369 705368 2026-11-01T14:32:48Z Tim Ocean 30221 pic. 705369 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Tatry Wysokie 1-T9.jpg|thumb|right|Tatras Alte]] '''Montes Tatras''' es dividite in partes tres: Tatras Occidental a occidente, Tatras Alte in le centro e Tatras Bielanske in oriente. Illos es un catena de Montes Carpatic le plus alte e locate le plus longe a nord. Illos es minime catena de montanias alte in tote le mundo (circa 51 kilometros ab west ad oriente). Le tres partes differe in apparentia. Tatras Alte es le plus alte e ha character alpestre: acute summitates roccose. Tatras Oriental ha piccos benigne coperita con herba. Tatras Bielanske, minime parte de Tatras, ha apparentia simile a Tatras Oriental. [[Categoria:Montes]] 0yx4uwrjfwjwine3ymmrmj9a31d33h2 705370 705369 2026-11-01T14:37:28Z Tim Ocean 30221 pic 705370 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Grań Główna Tatr.jpg|thumb|right|Tatras Occidental in le fronte e a dextere. Tatras Alte in le fundo. ]] '''Montes Tatras''' es dividite in partes tres: Tatras Occidental a occidente, Tatras Alte in le centro e Tatras Bielanske in oriente. Illos es un catena de Montes Carpatic le plus alte e locate le plus longe a nord. Illos es minime catena de montanias alte in tote le mundo (circa 51 kilometros ab west ad oriente). Le tres partes differe in apparentia. Tatras Alte es le plus alte e ha character alpestre: acute summitates roccose. Tatras Oriental ha piccos benigne coperita con herba. Tatras Bielanske, minime parte de Tatras, ha apparentia simile a Tatras Oriental. [[Categoria:Montes]] rxawffbcc597fl97fzqtcze4k1z4amx 705371 705370 2026-11-01T14:45:55Z Tim Ocean 30221 ort. 705371 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Grań Główna Tatr.jpg|thumb|right|Tatras Occidental in le fronte e a dextere. Tatras Alte in le fundo. ]] '''Montes Tatras''' es dividite in partes tres: Tatras Occidental a occidente, Tatras Alte in le centro e Tatras Belianske in oriente. Illos es un catena de Montes Carpatic le plus alte e locate le plus longe a nord. Illos es minime catena de montanias alte in tote le mundo (circa 51 kilometros ab west ad oriente). Le tres partes differe in apparentia. Tatras Alte es le plus alte e ha character alpestre: acute summitates roccose. Tatras Oriental ha piccos benigne coperita con herba. Tatras Belianske, minime parte de Tatras, ha apparentia simile a Tatras Oriental. [[Categoria:Montes]] 40ufy1qou6vsur37gzci98zq3o5uxpx 705372 705371 2026-11-01T14:47:08Z Tim Ocean 30221 voc. 705372 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Grań Główna Tatr.jpg|thumb|right|Tatras Occidental in le fronte e a dextere. Tatras Alte in le fundo. ]] '''Montes Tatras''' es dividite in partes tres: Tatras Occidental a occidente, Tatras Alte in le centro e Tatras Belianske in oriente. Illos es un catena de Montes Carpatic le plus alte e locate le plus longe a nord. Illos es minime catena de montanias alte in tote le mundo (circa 51 kilometros ab west ad oriente). Le tres partes differe in apparentia. Tatras Alte es le plus alte e ha character alpestre: acute summitates roccose. Tatras Occidental ha piccos benigne coperita con herba. Tatras Belianske, minime parte de Tatras, ha apparentia simile a Tatras Occidental. [[Categoria:Montes]] 4z95fieb3i37a5011z3sn7zuuq8zdlk 705373 705372 2026-11-01T14:50:39Z Tim Ocean 30221 dis. 705373 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Grań Główna Tatr.jpg|thumb|right|Tatras Occidental in le fronte e a dextere. Tatras Alte in le fundo. ]] '''Montes Tatras''' es dividite in partes tres: Tatras Occidental a occidente, Tatras Alte in le centro e Tatras Belianske in oriente. Tatras es locate sur le [[frontiera]] inter [[Polonia]] e [[Slovachia]] excepte Tatras Belianske le quales es locate totalmente in Slovachia. Illos es un catena de Montes Carpatic le plus alte e locate le plus longe a nord. Illos es minime catena de montanias alte in tote le mundo (circa 51 kilometros ab west ad oriente). Le tres partes differe in apparentia. Tatras Alte es le plus alte e ha character alpestre: acute summitates roccose. Tatras Occidental ha piccos benigne coperita con herba. Tatras Belianske, minime parte de Tatras, ha apparentia simile a Tatras Occidental. [[Categoria:Montes]] fi51cqiteftl1fmvfi7exbiuui41y61 705374 705373 2026-11-01T14:53:10Z Tim Ocean 30221 lig. 705374 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Grań Główna Tatr.jpg|thumb|right|Tatras Occidental in le fronte e a dextere. Tatras Alte in le fundo. ]] '''Montes Tatras''' es dividite in partes tres: Tatras Occidental a occidente, Tatras Alte in le centro e Tatras Belianske in oriente. Tatras es locate sur le [[frontiera]] inter [[Polonia]] e [[Slovachia]] excepte Tatras Belianske le quales es locate totalmente in Slovachia. Illos es un catena de Montes Carpatic le plus alte e locate le plus longe a nord. Illos es minime catena de montanias alte in tote le mundo (circa 51 kilometros ab west ad oriente). Le tres partes differe in apparentia. Tatras Alte es le plus alte e ha character [[Alpes|alpestre]]: acute summitates roccose. Tatras Occidental ha piccos benigne coperita con herba. Tatras Belianske, minime parte de Tatras, ha apparentia simile a Tatras Occidental. [[Categoria:Montes]] 2vnpn7ma1zaksq3ibtp4rirt8b0nq2e 705375 705374 2026-11-01T15:00:38Z Tim Ocean 30221 act. 705375 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Grań Główna Tatr.jpg|thumb|right|Tatras Occidental in le fronte e a dextere. Tatras Alte in le fundo. ]] '''Montes Tatras''' es dividite in partes tres: Tatras Occidental a occidente, Tatras Alte in le centro e Tatras Belianske in oriente. Tatras es locate sur le [[frontiera]] inter [[Polonia]] e [[Slovachia]] excepte Tatras Belianske le quales es locate totalmente in Slovachia. Illos es un catena de Montes Carpatic le plus alte e locate le plus longe a nord. Illos es minime catena de montanias alte in tote le mundo (circa 51 kilometros ab west ad oriente). Le tres partes differe in apparentia. Tatras Alte es le plus alte e ha character [[Alpes|alpestre]]: acute summitates roccose. Tatras Occidental ha in majoritate piccos benigne coperita con herba. Tatras Belianske, minime e le plus basse parte de Tatras, ha apparentia simile a Tatras Occidental. [[Categoria:Montes]] obs7r0fr1598rz2vhlm7k36uxnhan9t 705376 705375 2026-11-01T15:03:43Z Tim Ocean 30221 dis. 705376 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Grań Główna Tatr.jpg|thumb|right|Tatras Occidental in le fronte e a dextere. Tatras Alte in le fundo. ]] '''Montes Tatras''' es dividite in partes tres: Tatras Occidental a occidente, Tatras Alte in le centro e Tatras Belianske in oriente. Tatras es locate sur le [[frontiera]] inter [[Polonia]] e [[Slovachia]] excepte Tatras Belianske le quales es locate totalmente in Slovachia. Illos es un catena de Montes Carpatic le plus alte e locate le plus longe a nord. Illos es minime catena de montanias alte in tote le mundo (circa 51 kilometros ab west ad oriente). Le tres partes differe in apparentia. Tatras Alte es le plus alte e ha character [[Alpes|alpestre]]: acute summitates roccose. Tatras Occidental ha in majoritate piccos benigne coperita con herba. Tatras Belianske, minime e le plus basse parte de Tatras, ha apparentia simile a Tatras Occidental. Un parte de Tatras Occidental slovac ha character simile a Tatras Alte con acute piccos roccose, ma illos constitute un minoritate de tote Tatras Occidental. [[Categoria:Montes]] qi5v1p2g5n1551jt9haw9gmd0itrh9b 705378 705376 2026-11-01T16:02:28Z Tim Ocean 30221 ort. 705378 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Grań Główna Tatr.jpg|thumb|right|Tatras Occidental in le fronte e a dextere. Tatras Alte in le fundo. ]] '''Montes Tatras''' es dividite in partes tres: Tatras Occidental a occidente, Tatras Alte in le centro e Tatras Belianske in oriente. Tatras es locate sur le [[frontiera]] inter [[Polonia]] e [[Slovachia]] excepte Tatras Belianske le quales es locate totalmente in Slovachia. Illos es un catena de Montes Carpatic le plus alte e locate le plus longe a nord. Illos es minime catena de montanias alte in tote le mundo (circa 51 kilometros ab west ad oriente). Le tres partes differe in apparentia. Tatras Alte es le plus alte e ha character [[Alpes|alpestre]]: acute summitates roccose. Tatras Occidental ha in majoritate piccos benigne coperita con herba. Tatras Belianske, minime e le plus basse parte de Tatras, ha apparentia simile a Tatras Occidental. Un parte de Tatras Occidental slovac ha character simile a Tatras Alte con acute piccos roccose, ma illos constitue un minoritate de tote Tatras Occidental. [[Categoria:Montes]] r11x1rriepw9v494t944nvh0ip1omiq 705379 705378 2026-11-01T16:33:52Z Tim Ocean 30221 cat. 705379 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Grań Główna Tatr.jpg|thumb|right|Tatras Occidental in le fronte e a dextere. Tatras Alte in le fundo. ]] '''Montes Tatras''' es dividite in partes tres: Tatras Occidental a occidente, Tatras Alte in le centro e Tatras Belianske in oriente. Tatras es locate sur le [[frontiera]] inter [[Polonia]] e [[Slovachia]] excepte Tatras Belianske le quales es locate totalmente in Slovachia. Illos es un catena de Montes Carpatic le plus alte e locate le plus longe a nord. Illos es minime catena de montanias alte in tote le mundo (circa 51 kilometros ab west ad oriente). Le tres partes differe in apparentia. Tatras Alte es le plus alte e ha character [[Alpes|alpestre]]: acute summitates roccose. Tatras Occidental ha in majoritate piccos benigne coperita con herba. Tatras Belianske, minime e le plus basse parte de Tatras, ha apparentia simile a Tatras Occidental. Un parte de Tatras Occidental slovac ha character simile a Tatras Alte con acute piccos roccose, ma illos constitue un minoritate de tote Tatras Occidental. [[Categoria:Montes]] [[Categoria:Montanias]] 516djpbh482186ed41o5as99qy1bghv 705380 705379 2026-11-01T16:50:12Z Tim Ocean 30221 dis. 705380 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Grań Główna Tatr.jpg|thumb|right|Tatras Occidental in le fronte e a dextere. Tatras Alte in le fundo. ]] '''Montes Tatras''' es dividite in partes tres: Tatras Occidental a occidente, Tatras Alte in le centro e Tatras Belianske in oriente. Tatras es locate sur le [[frontiera]] inter [[Polonia]] e [[Slovachia]] excepte Tatras Belianske le quales es locate totalmente in Slovachia. Illos es un catena de Montes Carpatic le plus alte e locate le plus longe a nord. Illos es minime catena de montanias alte in tote le mundo (circa 51 kilometros ab west ad oriente). Le tres partes differe in apparentia. Tatras Alte es le plus alte e ha character [[Alpes|alpestre]]: acute summitates roccose. Tatras Occidental ha in majoritate piccos benigne coperita con herba. Tatras Belianske, minime e le plus basse parte de Tatras, ha apparentia simile a Tatras Occidental. Un parte de Tatras Occidental slovac ha character simile a Tatras Alte con acute piccos roccose, ma illos constitue un minoritate de tote Tatras Occidental. == Tourismo == Montes Tatras constitue un importante destination touristic. Illos es visitate per milliones de touristas per anno (5,27 milliones de touristas in le polonese Parco National de Tatras in 2025). Tourismo in Tatras ha existite ab XIXe seculo. Maxime citate tourista in le region es Zakopane. [[Categoria:Montes]] [[Categoria:Montanias]] 4dgre365jtgtjc6dr00pxt3vs5mqu4r 705381 705380 2026-11-01T16:55:04Z Tim Ocean 30221 /* Tourismo */ dis. 705381 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Grań Główna Tatr.jpg|thumb|right|Tatras Occidental in le fronte e a dextere. Tatras Alte in le fundo. ]] '''Montes Tatras''' es dividite in partes tres: Tatras Occidental a occidente, Tatras Alte in le centro e Tatras Belianske in oriente. Tatras es locate sur le [[frontiera]] inter [[Polonia]] e [[Slovachia]] excepte Tatras Belianske le quales es locate totalmente in Slovachia. Illos es un catena de Montes Carpatic le plus alte e locate le plus longe a nord. Illos es minime catena de montanias alte in tote le mundo (circa 51 kilometros ab west ad oriente). Le tres partes differe in apparentia. Tatras Alte es le plus alte e ha character [[Alpes|alpestre]]: acute summitates roccose. Tatras Occidental ha in majoritate piccos benigne coperita con herba. Tatras Belianske, minime e le plus basse parte de Tatras, ha apparentia simile a Tatras Occidental. Un parte de Tatras Occidental slovac ha character simile a Tatras Alte con acute piccos roccose, ma illos constitue un minoritate de tote Tatras Occidental. == Tourismo == Montes Tatras constitue un importante destination touristic. Illos es visitate per milliones de touristas per anno (5,27 milliones de touristas in le polonese Parco National de Tatras in 2025). Tourismo in Tatras ha existite ab XIXe seculo. Maxime citate tourista in le region es [[Zakopane]]. In XXe seculo illos ha devenite un destination popular inter touristas ab le [[Peninsula Arabic]]. [[Categoria:Montes]] [[Categoria:Montanias]] h9lr382t6s7ap0jnz4vibesthr5qach 705382 705381 2026-11-01T16:56:19Z Tim Ocean 30221 /* Tourismo */ stilo 705382 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Grań Główna Tatr.jpg|thumb|right|Tatras Occidental in le fronte e a dextere. Tatras Alte in le fundo. ]] '''Montes Tatras''' es dividite in partes tres: Tatras Occidental a occidente, Tatras Alte in le centro e Tatras Belianske in oriente. Tatras es locate sur le [[frontiera]] inter [[Polonia]] e [[Slovachia]] excepte Tatras Belianske le quales es locate totalmente in Slovachia. Illos es un catena de Montes Carpatic le plus alte e locate le plus longe a nord. Illos es minime catena de montanias alte in tote le mundo (circa 51 kilometros ab west ad oriente). Le tres partes differe in apparentia. Tatras Alte es le plus alte e ha character [[Alpes|alpestre]]: acute summitates roccose. Tatras Occidental ha in majoritate piccos benigne coperita con herba. Tatras Belianske, minime e le plus basse parte de Tatras, ha apparentia simile a Tatras Occidental. Un parte de Tatras Occidental slovac ha character simile a Tatras Alte con acute piccos roccose, ma illos constitue un minoritate de tote Tatras Occidental. == Tourismo == Montes Tatras constitue un importante destination touristic. Illos es visitate per milliones de touristas per anno (5,27 milliones de touristas in le polonese Parco National de Tatras in 2025). Tourismo in Tatras ha existite ab XIXe seculo. In XXe seculo illos ha devenite un destination popular inter touristas ab le [[Peninsula Arabic]]. Maxime citate tourista in le region es [[Zakopane]]. [[Categoria:Montes]] [[Categoria:Montanias]] 3oyqijsl54zph2umae8mvbbyfa5qw4c 705383 705382 2026-11-01T16:57:26Z Tim Ocean 30221 /* Tourismo */ corr. 705383 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Grań Główna Tatr.jpg|thumb|right|Tatras Occidental in le fronte e a dextere. Tatras Alte in le fundo. ]] '''Montes Tatras''' es dividite in partes tres: Tatras Occidental a occidente, Tatras Alte in le centro e Tatras Belianske in oriente. Tatras es locate sur le [[frontiera]] inter [[Polonia]] e [[Slovachia]] excepte Tatras Belianske le quales es locate totalmente in Slovachia. Illos es un catena de Montes Carpatic le plus alte e locate le plus longe a nord. Illos es minime catena de montanias alte in tote le mundo (circa 51 kilometros ab west ad oriente). Le tres partes differe in apparentia. Tatras Alte es le plus alte e ha character [[Alpes|alpestre]]: acute summitates roccose. Tatras Occidental ha in majoritate piccos benigne coperita con herba. Tatras Belianske, minime e le plus basse parte de Tatras, ha apparentia simile a Tatras Occidental. Un parte de Tatras Occidental slovac ha character simile a Tatras Alte con acute piccos roccose, ma illos constitue un minoritate de tote Tatras Occidental. == Tourismo == Montes Tatras constitue un importante destination touristic. Illos es visitate per milliones de touristas per anno (5,27 milliones de touristas in le polonese Parco National de Tatras in 2025). Tourismo in Tatras ha existite ab XIXe seculo. In XXIe seculo illos ha devenite un destination popular inter touristas ab le [[Peninsula Arabic]]. Maxime citate tourista in le region es [[Zakopane]]. [[Categoria:Montes]] [[Categoria:Montanias]] 34g5m6a65v8aaqtoj09rwf72e0xwrvb 2 62453 705367 2026-11-01T14:28:13Z Tim Ocean 30221 Tim Ocean ha renominate le pagina [[Usator:Tim Ocean/Tatras]] a [[Tatras]]: Publication 705367 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Tatras]] hx6tygjkd81acf8eqk2caiclw1cubuu