Wikipedia iawiki https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagina_principal MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.1 first-letter Multimedia Special Discussion Usator Discussion Usator Wikipedia Discussion Wikipedia File Discussion File MediaWiki Discussion MediaWiki Patrono Discussion Patrono Adjuta Discussion Adjuta Categoria Discussion Categoria Portal Discussion Portal Appendice Discussion Appendice TimedText TimedText talk Modulo Discussion Modulo Evento Discussion Evento 0 414 705589 699792 2026-11-04T09:06:23Z Tratxan 61856 /* Historia */ 705589 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revision}} {{infobox/articulo/entitate territorial}} '''Argentina'''{{linfo}}, officialmente le '''Republica Argentin''', es un [[Soveranitate|stato soveran]], organisate como [[Republica]] [[Democratia representative|representative]] e [[Federation|federal]], situate in le extremo sud-est de [[America del Sud]] e forma parte de [[America Latin]]. Su territorio es dividite in [[Provincias del Argentina|provincias]] e un citate autonome, [[Buenos Aires]], capital del nation e sede del governamento federal. Argentina ha indices de [[indice de disveloppamento human|disveloppamento human]], [[renta per capita]] e [[qualitate de vita]], que se incontra inter le plus altes de [[America Latin]].Secundo le [[Banco mundial]], su [[Producto brute interne|PBI]] nominal es le 27º plus importante del mundo, ma si on considera le poter acquisitive su PBI total transforma le pais in le 22º economia plus importante del mundo. In 2010, Argentina esseva classificate como un pais de receptas median-alte o como un [[pais recentemente industrializate|mercato emergente]], anque per le Banco Mundial. Per su extension, 2.780.400&nbsp;km², illo es le secunde [[stato]] plus grande de America latin, quarte in le continente american e [[Annexo:Paises per superficie|octave in le mundo]], considerante solmente le superficie continental subjecte a su soveranitate effective. Si on considera le [[Insulas Malvinas]], [[Insulas Georgias del Sud]], [[Insulas Sándwich del Sud|Insulas Sandwich del Sud]] e [[Insulas Aurora]] (administrate per le [[Regno Unite]] ma de soveranitate [[Question del Insulas Malvinas|in litigio]] con le Argentina), plus le zona antarctic reclamate al sud del parallelo 60° S, denominate [[Antarctica Argentin]] (que include le [[insulas Orcadas del Sud]] e [[insulas Shetland del Sud]]), le superficie total se elevarea a 3&nbsp;761&nbsp;274&nbsp;km², convertente se in le septime pais plus grande del mundo. Nonobstante, iste reclamation es affectate per illo que es establite in le [[Tractado Antarctic|Tractato Antarctic]], sin que su signatura constitue un renunciation. Su superficie continental american, que circumfere un grande parte del [[Cono Sur]], es limitate al nord con [[Bolivia]] e [[Paraguay]], al nord-est con [[Brasil]], al este con [[Uruguay]] e le [[Oceano Atlantic]], e al sud e west con [[Chile]]. Le venerdi 25 de maio 1810 esseva deponite le ultime [[vicerege]] [[Espania|espaniol]] qui governava desde [[Buenos Aires]], organisante se le [[Prime Junta]] de governamento, e le martedi [[9 de julio]] [[1816]] esseva proclamate formalmente in Tucumán [[Declaration de independentia de Argentina|su independentia]] como pais libere e soveran. == Toponymia == {{AP|Origine del nomine del Republica Argentina}} [[File:La Argentina - Del Barco Centenera - Portada original.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Pagina de titulo del poema ''[[Le Argentina]]''.]] {| class="infobox" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right:1em; font-size: 90%; background:#FFEFDB; color:black; width:25em; max-width:37%;" cellspacing="5" | style="text-align: justify;"| <center>''Le nomine official del pais es '''Republica Argentina''', per ellipsis del substantivo, frequentemente on dice, correctemente, ''le Argentina''. Nonobstante, il es multe extendite le uso sin le articulo «la», de sorta que de facto, le nomine es exprimite simplemente como «Argentina».''</center> |} Le nomine «Argentina» proveni del [[latino]] ''argentum'' («[[Argento]]») y es associate con le mytho del [[Montanias del Argento]], commun inter le prime exploratores europee del region, e espanioles e [[Portugal|portugeses]]. Iste ultimes esseva qui denominava ''Rio da Prata'' («[[Río de la Plata]]») al grande [[estuario]] discoperite per le expedition portugese in [[1502]] in le qual participava [[Américo Vespucio]] e a ubi postea arrivava [[Juan Díaz de Solís]] in [[1516]], appellante lo ''Mar Dulce''. Le nomine esseva mentionate le prime vece in le poema publicate en [[1602]] per le espaniol [[Martín del Barco Centenera]] intitulate ''[[La Argentina|La Argentina e conquesta del Río de la Plata]]'', in le qual se describe le region del Río de la Plata e anque le fundation del citate Buenos Aires. Le [[toponymia|toponymo]] appare ratificate quando se publica in [[1612]] le obra ''Le Argentina manuscripte'' de [[Ruy Díaz de Guzmán]], obra de historia in le qual, in medio de un conto [[Epico|epic]], il ha un description del region. Al final del [[seculo XVIII]], le parola esseva de uso commun pro denominar tote le pertinente con le [[Río de la Plata]], su bassino, su superficie e su population, ma le viceregno create in [[1776]], antecedente immediate del pais independente in [[1816]], porta le nomine de «[[Viceregnato del Río de la Plata]]». Le [[Prime Junta]] de Governamento utilisava le nomine de ''[[Provincias Unite del Río de la Plata]]'', que esseva anque empleate per le governamentos sequente usque que, in [[1816]], le [[Surgentia del Stato Argentin|Congreso de Tucumán]] proclamava le independentia del ''[[Provincias Unite in America del Sud]]'', nomine que se manteneva in le [[Constitution Argentin de 1819|Constitution de 1819]]. Officialmente, se utilisava le prime vice le denomination ''Republica Argentina'' in l [[Constitution Argentin de 1826|Constitution de 1826]]. Durante le governamento de [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]] (1835-1852) se utilisava, inter alteres, le nomines de ''[[Confederation Argentin]]'', ''Republica del Confederation Argentin'' e ''Federation Argentin''. Le [[Constitution Argentin de 1853]] esseva sancite in le nomine del populo del ''Confederation Argentin'', ma quando le [[Stato de Buenos Aires]] esseva incorporate, in [[1860]] esseva cambiate per ''Nation Argentin'' e se incorporava le articulo 35: *"Le denominationes adoptate successivemente desde 1810 usque al presente, a saper: Provincias Unite del Río de la Plata; Republica Argentin, Confederation Argentin, essera in avante nomines official indistinctemente pro le designation del Governamento e superficie del provincias, empleante se le parolas "Nation Argentin" in le formation e sanction del leges." Le 8 de octobre [[1860]], in la citate [[Paraná (Argentina)|Paraná]], in ille tempore capital del Confederation Argentin, le presidente [[Santiago Derqui]] decretava que: * "...essente conveniente isto, respecto a establir le uniformitate in le actos administrative, le Governamento accordava que pro tote iste actos se usa le denomination Republica Argentin." Le nomine esseva confirmate decisemente in [[1862]] per [[Bartolomé Mitre]], prime presidente del pais reunificate, quando ille utilisava le titulo de ''[[Presidente del Nation Argentin]]''. == Historia == {{AP|Historia de Argentina}} Le historia de Argentina pote esser dividite in quatro partes principal: le tempore [[Precolumbian|precolumbian]] o le historia primari (usque al seculo XVI), le periodo [[Colonial Argentina|colonial]] (1536–1809), le periodo de formation national (1810–1880), e le historia del [[Argentina moderne]] (ab circa 1880). Le [[Prehistoria de Argentina|prehistoria]] in le territorio actual de Argentina comenciava con le prime installationes human in le extremitate sud de [[Patagonia]] circa 13,000 annos retro. Le [[Historia scribite|historia scribite]] comenciava con le arrivata del chroniclers [[Imperio Hispanic|espaniol]] in le expedition de [[Juan Díaz de Solís]] in 1516 al [[Río de la Plata]], lo que marca le initio del occupation espaniol de iste region. In 1776, le [[Corona de España]] establiva le [[Virreinato del Río de la Plata]], un umbrello de territorios ex le qual, con le [[Revolution de Maio]] de 1810, comenciava un processo de formation gradual de plure estados independente, includente un appellate le [[Provincias Unite del Río de la Plata]]. Con le [[Declaration de independentia de Argentina|declaration de independentia]] le 9 de julio 1816 e le defaite militar del [[Imperio Hispanic]] in 1824, un stato federal esseva formate inter 1853 e 1861, cognoscite hodie como le [[Republica Argentina]]. == Organisation territorial == {| class="wikitable sortable" ! align=center | Provincia ! align=center | [[ISO 3166-2]] ! align=center | Pop. (2010)<ref name="censo2010">[http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/preliminares/cuadro_totalpais.asp Censo 2010. Censo 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220143832/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/preliminares/cuadro_totalpais.asp |date=2010-12-20 }} (página oficial)</ref> ! align=center | Sup. (km²)<ref>{{Cita web|url=http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/1/d010101.xls|título=Indec - Superficie del Republica Argentin|fechaacceso=19 de junio 2008|formato=xls|obra=[http://www.indec.mecon.ar/ Territorio/geografía]|editorial=[[Instituto National de Statistica e Censos de Argentina|Instituto National de Statistica e Censos]]|title=Archive copy|accessdate=2013-01-05|archivedate=2005-11-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051109215318/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/1/d010101.xls}}</ref> ! align=center | Capital ! align=center | Bandiera |- |align=center|'''[[Buenos Aires|Citate autonome de Buenos Aires]]''' ||align=center | AR-C ||align=right | 2.890.151 ||align=right | 202 || - ||align=center |[[File:Bandera de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires.svg|border|45px]] |- |align=center|'''[[Provincia de Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]]''' ||align=center | AR-B ||align=right | 15.625.084 ||align=right | 307.571 || [[La Plata]]||align=center |[[File:Bandera de la Provincia de Buenos Aires.svg|border|45px]] |- |align=center|'''[[Provincia de Catamarca|Catamarca]]''' ||align=center | AR-K ||align=right | 367.828 ||align=right | 99.633 || [[San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca]] || align=center|[[File:Bandera_de_la_Provincia_de_Catamarca.svg|border|45px|Bandera de Catamarca]] |- |align=center|'''[[Provincia del Chaco|Chaco]]''' ||align=center | AR-H ||align=right | 1.055.259 ||align=right | 102.602 || [[Resistencia (Chaco)|Resistencia]]||align=center |[[File:Bandera_de_la_Provincia_del_Chaco.svg|border|45px|Bandera de Chaco]] |- |align=center|'''[[Provincia del Chubut|Chubut]]''' ||align=center | AR-U ||align=right | 509.108 ||align=right | 224.686 || [[Rawson]]||align=center |[[File:Flag of chubut province in argentina - bandera de chubut.svg|border|45px]] |- |align=center|'''[[Provincia de Córdoba (Argentina)|Córdoba]]''' ||align=center | AR-X ||align=right | 3.308.876 ||align=right | 165.321 || [[Córdoba (Argentina)|Córdoba]] || align=center|[[File:Flag of Cordoba Province in Argentina.svg|border|45px|Bandera de Córdoba]] |- |align=center|'''[[Provincia de Corrientes|Corrientes]]''' ||align=center | AR-W ||align=right | 992.595 ||align=right | 88.199 || [[Corrientes (Capital)|Corrientes]]||align=center |[[File:Bandera_de_la_Provincia_de_Corrientes.svg|border|45px]] |- |align=center|'''[[Provincia de Entre Ríos|Entre Ríos]]''' ||align=center | AR-E ||align=right | 1.235.994 ||align=right | 78.781 || [[Paraná (Argentina)|Paraná]]||align=center |[[File:Flag of Entre Ríos.svg|border|45px]] |- |align=center| '''[[Provincia de Formosa|Formosa]]''' ||align=center | AR-P ||align=right | 530.162 ||align=right | 72.066 || [[Formosa (ciudad)|Formosa]]||align=center |[[File:Flag of Formosa.svg|border|45px]] |- |align=center|'''[[Provincia de Jujuy|Jujuy]]''' ||align=center | AR-Y ||align=right | 673.307 ||align=right | 53.219 || [[San Salvador de Jujuy]]||align=center |[[File:Flag of Jujuy province in Argentina.svg|border|45px]] |- |align=center|'''[[Provincia de La Pampa|La Pampa]]''' ||align=center | AR-L ||align=right | 318.951 ||align=right | 143.440 || [[Santa Rosa (Argentina)|Santa Rosa]] ||align=center |[[File:Bandera de la Provincia de La Pampa.svg|border|45px]] |- |align=center|'''[[Provincia de La Rioja (Argentina)|La Rioja]]''' ||align=center | AR-F ||align=right | 333.642 ||align=right | 89.680 || [[Ciudad de La Rioja|Rioja]] ||align=center |[[File:Flag of La Rioja province in Argentina.svg|border|45px]] |-renuncia |align=center|'''[[Provincia de Mendoza|Mendoza]]''' ||align=center | AR-M ||align=right | 1.738.929 ||align=right | 148.827 || [[Mendoza (ciudad)|Mendoza]]||align=center |[[File:Flag of Mendoza Province, Argentina.svg|border|45px]] |- |align=center|'''[[Provincia de Misiones|Misiones]]''' ||align=center | AR-N ||align=right | 1.101.593 ||align=right | 29.801 || [[Posadas]]||align=center |[[File:Flag of Misiones.svg|border|45px]] |- |align=center|'''[[Provincia del Neuquén|Neuquén]]''' ||align=center | AR-Q ||align=right | 551.266 ||align=right | 94.078 || [[Neuquén (Capital)|Neuquén]]||align=center |[[File:Flag of Neuquen province in Argentina.svg|border|45px]] |- |align=center|'''[[Provincia de Río Negro|Río Negro]]''' ||align=center | AR-R ||align=right | 638.645 ||align=right | 203.013 || [[Viedma]]||align=center|[[File:Flag of Río Negro Province.svg|border|45px]] |- |align=center|'''[[Provincia de Salta|Salta]]''' ||align=center | AR-A ||align=right | 1.214.441 ||align=right | 155.488 || [[Ciudad de Salta|Salta]]||align=center |[[File:Bandera_de_la_Provincia_de_Salta.svg|border|45px]] |- |align=center|'''[[Provincia de San Juan|San Juan]]''' ||align=center | AR-J ||align=right | 681.055 ||align=right | 89.651 || [[San Juan (Capital)|San Juan]]||align=center |[[File:Bandera de la Provincia de San Juan (1997-2018).svg|border|45px]] |- |align=center|'''[[Provincia de San Luis|San Luis]]''' ||align=center | AR-D ||align=right | 432.310 ||align=right | 76.748 || [[San Luis (Capital)|San Luis]]||align=center | [[File:Flag of San Luis Province.svg|border|45px]] |- |align=center|'''[[Provincia de Santa Cruz|Santa Cruz]]''' ||align=center | AR-Z ||align=right | 273.964 ||align=right | 243.943 || [[Río Gallegos]]||align=center |[[File:Bandera-Santa Cruz.svg|border|45px]] |- |align=center|'''[[Provincia de Santa Fe|Santa Fe]]''' ||align=center | AR-S ||align=right | 3.194.537 ||align=right | 133.007 || [[Santa Fe (Capital)|Santa Fe]]||align=center |[[File:Bandera-StaFe-argentina.svg|border|45px]] |- |align=center|'''[[Provincia de Santiago del Estero|Santiago del Estero]]''' ||align=center | AR-G ||align=right | 874.006 ||align=right | 136.351 || [[Santiago del Estero (Capital)|Santiago del Estero]] || align=center|[[File:Flag of Santiago del Estero.svg|border|55px]] |- |align=center|'''[[Provincia de Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur|Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur]]''' ||align=center | AR-V ||align=right | 127.205 ||align=right | 21.571<ref>Ille non include 980.874 km² del [[Antarctica Argentin]] e le [[Insulas del Atlantico Sud]] occupate per le Regno Unite. Debite a isto, Argentina reclama soveranitate, totalizante un superficie de 1.002.445 km².</ref>|| [[Ushuaia]] || align=center|[[File:Bandera_de_la_Provincia_de_Tierra_del_Fuego.svg|border|45px]] |- |align=center |'''[[Provincia de Tucumán|Tucumán]]''' ||align=center | AR-T ||align=right | 1.448.188 ||align=right | 22.524 || [[San Miguel de Tucumán]] || align=center|[[File:Bandera_de_la_Provincia_de_Tucumán.svg|border|45px|Bandera de Tucumán]] |- |align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''[[Argentina|ARGENTINA]]''' ||align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | AR ||align=right style="background:#f0f0f0;"| '''40.117.096'''<ref name="Malvinas argentinas">[http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/cuerpo1.php Constitución nacional - Disposiciones transitorias - Primera]</ref> ||align=right style="background:#f0f0f0;"| '''2.780.400''' || style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[Buenos Aires]]'''||align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;"| [[File:Flag_of_Argentina.svg|border|45px]] |} == Regiones Integrate == [[File:ViñedoCafayate.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Salta.]] == Vide etiam == * [[Raúl Alfonsín]] * [[Ché Guevara]] * [[Néstor Kirchner]] * [[Eva Perón]] * [[Juan Perón]] * [[José de San Martín]] * [[Lis Federico Leloir]] Laureato Nobel in chimia * [[Jorge Luis Borges]] Autor litterari * [[Bernardo Alberto Houssay]] Laureato Nobel,vide [[w:es:Bernardo Alberto Houssay|Bernardo Alberto Houssay]] {{es}} == Referentias == <references /> {{Paises de America}} {{elem|paises del mundo}} [[Categoria:Argentina| ]] 7uqfr0yfcuwwv2ctnwyksrov7iyrn6z 0 5411 705512 699595 2026-11-03T22:05:15Z Tim Ocean 30221 lig. 705512 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Chess Game in Cathedral Square, Christchurch (4295760559).jpg | thumb | 220x124px | right | Un chachiero gigante in le medio de un placia]] {{infobox/articulo/generic}} '''Chacos'''<ref>pronuncia: [[Alphabeto phonetic international|/ˈʃakos/]], ''shacos''</ref> (del [[lingua provencial|provencial]]: ''escacs'', per le [[Lingua latin|latino vulgar]]: ''scācchi'', ex le [[Persa|persa]]: [[Sah|''šah'']], le rege){{linfo}} es un [[joco]] de strategia de tabula multo vetere, consistente de duo jocatores que ha cata uno le mesme collection de pecias de duo [[color]]es differente, normalmente blanc e nigre. Cata jocator ha dece-sex pecias, a saper un [[Rege (chacos)|rege]], un [[Dama (chacos)|dama]] (o regina), duo [[Turre (chacos)|turre]]s, duo [[Episcopo (chacos)|episcopo]]s, duo [[Cavallo (chacos)|cavallo]]s e octo [[pedon]]es. Le chacos es jocate sur un tabula, appellate ''[[Chachiera|chachiero]]'', dividite in 64 quadratos alternativemente clar e obscur como le pecias. Le objectivo del joco es esser le prime que attacca le rege del adversario, de maniera que illo non pote escappar, le ''chaco mat'' (del [[Historia del lingua francese|ancian francese]]: ''eschec mat'', per le [[Lingua arabe|arabe]]: ''šāh māta'', ex le persa: ''šâh mât'', le rege es stupefacte). Un partita pote esser declarate nulle quando le jocatores va in [[pat]] e non pote complir altere actiones. [[File:The Chess Game - Sofonisba Anguissola.jpg|right|thumb|''"Le partita a chacos"'' - Sofonisba Anguissola, 1555]] Le chacos origina del antique joco [[India|indian]] ''chaturanga''. Illo es probabilemente affin al jocos est-asiatic ''[[xiangqi]]'' (chacos chinese), ''[[janggi]]'' (chacos corean) e ''[[shogi]]'' (chacos japonese). Illo veniva a Europa via Persia e le civilisationes arabo-berbere nord-african. Le regulas actual se consolida in le seculo XV in [[Espania]], e le regulamento canonic esseva codificate in le seculo XIX. Le chacos hodie es regulate per le [[Federation International de Chacos]]<ref>officialmente in [[Lingua francese|francese]]: FIDE - Fédération Internationale des Échecs</ref>, con sede apud [[Lausanna]], in [[Switza]]. ==Regulas== Le joco es jocate sur un tabuliero, appellate ''chachiero'', dividite inter 64 quadratos (o casas) alternativemente ''clar'' e ''obscur''. Le chachiero ha octo columnas (''filas'') e octo ''rangos''. Le filas es denotate a–h e le rangos es denotate 1–8. Rango 1 es le plus proxime al jocator de blanc, e rango 8 es le plus proxime al jocator de nigre. Le chachiero debe esser orientate con un quadrato obscur in a1 e h8 (le quadrato in basso a sinistre del vista de ambe jocatores). Al initio del partita, le pecias es arrangiate in accordo con le diagramma adjacente. Le duo partes es ''Blanc'' e ''Nigre''. Blanc face le prime movimento. Le jocatores alternatemente face un movimento de un pecia. Il es obligatori pro move un pecia durante un torno, etiam si isto es inopportun. Cata pecia pote se move verso un quadrato inoccupate o ''captura'' un pecia opponente, que remove le pecia opponente del partita. Un pecia debe move al quadrato del pecia opponente pro captura illo, excepte quando un pedon face un captura ''en passant''. Le pedon es etiam le pecia solmente que captura differentemente a su movimentos verso un quadrato inoccupate. Solmente un pecia pote occupa un quadrato. Le pecias se move e captura in accordo con le regulas subsequente: *Le pedones se move un quadrato in avante. Durante lor prime movimento, illos pote move etiam duo quadratos in avante. Illos pote capturar un pecia que es un quadrato diagonalmente in avante. *Le cavalleros se move e captura in un 'figura L'. Illos se move duo quadratos in un direction orthogonal (i.e. non diagonal) e un quadrato lateralmente a iste direction. Illos es le pecias solmente que pote 'saltar' trans le pecias altere (amic o opponente). *Le episcopos se move e captura diagonalmente. Illos non pote se mover trans un pecia altere. *Le turres se move e captura orthogonalmente. Illos non pote se mover trans un pecia altere. *Le damas se move e captura con le regulas combinate del episcopos e turres, ambe orthogonalmente e diagonalmente. *Le reges se move e captura un quadrato in tote directiones. Il ha alcun movimentos special: *''En passant'': Si un pedon se move duo quadratos, un pedon opponente que es in le rango mesme e fila adjacente pote lo capturar le torno subsequente. Si le pedon lo captura, illo se move al quadrato post le pedon capturate. Isto es le vice solmente quando un pecia pote capturar un pecia altere sin un movimento verso su quadrato. *''Roc'': Le rege se move duo quadratos verso un turre e le turre se move un quadrato al flanco altere del rege. Isto es le solmente vice quando duo pecias pote se mover in un torno. Isto es etiam le solmente vice quando un pecia que non es un cavallero pote 'saltar' trans un pecia altere. Illo require qualque conditiones: **Le rege e le turre non se moveva. **Il non ha pecias inter le rege e le turre. **Le rege non es in chaco. **Le rege non debe passar per un quadrato ubi illo serea in chaco. **Le rege non sera in chaco al fin del movimento (como tote movimentos). *Promotion: Si un pedon arriva al fin del chachiero, illo pote esser excambiate pro un pecia altere, usualmente un dama. Quando le rege es attaccate (''in chaco'') sin chaco mat, le jocator debe move le rege a securitate. Nulle movimento altere es permittite usque le rege es secur. Le rege etiam non pote mover verso un position ubi illo es in chaco. Le objectivo del joco es esser le primo que attacca le rege del adversario de maniera que illo non pote escappar. Iste situation se appellate ''chaco mat'' (de [[Persa|lingua perse]] ''shāh māt'', "le rege es inope" o possibile "le rege es morte"). Un jocator pote etiam ''resignar'' — finir le partita con un defaite. Al contrario al jocos de novicios, jocos de maestros usualmente fini per resignation. Il es considerate mal spirito sportive si on continue le joco in un situation sin sperantia. Il ha etiam alcun methodos que fini le partita como un partita nulle: *''Pat'': Un jocator non pote face un movimento legal durante su torno, ma su rege non es in chaco. *Le jocatores conveni pro un partita nulle. In torneos, un horologio es usate. Un jocator pote etiam perde si su limite de tempore experira ==Notation== Le notation plus commun es notation algebraic. Cata columna es marcate con un littera de A a H, e cata rango con un numero de 1 a 8; assi, le quadrato in basso a sinistre del chachiero es a1, e illo in alto a dextera es h8. Cata pecia ha un symbolo pro identificar lo, a saper: * rege = R * dama = D * episcopo = E * turre = T * cavallero = C Generalmente, un pedon non necessita esser identificate per un littera mais il es possibile usar un P. Le plus commun version de notation algebraic non monstra usualmente ubi le pecia comenciava le movimento. Le version es: *Un movimento sin captura per un pedon es denotate per le quadrato de destination. Si un pedon se move ab e2 verso e4, le notation es '''e4'''. *Altere movimentos sin captura es denotate per le symbolo del pecia e le quadrato de destination. Si un episcopo se move ab f8 verso c5, le notation es '''Ec5'''. *Un captura per un pedon es denotate per le fila, un 'x' e le quadrato de destination. Si un pedon se move ab c3 pro facer un captura a d4, le notation es '''cxd4'''. *Altere capturas es denotate per le symbolo del pecia, un 'x' e le quadrato de destination. Si un dama se move ab b5 pro facer un captura a b2, le notation es '''Dxb2'''. *Si il ha ambiguitate re que pecia ha se movite, le disambiguation subsequente es addite post le symbolo del pecia, in un ordine descendente de preferentia: *#Le fila ubi le pecia comenciava le movimento. Per exemplo: si un cavallero se move ab b1 verso d2 quando le cavallero amic altere es a f3, le notation es '''Cbd2'''. Si iste movimento es un captura, le notation es '''Cbxd2'''. *#Le rango ubi le pecia comenciava le movimento. Per exemplo: si un turre se move ab d2 verso d7 quando le turre amic altere es a d8, le notation es '''T2d8'''. Tdd8 serea ambigue in iste exemplo. *#Le coordinate complete ubi le pecia comenciava le movimento. Isto es solmente possibile si un jocator ha plus que duo de un typo de pecia post promotiones. *Chaco es denotate per un symbolo post le movimento, usualmente +. *Chaco mat es denotate per un symbolo post le movimento, usualmente #. *Un promotion es denotate per le typo del nove pecia post le quadrato de destination. *''En passant'' es denotate per ''e.p.'' post le movimento (non le quadrato del pedon capturate). *Roc con le turre de rege es denotate '''0–0'''; roc con turre de regina es denotate '''0–0–0'''. ==Vide etiam== * [[historia del chacos|Historia de chacos]] * [[Regulas de chacos]] * [[Deep Blue]] * [[Chaco Rex]] Jocatores cognite: [[Paul Morphy]], [[José Raúl Capablanca]], [[Aron Nimzowitsch]], [[Alexandre Alekhine]], [[Mikhail Botvinnik]], [[Mikhail Tal]], [[Bobby Fischer]], [[Anatoli Karpov]], [[Garri Kasparov]], [[Tigran Petrosjan]]. Collection de partitas analysate: * [[Defensa francese]]: Potente centro de pedones * [[Partita immortal]]: Immortal joco: Le Joiel de Prime Aqua * [[Constriction gradual]]: Constriction gradual Collection de positiones e problemas analysate: * [[Quadratos correspondente]] * [[Zugzwang]] {{refer}} [[Categoria:Chacos| ]] 1r5c6gxb8nkbkhq9ccn3q1qybfdqatn 14 18428 705501 501679 2026-11-03T21:52:15Z Tratxan 61856 705501 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commonscat|Education by country}} [[Categoria:Education]] [[Categoria:Categorias per pais]] [[Categoria:Education per loco geographic]] 5e8llwgefqyt07qhoeupdfmcqbehlo4 14 23468 705463 495926 2026-11-03T21:05:09Z Tratxan 61856 705463 wikitext text/x-wiki {{catmore}} {{Commonscat|History of Brazil}} [[Categoria:Brasil]] [[Categoria:Historia per pais]] oqsdxug8e4681pa370705l8dqp3k7si 14 23471 705503 691519 2026-11-03T21:54:18Z Tratxan 61856 705503 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commonscat|History by region}} [[Categoria:Historia]] [[Categoria:Historia per thema]] [[Categoria:Categorias per loco geographic]] k6e1q7oqhz58hn5xdin5z99px6bifzu 14 31105 705504 507046 2026-11-03T21:58:24Z Tratxan 61856 705504 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Societate]] [[Categoria:Categorias per pais]] [[Categoria:Categorias per loco geographic]] fpswbeyolaxdemd6062pg9oebgix1w7 14 32414 705479 704561 2026-11-03T21:22:52Z Tratxan 61856 705479 wikitext text/x-wiki {{commonscat|History of Russia}} [[Categoria:Russia]] [[Categoria:Historia de Europa per pais]] [[Categoria:Historia de Asia per pais]] 0r9ewwxqjanchpiqgosylf22cnjrjgl 102 38952 705442 705234 2026-11-03T17:59:06Z ListeriaBot 24326 Wikidata list updated [V2] 705442 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P105 wd:Q38348 } |wdq= |columns=item,label,P225,P171,P18,description |thumb=32 |links=red |references=all |summary=itemnumber }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! item ! label ! nomine del taxon ! taxon superior immediate ! imagine ! description |- | [[:d:Q1360|Q1360]] | [[arthropodo]] | Arthropoda<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Ecdysozoa]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Asian forest scorpion in Khao Yai National Park.JPG|center|32px]] | phylo de animales |- | [[:d:Q5182|Q5182]] | [[Kinorhyncha]] | Kinorhyncha<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_b2443bdb8eb065e0d3e88ce0d3b6b6fc0fba0b6a252f6528d420213f2db3c710">''[[:d:Q19317420|Phylum Kinorhyncha]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Ecdysozoa]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Echinoderes hwiizaa.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q5183|Q5183]] | [[Loricifera]] | Loricifera<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Ecdysozoa]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Pliciloricus enigmatus.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q5184|Q5184]] | [[Priapulida]] | Priapulida<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Ecdysozoa]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Priapulus caudatus.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q5185|Q5185]] | [[Nematoda]] | Nematoda<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Ecdysozoa]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Soybean cyst nematode and egg SEM.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q5186|Q5186]] | [[Nematomorpha]] | Nematomorpha<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Ecdysozoa]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Paragordius tricuspidatus.jpeg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q5189|Q5189]] | [[Lobopodia]] | Lobopodia | [[Panarthropoda]] | [[File:20210000 Lobopodia lobopodians lobopods.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q5191|Q5191]] | [[Onychophora]] | Onychophora<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_e06a7e3c469f277c9344b5a5e835660a166c141af045136b523115727e6294ed">''[[:d:Q19329296|Phylum Onychophora Grube, 1853]]''</ref><ref name="ref_663c79fc9d0f4631a1ea8eaf1b8cddf2861b4797951760a3d62ca7c951bdb680">''[[:d:Q19329389|A world checklist of Onychophora (velvet worms), with notes on nomenclature and status of names]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Ecdysozoa]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Onycophora.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q5194|Q5194]] | [[Tardigrada]] | Tardigrada<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_26601dc35694ad6f9ddc6db4b950317a802ee25d8b7bc8aa116c4b82ffe824c6">''[[:d:Q20019958|Phylum Tardigrada Doyère, 1840]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Ecdysozoa]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Hypsibiusdujardini.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q10915|Q10915]] | [[chordato]] | Chordata<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[deuterostome]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><ref name="ref_de89d1d7a3b9861aa896c2763db458e8269d1d9fb76891ffc54e0793ca104151">''[[:d:Q34008832|The mitochondrial DNA of Xenoturbella bocki: genomic architecture and phylogenetic analysis]]''</ref> | [[File:Chordata.png|center|32px]] | phylo de animales |- | [[:d:Q18960|Q18960]] | [[Porifera]] | Porifera<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0dd0ecf7bf278d95aad8a405c4bd6fb82e01ce9d874347b2258c1e1c513a4305">''[[:d:Q19317985|Phylum Porifera Grant, 1836]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[animal]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Vaasspons2.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q25326|Q25326]] | [[Molluscos|Mollusca]] | Mollusca<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Lophotrochozoa]] | [[File:Mollusca.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q25441|Q25441]] | [[Cnidari]] | Cnidaria<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Eumetazoa]] | [[File:Schleiden-meduse-2.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q25522|Q25522]] | [[Annelida]] | Annelida<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Spiralia]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Nereis pelagica.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q41579|Q41579]] | [[acidobacterio]] | Acidobacteria<ref name="ref_66f98747a61f78fa1304ca6a2d59d4a7d0e46fcf53c694f3106fdaf46252872c">''[[:d:Q45322085|List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published]]''</ref> | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Acidobacterium.jpg|center|32px]] | phylo de bacterios |- | [[:d:Q44631|Q44631]] | [[Echinodermata]] | Echinodermata<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec6fcf770918be7d2fba2367606625b26ee439302860547d0a1fcfc8d330b2ce">''[[:d:Q54802324|Morphological diagnoses of higher taxa in Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata) in support of a new classification]]''</ref> | [[deuterostome]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><br/>[[Ambulacraria]] | [[File:Ophionereis reticulata 1.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q93315|Q93315]] | [[Cyanobacteria]] | Cyanobacteria<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><ref name="ref_53a0f2b03daa7019b2710ec8dd21755784650fbdc972046fa802842c113a1dae">''[[:d:Q693148|International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants]]''</ref> | [[Bacillati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:201208 Cyanobacteria.png|center|32px]]<ref name="ref_fc1deb0c6e0726d35b5ca72104428b2a8286c0c11e4a9316bd654855cbfc0a80">http://togotv.dbcls.jp/ja/togopic.2012.18.html</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q102778|Q102778]] | [[Ctenophora|Ctenophoro]] | Ctenophora<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Eumetazoa]] | [[File:Ctenophore.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q106345|Q106345]] | [[Ciliophora]] | Ciliophora<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><ref name="ref_c7329662afc81d018cfa327740fedc871a21a94ccd87455d4b66bb43e6687bdf">''[[:d:Q51379118|Die Protozoen als Parasiten und Krankheitserreger nach biologischen Gesichtspunkten dargestellt]]''</ref> | [[Alveolata]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0c75e9b8c29938e8ceeb68b324f0e6d093cc688bc34ab84739dfb06955fed89d">''[[:d:Q54018828|The Ciliated Protozoa]]''</ref> | [[File:Isotricha intestinalis.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q107027|Q107027]] | [[Foraminifera]] | Foraminifera | [[Rhizaria]] | [[File:Ammonia tepida.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q107920|Q107920]] | [[Radiolaria]] | Radiolaria | [[Rhizaria]] | [[File:Haeckel Stephoidea.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q120490|Q120490]] | [[Dinoflagellata]] | Dinoflagellata | [[Dinozoa]] | [[File:Ceratium furca.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q124900|Q124900]] | [[Plathelminthes|Platyhelminthes]] | Platyhelminthes<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Spiralia]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Haeckel Platodes.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q130914|Q130914]] | [[Actinobacteria]] | Actinobacteria<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Bacillati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Actinomyces israelii.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q130999|Q130999]] | [[Proteobacteria]] | Proteobacteria<ref name="ref_620a847fbcac205b5a1c11ec93ed90db3e61acbe9fb1eae72bc08d4501f60cad">''[[:d:Q45316252|Validation List no. 106: Validation of publication of new names and new combinations previously effectively published outside the IJSEM]]''</ref> | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:E. coli Bacteria (7316101966).jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q131032|Q131032]] | [[Orthonectida]] | Orthonectida<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[protostome]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Orthonetida dict flat and cylinder.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q131040|Q131040]] | [[Placozoa]] | Placozoa<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><ref name="ref_40ddf737f368df45185f884350efa239024ce874f019eac59549d5ac5b0dd455">''[[:d:Q45817173|Ultrastructural analyses support different morphological lineages in the phylum Placozoa Grell, 1971]]''</ref> | [[animal]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Trichoplax mic.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q133219|Q133219]] | [[Charophyta]] | Charophyta | [[Viridiplantae]] | [[File:Chara braunii 1.JPG|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q134869|Q134869]] | [[Rhombozoa]] | Rhombozoa<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[protostome]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Dicyema macrocephalum.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q134886|Q134886]] | [[Deinococcus-Thermus]] | Deinococcus-Thermus<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Thermotogati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Deinococcus radiodurans.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q137449|Q137449]] | [[Haplosporidia]] | Haplosporidia<ref name="ref_3e058715a18b00e3a22f9b5eb0650695fe4514068aaa169d060a0a28df4e00d5">''[[:d:Q108908969|Sur le genere Aplosporidium (nov.) et l'ordre nouveau des Aplosporidies]]''</ref><ref name="ref_c980fa20222306284d97e6128fcd535cd1bce8c8adf8489d2e8e896c8b6dfc99">''[[:d:Q108913858|Ergebnisse der neueren Sporozoenforschung]]''</ref> | [[Ascetosporea]] | | |- | [[:d:Q148134|Q148134]] | [[Bryozoa]] | Bryozoa<ref name="ref_6256a42967f0c0c32e9bbc0ffd2476e19bd0099fd27c9064d1af61288bdfb39c">''[[:d:Q21069476|Phylum Bryozoa Ehrenberg, 1831]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Spiralia]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Haeckel Bryozoa.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q149075|Q149075]] | [[Firmicutes]] | Firmicutes<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Bacillati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Bacillus subtilis Gram.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q162907|Q162907]] | [[Phoronida]] | Phoronida<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Spiralia]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Nur03506.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q174301|Q174301]] | [[Hemichordata]] | Hemichordata<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[deuterostome]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Eichelwurm.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q174698|Q174698]] | [[Basidiomycota]] | Basidiomycota<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Dikarya]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[File:Haeckel Basimycetes.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q174726|Q174726]] | [[Ascomycota]] | Ascomycota<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ddbcc7e85480f79a67652de9848eb190a612c56b4a88fde67c8d1ff4a91a1692">''[[:d:Q22065662|A revised six-kingdom system of life]]''</ref><ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Dikarya]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[File:Xylaria polymorpha a1.JPG|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q178235|Q178235]] | [[Acanthocephalo|Acanthocephala]] | Acanthocephala<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Spiralia]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:C wegeneri.JPG|center|32px]] | phylo de vermes parasitic |- | [[:d:Q178272|Q178272]] | [[Brachiopoda]] | Brachiopoda<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Spiralia]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:LingulaanatinaAA.JPG|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q180148|Q180148]] | [[Rotifera]] | Rotifera<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Spiralia]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Habrotrocha rosa 1.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q185631|Q185631]] | [[Nemertea]] | Nemertea<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Spiralia]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Micrura verrilli.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q189808|Q189808]] | [[Marchantiophyta]] | Marchantiophyta<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><ref name="ref_15301d99d1ade1e5ecd1e0a19335fb2228f21fc8dc86f538b4814f324f2aa7e5">''[[:d:Q55952715|A Checklist of the Liverworts and Hornworts of North America]]''</ref><ref name="ref_e792f138d9d7ef71de54888c5770402ead4c342a7bfb3038ff616d954ddf4174">''[[:d:Q42319604|Correct author citations for some upper rank names of liverworts (Marchantiophyta)]]''</ref><ref name="ref_976bddadb39e933a9d91d0266ee5437aa9f02c00d56726e49f8588f6c7dbd601">''[[:d:Q75186175|Morphology and classification of the Marchantiophyta]]''</ref> | [[Embryophyta]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Assortment of Hepaticae from Kunstformen der Natur (1904), plate 82.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q190115|Q190115]] | [[Gastrotricha]] | Gastrotricha<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Spiralia]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Gastrotrich.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q192416|Q192416]] | [[Chaetognatha]] | Chaetognatha<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Gnathifera]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Chaetoblack.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q193030|Q193030]] | [[Apicomplexa]] | Apicomplexa<ref name="ref_a98611b933e05d46231f4bb4ff0ddb9ad643f023b1ca6561ce02d731ab2f2fc2">''[[:d:Q105882484|Taxonomy of the sporozoa]]''</ref> | [[Alveolata]]<br/>[[Protisto|Protista]] | [[File:Malaria.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q204219|Q204219]] | [[Euryarchaeota]] | Euryarchaeota<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Methanobacteriati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Halobacteria.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q208580|Q208580]] | [[Entoprocta]] | Entoprocta<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Spiralia]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Barentsa discreta suzukokemusi02.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q264543|Q264543]] | [[Chlorophyta]] | Chlorophyta<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Viridiplantae]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Ulvophyceae composite.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q459276|Q459276]] | [[Gnathostomulida]] | Gnathostomulida<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Spiralia]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Gnathostomula paradoxa Sylt.tif|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q473747|Q473747]] | [[Chytridiomycota]] | Chytridiomycota<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Eumycota]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><br/>[[Chytridiomyceta]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[File:Spizellomycete.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q473809|Q473809]] | [[Amoebozoa]] | Amoebozoa<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ab4245d171ca4bc134853c75bbd29156738ecf599972dfd7a09b5d32fc4166fc">''[[:d:Q110094490|Handbuch der Morphologie der wirbellosen Tiere. Vol. 1]]''</ref> | [[Amorphea]]<ref name="ref_88ff74caebbdff69adae1309530f8930d8ba5d8e8ac089aa0eb81bf4fefdaad6">''[[:d:Q57086550|Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes]]''</ref><br/>[[Sarcomastigota]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Amoebozoa.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q499078|Q499078]] | [[Crenarchaeota]] | Crenarchaeota<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Thermoproteati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:RT8-4.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q499091|Q499091]] | [[Metamonada]] | Metamonada<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Excavata]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Giardia lamblia.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q500497|Q500497]] | [[Cercozoa]] | Cercozoa<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Rhizaria]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><br/>[[Cabozoa]]<ref name="ref_eb8f4182b34c0bc6aa9cf61e20312bb1c51fa4ad39fc1e8a71abf212f4f4c12b">''[[:d:Q28261633|Principles of protein and lipid targeting in secondary symbiogenesis: euglenoid, dinoflagellate, and sporozoan plastid origins and the eukaryote family tree]]''</ref> | [[File:Cercomonas sp.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q500531|Q500531]] | [[Haptophyta]] | Haptophyta<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><ref name="ref_802acaa704182f044c5fde26b8cc8b7b63c1c9c3d15f61f10a60433407ac57fa">''[[:d:Q110221064|Phylogenetic reconstructions of the Haptophyta inferred from 18S ribosomal DNA sequences and available morphological data]]''</ref> | [[Haptista]]<ref name="ref_c9efd199c533dacedb4c96fcb7c6c45d8a130638058ce8c9b4536dd171de77e0">''[[:d:Q127708157|The closest lineage of Archaeplastida is revealed by phylogenomics analyses that include Microheliella maris]]''</ref> | [[File:Coccolithus pelagicus 07.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q502012|Q502012]] | [[Cycliophora]] | Cycliophora<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Spiralia]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Symbion pandora wikipedia.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q504947|Q504947]] | [[Korarchaeota]] | Korarchaeota | [[Thermoproteati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Korarchaeota.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q548074|Q548074]] | [[Nanoarchaeota]] | Nanoarchaeota | [[Nanobdellati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Urzwerg.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q597831|Q597831]] | [[Aquificae]] | Aquificae<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Venenivibrio.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q623375|Q623375]] | [[Chlorobacteria]] | Chlorobacteria | [[Bacillati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Phylum-Chloroflexi-isolate-Anaerolineae-bacterium-HOT-439-is-dependent-on-a-helper-strain.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q645245|Q645245]] | [[Apusozoa]] | Apusozoa | [[bikont]] | [[File:Apusomonas.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q753723|Q753723]] | [[Glomeromycota]] | Glomeromycota<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref><ref name="ref_3294b4563ef87fe76b2d4f35ae5f36e88603ea86ee1f9f7ffbe5c63d420f6d6b">''[[:d:Q21972835|A new fungal phylum, the Glomeromycota: phylogeny and evolution]]''</ref> | [[Eomycota]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><br/>[[Mucoromyceta]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[File:Gigaspora margarita.JPG|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q851406|Q851406]] | [[Aschelminthes]] | Aschelminthes | [[protostome]] | [[File:Ascaris lumbricoides.jpeg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q875679|Q875679]] | [[Chlamydiae]] | Chlamydiae<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><ref name="ref_66f98747a61f78fa1304ca6a2d59d4a7d0e46fcf53c694f3106fdaf46252872c">''[[:d:Q45322085|List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published]]''</ref> | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:ChlamydiaTrachomatisEinschlusskörperchen.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q908484|Q908484]] | [[Tenericutes]] | Tenericutes<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Bacillati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Spiro.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q921087|Q921087]] | [[Hyolitha]] | Hyolitha | [[Lophophorata]]<ref name="ref_ed6a5d9605b0cd838b6d9340f4bb33ff8536a0c347663334e025d2753d4a8996">''[[:d:Q796451|Fossilworks]]''</ref> | [[File:Hyoliths01.JPG|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q968988|Q968988]] | [[Heliozoa]] | | [[Hacrobia]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Heliozoen.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q1041942|Q1041942]] | [[Retaria]] | Retaria<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Rhizaria]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Ammonia tepida.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q1048772|Q1048772]] | [[Ochrophyta]] | Ochrophyta | [[Heterokonta]] | [[File:Kelp In Freycinet Tasmania.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q1061265|Q1061265]] | [[Bacteroidetes]] | Bacteroidetes<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><ref name="ref_66f98747a61f78fa1304ca6a2d59d4a7d0e46fcf53c694f3106fdaf46252872c">''[[:d:Q45322085|List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published]]''</ref> | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Bacteroides biacutis 01.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q1096964|Q1096964]] | [[Myzozoa]] | Myzozoa | [[Protozoa]] | [[File:Haeckel Peridinea.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q1137677|Q1137677]] | [[Fusobacteria]] | Fusobacteria<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><ref name="ref_66f98747a61f78fa1304ca6a2d59d4a7d0e46fcf53c694f3106fdaf46252872c">''[[:d:Q45322085|List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published]]''</ref> | [[Fusobacteriati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Fusobacterium novum 01.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q1140791|Q1140791]] | [[Blastocladiomycota]] | Blastocladiomycota<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[fungo]]<br/>[[Blastocladiomyceta]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[File:Rozella allomycis2.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q1146853|Q1146853]] | [[Thermotogae]] | Thermotogae<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Thermotogati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Thermotoga sketch.svg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q1147292|Q1147292]] | [[Gemmatimonadetes]] | Gemmatimonadetes<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Gemmatimonas aurantiaca.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q1186957|Q1186957]] | [[Thaumarchaeota]] | Thaumarchaeota | [[Thermoproteati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q1197160|Q1197160]] | [[Cephalorhyncha]] | Cephalorhyncha | [[Ecdysozoa]] | [[File:Pliciloricus enigmatus.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q1200941|Q1200941]] | [[Fibrobacteres]] | Fibrobacteres<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><ref name="ref_66f98747a61f78fa1304ca6a2d59d4a7d0e46fcf53c694f3106fdaf46252872c">''[[:d:Q45322085|List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published]]''</ref> | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q1261437|Q1261437]] | [[Vetulicolia]] | Vetulicolia | [[deuterostome]] | [[File:Vetucolia.JPG|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q1289758|Q1289758]] | [[Chloroflexi]] | Chloroflexi<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Bacillati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Phylum-Chloroflexi-isolate-Anaerolineae-bacterium-HOT-439-is-dependent-on-a-helper-strain.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q1318124|Q1318124]] | [[Synergistetes]] | Synergistetes<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Thermotogati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Synergistetes.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q1349731|Q1349731]] | [[Chrysiogenetes]] | Chrysiogenetes<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q1437858|Q1437858]] | [[Fornicata]] | Fornicata | [[Metamonada]] | [[File:DysnectesBrevis.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q1782621|Q1782621]] | [[Telonemia]] | Telonemia<ref name="ref_3a6d30a20d30e94a37d36018cc8eecf43380d007805fcf21ed2359bc9642a9c4">''[[:d:Q23379060|Telonemia, a new protist phylum with affinity to chromist lineages]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ba96fb62023284fe1730c23752a29651d8fdd25e0b3f2d15de16bde335da90d">''[[:d:Q23380247|Large-scale phylogenomic analyses reveal that two enigmatic protist lineages, telonemia and centroheliozoa, are related to photosynthetic chromalveolates]]''</ref> | [[TSAR]] | [[File:Telonema rivulare (contrast micrography).jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q2294279|Q2294279]] | [[Sarcomastigophora]] | Sarcomastigophora<ref name="ref_77dc7c512b6e5462385cf5b7c49ae88daf74152e08857d54d9948f20bc38a850">''[[:d:Q54493498|A Revised Classification of the Phylum Protozoa*]]''</ref> | [[Protozoa]]<br/>[[Protisto|Protista]] | [[File:Gbulloides.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q2334797|Q2334797]] | [[Trilobozoa]] | Trilobozoa | [[Eumetazoa]]<br/>[[animal]] | [[File:Tribrachiidae.JPG|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q2512784|Q2512784]] | [[Vendozoa]] | Vendobionta<ref name="ref_fe61fc438eba64bbeb2f5b429d77af9885216792315cff23c26e3a2ec3734728">''[[:d:Q55895557|Vendobionta and Psammocorallia: lost constructions of Precambrian evolution]]''</ref> | [[animal]] | [[File:DickinsoniaCostata.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q2566978|Q2566978]] | [[Proarticulata]] | Proarticulata | [[Bilateria]] | [[File:Dickinsonia Archaeaspinus.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q2823622|Q2823622]] | [[Actinopoda]] | Actinopoda<ref name="ref_3d36609571cf0428a374b752f5c308e8434d1421a68d06061b54862fc9652ea9">''[[:d:Q29452358|A short biography of Hubert Ludwig and a note on the publication dates of his monograph Die Seewalzen (1889–1892)]]''</ref> | [[eucaryote]] | [[File:Actinophrys sol.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q3347027|Q3347027]] | [[Nemathelminthes]] | Nemathelminthes | [[animal]] | [[File:Roundworm.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q3376321|Q3376321]] | [[Petalonamae]] | Petalonamae | [[animal]] | [[File:Charnia.JPG|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q3508193|Q3508193]] | [[Syndermata]] | Syndermata | [[Platyzoa]] | [[File:Bdelloid.JPG|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q3555432|Q3555432]] | [[Vendozoa]] | Vendozoa<ref name="ref_7a692d549cfcd9ca82e792db888888ffae536fdaa97b630b7e62602bd301ad7e">''[[:d:Q56001354|Vendozoa: Organismic construction in the Proterozoic biosphere]]''</ref> | [[animal]] | [[File:DickinsoniaCostata.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q3570860|Q3570860]] | [[Xenacoelomorpha]] | Xenacoelomorpha<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[deuterostome]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><br/>[[Bilateria]]<ref name="ref_32b050f9596d0885e951362d83811c4173a265bfe5c3607fb865c64500abb104">''[[:d:Q29305163|Xenacoelomorpha is the sister group to Nephrozoa]]''</ref><br/>[[Xenambulacraria]] | [[File:Proporus sp.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q4033604|Q4033604]] | [[Aigarchaeota]] | Aigarchaeota | [[Thermoproteati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q4792907|Q4792907]] | [[Armatimonadetes]] | Armatimonadetes<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><ref name="ref_02ef276519854a01f66486d26a78484b187383278872729a929c119896f92f7f">''[[:d:Q33630155|Armatimonas rosea gen. nov., sp. nov., of a novel bacterial phylum, Armatimonadetes phyl. nov., formally called the candidate phylum OP10.]]''</ref> | [[Bacillati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q4907045|Q4907045]] | [[Bigyra]] | Bigyra | [[Heterokonta]] | [[File:Aplanosem.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q5031741|Q5031741]] | [[Saccharibacteria]] | Saccharibacteria | [[bacterio]]<ref name="ref_02fb502a2a6b6efb132679c32918d7c22997787e0bcc199d551c4afb7bea4a79">''[[:d:Q12159796|Taxonomy database of the U.S. National Center for Biotechnology Information]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q5113799|Q5113799]] | [[Chromerida]] | Chromerida | [[Alveolata]] | | |- | [[:d:Q5114906|Q5114906]] | [[Chrysophyta]] | Chrysophyta | [[Stramenopiles]]<br/>[[Protisto|Protista]]<br/>[[Chromista]]<ref name="ref_73dc4ac66b0c56ff1c8223c8dca9fe47b52d0c3701e24bab7c504112ae78d664">''[[:d:Q604063|World Register of Marine Species]]''</ref> | [[File:Alger, Botydium granulatum, Nordisk familjebok.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q5365047|Q5365047]] | [[Pseudofungi]] | Pseudofungi<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Stramenopiles]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Water mold Mizukabi colony.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q5367954|Q5367954]] | [[Elusimicrobia]] | Elusimicrobia<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q5376372|Q5376372]] | [[Endomyxa]] | Endomyxa | [[Rhizaria]]<ref name="ref_d6ddbab10ac7ee97f02e92018dda7d2b18e4bf25576f2edb4e27e7c9b4ff16e4">''[[:d:Q125775961|On the phenology of protists: recurrent patterns reveal seasonal variation of protistan (Rhizaria: Cercozoa and Endomyxa) communities in tree canopies]]''</ref> | [[File:Collection Penard MHNG Specimen 427-1-1 Gromia brunneri.tif|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q7576782|Q7576782]] | [[Sphingobacteria]] | Sphingobacteria | [[bacterio]] | [[File:Bacteroides biacutis 01.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q9358965|Q9358965]] | [[Pyrrophyta]] | Pyrrophyta | [[eucaryote]] | | |- | [[:d:Q9642991|Q9642991]] | [[Bacillariophyta]] | Bacillariophyta | [[Chromista]] | | |- | [[:d:Q9810870|Q9810870]] | [[Bacteroidota]] | Bacteroidota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Bacteroides biacutis 01.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q9850230|Q9850230]] | [[Conjugatophyta]] | Conjugatophyta | [[Chlorobionts]] | | |- | [[:d:Q10278368|Q10278368]] | [[Euthallophyta]] | Euthallophyta | [[planta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q10286677|Q10286677]] | [[Elusimicrobiota]] | Elusimicrobiota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q10317255|Q10317255]] | [[Lentisphaerota]] | Lentisphaerota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q10334205|Q10334205]] | [[Myxomycota]] | Myxomycota | [[Protisto|Protista]] | [[File:Tubifera ferruginosa 52288.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q10640455|Q10640455]] | [[Picozoa]] | Picozoa<ref name="ref_6f84893f17d7dac5f1f35e78e801676446c737f5807c18239365a578d6349f8b">''[[:d:Q21089798|Picomonas judraskeda Gen. Et Sp. Nov.: The First Identified Member of the Picozoa Phylum Nov., a Widespread Group of Picoeukaryotes, Formerly Known as ‘Picobiliphytes’]]''</ref> | [[Archaeplastida]] | [[File:Picomonas judraskeda.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q11299399|Q11299399]] | [[Cryptista]] | Cryptista<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Pancryptista]]<ref name="ref_c9efd199c533dacedb4c96fcb7c6c45d8a130638058ce8c9b4536dd171de77e0">''[[:d:Q127708157|The closest lineage of Archaeplastida is revealed by phylogenomics analyses that include Microheliella maris]]''</ref><br/>[[Hacrobia]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:CSIRO ScienceImage 6743 SEM Cryptophyte.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q12063165|Q12063165]] | [[Fibrobacterota]] | Fibrobacterota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | phylo de bacterios |- | [[:d:Q12217510|Q12217510]] | [[Armatimonadota]] | Armatimonadota | [[Bacillati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q12651951|Q12651951]] | [[Chlorobi]] | Chlorobi<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Green d winogradsky.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q12652693|Q12652693]] | [[Deferribacteres]] | Deferribacteres<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q12673555|Q12673555]] | [[Spirochaete]] | Spirochaetae<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:20100905 211652 Spirochetes.jpg|center|32px]] | phylo e classe de bacterios |- | [[:d:Q12746761|Q12746761]] | [[Preaxostyla]] | Preaxostyla | [[Excavata]] | | |- | [[:d:Q12772144|Q12772144]] | [[Myxosporidia]] | Myxosporidia | [[Protisto|Protista]] | | |- | [[:d:Q12962137|Q12962137]] | [[Pseudomonadota]] | Pseudomonadota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:E. coli Bacteria (7316101966).jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q12962791|Q12962791]] | [[Chlorobiota]] | Chlorobiota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Green d winogradsky.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q12963338|Q12963338]] | [[Dictyoglomi]] | Dictyoglomi<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><ref name="ref_66f98747a61f78fa1304ca6a2d59d4a7d0e46fcf53c694f3106fdaf46252872c">''[[:d:Q45322085|List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published]]''</ref> | [[Negibacteria]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q12963847|Q12963847]] | [[Methanobacteriota]] | Methanobacteriota | [[Methanobacteriati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Halobacteria.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q12968254|Q12968254]] | [[Mycoplasmatota]] | Mycoplasmatota | [[Bacillati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Spiro.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q12971472|Q12971472]] | [[Synergistota]] | Synergistota | [[Thermotogati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Synergistetes.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q13012345|Q13012345]] | [[Cyanophyta]] | Cyanophyta | [[Negibacteria]]<ref name="ref_ed6a5d9605b0cd838b6d9340f4bb33ff8536a0c347663334e025d2753d4a8996">''[[:d:Q796451|Fossilworks]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q13014476|Q13014476]] | [[Schizomycophyta]] | Schizomycophyta | [[Prokaryota]] | | |- | [[:d:Q13392618|Q13392618]] | [[Entomophthoromycota]] | Entomophthoromycota<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[fungo]]<ref name="ref_b8c256ef49f76a6773946589846ce8cc2fc176141191f08a0f5375fe804cab79">''[[:d:Q117487849|Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021]]''</ref> | [[File:Entomophthora muscae on Scathophaga stercoraria (lateral view).jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q14562931|Q14562931]] | [[Magnoliophyta]] | Magnoliophyta<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref><ref name="ref_3f07815f8d9c6b2b79b3c9023407930cdd8834c3373e899b3932628a9d941fb5">''[[:d:Q14916673|Reveal System of Classification]]''</ref><ref name="ref_52c422a3a63aa15cea70f788af0d98a62756f3c860fdd8b758b51fe95d8330a2">''[[:d:Q55869373|Flowering Plants]]''</ref> | [[Spermatophyta]]<br/>[[Cycadophytanae]] | [[File:Magnoliafraseri rt1.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q15156941|Q15156941]] | [[Perkinsozoa]] | Perkinsozoa<ref name="ref_77dfd8970bd2bf14090bf4300c1d002007cc78a4a2b6e598d9de32feee6f3950">''[[:d:Q56038565|Parvilucifera infectans norén et moestrup gen. et sp. nov. (perkinsozoa phylum nov.): a parasitic flagellate capable of killing toxic microalgae]]''</ref> | [[Alveolata]] | | taxon |- | [[:d:Q15283231|Q15283231]] | [[Loukozoa]] | Loukozoa<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Excavata]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Malawimonasms.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q16118567|Q16118567]] | [[Nitrososphaerota]] | Nitrososphaerota | [[Thermoproteati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:ThaspiviridaeFig1rv2.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q17504643|Q17504643]] | [[Aphelida]] | Aphelida<ref name="ref_185afa0acd75b325098430683495cb0acd61ad3f71735cb5b4e6cd28db4cd38c">''[[:d:Q21131107|Morphology, phylogeny, and ecology of the aphelids (Aphelidea, Opisthokonta) and proposal for the new superphylum Opisthosporidia]]''</ref> | [[Opisthosporidia]] | [[File:Amoeboaphelidium.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q18636217|Q18636217]] | [[Micrognathozoa]] | Micrognathozoa<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Spiralia]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Limnognathia maerski.PNG|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q18647867|Q18647867]] | [[Lentisphaerae]] | Lentisphaerae<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q18667425|Q18667425]] | [[Verrucomicrobia]] | Verrucomicrobia<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><ref name="ref_14a405d37222afc2a5fd122a43b7ba0323ff94c1ffc61672c369b6afa236fe03">''[[:d:Q36882454|Verrucomicrobia div. nov., a new division of the bacteria containing three new species of Prosthecobacter]]''</ref><ref name="ref_f60752922dfd8784bc96d8c8f468baf4600cf2b4a9fb2b90ed69204c6e6cde49">''[[:d:Q33637195|Cerasicoccus maritimus sp. nov. and Cerasicoccus frondis sp. nov., two peptidoglycan-less marine verrucomicrobial species, and description of Verrucomicrobia phyl. nov., nom. rev.]]''</ref><ref name="ref_66f98747a61f78fa1304ca6a2d59d4a7d0e46fcf53c694f3106fdaf46252872c">''[[:d:Q45322085|List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published]]''</ref> | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:TEM - Epixenosomes.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q18668442|Q18668442]] | [[Spirochaete]] | Spirochaetota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:20100905 211652 Spirochetes.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q18674593|Q18674593]] | [[Planctomycetota]] | Planctomycetota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Figure-2-Scanning-electron-micrograph-of-P.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q18674594|Q18674594]] | [[Planctomycetes]] | Planctomycetes<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Santarella plosbio 2010 gemmata obscuriglobus fig3.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q19683970|Q19683970]] | [[Deferribacterota]] | Deferribacterota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q19868361|Q19868361]] | [[Lokiarchaeota]] | Lokiarchaeota<ref name="ref_4adb43d2d2facce52a651d6074856d685756fa9a52691580162aadfb614c76d2">''[[:d:Q22809057|Complex archaea that bridge the gap between prokaryotes and eukaryotes]]''</ref> | [[Promethearchaeati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q20388896|Q20388896]] | [[Chlamydiota]] | Chlamydiota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:ChlamydiaTrachomatisEinschlusskörperchen.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q20641774|Q20641774]] | [[Mastigomycota]] | Mastigomycota | [[Eumycota]] | | |- | [[:d:Q20643853|Q20643853]] | [[Thermodesulfobacteria]] | Thermodesulfobacteria<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q20721206|Q20721206]] | [[Melainabacteria]] | Melainabacteria | [[Cyanobacteriota/Melainabacteria]]<ref name="ref_02fb502a2a6b6efb132679c32918d7c22997787e0bcc199d551c4afb7bea4a79">''[[:d:Q12159796|Taxonomy database of the U.S. National Center for Biotechnology Information]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q20751938|Q20751938]] | [[Nitrospirae]] | Nitrospirae<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q20804840|Q20804840]] | [[Caldiserica]] | Caldiserica<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><ref name="ref_2f1338e18d27781ad188f99c4efb0138bd47ca4011fafa0455d096c8b78ff992">''[[:d:Q33486346|Caldisericum exile gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic, thermophilic, filamentous bacterium of a novel bacterial phylum, Caldiserica phyl. nov., originally called the candidate phylum OP5, and description of Caldisericaceae fam. nov., Caldisericales o]]''</ref> | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q21092088|Q21092088]] | [[Sulcozoa]] | Sulcozoa<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Sarcomastigota]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Apusomonas.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21286613|Q21286613]] | [[Heterokontophyta]] | Heterokontophyta | [[Heterokonta]] | [[File:Giantkelp2 300.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21293795|Q21293795]] | [[Monoblastozoa]] | Monoblastozoa<ref name="ref_1564da301e83b5d97bf5a357b80f94ddc4320ba1509c91b52cbd38a11c2bcb66">''[[:d:Q51456687|Classification of the animal kingdom]]''</ref> | [[animal]] | [[File:Salinella salve Frenzel.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21397920|Q21397920]] | [[Clostridium tetani E88]] | Clostridium tetani E88 | [[Clostridium tetani]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21439067|Q21439067]] | [[Aquificota]] | Aquificota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Venenivibrio.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21439314|Q21439314]] | [[Chrysiogenota]] | Chrysiogenota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q21441825|Q21441825]] | [[Fusobacteriota]] | Fusobacteriota | [[Fusobacteriati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Fusobacterium novum 01.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21442539|Q21442539]] | [[Chloroflexota]] | Chloroflexota | [[Bacillati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Phylum-Chloroflexi-isolate-Anaerolineae-bacterium-HOT-439-is-dependent-on-a-helper-strain.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21445621|Q21445621]] | [[Neomonada]] | Neomonada | [[Opimoda|Neozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21445839|Q21445839]] | [[Opalozoa]] | Opalozoa | [[Bigyra]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21446030|Q21446030]] | [[Granuloreticulosa]] | Granuloreticulosa | [[Protozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21446061|Q21446061]] | [[Ascetospora]] | Ascetospora<ref name="ref_05b76844e293ed05b5e8d83c431f65580cf714a96e7fafa867717d1a6ed1c182">''[[:d:Q108899521|Classification of the Haplosporidia]]''</ref> | [[Protisto|Protista]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21446189|Q21446189]] | [[Haptomonada]] | Haptomonada | [[Protozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21446445|Q21446445]] | [[Plasmodiophoromycota]] | Plasmodiophoromycota | [[Protisto|Protista]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21446765|Q21446765]] | [[Protomonada]] | Protomonada | [[Flagelloopalinida]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21446795|Q21446795]] | [[Prymnesiophyta]] | Prymnesiophyta | [[Protoctista]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21446800|Q21446800]] | [[Karyoblastea]] | Karyoblastea | [[Rhizopoda]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21446920|Q21446920]] | [[Pyrrhophyta]] | Pyrrhophyta | [[Pyrrophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21446977|Q21446977]] | [[Chrysomonada]] | Chrysomonada | [[Protozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21447010|Q21447010]] | [[Raphidophyta]] | Raphidophyta | [[Protoctista]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21447146|Q21447146]] | [[Dicyemida]] | Dicyemida | [[protostome]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Dicyema macrocephalum.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21447237|Q21447237]] | [[Thermoproteota]] | Thermoproteota | [[Thermoproteati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:RT8-4.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21447509|Q21447509]] | [[Dinophyta]] | Dinophyta | [[Protozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21447667|Q21447667]] | [[Miozoa]] | Miozoa<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Alveolata]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Oxyrrhis marina.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21447813|Q21447813]] | [[Tetramastigota]] | Tetramastigota | [[eucaryote]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21447826|Q21447826]] | [[Thermodesulfobacteriota]] | Thermodesulfobacteriota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Thermodesulfobacterium hydrogeniphilum.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21447831|Q21447831]] | [[Thraustochytriacea]] | Thraustochytriacea | [[Protisto|Protista]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21448006|Q21448006]] | [[Xanthophyta]] | Xanthophyta | [[Chromista]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21448056|Q21448056]] | [[Zoomastigina]] | Zoomastigina | [[Protoctista]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21573733|Q21573733]] | [[Rappemonada]] | Rappemonada | [[Hacrobia]] | | |- | [[:d:Q22094454|Q22094454]] | [[Percolozoa]] | Percolozoa<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Discoba]]<ref name="ref_88ff74caebbdff69adae1309530f8930d8ba5d8e8ac089aa0eb81bf4fefdaad6">''[[:d:Q57086550|Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes]]''</ref> | [[File:Naegleria (formes).png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q22113496|Q22113496]] | [[Dictyoglomota]] | Dictyoglomota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q22159986|Q22159986]] | [[Hepatophyta]] | Hepatophyta | [[planta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q23044259|Q23044259]] | [[Sphenophyta]] | Sphenophyta | [[planta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q23419047|Q23419047]] | [[Problematica]] | Problematica | [[animal]] | [[File:Problematica Silurica (Plate 2) (7629246330).jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q24088016|Q24088016]] | [[Discomitochondria]] | Discomitochondria | [[Protozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q24150684|Q24150684]] | [[Agmata]] | Agmata | [[animal]] | [[File:StadtmuseumBerlin GeologischeSammlung SM-2012-1604.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q24975421|Q24975421]] | [[Poribacteria]] | Poribacteria | [[bacterio]] | [[File:Poribacteria localisation using correlative microscopy.gif|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q25228461|Q25228461]] | [[Verrucomicrobiota]] | Verrucomicrobiota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:TEM - Epixenosomes.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q25508584|Q25508584]] | [[Parvarchaeota]] | Parvarchaeota | [[Nanobdellati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:25K15pA9Def4sec Arman 4 Box1.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q25508587|Q25508587]] | [[Diapherotrites]] | Diapherotrites | [[Nanobdellati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q25508591|Q25508591]] | [[Aenigmarchaeota]] | Aenigmarchaeota | [[Nanobdellati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q25519942|Q25519942]] | [[Bacillota]] | Bacillota | [[Bacillati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Bacillus subtilis Gram.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q25539559|Q25539559]] | [[Psilophyta]] | Psilophyta | [[planta]] | [[File:Psilotum.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q25577567|Q25577567]] | [[Cyanobacteriota]] | Cyanobacteriota | [[Bacillati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:201208 Cyanobacteria.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q25834462|Q25834462]] | [[Euglenozoa]] | Euglenozoa<ref name="ref_f9911c01cb81196762d2c6675b2d790f9a923331f602282f796e7af4ea25d82d">http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=536202</ref><ref name="ref_e42897ef28ca1fbc09977e9a4a2b32bbcf01800c47a324caca5014b17fe73964">''[[:d:Q22919249|Eukaryote kingdoms: Seven or nine?]]''</ref> | [[Euglenozoa]]<ref name="ref_f9911c01cb81196762d2c6675b2d790f9a923331f602282f796e7af4ea25d82d">http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=536202</ref><ref name="ref_772a9b96f11299bb1ce0d28c2a3a6e4244c6b6d8b24ff822acd47644eb07410d">http://www.algaebase.org/browse/taxonomy/?id=117576</ref><br/>[[Discicristata]]<ref name="ref_614fb8f075f79819a8e5dacfa2ef160947f7237cfd6bac90b82407d11bdf8b00">''[[:d:Q30885386|The excavate protozoan phyla Metamonada Grassé emend. (Anaeromonadea, Parabasalia, Carpediemonas, Eopharyngia) and Loukozoa emend. (Jakobea, Malawimonas): their evolutionary affinities and new higher taxa]]''</ref> | [[File:Euglena sp..jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q26209713|Q26209713]] | [[Rhodothermaeota]] | Rhodothermaeota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q26220359|Q26220359]] | [[Ignavibacteriota]] | Ignavibacteriota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q26714852|Q26714852]] | [[Nitrospinae]] | Nitrospinae | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q26827889|Q26827889]] | [[Acetothermia]] | Acetothermia | [[Thermotogati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q26827898|Q26827898]] | [[Aerophobetes]] | Aerophobetes | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q26827901|Q26827901]] | [[Aminicenantes]] | Aminicenantes | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q26827906|Q26827906]] | [[Hydrogenedentes]] | Hydrogenedentes | [[Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria group]] | | |- | [[:d:Q26827909|Q26827909]] | [[Micrarchaeota]] | Micrarchaeota | [[Nanobdellati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q26827910|Q26827910]] | [[Woesearchaeota]] | Woesearchaeota | [[DPANN]] | | |- | [[:d:Q26827912|Q26827912]] | [[Pacearchaeota]] | Pacearchaeota | [[DPANN]] | | |- | [[:d:Q26827914|Q26827914]] | [[Bathyarchaeota]] | Bathyarchaeota | [[TACK]] | | |- | [[:d:Q26827915|Q26827915]] | [[Geoarchaeota]] | Geoarchaeota | [[archeo]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q26869732|Q26869732]] | [[Ignavibacteriae]] | Ignavibacteriae<ref name="ref_51ce1d7c1b510fc1cc914c148b06054cf3f25e3e422923184555cad17f3922c6">''[[:d:Q45327616|List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published]]''</ref> | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q26920574|Q26920574]] | [[Calescibacteriota]] | Calescamantes | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q26920948|Q26920948]] | [[Pyropristinus]] | Pyropristinus | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q26921036|Q26921036]] | [[Latescibacteriota]] | Latescibacteriota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q26959588|Q26959588]] | [[Cloacimonetes]] | Cloacimonetes | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q26962485|Q26962485]] | [[Fervidibacteria]] | Fervidibacteria | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q26967716|Q26967716]] | [[Gracilibacteria]] | Gracilibacteria | [[Bacillati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q26970560|Q26970560]] | [[Marinimicrobia]] | "Candidatus Marinimicrobia" | [[Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria group]] | | |- | [[:d:Q26997057|Q26997057]] | [[Parcubacteria]] | Parcubacteria | [[Bacillati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q27001824|Q27001824]] | [[Omnitrophica]] | Omnitrophica | [[Planctobacteria]] | | |- | [[:d:Q27067426|Q27067426]] | [[Modulibacteria]] | Modulibacteria | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q27067589|Q27067589]] | [[Berkelbacteria]] | Berkelbacteria | [[CPR group]] | | |- | [[:d:Q27075862|Q27075862]] | [[Absconditabacteria]] | Absconditabacteria | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q27076080|Q27076080]] | [[Katanobacteria]] | Katanobacteria | [[CPR group]] | | |- | [[:d:Q27077239|Q27077239]] | [[Zixibacteria]] | Zixibacteria | [[Sphingobacteria]] | | |- | [[:d:Q27101797|Q27101797]] | [[Kryptonia]] | Kryptonia | [[Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria group]] | | |- | [[:d:Q27102094|Q27102094]] | [[Rokubacteria]] | Rokubacteria | [[Gracilicutes]] | | |- | [[:d:Q27102375|Q27102375]] | [[Peregrinibacteria]] | Peregrinibacteria | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q27114078|Q27114078]] | [[Wirthbacteria]] | Wirthbacteria | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q27116672|Q27116672]] | [[Beckwithbacteria]] | Beckwithbacteria | [[Microgenomates]] | | |- | [[:d:Q27116707|Q27116707]] | [[Collierbacteria]] | Collierbacteria | [[Microgenomates]] | | |- | [[:d:Q27146460|Q27146460]] | [[Adlerbacteria]] | Adlerbacteria | [[CPR group]] | | |- | [[:d:Q27668676|Q27668676]] | [[Thorarchaeota]] | Thorarchaeota | [[Asgard]] | | |- | [[:d:Q27928169|Q27928169]] | [[Mucoromycota]] | Mucoromycota<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[fungo]] | [[File:Mucoromycota.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q28052236|Q28052236]] | [[Entorrhizomycota]] | Entorrhizomycota<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Dikarya]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q28777755|Q28777755]] | [[Balneolaeota]] | Balneolaeota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q29166402|Q29166402]] | [[Haplospora]] | Haplospora | [[Protoctista]] | | |- | [[:d:Q43032442|Q43032442]] | [[Corbihelia]] | Corbihelia | [[Cryptista]] | | |- | [[:d:Q45909159|Q45909159]] | [[Entamoebia]] | Entamoebia<ref name="ref_6a3224ed9e9612f3b161f90deafb215ffecae36153e66735b907fd7bacda7748">''[[:d:Q24634634|Kingdom protozoa and its 18 phyla]]''</ref> | [[Opimoda|Neozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q48846920|Q48846920]] | [[Myxococcota]] | Myxococcota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q49408504|Q49408504]] | [[Gemmatimonadota]] | Gemmatimonadota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Gemmatimonas aurantiaca.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q53818217|Q53818217]] | [[Aphelidiomycota]] | Aphelidiomycota<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref><ref name="ref_25e2d10666311fea92ecdca7bade98031d9ac2b0b211147759a9262408609954">''[[:d:Q133256687|The 2024 Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa]]''</ref> | [[Aphelidiomyceta]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[File:Amoeboaphelidium.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q53818226|Q53818226]] | [[Basidiobolomycota]] | Basidiobolomycota<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Basidiobolomyceta]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q54281951|Q54281951]] | [[Kickxellomycota]] | Kickxellomycota<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[fungo]]<ref name="ref_b8c256ef49f76a6773946589846ce8cc2fc176141191f08a0f5375fe804cab79">''[[:d:Q117487849|Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q54463178|Q54463178]] | [[Monoblepharomycota]] | Monoblepharomycota<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref><ref name="ref_25e2d10666311fea92ecdca7bade98031d9ac2b0b211147759a9262408609954">''[[:d:Q133256687|The 2024 Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa]]''</ref> | [[Chytridiomycota]]<br/>[[Chytridiomyceta]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[File:Monoblephs 002.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q54463182|Q54463182]] | [[Mortierellomycota]] | Mortierellomycota<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[fungo]]<ref name="ref_25e2d10666311fea92ecdca7bade98031d9ac2b0b211147759a9262408609954">''[[:d:Q133256687|The 2024 Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q54653006|Q54653006]] | [[Olpidiomycota]] | Olpidiomycota<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Olpidiomyceta]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q56354566|Q56354566]] | [[Rhodothermota]] | Rhodothermota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q56354595|Q56354595]] | [[Calditrichaeota]] | Calditrichaeota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q56354628|Q56354628]] | [[Balneolota]] | Balneolota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q56702807|Q56702807]] | [[Heimdallarchaeota]] | Heimdallarchaeota | [[Asgard]] | | |- | [[:d:Q56704336|Q56704336]] | [[Calditrichota]] | Calditrichota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q56706714|Q56706714]] | [[Odinarchaeota]] | Odinarchaeota | [[Promethearchaeati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q57737752|Q57737752]] | [[Negarnaviricota]] | Negarnaviricota<ref name="ref_6b59cf7c993039ecd827a0daedf01e9cff413914331272d22962b5f910d625ee">''[[:d:Q57700017|ICTV Master Species List 2018a v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_f23c41f011ca49f9252d0ff4436e8c393a0b2e3ed4560797f4e9f6edf16126b5">''[[:d:Q62075759|ICTV Master Species List 2018b.v2]]''</ref><ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Orthornavirae]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[File:Negarnaviricota montage.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q57899030|Q57899030]] | [[Coprothermobacterota]] | Coprothermobacterota<ref name="ref_5adebfffdd6e1a7375f0d21bc4d1d54f640873304318658c72f86dbab967138f">''[[:d:Q51143933|Proposal for a new classification of a deep branching bacterial phylogenetic lineage: transfer of Coprothermobacter proteolyticus and Coprothermobacter platensis to Coprothermobacteraceae fam. nov., within Coprothermobacterales ord. nov., Coprotherm]]''</ref> | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q58687931|Q58687931]] | [[Hemimastigophora]] | Hemimastigophora<ref name="ref_58dfc1d83951e35703b2a2a1aba78948c7015d0ae4a435375316002039078fa3">''[[:d:Q85570914|The hemimastigophora (Hemimastix amphikineta nov. gen., nov. spec.), a new protistan phylum from gondwanian soils]]''</ref> | [[eucaryote]] | [[File:Hemimastix amphikineta.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q60572600|Q60572600]] | [[Nitrospirota]] | Nitrospirota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q61057246|Q61057246]] | [[Abditibacteriota]] | Abditibacteriota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q62066295|Q62066295]] | [[Kiritimatiellaeota]] | Kiritimatiellaeota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q62573436|Q62573436]] | [[Actinomycetota]] | Actinomycetota | [[Bacillati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Actinomyces israelii.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q65598611|Q65598611]] | [[Helarchaeota]] | Helarchaeota | [[Asgard]] | | |- | [[:d:Q73346622|Q73346622]] | [[Acidobacteraeota]] | Acidobacteraeota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q73346628|Q73346628]] | [[Acidobacterium group]] | Acidobacterium group | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q73346630|Q73346630]] | [[Acidobacterio|Acidobacteriota]] | Acidobacteriota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Acidobacterium.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q79918695|Q79918695]] | [[Verstraetearchaeota]] | Verstraetearchaeota | [[Thermoproteati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q79969204|Q79969204]] | [[Altiarchaeota]] | Altiarchaeota | [[DPANN]] | | |- | [[:d:Q81642167|Q81642167]] | [[Rozellomycota]] | Rozellomycota<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref><ref name="ref_b8c256ef49f76a6773946589846ce8cc2fc176141191f08a0f5375fe804cab79">''[[:d:Q117487849|Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021]]''</ref> | [[Rozellomyceta]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q87745169|Q87745169]] | [[Hydrothermarchaeota]] | Hydrothermarchaeota | [[Methanobacteriati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q87991691|Q87991691]] | [[Marsarchaeota]] | Marsarchaeota | [[TACK]] | | |- | [[:d:Q88926185|Q88926185]] | [[Deinococcota]] | Deinococcota | [[Thermotogati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Deinococcus radiodurans.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q92194055|Q92194055]] | [[Peploviricota]] | Peploviricota<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Heunggongvirae]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q92194132|Q92194132]] | [[Uroviricota]] | Uroviricota<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Heunggongvirae]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q92194209|Q92194209]] | [[Hofneiviricota]] | Hofneiviricota<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Loebvirae]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q92194276|Q92194276]] | [[Phixviricota]] | Phixviricota<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Sangervirae]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q92194353|Q92194353]] | [[Cossaviricota]] | Cossaviricota<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Shotokuvirae]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q92194437|Q92194437]] | [[Cressdnaviricota]] | Cressdnaviricota<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Shotokuvirae]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q92194516|Q92194516]] | [[Saleviricota]] | Saleviricota<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Trapavirae]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q92194594|Q92194594]] | [[Duplornaviricota]] | Duplornaviricota<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Orthornavirae]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q92194673|Q92194673]] | [[Kitrinoviricota]] | Kitrinoviricota<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Orthornavirae]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q92194739|Q92194739]] | [[Lenarviricota]] | Lenarviricota<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Orthornavirae]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q92194811|Q92194811]] | [[Pisuviricota]] | Pisuviricota<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Orthornavirae]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q92194888|Q92194888]] | [[Artverviricota]] | Artverviricota<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Pararnavirae]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[File:Retrovirus.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q92194946|Q92194946]] | [[Nucleocytoviricota]] | Nucleocytoviricota<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Bamfordvirae]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[File:Megavirus.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q92195021|Q92195021]] | [[Preplasmiviricota]] | Preplasmiviricota<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Bamfordvirae]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q92195085|Q92195085]] | [[Dividoviricota]] | Dividoviricota<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Helvetiavirae]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q93682123|Q93682123]] | [[Margulisbacteria]] | Margulisbacteria | [[Cyanobacteriota/Melainabacteria]]<ref name="ref_02fb502a2a6b6efb132679c32918d7c22997787e0bcc199d551c4afb7bea4a79">''[[:d:Q12159796|Taxonomy database of the U.S. National Center for Biotechnology Information]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q96376180|Q96376180]] | [[Delphibacteria]] | Delphibacteria | [[Sphingobacteria]] | | |- | [[:d:Q96377874|Q96377874]] | [[Fermentibacteria]] | Fermentibacteria | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q96379822|Q96379822]] | [[Altimarinota]] | Altimarinota | [[CPR group]]<ref name="ref_02fb502a2a6b6efb132679c32918d7c22997787e0bcc199d551c4afb7bea4a79">''[[:d:Q12159796|Taxonomy database of the U.S. National Center for Biotechnology Information]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q96394625|Q96394625]] | [[NC10 phylum]] | NC10 | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q96406155|Q96406155]] | [[Psilophytophyta]] | Psilophytophyta | [[Embryophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q97066136|Q97066136]] | [[Candidatus Cryosericota]] | Cryosericota | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q97381227|Q97381227]] | [[Thermotogota]] | Thermotogota | [[Thermotogati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Thermotoga sketch.svg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q98163206|Q98163206]] | [[Prasinodermatophyta]] | Prasinodermatophyta<ref name="ref_5631ca20a38193263affb5106e125eff9a45b825d04393ee636b119cdad1bec1">''[[:d:Q96641117|The genome of Prasinoderma coloniale unveils the existence of a third phylum within green plants]]''</ref> | [[Chloroplastida]] | [[File:Palmophyllum crassum as Palmophyllum flabellatum.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q98569717|Q98569717]] | [[Dormibacteraeota]] | Dormibacteraeota | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q98608871|Q98608871]] | [[Kiritimatiellota]] | Kiritimatiellota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q99238832|Q99238832]] | [[Nomurabacteria]] | Nomurabacteria | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q100742333|Q100742333]] | [[Eumycophyta]] | Eumycophyta | [[fungo]] | | |- | [[:d:Q100742412|Q100742412]] | [[Myxomycophyta]] | Myxomycophyta | [[fungo]] | | |- | [[:d:Q100787227|Q100787227]] | [[Eremiobacteraeota]] | Eremiobacteraeota | [[bacterio]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q105320684|Q105320684]] | [[Nitrospinota]] | Nitrospinota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q106691990|Q106691990]] | [[Sifarchaeota]] | Sifarchaeota | [[Asgard]] | | |- | [[:d:Q106938144|Q106938144]] | [[Taleaviricota]] | Taleaviricota<ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Zilligvirae]]<ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q108072710|Q108072710]] | [[Caulochytriomycota]] | Caulochytriomycota | [[Chytridiomyceta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q108389880|Q108389880]] | [[Sanchytriomycota]] | Sanchytriomycota | [[fungo]]<ref name="ref_25e2d10666311fea92ecdca7bade98031d9ac2b0b211147759a9262408609954">''[[:d:Q133256687|The 2024 Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa]]''</ref> | [[File:Sanchytrid cells Fig1.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q109377432|Q109377432]] | [[Huberarchaeota]] | Huberarchaeota | [[Nanobdellati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q110712107|Q110712107]] | [[Thermomicrobia]] | Thermomicrobia | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q110746365|Q110746365]] | [[Atribacterota]] | Atribacterota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:41467 2020 20149 Fig1f.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q110917266|Q110917266]] | [[Nanohaloarchaeota]] | Nanohaloarchaeota | [[Nanobdellati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q111169035|Q111169035]] | [[Bdellovibrionota]] | Bdellovibrionota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Slice from electron cryotomogram of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus cell.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q111686092|Q111686092]] | [[Undinarchaeota]] | Undinarchaeota | [[Nanobdellati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q113867475|Q113867475]] | [[Njordarchaeota]] | Njordarchaeota | [[Promethearchaeati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q113882847|Q113882847]] | [[sporae dispersae]] | sporae dispersae | [[planta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q117089091|Q117089091]] | [[Moresnetiophyta]] | Moresnetiophyta | [[Cycadophytanae]] | | |- | [[:d:Q117323675|Q117323675]] | [[Actinobacteriota]] | Actinobacteriota | [[Bacillati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q119526751|Q119526751]] | [[Caldisericota]] | Caldisericota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q119788827|Q119788827]] | [[Annelida]] | Annelida | [[Lophozoa]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q119788837|Q119788837]] | [[Cnidaria]] | Cnidaria | [[Radiata]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q119822695|Q119822695]] | [[Saccharimonadota]] | Saccharimonadota | [[bacterio]]<ref name="ref_02fb502a2a6b6efb132679c32918d7c22997787e0bcc199d551c4afb7bea4a79">''[[:d:Q12159796|Taxonomy database of the U.S. National Center for Biotechnology Information]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q119841401|Q119841401]] | [[Spironematellophyta]] | Spironematellophyta | [[Protozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q121290984|Q121290984]] | [[Candidatus Auribacterota]] | Auribacterota<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[bacterio]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q121887854|Q121887854]] | [[Priapula]] | Priapula | | | |- | [[:d:Q121887868|Q121887868]] | [[Acanthocephala (cins)]] | Acanthocephala | | | |- | [[:d:Q122973879|Q122973879]] | [[Nanobdellota]] | Nanobdellota | [[Nanobdellati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Urzwerg.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q123461054|Q123461054]] | [[Methylomirabilota]] | Methylomirabilota | [[bacterio]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q123631188|Q123631188]] | [[Thermomicrobiota]] | Thermomicrobiota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q124140374|Q124140374]] | [[Langiophytophyta]] | Langiophytophyta | [[Bryobiotina]] | [[File:Aglaophyton major reconstruccion en.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q124318339|Q124318339]] | [[Microcaldota]] | Microcaldota | [[Nanobdellati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q124653641|Q124653641]] | [[Brockarchaeota]] | Brockarchaeota | [[archeo]] | | |- | [[:d:Q124736019|Q124736019]] | [[Aminicenantota]] | Aminicenantota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q125044953|Q125044953]] | [[Saccorhytida]] | Saccorhytida | [[Ecdysozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q127598725|Q127598725]] | [[Candidatus Babelota]] | Candidatus Babelota<ref name="ref_a2a626b36040c9cc7c50aecc55770281ec611775daf45f37c012f15102a0c642">''[[:d:Q36647264|Comparative Genomics of Candidate Phylum TM6 Suggests That Parasitism Is Widespread and Ancestral in This Lineage.]]''</ref> | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q127686997|Q127686997]] | [[Nebulidia]] | Nebulidia | [[Provora]] | | |- | [[:d:Q127687643|Q127687643]] | [[Halobacteriota]] | Halobacteriota | [[Methanobacteriati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q128247205|Q128247205]] | [[Cloacimonadota]] | Cloacimonadota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q128247315|Q128247315]] | [[Muiribacteriota]] | Muiribacteriota | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q128247694|Q128247694]] | [[Elulimicrobiota]] | Elulimicrobiota | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q128504387|Q128504387]] | [[Hadarchaeota]] | Hadarchaeota | [[Methanobacteriati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q128598620|Q128598620]] | [[Desulfobacterota]] | Desulfobacterota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q128598652|Q128598652]] | [[Bipolaricaulota]] | Bipolaricaulota | [[Thermotogati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q128635785|Q128635785]] | [[Asgardarchaeota]] | Asgardarchaeota | [[archeo]] | | |- | [[:d:Q128788757|Q128788757]] | [[Promethearchaeota]] | Promethearchaeota | [[Promethearchaeati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q130259571|Q130259571]] | [[Thermoplasmatota]] | Thermoplasmatota<ref name="ref_4c90cde234f10f42a4d5ba252a0894f21547c3717d68972f14682f2b81766ad7">''[[:d:Q123289567|Proposal of names for 329 higher rank taxa defined in the Genome Taxonomy Database under two prokaryotic codes]]''</ref> | [[Methanobacteriati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q130427981|Q130427981]] | [[Nibbleridia]] | Nibbleridia | [[Provora]] | [[File:Outline drawing of Ubysseya fretuma.svg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q130693641|Q130693641]] | [[Ambiviricota]] | Ambiviricota | [[Orthornavirae]] | | |- | [[:d:Q131299205|Q131299205]] | [[Campylobacterota]] | Campylobacterota<ref name="ref_ab8cedfdaeb57dda04aad9965d1c480c5f2185b2fae158f356311076ef6983f1">''[[:d:Q124791084|Valid publication of the names of forty-two phyla of prokaryotes]]''</ref> | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q131585232|Q131585232]] | [[Sysuimicrobiota]] | Sysuimicrobiota | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q131585276|Q131585276]] | [[Eremiobacterota]] | Eremiobacterota | [[bacterio]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q131822313|Q131822313]] | [[Iainarchaeota]] | Iainarchaeota | [[Nanobdellati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q131987420|Q131987420]] | [[Nanohalarchaeota]] | Nanohalarchaeota | [[Nanobdellati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q131988525|Q131988525]] | [[Poseidoniota]] | Poseidoniota | [[Methanobacteriati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q132852528|Q132852528]] | [[Minisyncoccota]] | Minisyncoccota | [[Bacillati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q133292922|Q133292922]] | [[Patescibacteriota]] | Patescibacteriota | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q134283829|Q134283829]] | [[Fidelibacterota]] | Fidelibacterota | [[bacterio]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q134389434|Q134389434]] | [[Vulcanimicrobiota]] | Vulcanimicrobiota | [[bacterio]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q135012866|Q135012866]] | [[Freyrarchaeota]] | Freyrarchaeota | [[archeo]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q135031819|Q135031819]] | [[Hodarchaeota]] | Hodarchaeota | [[archeo]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q135038427|Q135038427]] | [[Nezhaarchaeota]] | Nezhaarchaeota | [[Thermoproteati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q135489975|Q135489975]] | [[Hydrothermota]] | Hydrothermota | [[Pseudomonadati]] | | |- | [[:d:Q135494149|Q135494149]] | [[Augarchaeota]] | Augarchaeota | [[Thermoproteati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q135494257|Q135494257]] | [[Aenigmatarchaeota]] | Aenigmatarchaeota | [[Nanobdellati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q135657034|Q135657034]] | [[Dormibacterota]] | Candidatus Dormibacterota | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q135686940|Q135686940]] | [[Muellerivitota]] | Muellerivitota | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q135686941|Q135686941]] | [[Oederibacteriota]] | Oederibacteriota | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q136768066|Q136768066]] | [[Acidulidesulfobacteriota]] | Acidulidesulfobacteriota | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q136773909|Q136773909]] | [[Desulfotomaculota]] | Desulfotomaculota | | | |- | [[:d:Q136912989|Q136912989]] | [[Caelestes]] | Caelestes | [[Membrifera]] | | |- | [[:d:Q136956224|Q136956224]] | [[Ryujiniota]] | Ryujiniota | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q138425208|Q138425208]] | [[Dictyoglomerota]] | Dictyoglomerota<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q140571826|Q140571826]] | [["Candidatus Acetithermota" corrig. Rinke et al. 2013]] | "Candidatus Acetithermota" | [[Thermotogati]] | | |- | [[:d:Q140577645|Q140577645]] | [[Caldifarciminota]] | Caldifarciminota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q141198607|Q141198607]] | [[Methanomethylicota]] | Methanomethylicota | [[archeo]] | | |- | [[:d:Q141224092|Q141224092]] | [[Neoluka]] | Neoluka | [[Excavata]] | [[File:Ancyromonadida.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q141542382|Q141542382]] | [[Tracheophyta]] | Tracheophyta<ref name="ref_012eba0dbe37c7aa40587f8eabee8d9593a81bb50a0f2eb0ad19456c16f84c79">''[[:d:Q16958215|iNaturalist]]''</ref><ref name="ref_a5cb691fd2a2b68bd3f1f4fdd86e8363d0afaafce9c9a45fe2e1fcfcae264a67">''[[:d:Q1531570|Global Biodiversity Information Facility]]''</ref> | [[planta]]<ref name="ref_012eba0dbe37c7aa40587f8eabee8d9593a81bb50a0f2eb0ad19456c16f84c79">''[[:d:Q16958215|iNaturalist]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q141640485|Q141640485]] | [[Sumerlaeota]] | Sumerlaeota | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q141756266|Q141756266]] | [[Chlorobaeota]] | Chlorobaeota<ref name="ref_513da6bc425142f044a2a9e0c2c4262b067073ceb9d2b6cebc8991030d11c6f2">https://lpsn.dsmz.de/phylum/chlorobaeota</ref><ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | | |- | [[:d:Q141757221|Q141757221]] | [[Spongiamicota]] | Spongiamicota | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q141893514|Q141893514]] | [[Babelota]] | Babelota | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q141893541|Q141893541]] | [[Fermentibacterota]] | Fermentibacterota | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q141893690|Q141893690]] | [[Eisenbacteria]] | Eisenbacteria | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q141893805|Q141893805]] | [[Bacteroidota_A]] | Bacteroidota_A | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q141893900|Q141893900]] | [[Zixiibacteriota]] | Zixiibacteriota | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q141893954|Q141893954]] | [[Margulisiibacteriota]] | Margulisiibacteriota | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q141894006|Q141894006]] | [[Krumholzibacteriota]] | Krumholzibacteriota | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q141894112|Q141894112]] | [[Goldbacteria]] | Goldbacteria | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q141894161|Q141894161]] | [[Terrarchaeota]] | Terrarchaeota | [[archeo]] | | |} ---- &sum; 383 items. {{Wikidata list end}} 3p6a1jwhe90cs5neegpofwahysmz4yz 0 40563 705523 705223 2026-11-04T06:23:52Z ListeriaBot 24326 Wikidata list updated [V2] 705523 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P580 ?dtstart . ?item wdt:P582 ?dtend . FILTER (?dtstart < "1941-09-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) FILTER (?dtstart > "1941-08-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) } |wdq= |columns=item,P580,P582,label,P31,description |sort=P580 |thumb=48 |links= |references=all }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! item ! data de initio ! data de fin ! label ! instantia de ! description |- | [[:d:Q162284|Q162284]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-07 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-26 | ''[[:d:Q162284|Battle of Kiev]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q499839|Q499839]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-31 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-06-22 | ''[[:d:Q499839|1941–42 Nationalliga]]'' | ''[[:d:Q27020041|sports season]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q520930|Q520930]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-06 | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-01-04 | ''[[:d:Q520930|Star-Spangled Comics]]'' | ''[[:d:Q14406742|comic book series]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q541369|Q541369]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-25 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-17 | ''[[:d:Q541369|Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran]]'' | ''[[:d:Q467011|invasion]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q682409|Q682409]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-08 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-16 | ''[[:d:Q682409|Siege of Odesa 1941]]'' | ''[[:d:Q188055|siege]]''<br/>[[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q714211|Q714211]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-30 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-08 | ''[[:d:Q714211|Yelnya Offensive]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2001676|offensive]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1269440|Q1269440]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-31<ref name="ref_40d9d1b5bd64d80b6b97ddbc039a34b052d288e84dcd239d7fcc42ac056246a5">https://prensacr.info/data/5d83561d0ddacf4070844fc3</ref><ref name="ref_c6401b25e20eeb2dcf4d2573ec427f07da0415b9f483bc2edae321d6e675dd39">https://prensacr.info/data/5da9d88a0ddacf73098bebd1</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-11-30<ref name="ref_60b6052f430c6ac0faf427862f0ce378a26d14f065876987ad1658429002e144">https://prensacr.info/data/5da9f9270ddacf73098befe5</ref><ref name="ref_e8a5f178199051bbf28ad499d7e8f83b8c85ac246b83a1610744f8ce47db3264">https://prensacr.info/data/611f34da445c2c6addcd0355</ref><ref name="ref_896b284a6f57035d45fbcd96c40248a170308f63543958a68e3213e6f6857e3e">https://www.sinabi.go.cr/biblioteca%20digital/periodicos/Novedades/Novedades%201941/la-1%20de%20diciembre.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q1269440|Primera División de Costa Rica 1941]]'' | ''[[:d:Q27020041|sports season]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1324220|Q1324220]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-25<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-03<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q1324220|Operation Gauntlet]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1406017|Q1406017]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-07 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-05 | ''[[:d:Q1406017|Soviet air strikes on Berlin]]'' | ''[[:d:Q17524420|aspect of history]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q4688003|aerial bombing of a city]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2409886|Q2409886]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-18 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-02 | ''[[:d:Q2409886|1941 U.S. National Championships]]'' | ''[[:d:Q123577|US Open]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q47345468|tennis tournament edition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2992881|Q2992881]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-09 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-12 | ''[[:d:Q2992881|Conférence de l'Atlantique]]'' | ''[[:d:Q18564543|international conference]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3091179|Q3091179]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-29 | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944-08-11 | ''[[:d:Q3091179|executed at Mont Valérien]]'' | ''[[:d:Q12139612|list]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15747939|execution by shooting]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3636413|Q3636413]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-06 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-11-21 | ''[[:d:Q3636413|Battle of Culqualber]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q3996094|Q3996094]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-23 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-24 | ''[[:d:Q3996094|1941 Tour de Suisse]]'' | ''[[:d:Q83261|Tour de Suisse]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4231751|Q4231751]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-12 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-15 | ''[[:d:Q4231751|Staraya Russa counter-offensive]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4450513|Q4450513]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-05 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-28 | ''[[:d:Q4450513|Tallinn Defensive]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q5841688|Q5841688]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-29 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-31 | ''[[:d:Q5841688|Segundo Congreso Nacional Campesino]]'' | | |- | [[:d:Q11543646|Q11543646]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-30 | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946 | ''[[:d:Q11543646|Saka Medical College]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11510984|medical specialized school in Japan]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11897194|Q11897194]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-31 | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958 | ''[[:d:Q11897194|The Great Gildersleeve]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1555508|radio program]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q13475356|Q13475356]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-09 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-12 | ''[[:d:Q13475356|Conference of Placentia Bay]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2761147|meeting]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q16681155|Q16681155]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-10 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-21 | ''[[:d:Q16681155|Novgorod-Chudovskaya Defensive]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q16934384|Q16934384]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-13 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-25 | ''[[:d:Q16934384|Convoy OG 71]]'' | ''[[:d:Q131656428|military convoy]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q30889810|Q30889810]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-11 | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-10-14 | ''[[:d:Q30889810|Special purpose company of the Baltic Fleet]]'' | [[Unitate militar]] | |- | [[:d:Q43080121|Q43080121]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-30 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-12 | ''[[:d:Q43080121|Roslavl–Novozybkov Offensive]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2001676|offensive]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q65303359|Q65303359]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-18 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-16 | ''[[:d:Q65303359|massacre dans le district de Srebrenica]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3199915|massacre]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q79478665|Q79478665]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-05<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-17<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478665|Stanley Wood Watercolors]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478669|Q79478669]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-05<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-03<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478669|They Taught Themselves]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478672|Q79478672]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-06<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-08<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478672|Drawings by Henri Gaudier-Brzeska]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478677|Q79478677]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-07<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-24<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478677|Students of the California School of Fine Arts]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478681|Q79478681]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-09<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-24<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478681|Paintings by Arshile Gorky]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478684|Q79478684]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-11<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-24<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478684|Paintings by Mine Okubo]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478689|Q79478689]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-12<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-07<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478689|Paintings by Fernand Leger]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478692|Q79478692]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-19<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-08<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478692|Sculpture by Jan Sabre]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478696|Q79478696]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-25<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-07<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478696|Drawings by Dorr Bothwell]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478699|Q79478699]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-28<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-09<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478699|Recent Museum Acquisitions: Gifts of William L. Gerstle]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q110890651|Q110890651]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-04 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-15 | ''[[:d:Q110890651|Techniques of Painting]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890652|Q110890652]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-04 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-08 | ''[[:d:Q110890652|Stockholm Builds]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890654|Q110890654]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-12 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-25 | ''[[:d:Q110890654|American Watercolors; Lettering and Arrangements in Poster Design]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890655|Q110890655]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-26 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-15 | ''[[:d:Q110890655|Ancestral Sources of Modern Painting]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q126046669|Q126046669]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-23 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-21<br/>1941-09-22 | ''[[:d:Q126046669|Sha'ban 1360 AH]]'' | ''[[:d:Q125390868|hijri month of a given year]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q136313346|Q136313346]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-07 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-09 | ''[[:d:Q136313346|Operation Kosmaj]]'' | [[Conflicto]] | |} {{Wikidata list end}} rdrw8cybsimce77muuzga1i5g2oishi 0 45254 705568 684299 2026-11-04T07:37:23Z Tratxan 61856 705568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = SARS-CoV-2 | image = Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.jpg | image_alt = Electron micrograph of SARS-CoV-2 virions with visible coronae | image_caption = Transmission electron micrographia colorisate de SARS-CoV-2 [[virus|virions]]<br>con lor "corona" de spicas visibile. | domain = [[Riboviria]] | regnum = [[Orthornavirae]] | phylum = [[Pisuviricota]] | classis = [[Pisoniviricetes]] | ordo = [[Nidovirales]] | subordo= Cornidovirineae | familia = [[Coronaviridae]] | subfamilia = [[Orthocoronavirinae]] | genus = ''[[Betacoronavirus]]'' | subgenus = ''[[Sarbecovirus]]'' | species = ''[[SARSr-CoV]]<br>{{small|Severe acute respiratory<br>syndrome-related coronavirus}}'' }} {{Pandemia de Covid-19}} Le '''Coronavirus 2 del syndrome respiratori acute sever''' (abbreviate: '''SARS-CoV-2'''<ref>''SARS'' veni del acronymo anglese: ''Severe acute respiratory syndrome''</ref>) es un [[virus de ARN]] [[monocatenari]] del [[Familia (rango taxonomic)|familia]] [[Coronavirus|Coronaviridae]], que causa le [[COVID-19|maladia de coronavirus 2019]] (Covid-19)<ref name="Time">{{cite news|url=https://time.com/5782284/who-name-coronavirus-covid-19/|title=What's in a Name? Why WHO's Formal Name for the New Coronavirus Disease Matters|author=Sanya Mansoor|date=February 11, 2020|accessdate=February 13, 2020|publisher=Time|archivedate=February 12, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212144323/https://time.com/5782284/who-name-coronavirus-covid-19/}}</ref>. Illo essava initialmente cognoscite como '''nove coronavirus-19''' (abbreviate: '''2019-nCoV''') per le [[Organisation Mundial del Sanitate]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/publications-detail/surveillance-case-definitions-for-human-infection-with-novel-coronavirus-(ncov)|title=Surveillance case definitions for human infection with novel coronavirus (nCoV)|website=who.int|accessdate=21 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/novel-coronavirus-2019.html|title=Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), Wuhan, China|date=10 January 2020|website=cdc.gov|publisher=cdc.gov|url-status=live|accessdate=16 January 2020}}</ref>. Le virus lanceava le [[Pandemia de Covid-19|pandemia de coronavirus 2019-2020]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinacdc.cn/dfdt/201912/t20191226_209404.html|title=中国疾病预防控制中心|website=chinacdc.cn|accessdate=9 January 2020|archivedate=6 February 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206072618/http://www.chinacdc.cn/dfdt/201912/t20191226_209404.html}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-01/09/c_138690570.htm|title=New-type coronavirus causes pneumonia in Wuhan: expert|agency=Xinhua|accessdate=9 January 2020|archivedate=9 January 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109084208/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-01/09/c_138690570.htm}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://platform.gisaid.org/epi3/start/CoV2020|title=CoV2020|website=platform.gisaid.org|url-status=live|accessdate=12 January 2020}}</ref> Le prime casos suspectate esseva reportate per le [[Organisation Mundial del Sanitate|OMS]] le 31 de decembre 2019.<ref name="WHO5Jan2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/csr/don/05-january-2020-pneumonia-of-unkown-cause-china/en/|title=Pneumonia of unknown cause – China. Disease outbreak news|last=|first=|date=5 January 2020|website=|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|accessdate=6 January 2020|quote=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107032945/https://www.who.int/csr/don/05-january-2020-pneumonia-of-unkown-cause-china/en/|archive-date=7 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Schnirring14Jan2020">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/report-thailands-coronavirus-patient-didnt-visit-outbreak-market|title=Report: Thailand's coronavirus patient didn't visit outbreak market|last=Schnirring|first=Lisa|date=14 January 2020|website=CIDRAP|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114230152/http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/report-thailands-coronavirus-patient-didnt-visit-outbreak-market|archive-date=14 January 2020|accessdate=15 January 2020}}</ref> Plure casos del nove coronavirus esseva vinculate al [[mercato]] de [[Alimento|alimentos]] [[Mar|marin]] de [[Wuhan]], in [[China]]. Le virus poterea venir ex [[animal]]es appestate in le mercato, ma il non es ancora certe que iste loco es le fonte del [[epidemic|epidemia]].<ref name=CDC18Jan2020>[http://www.nj.gov/health/cd/documents/topics/NCOV/NCoV_LINCS_wuhan_update_011820_combined.pdf "Update and Interim Guidance on Outbreak of 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Wuhan, China CDC Health Update"]. New Jersey Department of Health. 18 January 2020</ref> Le material genetic de iste nove coronavirus monstra similaritates con le SARS-CoV (79.5%)<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.22.914952v2|title=Discovery of a novel coronavirus associated with the recent pneumonia outbreak in humans and its potential bat origin|first1=Peng|last1=Zhou|first2=Xing-Lou|last2=Yang|first3=Xian-Guang|last3=Wang|first4=Ben|last4=Hu|first5=Lei|last5=Zhang|first6=Wei|last6=Zhang|first7=Hao-Rui|last7=Si|date=23 January 2020|journal=bioRxiv|pages=2020.01.22.914952|via=www.biorxiv.org|doi=10.1101/2020.01.22.914952}}</ref> e altere cippos de coronavirus de [[vespertilion]] (96%). Hoc significa que le virus pote haber primo venite ex vespertiliones.<ref name=":3">Sample [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MG772933 CoVZC45] and [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MG772934 CoVZXC21], see [https://nextstrain.org/groups/blab/sars-like-cov there for an interactive visualisation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120190511/https://nextstrain.org/groups/blab/sars-like-cov |date=20 January 2020 }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite journal|title=The 2019 new Coronavirus epidemic: evidence for virus evolution|url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.24.915157v1|journal=bioRxiv|volume=|pages=2020.01.24.915157|doi=10.1101/2020.01.24.915157|via=|year=2020|last1=Benvenuto|first1=Domenico|last2=Giovannetti|first2=Marta|last3=Ciccozzi|first3=Alessandra|last4=Spoto|first4=Silvia|last5=Angeletti|first5=Silvia|last6=Ciccozzi|first6=Massimo}}</ref><ref name="Cyranoski">{{Cite journal|last=Callaway|first=Ewen|last2=Cyranoski|first2=David|date=23 January 2020|title=Why snakes probably aren't spreading the new China virus|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00180-8|journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-00180-8|accessdate=27 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125051951/https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00180-8|archive-date=25 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Le scientistas faceva varie experimentos que monstrava que le virus forsan vadeva ex vespertiliones ad hospites intermedie, significante que altere animales hospitante existe inter le vespertilion e le [[Homo sapiens|human]]. ==Principal variantes preoccupante== A mesura que la pandemia progressa, le virus evolua pro se adaptar al immunisation del population e de nove variantes appare con mutationes genetic que permitte le {{Ill|en|evasion antigenic|Antigenic escape}} (escappamento al [[anticorpore]]s del responsa immunitari). Iste mutationes concerna principalmente le dominio de ligamine al receptor sur le qual le anticorpores se fixa. Depost la apparition del duo cippos original (A & B) al fin de 2019 a [[Wuhan]]<ref>Xiaolu Tang, Changcheng Wu, Xiang Li, Yuhe Song, Xinmin Yao, Xinkai Wu, Yuange Duan, Hong Zhang, Yirong Wang, Zhaohui Qian, Jie Cui, Jian Lu, [https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaa036 On the origin and continuing evolution of SARS-CoV-2], National Science Review, Volume 7, Issue 6, June 2020, Pages 1012–1023, https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaa036</ref>, le principal variantes responsabile de ondas de contamination es le siquente: * '''Alpha (B.1.1.7)''', apparite in octobre 2020 al [[Regno Unite]]; * '''Beta (B.1.351)''', apparite le 18 decembre 2020 in [[Africa del Sud]]; * '''Gamma (P.1)''', apparite le 6 januario 2021 in Japan de personas originari del [[Brasil]]; P1 e P.2 deriva de B.1.1.28 que harea circulate al Brasil depois februario 2020; * '''Delta (B.1.617.2)''', derivante del B.1.617 apparite le 5 octobre 2020 in [[India]]; * '''Omicron (B.1.1.529)''', discoprite in Africa del Sud in novembre 2021 con circa trenta mutationes sul {{Ill|en|spicula proteina|Coronavirus spike protein}}; del 3 formas BA.1, BA.2 e BA.3, '''BA.2''' es le plus frequente. Le coronavirus continua su evolution in le familia del subvariantes Omicron: ** '''BA.4/BA.5''', classate preoccupante le 17 maio 2022, es responsabile del unda epidemic del primavera-estate 2022 in [[Europa]]; le subvariantes '''BA.2.75''', '''BA.5.3.1''' e '''BF.7''' prolonga le contaminations; ** '''BQ.1.1''' (B.1.1.529.5.3.1.1.1.1.1.1) associate con disordines gatrointestinal (Nigeria 07-2022);<ref>https://www.inspq.qc.ca/covid-19/labo/variants</ref> ** '''XBB.1.5''' 'Kraken', es un variante recombinante (XBB = BJ.1 x BA.2.75) discoperite al [[Statos Unite de America|SUA]] in octobre 2022; le vaccino es actualisate pro proteger contre iste variante;<ref>https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-takes-action-updated-mrna-covid-19-vaccines-better-protect-against-currently-circulating</ref><ref>https://www.vidal.fr/actualites/30397-vaccination-covid-19-trois-nouvelles-formulations-de-comirnaty-adaptees-au-variant-xbb-1-5.html</ref> ** XBB.1.9 'Hyperion'; ** XBB.1.16 'Arcturus', sub vigilantia al primavera 2023; ** XBB.2.3 'Acrux'; ** '''EG.5.1''' (=XBB.1.9.2.5.1) 'Eris', emergente in augusto 2023 (del 'Hyperion' clan).<ref>https://www.midilibre.fr/2023/08/07/eris-le-nouveau-variant-du-covid-contagiosite-nombre-de-cas-quel-est-ce-virus-qui-descend-domicron-11383307.php</ref> ** '''JN.1''' (=BA.2.86.1.1, septembre 2023, vaccino 2024-2025)<ref>https://www.santemagazine.fr/actualites/actualites-sante/tout-savoir-sur-jn1-le-nouveau-variant-du-covid-19-notamment-repere-au-royaume-uni-1040261</ref>, subvariante de Pirola (BA.2.86, sub surveliantia depost augusto 2023)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://fr.italy24.press/coronavirus/835123.html |accessdate=2023-08-21 |archivedate=2023-08-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821081010/https://fr.italy24.press/coronavirus/835123.html }}</ref>. Iste ultime se characterisa per eruptiones cutanee (principalmente sul facie e axillas) e irritation [[oculo|ocular]], ultra digestive symptomas.<ref>https://lasanteauquotidien.com/coronavirus-covid-19/covid-19-quel-est-ce-nouveau-symptome-du-variant-pirola-qui-touche-le-visage/</ref> ** XDK, sub surveliantia in Francia in martio 2024, un recombinante JN1 x XBB.1.16.<ref>https://www.capital.fr/economie-politique/covid-19-un-nouveau-variant-recombinant-xdk-identifie-faut-il-s-en-mefier-1495302</ref> ** '''KP.2''' (=B.1.1.529.2.86.1.1.11.1.2=JN.1.11.1.2, [[Statos Unite de America|SUA]], april 2024), un variante "FLiRT" (gruppo de variantes characterisate per mutationes F456L e R346T in spicula proteina, meliorante le escappamento de JN.1 al [[anticorpore]]s); V1104L compensa un ligamine plus debile al ACE2 receptor.<ref>https://cov-lineages.org/lineage_list.html</ref><ref>https://theconversation.com/as-covid-cases-rise-again-what-do-i-need-to-know-about-the-new-flirt-variants-230423</ref><ref>(pdf) https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.20.595020v1.full.pdf</ref> ** '''XEC''', un variante recombinante KS.1.1 (FLiRT) x KP.3.3 (FLuQE) ** '''LP.8.1''' (julio 2024, descendante de JN.1 ; vaccino 2025-2026 in Europa)<ref>https://www.gavi.org/fr/vaccineswork/huit-choses-savoir-nouveaux-variants-covid-19-nimbus-stratus</ref> ** '''NB.1.8.1''' '[[Nimbus]]' (januario 2025, epidemia in Est Asia 2025) ** '''XFG''' '[[Stratus]]' (januario 2025, Canada, descendante de JN.1 LF.7 x LP.8.1.2) == Referentias== <references/> [[Categoria:Coronaviridae]] [[Categoria:Virus pathogen]] 9z32ewcrs060d5oihw2r1i4m00jbvdi 705569 705568 2026-11-04T07:37:42Z Tratxan 61856 705569 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = SARS-CoV-2 | image = Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.jpg | image_alt = Electron micrograph of SARS-CoV-2 virions with visible coronae | image_caption = Transmission electron micrographia colorisate de SARS-CoV-2 [[virus|virions]]<br>con lor "corona" de spicas visibile. | domain = [[Riboviria]] | regnum = [[Orthornavirae]] | phylum = [[Pisuviricota]] | classis = [[Pisoniviricetes]] | ordo = [[Nidovirales]] | subordo= Cornidovirineae | familia = [[Coronaviridae]] | subfamilia = [[Orthocoronavirinae]] | genus = ''[[Betacoronavirus]]'' | subgenus = ''[[Sarbecovirus]]'' | species = ''[[SARSr-CoV]]<br>{{small|Severe acute respiratory<br>syndrome-related coronavirus}}'' }} Le '''Coronavirus 2 del syndrome respiratori acute sever''' (abbreviate: '''SARS-CoV-2'''<ref>''SARS'' veni del acronymo anglese: ''Severe acute respiratory syndrome''</ref>) es un [[virus de ARN]] [[monocatenari]] del [[Familia (rango taxonomic)|familia]] [[Coronavirus|Coronaviridae]], que causa le [[COVID-19|maladia de coronavirus 2019]] (Covid-19)<ref name="Time">{{cite news|url=https://time.com/5782284/who-name-coronavirus-covid-19/|title=What's in a Name? Why WHO's Formal Name for the New Coronavirus Disease Matters|author=Sanya Mansoor|date=February 11, 2020|accessdate=February 13, 2020|publisher=Time|archivedate=February 12, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212144323/https://time.com/5782284/who-name-coronavirus-covid-19/}}</ref>. Illo essava initialmente cognoscite como '''nove coronavirus-19''' (abbreviate: '''2019-nCoV''') per le [[Organisation Mundial del Sanitate]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/publications-detail/surveillance-case-definitions-for-human-infection-with-novel-coronavirus-(ncov)|title=Surveillance case definitions for human infection with novel coronavirus (nCoV)|website=who.int|accessdate=21 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/novel-coronavirus-2019.html|title=Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), Wuhan, China|date=10 January 2020|website=cdc.gov|publisher=cdc.gov|url-status=live|accessdate=16 January 2020}}</ref>. Le virus lanceava le [[Pandemia de Covid-19|pandemia de coronavirus 2019-2020]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinacdc.cn/dfdt/201912/t20191226_209404.html|title=中国疾病预防控制中心|website=chinacdc.cn|accessdate=9 January 2020|archivedate=6 February 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206072618/http://www.chinacdc.cn/dfdt/201912/t20191226_209404.html}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-01/09/c_138690570.htm|title=New-type coronavirus causes pneumonia in Wuhan: expert|agency=Xinhua|accessdate=9 January 2020|archivedate=9 January 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109084208/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-01/09/c_138690570.htm}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://platform.gisaid.org/epi3/start/CoV2020|title=CoV2020|website=platform.gisaid.org|url-status=live|accessdate=12 January 2020}}</ref> Le prime casos suspectate esseva reportate per le [[Organisation Mundial del Sanitate|OMS]] le 31 de decembre 2019.<ref name="WHO5Jan2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/csr/don/05-january-2020-pneumonia-of-unkown-cause-china/en/|title=Pneumonia of unknown cause – China. Disease outbreak news|last=|first=|date=5 January 2020|website=|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|accessdate=6 January 2020|quote=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107032945/https://www.who.int/csr/don/05-january-2020-pneumonia-of-unkown-cause-china/en/|archive-date=7 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Schnirring14Jan2020">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/report-thailands-coronavirus-patient-didnt-visit-outbreak-market|title=Report: Thailand's coronavirus patient didn't visit outbreak market|last=Schnirring|first=Lisa|date=14 January 2020|website=CIDRAP|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114230152/http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/report-thailands-coronavirus-patient-didnt-visit-outbreak-market|archive-date=14 January 2020|accessdate=15 January 2020}}</ref> Plure casos del nove coronavirus esseva vinculate al [[mercato]] de [[Alimento|alimentos]] [[Mar|marin]] de [[Wuhan]], in [[China]]. Le virus poterea venir ex [[animal]]es appestate in le mercato, ma il non es ancora certe que iste loco es le fonte del [[epidemic|epidemia]].<ref name=CDC18Jan2020>[http://www.nj.gov/health/cd/documents/topics/NCOV/NCoV_LINCS_wuhan_update_011820_combined.pdf "Update and Interim Guidance on Outbreak of 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Wuhan, China CDC Health Update"]. New Jersey Department of Health. 18 January 2020</ref> Le material genetic de iste nove coronavirus monstra similaritates con le SARS-CoV (79.5%)<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.22.914952v2|title=Discovery of a novel coronavirus associated with the recent pneumonia outbreak in humans and its potential bat origin|first1=Peng|last1=Zhou|first2=Xing-Lou|last2=Yang|first3=Xian-Guang|last3=Wang|first4=Ben|last4=Hu|first5=Lei|last5=Zhang|first6=Wei|last6=Zhang|first7=Hao-Rui|last7=Si|date=23 January 2020|journal=bioRxiv|pages=2020.01.22.914952|via=www.biorxiv.org|doi=10.1101/2020.01.22.914952}}</ref> e altere cippos de coronavirus de [[vespertilion]] (96%). Hoc significa que le virus pote haber primo venite ex vespertiliones.<ref name=":3">Sample [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MG772933 CoVZC45] and [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MG772934 CoVZXC21], see [https://nextstrain.org/groups/blab/sars-like-cov there for an interactive visualisation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120190511/https://nextstrain.org/groups/blab/sars-like-cov |date=20 January 2020 }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite journal|title=The 2019 new Coronavirus epidemic: evidence for virus evolution|url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.24.915157v1|journal=bioRxiv|volume=|pages=2020.01.24.915157|doi=10.1101/2020.01.24.915157|via=|year=2020|last1=Benvenuto|first1=Domenico|last2=Giovannetti|first2=Marta|last3=Ciccozzi|first3=Alessandra|last4=Spoto|first4=Silvia|last5=Angeletti|first5=Silvia|last6=Ciccozzi|first6=Massimo}}</ref><ref name="Cyranoski">{{Cite journal|last=Callaway|first=Ewen|last2=Cyranoski|first2=David|date=23 January 2020|title=Why snakes probably aren't spreading the new China virus|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00180-8|journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-00180-8|accessdate=27 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125051951/https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00180-8|archive-date=25 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Le scientistas faceva varie experimentos que monstrava que le virus forsan vadeva ex vespertiliones ad hospites intermedie, significante que altere animales hospitante existe inter le vespertilion e le [[Homo sapiens|human]]. ==Principal variantes preoccupante== {{Pandemia de Covid-19}} A mesura que la pandemia progressa, le virus evolua pro se adaptar al immunisation del population e de nove variantes appare con mutationes genetic que permitte le {{Ill|en|evasion antigenic|Antigenic escape}} (escappamento al [[anticorpore]]s del responsa immunitari). Iste mutationes concerna principalmente le dominio de ligamine al receptor sur le qual le anticorpores se fixa. Depost la apparition del duo cippos original (A & B) al fin de 2019 a [[Wuhan]]<ref>Xiaolu Tang, Changcheng Wu, Xiang Li, Yuhe Song, Xinmin Yao, Xinkai Wu, Yuange Duan, Hong Zhang, Yirong Wang, Zhaohui Qian, Jie Cui, Jian Lu, [https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaa036 On the origin and continuing evolution of SARS-CoV-2], National Science Review, Volume 7, Issue 6, June 2020, Pages 1012–1023, https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaa036</ref>, le principal variantes responsabile de ondas de contamination es le siquente: * '''Alpha (B.1.1.7)''', apparite in octobre 2020 al [[Regno Unite]]; * '''Beta (B.1.351)''', apparite le 18 decembre 2020 in [[Africa del Sud]]; * '''Gamma (P.1)''', apparite le 6 januario 2021 in Japan de personas originari del [[Brasil]]; P1 e P.2 deriva de B.1.1.28 que harea circulate al Brasil depois februario 2020; * '''Delta (B.1.617.2)''', derivante del B.1.617 apparite le 5 octobre 2020 in [[India]]; * '''Omicron (B.1.1.529)''', discoprite in Africa del Sud in novembre 2021 con circa trenta mutationes sul {{Ill|en|spicula proteina|Coronavirus spike protein}}; del 3 formas BA.1, BA.2 e BA.3, '''BA.2''' es le plus frequente. Le coronavirus continua su evolution in le familia del subvariantes Omicron: ** '''BA.4/BA.5''', classate preoccupante le 17 maio 2022, es responsabile del unda epidemic del primavera-estate 2022 in [[Europa]]; le subvariantes '''BA.2.75''', '''BA.5.3.1''' e '''BF.7''' prolonga le contaminations; ** '''BQ.1.1''' (B.1.1.529.5.3.1.1.1.1.1.1) associate con disordines gatrointestinal (Nigeria 07-2022);<ref>https://www.inspq.qc.ca/covid-19/labo/variants</ref> ** '''XBB.1.5''' 'Kraken', es un variante recombinante (XBB = BJ.1 x BA.2.75) discoperite al [[Statos Unite de America|SUA]] in octobre 2022; le vaccino es actualisate pro proteger contre iste variante;<ref>https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-takes-action-updated-mrna-covid-19-vaccines-better-protect-against-currently-circulating</ref><ref>https://www.vidal.fr/actualites/30397-vaccination-covid-19-trois-nouvelles-formulations-de-comirnaty-adaptees-au-variant-xbb-1-5.html</ref> ** XBB.1.9 'Hyperion'; ** XBB.1.16 'Arcturus', sub vigilantia al primavera 2023; ** XBB.2.3 'Acrux'; ** '''EG.5.1''' (=XBB.1.9.2.5.1) 'Eris', emergente in augusto 2023 (del 'Hyperion' clan).<ref>https://www.midilibre.fr/2023/08/07/eris-le-nouveau-variant-du-covid-contagiosite-nombre-de-cas-quel-est-ce-virus-qui-descend-domicron-11383307.php</ref> ** '''JN.1''' (=BA.2.86.1.1, septembre 2023, vaccino 2024-2025)<ref>https://www.santemagazine.fr/actualites/actualites-sante/tout-savoir-sur-jn1-le-nouveau-variant-du-covid-19-notamment-repere-au-royaume-uni-1040261</ref>, subvariante de Pirola (BA.2.86, sub surveliantia depost augusto 2023)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://fr.italy24.press/coronavirus/835123.html |accessdate=2023-08-21 |archivedate=2023-08-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821081010/https://fr.italy24.press/coronavirus/835123.html }}</ref>. Iste ultime se characterisa per eruptiones cutanee (principalmente sul facie e axillas) e irritation [[oculo|ocular]], ultra digestive symptomas.<ref>https://lasanteauquotidien.com/coronavirus-covid-19/covid-19-quel-est-ce-nouveau-symptome-du-variant-pirola-qui-touche-le-visage/</ref> ** XDK, sub surveliantia in Francia in martio 2024, un recombinante JN1 x XBB.1.16.<ref>https://www.capital.fr/economie-politique/covid-19-un-nouveau-variant-recombinant-xdk-identifie-faut-il-s-en-mefier-1495302</ref> ** '''KP.2''' (=B.1.1.529.2.86.1.1.11.1.2=JN.1.11.1.2, [[Statos Unite de America|SUA]], april 2024), un variante "FLiRT" (gruppo de variantes characterisate per mutationes F456L e R346T in spicula proteina, meliorante le escappamento de JN.1 al [[anticorpore]]s); V1104L compensa un ligamine plus debile al ACE2 receptor.<ref>https://cov-lineages.org/lineage_list.html</ref><ref>https://theconversation.com/as-covid-cases-rise-again-what-do-i-need-to-know-about-the-new-flirt-variants-230423</ref><ref>(pdf) https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.20.595020v1.full.pdf</ref> ** '''XEC''', un variante recombinante KS.1.1 (FLiRT) x KP.3.3 (FLuQE) ** '''LP.8.1''' (julio 2024, descendante de JN.1 ; vaccino 2025-2026 in Europa)<ref>https://www.gavi.org/fr/vaccineswork/huit-choses-savoir-nouveaux-variants-covid-19-nimbus-stratus</ref> ** '''NB.1.8.1''' '[[Nimbus]]' (januario 2025, epidemia in Est Asia 2025) ** '''XFG''' '[[Stratus]]' (januario 2025, Canada, descendante de JN.1 LF.7 x LP.8.1.2) == Referentias== <references/> [[Categoria:Coronaviridae]] [[Categoria:Virus pathogen]] 0mw1jdurlcq9jafiva3bi0wibylo11v 705570 705569 2026-11-04T07:38:00Z Tratxan 61856 /* Principal variantes preoccupante */ 705570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = SARS-CoV-2 | image = Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.jpg | image_alt = Electron micrograph of SARS-CoV-2 virions with visible coronae | image_caption = Transmission electron micrographia colorisate de SARS-CoV-2 [[virus|virions]]<br>con lor "corona" de spicas visibile. | domain = [[Riboviria]] | regnum = [[Orthornavirae]] | phylum = [[Pisuviricota]] | classis = [[Pisoniviricetes]] | ordo = [[Nidovirales]] | subordo= Cornidovirineae | familia = [[Coronaviridae]] | subfamilia = [[Orthocoronavirinae]] | genus = ''[[Betacoronavirus]]'' | subgenus = ''[[Sarbecovirus]]'' | species = ''[[SARSr-CoV]]<br>{{small|Severe acute respiratory<br>syndrome-related coronavirus}}'' }} Le '''Coronavirus 2 del syndrome respiratori acute sever''' (abbreviate: '''SARS-CoV-2'''<ref>''SARS'' veni del acronymo anglese: ''Severe acute respiratory syndrome''</ref>) es un [[virus de ARN]] [[monocatenari]] del [[Familia (rango taxonomic)|familia]] [[Coronavirus|Coronaviridae]], que causa le [[COVID-19|maladia de coronavirus 2019]] (Covid-19)<ref name="Time">{{cite news|url=https://time.com/5782284/who-name-coronavirus-covid-19/|title=What's in a Name? Why WHO's Formal Name for the New Coronavirus Disease Matters|author=Sanya Mansoor|date=February 11, 2020|accessdate=February 13, 2020|publisher=Time|archivedate=February 12, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212144323/https://time.com/5782284/who-name-coronavirus-covid-19/}}</ref>. Illo essava initialmente cognoscite como '''nove coronavirus-19''' (abbreviate: '''2019-nCoV''') per le [[Organisation Mundial del Sanitate]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/publications-detail/surveillance-case-definitions-for-human-infection-with-novel-coronavirus-(ncov)|title=Surveillance case definitions for human infection with novel coronavirus (nCoV)|website=who.int|accessdate=21 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/novel-coronavirus-2019.html|title=Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), Wuhan, China|date=10 January 2020|website=cdc.gov|publisher=cdc.gov|url-status=live|accessdate=16 January 2020}}</ref>. Le virus lanceava le [[Pandemia de Covid-19|pandemia de coronavirus 2019-2020]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinacdc.cn/dfdt/201912/t20191226_209404.html|title=中国疾病预防控制中心|website=chinacdc.cn|accessdate=9 January 2020|archivedate=6 February 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206072618/http://www.chinacdc.cn/dfdt/201912/t20191226_209404.html}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-01/09/c_138690570.htm|title=New-type coronavirus causes pneumonia in Wuhan: expert|agency=Xinhua|accessdate=9 January 2020|archivedate=9 January 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109084208/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-01/09/c_138690570.htm}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://platform.gisaid.org/epi3/start/CoV2020|title=CoV2020|website=platform.gisaid.org|url-status=live|accessdate=12 January 2020}}</ref> Le prime casos suspectate esseva reportate per le [[Organisation Mundial del Sanitate|OMS]] le 31 de decembre 2019.<ref name="WHO5Jan2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/csr/don/05-january-2020-pneumonia-of-unkown-cause-china/en/|title=Pneumonia of unknown cause – China. Disease outbreak news|last=|first=|date=5 January 2020|website=|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|accessdate=6 January 2020|quote=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107032945/https://www.who.int/csr/don/05-january-2020-pneumonia-of-unkown-cause-china/en/|archive-date=7 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Schnirring14Jan2020">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/report-thailands-coronavirus-patient-didnt-visit-outbreak-market|title=Report: Thailand's coronavirus patient didn't visit outbreak market|last=Schnirring|first=Lisa|date=14 January 2020|website=CIDRAP|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114230152/http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/report-thailands-coronavirus-patient-didnt-visit-outbreak-market|archive-date=14 January 2020|accessdate=15 January 2020}}</ref> Plure casos del nove coronavirus esseva vinculate al [[mercato]] de [[Alimento|alimentos]] [[Mar|marin]] de [[Wuhan]], in [[China]]. Le virus poterea venir ex [[animal]]es appestate in le mercato, ma il non es ancora certe que iste loco es le fonte del [[epidemic|epidemia]].<ref name=CDC18Jan2020>[http://www.nj.gov/health/cd/documents/topics/NCOV/NCoV_LINCS_wuhan_update_011820_combined.pdf "Update and Interim Guidance on Outbreak of 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Wuhan, China CDC Health Update"]. New Jersey Department of Health. 18 January 2020</ref> Le material genetic de iste nove coronavirus monstra similaritates con le SARS-CoV (79.5%)<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.22.914952v2|title=Discovery of a novel coronavirus associated with the recent pneumonia outbreak in humans and its potential bat origin|first1=Peng|last1=Zhou|first2=Xing-Lou|last2=Yang|first3=Xian-Guang|last3=Wang|first4=Ben|last4=Hu|first5=Lei|last5=Zhang|first6=Wei|last6=Zhang|first7=Hao-Rui|last7=Si|date=23 January 2020|journal=bioRxiv|pages=2020.01.22.914952|via=www.biorxiv.org|doi=10.1101/2020.01.22.914952}}</ref> e altere cippos de coronavirus de [[vespertilion]] (96%). Hoc significa que le virus pote haber primo venite ex vespertiliones.<ref name=":3">Sample [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MG772933 CoVZC45] and [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MG772934 CoVZXC21], see [https://nextstrain.org/groups/blab/sars-like-cov there for an interactive visualisation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120190511/https://nextstrain.org/groups/blab/sars-like-cov |date=20 January 2020 }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite journal|title=The 2019 new Coronavirus epidemic: evidence for virus evolution|url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.24.915157v1|journal=bioRxiv|volume=|pages=2020.01.24.915157|doi=10.1101/2020.01.24.915157|via=|year=2020|last1=Benvenuto|first1=Domenico|last2=Giovannetti|first2=Marta|last3=Ciccozzi|first3=Alessandra|last4=Spoto|first4=Silvia|last5=Angeletti|first5=Silvia|last6=Ciccozzi|first6=Massimo}}</ref><ref name="Cyranoski">{{Cite journal|last=Callaway|first=Ewen|last2=Cyranoski|first2=David|date=23 January 2020|title=Why snakes probably aren't spreading the new China virus|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00180-8|journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-00180-8|accessdate=27 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125051951/https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00180-8|archive-date=25 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Le scientistas faceva varie experimentos que monstrava que le virus forsan vadeva ex vespertiliones ad hospites intermedie, significante que altere animales hospitante existe inter le vespertilion e le [[Homo sapiens|human]]. ==Principal variantes preoccupante== A mesura que la pandemia progressa, le virus evolua pro se adaptar al immunisation del population e de nove variantes appare con mutationes genetic que permitte le {{Ill|en|evasion antigenic|Antigenic escape}} (escappamento al [[anticorpore]]s del responsa immunitari). Iste mutationes concerna principalmente le dominio de ligamine al receptor sur le qual le anticorpores se fixa. Depost la apparition del duo cippos original (A & B) al fin de 2019 a [[Wuhan]]<ref>Xiaolu Tang, Changcheng Wu, Xiang Li, Yuhe Song, Xinmin Yao, Xinkai Wu, Yuange Duan, Hong Zhang, Yirong Wang, Zhaohui Qian, Jie Cui, Jian Lu, [https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaa036 On the origin and continuing evolution of SARS-CoV-2], National Science Review, Volume 7, Issue 6, June 2020, Pages 1012–1023, https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaa036</ref>, le principal variantes responsabile de ondas de contamination es le siquente: * '''Alpha (B.1.1.7)''', apparite in octobre 2020 al [[Regno Unite]]; * '''Beta (B.1.351)''', apparite le 18 decembre 2020 in [[Africa del Sud]]; * '''Gamma (P.1)''', apparite le 6 januario 2021 in Japan de personas originari del [[Brasil]]; P1 e P.2 deriva de B.1.1.28 que harea circulate al Brasil depois februario 2020; * '''Delta (B.1.617.2)''', derivante del B.1.617 apparite le 5 octobre 2020 in [[India]]; * '''Omicron (B.1.1.529)''', discoprite in Africa del Sud in novembre 2021 con circa trenta mutationes sul {{Ill|en|spicula proteina|Coronavirus spike protein}}; del 3 formas BA.1, BA.2 e BA.3, '''BA.2''' es le plus frequente. Le coronavirus continua su evolution in le familia del subvariantes Omicron: ** '''BA.4/BA.5''', classate preoccupante le 17 maio 2022, es responsabile del unda epidemic del primavera-estate 2022 in [[Europa]]; le subvariantes '''BA.2.75''', '''BA.5.3.1''' e '''BF.7''' prolonga le contaminations; ** '''BQ.1.1''' (B.1.1.529.5.3.1.1.1.1.1.1) associate con disordines gatrointestinal (Nigeria 07-2022);<ref>https://www.inspq.qc.ca/covid-19/labo/variants</ref> ** '''XBB.1.5''' 'Kraken', es un variante recombinante (XBB = BJ.1 x BA.2.75) discoperite al [[Statos Unite de America|SUA]] in octobre 2022; le vaccino es actualisate pro proteger contre iste variante;<ref>https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-takes-action-updated-mrna-covid-19-vaccines-better-protect-against-currently-circulating</ref><ref>https://www.vidal.fr/actualites/30397-vaccination-covid-19-trois-nouvelles-formulations-de-comirnaty-adaptees-au-variant-xbb-1-5.html</ref> ** XBB.1.9 'Hyperion'; ** XBB.1.16 'Arcturus', sub vigilantia al primavera 2023; ** XBB.2.3 'Acrux'; ** '''EG.5.1''' (=XBB.1.9.2.5.1) 'Eris', emergente in augusto 2023 (del 'Hyperion' clan).<ref>https://www.midilibre.fr/2023/08/07/eris-le-nouveau-variant-du-covid-contagiosite-nombre-de-cas-quel-est-ce-virus-qui-descend-domicron-11383307.php</ref> ** '''JN.1''' (=BA.2.86.1.1, septembre 2023, vaccino 2024-2025)<ref>https://www.santemagazine.fr/actualites/actualites-sante/tout-savoir-sur-jn1-le-nouveau-variant-du-covid-19-notamment-repere-au-royaume-uni-1040261</ref>, subvariante de Pirola (BA.2.86, sub surveliantia depost augusto 2023)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://fr.italy24.press/coronavirus/835123.html |accessdate=2023-08-21 |archivedate=2023-08-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821081010/https://fr.italy24.press/coronavirus/835123.html }}</ref>. Iste ultime se characterisa per eruptiones cutanee (principalmente sul facie e axillas) e irritation [[oculo|ocular]], ultra digestive symptomas.<ref>https://lasanteauquotidien.com/coronavirus-covid-19/covid-19-quel-est-ce-nouveau-symptome-du-variant-pirola-qui-touche-le-visage/</ref> {{Pandemia de Covid-19}} ** XDK, sub surveliantia in Francia in martio 2024, un recombinante JN1 x XBB.1.16.<ref>https://www.capital.fr/economie-politique/covid-19-un-nouveau-variant-recombinant-xdk-identifie-faut-il-s-en-mefier-1495302</ref> ** '''KP.2''' (=B.1.1.529.2.86.1.1.11.1.2=JN.1.11.1.2, [[Statos Unite de America|SUA]], april 2024), un variante "FLiRT" (gruppo de variantes characterisate per mutationes F456L e R346T in spicula proteina, meliorante le escappamento de JN.1 al [[anticorpore]]s); V1104L compensa un ligamine plus debile al ACE2 receptor.<ref>https://cov-lineages.org/lineage_list.html</ref><ref>https://theconversation.com/as-covid-cases-rise-again-what-do-i-need-to-know-about-the-new-flirt-variants-230423</ref><ref>(pdf) https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.20.595020v1.full.pdf</ref> ** '''XEC''', un variante recombinante KS.1.1 (FLiRT) x KP.3.3 (FLuQE) ** '''LP.8.1''' (julio 2024, descendante de JN.1 ; vaccino 2025-2026 in Europa)<ref>https://www.gavi.org/fr/vaccineswork/huit-choses-savoir-nouveaux-variants-covid-19-nimbus-stratus</ref> ** '''NB.1.8.1''' '[[Nimbus]]' (januario 2025, epidemia in Est Asia 2025) ** '''XFG''' '[[Stratus]]' (januario 2025, Canada, descendante de JN.1 LF.7 x LP.8.1.2) == Referentias== <references/> [[Categoria:Coronaviridae]] [[Categoria:Virus pathogen]] dbltp87xakib1fd27ofk4e6k1c11n41 705571 705570 2026-11-04T07:38:23Z Tratxan 61856 /* Principal variantes preoccupante */ 705571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = SARS-CoV-2 | image = Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.jpg | image_alt = Electron micrograph of SARS-CoV-2 virions with visible coronae | image_caption = Transmission electron micrographia colorisate de SARS-CoV-2 [[virus|virions]]<br>con lor "corona" de spicas visibile. | domain = [[Riboviria]] | regnum = [[Orthornavirae]] | phylum = [[Pisuviricota]] | classis = [[Pisoniviricetes]] | ordo = [[Nidovirales]] | subordo= Cornidovirineae | familia = [[Coronaviridae]] | subfamilia = [[Orthocoronavirinae]] | genus = ''[[Betacoronavirus]]'' | subgenus = ''[[Sarbecovirus]]'' | species = ''[[SARSr-CoV]]<br>{{small|Severe acute respiratory<br>syndrome-related coronavirus}}'' }} Le '''Coronavirus 2 del syndrome respiratori acute sever''' (abbreviate: '''SARS-CoV-2'''<ref>''SARS'' veni del acronymo anglese: ''Severe acute respiratory syndrome''</ref>) es un [[virus de ARN]] [[monocatenari]] del [[Familia (rango taxonomic)|familia]] [[Coronavirus|Coronaviridae]], que causa le [[COVID-19|maladia de coronavirus 2019]] (Covid-19)<ref name="Time">{{cite news|url=https://time.com/5782284/who-name-coronavirus-covid-19/|title=What's in a Name? Why WHO's Formal Name for the New Coronavirus Disease Matters|author=Sanya Mansoor|date=February 11, 2020|accessdate=February 13, 2020|publisher=Time|archivedate=February 12, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212144323/https://time.com/5782284/who-name-coronavirus-covid-19/}}</ref>. Illo essava initialmente cognoscite como '''nove coronavirus-19''' (abbreviate: '''2019-nCoV''') per le [[Organisation Mundial del Sanitate]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/publications-detail/surveillance-case-definitions-for-human-infection-with-novel-coronavirus-(ncov)|title=Surveillance case definitions for human infection with novel coronavirus (nCoV)|website=who.int|accessdate=21 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/novel-coronavirus-2019.html|title=Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), Wuhan, China|date=10 January 2020|website=cdc.gov|publisher=cdc.gov|url-status=live|accessdate=16 January 2020}}</ref>. Le virus lanceava le [[Pandemia de Covid-19|pandemia de coronavirus 2019-2020]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinacdc.cn/dfdt/201912/t20191226_209404.html|title=中国疾病预防控制中心|website=chinacdc.cn|accessdate=9 January 2020|archivedate=6 February 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206072618/http://www.chinacdc.cn/dfdt/201912/t20191226_209404.html}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-01/09/c_138690570.htm|title=New-type coronavirus causes pneumonia in Wuhan: expert|agency=Xinhua|accessdate=9 January 2020|archivedate=9 January 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109084208/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-01/09/c_138690570.htm}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://platform.gisaid.org/epi3/start/CoV2020|title=CoV2020|website=platform.gisaid.org|url-status=live|accessdate=12 January 2020}}</ref> Le prime casos suspectate esseva reportate per le [[Organisation Mundial del Sanitate|OMS]] le 31 de decembre 2019.<ref name="WHO5Jan2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/csr/don/05-january-2020-pneumonia-of-unkown-cause-china/en/|title=Pneumonia of unknown cause – China. Disease outbreak news|last=|first=|date=5 January 2020|website=|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|accessdate=6 January 2020|quote=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107032945/https://www.who.int/csr/don/05-january-2020-pneumonia-of-unkown-cause-china/en/|archive-date=7 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Schnirring14Jan2020">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/report-thailands-coronavirus-patient-didnt-visit-outbreak-market|title=Report: Thailand's coronavirus patient didn't visit outbreak market|last=Schnirring|first=Lisa|date=14 January 2020|website=CIDRAP|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114230152/http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/report-thailands-coronavirus-patient-didnt-visit-outbreak-market|archive-date=14 January 2020|accessdate=15 January 2020}}</ref> Plure casos del nove coronavirus esseva vinculate al [[mercato]] de [[Alimento|alimentos]] [[Mar|marin]] de [[Wuhan]], in [[China]]. Le virus poterea venir ex [[animal]]es appestate in le mercato, ma il non es ancora certe que iste loco es le fonte del [[epidemic|epidemia]].<ref name=CDC18Jan2020>[http://www.nj.gov/health/cd/documents/topics/NCOV/NCoV_LINCS_wuhan_update_011820_combined.pdf "Update and Interim Guidance on Outbreak of 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Wuhan, China CDC Health Update"]. New Jersey Department of Health. 18 January 2020</ref> Le material genetic de iste nove coronavirus monstra similaritates con le SARS-CoV (79.5%)<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.22.914952v2|title=Discovery of a novel coronavirus associated with the recent pneumonia outbreak in humans and its potential bat origin|first1=Peng|last1=Zhou|first2=Xing-Lou|last2=Yang|first3=Xian-Guang|last3=Wang|first4=Ben|last4=Hu|first5=Lei|last5=Zhang|first6=Wei|last6=Zhang|first7=Hao-Rui|last7=Si|date=23 January 2020|journal=bioRxiv|pages=2020.01.22.914952|via=www.biorxiv.org|doi=10.1101/2020.01.22.914952}}</ref> e altere cippos de coronavirus de [[vespertilion]] (96%). Hoc significa que le virus pote haber primo venite ex vespertiliones.<ref name=":3">Sample [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MG772933 CoVZC45] and [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MG772934 CoVZXC21], see [https://nextstrain.org/groups/blab/sars-like-cov there for an interactive visualisation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120190511/https://nextstrain.org/groups/blab/sars-like-cov |date=20 January 2020 }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite journal|title=The 2019 new Coronavirus epidemic: evidence for virus evolution|url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.24.915157v1|journal=bioRxiv|volume=|pages=2020.01.24.915157|doi=10.1101/2020.01.24.915157|via=|year=2020|last1=Benvenuto|first1=Domenico|last2=Giovannetti|first2=Marta|last3=Ciccozzi|first3=Alessandra|last4=Spoto|first4=Silvia|last5=Angeletti|first5=Silvia|last6=Ciccozzi|first6=Massimo}}</ref><ref name="Cyranoski">{{Cite journal|last=Callaway|first=Ewen|last2=Cyranoski|first2=David|date=23 January 2020|title=Why snakes probably aren't spreading the new China virus|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00180-8|journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-00180-8|accessdate=27 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125051951/https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00180-8|archive-date=25 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Le scientistas faceva varie experimentos que monstrava que le virus forsan vadeva ex vespertiliones ad hospites intermedie, significante que altere animales hospitante existe inter le vespertilion e le [[Homo sapiens|human]]. ==Principal variantes preoccupante== A mesura que la pandemia progressa, le virus evolua pro se adaptar al immunisation del population e de nove variantes appare con mutationes genetic que permitte le {{Ill|en|evasion antigenic|Antigenic escape}} (escappamento al [[anticorpore]]s del responsa immunitari). Iste mutationes concerna principalmente le dominio de ligamine al receptor sur le qual le anticorpores se fixa. Depost la apparition del duo cippos original (A & B) al fin de 2019 a [[Wuhan]]<ref>Xiaolu Tang, Changcheng Wu, Xiang Li, Yuhe Song, Xinmin Yao, Xinkai Wu, Yuange Duan, Hong Zhang, Yirong Wang, Zhaohui Qian, Jie Cui, Jian Lu, [https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaa036 On the origin and continuing evolution of SARS-CoV-2], National Science Review, Volume 7, Issue 6, June 2020, Pages 1012–1023, https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaa036</ref>, le principal variantes responsabile de ondas de contamination es le siquente: * '''Alpha (B.1.1.7)''', apparite in octobre 2020 al [[Regno Unite]]; * '''Beta (B.1.351)''', apparite le 18 decembre 2020 in [[Africa del Sud]]; * '''Gamma (P.1)''', apparite le 6 januario 2021 in Japan de personas originari del [[Brasil]]; P1 e P.2 deriva de B.1.1.28 que harea circulate al Brasil depois februario 2020; * '''Delta (B.1.617.2)''', derivante del B.1.617 apparite le 5 octobre 2020 in [[India]]; * '''Omicron (B.1.1.529)''', discoprite in Africa del Sud in novembre 2021 con circa trenta mutationes sul {{Ill|en|spicula proteina|Coronavirus spike protein}}; del 3 formas BA.1, BA.2 e BA.3, '''BA.2''' es le plus frequente. Le coronavirus continua su evolution in le familia del subvariantes Omicron: ** '''BA.4/BA.5''', classate preoccupante le 17 maio 2022, es responsabile del unda epidemic del primavera-estate 2022 in [[Europa]]; le subvariantes '''BA.2.75''', '''BA.5.3.1''' e '''BF.7''' prolonga le contaminations; ** '''BQ.1.1''' (B.1.1.529.5.3.1.1.1.1.1.1) associate con disordines gatrointestinal (Nigeria 07-2022);<ref>https://www.inspq.qc.ca/covid-19/labo/variants</ref> {{Pandemia de Covid-19}} ** '''XBB.1.5''' 'Kraken', es un variante recombinante (XBB = BJ.1 x BA.2.75) discoperite al [[Statos Unite de America|SUA]] in octobre 2022; le vaccino es actualisate pro proteger contre iste variante;<ref>https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-takes-action-updated-mrna-covid-19-vaccines-better-protect-against-currently-circulating</ref><ref>https://www.vidal.fr/actualites/30397-vaccination-covid-19-trois-nouvelles-formulations-de-comirnaty-adaptees-au-variant-xbb-1-5.html</ref> ** XBB.1.9 'Hyperion'; ** XBB.1.16 'Arcturus', sub vigilantia al primavera 2023; ** XBB.2.3 'Acrux'; ** '''EG.5.1''' (=XBB.1.9.2.5.1) 'Eris', emergente in augusto 2023 (del 'Hyperion' clan).<ref>https://www.midilibre.fr/2023/08/07/eris-le-nouveau-variant-du-covid-contagiosite-nombre-de-cas-quel-est-ce-virus-qui-descend-domicron-11383307.php</ref> ** '''JN.1''' (=BA.2.86.1.1, septembre 2023, vaccino 2024-2025)<ref>https://www.santemagazine.fr/actualites/actualites-sante/tout-savoir-sur-jn1-le-nouveau-variant-du-covid-19-notamment-repere-au-royaume-uni-1040261</ref>, subvariante de Pirola (BA.2.86, sub surveliantia depost augusto 2023)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://fr.italy24.press/coronavirus/835123.html |accessdate=2023-08-21 |archivedate=2023-08-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821081010/https://fr.italy24.press/coronavirus/835123.html }}</ref>. Iste ultime se characterisa per eruptiones cutanee (principalmente sul facie e axillas) e irritation [[oculo|ocular]], ultra digestive symptomas.<ref>https://lasanteauquotidien.com/coronavirus-covid-19/covid-19-quel-est-ce-nouveau-symptome-du-variant-pirola-qui-touche-le-visage/</ref> ** XDK, sub surveliantia in Francia in martio 2024, un recombinante JN1 x XBB.1.16.<ref>https://www.capital.fr/economie-politique/covid-19-un-nouveau-variant-recombinant-xdk-identifie-faut-il-s-en-mefier-1495302</ref> ** '''KP.2''' (=B.1.1.529.2.86.1.1.11.1.2=JN.1.11.1.2, [[Statos Unite de America|SUA]], april 2024), un variante "FLiRT" (gruppo de variantes characterisate per mutationes F456L e R346T in spicula proteina, meliorante le escappamento de JN.1 al [[anticorpore]]s); V1104L compensa un ligamine plus debile al ACE2 receptor.<ref>https://cov-lineages.org/lineage_list.html</ref><ref>https://theconversation.com/as-covid-cases-rise-again-what-do-i-need-to-know-about-the-new-flirt-variants-230423</ref><ref>(pdf) https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.20.595020v1.full.pdf</ref> ** '''XEC''', un variante recombinante KS.1.1 (FLiRT) x KP.3.3 (FLuQE) ** '''LP.8.1''' (julio 2024, descendante de JN.1 ; vaccino 2025-2026 in Europa)<ref>https://www.gavi.org/fr/vaccineswork/huit-choses-savoir-nouveaux-variants-covid-19-nimbus-stratus</ref> ** '''NB.1.8.1''' '[[Nimbus]]' (januario 2025, epidemia in Est Asia 2025) ** '''XFG''' '[[Stratus]]' (januario 2025, Canada, descendante de JN.1 LF.7 x LP.8.1.2) == Referentias== <references/> [[Categoria:Coronaviridae]] [[Categoria:Virus pathogen]] ja9lw6pgldk8se1hpqrjo4j1g1muvlm 0 55323 705520 665979 2026-11-03T22:54:25Z Ladsgroup 1091 Replacing [[:c:File:Pathogens-04-00682-g001.png|Pathogens-04-00682-g001.png]] with [[:c:File:Pathogens-04-00682-g001.svg|Pathogens-04-00682-g001.svg]]: SVG file, higher quality 705520 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = ''Metapneumovirus hominis'' | image = Pathogens-04-00682-g001.svg | image_caption = Structura e genoma del<br>''Metapneumovirus human''. | domain = [[Riboviria]] | regnum = [[Orthornavirae]] | phylum= [[Negarnaviricota]] | subphylum = [[Haploviricotina]] | classis = [[Monjiviricetes]] | ordo= [[Mononegavirales]] | familia = [[Pneumoviridae]] | genus = ''[[Metapneumovirus]]'' | taxon = ''Metapneumovirus hominis'' | taxon_rank = [[Specie]] | authority = [[ICTV]], 2022 | synonyms =*''Human metapneumovirus'' <small>ICTV, 2005</small> }} '''''Metapneumovirus hominis''''' ('''hMPV''') es un [[specie]] de [[virus]] del [[Familia (rango taxonomic)|familia]] [[Pneumoviridae]]. Es un [[virus de ARN]] de singulo filamento de senso negative. Illo causa [[infection]]es del {{Ill|en|vias respiratori|Respiratory tract}} inferior, [[tusse]], [[Frigido (maladia)|rhinopharyngite]] e [[febre]]. Es le secunde causa de infection respiratori inferior, post le [[Orthopneumovirus human|virus syncytial respiratori]] (RSV), in [[infante]]s juvene.<ref>{{doi|10.1016/j.patbio.2008.04.005}}</ref><ref>https://www.rfi.fr/fr/asie-pacifique/20230929-australie-hausse-des-cas-de-metapneumovirus-un-virus-respiratoire-m%C3%A9connu?utm_medium=syndication&utm_source=platform&utm_campaign=google_news&utm_content=api_link</ref> ==Phylogenia== Identificate in 2001 in Nederland, es proxime del ''{{Ill|en|Metapneumovirus avis|Avian metapneumovirus}}'', le metapneumovirus [[Aves|aviairi]], ma admitte le [[Homo sapiens|human]] como principal {{Ill|en|hospite|Host (biology)}}. {{Refer}} [[Categoria:Pneumoviridae]] qa30kufdnljyvv5c5gnnjq2mdy547dh 2 59505 705515 705377 2026-11-03T22:11:17Z Tim Ocean 30221 act. 705515 wikitext text/x-wiki Salute a omnes. Io es un nove redactor de iste Wikipedia. Io me appella Piotr. Io es un interlinguista polonese. Mi nivello de interlingua es proxime a C1. Plus exactemente io habe plus que 9000 parolas/flashcards active de interlingua in mi Anki. Io ha essite un redactor del Wikipedia Polonese pro un longe tempore. Io es le autor de multiple articulos. Io es tamben un autor de alcun articulos/fragmentos al Wikipedia Anglese. Mi nomine al Reddit es PLrc. Io ha revidite/corrigite errores in le sequente articulos (inter alteres). Le grasses es de longitude medie o grande: * [[Dune]], * [[Isaac Bashevis Singer]], * [[Historia de interlingua|'''Historia de interlingua''']], * [[Historia de ido|'''Historia de ido''']], * [[Romance (litteratura)]], * [[Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof|'''Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof''']], * [[Vicente Costalago|'''Vicente Costalago''']], * [[Volapük|'''Volapik''']], * [[Historia de esperanto]], * [[Litteratura in Interlingue|'''Litteratura in interlingue''']], * [[Polonia]], * '''[[Francia]],''' * [[Lingua catalan]], * '''[[Historia de volapük]]''' (io non ha ancora revidite stilo in tote le articulo), * [[Hugo Fischer]], * [[Pro Biblia]]. Io es le autor o ha contribute significantemente al sequente articulos: * [[Brian E. Drake]], * [[Andreas Juste]], * [[International concurso pianista Frédéric Chopin|International concurso pianista Frederic Chopin]], * [[Methodo de interlingua|'''Methodo de interlingua''']], * '''[[Grammatica de interlingua]],''' * '''[[Stanley Mulaik]],''' * [[Stanisław Lem]], * [[Solaris]], * [[Auli]], * [[Bridge]], * [[Standardisation interlinguistic]], * [[Tatras]]. Le prime duo es traducite ab ido. Io non parla ido (nec esperanto) ma il pare que ido es plus simile a interlingua que esperanto e il es relativemente facile comprender un texto idista. De plus io ha create iste peciettas: * [[Ezra Clark Stillman]], * [[Barbara Rubinstein]], * [[Partition]], * [[Harleigh Kyson]], * [[Vesir]], * [[Lingua extremaduran]], * [[Pat]], * [[Mirosław Wiechowski]], * [[Interlingua. Le Lingua International. Un Grammatica Descriptive]], * [[Levata]], * [[Jocos de levatas]], * [[Cassubia]], * [[Chachiera]]. cg1bald1xje7cs0rsw57502169y02ke 14 59841 705466 682768 2026-11-03T21:08:37Z Tratxan 61856 705466 wikitext text/x-wiki {{commonscat|History of India}} [[Categoria:India]] [[Categoria:Historia per pais|India]] [[Categoria:Historia de Asia per pais]] iluxbmek71b5jnu0lz88ri10iiwwo21 0 59845 705585 683350 2026-11-04T08:57:44Z Tratxan 61856 705585 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} '''Historia del Argentina''' comprende le insimul de evenimentos politic, social, economic e cultural occurrente in le territorio del actual [[Republica Argentina]], desde le population human prehistor ic usque al epocha contemporanee. Le region esseva habitate per diverse populos indigena ante le conquesto espaniol, in le seculo XVI. Posteriormente, illo esseva integrate in le [[Imperio Espaniol]], deveniente le centro del [[Viceregno del Rio de la Plata]] in 1776. Le Revolution de Maio de 1810 initiava le processo de independentia, proclamate le 9 de julio 1816. Post decennios de conflictos interne, Argentina se consolidava como Stato federal durante le secunde medietate del seculo XIX. Su historia ulterior esseva marcate per le immigration europee, le expansion economic, le disputas politic inter differente movimentos, successive colpos militar e le restablimento del democratia in 1983.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rock |first=David |title=Argentina, 1516–1987: From Spanish Colonization to Alfonsín |publisher=University of California Press |year=1987}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Contente |first=Claudia |title=Argentina |url=https://academic.oup.com/reference/62333/reference-article-abstract/554050583 |website=Oxford Bibliographies |date=25 August 2021}}</ref> == Population initial == Le prime habitantes del actual territorio argentin arrivava circa 13 000 annos retro, establiente se in differente regiones del Patagonia, del region pampean e del nord-west. Durante le millennios se disveloppava societates con differente formas de organisation economic e cultural. Le populos chassator e collectores habitava principalmente le regiones pampean, patagonic e chaquean, durante que communitates agricultural e agroceramic se establiava in le nord-west, in Cuyo e in le litoral. Inter le principal populos indigena se trovava le diaguitas, guaranis, mapuches, tehuelches, qom, wichí, huarpes e comechingones. Un parte del nord-west argentin esseva incorporate al [[Imperio Inca]] durante le seculo XV.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cueva de las Manos, Río Pinturas |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/936/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref> == Historia precolumbian == Ante le arrivata del europees, le territorio presentava un grande diversitate de societates indigena. In le nord-west se disveloppava communitates agricultural con structuras politic e commercial complexe, durante que altere regiones esseva habitate per populos seminomade o chassator-collectores. Le expansion del Imperio Inca, durante le seculo XV, incorporava territorios del actual provincias de Jujuy, Salta, Catamarca, Tucumán, La Rioja, San Juan e Mendoza al Collasuyo, un del divisiones administrative del imperio. Le conquesto espaniol alterava profundemente iste structuras, provocante transformationes demographic, economic, politic e cultural. == Argentina colonial (1516–1810) == === Discoperta e conquesto === In 1516, le expedition de [[Juan Díaz de Solís]] arrivava al estuario del [[Rio de la Plata]], initianti le contacto documentate inter europees e le populos indigena del region. In 1536, [[Pedro de Mendoza]] fundava le prime stabilimento de Buenos Aires, posteriormente abandonate. In 1537, esseva fundate Assunção, in le actual Paraguay, que deveniva un importante centro del colonisation espaniol. In 1580, [[Juan de Garay]] refundava Buenos Aires. Parallelmente, esseva establite citates como Santiago del Estero (1553), Córdoba (1573) e Mendoza (1561), que constitueva importante centros administrative e economic. === Colonisation del Rio de la Plata, Tucumán e Cuyo === Le colonisation espaniol se disveloppava a partir de differente centros de expansion. Le nord-west esseva colonisate principalmente a partir del Alto Peru, durante que Cuyo recipeva le influentia del autoritates espaniol establite in Chile. Le economia colonial se basava sur le agricultura, le allevamento, le commercio regional e le exploitation del labor indigena per medio de institutiones como le encomienda. Le resistentia del populos indigena se prolongava durante tote le periodo colonial, specialmente in le regiones de frontiera del Chaco e del Patagonia. === Influentia jesuitic === Le Societate de Jesus establiava missiones religiose in differente regiones del America espaniol, particularmente in le nord-est del actual territorio argentin. Le reductiones jesuitic disveloppava activitates agricultural, artisanal e educational, e habeva un rolo importante in le organisation economic e religiose del communitates indigena guarani. In 1767, le Corona espaniol expelleva le jesuitas de su territorios, includente le possessiones sudamerican. === Viceregno del Rio de la Plata (1776–1810) === In 1776, le Corona espaniol creava le [[Viceregno del Rio de la Plata]], con capital in Buenos Aires, comprendente territorios que hodie pertine al Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay e Uruguay. Le creation del viceregno cercava fortificar le controlo politic e militar espaniol sur le region e combatter le contrabando, particularmente in le zonas proxime al dominios portugese. In 1778, esseva implementate reformas commercial que favoriva le activitate economic de Buenos Aires. Le citate deveniva un importante centro administrative e mercantil. Durante le [[Invasiones Britannic del Rio de la Plata]], in 1806 e 1807, le fortias local riusciva a repeller le invasores, contribuente al disveloppamento de un identitate politic proprie e al crise del autoritate colonial.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bethell |first=Leslie |title=Argentina since Independence |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1993}}</ref> == Formation del Stato argentin (1810–1880) == === Independentia === In maio 1810, le nova del crise politic in Espania provocava le appellate [[Revolution de Maio]], que resultava in le deposition del vicerege e in le formation de un junta de governamento in Buenos Aires. Le movimento revolutionari initiava le [[Guerra de Independentia del Argentina]], in le qual le fortias patriotic combatteva le exercitos espaniol e lor alliatos. Le 9 de julio 1816, le Congresso de Tucumán declarava formalmente le independentia del [[Provincias Unite del Rio de la Plata]]. Inter le principal conductores militar se distingueva [[José de San Martín]], [[Manuel Belgrano]] e [[Martín Miguel de Güemes]]. San Martín habeva un rolo fundamental in le campanias de liberation de Chile e Peru.<ref>{{cite book |last=Halperín Donghi |first=Tulio |title=Revolución y guerra: formación de una élite dirigente en la Argentina criolla |publisher=Siglo XXI Editores |year=1972}}</ref> === Autonomias provincial e guerras civil === Post le independentia, surgev a divergentias inter le sectores centralista, qui defendeva le concentration del poter in Buenos Aires, e le federalistas, qui intendeva preservar le autonomia del provincias. Le disputa provocava prolongate guerras civil e impediva le organisation de un governamento national stabile. In 1829, [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]] assumeva le governamento del provincia de Buenos Aires, exercente posteriormente un influentia dominante sur le relationes politic del Confederation Argentin. Su regime terminava in 1852, post su disfat a in le [[Battalia de Caseros]], contra le fortias conducite per [[Justo José de Urquiza]]. === Organisation National (1852–1880) === In 1853 esseva approbate le [[Constitution Argentin de 1853]], que establiava un systema republican, representative e federal. Le provincia de Buenos Aires remaneva initialmente separate del Confederation Argentin, ma esseva reintegrate post le conflictos de 1859 e 1861. In 1862, [[Bartolomé Mitre]] assumeva le presidentia de un Stato argentin unificate. Le governamentos de [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento]] e [[Nicolás Avellaneda]] promoveva le expansion del education public, del infrastructuras, del transportes e del administration national. Durante iste periodo, le Stato extendeva su controlo territorial per medio de campanias militar contra le populos indigena, particularmente le appellate [[Conquesto del Deserto]] (1878–1885). Iste campanias causava mortes, displaciamentos forciate e le perdita de territorios indigena.<ref>{{cite book |last=Contente |first=Claudia |title=Argentina |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2021}}</ref> == Argentina moderne == === Republica Conservator (1880–1916) === A partir de 1880 se consolidava un systema politic dominate per le elites conservator, associate al Partito Autonomista National. Le economia argentin registrava un crescentia significative, impulsate per le exportation de carne, cereales e altere productos agropecuari, principalmente verso le mercatos europee. Le expansion ferroviari, le modernisation del portos e le immigration in massa, principalmente de italianos e espanioles, transformava profundemente le societate argentin. Nonobstante le crescentia economic, le concentration del proprietate del terras e le exclusion politic de amplios sectores del population provocava tensiones social e movimentos de opposition. Le adoption del Lege Sáenz Peña, in 1912, establiava le suffragio secret e obligatori pro le citatanos argentin de sexo masculin, aperiente le via a un plus grande participation electoral. === Prime presidentias radical (1916–1930) === In 1916, [[Hipólito Yrigoyen]], dirigente del [[Union Civic Radical]], deveniva le prime presidente eligite sub le nove systema electoral. Le periodo esseva marcate per le expansion del participation politic del classes medie, per conflictos social e per le crescente intervention del Stato in le economia. Yrigoyen esseva reelegite in 1928, ma finalmente esseva depose per un colpo de Stato militar in septembre 1930, dirigite per le general José Félix Uriburu. === Decennio Infame (1930–1943) === Le cadita de Yrigoyen inaugurava un periodo characterisate per interventiones militar, fraude electoral e governamentos conservator. Le crise economic international de 1929 affectava profundemente le exportationes argentin, conducente al adoption de politicas de substitution del importationes e al disveloppamento industrial. In 1933, le signatura del [[Pacto Roca-Runciman]] con le Regno Unite cercava preservar le accesso del carne argentin al mercato britannic. Le periodo terminava con le colpo de Stato militar de 1943, que aperiva le via al ascension politic de Juan Domingo Perón.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cattaruzza |first=Alejandro |title=Historia de la Argentina 1916-1955 |publisher=Siglo XXI Editores |year=2023}}</ref> == Argentina contemporanee == === Peronismo e antiperonismo (1943–1955) === [[Juan Domingo Perón]] emergeva como un del principal figuras politic del pais post le colpo de Stato de 1943. In 1946, ille esseva eligite presidente, initiante un movimento politic e social cognoscite como [[peronismo]]. Su governamento promoveva politicas de industrialisation, nationalisation de sectores strategic, extension del derectos laboral e expansion del protection social. Su sposa, [[Eva Perón]], habeva un rolo importante in le mobilisation politic e social, specialmente in le defension del derectos del feminas. In 1947 esseva approbate le lege que recognosceva le suffragio feminin, exercite pro le prime vice in electiones national in 1951. Le tensiones con sectores militar, religiose e oppositionista culminava in le colpo de Stato de septembre 1955, que deponeva Perón. === Argentina durante le Guerra Frigid (1955–1983) === Post le cadita de Perón, Argentina traversava un periodo de instabilitate politic, marcate per le proscription del peronismo, interventiones militar e governamentos civil de legitimitate contestate. In 1966, un nove colpo de Stato militar establiava le appellate [[Revolution Argentin]], que remaneva al poter usque a 1973. Le retorno del peronismo al governamento non riusciva a resolver le profunde divisiones politic e social. In martio 1976, le Fortias Armate deponeva le presidente [[María Estela Martínez de Perón]], instaurante un dictatura militar denominate Processo de Reorganisation National. Durante le dictatura (1976–1983), esseva committite violationes systematic del derectos human, includente disparitiones forciate, tortura, executiones extrajudicial e detentiones clandestin. Milles de personas esseva victimas del terrorismo de Stato. In april 1982, le governamento militar initiava le [[Guerra del Malvinas]] contra le Regno Unite, post le occupation del insulas. Le disfat argentin in junio accelerava le crise del regime e contribueva al retorno al democratia.<ref>{{cite book |last=Romero |first=Luis Alberto |title=A History of Argentina in the Twentieth Century |publisher=Penn State University Press |year=2002}}</ref> === Restablimento del democratia === In 1983, [[Raúl Alfonsín]] esseva eligite presidente, inaugurante un periodo de continuitate democratic. Su governamento promoveva le judicio del juntas militar responsabile del dictatura, effectuate in 1985, e establiava politicas de investigation del crimes contra le derectos human. Le periodo esseva etiam marcate per difficultates economic e hyperinflation. In 1989, [[Carlos Menem]] assumeva le presidentia e implementava reformas economic basate sur le privatisation de interprisas public, le apertura commercial e le convertibilitate del peso argentin al dollar statounitese. In 1994, un reforma constitutional introduceva importante alterationes institutional, includente le possibilitate de re-election presidential. In 2001, un profunde crise economic, politic e social provocava protestas generalisate e le resignation del presidente [[Fernando de la Rúa]]. === Kirchnerismo e macrismo (2003–2019) === In 2003, [[Néstor Kirchner]] assumeva le presidentia, initiante un periodo de recuperation economic post le crise de 2001. Su governamento promoveva politicas de crescentia del mercato interne, renegotiation del debita externe e revision del politicas relative al crimes del dictatura militar. In 2007, [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]] deveniva presidente, essente reelegite in 2011. Su governamentos esseva characterisate per le continuitate de politicas social e economic associate al kirchnerismo, ma etiam per conflictos politic e difficultates economic. In 2015, [[Mauricio Macri]] vinceva le electiones presidential, terminante dece-duo annos de governamentos kirchnerista. Su administration promoveva reformas economic, ma affrontava un nove crise cambial e le augmento del indebitamento externe. === Retorno del peronismo e evenimentos recente (2019–presente) === In 2019, [[Alberto Fernández]] vinceva le electiones presidential, con Cristina Fernández de Kirchner como vice-presidente. Su mandato esseva marcate per le pandemia de COVID-19, le instabilitate economic, le inflation e le augmento del debita public. In decembre 2023, [[Javier Milei]] assumeva le presidentia post haber vincite le electiones national, defendente un programma economic liberal, con reduction del intervention statal, reductiones del expensas public e reformas structural. Le politica argentin contemporanee continua a esser marcate per debattos concernente inflation, debita public, paupertate, disveloppamento economic, federalismo e le rolo del Stato in le societate. {{Ref}} == Bibliographia == * Bethell, Leslie (ed.) (1993). ''Argentina since Independence''. Cambridge University Press. * Cattaruzza, Alejandro (2023). ''Historia de la Argentina 1916-1955''. Siglo XXI Editores. * Halperín Donghi, Tulio (1972). ''Revolución y guerra: formación de una élite dirigente en la Argentina criolla''. Siglo XXI Editores. * Rock, David (1987). ''Argentina, 1516–1987: From Spanish Colonization to Alfonsín''. University of California Press. * Romero, Luis Alberto (2002). ''A History of Argentina in the Twentieth Century''. Penn State University Press. * Sabato, Hilda (2018). ''Republics of the New World: The Revolutionary Political Experiment in Nineteenth-Century Latin America''. Princeton University Press. {{Historia de America}} [[Categoria:Historia de Argentina]] b0r629nbsaj4aln65upko33wm083ppq 705587 705585 2026-11-04T09:03:32Z Tratxan 61856 705587 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} '''Historia del Argentina''' comprende le insimul de evenimentos politic, social, economic e cultural occurrente in le territorio del actual [[Republica Argentin]], desde le population human prehistor ic usque al epocha contemporanee. Le region esseva habitate per diverse populos indigena ante le conquesto espaniol, in le seculo XVI. Posteriormente, illo esseva integrate in le [[Imperio Espaniol]], deveniente le centro del [[Viceregno del Rio de la Plata]] in 1776. Le Revolution de Maio de 1810 initiava le processo de independentia, proclamate le 9 de julio 1816. Post decennios de conflictos interne, Argentina se consolidava como Stato federal durante le secunde medietate del seculo XIX. Su historia ulterior esseva marcate per le immigration europee, le expansion economic, le disputas politic inter differente movimentos, successive colpos militar e le restablimento del democratia in 1983.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rock |first=David |title=Argentina, 1516–1987: From Spanish Colonization to Alfonsín |publisher=University of California Press |year=1987}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Contente |first=Claudia |title=Argentina |url=https://academic.oup.com/reference/62333/reference-article-abstract/554050583 |website=Oxford Bibliographies |date=25 August 2021}}</ref> == Population initial == Le prime habitantes del actual territorio argentin arrivava circa 13 000 annos retro, establiente se in differente regiones del Patagonia, del region pampean e del nord-west. Durante le millennios se disveloppava societates con differente formas de organisation economic e cultural. Le populos chassator e collectores habitava principalmente le regiones pampean, patagonic e chaquean, durante que communitates agricultural e agroceramic se establiava in le nord-west, in Cuyo e in le litoral. Inter le principal populos indigena se trovava le diaguitas, guaranis, mapuches, tehuelches, qom, wichí, huarpes e comechingones. Un parte del nord-west argentin esseva incorporate al [[Imperio Inca]] durante le seculo XV.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cueva de las Manos, Río Pinturas |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/936/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref> == Historia precolumbian == Ante le arrivata del europees, le territorio presentava un grande diversitate de societates indigena. In le nord-west se disveloppava communitates agricultural con structuras politic e commercial complexe, durante que altere regiones esseva habitate per populos seminomade o chassator-collectores. Le expansion del Imperio Inca, durante le seculo XV, incorporava territorios del actual provincias de Jujuy, Salta, Catamarca, Tucumán, La Rioja, San Juan e Mendoza al Collasuyo, un del divisiones administrative del imperio. Le conquesto espaniol alterava profundemente iste structuras, provocante transformationes demographic, economic, politic e cultural. == Argentina colonial (1516–1810) == === Discoperta e conquesto === In 1516, le expedition de [[Juan Díaz de Solís]] arrivava al estuario del [[Rio de la Plata]], initianti le contacto documentate inter europees e le populos indigena del region. In 1536, [[Pedro de Mendoza]] fundava le prime stabilimento de Buenos Aires, posteriormente abandonate. In 1537, esseva fundate Assunção, in le actual Paraguay, que deveniva un importante centro del colonisation espaniol. In 1580, [[Juan de Garay]] refundava Buenos Aires. Parallelmente, esseva establite citates como Santiago del Estero (1553), Córdoba (1573) e Mendoza (1561), que constitueva importante centros administrative e economic. === Colonisation del Rio de la Plata, Tucumán e Cuyo === Le colonisation espaniol se disveloppava a partir de differente centros de expansion. Le nord-west esseva colonisate principalmente a partir del Alto Peru, durante que Cuyo recipeva le influentia del autoritates espaniol establite in Chile. Le economia colonial se basava sur le agricultura, le allevamento, le commercio regional e le exploitation del labor indigena per medio de institutiones como le encomienda. Le resistentia del populos indigena se prolongava durante tote le periodo colonial, specialmente in le regiones de frontiera del Chaco e del Patagonia. === Influentia jesuitic === Le Societate de Jesus establiava missiones religiose in differente regiones del America espaniol, particularmente in le nord-est del actual territorio argentin. Le reductiones jesuitic disveloppava activitates agricultural, artisanal e educational, e habeva un rolo importante in le organisation economic e religiose del communitates indigena guarani. In 1767, le Corona espaniol expelleva le jesuitas de su territorios, includente le possessiones sudamerican. === Viceregno del Rio de la Plata (1776–1810) === In 1776, le Corona espaniol creava le [[Viceregno del Rio de la Plata]], con capital in Buenos Aires, comprendente territorios que hodie pertine al Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay e Uruguay. Le creation del viceregno cercava fortificar le controlo politic e militar espaniol sur le region e combatter le contrabando, particularmente in le zonas proxime al dominios portugese. In 1778, esseva implementate reformas commercial que favoriva le activitate economic de Buenos Aires. Le citate deveniva un importante centro administrative e mercantil. Durante le [[Invasiones Britannic del Rio de la Plata]], in 1806 e 1807, le fortias local riusciva a repeller le invasores, contribuente al disveloppamento de un identitate politic proprie e al crise del autoritate colonial.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bethell |first=Leslie |title=Argentina since Independence |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1993}}</ref> == Formation del Stato argentin (1810–1880) == === Independentia === In maio 1810, le nova del crise politic in Espania provocava le appellate [[Revolution de Maio]], que resultava in le deposition del vicerege e in le formation de un junta de governamento in Buenos Aires. Le movimento revolutionari initiava le [[Guerra de Independentia del Argentina]], in le qual le fortias patriotic combatteva le exercitos espaniol e lor alliatos. Le 9 de julio 1816, le Congresso de Tucumán declarava formalmente le independentia del [[Provincias Unite del Rio de la Plata]]. Inter le principal conductores militar se distingueva [[José de San Martín]], [[Manuel Belgrano]] e [[Martín Miguel de Güemes]]. San Martín habeva un rolo fundamental in le campanias de liberation de Chile e Peru.<ref>{{cite book |last=Halperín Donghi |first=Tulio |title=Revolución y guerra: formación de una élite dirigente en la Argentina criolla |publisher=Siglo XXI Editores |year=1972}}</ref> === Autonomias provincial e guerras civil === Post le independentia, surgev a divergentias inter le sectores centralista, qui defendeva le concentration del poter in Buenos Aires, e le federalistas, qui intendeva preservar le autonomia del provincias. Le disputa provocava prolongate guerras civil e impediva le organisation de un governamento national stabile. In 1829, [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]] assumeva le governamento del provincia de Buenos Aires, exercente posteriormente un influentia dominante sur le relationes politic del Confederation Argentin. Su regime terminava in 1852, post su disfat a in le [[Battalia de Caseros]], contra le fortias conducite per [[Justo José de Urquiza]]. === Organisation National (1852–1880) === In 1853 esseva approbate le [[Constitution Argentin de 1853]], que establiava un systema republican, representative e federal. Le provincia de Buenos Aires remaneva initialmente separate del Confederation Argentin, ma esseva reintegrate post le conflictos de 1859 e 1861. In 1862, [[Bartolomé Mitre]] assumeva le presidentia de un Stato argentin unificate. Le governamentos de [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento]] e [[Nicolás Avellaneda]] promoveva le expansion del education public, del infrastructuras, del transportes e del administration national. Durante iste periodo, le Stato extendeva su controlo territorial per medio de campanias militar contra le populos indigena, particularmente le appellate [[Conquesto del Deserto]] (1878–1885). Iste campanias causava mortes, displaciamentos forciate e le perdita de territorios indigena.<ref>{{cite book |last=Contente |first=Claudia |title=Argentina |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2021}}</ref> == Argentina moderne == === Republica Conservator (1880–1916) === A partir de 1880 se consolidava un systema politic dominate per le elites conservator, associate al Partito Autonomista National. Le economia argentin registrava un crescentia significative, impulsate per le exportation de carne, cereales e altere productos agropecuari, principalmente verso le mercatos europee. Le expansion ferroviari, le modernisation del portos e le immigration in massa, principalmente de italianos e espanioles, transformava profundemente le societate argentin. Nonobstante le crescentia economic, le concentration del proprietate del terras e le exclusion politic de amplios sectores del population provocava tensiones social e movimentos de opposition. Le adoption del Lege Sáenz Peña, in 1912, establiava le suffragio secret e obligatori pro le citatanos argentin de sexo masculin, aperiente le via a un plus grande participation electoral. === Prime presidentias radical (1916–1930) === In 1916, [[Hipólito Yrigoyen]], dirigente del [[Union Civic Radical]], deveniva le prime presidente eligite sub le nove systema electoral. Le periodo esseva marcate per le expansion del participation politic del classes medie, per conflictos social e per le crescente intervention del Stato in le economia. Yrigoyen esseva reelegite in 1928, ma finalmente esseva depose per un colpo de Stato militar in septembre 1930, dirigite per le general José Félix Uriburu. === Decennio Infame (1930–1943) === Le cadita de Yrigoyen inaugurava un periodo characterisate per interventiones militar, fraude electoral e governamentos conservator. Le crise economic international de 1929 affectava profundemente le exportationes argentin, conducente al adoption de politicas de substitution del importationes e al disveloppamento industrial. In 1933, le signatura del [[Pacto Roca-Runciman]] con le Regno Unite cercava preservar le accesso del carne argentin al mercato britannic. Le periodo terminava con le colpo de Stato militar de 1943, que aperiva le via al ascension politic de Juan Domingo Perón.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cattaruzza |first=Alejandro |title=Historia de la Argentina 1916-1955 |publisher=Siglo XXI Editores |year=2023}}</ref> == Argentina contemporanee == === Peronismo e antiperonismo (1943–1955) === [[Juan Domingo Perón]] emergeva como un del principal figuras politic del pais post le colpo de Stato de 1943. In 1946, ille esseva eligite presidente, initiante un movimento politic e social cognoscite como [[peronismo]]. Su governamento promoveva politicas de industrialisation, nationalisation de sectores strategic, extension del derectos laboral e expansion del protection social. Su sposa, [[Eva Perón]], habeva un rolo importante in le mobilisation politic e social, specialmente in le defension del derectos del feminas. In 1947 esseva approbate le lege que recognosceva le suffragio feminin, exercite pro le prime vice in electiones national in 1951. Le tensiones con sectores militar, religiose e oppositionista culminava in le colpo de Stato de septembre 1955, que deponeva Perón. === Argentina durante le Guerra Frigid (1955–1983) === Post le cadita de Perón, Argentina traversava un periodo de instabilitate politic, marcate per le proscription del peronismo, interventiones militar e governamentos civil de legitimitate contestate. In 1966, un nove colpo de Stato militar establiava le appellate [[Revolution Argentin]], que remaneva al poter usque a 1973. Le retorno del peronismo al governamento non riusciva a resolver le profunde divisiones politic e social. In martio 1976, le Fortias Armate deponeva le presidente [[María Estela Martínez de Perón]], instaurante un dictatura militar denominate Processo de Reorganisation National. Durante le dictatura (1976–1983), esseva committite violationes systematic del derectos human, includente disparitiones forciate, tortura, executiones extrajudicial e detentiones clandestin. Milles de personas esseva victimas del terrorismo de Stato. In april 1982, le governamento militar initiava le [[Guerra del Malvinas]] contra le Regno Unite, post le occupation del insulas. Le disfat argentin in junio accelerava le crise del regime e contribueva al retorno al democratia.<ref>{{cite book |last=Romero |first=Luis Alberto |title=A History of Argentina in the Twentieth Century |publisher=Penn State University Press |year=2002}}</ref> === Restablimento del democratia === In 1983, [[Raúl Alfonsín]] esseva eligite presidente, inaugurante un periodo de continuitate democratic. Su governamento promoveva le judicio del juntas militar responsabile del dictatura, effectuate in 1985, e establiava politicas de investigation del crimes contra le derectos human. Le periodo esseva etiam marcate per difficultates economic e hyperinflation. In 1989, [[Carlos Menem]] assumeva le presidentia e implementava reformas economic basate sur le privatisation de interprisas public, le apertura commercial e le convertibilitate del peso argentin al dollar statounitese. In 1994, un reforma constitutional introduceva importante alterationes institutional, includente le possibilitate de re-election presidential. In 2001, un profunde crise economic, politic e social provocava protestas generalisate e le resignation del presidente [[Fernando de la Rúa]]. === Kirchnerismo e macrismo (2003–2019) === In 2003, [[Néstor Kirchner]] assumeva le presidentia, initiante un periodo de recuperation economic post le crise de 2001. Su governamento promoveva politicas de crescentia del mercato interne, renegotiation del debita externe e revision del politicas relative al crimes del dictatura militar. In 2007, [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]] deveniva presidente, essente reelegite in 2011. Su governamentos esseva characterisate per le continuitate de politicas social e economic associate al kirchnerismo, ma etiam per conflictos politic e difficultates economic. In 2015, [[Mauricio Macri]] vinceva le electiones presidential, terminante dece-duo annos de governamentos kirchnerista. Su administration promoveva reformas economic, ma affrontava un nove crise cambial e le augmento del indebitamento externe. === Retorno del peronismo e evenimentos recente (2019–presente) === In 2019, [[Alberto Fernández]] vinceva le electiones presidential, con Cristina Fernández de Kirchner como vice-presidente. Su mandato esseva marcate per le pandemia de COVID-19, le instabilitate economic, le inflation e le augmento del debita public. In decembre 2023, [[Javier Milei]] assumeva le presidentia post haber vincite le electiones national, defendente un programma economic liberal, con reduction del intervention statal, reductiones del expensas public e reformas structural. Le politica argentin contemporanee continua a esser marcate per debattos concernente inflation, debita public, paupertate, disveloppamento economic, federalismo e le rolo del Stato in le societate. {{Ref}} == Bibliographia == * Bethell, Leslie (ed.) (1993). ''Argentina since Independence''. Cambridge University Press. * Cattaruzza, Alejandro (2023). ''Historia de la Argentina 1916-1955''. Siglo XXI Editores. * Halperín Donghi, Tulio (1972). ''Revolución y guerra: formación de una élite dirigente en la Argentina criolla''. Siglo XXI Editores. * Rock, David (1987). ''Argentina, 1516–1987: From Spanish Colonization to Alfonsín''. University of California Press. * Romero, Luis Alberto (2002). ''A History of Argentina in the Twentieth Century''. Penn State University Press. * Sabato, Hilda (2018). ''Republics of the New World: The Revolutionary Political Experiment in Nineteenth-Century Latin America''. Princeton University Press. {{Historia de America}} [[Categoria:Historia de Argentina]] qzh4juulymx2tjph1udc221wh836vgi 14 60732 705467 694890 2026-11-03T21:08:51Z Tratxan 61856 705467 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Iran]] [[Categoria:Historia per pais]] [[Categoria:Historia de Asia per pais]] 4pohxfdeulxo9c7mcxn93gytxf0t70f 0 61067 705522 705132 2026-11-03T23:04:43Z Tim Ocean 30221 act. 705522 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Interlingua. Le Lingua International. Un Grammatica Descriptive''' ([[Lingua polonese|pol]]. Interlingua. Język międzynarodowy. Gramatyka opisowa) es le prime monographia del grammatica de interlingua scribite per [[Mirosław Wiechowski]] e publicate in 1974. Le libro es satis grande - illo contine 282 paginas. Illo es notabile pro un capitulo re conceptos grammatic in interlingua juvene que non se popularisava como un tempore additional - le preterito - pro describer actiones finite e non continue. [[categoria: interlinguistica]] [[categoria: libros super interlingua]] pn191lgnjoxtkebwuwh7772zyyn75eb 0 61117 705517 699198 2026-11-03T22:47:19Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verificabilitate]] (20261103sim) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 705517 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox |image = Wilkins An Essay towards a real.jpg |image_size = |border = |alt = |caption = Pagina de titulo del prime edition |author = [[John Wilkins]] |illustrator = |language = [[Lingua anglese|Anglese]] |subject = |genre = |publisher = Imprimite pro [[Samuel Gellibrand|Sa[muel] Gellibrand]], e pro [[John Martyn (publisher)|John Martyn]] scriptor del [[Royal Society]] |pub_date = 1668 |pub_place = [[London]], [[Anglaterra]] |media_type = [[Hardcover]] |pages = 454 |isbn = |isbn_note = |oclc = 4088592 |dewey = |congress = |preceded_by = <!-- pro libros in un serie --> |followed_by = <!-- pro libros in un serie --> }} '''''An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language''''' (London, 1668)<ref>{{cite book|author=[[John Wilkins]]|title=An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language|url=https://archive.org/details/AnEssayTowardsARealCharacterAndAPhilosophicalLanguage/page/n8/mode/1up|location=London|publisher=Imprimite pro [[Samuel Gellibrand|Sa[muel] Gellibrand]], e pro [[John Martyn (publisher)|John Martyn]] scriptor del [[Royal Society]]|year=1668|oclc=4088592}}</ref> es le plus memorate del numerose obras del [[philosopho natural]] anglese [[John Wilkins]], in le qual ille expone un nove [[lingua universal]], intendite principalmente a facilitar le communication international inter scholars, ma etiam envisionate pro uso per diplomatas, viagiatores, e mercatores. A differentia de multe schemas de lingua universal del periodo, illo esseva intendite simplemente como un [[lingua auxiliar international|auxiliar]] a — non un reimplaciamento de — le linguas natural existente.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}<!-- pro uso futur: "So that if men should generally consent upon the same way or manner of Expression, as they do agree in the same Notion, we should then be freed from that Curse in the Confusion of Tongues, with all that unhappy consequences of it.<p>"Now this can only be done, either by 'enjoyning'' some one Language and Character to be universally learnt and practised, (which is not to be expected, till some person attain to the ''Universal Monarchy'', and perhaps it would not be done then) or else by ''proposing some such way as, by its facility and usefulness, (without the imposition of Authority) might ''invite'' and ingage men to the learning of it; which is the thing here attempted." (''Essay'', p.20)--> ==Contexto== Un del objectivos del ''Essay'' esseva provider un reimplaciamento pro le [[lingua latin]], que habeva essite le lingua international del scholars in Europa Occidental durante 1000 annos.<ref>{{cite book|first=Ute|last=Dons|title=Descriptive adequacy of early modern English grammars|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K7ffwL7Gs14C&pg=PA21|access-date=28 March 2012|year=2004|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-018193-7|page=21}}</ref> [[John Amos Comenius|Comenius]] e alteres interessate in linguas international habeva criticas del characteristicas arbitrarie del latin que lo faceva plus difficile a apprender, e Wilkins etiam faceva tal punctos.<ref>{{cite book|first=Françoise|last=Waquet|translator-first=John|translator-last=Howe|title=Latin, or the Empire of a Sign|url=https://archive.org/details/latinorempireofs0000waqu|date=2001|publisher=Verso|isbn=1859846157|page=[https://archive.org/details/latinorempireofs0000waqu/page/258 258]}}</ref> Un schema pro un ''[[lingua franca]]'' basate super valores numeric habeva essite publicate per [[John Pell (mathematician)|John Pell]] (1630); e in su obra de 1640 ''Mercury or the Secret Messenger'' (1640) Wilkins habeva mentionate le possibilitate de disveloppar un [[lingua de commercio]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Daniel|last=Murphy|title=Comenius: a critical reassessment of his life and work|url=https://archive.org/details/comeniuscritical0000murp|date=1995|publisher=Irish Academic Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/comeniuscritical0000murp/page/209 209]–10|isbn=0716525372}}</ref> [[Seth Ward (bishop)|Seth Ward]] esseva autor con Wilkins de ''Vindiciae academiarum'' (1654), un defensa del periodo del Commonwealth del systema universitari de [[Oxbridge]] contra reformatores externe. In illo Ward presentava un schema de lingua relate, ben que differente del ''Essay'' de Wilkins in alcun manieras significative.<ref name="Wilkins1984">{{cite book|first=John|last=Wilkins|title=Mercury, or, The secret and swift messenger: shewing how a man may with privacy and speed communicate his thoughts to a friend at any distance; together with an abstract of Dr. Wilkins's Essays towards a real character and a philosophical language|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lc38yWFv3p8C&pg=PR29|access-date=28 March 2012|year=1984|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|isbn=978-90-272-3276-2|page=29}}</ref> Le ideas de Ward derivava de un numero de fontes, como [[Cyprian Kinner]] qui esseva un sequace de Comenius, [[Ramon Lull]], e [[Georg Ritschel]]. Illos continuava a influentiar [[George Dalgarno]] e etiam Wilkins.<ref>{{ODNBweb|id=28706|title=Ward, Seth|first=John|last=Henry}}</ref> Il habeva un interesse immediate in le ''Essay''; Wilkins se dice haber considerate su obra solmente in terminos de un [[prova de concepto]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Henry G.|last=Van Leeuwen|title=The problem of certainty in English thought, 1630–1690|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RQXjQyIqVjcC&pg=PA56|access-date=28 March 2012|year=1970|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-90-247-0179-7|page=56}}</ref> Ma in le termino medie, le enthusiasmo pro iste typo de lingua construite declinava. Le problema de un [[lingua universal]] restava como un thema de debate.<ref name="Wilkins1984"/> ==Composition e influentias== Le stimulo pro Wilkins scriber le ''Essay'' veniva del Consilio del Royal Society, in 1662. Le obra esseva retardate per le [[Grande Incendio de London]] de 1666, que destroyeva parte de illo in version preliminari.<ref>{{cite book|first=Joseph L.|last=Subbiondo|title=John Wilkins and 17th-century British linguistics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5pP2LoB9eJkC&pg=PA144|access-date=28 March 2012|year=1992|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|isbn=978-90-272-4554-0|page=144 note 34}}</ref> Le libro esseva scribite per Wilkins, assistite per [[John Ray]], [[Francis Willughby]], e alteres. Un influentia esseva le ''Ars Signorum'' de George Dalgarno.<ref>{{cite DNB|wstitle=Wilkins, John|display=Wilkins, John}}</ref> Etiam influente, como Wilkins recognosceva, esseva ''The Ground-Work or Foundation Laid ... for the Framing of a New Perfect Language'' (1652) per [[Francis Lodwick]].<ref>{{ODNBweb|id=37684|title=Lodwick, Francis|first=Vivian|last=Salmon}}</ref> ==Structura== Le obra ha cinque partes, del quales le quarte contine le discussion del "character real" e "[[lingua philosophic]]". Le tertie tracta de "grammatica philosophic" ([[grammatica universal]]). Le ultime parte es le "dictionario alphabetic".<ref>{{cite book|first=John P.|last=Considine|title=Dictionaries in Early Modern Europe: Lexicography and the Making of Heritage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cqBkQFiTbX4C&pg=PA298|access-date=28 March 2012|date=27 March 2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-88674-1|page=298}}</ref> Illo esseva compilate per [[William Lloyd (bishop of Worcester)|William Lloyd]].<ref>{{cite DNB|wstitle=Lloyd, William (1627-1717)|display=Lloyd, William (1627–1717)}}</ref> ==Schema de Wilkins== [[File:John Wilkins Lord's Prayer.jpg|thumb|Specimen del "character real" del ''Essay''. [[Joseph Moxon]] creava le symbolos pro le impression del libro.<ref>{{ODNBweb|id=19466|title=Moxon, Joseph|first=D. J.|last=Bryden}}</ref>]] Le "Character Real" de Wilkins es un familia construite de symbolos, correspondente a un [[schema de classification]] disveloppate per Wilkins e su collegas. Illo esseva intendite como un [[pasigraphia]], in altere parolas, pro provider blocos de construction elementari ex le quales poterea esser construite omne cosa e notion possibile del universo. Le Character Real non es un [[orthographia]]: i.e. illo non es un representation scripte del [[lingua parlate]]. In vice, cata symbolo representa un concepto directemente, sin (al minus in le partes initial del presentation del ''Essay'') que il ha alicun modo de vocalisar lo.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Poole|first=William|date=2018-01-24|title=Seventeenth-Century ‘double writing’ schemes, and a 1676 letter in the phonetic script and real character of John Wilkins|url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsnr.2017.0041|journal=Notes and Records: the Royal Society Journal of the History of Science|volume=72|issue=1|pages=7–23|doi=10.1098/rsnr.2017.0041|pmc=5906426|pmid=31390391}}</ref> Le inspiration pro iste approche veniva in parte de reportos europee contemporanee del [[systema de scriptura chinese]], que esseva alquanto erronee. Plus tarde in le ''Essay'' Wilkins introduce su "Lingua Philosophic", que assigna valores phonetic al Characteres Real. Pro convenientia, le discussion sequente offusca le distinction inter le Character e le Lingua de Wilkins. Le conceptos es dividite in quaranta ''Genera'' principal, cata un del quales da le prime syllaba de duo litteras del parola; un Genere es dividite in ''Differentias'', cata un del quales adde un altere littera; e Differentias es dividite in ''Species'', que adde un quarte littera. Per exemplo, ''Zi'' identifica le Genere de "bestias" (mammiferos); ''Zit'' da le Differentia de "bestias rapaci del typo canin"; ''Zitα'' da le Species de canes. (A vices le prime littera indica un supercategoria—p.ex. Z sempre indica un animal—ma isto non sempre vale.) Le Character resultante, e su vocalisation, pro un concepto date, captura assi, in alcun mesura, le [[semantica]] del concepto. Le ''Essay'' etiam proponeva ideas super pesos e mesuras similar a illos trovate plus tarde in le [[systema metric]].{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} Le section botanic del essay esseva contribuite per [[John Ray]]; le critica de [[Robert Morison]] del obra de Ray comenciava un disputa prolongate inter le duo homines.<ref name="Vines 1913">{{cite book|first=Sydney Howard|last=Vines|author-link=Sydney Howard Vines|year=1913|chapter=Robert Morison 1620–1683 and John Ray 1627–1705|editor-first=Francis Wall|editor-last=Oliver|editor-link=Francis Wall Oliver|title=Makers of British Botany|url=https://archive.org/details/makersofbritishb00olivuoft|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/makersofbritishb00olivuoft/page/21 21]}}</ref> ==Effortios relate, discussiones, e referentias litterari== Le ''Essay'' ha recipite un certe quantitate de attention academic e litterari,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fleming |first=James Dougal |title=The mirror of information in Early Modern England: John Wilkins and the universal character |date=2017 |publisher=Palgrave Mcmillan |isbn=978-3-319-40300-7 |location=Switzerland}}</ref> usualmente presentante lo como brillante ma sin sperantia. Illo ha essite describite como un texto "utopic".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Newson |first=Georgie |date=2023-07-14 |title=An Archival Paradise: John Wilkins’s Essay Towards a Real Character and a Philosophical Language and Early Modern Info-Utopianism |url=https://scholarlypublishingcollective.org/utopian-studies/article/34/2/234/384258/An-Archival-Paradise-John-Wilkins-s-Essay-Towards |journal=Utopian Studies |language=en |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=234–256 |doi=10.5325/utopianstudies.34.2.0234 |issn=1045-991X}}</ref> Un critica (inter multe) es que "parolas exprimante ideas strettamente correlate ha quasi le mesme forma, differente forsan solmente per lor ultime littera...[I]l esserea extrememente difficile memorisar omne iste distinctiones minute, e confusion ocurrirea, in lectura rapide e particularmente in conversation."<ref>{{cite book|last=Guérard|first=Albert Léon|author-link=Albert Léon Guérard|title=A Short History of the International Language Movement|url=https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofin00guuoft|year=1921|pages=[https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofin00guuoft/page/90 90]–92}}<!--In realitate es solmente un de iste 3 paginas, ma io non pote dicer qual pagina exactemente desde ubi io sede ora--></ref> ([[Umberto Eco] nota<ref>{{cite book|last=Eco|first=Umberto|year=1995|title=The Search for the Perfect Language|trans-title=Ricerca della lingua perfetta nella cultura europea|publisher=Blackwell|location=Oxford|isbn=0-631-17465-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/searchforperfect00ecou }}</ref> que Wilkins mesme faceva un tal error in le ''Essay,'' usante ''Gαde'' (hordeo) ubi apparentemente ''Gαpe'' (tulipano) esseva intendite.) Tamen, alteres affirma que linguas natural ha ja tal differentias minute, e que assumer que tal differentias esserea indistinguibile esserea affirmar que le linguas natural falli a isto.<!--Isto certemente non esseva le melior maniera de scriber isto; si vos pote corriger lo, per favor fac lo.--> [[George Edmonds (lawyer)|George Edmonds]] cercava de meliorar le Lingua Philosophic de Wilkins per reorganisar su grammatica e orthographia durante que manteneva su taxonomia.<ref>{{cite book|last=Edmonds|first=George|year=1856|title=A Universal Alphabet, Grammar, and Language, Comprising a Scientific Classification of the Radical Elements of Discourse: and Illustrative Translations from the Holy Scriptures and the Principal British Classics: to which is Added, A Dictionary of the Language|url=https://archive.org/details/universalalphabe00edmo|access-date=10 November 2016}}</ref> Linguas ''a priori'' plus recente (inter multe alteres) es [[Solresol]] e [[Ro (language)|Ro]]. <!--proque iste es mentionate in particular? Il ha centenas de tal propositiones!--> [[Jorge Luis Borges] discute le lingua philosophic de Wilkins in [[The Analytical Language of John Wilkins|su essayo ''El idioma analítico de John Wilkins'' (''Le Lingua Analytic de John Wilkins'')]], comparante le classification de Wilkins al fictive encyclopedia chinese ''[[Celestial Emporium of Benevolent Knowledge's Taxonomy|Celestial Emporium of Benevolent Knowledge]]'' e exprimente dubitas super alcun tentativa de un classification universal. In ''[[Quicksilver (Stephenson novel)|Quicksilver]]'' de [[Neal Stephenson]], le character [[Daniel Waterhouse] passa tempore considerabile supportante le disveloppamento del systema de classification de Wilkins.<!--que significa "supportante" — "assistente con," "defendente"?--> ==Notas== {{Reflist}} ==Lectura additional== *{{cite journal|first=Edward Neville da Costa|last=Andrade|author-link=Edward Andrade|title=The real character of bishop Wilkins|url=https://archive.org/details/annals-of-science_1936-01-15_1_1/page/4|journal=[[Annals of Science]]|volume=1|issue=1|year=1936|pages=4–12|doi=10.1080/00033793600200021}} *Lewis, Rhodri. ''Language, Mind and Nature. Artificial Languages in England from Bacon to Locke'', 2012 CUP, Cambridge {{ISBN|9780521294133}} *Pinker, Steven. ''Words and Rules: The Ingredients of Language'', 2000<!--non particularmente accurate ni perspicace re le obra de Wilkins, io regretta, ma io non senti de ir a battalia super isto ora.--> ==Ligamines externe== *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/AnEssayTowardsARealCharacterAndAPhilosophicalLanguage|title=An Essay Towards a Real Character and a Philosophical Language|last=Wilkins|first=John|year=1668|location=London}} (imagines de paginas) *{{Cite book|url=http://name.umdl.umich.edu/A66045.0001.001|title=An essay towards a real character, and a philosophical language by John Wilkins|last=Wilkins|first=John|publisher=Early English Books Online: Text Creation Partnership. U of Michigan Library|year=1668}} (transcription) *[https://www.onb.ac.at/forschung/forschungsblog/artikel/john-wilkins-s-artificial-language Le Lingua Artificial de John Wilkins, blog de recerca del Biblioteca National Austriac] *[https://aidaneid.github.io/The-Universal-Language-of-John-Wilkins/dictionary.html Un version interactive del Essay, permittente usatores audir pronunciationes e vider le characteres real pro cata entrata, con altere recursos] *[https://www.crockford.com/wilkins.html Le Lingua Analytic de John Wilkins, per Jorge Luis Borges] {{Constructed languages}} {{Linguas artificial}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Essay Towards a Real Character and a Philosophical Language}} [[Category:Essayos de 1668]] [[Category:1668 in London]] [[Category:Linguas ingeniose]] [[Category:Essayos anglese]] [[Category:Essayos super lingua]] [[Category:Litteratura de philosophia del lingua]] [[Category:Essayos de scientias social]] [[Category:Obras per John Wilkins]] [[Category:Essayos in anglese]] tuhzvybxza78uk317ffoy1sn2vlpe2k 0 61991 705516 703047 2026-11-03T22:46:30Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verificabilitate]] (20261103sim) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 705516 wikitext text/x-wiki Il ha 34 [[isotopo]]s cognoscite de [[krypton]] (₃₆Kr) con [[numero de massa|numeros de massa]] de 67 a 103. Le [[krypton]] natural consiste de cinque [[isotopo stabile|isotopos stabiles]] e un ({{SimpleNuclide|krypton|78}}) que es levemente [[radioactive]] con un [[periodo de semidesintegration]] extrememente longe, plus tracias de [[radioisotopo]]s que es producite per [[radios cosmic]] in le [[atmosphera]]. Totevia, le krypton atmospheric de hodie es considerabilemente radioactive, debite quasi integremente al [[#Crypton-85|⁸⁵Kr]] artificial.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Turkevich | first1=Anthony | last2=Winsberg | first2=Lester | last3=Flotow | first3=Howard | last4=Adams | first4=Richard M. | title=The radioactivity of atmospheric krypton in 1949–1950 | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_1997-07-22_94_15/page/7807 | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | date=1997 | volume=94 | issue=15 | pages=7807–7810 | doi=10.1073/pnas.94.15.7807 | doi-access=free | pmid=11607731 | pmc=33711 | bibcode=1997PNAS...94.7807T }}</ref> == Referentias == <references/> [[Categoria:Isotopos de krypton| ]] [[Categoria:krypton]] [[Categoria:Listas de isotopos per elemento|Krypton]] q3mmljqqjibsudfjr8yi2uax3zzguc1 0 61999 705519 703284 2026-11-03T22:54:23Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Add 3 books for [[Wikipedia:Verificabilitate]] (20261103sim) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 705519 wikitext text/x-wiki Le [[samarium]] que occurre naturalmente (₆₂Sm) es composite de cinque [[isotopo]]s stabiles, ¹⁴⁴Sm, ¹⁴⁹Sm, ¹⁵⁰Sm, ¹⁵²Sm e ¹⁵⁴Sm, e duo [[radioisotopo]]s extrememente longeve, ¹⁴⁷Sm (semivita: 1,066{{e|11}}&nbsp;a) e ¹⁴⁸Sm (6,3{{e|15}}&nbsp;a), con ¹⁵²Sm como le plus abundante (26,75% de [[abundantia natural]]). ¹⁴⁶Sm (9,20{{e|7}}&nbsp;a) es tamben satis longeve, sed non es sufficientemente longeve pro haber supervivite in quantitates significative depost le formation del Systema Solar sur le Terra, ben que illo remane utile in le datation radiometric in le Systema Solar como un [[radionuclido extincte]].<ref>{{cite journal | title = Separation of samarium and neodymium: a prerequisite for getting signals from nuclear synthesis | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_analyst_2006-12_131_12/page/1332 | author = Samir Maji | journal = Analyst | volume = 131 | pages = 1332–1334 | year = 2006 | doi = 10.1039/b608157f | pmid = 17124541 | issue = 12 | bibcode=2006Ana...131.1332M | display-authors = 1 | last2 = Lahiri | first2 = Susanta | last3 = Wierczinski | first3 = Birgit | last4 = Korschinek | first4 = Gunther}}</ref> Illo es le nuclido le plus longeve que ancora non ha essite confirmate como [[nuclido primordial|primordial]]. Su instabilitate es debite al facto de haber 84 neutrones (duo plus que 82, lo que es un [[numero magic (physica)|numero magic]] que corresponde a un configuration neutronic stabile), e assi illo pote emitter un [[particula alpha]] (que ha 2 neutrones) pro formar neodymio-142 con 82 neutrones. A parte de istes, le radioisotopos le plus longeve es ¹⁵¹Sm, que ha un [[semivita]] de 94,6 annos,<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = He | first1 = M. | last2 = Shen | first2 = H. | last3 = Shi | first3 = G. | last4 = Yin | first4 = X. | last5 = Tian | first5 = W. | last6 = Jiang | first6 = S. | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevC.80.064305 | title = Half-life of ¹⁵¹Sm remeasured | journal = Physical Review C | volume = 80 | issue = 6 | year = 2009 | article-number = 064305 |bibcode = 2009PhRvC..80f4305H }}</ref> e ¹⁴⁵Sm, que ha un semivita de 340 dies. Tote le radioisotopos restante, que varia de ¹²⁹Sm a ¹⁶⁸Sm, ha semivitas de minus de duo dies, e le majoritate de istes ha semivitas de minus de 48 secundas. Le plus stabile del [[isomero nuclear|isomeros]] cognoscite es ^141mSm (semivita de 22,6 minutas). Le isotopos longeve, ¹⁴⁶Sm, ¹⁴⁷Sm e ¹⁴⁸Sm, se desintegra per emission [[disintegration alpha|alpha]] in [[isotopos de neodymio]]. Isotopos instabile plus legere de samarium se desintegra principalmente per [[captura electronic]] in [[isotopos de promethio]], dum le plus pesante se desintegra per [[disintegration beta]] in [[isotopos de europio]]. Un articulo de 2012<ref name="retracted2012">{{cite journal|last1=Kinoshita|first1=N.|last2=Paul|first2=M.|last3=Kashiv|first3=Y.|last4=Collon|first4=P.|last5=Deibel|first5=C. M.|last6=DiGiovine|first6=B.|last7=Greene|first7=J. P.|last8=Henderson|first8=D. J.|last9=Jiang|first9=C. L.|last10=Marley|first10=S. T.|last11=Nakanishi|first11=T.|last12=Pardo|first12=R. C.|last13=Rehm|first13=K. E.|last14=Robertson|first14=D.|last15=Scott|first15=R.|last16=Schmitt|first16=C.|last17=Tang|first17=X. D.|last18=Vondrasek|first18=R.|last19=Yokoyama|first19=A.|title=A Shorter 146Sm Half-Life Measured and Implications for 146Sm-142Nd Chronology in the Solar System|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2012-03-30_335_6076/page/1614|journal=Science|date=30 March 2012|volume=335|issue=6076|pages=1614–1617|doi=10.1126/science.1215510|pmid=22461609|language=en|issn=0036-8075|arxiv=1109.4805|bibcode=2012Sci...335.1614K|s2cid=206538240 }}{{Retracted|doi=10.1126/science.adh7739|pmid=36996231|https://retractionwatch.com/2023/03/30/one-small-error-for-a-physicist-one-giant-blunder-for-planetary-science/ ''Retraction Watch''|intentional=yes}}</ref> {{anchor|retnote}}<!-- referentiate infra--> que revisava le semivita estimate de ¹⁴⁶Sm de 10,3(5)×10⁷&nbsp;a a 6,8(7)×10⁷&nbsp;a esseva retractate (debite a un error experimental) in 2023,<ref name="retracted2012"/><ref>{{multiref| {{cite journal |last1=Kinoshita |first1=N. |last2=Paul |first2=M. |last3=Kashiv |first3=Y. |last4=Collon |first4=P. |last5=Deibel |first5=C. M. |last6=DiGiovine |first6=B. |last7=Greene |first7=J. P. |last8=Jiang |first8=C. L. |last9=Marley |first9=S. T. |last10=Pardo |first10=R. C. |last11=Rehm |first11=K. E. |last12=Robertson |first12=D. |last13=Scott |first13=R. |last14=Schmitt |first14=C. |last15=Tang |first15=X. D. |last16=Vondrasek |first16=R. |last17=Yokoyama |first17=A. |title=Retraction |url=https://archive.org/details/science_2023-03-31_379_6639/page/1307 |journal=Science |date=30 March 2023 |volume=379 |issue=6639 |page=1307 |doi=10.1126/science.adh7739 |pmid=36996231 |bibcode=2023Sci...379.1307K |s2cid=236990856 |doi-access=free }}| {{cite web |last1=Joelving |first1=Frederik |title=One small error for a physicist, one giant blunder for planetary science |url=https://retractionwatch.com/2023/03/30/one-small-error-for-a-physicist-one-giant-blunder-for-planetary-science/ |website=Retraction Watch |access-date=30 March 2023 |date=30 March 2023}} }}</ref> e le valor actual, plus accurate, esseva publicate posteriormente. Le isotopo ¹⁴⁷Sm es usate in le [[datation samarium-neodymium]] e, como mentionate, le ¹⁴⁶Sm [[radionuclido extincte|extincte]] pote tamben esser usate pro le datation. ¹⁵¹Sm es un [[producto de fission de vita medie]] e agisce como un [[veneno de neutrones]] in le [[cyclo de combustibile nuclear]]. Le [[producto de fission]] stabile ¹⁴⁹Sm es tamben un veneno de neutrones. Le samarium es le elemento le plus legere con un [[numero atomic]] par que non ha isotopos theoreticamente stabile (tote su isotopos pote desintegrar se energeticamente per le modos [[disintegration alpha|alpha]], [[disintegration beta|beta]] o [[disintegration beta duple|beta duple]]); altere de tal elementos es illos con numeros atomic > 66 ([[dysprosio]], que ha le nuclido theoreticamente stabile le plus pesante, ¹⁶⁴Dy). {{Referentias}} [[Categoria:Isotopos de samarium| ]] [[Categoria:Samarium]] [[Categoria:Listas de isotopos per elemento|Samarium]] t7vnavo6a0axj0zta4exe5mq64mw0yr 0 62002 705518 703358 2026-11-03T22:50:49Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verificabilitate]] (20261103sim) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 705518 wikitext text/x-wiki Le [[chromium]] (₂₄Cr) que occurre naturalmente se compone de quatro [[isotopo]]s stabile: ⁵⁰Cr, ⁵²Cr, ⁵³Cr, e ⁵⁴Cr, con ⁵²Cr essente le plus abundante (83,789% de [[abundantia natural]]). Vinti-duo [[radioisotopo]]s, omnes synthetic, ha essite characterisate, le plus stabile essente ⁵¹Cr con un semivita de 27,70 dies. Tote le restante isotopos [[radioactive]] ha semivitas de minus de un die, e pro le majoritate de istes, de minus de un minuto. Iste elemento ha tamben duo [[metastato]]s de vita multo curte: ^45mCr e ^59mCr. ⁵³Cr es le producto de disintegration [[radiogenic]] de [[manganese-53|⁵³Mn]]. Le chromium e le manganese se trova insimul in quantitate sufficiente pro que le mesuration de ambe elementos trova application in [[geologia isotopic]]. Le rationes isotopic de [[manganese|Mn]]-Cr reinforcia le evidentia de [[aluminium-26|²⁶Al]] e ¹⁰⁷[[Palladium|Pd]] pro le historia precoce del [[Systema Solar]]. Variationes in le rationes de ⁵³Cr/⁵²Cr e Mn/Cr de plure meteorites indica un ration initial non-nulle de ⁵³Mn/⁵⁵Mn, implicante que le variation isotopic de Cr debe resultar del disintegration in situ de ⁵³Mn in corpores planetari differentiate. Assi, ⁵³Cr provide evidentia additional pro processos [[nucleosynthesis|nucleosynthetic]] immediatemente ante le coalescentia del Systema Solar. Le rationes isotopic de chromium permitte tamben que su abundantia in sedimentos de aqua de mar sia usate como un proxy pro le concentrationes de oxygeno atmospheric, visto que le velocitates de certe reactiones de [[leaching (chemistry)|lixiviation]] exhibi variation.<ref>{{cite journal | author = R. Frei |author2=C. Gaucher |author3=S. W. Poulton |author4=D. E. Canfield | year = 2009 | title = Fluctuations in Precambrian atmospheric oxygenation recorded by chromium isotopes | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2009-09-10_461_7261/page/250 | journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] | volume = 461| issue = 7261| pages = 250–3 | doi = 10.1038/nature08266 | pmid = 19741707 | bibcode=2009Natur.461..250F |s2cid=4373201 }}</ref> Le isotopos cognoscite de chromium se extende de ⁴²Cr a ⁷⁰Cr. Le [[modo de disintegration|modo de disintegration]] primari ante le isotopo stabile le plus abundante, ⁵²Cr, es le [[captura electronic]] e le modo primari postea es le [[disintegration beta]]. {{Referentias}} [[Categoria:Isotopos de chromium| ]] [[Categoria:Chromium]] [[Categoria:Listas de isotopos per elemento|Chromium]] twczis7n79jq80fept73pnkcxud59hp 0 62008 705521 703525 2026-11-03T22:55:27Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verificabilitate]] (20261103sim) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 705521 wikitext text/x-wiki Le [[manganese]] (₂₅Mn) occurrente in natura se compone de un [[isotopo]] stabile, ⁵⁵Mn. Vinti-septe [[radioisotope]]s ha essite characterisate, del quales le plus stabile es le ⁵³Mn con un [[periodo de semidintegration]] de 3,7&nbsp;milliones de annos, le ⁵⁴Mn con un periodo de semidintegration de 312,08 dies, e le ⁵²Mn con un periodo de semidintegration de 5,591 dies. Tote le restante isotopos [[radioactive]] ha periodos de semidintegration de minus de 3 horas, e le majoritate de istes ha periodos de semidintegration de minus de un minuta. Iste elemento ha tamben septe [[metastato]]s. Le manganese face parte del elementos del [[groupo del ferro]], que on considera synthesisate in [[stella massive|stellas massive]] pauc ante explosiones de [[supernova]]. A causa de su periodo de semidintegration relativemente curte, le ⁵³Mn occurre sur le Terra solmente in quantitates minuscule debite al action de [[radios cosmic]] sur le [[ferro]] in le roccas.<ref>{{cite journal|author=J. Schaefer|year=2006|title=Terrestrial manganese-53 — A new monitor of Earth surface processes|url=https://archive.org/details/earth-and-planetary-science-letters_2006-11-15_251_3-4/page/334|journal=[[Earth and Planetary Science Letters]]|volume=251|issue=3–4|pages=334–345|doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2006.09.016|bibcode=2006E&PSL.251..334S|display-authors=etal}}</ref> Como le ⁵³Mn se disintegrationa in ⁵³[[chromo|Cr]], le analyse isotopic del manganese es typicamente combinate con illo del [[chromo]], e isto ha trovate application in le [[geologia isotopic]] e le [[datation radiometric]]. Le rationes isotopic de Mn-Cr reinforcia le evidentia de [[Aluminium-26|²⁶Al]] e [[palladium-107|¹⁰⁷Pd]] pro le historia primitive del [[Systema Solar]]. Le variationes in le rationes de ⁵³Cr/⁵²Cr e Mn/Cr de plure [[meteorite]]s indica un ration initial de ⁵³Mn/⁵⁵Mn differente de zero, lo que implica que le variationes isotopic de Cr debe resultar del disintegration in situ de ⁵³Mn in corpores planetari differentiate. Per consequente, le ⁵³Mn forni evidentia additional de processos [[nucleosynthesis|nucleosynthetic]] pauc ante le coalescentia del [[Systema Solar]]. Le isotopos del manganese varia de ⁴⁶Mn a ⁷³Mn. Le [[modo de disintegration]] primari ante le isotopo stabile le plus abundante, ⁵⁵Mn, es le [[captura electronic]], e le modo primari postea es le [[disintegration beta]]. {{Referentias}} [[Categoria:Isotopos de manganese| ]] [[Categoria:Manganese]] [[Categoria:Listas de isotopos per elemento|Manganese]] l7592hgroc9eyqkj437tn4vpyw8t8ma 0 62116 705441 705246 2026-11-03T13:05:13Z ~2026-57757-07 61852 705441 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/articulo/persona}} '''Valeria Racu''' (le [[27 de april]] [[1995]]) es un activista social e portavoce del [[Sindicato de Inquilinas e Inquilinos de Madrid]], organisation sorosiana<ref>La portavoz del Sindicato de Inquilinas estudió en una universidad de la red de la Open Society Foundations [https://gaceta.es/espana/la-portavoz-del-sindicato-de-inquilinas-estudio-en-una-universidad-de-la-red-de-la-open-society-foundations-de-george-soros-20260929-0946/]</ref> que defende le derectos del personas que vive in location in [[Espania]]. Nascite in [[Moldavia]], illa se trasladava a Espania durante su infantia e deveniva cognoscite publicamente per su activitate in le movimentos pro le derecto al vivienda e contra le augmento del precios del location. Ante su activitate sindical, Racu habeva etiam un breve carriera como actrice in series televisive espaniol. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://as.com/actualidad/politica/quien-es-valeria-racu-la-portavoz-y-activista-del-sindicato-de-inquilinas-que-lidera-la-acampada-de-sol-f202609-n/ |titulo=Quién es Valeria Racu, la portavoz y activista del Sindicato de Inquilinas que lidera la acampada de Sol |sitioweb=AS |accesso=10 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.elespanol.com/reportajes/20241023/valeria-racu-cara-sindicato-inquilinas-planta-sanchez-moncloa-no-sentamos-patronal/895410888_0.html |titulo=Valeria Racu, la cara del sindicato de inquilinas planta a Sánchez en Moncloa |sitioweb=El Español |accesso=10 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Racu ha defendite le regulation del mercato del location, le reduction del costos del allogiamento e le protection contra le evictiones. Su activitate public include le participation in mobilisationes, campanias e debates concernente le accesso al vivienda, le conditiones del contratos de location e le rolo del proprietarios e del fundos de investition in le mercato immobiliari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.elespanol.com/espana/20261004/valeria-racu-caseros-acaba-chollo-rentismo-cancer-psoe-rentista-huelga-general/1003744407539_0.amp.html |titulo=Valeria Racu: «A los caseros se les acaba el chollo» |sitioweb=El Español |accesso=10 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Infantia e education == Valeria Racu nasceva in Moldavia in 1995 e arrivava a Espania quando illa habeva cinque annos. Illa cresceva in [[Madrid]] e studiava in Espania ante de continuar su formation in altere paises. Durante su adolescientia, Racu participava in productiones televisive e obteneva parve rolos como actrice. Ulteriormente, illa studiava in [[Costa Rica]] con un borsa de studio ligate al programma de [[Colegios del Mundo Unido]] e al supporto del Fundation laCaixa. Post iste experientia educational, illa se transferiva al [[Regno Unite]] e studiava [[anthropologia social]] al [[School of Oriental and African Studies]] (SOAS), un institution universitari de [[Universitate de London]]. Su formation academic e su experientia in organisationes estudiantil precedeva su activitate public in le movimento pro le derecto al vivienda. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://as.com/actualidad/politica/quien-es-valeria-racu-la-portavoz-y-activista-del-sindicato-de-inquilinas-que-lidera-la-acampada-de-sol-f202609-n/ |titulo=Quién es Valeria Racu |sitioweb=AS |accesso=10 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Carriera como actrice == Ante de concentrar su activitate super le sindicalismo e le allogiamento, Racu participava in plure series televisive espaniol. Inter le productiones in le quales illa appareva se trova: * ''[[Doctor Mateo]]'' (2009–2010); * ''[[Hay alguien ahí]]'' (2010); * ''[[Hospital Central]]'' (2012); * ''[[El tiempo entre costuras]]'' (2013–2014). In ''Doctor Mateo'', illa interpretava le personage de Olga, durante que in ''El tiempo entre costuras'' illa interpretava Martina. Su participationes in iste series occurreva durante su adolescentia e precedeva su plus grande exposition public como activista. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3665919/ |titulo=Valeria Racu |sitioweb=IMDb |accesso=10 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Activitate estudiantil e prime experientias sindical == Durante su studos al SOAS in London, Racu participava in le activitate del sindicato de studentes. In 2019, illa se presentava al electiones estudiantil pro un position de representation ligate al benesser e al campanias. Iste experientia constitueva un del prime etapas documentate de su activitate in organisationes collective. In le Regno Unite, illa participava tamben in iniciativas concernente le conditiones de location e le derectos del studentes locatarios. Le experientia del mobilisationes estudiantil e del action sindical contribuiva al disveloppamento de su activitate posterior in le campo del allogiamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.elespanol.com/espana/politica/20260928/antropologa-moldava-formada-londres-activista-ensenar-horas-lideran-revuelta-sol/1003744398993_0.html |titulo=Una antropóloga moldava formada en Londres y una activista lideran la revuelta en Sol |sitioweb=El Español |accesso=10 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Activitate in le Sindicato de Inquilinas == Post su retorno a Espania, Racu se implica in le activitate del [[Sindicato de Inquilinas e Inquilinos de Madrid]], un organisation que representa locatarios e promova actiones collective concernente le conditiones de location e le derecto al vivienda. Desde 2022, illa figura como un del portavoces del sindicato. Le organisation participa in campanias contra le augmento del locationes, le evictiones e le difficultates de accesso al allogiamento. Su strategias include assembleas, manifestationes, negotiationes con institutiones e actiones collective de locatarios. Racu deveniva un del portavoces plus visibile del sindicato e interveniva regularmente in entrevistas e actos public. Illa ha defendite le idea que le accesso al vivienda debe esser tractate como un derecto social e que le politicas public debe intervenir in le conditiones del mercato del location. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.elespanol.com/reportajes/20241023/valeria-racu-cara-sindicato-inquilinas-planta-sanchez-moncloa-no-sentamos-patronal/895410888_0.html |titulo=Valeria Racu, la cara del sindicato de inquilinas planta a Sánchez en Moncloa |sitioweb=El Español |accesso=10 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Exopero de locationes de 2020 == In 2020, durante le crise economic associate al pandemia de COVID-19, Racu participava in le movimento que promoveva un exopero de locationes. Le initiative demandava mesuras de protection pro le locatarios que habeva difficultates a pagar le location durante le crise e reclamava un responsa public al situation economic. Le exopero esseva parte de un mobilisation plus large del movimentos de locatarios in Espania e de altere paises. Le demandas includeva le suspension de certe obligationes de pagamento, le protection contra evictiones e mesuras pro impedir que le crise sanitar e economic agravava le precarietate residential. Le participation de Racu in iste action contribuiva al evolution de su activitate sindical e al su notorietate in le movimento pro le derecto al vivienda. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://elpais.com/economia/2024-10-14/huelga-de-alquileres-que-ocurre-si-dejo-de-pagar-la-renta-me-pueden-desahuciar.html |titulo=Huelga de alquileres: ¿qué ocurre si dejo de pagar la renta? |sitioweb=El País |accesso=10 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Mobilisationes pro le derecto al vivienda == Durante le annos sequente, Racu participava in actiones public contra le augmento del costos del location e in campanias que reclamava cambios in le regulation del mercato residential. In octobre 2024, illa esseva un del portavoces del sindicato in un mobilisation que exigeva mesuras contra le augmento del locationes e contra le practicas de proprietarios e agentes immobiliari considerate prejudicial al locatarios per le organisation. Le sindicato ha promovite, inter altere demandas, le regulation del precios del location, le extension del protection contra evictiones e le augmento del allogiamento public. Racu ha defendite publicamente iste demandas e ha criticate le influentia que, secundo su interpretation, le interesses immobiliari exerce super le politicas de vivienda. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.elespanol.com/reportajes/20241023/valeria-racu-cara-sindicato-inquilinas-planta-sanchez-moncloa-no-sentamos-patronal/895410888_0.html |titulo=Valeria Racu, la cara del sindicato de inquilinas planta a Sánchez en Moncloa |sitioweb=El Español |accesso=10 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Protestas in le Puerta del Sol in 2026 == In septembre 2026, Racu deveniva un del figuras public plus visibile del protestas concernente le derecto al vivienda in Madrid. Le mobilisationes esseva organise per le Sindicato de Inquilinas e includeva un acampada in le [[Puerta del Sol]], post le desahucio de Maricarmen Abascal, un femina de 87 annos cuje caso provocava un grande reaction public. Racu, como portavoce del sindicato, explicava le demandas del organisation e reclamava actiones legislative concernente le locationes, le protection de locatarios e le accesso al allogiamento. Le protestas cercava obtener le adoption de mesuras de vivienda per le governamento e le Parlamento espaniol. Le actiones e le demandas del sindicato faceva parte de un debatte public plus large super le augmento del precios del allogiamento, le disponibilitate de viviendas accessibile e le rolo del fundos de investition in le mercato immobiliari. Le interpretationes del causas e del solutiones varia inter actores politic, organisationes de locatarios e representantes del sector immobiliari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://as.com/actualidad/politica/quien-es-valeria-racu-la-portavoz-y-activista-del-sindicato-de-inquilinas-que-lidera-la-acampada-de-sol-f202609-n/ |titulo=Quién es Valeria Racu, la portavoz y activista del Sindicato de Inquilinas que lidera la acampada de Sol |sitioweb=AS |accesso=10 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.elespanol.com/espana/politica/20260928/antropologa-moldava-formada-londres-activista-ensenar-horas-lideran-revuelta-sol/1003744398993_0.html |titulo=Una antropóloga moldava formada en Londres y una activista lideran la revuelta en Sol |sitioweb=El Español |accesso=10 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Pensamento e positiones public == Le activitate public de Racu se concentra super le derecto al vivienda e le conditiones del location. Illa ha sustenite le reduction del precios del location, le protection contra evictiones e le adoption de mesuras que, secundo le sindicato, limita le effectos del speculation immobiliari e facilita le accesso al allogiamento. Racu ha etiam criticate le governamento espaniol e altere actores politic pro lo que illa considera un responsa insufficiente al crise del vivienda. Iste positiones es parte del discurso del sindicato e debe esser distinguite del positiones de altere organisationes, del proprietarios e del partidos politic concernite al politica del allogiamento. {{Ref}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Racu, Valeria}} [[Categoria:Actrices]] [[Categoria:Anthropologos]] [[Categoria:Activistas]] [[Categoria:Allogiamento in Espania]] 639r2utbbrs5g4k4l7ytm4i0i0zushj 705487 705441 2026-11-03T21:36:36Z Tortoise0308 17411 Modification de [[Special:Contributions/~2026-57757-07|~2026-57757-07]] ([[User talk:~2026-57757-07|discussion]]) revertite; ultime version de [[User:Tortoise0308|Tortoise0308]] restaurate 705246 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/articulo/persona}} '''Valeria Racu''' (le [[27 de april]] [[1995]]) es un activista social e portavoce del [[Sindicato de Inquilinas e Inquilinos de Madrid]], organisation que defende le derectos del personas que vive in location in [[Espania]]. Nascite in [[Moldavia]], illa se trasladava a Espania durante su infantia e deveniva cognoscite publicamente per su activitate in le movimentos pro le derecto al vivienda e contra le augmento del precios del location. Ante su activitate sindical, Racu habeva etiam un breve carriera como actrice in series televisive espaniol. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://as.com/actualidad/politica/quien-es-valeria-racu-la-portavoz-y-activista-del-sindicato-de-inquilinas-que-lidera-la-acampada-de-sol-f202609-n/ |titulo=Quién es Valeria Racu, la portavoz y activista del Sindicato de Inquilinas que lidera la acampada de Sol |sitioweb=AS |accesso=10 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.elespanol.com/reportajes/20241023/valeria-racu-cara-sindicato-inquilinas-planta-sanchez-moncloa-no-sentamos-patronal/895410888_0.html |titulo=Valeria Racu, la cara del sindicato de inquilinas planta a Sánchez en Moncloa |sitioweb=El Español |accesso=10 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Racu ha defendite le regulation del mercato del location, le reduction del costos del allogiamento e le protection contra le evictiones. Su activitate public include le participation in mobilisationes, campanias e debates concernente le accesso al vivienda, le conditiones del contratos de location e le rolo del proprietarios e del fundos de investition in le mercato immobiliari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.elespanol.com/espana/20261004/valeria-racu-caseros-acaba-chollo-rentismo-cancer-psoe-rentista-huelga-general/1003744407539_0.amp.html |titulo=Valeria Racu: «A los caseros se les acaba el chollo» |sitioweb=El Español |accesso=10 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Infantia e education == Valeria Racu nasceva in Moldavia in 1995 e arrivava a Espania quando illa habeva cinque annos. Illa cresceva in [[Madrid]] e studiava in Espania ante de continuar su formation in altere paises. Durante su adolescientia, Racu participava in productiones televisive e obteneva parve rolos como actrice. Ulteriormente, illa studiava in [[Costa Rica]] con un borsa de studio ligate al programma de [[Colegios del Mundo Unido]] e al supporto del Fundation laCaixa. Post iste experientia educational, illa se transferiva al [[Regno Unite]] e studiava [[anthropologia social]] al [[School of Oriental and African Studies]] (SOAS), un institution universitari de [[Universitate de London]]. Su formation academic e su experientia in organisationes estudiantil precedeva su activitate public in le movimento pro le derecto al vivienda. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://as.com/actualidad/politica/quien-es-valeria-racu-la-portavoz-y-activista-del-sindicato-de-inquilinas-que-lidera-la-acampada-de-sol-f202609-n/ |titulo=Quién es Valeria Racu |sitioweb=AS |accesso=10 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Carriera como actrice == Ante de concentrar su activitate super le sindicalismo e le allogiamento, Racu participava in plure series televisive espaniol. Inter le productiones in le quales illa appareva se trova: * ''[[Doctor Mateo]]'' (2009–2010); * ''[[Hay alguien ahí]]'' (2010); * ''[[Hospital Central]]'' (2012); * ''[[El tiempo entre costuras]]'' (2013–2014). In ''Doctor Mateo'', illa interpretava le personage de Olga, durante que in ''El tiempo entre costuras'' illa interpretava Martina. Su participationes in iste series occurreva durante su adolescentia e precedeva su plus grande exposition public como activista. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3665919/ |titulo=Valeria Racu |sitioweb=IMDb |accesso=10 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Activitate estudiantil e prime experientias sindical == Durante su studos al SOAS in London, Racu participava in le activitate del sindicato de studentes. In 2019, illa se presentava al electiones estudiantil pro un position de representation ligate al benesser e al campanias. Iste experientia constitueva un del prime etapas documentate de su activitate in organisationes collective. In le Regno Unite, illa participava tamben in iniciativas concernente le conditiones de location e le derectos del studentes locatarios. Le experientia del mobilisationes estudiantil e del action sindical contribuiva al disveloppamento de su activitate posterior in le campo del allogiamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.elespanol.com/espana/politica/20260928/antropologa-moldava-formada-londres-activista-ensenar-horas-lideran-revuelta-sol/1003744398993_0.html |titulo=Una antropóloga moldava formada en Londres y una activista lideran la revuelta en Sol |sitioweb=El Español |accesso=10 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Activitate in le Sindicato de Inquilinas == Post su retorno a Espania, Racu se implica in le activitate del [[Sindicato de Inquilinas e Inquilinos de Madrid]], un organisation que representa locatarios e promova actiones collective concernente le conditiones de location e le derecto al vivienda. Desde 2022, illa figura como un del portavoces del sindicato. Le organisation participa in campanias contra le augmento del locationes, le evictiones e le difficultates de accesso al allogiamento. Su strategias include assembleas, manifestationes, negotiationes con institutiones e actiones collective de locatarios. Racu deveniva un del portavoces plus visibile del sindicato e interveniva regularmente in entrevistas e actos public. Illa ha defendite le idea que le accesso al vivienda debe esser tractate como un derecto social e que le politicas public debe intervenir in le conditiones del mercato del location. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.elespanol.com/reportajes/20241023/valeria-racu-cara-sindicato-inquilinas-planta-sanchez-moncloa-no-sentamos-patronal/895410888_0.html |titulo=Valeria Racu, la cara del sindicato de inquilinas planta a Sánchez en Moncloa |sitioweb=El Español |accesso=10 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Exopero de locationes de 2020 == In 2020, durante le crise economic associate al pandemia de COVID-19, Racu participava in le movimento que promoveva un exopero de locationes. Le initiative demandava mesuras de protection pro le locatarios que habeva difficultates a pagar le location durante le crise e reclamava un responsa public al situation economic. Le exopero esseva parte de un mobilisation plus large del movimentos de locatarios in Espania e de altere paises. Le demandas includeva le suspension de certe obligationes de pagamento, le protection contra evictiones e mesuras pro impedir que le crise sanitar e economic agravava le precarietate residential. Le participation de Racu in iste action contribuiva al evolution de su activitate sindical e al su notorietate in le movimento pro le derecto al vivienda. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://elpais.com/economia/2024-10-14/huelga-de-alquileres-que-ocurre-si-dejo-de-pagar-la-renta-me-pueden-desahuciar.html |titulo=Huelga de alquileres: ¿qué ocurre si dejo de pagar la renta? |sitioweb=El País |accesso=10 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Mobilisationes pro le derecto al vivienda == Durante le annos sequente, Racu participava in actiones public contra le augmento del costos del location e in campanias que reclamava cambios in le regulation del mercato residential. In octobre 2024, illa esseva un del portavoces del sindicato in un mobilisation que exigeva mesuras contra le augmento del locationes e contra le practicas de proprietarios e agentes immobiliari considerate prejudicial al locatarios per le organisation. Le sindicato ha promovite, inter altere demandas, le regulation del precios del location, le extension del protection contra evictiones e le augmento del allogiamento public. Racu ha defendite publicamente iste demandas e ha criticate le influentia que, secundo su interpretation, le interesses immobiliari exerce super le politicas de vivienda. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.elespanol.com/reportajes/20241023/valeria-racu-cara-sindicato-inquilinas-planta-sanchez-moncloa-no-sentamos-patronal/895410888_0.html |titulo=Valeria Racu, la cara del sindicato de inquilinas planta a Sánchez en Moncloa |sitioweb=El Español |accesso=10 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Protestas in le Puerta del Sol in 2026 == In septembre 2026, Racu deveniva un del figuras public plus visibile del protestas concernente le derecto al vivienda in Madrid. Le mobilisationes esseva organise per le Sindicato de Inquilinas e includeva un acampada in le [[Puerta del Sol]], post le desahucio de Maricarmen Abascal, un femina de 87 annos cuje caso provocava un grande reaction public. Racu, como portavoce del sindicato, explicava le demandas del organisation e reclamava actiones legislative concernente le locationes, le protection de locatarios e le accesso al allogiamento. Le protestas cercava obtener le adoption de mesuras de vivienda per le governamento e le Parlamento espaniol. Le actiones e le demandas del sindicato faceva parte de un debatte public plus large super le augmento del precios del allogiamento, le disponibilitate de viviendas accessibile e le rolo del fundos de investition in le mercato immobiliari. Le interpretationes del causas e del solutiones varia inter actores politic, organisationes de locatarios e representantes del sector immobiliari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://as.com/actualidad/politica/quien-es-valeria-racu-la-portavoz-y-activista-del-sindicato-de-inquilinas-que-lidera-la-acampada-de-sol-f202609-n/ |titulo=Quién es Valeria Racu, la portavoz y activista del Sindicato de Inquilinas que lidera la acampada de Sol |sitioweb=AS |accesso=10 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.elespanol.com/espana/politica/20260928/antropologa-moldava-formada-londres-activista-ensenar-horas-lideran-revuelta-sol/1003744398993_0.html |titulo=Una antropóloga moldava formada en Londres y una activista lideran la revuelta en Sol |sitioweb=El Español |accesso=10 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Pensamento e positiones public == Le activitate public de Racu se concentra super le derecto al vivienda e le conditiones del location. Illa ha sustenite le reduction del precios del location, le protection contra evictiones e le adoption de mesuras que, secundo le sindicato, limita le effectos del speculation immobiliari e facilita le accesso al allogiamento. Racu ha etiam criticate le governamento espaniol e altere actores politic pro lo que illa considera un responsa insufficiente al crise del vivienda. Iste positiones es parte del discurso del sindicato e debe esser distinguite del positiones de altere organisationes, del proprietarios e del partidos politic concernite al politica del allogiamento. {{Ref}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Racu, Valeria}} [[Categoria:Actrices]] [[Categoria:Anthropologos]] [[Categoria:Activistas]] [[Categoria:Allogiamento in Espania]] 8nhiw1g9g9tz1fz7cx0ftdt705jdkz7 14 62143 705468 704105 2026-11-03T21:09:11Z Tratxan 61856 705468 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Irak]] [[Categoria:Historia per pais]] [[Categoria:Historia de Asia per pais]] 1ogkurj2k526w384x1degxwvbypdkoe 14 62148 705471 704122 2026-11-03T21:11:29Z Tratxan 61856 705471 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Syria]] [[Categoria:Historia per pais]] [[Categoria:Historia de Asia per pais]] rr33yjmj6tdpy3t8egs2wo3mik3bgws 14 62331 705480 704700 2026-11-03T21:22:58Z Tratxan 61856 705480 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Turchia]] [[Categoria:Historia de Europa per pais]] [[Categoria:Historia de Asia per pais]] p81j5d3c0ieqbvzcc47rm3tvlpccyk3 14 62342 705477 704746 2026-11-03T21:22:34Z Tratxan 61856 705477 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Afghanistan]] [[Categoria:Historia de Asia per pais]] c7qyck06nh4m35cxalvuuy0iqgfcmhb 14 62343 705470 704751 2026-11-03T21:11:06Z Tratxan 61856 705470 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Philippinas]] [[Categoria:Historia de Asia]] [[Categoria:Historia de Asia per pais]] qh8p45fswkvcrolw8732rui1a9kh7oi 705481 705470 2026-11-03T21:23:03Z Tratxan 61856 705481 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Philippinas]] [[Categoria:Historia de Asia per pais]] 35zuwvmmt56xbqebvoyrk0qc0bw0317 14 62348 705465 704764 2026-11-03T21:07:58Z Tratxan 61856 705465 wikitext text/x-wiki {{commonscat|History of Azerbaijan}} [[Categoria:Azerbaijan]] [[Categoria:Historia de Asia]] [[Categoria:Historia per pais]] [[Categoria:Historia de Asia per pais]] fvkgm16zuetgg32myvcm11ffhfxwifb 705478 705465 2026-11-03T21:22:42Z Tratxan 61856 705478 wikitext text/x-wiki {{commonscat|History of 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Pagina create con “'''Attacco de Binance de 2026''' esseva un cyberattacco contra le exchange de cryptomoneta [[Binance]], perpetrate le 29 octobre 2026. Le incidente compromitteva le infrastructura de portafolios electronic («hot wallet») del exchange e resultava in le transferimento non autorisate de circa 6,34 milliardos de dollares statounitese in activos digital. Binance describiva le incidente como un intrusion complexe in plure fases, que implicava dispositivos de empleatos co...” 705444 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Attacco de Binance de 2026''' esseva un cyberattacco contra le exchange de cryptomoneta [[Binance]], perpetrate le 29 octobre 2026. Le incidente compromitteva le infrastructura de portafolios electronic («hot wallet») del exchange e resultava in le transferimento non autorisate de circa 6,34 milliardos de dollares statounitese in activos digital. Binance describiva le incidente como un intrusion complexe in plure fases, que implicava dispositivos de empleatos compromittite, ingenieria social e accesso non autorisate al systemas interne de signatura de portafolios.<ref>{{Cite web |title=29 October 2026 Binance Security Incident: Initial Findings and Response Update |publisher=Binance |date=3 novembre 2026 |url=https://www.binance.com/en/blog/community/3229153443759566763 |access-date=3 novembre 2026}}</ref> Le attacco affectava plure rete de cryptomoneta e induceva Binance a suspender temporarimente le retiratas durante que illo investigava e tentava de contener le transactiones non autorisate. Le compania declarava que illo mesme supportarea le perdita financial, sin transferer lo al clientes. Illo reportava que circa 2,85 milliardos de dollares in activos affectate habeva essite gelate o interceptate e que, al 3 novembre, illo habeva replenite 98% del activos in tokens affectate.<ref name="BinanceUpdate"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Delevingne |first=Lawrence |last2=Zhen |first2=Summer |last3=Howcroft |first3=Elizabeth |title=Binance seeks to shore up confidence after record $6.3 billion heist |work=Reuters |date=29 octobre 2026 |url=https://www.reuters.com/legal/transactional/tether-circle-freeze-238-billion-after-binance-reports-security-incident-2026-10-29/ |access-date=3 novembre 2026}}</ref> Le [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] attribueva le attacco al gruppo TraderTraitor de Corea del Nord, secundo le relato publicate per Binance. Le incidente esseva reportate como un del furtores de cryptomoneta le plus grande in le historia e renovava le preoccupationes concernente le securitate del exchanges centralisate e lor systemas de custodia de activos digital.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Binance hackers used fake job interview in $6.3 billion attack |work=Reuters |date=3 novembre 2026 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/binance-says-hackers-used-fake-job-interview-compromise-computer-before-63-2026-11-03/ |access-date=3 novembre 2026}}</ref> == Contexto == Binance es un del exchanges de cryptomoneta le plus grande del mundo. Como altere exchanges centralisate, illo detene e gere activos digital in nomine de su clientes. Su infrastructura include portafolios «hot wallet», connectite al Internet e usate pro facilitar transactiones, e altere arrangiamentos de custodia destinate a proteger le activos. Le portafolios «hot wallet» permitte al exchanges de processar retiratas e transferimentos rapidemente, ma lor connexion al rete los expone a riscos associate con systemas compromittite e accesso non autorisate. Le securitate de iste portafolios depende non solmente del protection del claves cryptographic, ma etiam del systemas e permissiones usate pro requestar, approbar e executar transactiones. == Attacco == === Preparation e compromission initial === Secundo le relato de Binance publicate le 3 novembre, le intrusion implicava un serie de compromissiones que se extendeva super plure menses. In junio 2026, un empleato qui laborava in le disveloppamento e operationes de portafolios descargava un pacchetto de software alterate durante que ille tentava de installar un instrumento de disveloppamento. Binance declarava que illo detectava activitate suspiciose, substitueva le apparato affectate e cambiava le credentiales associate. Tamen, le atacantes habeva obtenite informationes concernente le rolo del empleato e su collegas qui laborava sur le infrastructura de portafolios. In septembre, un altere ingeniero esseva compromittite per un operation de ingenieria social que implicava un supponite colloquio de emprego. Le atacantes usava software malitiose e technicas destinate a dissimular lor activitate. Binance declarava que le apparatos e credentiales compromittite provideva subseqüentemente accesso a altere systemas interne. Le 20 octobre, le atacantes usava le apparatos compromittite e un instrumento interne de intelligentia artificial pro extender lor accesso a systemas de altere disveloppatores de portafolios. Illes discoperiva un token de permission de implantation associate al infrastructura de portafolios, que plus tarde les adjutava a acceder al systemas implicate in le signatura de transactiones.<ref name="BinanceUpdate"/> === Furto le 29 octobre === Le 29 octobre, le atacantes usava credentiales robate pro acceder al infrastructura associate al portafolios e implantar un script malitiose. Circa 20:05 UTC, le portafolios «hot wallet» de Binance comenciava a inviar transactiones non autorisate. Binance reportava que cinque portafolios «hot wallet» transferiva circa 233,46 milliones de XRP a un adresse controlate per le atacante inter 20:05 e 20:09 UTC. Transferimentos additional implicava activos sur le rete Solana e Optimism, includente circa 970 500 SOL e 44,2 milliones de OP. Un portafolio «hot wallet» de Binance transferiva etiam circa 18 270 BTC. Subsequentemente, le atacantes exploitava le mechanismo de delegation de contos Ethereum introducite per EIP-7702. Iste mechanismo permitte a un conto possedite per un usator externe de delegar certe capacitate de execution a un contracto intelligente. In le attacco, delegationes non autorisate dava a un contracto controlate per le atacante le capacitate de executar operationes concernente un portafolio «hot wallet» de Binance. Binance declarava que le ultime transferimento non autorisate, concernente circa 2 961,9 ETH, esseva finalisate sur le blockchain a 23:56 UTC. Postea, illo executava un transaction pro remover le delegation malitiose. Le compania declarava que le attacco implicava 50 transactiones de signatura usate pro manipular le nonce de contos e establir permissiones non autorisate.<ref name="BinanceUpdate"/> == Responsa == === Suspension del retiratas === Binance suspendiva le retiratas durante que illo investigava le incidente, contineva le infrastructura compromittite e tentava de revocar le permissiones non autorisate. Le suspension esseva destinate a impedir ulterior perdita e permitter al compania de examinar le systemas affectate ante le restauration del servicios. Le exchange collaborava con agentialitates de application del lege, companias de intelligentia blockchain, altere exchanges e emittentes de cryptomoneta pro tracciar e gelar le activos affectate. Emittentes de [[stablecoin]]s, includente [[Tether]] e [[Circle]], prendeva etiam mesuras contra activos ligate al attacco.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Security Incident Update #2 (2026-10-30) |publisher=Binance |date=30 octobre 2026 |url=https://www.binance.com/en-GB/support/announcement/security-incident-update-2-2026-10-30-d3306d9dca5243548c813b605e1d1751 |access-date=3 novembre 2026}}</ref> Binance reportava que circa 2,85 milliardos de dollares in activos affectate habeva essite gelate o interceptate. Iste cifra representa activos subjicite a congelation o interception, e non necessariemente fundos recuperate permanentemente per le exchange.<ref name="BinanceUpdate"/> === Reimbursement e replenimento === Binance declarava que le clientes non supportarea le impacto financial del activos robate. Su compromisso de reimbursement implicava le Secure Asset Fund for Users (SAFU) e recursos del tresoreria del compania. Le 30 octobre, le compania declarava haber reservate plus de 6,34 milliardos de dollares pro coperir le perdita, includente fundos tenite in le cryptomonetas affectate. Illo declarava etiam que comprava le activos restante per canales de mercato e de transactiones directe extra-bursa.<ref name="BinanceIncident2"/> In su actualisation del 3 novembre, Binance declarava que 98% del activos in tokens affectate habeva essite replenite e que illo comprava le activos restante, minus liquide. Le replenimento per le exchange esseva distincte del recuperation del activos robate mesme.<ref name="BinanceUpdate"/> === Mesuras de securitate === Binance declarava haber reconstruite o substituite le systemas implicate in le attacco, substituite le apparatos del empleatos affectate e revocate le credentiales e tokens associate. Illo reportava etiam que fortificava le controles sur le servicios de portafolios e expandiva le detection de anomalías comportamental. Le compania annunciava planos pro un revision independente de cybersecuritate e investitiones additional in recerca sur le securitate, detection basate sur intelligentia artificial e cooperation con companias de technologia e cybersecuritate. Illo declarava que le investigation restava in curso e que alcun detalios technic non esserea divulgate pro rationes de securitate.<ref name="BinanceUpdate"/> == Attribution == Le declaration de Binance del 3 novembre indicava que informationes publicate per le FBI attribueva le incidente al Republica Popular Democratic de Corea (Corea del Nord). Reuters reportava etiam le attribution a un gruppo de piratas informatic de Corea del Nord. Corea del Nord ha negate su responsabilitate pro cyberattaccos que le es attribuite.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Binance hackers used fake job interview in $6.3 billion attack |work=Reuters |date=3 novembre 2026 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/binance-says-hackers-used-fake-job-interview-compromise-computer-before-63-2026-11-03/ |access-date=3 novembre 2026}}</ref> Le attribution esseva consistente con operationes de Corea del Nord reportate anteriormente, que habeva como objectivo companias de cryptomoneta e possessiones de activos digital. Tal operationes ha essite associate con effortios pro obtener fundos pro le stato nordcorean. Tamen, le relato technic public del incidente de Binance se basava inicialmente, in grande parte, sur le investigation proprie del exchange, e le resultatos complete de revisiones independente non habeva ancora essite publicate. == Impacto financial e sur le mercato == Le valor estimate del activos affectate esseva circa 6,34 milliardos de dollares statounitese. Le dimension del incidente faceva de illo un del furtores de cryptomoneta le plus grande jam reportate. Le mercato reageva al novas con declinos del precios de cryptomoneta e preoccupationes concernente le securitate del activos tenite per exchanges.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Delevingne |first=Lawrence |last2=Zhen |first2=Summer |last3=Howcroft |first3=Elizabeth |title=Binance seeks to shore up confidence after record $6.3 billion heist |work=Reuters |date=29 octobre 2026 |url=https://www.reuters.com/legal/transactional/tether-circle-freeze-238-billion-after-binance-reports-security-incident-2026-10-29/ |access-date=3 novembre 2026}}</ref> Le incidente provocava etiam retiratas de clientes. ''The Guardian'' reportava que Binance habeva experimentate fluxos nette sortiente de circa 3,6 milliardos de dollares al postmeridie del 1 novembre, post le reaperition progressive del retiratas. Iste fluxos reflecteva le activitate del clientes post le violation e non representava le quantitate robate durante le attacco.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Almeida |first=Lauren |title=Investors pull billions in funds from Binance after record $6.3bn hack |work=The Guardian |date=1 novembre 2026 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2026/nov/01/investors-take-out-36bn-from-binance-after-record-hack-that-stole-billions |access-date=3 novembre 2026}}</ref> == Implicantias pro le securitate == Le attacco poneva in evidentia le riscos associate al accesso privilegiate a systemas de custodia de cryptomoneta. Ben que Binance reportava inicialmente nulle indication que le claves private del portafolios habeva essite divulgate, le atacantes poteva exploitar systemas interne e mechanismos de autorisation de transactiones pro transferer activos. Le uso de apparatos de disveloppatores compromittite, ingenieria social e un instrumento software interne illustrava como attaccos contra exchanges de cryptomoneta pote implicar plure fases, in vice de un sol vulnerabilitate. Le incidente levava etiam questiones concernente le separation del ambientes de disveloppamento ab le infrastructura financial critic e le independentia del salvaguardias de approbation de transactiones. Le exploitation de EIP-7702 demonstrava que le functiones de delegation de contos pote introducer considerationes additional de securitate pro organisationes que opera portafolios de cryptomoneta de grande valor. Le incidente reforçava le importantia de monitorar permissiones sur le blockchain, limitar credentiales privilegiate e assecurar que le compromission de un sol empleato o servicio interne non pote autorisar independentemente transferimentos de valor elevate. == Vide etiam == * [[Binance]] * [[Cryptomoneta]] * [[Cryptomoneta e criminalitate]] * [[Attacco contra Bybit de 2025]] * [[Cyberguerr a nordcorean]] == Referentias == <references> <ref name="BinanceUpdate">{{Cite web |title=29 October 2026 Binance Security Incident: Initial Findings and Response Update |publisher=Binance |date=3 novembre 2026 |url=https://www.binance.com/en/blog/community/3229153443759566763 |access-date=3 novembre 2026}}</ref> <ref name="BinanceIncident2">{{Cite web |title=Security Incident Update #2 (2026-10-30) |publisher=Binance |date=30 octobre 2026 |url=https://www.binance.com/en-GB/support/announcement/security-incident-update-2-2026-10-30-d3306d9dca5243548c813b605e1d1751 |access-date=3 novembre 2026}}</ref> </references> [[Categoria:2026 in computantia]] [[Categoria:2026 in historia economic]] [[Categoria:Furtos de cryptomoneta]] [[Categoria:Cyberattaccos]] [[Categoria:Binance]] [[Categoria:Incidentias de securitate informatic in 2026]] l37dzb3qhvw0zxrlb41i7exkkqfd1j8 705445 705444 2026-11-03T20:09:50Z Tratxan 61856 705445 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Attacco de Binance de 2026''' esseva un cyberattacco contra le exchange de cryptomoneta [[Binance]], perpetrate le 29 octobre 2026. Le incidente compromitteva le infrastructura de portafolios electronic («hot wallet») del exchange e resultava in le transferimento non autorisate de circa 6,34 milliardos de dollares statounitese in activos digital. Binance describiva le incidente como un intrusion complexe in plure fases, que implicava dispositivos de empleatos compromittite, ingenieria social e accesso non autorisate al systemas interne de signatura de portafolios.<ref>{{Cite web |title=29 October 2026 Binance Security Incident: Initial Findings and Response Update |publisher=Binance |date=3 novembre 2026 |url=https://www.binance.com/en/blog/community/3229153443759566763 |access-date=3 novembre 2026}}</ref> Le attacco affectava plure rete de cryptomoneta e induceva Binance a suspender temporarimente le retiratas durante que illo investigava e tentava de contener le transactiones non autorisate. Le compania declarava que illo mesme supportarea le perdita financial, sin transferer lo al clientes. Illo reportava que circa 2,85 milliardos de dollares in activos affectate habeva essite gelate o interceptate e que, al 3 novembre, illo habeva replenite 98% del activos in tokens affectate.<ref name="BinanceUpdate"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Delevingne |first=Lawrence |last2=Zhen |first2=Summer |last3=Howcroft |first3=Elizabeth |title=Binance seeks to shore up confidence after record $6.3 billion heist |work=Reuters |date=29 octobre 2026 |url=https://www.reuters.com/legal/transactional/tether-circle-freeze-238-billion-after-binance-reports-security-incident-2026-10-29/ |access-date=3 novembre 2026}}</ref> Le [[Bureau Federal de Investigation]] attribueva le attacco al gruppo TraderTraitor de Corea del Nord, secundo le relato publicate per Binance. Le incidente esseva reportate como un del furtores de cryptomoneta le plus grande in le historia e renovava le preoccupationes concernente le securitate del exchanges centralisate e lor systemas de custodia de activos digital.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Binance hackers used fake job interview in $6.3 billion attack |work=Reuters |date=3 novembre 2026 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/binance-says-hackers-used-fake-job-interview-compromise-computer-before-63-2026-11-03/ |access-date=3 novembre 2026}}</ref> == Contexto == Binance es un del exchanges de cryptomoneta le plus grande del mundo. Como altere exchanges centralisate, illo detene e gere activos digital in nomine de su clientes. Su infrastructura include portafolios «hot wallet», connectite al Internet e usate pro facilitar transactiones, e altere arrangiamentos de custodia destinate a proteger le activos. Le portafolios «hot wallet» permitte al exchanges de processar retiratas e transferimentos rapidemente, ma lor connexion al rete los expone a riscos associate con systemas compromittite e accesso non autorisate. Le securitate de iste portafolios depende non solmente del protection del claves cryptographic, ma etiam del systemas e permissiones usate pro requestar, approbar e executar transactiones. == Attacco == === Preparation e compromission initial === Secundo le relato de Binance publicate le 3 novembre, le intrusion implicava un serie de compromissiones que se extendeva super plure menses. In junio 2026, un empleato qui laborava in le disveloppamento e operationes de portafolios descargava un pacchetto de software alterate durante que ille tentava de installar un instrumento de disveloppamento. Binance declarava que illo detectava activitate suspiciose, substitueva le apparato affectate e cambiava le credentiales associate. Tamen, le atacantes habeva obtenite informationes concernente le rolo del empleato e su collegas qui laborava sur le infrastructura de portafolios. In septembre, un altere ingeniero esseva compromittite per un operation de ingenieria social que implicava un supponite colloquio de emprego. Le atacantes usava software malitiose e technicas destinate a dissimular lor activitate. Binance declarava que le apparatos e credentiales compromittite provideva subseqüentemente accesso a altere systemas interne. Le 20 octobre, le atacantes usava le apparatos compromittite e un instrumento interne de intelligentia artificial pro extender lor accesso a systemas de altere disveloppatores de portafolios. Illes discoperiva un token de permission de implantation associate al infrastructura de portafolios, que plus tarde les adjutava a acceder al systemas implicate in le signatura de transactiones.<ref name="BinanceUpdate"/> === Furto le 29 octobre === Le 29 octobre, le atacantes usava credentiales robate pro acceder al infrastructura associate al portafolios e implantar un script malitiose. Circa 20:05 UTC, le portafolios «hot wallet» de Binance comenciava a inviar transactiones non autorisate. Binance reportava que cinque portafolios «hot wallet» transferiva circa 233,46 milliones de XRP a un adresse controlate per le atacante inter 20:05 e 20:09 UTC. Transferimentos additional implicava activos sur le rete Solana e Optimism, includente circa 970 500 SOL e 44,2 milliones de OP. Un portafolio «hot wallet» de Binance transferiva etiam circa 18 270 BTC. Subsequentemente, le atacantes exploitava le mechanismo de delegation de contos Ethereum introducite per EIP-7702. Iste mechanismo permitte a un conto possedite per un usator externe de delegar certe capacitate de execution a un contracto intelligente. In le attacco, delegationes non autorisate dava a un contracto controlate per le atacante le capacitate de executar operationes concernente un portafolio «hot wallet» de Binance. Binance declarava que le ultime transferimento non autorisate, concernente circa 2 961,9 ETH, esseva finalisate sur le blockchain a 23:56 UTC. Postea, illo executava un transaction pro remover le delegation malitiose. Le compania declarava que le attacco implicava 50 transactiones de signatura usate pro manipular le nonce de contos e establir permissiones non autorisate.<ref name="BinanceUpdate"/> == Responsa == === Suspension del retiratas === Binance suspendiva le retiratas durante que illo investigava le incidente, contineva le infrastructura compromittite e tentava de revocar le permissiones non autorisate. Le suspension esseva destinate a impedir ulterior perdita e permitter al compania de examinar le systemas affectate ante le restauration del servicios. Le exchange collaborava con agentialitates de application del lege, companias de intelligentia blockchain, altere exchanges e emittentes de cryptomoneta pro tracciar e gelar le activos affectate. Emittentes de [[stablecoin]]s, includente [[Tether]] e [[Circle]], prendeva etiam mesuras contra activos ligate al attacco.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Security Incident Update #2 (2026-10-30) |publisher=Binance |date=30 octobre 2026 |url=https://www.binance.com/en-GB/support/announcement/security-incident-update-2-2026-10-30-d3306d9dca5243548c813b605e1d1751 |access-date=3 novembre 2026}}</ref> Binance reportava que circa 2,85 milliardos de dollares in activos affectate habeva essite gelate o interceptate. Iste cifra representa activos subjicite a congelation o interception, e non necessariemente fundos recuperate permanentemente per le exchange.<ref name="BinanceUpdate"/> === Reimbursement e replenimento === Binance declarava que le clientes non supportarea le impacto financial del activos robate. Su compromisso de reimbursement implicava le Secure Asset Fund for Users (SAFU) e recursos del tresoreria del compania. Le 30 octobre, le compania declarava haber reservate plus de 6,34 milliardos de dollares pro coperir le perdita, includente fundos tenite in le cryptomonetas affectate. Illo declarava etiam que comprava le activos restante per canales de mercato e de transactiones directe extra-bursa.<ref name="BinanceIncident2"/> In su actualisation del 3 novembre, Binance declarava que 98% del activos in tokens affectate habeva essite replenite e que illo comprava le activos restante, minus liquide. Le replenimento per le exchange esseva distincte del recuperation del activos robate mesme.<ref name="BinanceUpdate"/> === Mesuras de securitate === Binance declarava haber reconstruite o substituite le systemas implicate in le attacco, substituite le apparatos del empleatos affectate e revocate le credentiales e tokens associate. Illo reportava etiam que fortificava le controles sur le servicios de portafolios e expandiva le detection de anomalías comportamental. Le compania annunciava planos pro un revision independente de cybersecuritate e investitiones additional in recerca sur le securitate, detection basate sur intelligentia artificial e cooperation con companias de technologia e cybersecuritate. Illo declarava que le investigation restava in curso e que alcun detalios technic non esserea divulgate pro rationes de securitate.<ref name="BinanceUpdate"/> == Attribution == Le declaration de Binance del 3 novembre indicava que informationes publicate per le FBI attribueva le incidente al Republica Popular Democratic de Corea (Corea del Nord). Reuters reportava etiam le attribution a un gruppo de piratas informatic de Corea del Nord. Corea del Nord ha negate su responsabilitate pro cyberattaccos que le es attribuite.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Binance hackers used fake job interview in $6.3 billion attack |work=Reuters |date=3 novembre 2026 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/binance-says-hackers-used-fake-job-interview-compromise-computer-before-63-2026-11-03/ |access-date=3 novembre 2026}}</ref> Le attribution esseva consistente con operationes de Corea del Nord reportate anteriormente, que habeva como objectivo companias de cryptomoneta e possessiones de activos digital. Tal operationes ha essite associate con effortios pro obtener fundos pro le stato nordcorean. Tamen, le relato technic public del incidente de Binance se basava inicialmente, in grande parte, sur le investigation proprie del exchange, e le resultatos complete de revisiones independente non habeva ancora essite publicate. == Impacto financial e sur le mercato == Le valor estimate del activos affectate esseva circa 6,34 milliardos de dollares statounitese. Le dimension del incidente faceva de illo un del furtores de cryptomoneta le plus grande jam reportate. Le mercato reageva al novas con declinos del precios de cryptomoneta e preoccupationes concernente le securitate del activos tenite per exchanges.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Delevingne |first=Lawrence |last2=Zhen |first2=Summer |last3=Howcroft |first3=Elizabeth |title=Binance seeks to shore up confidence after record $6.3 billion heist |work=Reuters |date=29 octobre 2026 |url=https://www.reuters.com/legal/transactional/tether-circle-freeze-238-billion-after-binance-reports-security-incident-2026-10-29/ |access-date=3 novembre 2026}}</ref> Le incidente provocava etiam retiratas de clientes. ''The Guardian'' reportava que Binance habeva experimentate fluxos nette sortiente de circa 3,6 milliardos de dollares al postmeridie del 1 novembre, post le reaperition progressive del retiratas. Iste fluxos reflecteva le activitate del clientes post le violation e non representava le quantitate robate durante le attacco.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Almeida |first=Lauren |title=Investors pull billions in funds from Binance after record $6.3bn hack |work=The Guardian |date=1 novembre 2026 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2026/nov/01/investors-take-out-36bn-from-binance-after-record-hack-that-stole-billions |access-date=3 novembre 2026}}</ref> == Implicantias pro le securitate == Le attacco poneva in evidentia le riscos associate al accesso privilegiate a systemas de custodia de cryptomoneta. Ben que Binance reportava inicialmente nulle indication que le claves private del portafolios habeva essite divulgate, le atacantes poteva exploitar systemas interne e mechanismos de autorisation de transactiones pro transferer activos. Le uso de apparatos de disveloppatores compromittite, ingenieria social e un instrumento software interne illustrava como attaccos contra exchanges de cryptomoneta pote implicar plure fases, in vice de un sol vulnerabilitate. Le incidente levava etiam questiones concernente le separation del ambientes de disveloppamento ab le infrastructura financial critic e le independentia del salvaguardias de approbation de transactiones. Le exploitation de EIP-7702 demonstrava que le functiones de delegation de contos pote introducer considerationes additional de securitate pro organisationes que opera portafolios de cryptomoneta de grande valor. Le incidente reforçava le importantia de monitorar permissiones sur le blockchain, limitar credentiales privilegiate e assecurar que le compromission de un sol empleato o servicio interne non pote autorisar independentemente transferimentos de valor elevate. == Vide etiam == * [[Binance]] * [[Cryptomoneta]] * [[Cryptomoneta e criminalitate]] * [[Attacco contra Bybit de 2025]] * [[Cyberguerr a nordcorean]] == Referentias == <references> <ref name="BinanceUpdate">{{Cite web |title=29 October 2026 Binance Security Incident: Initial Findings and Response Update |publisher=Binance |date=3 novembre 2026 |url=https://www.binance.com/en/blog/community/3229153443759566763 |access-date=3 novembre 2026}}</ref> <ref name="BinanceIncident2">{{Cite web |title=Security Incident Update #2 (2026-10-30) |publisher=Binance |date=30 octobre 2026 |url=https://www.binance.com/en-GB/support/announcement/security-incident-update-2-2026-10-30-d3306d9dca5243548c813b605e1d1751 |access-date=3 novembre 2026}}</ref> </references> [[Categoria:2026 in computantia]] [[Categoria:2026 in historia economic]] [[Categoria:Furtos de cryptomoneta]] [[Categoria:Cyberattaccos]] [[Categoria:Binance]] [[Categoria:Incidentias de securitate informatic in 2026]] [[Categoria:Annos 2020 in pirateria informatic]] [[Categoria:Furto de cryptomonetas]] [[Categoria:Crimines de octobre 2026]] [[Categoria:Bitcoin]] [[Categoria:Ethereum]] [[Categoria:2026 in Korea del Nord]] [[Categoria:Relationes exteriore de Korea del Nord]] [[Categoria:Economia de Korea del Nord]] [[Categoria:2026 in historia economic]] tprehpz6chvuf2bfgt5s4mnkpdu3c31 705446 705445 2026-11-03T20:10:17Z Tratxan 61856 705446 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} '''Attacco de Binance de 2026''' esseva un cyberattacco contra le exchange de cryptomoneta [[Binance]], perpetrate le 29 octobre 2026. Le incidente compromitteva le infrastructura de portafolios electronic («hot wallet») del exchange e resultava in le transferimento non autorisate de circa 6,34 milliardos de dollares statounitese in activos digital. Binance describiva le incidente como un intrusion complexe in plure fases, que implicava dispositivos de empleatos compromittite, ingenieria social e accesso non autorisate al systemas interne de signatura de portafolios.<ref>{{Cite web |title=29 October 2026 Binance Security Incident: Initial Findings and Response Update |publisher=Binance |date=3 novembre 2026 |url=https://www.binance.com/en/blog/community/3229153443759566763 |access-date=3 novembre 2026}}</ref> Le attacco affectava plure rete de cryptomoneta e induceva Binance a suspender temporarimente le retiratas durante que illo investigava e tentava de contener le transactiones non autorisate. Le compania declarava que illo mesme supportarea le perdita financial, sin transferer lo al clientes. Illo reportava que circa 2,85 milliardos de dollares in activos affectate habeva essite gelate o interceptate e que, al 3 novembre, illo habeva replenite 98% del activos in tokens affectate.<ref name="BinanceUpdate"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Delevingne |first=Lawrence |last2=Zhen |first2=Summer |last3=Howcroft |first3=Elizabeth |title=Binance seeks to shore up confidence after record $6.3 billion heist |work=Reuters |date=29 octobre 2026 |url=https://www.reuters.com/legal/transactional/tether-circle-freeze-238-billion-after-binance-reports-security-incident-2026-10-29/ |access-date=3 novembre 2026}}</ref> Le [[Bureau Federal de Investigation]] attribueva le attacco al gruppo TraderTraitor de Corea del Nord, secundo le relato publicate per Binance. Le incidente esseva reportate como un del furtores de cryptomoneta le plus grande in le historia e renovava le preoccupationes concernente le securitate del exchanges centralisate e lor systemas de custodia de activos digital.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Binance hackers used fake job interview in $6.3 billion attack |work=Reuters |date=3 novembre 2026 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/binance-says-hackers-used-fake-job-interview-compromise-computer-before-63-2026-11-03/ |access-date=3 novembre 2026}}</ref> == Contexto == Binance es un del exchanges de cryptomoneta le plus grande del mundo. Como altere exchanges centralisate, illo detene e gere activos digital in nomine de su clientes. Su infrastructura include portafolios «hot wallet», connectite al Internet e usate pro facilitar transactiones, e altere arrangiamentos de custodia destinate a proteger le activos. Le portafolios «hot wallet» permitte al exchanges de processar retiratas e transferimentos rapidemente, ma lor connexion al rete los expone a riscos associate con systemas compromittite e accesso non autorisate. Le securitate de iste portafolios depende non solmente del protection del claves cryptographic, ma etiam del systemas e permissiones usate pro requestar, approbar e executar transactiones. == Attacco == === Preparation e compromission initial === Secundo le relato de Binance publicate le 3 novembre, le intrusion implicava un serie de compromissiones que se extendeva super plure menses. In junio 2026, un empleato qui laborava in le disveloppamento e operationes de portafolios descargava un pacchetto de software alterate durante que ille tentava de installar un instrumento de disveloppamento. Binance declarava que illo detectava activitate suspiciose, substitueva le apparato affectate e cambiava le credentiales associate. Tamen, le atacantes habeva obtenite informationes concernente le rolo del empleato e su collegas qui laborava sur le infrastructura de portafolios. In septembre, un altere ingeniero esseva compromittite per un operation de ingenieria social que implicava un supponite colloquio de emprego. Le atacantes usava software malitiose e technicas destinate a dissimular lor activitate. Binance declarava que le apparatos e credentiales compromittite provideva subseqüentemente accesso a altere systemas interne. Le 20 octobre, le atacantes usava le apparatos compromittite e un instrumento interne de intelligentia artificial pro extender lor accesso a systemas de altere disveloppatores de portafolios. Illes discoperiva un token de permission de implantation associate al infrastructura de portafolios, que plus tarde les adjutava a acceder al systemas implicate in le signatura de transactiones.<ref name="BinanceUpdate"/> === Furto le 29 octobre === Le 29 octobre, le atacantes usava credentiales robate pro acceder al infrastructura associate al portafolios e implantar un script malitiose. Circa 20:05 UTC, le portafolios «hot wallet» de Binance comenciava a inviar transactiones non autorisate. Binance reportava que cinque portafolios «hot wallet» transferiva circa 233,46 milliones de XRP a un adresse controlate per le atacante inter 20:05 e 20:09 UTC. Transferimentos additional implicava activos sur le rete Solana e Optimism, includente circa 970 500 SOL e 44,2 milliones de OP. Un portafolio «hot wallet» de Binance transferiva etiam circa 18 270 BTC. Subsequentemente, le atacantes exploitava le mechanismo de delegation de contos Ethereum introducite per EIP-7702. Iste mechanismo permitte a un conto possedite per un usator externe de delegar certe capacitate de execution a un contracto intelligente. In le attacco, delegationes non autorisate dava a un contracto controlate per le atacante le capacitate de executar operationes concernente un portafolio «hot wallet» de Binance. Binance declarava que le ultime transferimento non autorisate, concernente circa 2 961,9 ETH, esseva finalisate sur le blockchain a 23:56 UTC. Postea, illo executava un transaction pro remover le delegation malitiose. Le compania declarava que le attacco implicava 50 transactiones de signatura usate pro manipular le nonce de contos e establir permissiones non autorisate.<ref name="BinanceUpdate"/> == Responsa == === Suspension del retiratas === Binance suspendiva le retiratas durante que illo investigava le incidente, contineva le infrastructura compromittite e tentava de revocar le permissiones non autorisate. Le suspension esseva destinate a impedir ulterior perdita e permitter al compania de examinar le systemas affectate ante le restauration del servicios. Le exchange collaborava con agentialitates de application del lege, companias de intelligentia blockchain, altere exchanges e emittentes de cryptomoneta pro tracciar e gelar le activos affectate. Emittentes de [[stablecoin]]s, includente [[Tether]] e [[Circle]], prendeva etiam mesuras contra activos ligate al attacco.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Security Incident Update #2 (2026-10-30) |publisher=Binance |date=30 octobre 2026 |url=https://www.binance.com/en-GB/support/announcement/security-incident-update-2-2026-10-30-d3306d9dca5243548c813b605e1d1751 |access-date=3 novembre 2026}}</ref> Binance reportava que circa 2,85 milliardos de dollares in activos affectate habeva essite gelate o interceptate. Iste cifra representa activos subjicite a congelation o interception, e non necessariemente fundos recuperate permanentemente per le exchange.<ref name="BinanceUpdate"/> === Reimbursement e replenimento === Binance declarava que le clientes non supportarea le impacto financial del activos robate. Su compromisso de reimbursement implicava le Secure Asset Fund for Users (SAFU) e recursos del tresoreria del compania. Le 30 octobre, le compania declarava haber reservate plus de 6,34 milliardos de dollares pro coperir le perdita, includente fundos tenite in le cryptomonetas affectate. Illo declarava etiam que comprava le activos restante per canales de mercato e de transactiones directe extra-bursa.<ref name="BinanceIncident2"/> In su actualisation del 3 novembre, Binance declarava que 98% del activos in tokens affectate habeva essite replenite e que illo comprava le activos restante, minus liquide. Le replenimento per le exchange esseva distincte del recuperation del activos robate mesme.<ref name="BinanceUpdate"/> === Mesuras de securitate === Binance declarava haber reconstruite o substituite le systemas implicate in le attacco, substituite le apparatos del empleatos affectate e revocate le credentiales e tokens associate. Illo reportava etiam que fortificava le controles sur le servicios de portafolios e expandiva le detection de anomalías comportamental. Le compania annunciava planos pro un revision independente de cybersecuritate e investitiones additional in recerca sur le securitate, detection basate sur intelligentia artificial e cooperation con companias de technologia e cybersecuritate. Illo declarava que le investigation restava in curso e que alcun detalios technic non esserea divulgate pro rationes de securitate.<ref name="BinanceUpdate"/> == Attribution == Le declaration de Binance del 3 novembre indicava que informationes publicate per le FBI attribueva le incidente al Republica Popular Democratic de Corea (Corea del Nord). Reuters reportava etiam le attribution a un gruppo de piratas informatic de Corea del Nord. Corea del Nord ha negate su responsabilitate pro cyberattaccos que le es attribuite.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Binance hackers used fake job interview in $6.3 billion attack |work=Reuters |date=3 novembre 2026 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/binance-says-hackers-used-fake-job-interview-compromise-computer-before-63-2026-11-03/ |access-date=3 novembre 2026}}</ref> Le attribution esseva consistente con operationes de Corea del Nord reportate anteriormente, que habeva como objectivo companias de cryptomoneta e possessiones de activos digital. Tal operationes ha essite associate con effortios pro obtener fundos pro le stato nordcorean. Tamen, le relato technic public del incidente de Binance se basava inicialmente, in grande parte, sur le investigation proprie del exchange, e le resultatos complete de revisiones independente non habeva ancora essite publicate. == Impacto financial e sur le mercato == Le valor estimate del activos affectate esseva circa 6,34 milliardos de dollares statounitese. Le dimension del incidente faceva de illo un del furtores de cryptomoneta le plus grande jam reportate. Le mercato reageva al novas con declinos del precios de cryptomoneta e preoccupationes concernente le securitate del activos tenite per exchanges.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Delevingne |first=Lawrence |last2=Zhen |first2=Summer |last3=Howcroft |first3=Elizabeth |title=Binance seeks to shore up confidence after record $6.3 billion heist |work=Reuters |date=29 octobre 2026 |url=https://www.reuters.com/legal/transactional/tether-circle-freeze-238-billion-after-binance-reports-security-incident-2026-10-29/ |access-date=3 novembre 2026}}</ref> Le incidente provocava etiam retiratas de clientes. ''The Guardian'' reportava que Binance habeva experimentate fluxos nette sortiente de circa 3,6 milliardos de dollares al postmeridie del 1 novembre, post le reaperition progressive del retiratas. Iste fluxos reflecteva le activitate del clientes post le violation e non representava le quantitate robate durante le attacco.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Almeida |first=Lauren |title=Investors pull billions in funds from Binance after record $6.3bn hack |work=The Guardian |date=1 novembre 2026 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2026/nov/01/investors-take-out-36bn-from-binance-after-record-hack-that-stole-billions |access-date=3 novembre 2026}}</ref> == Implicantias pro le securitate == Le attacco poneva in evidentia le riscos associate al accesso privilegiate a systemas de custodia de cryptomoneta. Ben que Binance reportava inicialmente nulle indication que le claves private del portafolios habeva essite divulgate, le atacantes poteva exploitar systemas interne e mechanismos de autorisation de transactiones pro transferer activos. Le uso de apparatos de disveloppatores compromittite, ingenieria social e un instrumento software interne illustrava como attaccos contra exchanges de cryptomoneta pote implicar plure fases, in vice de un sol vulnerabilitate. Le incidente levava etiam questiones concernente le separation del ambientes de disveloppamento ab le infrastructura financial critic e le independentia del salvaguardias de approbation de transactiones. Le exploitation de EIP-7702 demonstrava que le functiones de delegation de contos pote introducer considerationes additional de securitate pro organisationes que opera portafolios de cryptomoneta de grande valor. Le incidente reforçava le importantia de monitorar permissiones sur le blockchain, limitar credentiales privilegiate e assecurar que le compromission de un sol empleato o servicio interne non pote autorisar independentemente transferimentos de valor elevate. == Vide etiam == * [[Binance]] * [[Cryptomoneta]] * [[Cryptomoneta e criminalitate]] * [[Attacco contra Bybit de 2025]] * [[Cyberguerr a nordcorean]] == Referentias == <references> <ref name="BinanceUpdate">{{Cite web |title=29 October 2026 Binance Security Incident: Initial Findings and Response Update |publisher=Binance |date=3 novembre 2026 |url=https://www.binance.com/en/blog/community/3229153443759566763 |access-date=3 novembre 2026}}</ref> <ref name="BinanceIncident2">{{Cite web |title=Security Incident Update #2 (2026-10-30) |publisher=Binance |date=30 octobre 2026 |url=https://www.binance.com/en-GB/support/announcement/security-incident-update-2-2026-10-30-d3306d9dca5243548c813b605e1d1751 |access-date=3 novembre 2026}}</ref> </references> [[Categoria:2026 in computantia]] [[Categoria:2026 in historia economic]] [[Categoria:Furtos de cryptomoneta]] [[Categoria:Cyberattaccos]] [[Categoria:Binance]] [[Categoria:Incidentias de securitate informatic in 2026]] [[Categoria:Annos 2020 in pirateria informatic]] [[Categoria:Furto de cryptomonetas]] [[Categoria:Crimines de octobre 2026]] [[Categoria:Bitcoin]] [[Categoria:Ethereum]] [[Categoria:2026 in Korea del Nord]] [[Categoria:Relationes exterior de Korea del Nord]] [[Categoria:Economia de Korea del Nord]] [[Categoria:2026 in historia economic]] ocfwzedpv56iveizaoukrwtq9gweqp8 0 62457 705448 2026-11-03T20:26:11Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} '''Discoperta del Brasil''' es le denomination traditional del episodio del arrivata del armada commandate per [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] al litoral de [[America del Sud]] in 1500. Le evento resultava in le incorporation del territorio al sphera de dominio del [[Regno de Portugal]] e marcava le initio del presentia europee continue in le region que devenirea le [[Brasil]]. Le costa esseva avistate in le vicinitate de [[Monte Pascoal]], e...” 705448 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} '''Discoperta del Brasil''' es le denomination traditional del episodio del arrivata del armada commandate per [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] al litoral de [[America del Sud]] in 1500. Le evento resultava in le incorporation del territorio al sphera de dominio del [[Regno de Portugal]] e marcava le initio del presentia europee continue in le region que devenirea le [[Brasil]]. Le costa esseva avistate in le vicinitate de [[Monte Pascoal]], e le nove terra esseva denominate inicialmente Ilha de Vera Cruz e, plus tarde, Terra de Santa Cruz.<ref>Fausto, Boris (2013). ''História do Brasil''. São Paulo: Edusp, p. 41.</ref><ref>Holanda, Sérgio Buarque de (2010). ''Visão do paraíso''. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, p. 107.</ref> Le data traditional del [[22 de april]] [[1500]] se basa sur le [[Carta de Pero Vaz de Caminha]]. In ille epocha, le [[Calendario julian]] esseva in vigor; le data corresponde al 3 de maio 1500 in le [[Calendario gregorian]].<ref group="nota">In 1500, le calendario julian esseva in vigor. Le adoption del calendario gregorian occurreva solmente in 1582, producente un differentia de dece dies in le conversion del datas.</ref><ref>Fausto (2013), p. 42.</ref> Le viage de Cabral faceva parte del movimento del navigationes portugese orientate verso le ruta maritime al [[India]], aperite per [[Vasco da Gama]] in 1498. Illo se insereva in le processo plus ample del expansion ultramarine europee del seculos XV e XVI, associate con le formation del systema commercial atlantic e le diffusion del christianismo.<ref>Boxer, Charles R. (2002). ''O império marítimo português, 1415–1825''. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, p. 31.</ref><ref>Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (2012). ''The Portuguese Empire in Asia''. Oxford: Blackwell, p. 138.</ref> Sur le plano juridic e ideologic, le appropriation del nove terras esseva posteriormente relationate al principio cognoscite como [[doctrina del discoperta]], secundo le qual le monarchias christian revendicava le soveranitate super territorios non christian, frequentemente sin considerar le populationes autochthone.<ref group="nota">Le doctrina se basava sur interpretationes del derecto international del epocha e sur bullas papal del seculo XV. Illo es objecto de critica historiographic e juridic contemporanee.</ref><ref>Vainfas, Ronaldo (2000). ''Dicionário do Brasil Colonial''. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. 188.</ref> Ante le arrivata de Cabral, expeditiones espaniol habeva ja attingite partes del litoral del actual America del Sud. Le viage de [[Vicente Yáñez Pinzón]], qui attingeva le region del actual [[Pernambuco]] in januario 1500, es particularmente importante. Illo constitueva le prime desembarco europee documentate in territorio brasilian, ben que sin consequentias politic a causa del [[Tractato de Tordesillas]].<ref>Vigneras, Louis-André (1976). ''The Discovery of South America and the Andalusian Voyages''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p. 52.</ref><ref>Fausto (2013), p. 39.</ref> Le possibile passage de [[Americo Vespucci]] per le costa septentrional del territorio hodie appellate Brasil in 1499 es etiam objecto de debatte; iste hypothese se basa exclusivemente sur su relatos.<ref>Vigneras (1976), pp. 47–63.</ref> Le prime contactos con le populos indigena, principalmente gruppos de lingua tupi qui habitava le litoral, esseva describite per Caminha. Illos se characterisava per excambios symbolic, observation mutual e le celebration del [[Prime missa in Brasil]], sin implicar un occupation territorial immediate.<ref>Vainfas (2000), p. 186.</ref><ref>Fausto (2013), p. 44.</ref> Le novas concernente le nove terra se diffundeva rapidemente in Europa e esseva registrate in le cartographia ja in 1502, como in le [[Planispherio de Cantino]].<ref>Subrahmanyam (2012), p. 141.</ref> In le historiographia, le episodio es objecto de debattes concernente su intentionalitate — si illo resultava del conditiones del navigation atlantic o de un cognoscentia anterior del existentia de terras al west — e concernente le terminologia usate pro definir lo.<ref>Boxer (2002), p. 36.</ref><ref>Martins, Allysson Viana (22 de april 2026). «A invasão de Pindorama: por que a carta de Pero Vaz de Caminha deve ser lida como histórico de desinformação sobre o Brasil». ''The Conversation''.</ref> Le denomination traditional de discoperta ha essite problematisate per correntes que accentua le presentia millenari del populos indigena e le effectos del colonisation. Altere interpretationes sublinea le signification del evento in le contexto del navigationes e del formation del mundo moderne.<ref>Schwarcz, Lilia Moritz; Starling, Heloisa Murgel (2015). ''Brasil: uma biografia''. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, p. 43.</ref> Ben que le arrivata de 1500 non provocava un colonisation immediate — le qual se intensificava solmente a partir de 1530 — illo inaugurava un processo de longe duration que resultava in le integration del territorio american al economia-mundo europee, in le formation del societate colonial brasilian e in profunde transformationes demographic, cultural e ambiental.<ref>Boxer (2002), p. 42.</ref><ref>Schwarcz & Starling (2015), p. 53.</ref> Durante le seculo XIX, le episodio esseva elevate al rango de evento fundator del [[nation brasilian]], consolidante se in le memoria historic per medio del historiographia, del celebrationes civic e del pictura historic.<ref>Schwarcz & Starling (2015), p. 48.</ref> == Contexto == {{AP|Grandes Navigationes|Imperio portugese}} [[File:Vasco da Gama landing at Calicut.jpg|thumb|Arrivata de Vasco da Gama a [[Calicut]], India, le 20 maio 1498]] Le arrivata del armada de Pedro Álvares Cabral al costa de [[America del Sud]] se insere in le processo de [[expansion maritime portugese]] initiate in le seculo XV, associate con le recerca de rutas commercial verso le Oriente, le accesso directe al species e le extension del sphera de influentia politic e religiose del monarchia portugese.<ref>Boxer (2002), p. 31.</ref><ref>Subrahmanyam (2012), p. 138.</ref> Iste movimento faceva parte del phenomeno plus ample del formation del imperios ultramarine europee e del constitution de un [[systema de circulation atlantic]] que articulava Europa, Africa, Asia e, plus tarde, America.<ref>Subrahmanyam (2012), p. 3.</ref> Le conquesto de [[Ceuta]] in 1415 es frequentemente considerate le marco initial de iste expansion. Illo esseva sequite per le exploration progressive del costa african, le establimento de factorias e le disveloppamento de technicas nautic que permitteva le navigation in alto mar.<ref>Boxer (2002), p. 27.</ref> Le establimento del ruta del [[Cabo de Bon Sperantia]] per [[Bartolomeu Dias]] in 1488 e le arrivata de Vasco da Gama in India in 1498 consolidava le projecto de connexion maritime inter le [[Oceano Atlantic]] e le [[Oceano Indian]], reducente le dependentia de rutas mediterranee controlate per intermediarios italian e musulman.<ref>Fausto (2013), p. 40.</ref> Sur le plano diplomatic, le expansion ultramarine esseva accompaniate per le definition de areas de influentia inter le monarchias iberic per medio del [[Tractato de Tordesillas]] (1494), que establiva un meridiano pro divider le terras que poterea esser discoperite.<ref>Fausto (2013), p. 39.</ref> Le accordo reflecteva tanto le rivalitate inter [[Portugal]] e [[Castilia]] como le mediation pontifical in le legitimisation del expansion christian verso territorios considerate extra-europee.<ref>Vainfas (2000), p. 188.</ref> Le organisation del armada de Cabral occurreva in iste contexto de consolidation del ruta oriental. Le nove expedition, plus grande e melio equipate que illo de Vasco da Gama, habeva como objectivo principal establir relationes commercial permanente in India e affirmar le presentia portugese in le [[Oceano Indian]].<ref>Boxer (2002), p. 35.</ref> Le deviation verso west que resultava in le avistamento del costa american es interpretate per le historiographia tanto como un consequentia del conditiones de navigation del appellate ''volta del mar'' como un possibile verification de terras situate intra le limites definite per Tordesillas.<ref>Boxer (2002), p. 36.</ref><ref>Subrahmanyam (2012), p. 140.</ref> Del puncto de vista economic, le expansion portugese esseva ligate al formation de un circuito commercial que integrava le auro african, le species asiatic e, plus tarde, le productos colonial american, contribuente al emergentia de un economia de scala atlantic.<ref>Boxer (2002), p. 42.</ref> Sur le plano religiose, le expansion esseva accompaniate per le idea del propagation del fide christian e per le concession de privilegios spiritual al monarchias iberic, que associava le conquesto territorial con le mission evangelisatrice.<ref>Vainfas (2000), p. 189.</ref> Assi, le arrivata de 1500 non constitue un episodio isolate, ma face parte de un processo de longe duration que articulava transformationes politic, economic, technic e cultural responsabile pro le insertion del continente american in le dynamica del mundo moderne.<ref>Subrahmanyam (2012), p. 12.</ref> === Arrivatas europee anterior o parallel === {{Articulos principal|Colonisation europee de America}} {{Vide etiam|Historia pre-cabralian del Brasil|Periodo pre-colonial del Brasil}} Le prioritate del arrivata portugese in 1500 es traditionalmente associate al incorporation effective del territorio al spatio politic del [[Regno de Portugal]]. Tamen, le historiographia registra viages anterior o contemporanee que attingeva partes del litoral del actual America del Sud, sin producer consequentias territorial durabile a causa del accordos diplomatic inter le monarchias iberic.<ref>Fausto (2013), p. 39.</ref> ==== Vicente Yáñez Pinzón ==== [[File:Vicente Yáñez Pinzón.jpg|thumb|Vicente Yáñez Pinzón]] Le expedition commandate per Vicente Yáñez Pinzón partiva de [[Palos de la Frontera]] in novembre 1499 e attingeva le litoral del actual Pernambuco in januario 1500, probabilemente in le vicinitate del [[Cabo de Santo Agostinho]].<ref>Vigneras (1976), p. 52.</ref> Iste episodio es considerate le prime desembarco europee documentate in territorio brasilian. Le viage continuava verso le nord, passante per le [[Bocca del Rio Amazonas]], appellate per le navigator Santa María de la Mar Dulce a causa del volumine de aqua dulce que se extendeva in le oceano.<ref>Vigneras (1976), p. 54.</ref> Nonobstante le registration cartographic e chronic del evento, le Corona de Castilia non revendicava le possession del region, proque le territorio se trovava in le zona attribuite a Portugal per le Tractato de Tordesillas.<ref>Fausto (2013), p. 39.</ref> ==== Alonso de Ojeda e Americo Vespucci ==== [[File:Amerigo Vespucci.jpg|thumb|Americo Vespucci]] {{AP|Alonso de Ojeda|Americo Vespucci}} Le viage effectuate in 1499 sub le commandamento de [[Alonso de Ojeda]], con le participation de Americo Vespucci, percorreva le costa septentrional de America del Sud.<ref>Vigneras (1976), pp. 47–63.</ref> Parte del historiographia admitte le possibilitate que Vespucci habeva attingite areas situate in le actual territorio brasilian, ben que le documentation disponibile depende exclusivemente de su relatos e que lor exactitude es disputate.<ref>Subrahmanyam (2012), p. 139.</ref> Iste viages demonstra que le litoral atlantic sudamerican esseva cognoscite per navigatores iberic ante le incorporation effective del territorio per le monarchia portugese. Tamen, esseva le expedition de Cabral que produceva le consequentias politic, juridic e historic que definiva le processo de colonisation.<ref>Fausto (2013), p. 41.</ref> == Armada de Pedro Álvares Cabral == {{AP|Pedro Álvares Cabral}} [[File:Oscar Pereira da Silva - Desembarque de Pedro Álvares Cabral em Porto Seguro em 1500.jpg|thumb|Desembarco de Pedro Álvares Cabral in Porto Seguro in 1500]] Le expedition commandate per Pedro Álvares Cabral constitueva le plus grande armada inviate per Portugal al ultramar usque al ille tempore. Illo esseva organisate immediatemente post le successo del viage de Vasco da Gama a India (1497–1499).<ref>Fausto (2013), p. 41.</ref><ref>Boxer (2002), p. 35.</ref> Le expedition faceva parte del strategia regal de consolidation del ruta del Oceano Indian, con le objectivo de assecurar le accesso directe al species e establir relationes diplomatic e commercial permanente con le centros asiatic.<ref>Subrahmanyam (2012), p. 138.</ref> Le flotta consisteva de tredece embarcationes — dece naves, tres caravellas e un nave de provisiones — e reuniva inter mille e mille cinque centos homines, includente nobiles, pilotos experte, religiosos, condemnatos al exilio e homines armate.<ref>Subrahmanyam (2012), p. 139.</ref> Inter le capitaneos se trovava [[Bartolomeu Dias]], [[Nicolau Coelho]] e [[Sancho de Tovar]], in ultra del secretario del armada, [[Pero Vaz de Caminha]], autor del principal relato concernente le arrivata in Brasil.<ref>Vainfas (2000), p. 185.</ref> Le preparation del viage involveva recursos del Corona e de gruppos mercantil ligate al commercio oriental, demonstrante le articulation inter interesses politic e economic in le expansion ultramarine portugese.<ref>Boxer (2002), p. 33.</ref> === Partida e navigation === [[File:Pedro Álvares Cabral.jpg|thumb|Pedro Álvares Cabral avista le terra que plus tarde devenirea cognoscite como Brasil]] Le armada partiva de [[Lisboa]] le 9 martio 1500, post un ceremonia religiose al [[Monasterio dos Jerónimos]], in le qual le expedition maritime esseva symbolicemente associate con le mission christian del monarchia portugese.<ref>Boxer (2002), p. 35.</ref> Le ruta sequite usava le technica del ''volta del mar'', que consisteva in allontanar se del costa african e navigar verso le Atlantic pro profitar del ventos e currentes favorabile al navigation de longe distantia.<ref>Fausto (2013), p. 41.</ref> Iste procedura, ja empleate in le viages verso India, explica le displaciamento del flotta verso west que resultava in le avistamento del litoral sudamerican.<ref>Subrahmanyam (2012), p. 140.</ref> Le historiographia discute si le deviation esseva accidental, como consequentia del conditiones de navigation, o si illo correspondeva a un verification deliberate de terras situate intra le limites definite per le Tractato de Tordesillas.<ref>Boxer (2002), p. 36.</ref> Le absentia de documentation conclusive impedi le establimento de un consenso sur iste question. === Arrivata a Vera Cruz === {{AP|Terra de Santa Cruz}} {{Vide etiam|Lista de nomines del Brasil}} [[File:Victor Meirelles - Primeira Missa no Brasil.jpg|thumb|''Prime missa in Brasil'', per Victor Meirelles]] Le costa esseva avistate le [[22 de april]] [[1500]], in le vicinitate de [[Monte Pascoal]].<ref>Fausto (2013), p. 41.</ref> Post le approximation del naves, contactos esseva establite con le habitantes local, describite per Caminha como characterisate per curiositate reciproc e absentia initial de conflicto.<ref>Holanda (2010), p. 109.</ref> Le celebration del [[Prime missa in Brasil]] le 26 april 1500, presidite per [[Henrique de Coimbra]], symbolisava le possession del territorio in nomine del Corona portugese e le association inter expansion maritime e christianisation.<ref>Vainfas (2000), p. 186.</ref> Post un residentia de alcun dies sur le litoral, un del embarcationes esseva inviate a Portugal con le littera de Caminha, que narrava le discoperta del nove terra. Le armada principal continuava su viage verso India, le objectivo central del expedition.<ref>Fausto (2013), p. 42.</ref> == Populos indigena == {{AP|Populos indigena del Brasil}} [[File:Tupinambá.jpg|thumb|Representation de tupinambás]] Al momento del arrivata del armada de Cabral, le litoral del actual [[Bahia]] esseva occupate per populos de lingua tupi, inter le quales se distingueva le [[tupinambás]] e le [[tupiniquins]].<ref>Fausto (2013), p. 44.</ref> Iste societates basava lor subsistentia sur le agricultura, specialmente le cultura del [[mandioca]], le pisca, le recolta e retes de excambio que connecteva differente gruppos le longo del costa e del interior.<ref>Schwarcz & Starling (2015), p. 45.</ref> Le relatos del viagiatores europee constitue le fontes principal pro le cognoscentia de iste prime contactos e es marcate per interpretationes conditionate per le referentias cultural del observatores.<ref>Holanda (2010), p. 110.</ref> Le absentia de conflicto immediate non implicava relationes egalitari. Le contactos se insereva posteriormente in le processo de conquesto territorial, enslaviamento indigena e reorganisation del alliantias intertribal in le contexto del colonisation.<ref>Fausto (2013), p. 45.</ref> Le historiographia contemporanee ha accentuate le capacitate de action del populos indigena in iste processos, sublineante le diversitate sociopolitic del populationes autochthone e lor rolo active in le dynamicas de contacto, negotiation e resistentia.<ref>Schwarcz & Starling (2015), p. 46.</ref> == Fontes e documentation == [[File:Carta de Pero Vaz de Caminha.jpg|thumb|Littera de Pero Vaz de Caminha]] Le cognoscentia historic del arrivata del armada de Pedro Álvares Cabral se basa sur un collection limitate de testimonios producite in le contexto mesme del viage, completate per documentation administrative e cartographic posterior.<ref>Vainfas (2000), p. 185.</ref> Iste textos constitue le base empiric del narration historiographic del episodio e conditiona le possibilitates de interpretation del evento. Le fonte principal es le [[Carta de Pero Vaz de Caminha]], redactate inter april e maio 1500 e inviate al rege [[Manuel I de Portugal]]<ref>Fausto (2013), p. 41.</ref> solmente dece dies post le arrivata del armada.<ref>Martins, Allysson Viana (22 de april 2026). «A invasão de Pindorama: por que a carta de Pero Vaz de Caminha deve ser lida como histórico de desinformação sobre o Brasil». ''The Conversation''.</ref> Le documento describe le avistamento del terra, le prime contactos con le habitantes local, le paisage e le recursos natural, e registra etiam le celebration del prime missa. Le littera remaneva incognite usque al initio del seculo XIX, quando illo esseva trovate inter le documentos del [[Casa da Suplicação]] e publicate per [[Manuel Aires de Casal]] in 1817. Iste facto esseva decisive pro le fixation del data del 22 april in le memoria historic brasilian.<ref>Schwarcz & Starling (2015), p. 47.</ref> Un altere testimonio importante es le appellate ''Relation del Piloto Anonyme'', un relato synthet ic del viage que presenta informationes nautic e chronologic concernente le percurso del armada.<ref>Vainfas (2000), p. 185.</ref> A illo se adjunge le littera del physico e astronomo cognoscite como [[Mestre João]], que registra observationes astronomic effectuate durante le residentia sur le litoral e constitue un importante evidentia pro le reconstruction del position geographic del flotta.<ref>Fausto (2013), p. 41.</ref> Le documentation administrative portugese, includente registros regal, contractos mercantil e correspondentia diplomatic, permitte comprender le quadro politic e economic del expedition, ben que illo non provide descriptiones detaliate del arrivata al nove terra.<ref>Boxer (2002), p. 33.</ref> Le natura de iste fontes, producite exclusivemente per europeos, conditionava durante longe tempore le interpretation del episodio desde un puncto de vista externe al societates indigena. Le historiographia recente ha tentate superar iste limitation per medio del dialogo con le archeologia, le ethnohistoria e le anthropologia historic, que permitte reconstruer aspectos del populationes autochthone absente del relatos scripte.<ref>Schwarcz & Starling (2015), p. 46.</ref> == Cartographia e diffusion del novas == Le rapide circulation del informationes concernente le nove terra in le cortes europee pote esser observate per medio del cartographia producite in le annos immediatemente sequente al viage de 1500.<ref>Subrahmanyam (2012), p. 141.</ref> Iste registros demonstra que, nonobstante le character strategic del commercio oriental pro le Corona portugese, le discoperta del territorio american esseva promptemente incorporate al cognoscentia geographic del epocha. [[File:Cantino planisphere.jpg|thumb|Le Planispherio de Cantino (1502)]] Le exemplo le plus significative es le [[Planispherio de Cantino]], datate de 1502, que representa le litoral brasilian con un precision relative e indica le incorporation del territorio al sphera portugese.<ref>Subrahmanyam (2012), p. 141.</ref> Produ cite in Lisboa e inviate clandestinemente a Italia, le carta demonstra le existentia de retes international de circulation de information cartographic e le interesse del potentias europee in le nove rutas oceanic. Le presentia del Terra de Santa Cruz in le cartographia poc tempore post le viage demonstra que le cognoscentia geographic non remaneva limitate al Corona portugese, nonobstante le tentativas de controlar le informationes considerate strategic.<ref>Boxer (2002), p. 37.</ref> Cartas como illo de [[Juan de la Cosa]], de 1500, ja registrava le costa septentrional de America del Sud explorate per navigatores castilian, indicante le simultaneitate del explorationes iberic in le Atlantic.<ref>Vigneras (1976), p. 54.</ref> Le diffusion del novas concernente le discoperta occurreva etiam per medio de correspondentia mercantil e diplomatic, specialmente in le citates italian ligate al financiation del viages oceanic.<ref>Subrahmanyam (2012), p. 141.</ref> Iste fluxo de informationes contribuiva al integration del nove territorio in le imaginario geographic europee e a su insertion in le systema de rivalitates e alliantias que characterisava le expansion ultramarine. Del puncto de vista historiographic, le cartographia constitue non solmente un registro technic, ma etiam un forma de representation del poter e del possession territorial, exprimente le appropriation symbolic del spatio per le monarchia portugese e su legitimisation in le contexto del competition imperial europee.<ref>Schwarcz & Starling (2015), p. 48.</ref> == Chronologia del viage == Le reconstruction chronologic del viage del armada de Pedro Álvares Cabral se basa principalmente sur le [[Carta de Pero Vaz de Caminha]], le ''Relation del Piloto Anonyme'' e le littera de [[Mestre João]], completate per documentation nautic e studios historiographic posterior.<ref>Fausto (2013), p. 41.</ref><ref>Vainfas (2000), p. 185.</ref> Le natura fragmentari de iste fontes impone limites al precision absolute del datas e al determination exacte del locos de ancorage e de desembarco. Pro iste ration, le chronologia presentate resulta de un reconstruction critic effectuate per le historiographia moderne.<ref>Subrahmanyam (2012), p. 139.</ref> Le residentia del armada sur le litoral esseva breve e subordinate al objectivo central del expedition, le arrivata a India, sin implicar le fundation immediate de centros de population.<ref>Fausto (2013), p. 42.</ref> '''Chronologia del viage de Pedro Álvares Cabral e correspondentia inter le datas''' {| class="wikitable" ! Evento ! Data (calendario julian) ! Data (calendario gregorian) |- | Partida del armada de [[Lisboa]] | 9 martio 1500 | 19 martio 1500 |- | Avistamento de [[Monte Pascoal]] e identification de terra firme | 22 april 1500 | 3 maio 1500 |- | Approximation al costa e prime contactos con le habitantes local | 23–24 april 1500 | 4–5 maio 1500 |- | Celebration del [[Prime missa in Brasil]] | 26 april 1500 | 6 maio 1500 |- | Erection del cruce e ceremonia formal de possession | 1 maio 1500 | 11 maio 1500 |- | Invio del nave a [[Portugal]] con le littera de Caminha | 2 maio 1500 | 12 maio 1500 |- | Partida del armada verso le [[India]] | 3 maio 1500 | 13 maio 1500 |} Del puncto de vista historiographic, le chronologia del viage pone in evidentia le character episodic del contacto initial e reforça le interpretation que le territorio american remaneva in secundo plano in le politica regal durante le decadas immediatemente sequente al expedition.<ref>Boxer (2002), p. 37.</ref> == Reception in Europa == Le novas del arrivata del armada de Pedro Álvares Cabral al nove terra se integrava rapidemente in le circuitos diplomatic e mercantil europee, specialmente per medio del correspondentia inter Lisboa e le citates italian ligate al financiation del commercio oriental.<ref>Subrahmanyam (2012), p. 141.</ref> Le diffusion de iste informationes occurreva in parallel con le production cartographic del initio del seculo XVI, indicante que le discoperta non remaneva limitate al cognoscentia del Corona portugese. Nonobstante iste circulation relativemente ample, le territorio american occupava inicialmente un position secundari in le politica regal. Le objectivo central del expedition de 1500 esseva le consolidation del ruta verso India e le establimento de factorias in le [[Oceano Indian]]. Consequentemente, le recursos financial e militar del regno remaneva concentrate sur le commercio del species.<ref>Boxer (2002), p. 37.</ref> In iste contexto, le nove terra esseva considerate principalmente como un area potential de exploitation futur, e non como un spatio prioritarie pro occupation immediate. Le incorporation effective del territorio al dynamica imperial portugese occurreva gradualmente durante le decadas sequente, inicialmente per medio de expeditiones exploratori e del establimento del systema de [[capitanias hereditari]] a partir de 1534.<ref>Fausto (2013), p. 52.</ref> Iste intervallo inter le discoperta e le colonisation systematic reforça le interpretation historiographic que le episodio de 1500 esseva, in su tempore, subordinate al logica del imperio oriental. Del puncto de vista symbolic, tamen, le existentia del nove terra comenciava a integrar le horizonte geographic europee e le disputas politic resultante del expansion ultramarine, inserite in le systema de rivalitates inter le monarchias iberic e in le negotiationes concernente le application del Tractato de Tordesillas.<ref>Subrahmanyam (2012), p. 141.</ref> == Iconographia e construction symbolic == Le representation visual del arrivata del armada de Pedro Álvares Cabral se consolidava principalmente durante le seculo XIX, in relation stricte con le processo de formation del Stato national brasilian e con le necessitate de construction de marcos symbolic pro le historia national.<ref>Schwarcz & Starling (2015), p. 49.</ref> In iste contexto, le episodio de 1500 esseva reinterpretate como momento fundator del nation e incorporate al cultura historic per medio del pictura historic, del celebrationes civic e del production didactic. Inter le obras le plus influente se distingue ''Desembarque de Cabral em Porto Seguro'' (1904), per [[Oscar Pereira da Silva]], que presenta le arrivata del portugeses como un incontro pacific e hierarchic, con emphase sur le presentia symbolic del cruce e sur le centralitate del autoritate europee. Iste composition visual corresponde al projecto politic e cultural del epocha, marcate per le recerca de un narration de origine harmoniose pro le pais.<ref>Schwarcz & Starling (2015), p. 49.</ref> Similmente, le pictura [[Prime missa in Brasil]] (1860), per [[Victor Meirelles]], accentua le ceremonia religiose como acto fundator, associando le formation del territorio con le expansion del christianismo e le legitimisation spiritual del conquesto.<ref>Holanda (2010), p. 18.</ref> Le selection del momento liturgic como nucleo del representation reforça le interpretation del discoperta como evento civilisatori e providential. Iste imagines non constitue registros del evento mesme, ma interpretationes producite in un contexto historic specific, reflectente valores, hierarchias social e projectos politic posterior al seculo XVI.<ref>Schwarcz & Starling (2015), p. 50.</ref> Le historiographia contemporanee ha sublineate le character construite de iste representationes, analysante los como parte del processo de elaboration del memoria national e de definition del subjectos historic considerate central in le narration concernente le origines del Brasil. In iste senso, le iconographia del discoperta functiona simultaneemente como fonte pro le studio del sensibilitates del seculo XIX e como elemento constitutive del cultura historic brasilian, influente sur le maniera como le episodio comenciava a esser inseniate, commemorate e socialmente percipite.<ref>Schwarcz & Starling (2015), p. 50.</ref> == Impactos a longe termino == Ben que le arrivata del armada de Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500 non implicava occupation territorial immediate, le episodio inaugurava un processo historic de longe duration que resultava in le incorporation del territorio american al dynamica del imperio portugese e al formation del societate colonial brasilian.<ref>Fausto (2013), p. 52.</ref> A partir del decada de 1530, con le implementation del systema de [[capitanias hereditari]] e le establimento del [[governo general]], le presentia portugese acquireva un character permanente e struct urava un modello de colonisation orientate verso le production de merces destinate al mercato europee.<ref>Boxer (2002), p. 42.</ref> Sur le plano economic, le integration del territorio al systema atlantic esseva associate inicialmente con le exploitation del [[pau-brasil]] e, posteriormente, con le consolidation del economia del zucchero, basate sur le labor forciate.<ref>Fausto (2013), p. 54.</ref> Le enslaviamento indigena constitueva le prime forma de exploitation systematic del mano de obra local. Illo esseva gradualmente supplite per le sclavitude african, que deveniva le axe struct urante del production colonial e del relationes social in le America portugese.<ref>Schwarcz & Starling (2015), p. 53.</ref> Del puncto de vista demographic e cultural, le processo de colonisation provocava profunde transformationes in le societates indigena, includente displaciamentos de population, disarticulation de retes de excambio, epidemias e conflictos armate.<ref>Fausto (2013), p. 55.</ref> Al mesme tempore, le populationes autochthone habeva un rolo active in le dynamicas colonial, establiente alliantias, negotiantes con le europeos e disveloppante formas de resistentia que marcava le configuration historic del territorio.<ref>Schwarcz & Starling (2015), p. 46.</ref> Le formation del societate colonial resultava del interaction inter populationes indigena, african e europee, produ cente structuras social, practicas cultural e systemas economic specific que distingueva le America portugese de altere areas del continente.<ref>Boxer (2002), p. 43.</ref> In iste processo, le territorio discoperite in 1500 esseva gradualmente integrate al economia-mundo europee, deveniente un fornitor de productos tropical e un spatio de expansion del monarchia portugese. Sur le plano ambiental, le colonisation implicava le introduction de nove species vegetal e animal, le reorganisation del uso del terra e le transformation de ecosistemas in function del activitates economic colonial.<ref>Fausto (2013), p. 56.</ref> Le historiographia contemporanee interpreta iste disveloppamentos como parte de un processo global de expansion europee que redefiniva le connexiones inter continentes e produceva nove hierarchias politic, economic e cultural a scala mundial.<ref>Subrahmanyam (2012), p. 12.</ref> == Debatte historiographic e terminologic == Le interpretation del episodio de 1500 ha essite objecto de differente lecturas al longo del tempore, reflectente le transformationes del historiographia e del formas de construction del memoria historic in Brasil.<ref>Schwarcz & Starling (2015), p. 43.</ref> Le denomination traditional de discoperta del Brasil, consacrate per le historiographia del seculo XIX e per le instruction escolar, se relationa con le perspectiva europee del navigationes e con le incorporation del territorio al sphera politic del [[Regno de Portugal]].<ref>Holanda (2010), p. 15.</ref> A partir del secunde medietate del seculo XX, le termino comenciava a esser problematisate per correntes historiographic que accentua le presentia millenari del populationes indigena e le consequentias del processo de colonisation.<ref>Schwarcz & Starling (2015), p. 43.</ref> In iste contexto, surgiva interpretationes que usa expressiones como conquesto, invasion o occupation, sublineante le character violente del expansion colonial e le disstructuration del societates autochthone. Iste interpretationes non constitue solmente un substitution terminologic, ma reflecte transformationes plus ample in le objectos e methodos del historiographia, que comenciava a incorporar le ethnohistoria, le historia indigena e le historia atlantic, extendente le foco ultra le actiones del monarchias europee.<ref>Schwarcz & Starling (2015), p. 46.</ref> Sur le plano del derecto international e del historia del ideas politic, le discussion se relationa al principio cognoscite como [[doctrina del discoperta]], secundo le qual le monarchias christian revendicava le soveranitate super territorios non christian basate sur le prioritate del discoperta e le mission evangelisatrice.<ref>Vainfas (2000), p. 188.</ref> Le critica contemporanee de iste principio ha sublineate su rolo in le legitimisation juridic e symbolic del expansion colonial e in le marginalisation del soveranitate indigena. In parallel, le historiographia ha discutite le intentionalitate mesme del arrivata de Cabral, questionante si le deviation verso west resultava del conditiones del navigation atlantic o de un cognoscentia anterior del existentia de terras intra le limites definite per le Tractato de Tordesillas.<ref>Boxer (2002), p. 36.</ref><ref>Subrahmanyam (2012), p. 140.</ref> Le absentia de documentation conclusive mantene le question aperte e pone in evidentia le limites del fontes disponibile. Le consecration del episodio como marco fundator del nation brasilian occurreva principalmente in le seculo XIX, quando le publication del littera de Pero Vaz de Caminha e le production del pictura historic contribuiva a fixar le data del 22 april e a establir un narration del origine del pais.<ref>Schwarcz & Starling (2015), p. 47.</ref> Le historiographia recente ha analysate iste processo como parte del construction del cultura historic national, distinguente inter le evento de 1500 e le formas posterior de su representation. Assi, le debatte terminologic e interpretative concernente le discoperta del Brasil exprime non solmente divergentias concernente le natura del evento, ma etiam differente conceptiones del historia, del subjecto historic e del memoria collective. == Vide etiam == * [[Chronologia del historia del Brasil]] * [[Discoperta de America]] * [[Era del Discopertas]] == Notas e referentias == === Notas === <references group="nota" /> {{Ref}} === Bibliographia === * Boxer, Charles R. (2002). ''O império marítimo português, 1415–1825''. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras. * Fausto, Boris (2013). ''História do Brasil''. São Paulo: Edusp. * Holanda, Sérgio Buarque de (2010). ''Visão do paraíso''. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras. * Richards, E. G. (2013). ''Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac'', 3rd edition. Mill Valley: University Science Books. * Schwarcz, Lilia Moritz; Starling, Heloisa Murgel (2015). ''Brasil: uma biografia''. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras. * Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (2012). ''The Portuguese Empire in Asia''. Oxford: Blackwell. * Teixeira, Cristiana do Carmo (2010). ''Calendários''. Belo Horizonte: UFMG. * Vainfas, Ronaldo (2000). ''Dicionário do Brasil Colonial''. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva. * Vigneras, Louis-André (1976). ''The Discovery of South America and the Andalusian Voyages''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. === Lecturas complementari === * Ab'Sáber, Aziz N. (1972). ''História geral da civilização brasileira''. Tomo I: A época colonial, 4 edition. São Paulo: Difel. * Azevedo, J. Lúcio de (1973). ''Épocas de Portugal econômico''. Lisboa: Clássica Editora. * Cortesão, Jaime (1967). ''A expedição de Pedro Álvares Cabral e o descobrimento do Brasil''. Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional. * Dias, Carlos Malheiro (1921). ''História da colonização portuguesa do Brasil''. Porto: Lello & Irmão. * Gândavo, Pero de Magalhães (1980). ''História da Província de Santa Cruz''. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia. * Hemming, John (1978). ''Red Gold: The Conquest of the Brazilian Indians''. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. * Marchant, Alexander (1980). ''Do escambo à escravidão''. São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional. * Prado Júnior, Caio (1999). ''Formação do Brasil contemporâneo''. São Paulo: Brasiliense. == Ligamines externe == * [https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/a-descoberta-do-brasil/ A discoperta del Brasil], Diário do Tempo, RTP, 2012. * [https://ensina.rtp.pt/ Discoperta maritime del Brasil per Pedro Álvares Cabral], António Ferronha, RDP Internacional, 1998. * [https://ensina.rtp.pt/ Le arrivata in Brasil, per Pero Vaz de Caminha], RTP. 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Navigatores e mercantes francese visitava le costa brasilian desde le initio del seculo XVI, commerciava in palo brasil e establiva relationes commercial con communitates indigena. Francia tentava etiam establir colonias permanente, le plus not...” 705457 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} '''Invasiones francese del Brasil''' refere a un serie de expeditiones francese, incursiones militar e tentativas de colonisation lungo le costa del America portugese durante le seculos XVI e XVII. Navigatores e mercantes francese visitava le costa brasilian desde le initio del seculo XVI, commerciava in palo brasil e establiva relationes commercial con communitates indigena. Francia tentava etiam establir colonias permanente, le plus notabilemente [[France Antartic]] in le area del actual [[Rio de Janeiro]] e [[France Équinoxiale]] in [[Maranhão]]. Le presentia francese contestava le revendicationes de Portugal sur Brasil in virtute del [[Tractato de Tordesillas]] e conduceva a confrontationes militar repetite. Le portugeses e lor alliatos indigena finalmente expelleva le francese de ambes le principal stabilimentos colonial, ben que le activitate commercial e maritime francese in le region continuava.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mendes dos Santos |first=Ilda |title=Là où Villegagnon prit terre… La France Antarctique (1555-1560) |publisher=Bibliothèque nationale de France |url=https://heritage.bnf.fr/france-bresil/ou-villegagnon-prit-terre-france-antarctique-1555-1560 |access-date=3 November 2026}}</ref> == Contexto == === Commercio francese lungo le costa brasilian === Navigatores e mercantes francese comenciava a visitar le costa brasilian durante le initio del seculo XVI, poc post le arrivata portugese in 1500. Naves francese commerciava in palo brasil, un ligno de grande valor usate pro producer tinctura rubie in Europa. Expeditiones commercial operava specialmente desde portos como [[Dieppe]], [[Honfleur]] e [[Rouen]]. Le mercantes francese establiva frequentemente relationes con communitates indigena, specialmente gruppos de lingua tupi lungo le costa atlantic. Iste relationes facilitava le collection e le transporto de palo brasil e provideva al francese cognoscentia local e accesso al retes commercial costal. Portugal tentava facer valer su revendicationes sur Brasil per medio del Tractato de Tordesillas, signate con Espania in 1494. Francia, tamen, non recognosceva le tractato como un base legitime pro excluder altere potentias europee de territorios que non habeva essite occupate effectivemente. Consequentemente, le activitate maritime francese deveniva un fonte de conflicto con le autoritates portugese.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mendes dos Santos |first=Ilda |title=Là où Villegagnon prit terre… La France Antarctique (1555-1560) |publisher=Bibliothèque nationale de France |url=https://heritage.bnf.fr/france-bresil/ou-villegagnon-prit-terre-france-antarctique-1555-1560 |access-date=3 November 2026}}</ref> == France Antartic (1555–1567) == [[File:France Antarctique Villegagnon Guanabara Bay 16th century historical illustration map.jpg|thumb|Illustration historic del colonia France Antarticin le baia de Guanabara]] === Fundation === Le prime major tentativa francese de establir un colonia permanente in Brasil esseva [[Francia Antartic]], fundate in 1555 in le [[Baia de Guanabara]], presso le actual Rio de Janeiro. Le expedition esseva commandate per [[Nicolas Durand de Villegagnon]], un officiero del marina francese qui desirava establir un base strategic pro le commercio francese e le expansion colonial in le Atlantico Sud. Le expedition partiva de [[Le Havre]] in maio 1555 e arrivava al costa brasilian in novembre. Le francese se installava sur un insula in le baia de Guanabara, postea cognoscite como [[Insula de Villegagnon]], ubi illes construeva un stabilimento fortificate. Le colonia recipeva le appoio de gruppos indigena, specialmente le [[tamoios]], qui se opponeva al expansion portugese in le region.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mendes dos Santos |first=Ilda |title=Là où Villegagnon prit terre… La France Antarctique (1555-1560) |publisher=Bibliothèque nationale de France |url=https://heritage.bnf.fr/france-bresil/ou-villegagnon-prit-terre-france-antarctique-1555-1560 |access-date=3 November 2026}}</ref> === Conflicto religiose === France Antarctic deveniva associate con le divisiones religiose del Francia del seculo XVI. Villegagnon inicialmente cercava le assistentia de communitates protestante e invitava calvinistas francese a unir se al colonia. In 1557, un gruppo de colonos e missionarios protestante arrivava, inter illes [[Jean de Léry]]. Disaccordos se disveloppava concernente le doctrina religiose e le organisation del stabilimento. Le conflictos inter colonos catholic e protestante contribuiva al instabilitate interne e debilitava le colonia. Le disputas esseva postea documentate in le relatos de Jean de Léry e [[André Thevet]], que deveniva fontes importante pro le cognoscentia europee del Brasil del seculo XVI. === Campania portugese e expulsion === Le autoritates portugese considerava le stabilimento francese como un menacia directe a lor revendicationes colonial. In 1560, un expedition portugese commandate per [[Mem de Sá]], governator general del Brasil, attaccava e prendeva le fortification francese sur le Insula de Villegagnon. Le francese supervivente e lor alliatos indigena continuava a resister al expansion portugese desde positiones situate in altere partes del baia de Guanabara. Le conflicto involveva le [[Confederation Tamoio]], cuje membros se opponeva al colonisation portugese e al enslaviamento del populos indigena. In 1565, [[Estácio de Sá]] fundava le citate de [[Rio de Janeiro]] como stabilimento militar portugese destinate a consolidar le controlo del baia de Guanabara. Le fortias portugese e lor alliatos indigena gradualmente vinceva le francese e le resistentia tamoio. Le ultime fortificationes francese importante esseva eliminate in 1567, ponente fin a Francia Antartic.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mendes dos Santos |first=Ilda |title=Là où Villegagnon prit terre… La France Antarctique (1555-1560) |publisher=Bibliothèque nationale de France |url=https://heritage.bnf.fr/france-bresil/ou-villegagnon-prit-terre-france-antarctique-1555-1560 |access-date=3 November 2026}}</ref> == Activitate francese in le Brasil septentrional == Post le derrota de Francia Antarctic, le activitate commercial e exploratori francese continuava lungo le costa septentrional del Brasil. Mercantes ab portos francese manteneva relationes con communitates indigena e commerciava in palo brasil e altere productos. Iste activitates preparava le terreno pro un secunde tentativa importante de colonisation francese. === Francia Equinoccial (1612–1615) === [[File:France Equinoxiale Maranhão São Luís 17th century historical map.jpg|thumb|Carta historic de Francia Equinoccial e Maranhão]] In 1612, un expedition francese dirigite per [[Daniel de la Touche, senior de la Ravardière]], e François de Razilly arrivava al insula de [[Maranhão]], in le actual nord-est del Brasil. Le expedition habeva essite organisate con appoio regal durante le regentia de [[Maria de' Medici]] e habeva como objectivo establir un colonia francese permanente. Le francese fundava un stabilimento e construeva le [[Fort Saint-Louis]], nominate in honor del rege [[Ludovico XIII de Francia]]. Le stabilimento se disveloppava in le citate de [[São Luís, Maranhão|São Luís]], que deveniva le centro del colonia francese. Le expedition establiva etiam relationes con le [[tupinambás]] e altere communitates indigena, cuje appoio militar e commercial esseva importante pro le projecto colonial.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Jarnoux |first=Philippe |title=La France équinoxiale : les dernières velléités de colonisation française au Brésil (1612-1615) |journal=Annales de Bretagne et des pays de l'Ouest |volume=98 |issue=3 |pages=273–296 |year=1991 |doi=10.3406/abpo.1991.3397 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/abpo_0399-0826_1991_num_98_3_3397}}</ref> Le colonia habeva etiam un dimension missionari. Fratres capuchin accompaniava le colonos e cercava converter le habitantes indigena al christianismo. Lor activitates esseva describite per [[Claude d'Abbeville]] e [[Yves d'Évreux]], cuje scriptos deveniva fontes importante sur le stabilimento francese e su relationes con le communitates indigena.<ref>{{cite web |title=La France Équinoxiale |publisher=Bibliothèque nationale de France, Patrimoines Partagés |url=https://heritage.bnf.fr/france-bresil/france-equinoxiale |access-date=3 November 2026}}</ref> === Reconquista portugese === Portugal respondeva al establimento francese per le organisation de un campania militar destinate a expeller le colonos. Le fortias portugese esseva dirigite per [[Jerónimo de Albuquerque]] e includeva alliatos indigena. Le combattimentos se intensificava durante 1614 e culminava in le [[Batalia de Guaxenduba]] le 19 novembre 1614. Ben que le francese inicialmente manteneva lor position, le campania militar portugese e le arrivata de nove renforti debilitava le colonia. In 1615, le fortias portugese capturava le fortificationes francese e obligava le colonos restante a partir. Daniel de la Touche esseva prendite como prisionero e retornava posteriormente a Francia. Le cadita de Francia Equinoccial poneva fin al principal tentativa francese de establir un colonia in le parte septentrional del Brasil portugese. Le portugeses consolidava lor controlo sur Maranhão e le territorio circumstante.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Jarnoux |first=Philippe |title=La France équinoxiale : les dernières velléités de colonisation française au Brésil (1612-1615) |journal=Annales de Bretagne et des pays de l'Ouest |volume=98 |issue=3 |pages=273–296 |year=1991 |doi=10.3406/abpo.1991.3397 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/abpo_0399-0826_1991_num_98_3_3397}}</ref> == Alliantias indigena e conflicto colonial == Le communitates indigena habeva un rolo central in le conflictos inter Francia e Portugal. Le colonos e mercantes francese dependeva de alliantias con gruppos indigena pro le commercio, le appoio militar e le accesso al territorios interior. Iste alliantias non esseva simplemente manifestationes del rivalitate europee: le communitates indigena persequeva lor proprie interesses politic e militar e a vices usava le competition inter europeos pro resister al expansion portugese. Le tamoios habeva un importantia particular durante le conflicto in le baia de Guanabara. Lor opposition al colonisation portugese contribueva al formation del [[Confederation Tamoio]], que luctava al latere del francese contra le fortias portugese. In Maranhão, le tupinambás etiam provideva appoio al stabilimento francese. Le portugeses, de lor parte, disveloppava alliantias con gruppos indigena que se opponeva al francese o a lor alliatos local. Iste relationes variabile reflecteva le diversitate del interesses politic indigena e le cambiamento del equilibrio de poter lungo le costa brasilian. == Referentias == <references /> [[Categoria:Colonisation de Brasil]] [[Categoria:Historia militar de Brasil]] [[Categoria:Invasiones francese in Brasil]] [[Categoria:Relationes inter Brasil e Francia]] [[Categoria:Seculo XVI in Brasil]] ikikwot2yq0dws31084344ogn8byrft 705458 705457 2026-11-03T20:40:07Z Tratxan 61856 /* France Antartic (1555–1567) */ 705458 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} '''Invasiones francese del Brasil''' refere a un serie de expeditiones francese, incursiones militar e tentativas de colonisation lungo le costa del America portugese durante le seculos XVI e XVII. Navigatores e mercantes francese visitava le costa brasilian desde le initio del seculo XVI, commerciava in palo brasil e establiva relationes commercial con communitates indigena. Francia tentava etiam establir colonias permanente, le plus notabilemente [[France Antartic]] in le area del actual [[Rio de Janeiro]] e [[France Équinoxiale]] in [[Maranhão]]. Le presentia francese contestava le revendicationes de Portugal sur Brasil in virtute del [[Tractato de Tordesillas]] e conduceva a confrontationes militar repetite. Le portugeses e lor alliatos indigena finalmente expelleva le francese de ambes le principal stabilimentos colonial, ben que le activitate commercial e maritime francese in le region continuava.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mendes dos Santos |first=Ilda |title=Là où Villegagnon prit terre… La France Antarctique (1555-1560) |publisher=Bibliothèque nationale de France |url=https://heritage.bnf.fr/france-bresil/ou-villegagnon-prit-terre-france-antarctique-1555-1560 |access-date=3 November 2026}}</ref> == Contexto == === Commercio francese lungo le costa brasilian === Navigatores e mercantes francese comenciava a visitar le costa brasilian durante le initio del seculo XVI, poc post le arrivata portugese in 1500. Naves francese commerciava in palo brasil, un ligno de grande valor usate pro producer tinctura rubie in Europa. Expeditiones commercial operava specialmente desde portos como [[Dieppe]], [[Honfleur]] e [[Rouen]]. Le mercantes francese establiva frequentemente relationes con communitates indigena, specialmente gruppos de lingua tupi lungo le costa atlantic. Iste relationes facilitava le collection e le transporto de palo brasil e provideva al francese cognoscentia local e accesso al retes commercial costal. Portugal tentava facer valer su revendicationes sur Brasil per medio del Tractato de Tordesillas, signate con Espania in 1494. Francia, tamen, non recognosceva le tractato como un base legitime pro excluder altere potentias europee de territorios que non habeva essite occupate effectivemente. Consequentemente, le activitate maritime francese deveniva un fonte de conflicto con le autoritates portugese.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mendes dos Santos |first=Ilda |title=Là où Villegagnon prit terre… La France Antarctique (1555-1560) |publisher=Bibliothèque nationale de France |url=https://heritage.bnf.fr/france-bresil/ou-villegagnon-prit-terre-france-antarctique-1555-1560 |access-date=3 November 2026}}</ref> == France Antartic (1555–1567) == === Fundation === Le prime major tentativa francese de establir un colonia permanente in Brasil esseva [[Francia Antartic]], fundate in 1555 in le [[Baia de Guanabara]], presso le actual Rio de Janeiro. Le expedition esseva commandate per [[Nicolas Durand de Villegagnon]], un officiero del marina francese qui desirava establir un base strategic pro le commercio francese e le expansion colonial in le Atlantico Sud. Le expedition partiva de [[Le Havre]] in maio 1555 e arrivava al costa brasilian in novembre. Le francese se installava sur un insula in le baia de Guanabara, postea cognoscite como [[Insula de Villegagnon]], ubi illes construeva un stabilimento fortificate. Le colonia recipeva le appoio de gruppos indigena, specialmente le [[tamoios]], qui se opponeva al expansion portugese in le region.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mendes dos Santos |first=Ilda |title=Là où Villegagnon prit terre… La France Antarctique (1555-1560) |publisher=Bibliothèque nationale de France |url=https://heritage.bnf.fr/france-bresil/ou-villegagnon-prit-terre-france-antarctique-1555-1560 |access-date=3 November 2026}}</ref> === Conflicto religiose === France Antarctic deveniva associate con le divisiones religiose del Francia del seculo XVI. Villegagnon inicialmente cercava le assistentia de communitates protestante e invitava calvinistas francese a unir se al colonia. In 1557, un gruppo de colonos e missionarios protestante arrivava, inter illes [[Jean de Léry]]. Disaccordos se disveloppava concernente le doctrina religiose e le organisation del stabilimento. Le conflictos inter colonos catholic e protestante contribuiva al instabilitate interne e debilitava le colonia. Le disputas esseva postea documentate in le relatos de Jean de Léry e [[André Thevet]], que deveniva fontes importante pro le cognoscentia europee del Brasil del seculo XVI. === Campania portugese e expulsion === Le autoritates portugese considerava le stabilimento francese como un menacia directe a lor revendicationes colonial. In 1560, un expedition portugese commandate per [[Mem de Sá]], governator general del Brasil, attaccava e prendeva le fortification francese sur le Insula de Villegagnon. Le francese supervivente e lor alliatos indigena continuava a resister al expansion portugese desde positiones situate in altere partes del baia de Guanabara. Le conflicto involveva le [[Confederation Tamoio]], cuje membros se opponeva al colonisation portugese e al enslaviamento del populos indigena. In 1565, [[Estácio de Sá]] fundava le citate de [[Rio de Janeiro]] como stabilimento militar portugese destinate a consolidar le controlo del baia de Guanabara. Le fortias portugese e lor alliatos indigena gradualmente vinceva le francese e le resistentia tamoio. Le ultime fortificationes francese importante esseva eliminate in 1567, ponente fin a Francia Antartic.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mendes dos Santos |first=Ilda |title=Là où Villegagnon prit terre… La France Antarctique (1555-1560) |publisher=Bibliothèque nationale de France |url=https://heritage.bnf.fr/france-bresil/ou-villegagnon-prit-terre-france-antarctique-1555-1560 |access-date=3 November 2026}}</ref> == Activitate francese in le Brasil septentrional == Post le derrota de Francia Antarctic, le activitate commercial e exploratori francese continuava lungo le costa septentrional del Brasil. Mercantes ab portos francese manteneva relationes con communitates indigena e commerciava in palo brasil e altere productos. Iste activitates preparava le terreno pro un secunde tentativa importante de colonisation francese. === Francia Equinoccial (1612–1615) === [[File:France Equinoxiale Maranhão São Luís 17th century historical map.jpg|thumb|Carta historic de Francia Equinoccial e Maranhão]] In 1612, un expedition francese dirigite per [[Daniel de la Touche, senior de la Ravardière]], e François de Razilly arrivava al insula de [[Maranhão]], in le actual nord-est del Brasil. Le expedition habeva essite organisate con appoio regal durante le regentia de [[Maria de' Medici]] e habeva como objectivo establir un colonia francese permanente. Le francese fundava un stabilimento e construeva le [[Fort Saint-Louis]], nominate in honor del rege [[Ludovico XIII de Francia]]. Le stabilimento se disveloppava in le citate de [[São Luís, Maranhão|São Luís]], que deveniva le centro del colonia francese. Le expedition establiva etiam relationes con le [[tupinambás]] e altere communitates indigena, cuje appoio militar e commercial esseva importante pro le projecto colonial.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Jarnoux |first=Philippe |title=La France équinoxiale : les dernières velléités de colonisation française au Brésil (1612-1615) |journal=Annales de Bretagne et des pays de l'Ouest |volume=98 |issue=3 |pages=273–296 |year=1991 |doi=10.3406/abpo.1991.3397 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/abpo_0399-0826_1991_num_98_3_3397}}</ref> Le colonia habeva etiam un dimension missionari. Fratres capuchin accompaniava le colonos e cercava converter le habitantes indigena al christianismo. Lor activitates esseva describite per [[Claude d'Abbeville]] e [[Yves d'Évreux]], cuje scriptos deveniva fontes importante sur le stabilimento francese e su relationes con le communitates indigena.<ref>{{cite web |title=La France Équinoxiale |publisher=Bibliothèque nationale de France, Patrimoines Partagés |url=https://heritage.bnf.fr/france-bresil/france-equinoxiale |access-date=3 November 2026}}</ref> === Reconquista portugese === Portugal respondeva al establimento francese per le organisation de un campania militar destinate a expeller le colonos. Le fortias portugese esseva dirigite per [[Jerónimo de Albuquerque]] e includeva alliatos indigena. Le combattimentos se intensificava durante 1614 e culminava in le [[Batalia de Guaxenduba]] le 19 novembre 1614. Ben que le francese inicialmente manteneva lor position, le campania militar portugese e le arrivata de nove renforti debilitava le colonia. In 1615, le fortias portugese capturava le fortificationes francese e obligava le colonos restante a partir. Daniel de la Touche esseva prendite como prisionero e retornava posteriormente a Francia. Le cadita de Francia Equinoccial poneva fin al principal tentativa francese de establir un colonia in le parte septentrional del Brasil portugese. Le portugeses consolidava lor controlo sur Maranhão e le territorio circumstante.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Jarnoux |first=Philippe |title=La France équinoxiale : les dernières velléités de colonisation française au Brésil (1612-1615) |journal=Annales de Bretagne et des pays de l'Ouest |volume=98 |issue=3 |pages=273–296 |year=1991 |doi=10.3406/abpo.1991.3397 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/abpo_0399-0826_1991_num_98_3_3397}}</ref> == Alliantias indigena e conflicto colonial == Le communitates indigena habeva un rolo central in le conflictos inter Francia e Portugal. Le colonos e mercantes francese dependeva de alliantias con gruppos indigena pro le commercio, le appoio militar e le accesso al territorios interior. Iste alliantias non esseva simplemente manifestationes del rivalitate europee: le communitates indigena persequeva lor proprie interesses politic e militar e a vices usava le competition inter europeos pro resister al expansion portugese. Le tamoios habeva un importantia particular durante le conflicto in le baia de Guanabara. Lor opposition al colonisation portugese contribueva al formation del [[Confederation Tamoio]], que luctava al latere del francese contra le fortias portugese. In Maranhão, le tupinambás etiam provideva appoio al stabilimento francese. Le portugeses, de lor parte, disveloppava alliantias con gruppos indigena que se opponeva al francese o a lor alliatos local. Iste relationes variabile reflecteva le diversitate del interesses politic indigena e le cambiamento del equilibrio de poter lungo le costa brasilian. == Referentias == <references /> [[Categoria:Colonisation de Brasil]] [[Categoria:Historia militar de Brasil]] [[Categoria:Invasiones francese in Brasil]] [[Categoria:Relationes inter Brasil e Francia]] [[Categoria:Seculo XVI in Brasil]] h6l6ioiwdf9266catc700qqyasvr4f8 705459 705458 2026-11-03T20:40:15Z Tratxan 61856 /* Francia Equinoccial (1612–1615) */ 705459 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} '''Invasiones francese del Brasil''' refere a un serie de expeditiones francese, incursiones militar e tentativas de colonisation lungo le costa del America portugese durante le seculos XVI e XVII. Navigatores e mercantes francese visitava le costa brasilian desde le initio del seculo XVI, commerciava in palo brasil e establiva relationes commercial con communitates indigena. Francia tentava etiam establir colonias permanente, le plus notabilemente [[France Antartic]] in le area del actual [[Rio de Janeiro]] e [[France Équinoxiale]] in [[Maranhão]]. Le presentia francese contestava le revendicationes de Portugal sur Brasil in virtute del [[Tractato de Tordesillas]] e conduceva a confrontationes militar repetite. Le portugeses e lor alliatos indigena finalmente expelleva le francese de ambes le principal stabilimentos colonial, ben que le activitate commercial e maritime francese in le region continuava.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mendes dos Santos |first=Ilda |title=Là où Villegagnon prit terre… La France Antarctique (1555-1560) |publisher=Bibliothèque nationale de France |url=https://heritage.bnf.fr/france-bresil/ou-villegagnon-prit-terre-france-antarctique-1555-1560 |access-date=3 November 2026}}</ref> == Contexto == === Commercio francese lungo le costa brasilian === Navigatores e mercantes francese comenciava a visitar le costa brasilian durante le initio del seculo XVI, poc post le arrivata portugese in 1500. Naves francese commerciava in palo brasil, un ligno de grande valor usate pro producer tinctura rubie in Europa. Expeditiones commercial operava specialmente desde portos como [[Dieppe]], [[Honfleur]] e [[Rouen]]. Le mercantes francese establiva frequentemente relationes con communitates indigena, specialmente gruppos de lingua tupi lungo le costa atlantic. Iste relationes facilitava le collection e le transporto de palo brasil e provideva al francese cognoscentia local e accesso al retes commercial costal. Portugal tentava facer valer su revendicationes sur Brasil per medio del Tractato de Tordesillas, signate con Espania in 1494. Francia, tamen, non recognosceva le tractato como un base legitime pro excluder altere potentias europee de territorios que non habeva essite occupate effectivemente. Consequentemente, le activitate maritime francese deveniva un fonte de conflicto con le autoritates portugese.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mendes dos Santos |first=Ilda |title=Là où Villegagnon prit terre… La France Antarctique (1555-1560) |publisher=Bibliothèque nationale de France |url=https://heritage.bnf.fr/france-bresil/ou-villegagnon-prit-terre-france-antarctique-1555-1560 |access-date=3 November 2026}}</ref> == France Antartic (1555–1567) == === Fundation === Le prime major tentativa francese de establir un colonia permanente in Brasil esseva [[Francia Antartic]], fundate in 1555 in le [[Baia de Guanabara]], presso le actual Rio de Janeiro. Le expedition esseva commandate per [[Nicolas Durand de Villegagnon]], un officiero del marina francese qui desirava establir un base strategic pro le commercio francese e le expansion colonial in le Atlantico Sud. Le expedition partiva de [[Le Havre]] in maio 1555 e arrivava al costa brasilian in novembre. Le francese se installava sur un insula in le baia de Guanabara, postea cognoscite como [[Insula de Villegagnon]], ubi illes construeva un stabilimento fortificate. Le colonia recipeva le appoio de gruppos indigena, specialmente le [[tamoios]], qui se opponeva al expansion portugese in le region.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mendes dos Santos |first=Ilda |title=Là où Villegagnon prit terre… La France Antarctique (1555-1560) |publisher=Bibliothèque nationale de France |url=https://heritage.bnf.fr/france-bresil/ou-villegagnon-prit-terre-france-antarctique-1555-1560 |access-date=3 November 2026}}</ref> === Conflicto religiose === France Antarctic deveniva associate con le divisiones religiose del Francia del seculo XVI. Villegagnon inicialmente cercava le assistentia de communitates protestante e invitava calvinistas francese a unir se al colonia. In 1557, un gruppo de colonos e missionarios protestante arrivava, inter illes [[Jean de Léry]]. Disaccordos se disveloppava concernente le doctrina religiose e le organisation del stabilimento. Le conflictos inter colonos catholic e protestante contribuiva al instabilitate interne e debilitava le colonia. Le disputas esseva postea documentate in le relatos de Jean de Léry e [[André Thevet]], que deveniva fontes importante pro le cognoscentia europee del Brasil del seculo XVI. === Campania portugese e expulsion === Le autoritates portugese considerava le stabilimento francese como un menacia directe a lor revendicationes colonial. In 1560, un expedition portugese commandate per [[Mem de Sá]], governator general del Brasil, attaccava e prendeva le fortification francese sur le Insula de Villegagnon. Le francese supervivente e lor alliatos indigena continuava a resister al expansion portugese desde positiones situate in altere partes del baia de Guanabara. Le conflicto involveva le [[Confederation Tamoio]], cuje membros se opponeva al colonisation portugese e al enslaviamento del populos indigena. In 1565, [[Estácio de Sá]] fundava le citate de [[Rio de Janeiro]] como stabilimento militar portugese destinate a consolidar le controlo del baia de Guanabara. Le fortias portugese e lor alliatos indigena gradualmente vinceva le francese e le resistentia tamoio. Le ultime fortificationes francese importante esseva eliminate in 1567, ponente fin a Francia Antartic.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mendes dos Santos |first=Ilda |title=Là où Villegagnon prit terre… La France Antarctique (1555-1560) |publisher=Bibliothèque nationale de France |url=https://heritage.bnf.fr/france-bresil/ou-villegagnon-prit-terre-france-antarctique-1555-1560 |access-date=3 November 2026}}</ref> == Activitate francese in le Brasil septentrional == Post le derrota de Francia Antarctic, le activitate commercial e exploratori francese continuava lungo le costa septentrional del Brasil. Mercantes ab portos francese manteneva relationes con communitates indigena e commerciava in palo brasil e altere productos. Iste activitates preparava le terreno pro un secunde tentativa importante de colonisation francese. === Francia Equinoccial (1612–1615) === In 1612, un expedition francese dirigite per [[Daniel de la Touche, senior de la Ravardière]], e François de Razilly arrivava al insula de [[Maranhão]], in le actual nord-est del Brasil. Le expedition habeva essite organisate con appoio regal durante le regentia de [[Maria de' Medici]] e habeva como objectivo establir un colonia francese permanente. Le francese fundava un stabilimento e construeva le [[Fort Saint-Louis]], nominate in honor del rege [[Ludovico XIII de Francia]]. Le stabilimento se disveloppava in le citate de [[São Luís, Maranhão|São Luís]], que deveniva le centro del colonia francese. Le expedition establiva etiam relationes con le [[tupinambás]] e altere communitates indigena, cuje appoio militar e commercial esseva importante pro le projecto colonial.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Jarnoux |first=Philippe |title=La France équinoxiale : les dernières velléités de colonisation française au Brésil (1612-1615) |journal=Annales de Bretagne et des pays de l'Ouest |volume=98 |issue=3 |pages=273–296 |year=1991 |doi=10.3406/abpo.1991.3397 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/abpo_0399-0826_1991_num_98_3_3397}}</ref> Le colonia habeva etiam un dimension missionari. Fratres capuchin accompaniava le colonos e cercava converter le habitantes indigena al christianismo. Lor activitates esseva describite per [[Claude d'Abbeville]] e [[Yves d'Évreux]], cuje scriptos deveniva fontes importante sur le stabilimento francese e su relationes con le communitates indigena.<ref>{{cite web |title=La France Équinoxiale |publisher=Bibliothèque nationale de France, Patrimoines Partagés |url=https://heritage.bnf.fr/france-bresil/france-equinoxiale |access-date=3 November 2026}}</ref> === Reconquista portugese === Portugal respondeva al establimento francese per le organisation de un campania militar destinate a expeller le colonos. Le fortias portugese esseva dirigite per [[Jerónimo de Albuquerque]] e includeva alliatos indigena. Le combattimentos se intensificava durante 1614 e culminava in le [[Batalia de Guaxenduba]] le 19 novembre 1614. Ben que le francese inicialmente manteneva lor position, le campania militar portugese e le arrivata de nove renforti debilitava le colonia. In 1615, le fortias portugese capturava le fortificationes francese e obligava le colonos restante a partir. Daniel de la Touche esseva prendite como prisionero e retornava posteriormente a Francia. Le cadita de Francia Equinoccial poneva fin al principal tentativa francese de establir un colonia in le parte septentrional del Brasil portugese. Le portugeses consolidava lor controlo sur Maranhão e le territorio circumstante.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Jarnoux |first=Philippe |title=La France équinoxiale : les dernières velléités de colonisation française au Brésil (1612-1615) |journal=Annales de Bretagne et des pays de l'Ouest |volume=98 |issue=3 |pages=273–296 |year=1991 |doi=10.3406/abpo.1991.3397 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/abpo_0399-0826_1991_num_98_3_3397}}</ref> == Alliantias indigena e conflicto colonial == Le communitates indigena habeva un rolo central in le conflictos inter Francia e Portugal. Le colonos e mercantes francese dependeva de alliantias con gruppos indigena pro le commercio, le appoio militar e le accesso al territorios interior. Iste alliantias non esseva simplemente manifestationes del rivalitate europee: le communitates indigena persequeva lor proprie interesses politic e militar e a vices usava le competition inter europeos pro resister al expansion portugese. Le tamoios habeva un importantia particular durante le conflicto in le baia de Guanabara. Lor opposition al colonisation portugese contribueva al formation del [[Confederation Tamoio]], que luctava al latere del francese contra le fortias portugese. In Maranhão, le tupinambás etiam provideva appoio al stabilimento francese. Le portugeses, de lor parte, disveloppava alliantias con gruppos indigena que se opponeva al francese o a lor alliatos local. Iste relationes variabile reflecteva le diversitate del interesses politic indigena e le cambiamento del equilibrio de poter lungo le costa brasilian. == Referentias == <references /> [[Categoria:Colonisation de Brasil]] [[Categoria:Historia militar de Brasil]] [[Categoria:Invasiones francese in Brasil]] [[Categoria:Relationes inter Brasil e Francia]] [[Categoria:Seculo XVI in Brasil]] jsszah83wwibrzoeafra3opgovfjdcm 14 62464 705460 2026-11-03T20:40:52Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Historia militar per pais|Brasil]] [[Categoria:Historia militar de America del Sud per pais|Brasil]] [[Categoria:Historia de Brasil per thema|Militar]] [[Categoria:Fortias armate de Brasil]]” 705460 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Historia militar per pais|Brasil]] [[Categoria:Historia militar de America del Sud per pais|Brasil]] [[Categoria:Historia de Brasil per thema|Militar]] [[Categoria:Fortias armate de Brasil]] ltrn5e8ljkyr6oa4i22pl2qcls2y4te 0 62465 705461 2026-11-03T20:51:27Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Insurrection de Pernambuco''' (portugese: ''Insurreição Pernambucana''), etiam cognoscite como le '''Guerra de restauration de Pernambuco''' o le '''Guerra del Liberation Divine''', esseva un insurrection armate contra le domination nederlandese in le nord-est del Brasil inter 1645 e 1654. Illo constitueva le phase decisive del conflicto inter Portugal e le Compania nederlandese del Indias Occidental (WIC) pro le controlo del regi...” 705461 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Insurrection de Pernambuco''' (portugese: ''Insurreição Pernambucana''), etiam cognoscite como le '''Guerra de restauration de Pernambuco''' o le '''Guerra del Liberation Divine''', esseva un insurrection armate contra le domination nederlandese in le nord-est del Brasil inter 1645 e 1654. Illo constitueva le phase decisive del conflicto inter Portugal e le Compania nederlandese del Indias Occidental (WIC) pro le controlo del region. Le insurrection culminava con le capitulation del fortias nederlandese in Recife le 26 de januario 1654. Le insurrection involveva colonos portugese e luso-brasilianos nascite localmente, includente proprietarios de plantationes, soldatos, communitates indigena e personas de origine african. Inter su conductores prominente se trovava João Fernandes Vieira, André Vidal de Negreiros, Henrique Dias e Filipe Camarão. Ben que initialmente organisate per fortias local, le movimento recipeva supporto clandestin e finalmente substantiale del Corona portugese.<ref>{{cite web |last=Araújo |first=Hugo André Flores Fernandes |title=The Insurrection of Pernambuco and the Surrender of the Dutch in Brazil (1645–1654) |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History |date=28 January 2022 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.1031 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.1031}}</ref> == Contexto == Le Compania nederlandese del Indias Occidental habeva occupate Pernambuco e le territorios circumstante desde 1630, establiente un administration colonial cognoscite como Brasil nederlandese. Le region habeva un importantia economic a causa de su plantationes de canna a sucro, que dependeva grandemente del labor de africanos in sclavitude e del commercio transatlantic. Sub le governator Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen (1637–1644), le colonia experientiava disveloppamento administrative e cultural, ma tensiones persisteva concernente le taxation, le differentias religiose, le proprietate del terras e le politicas commercial. Post le partita de Nassau in 1644, le WIC adoptava un approcho plus exigente in le collection del debitas debite per proprietarios de plantationes e altere colonos. Le pression financial, le dissatisfaction con le administration del compania e le opposition al autoritate politic e religiose nederlandese contribueva al crescentia del discontentamento. Le disveloppamentos international etiam influentiava le revolta. Le Restauration portugese de 1640 poneva fin al Union Iberic e portava le Casa de Bragança al throno portugese sub João IV. Portugal e le Republica nederlandese signava un tregua de dece annos in 1641, ma lor interesses colonial remaneva in conflicto. Le autoritates portugese cercava recovrar territorios tenite per le WIC, evitante al mesme tempore un ruptura aperte del tregua.<ref>{{cite web |last=Miranda |first=Bruno |title=The Dutch in Brazil, 1624–1654 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History |date=30 June 2020 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.710 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.710}}</ref> == Initiation del insurrection == Le revolta initiava in junio 1645, quando fortias luso-brasilian organisava un insurrection contra le autoritate nederlandese in Pernambuco. João Fernandes Vieira, un prominente proprietario de plantationes, e André Vidal de Negreiros deveniva figuras dirigente del movimento. Le insurgentes establiiva fortias militar que se basava super le cognoscentia local, tacticas irregular e le supporto de communitates in tote le region. Altere commandantes importante includeva Henrique Dias, qui dirigeva truppas de origine african, e Filipe Camarão, un dirigente indigena potiguara qui commandava fortias indigena alliates con le portugeses. Lor participation reflecteva le composition diverse del coalition anti-nederlandese, ben que su membros habeva interesses politic e positiones social differente. Le governator general portugese, António Teles da Silva, residente in Salvador, supportava le insurrection durante que ille cercava evitar un violation formal del tregua con le nederlandeses. Le assistentia portugese includeva provisiones militar, personal e supporto financial. Le conflicto deveniva assi un revolta organisate localmente transformate in un campania plus ample, ligate al rivalitate geopolitic inter Portugal e le Republica nederlandese.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Araújo |first=Hugo André Flores Fernandes |title=Amigos fingidos e inimigos encobertos: O governo geral e a insurreição pernambucana (1642–1645) |journal=Prohistoria |volume=21 |date=2014 |pages=27–53 |url=https://ojs.rosario-conicet.gov.ar/index.php/prohistoria}}</ref> == Campanias militar == Le phase initial del insurrection esseva characterisate per guerra irregular. Le fortias insurgente attaccava positiones nederlandese, perturbava le communicationes e cercava isolar le guarniciones del compania. Le combattimentos se extendava ultra Pernambuco, verso capitanias vicin, includente Paraíba. Le nederlandeses conservava le controlo del centros urban fortificate, specialmente Recife, e le guerra deveniva un lucta prolongate in vice de un campania breve, como le insurgentes habeva initialmente intendite. Le Compania nederlandese del Indias Occidental continuava a reciper alcun renfortios, durante que le insurgentes dependeva del mobilisation local e del supporto del autoritates portugese. === Prime battalia de Guararapes === Le prime battalia de Guararapes habeva loco le 19 de april 1648, presso Recife. Le fortias luso-brasilian vinceva un armea nederlandese in un terreno que favoriva lor cognoscentia del paisage local e lor tacticas mobile. Le battalia deveniva un del principal punctos de inflexion militar del insurrection. === Secunde battalia de Guararapes === Le secunde battalia de Guararapes habeva loco le 19 de februario 1649. Le fortias nederlandese suffreva un altere derrota contra le armea luso-brasilian. Iste derrotas debilitava le position nederlandese in le campania e limitava lor capacitate de mantener le controlo del territorio circumstante. Le battalias acquireva plus tarde un loco importante in le memoria historic militar brasilian. Illos ha frequentemente essite associate con le origines del Armea brasilian, ben que le institution moderne esseva establite multo plus tarde.<ref>{{cite web |last=Daróz |first=Carlos Roberto Carvalho |last2=Souza |first2=Ana Beatriz Ramos de |title=Entre Flechas e Arcabuzes: A Resistência Nativa e a Guerra Irregular na Primeira Fase da Insurreição Pernambucana |publisher=Comissão Portuguesa de História Militar |url=https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/comissoes/cphm/rphm/edicoes/ano5/n82025/10}}</ref> == Capitulation nederlandese == In despecto del derrotas a Guararapes, le nederlandeses continuava a tener Recife e plure positiones fortificate. Le conflicto esseva influentiate per disveloppamentos in altere partes del Atlantico. Le reconquista portugese de Angola in 1648 privava le WIC de un importante fonte de africanos in sclavitude pro su territorios brasilian. Intertanto, le Prime Guerra Anglo-Nederlandese (1652–1654) debilitava le recursos naval nederlandese e limitava le capacitate del compania de reinfortiar su position in Brasil. Le Corona portugese etiam fortificava su supporto maritime per medio del Compania General del Commercio del Brasil, cuje flotta contribueva al blocada de Recife. Con le colonia sempre plus isolate e le WIC incapace de fornir assistentia adequate, le fortias nederlandese capitulava. Le capitulation esseva formalmente signate le 26 de januario 1654 al Campo do Taborda, presso Recife. Le possessiones nederlandese in Brasil esseva transferite al controlo portugese, ponente fin al presentia colonial del compania in le region.<ref>{{cite web |last=Araújo |first=Hugo André Flores Fernandes |title=The Insurrection of Pernambuco and the Surrender of the Dutch in Brazil (1645–1654) |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History |date=28 January 2022 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.1031 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.1031}}</ref> Le conflicto inter Portugal e le Republica nederlandese non esseva formalmente resolvite immediatemente. Le Tractato de Haga, signate le 6 de augusto 1661, recognosceva le soveranitate portugese super le territorios recuperate in cambio de compensation financial e altere concessiones al nederlandeses. == Participantes e interpretation historic == Le insurrection reuniva gruppos con origines e interesses differente. Colonos nascite in Portugal e proprietarios de plantationes luso-brasilian habeva un rolo importante in le organisation del rebellion, durante que soldatos indigena e afro-brasilian contribueva significativemente al campanias militar. Filipe Camarão deveniva un prominente commandante indigena in le alliantia portugese, durante que Henrique Dias dirigeva truppas de origine african. Lor participation ha essite central in interpretationes posterior del conflicto como un episodio formative del identitate collective brasilian. Nonobstante, historicos ha etiam sublineate que le coalition non representava un movimento national unite in le senso moderne. Su participantes esseva motivate per un combination de interesses local, fidelitates religiose e politic, reclamationes economic e opposition al domination nederlandese. Le communitates indigena non ageva como un bloc politic unic: alcunes se alliava con le portugeses, durante que alteres manteneva relationes con le nederlandeses. Le position del dirigentes indigena e lor capacitate de action politic ha assi devenite themas importante in le recerca historic recente.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Oliveira |first=Leandro Vilar |title=A Insurreição Paraibana contra os holandeses (1645–1647): uma síntese histórica |journal=Revista do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro |doi=10.23927/issn.2526-1347.RIHGB.2021(486):15-42 |url=https://rihgb.emnuvens.com.br/revista/article/view/111}}</ref> == Consequentias e hereditage == Le fin del domination nederlandese lassava Pernambuco economicamente debilitite. Annos de guerra habeva damnificate plantationes, molinos de sucro e infrastructura. Le recuperation del economia del sucro esseva complicate ulteriormente per disputas concernente al terras e proprietates inter le previe proprietarios e illes qui habeva acquirite fundos durante le occupation nederlandese. Bahia consolidava subsequente su position como le principal region producer de sucro del Brasil.<ref>{{cite book |last=Disney |first=A. R. |chapter=Late Colonial Brazil |title=A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire: From Beginnings to 1807 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2009 |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511813337.011 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/history-of-portugal-and-the-portuguese-empire/late-colonial-brazil/84C797A478A9FAA9C3D3F646D00E4592}}</ref> Le insurrection deveniva un elemento importante in le memoria historic de Pernambuco e del Brasil. Le battalias de Guararapes, in particular, ha essite commemorate como symbolos de resistentia contra le occupation estranier e de cooperation inter personas de origine portugese, indigena e african. Le interpretation traditional del guerra como le initio del identitate national brasilian ha etiam essite examinate criticamente per historicos, qui distingue le realitates politic del seculo XVII del narrationes nationalistas posterior. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Guerras del seculo XVII]] [[Categoria:Conflictos de 1645]] [[Categoria:Conflictos de 1654]] [[Categoria:Guerras implicante Portugal]] [[Categoria:Guerras implicante Nederland]] [[Categoria:Historia de Brasil]] [[Categoria:Historia de Pernambuco]] fi4euygyfd75m4vn1kjsv0c0britzse 14 62466 705464 2026-11-03T21:06:24Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Historia de Asia| 01]] [[Categoria:Paises in Asia| Historia]] [[Categoria:Historia per continente e pais|Asia]]” 705464 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Historia de Asia| 01]] [[Categoria:Paises in Asia| Historia]] [[Categoria:Historia per continente e pais|Asia]] 2aeefd2qt6w0ys7vx6kqn4d8by9gme1 705469 705464 2026-11-03T21:09:36Z Tratxan 61856 705469 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Historia de Asia| 01]] [[Categoria:Paises de Asia| Historia]] [[Categoria:Historia per continente e pais|Asia]] sbq73glnspq58fqskqw7qua43pn2g2n 14 62467 705472 2026-11-03T21:13:59Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Historia per continente| ]] [[Categoria:Historia per pais| Continente]] [[Categoria:Paises per continente|+]]” 705472 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Historia per continente| ]] [[Categoria:Historia per pais| Continente]] [[Categoria:Paises per continente|+]] 86mgv0d4je0y4anp1psizqzliabbvl8 14 62468 705473 2026-11-03T21:15:08Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Paises| Continente]] [[Categoria:Geographia per continente| Paises]]” 705473 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Paises| Continente]] [[Categoria:Geographia per continente| Paises]] l1oe87s8kg0aym8k4pyyvdauymv2thn 705474 705473 2026-11-03T21:16:01Z Tratxan 61856 705474 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Pais| Continente]] [[Categoria:Geographia per continente| Paises]] 3o94k6nuzuwlys7mm059qlfm7nbe7ns 14 62469 705475 2026-11-03T21:17:13Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Religion per pais|*]] [[Categoria:Religion per continente|+]] [[Categoria:Paises per continente|+]]” 705475 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Religion per pais|*]] [[Categoria:Religion per continente|+]] [[Categoria:Paises per continente|+]] 5996itc8vmbbkvgfr0o52g9t4bl5hqb 14 62470 705476 2026-11-03T21:19:04Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Religion per continente e pais|Asia]] [[Categoria:Religion in Asia| ]] [[Categoria:Cultura de Asia per pais| Religion]]” 705476 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Religion per continente e pais|Asia]] [[Categoria:Religion in Asia| ]] [[Categoria:Cultura de Asia per pais| Religion]] mq23er4ej8bimijcj1q6enlenvs73yn 0 62471 705482 2026-11-03T21:28:47Z Tim Ocean 30221 art. create 705482 wikitext text/x-wiki Chachiera o chachiero es un tabuliero destinate pro jocar chacos. Illo se compone de 8 vices 8 quadros pingite intermittentemente in colores nigre e blanc. gwg2kgumarc7cp8p0rvcyac7iwpk9n1 705483 705482 2026-11-03T21:31:09Z Tim Ocean 30221 titulo 705483 wikitext text/x-wiki Chachiera o chachiero es un tabuliero destinate pro jocar chacos. Illo se compone de 8 vices 8 quadros pingite intermittentemente in colores nigre e blanc. == Referentias == 54uz3bdaxfs4rl4qinqqg7nyivco9rk 705484 705483 2026-11-03T21:32:20Z Tim Ocean 30221 act. 705484 wikitext text/x-wiki Chachiera o chachiero es un tabuliero destinate pro jocar chacos o le joco de damas. Illo se compone de 8 vices 8 quadros pingite intermittentemente in colores nigre e blanc. == Referentias == kqpgdvbf1vz2xii5i7adg6hf4lz1hcf 705485 705484 2026-11-03T21:34:30Z Tim Ocean 30221 refer. 705485 wikitext text/x-wiki Chachiera o chachiero es un tabuliero destinate pro jocar chacos o le joco de damas. Illo se compone de 8 vices 8 quadros pingite intermittentemente in colores nigre e blanc. {{refer}} nuvo1wu6959kuh0jgcqpqx8hkq4a01q 705486 705485 2026-11-03T21:36:09Z Tim Ocean 30221 ref. 705486 wikitext text/x-wiki Chachiera<ref>Dictionario Interlingua-Polonese sub redaction de P. Wimmer. </ref> o chachiero es un tabuliero destinate pro jocar chacos o le joco de damas. Illo se compone de 8 vices 8 quadros pingite intermittentemente in colores nigre e blanc. {{refer}} q31tbqdzd2n8484yiks46srfl6w78my 705490 705486 2026-11-03T21:41:20Z Tim Ocean 30221 ref. 705490 wikitext text/x-wiki Chachiera<ref>Dictionario Interlingua-Polonese sub redaction de P. Wimmer. </ref><ref>Le Dictionario Francese-Interlingua de Piet Cleij contine le forma ''chachiero'', ma le desinentia -iero crea normalmente arbustos e arbores ubi alco cresce: fraga -> fragiero, frambese -> frambesiero, pomo -> pomiero. Alora le desinentia -iera pare esser plus correcte. De altere latere il ha tabula -> tabuliero. </ref> o chachiero<ref>Piet Cleij, Dictionario Francese-Interlingua. </ref> es un tabuliero destinate pro jocar chacos o le joco de damas. Illo se compone de 8 vices 8 quadros pingite intermittentemente in colores nigre e blanc. {{refer}} bl312l3v62zwepjadn5y2satmg4dm1z 705496 705490 2026-11-03T21:48:50Z Tim Ocean 30221 act. 705496 wikitext text/x-wiki Chachiera<ref>Dictionario Interlingua-Polonese sub redaction de P. Wimmer. </ref><ref>Le Dictionario Francese-Interlingua de Piet Cleij contine le forma ''chachiero'', ma le desinentia -iero crea normalmente arbustos e arbores ubi alco cresce: fraga -> fragiero, frambese -> frambesiero, pomo -> pomiero, durante que le desinentia -iera crea locos ubi alco occurre: fronte -> frontiera, barra -> barriera, banda -> bandiera. Alora le desinentia -iera pare esser plus correcte. De altere latere il ha tabula -> tabuliero. </ref> o chachiero<ref>Piet Cleij, Dictionario Francese-Interlingua. </ref> es un tabuliero destinate pro jocar chacos o le joco de damas. Illo se compone de 8 vices 8 quadros pingite intermittentemente in colores nigre e blanc. {{refer}} tv6q6qoc7jqtq0lzl8illotqtzmvriu 705500 705496 2026-11-03T21:51:40Z Tim Ocean 30221 act. 705500 wikitext text/x-wiki Chachiera<ref>Dictionario Interlingua-Polonese sub redaction de P. Wimmer. </ref><ref>Le Dictionario Francese-Interlingua de Piet Cleij contine le forma ''chachiero'', ma le desinentia -iero crea normalmente arbustos e arbores ubi alco cresce: fraga -> fragiero, frambese -> frambesiero, pomo -> pomiero, durante que le desinentia -iera crea locos ubi alco occurre: fronte -> frontiera, barra -> barriera, banda -> bandiera. Alora le desinentia -iera pare esser plus correcte. De altere latere il ha tabula -> tabuliero. </ref> o chachiero<ref>Piet Cleij, Dictionario Francese-Interlingua. </ref> es un tabuliero destinate pro jocar chacos o le joco de damas. Illo ha un forma quadrate e se compone de 8 vices 8 quadros pingite intermittentemente in colores nigre e blanc. {{refer}} 18mujhwytz6d6p7uy8ackn52rozguqy 705505 705500 2026-11-03T22:01:42Z Tim Ocean 30221 Tim Ocean ha renominate le pagina [[Usator:Tim Ocean/Chachiera]] a [[Chachiera]]: Publication 705500 wikitext text/x-wiki Chachiera<ref>Dictionario Interlingua-Polonese sub redaction de P. Wimmer. </ref><ref>Le Dictionario Francese-Interlingua de Piet Cleij contine le forma ''chachiero'', ma le desinentia -iero crea normalmente arbustos e arbores ubi alco cresce: fraga -> fragiero, frambese -> frambesiero, pomo -> pomiero, durante que le desinentia -iera crea locos ubi alco occurre: fronte -> frontiera, barra -> barriera, banda -> bandiera. Alora le desinentia -iera pare esser plus correcte. De altere latere il ha tabula -> tabuliero. </ref> o chachiero<ref>Piet Cleij, Dictionario Francese-Interlingua. </ref> es un tabuliero destinate pro jocar chacos o le joco de damas. Illo ha un forma quadrate e se compone de 8 vices 8 quadros pingite intermittentemente in colores nigre e blanc. {{refer}} 18mujhwytz6d6p7uy8ackn52rozguqy 705507 705505 2026-11-03T22:02:06Z Tim Ocean 30221 act. 705507 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chachiera'''<ref>Dictionario Interlingua-Polonese sub redaction de P. Wimmer. </ref><ref>Le Dictionario Francese-Interlingua de Piet Cleij contine le forma ''chachiero'', ma le desinentia -iero crea normalmente arbustos e arbores ubi alco cresce: fraga -> fragiero, frambese -> frambesiero, pomo -> pomiero, durante que le desinentia -iera crea locos ubi alco occurre: fronte -> frontiera, barra -> barriera, banda -> bandiera. Alora le desinentia -iera pare esser plus correcte. De altere latere il ha tabula -> tabuliero. </ref> o '''chachiero'''<ref>Piet Cleij, Dictionario Francese-Interlingua. </ref> es un tabuliero destinate pro jocar chacos o le joco de damas. Illo ha un forma quadrate e se compone de 8 vices 8 quadros pingite intermittentemente in colores nigre e blanc. {{refer}} f330dej6nc21sgsb8e3c74mxiapj2dv 705508 705507 2026-11-03T22:02:25Z Tim Ocean 30221 lig. 705508 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chachiera'''<ref>Dictionario Interlingua-Polonese sub redaction de P. Wimmer. </ref><ref>Le Dictionario Francese-Interlingua de Piet Cleij contine le forma ''chachiero'', ma le desinentia -iero crea normalmente arbustos e arbores ubi alco cresce: fraga -> fragiero, frambese -> frambesiero, pomo -> pomiero, durante que le desinentia -iera crea locos ubi alco occurre: fronte -> frontiera, barra -> barriera, banda -> bandiera. Alora le desinentia -iera pare esser plus correcte. De altere latere il ha tabula -> tabuliero. </ref> o '''chachiero'''<ref>Piet Cleij, Dictionario Francese-Interlingua. </ref> es un tabuliero destinate pro jocar [[chacos]] o le joco de damas. Illo ha un forma quadrate e se compone de 8 vices 8 quadros pingite intermittentemente in colores nigre e blanc. {{refer}} 7oid8hwrdkrvdt5o899yoqqi8joqeaw 705509 705508 2026-11-03T22:03:30Z Tim Ocean 30221 cat. 705509 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chachiera'''<ref>Dictionario Interlingua-Polonese sub redaction de P. Wimmer. </ref><ref>Le Dictionario Francese-Interlingua de Piet Cleij contine le forma ''chachiero'', ma le desinentia -iero crea normalmente arbustos e arbores ubi alco cresce: fraga -> fragiero, frambese -> frambesiero, pomo -> pomiero, durante que le desinentia -iera crea locos ubi alco occurre: fronte -> frontiera, barra -> barriera, banda -> bandiera. Alora le desinentia -iera pare esser plus correcte. De altere latere il ha tabula -> tabuliero. </ref> o '''chachiero'''<ref>Piet Cleij, Dictionario Francese-Interlingua. </ref> es un tabuliero destinate pro jocar [[chacos]] o le joco de damas. Illo ha un forma quadrate e se compone de 8 vices 8 quadros pingite intermittentemente in colores nigre e blanc. {{refer}} [[Categoria:Chacos]] qwje5mbesvxhawjuy2dr8vuw2b76yw5 705514 705509 2026-11-03T22:09:08Z Tim Ocean 30221 pic. 705514 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Modern Fianchetto Setup. Chess game Staunton No. 6.jpg|thumb|right|Un chachiera de ligno pro chachos.]] '''Chachiera'''<ref>Dictionario Interlingua-Polonese sub redaction de P. Wimmer. </ref><ref>Le Dictionario Francese-Interlingua de Piet Cleij contine le forma ''chachiero'', ma le desinentia -iero crea normalmente arbustos e arbores ubi alco cresce: fraga -> fragiero, frambese -> frambesiero, pomo -> pomiero, durante que le desinentia -iera crea locos ubi alco occurre: fronte -> frontiera, barra -> barriera, banda -> bandiera. Alora le desinentia -iera pare esser plus correcte. De altere latere il ha tabula -> tabuliero. </ref> o '''chachiero'''<ref>Piet Cleij, Dictionario Francese-Interlingua. </ref> es un tabuliero destinate pro jocar [[chacos]] o le joco de damas. Illo ha un forma quadrate e se compone de 8 vices 8 quadros pingite intermittentemente in colores nigre e blanc. {{refer}} [[Categoria:Chacos]] pt2qdf8n5hse079dpqvjmjmbe5611jx 14 62472 705489 2026-11-03T21:40:46Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Imperio portugese]] [[Categoria:Era del discoperimentos]] [[Categoria:Historia maritim de Portugal]] [[Categoria:Seculo XV in Portugal]] [[Categoria:Seculo XVI in Portugal]]” 705489 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Imperio portugese]] [[Categoria:Era del discoperimentos]] [[Categoria:Historia maritim de Portugal]] [[Categoria:Seculo XV in Portugal]] [[Categoria:Seculo XVI in Portugal]] dvp49bjnlrb135wm42azv2oaa5vjdtv 705529 705489 2026-11-04T06:48:12Z Tratxan 61856 705529 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Imperio Portugese]] [[Categoria:Era del discopertas]] [[Categoria:Historia maritime de Portugal]] [[Categoria:Seculo XV in Portugal]] [[Categoria:Seculo XVI in Portugal]] 8awk9ucfmf57ufm9sxsz13j8je6bkx2 14 62473 705491 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dxzijji7o0utu6g0vevn6njxyfpaha4 705497 705495 2026-11-03T21:49:06Z Tratxan 61856 705497 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Societate per loco geographic| ]] [[Categoria:Categorias per continente]] 5rv35zqnec8mhpgi4wmi5abel0gdo09 14 62478 705498 2026-11-03T21:49:31Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Societate| ]] [[Categoria:Categorias per location]]” 705498 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Societate| ]] [[Categoria:Categorias per location]] fvyprvjq7meqamcgan1p64rmj6t4sq2 705499 705498 2026-11-03T21:49:44Z Tratxan 61856 705499 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Societate| ]] [[Categoria:Categorias per loco geographic]] 4czieia7r646m4u05ru61383e4t0cn9 14 62479 705502 2026-11-03T21:52:44Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Education]] [[Categoria:Categorias per loco geographic]]” 705502 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Education]] [[Categoria:Categorias per loco geographic]] s6jmlgt6uj3q7ke4si4wohp40ks7vok 2 62480 705506 2026-11-03T22:01:42Z Tim Ocean 30221 Tim Ocean ha renominate le pagina [[Usator:Tim Ocean/Chachiera]] a [[Chachiera]]: Publication 705506 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Chachiera]] ae3asnin69t0aroaeve5yyx6jes74uv 0 62481 705511 2026-11-03T22:04:39Z Tim Ocean 30221 un redirection create 705511 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Chachiera]] ae3asnin69t0aroaeve5yyx6jes74uv 14 62482 705513 2026-11-03T22:05:29Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Architectura per pais|Portugal]] [[Categoria:Architectura de Europa|Portugal]] [[Categoria:Artes de Portugal]] [[Categoria:Cultura de Portugal]]” 705513 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Architectura per pais|Portugal]] [[Categoria:Architectura de Europa|Portugal]] [[Categoria:Artes de Portugal]] [[Categoria:Cultura de Portugal]] j9b4kt5spoxn7k9elk0ldstnoy0ri56 0 62483 705524 2026-11-04T06:45:55Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Historia de Portugal (1640–1777)''' comprende le periodo inter le [[Restaurarion del Independentia]], in 1640, e le initio del regno de [[Maria I de Portugal]], in 1777. Illo esseva marcate per le consolidation del [[Dynastia de Bragança]], le Guerra del Restaurarion, le crescente importantia economic del Brasil, le fortification del absolutismo monarchic e le reformas del [[Marquis de Pombal]]. Le periodo terminava con le cadita...” 705524 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Historia de Portugal (1640–1777)''' comprende le periodo inter le [[Restaurarion del Independentia]], in 1640, e le initio del regno de [[Maria I de Portugal]], in 1777. Illo esseva marcate per le consolidation del [[Dynastia de Bragança]], le Guerra del Restaurarion, le crescente importantia economic del Brasil, le fortification del absolutismo monarchic e le reformas del [[Marquis de Pombal]]. Le periodo terminava con le cadita politic de Pombal e le initio de un nove orientation governamental sub Maria I. == Contexto == Post le crise successor de 1580, Portugal remaneva integrate in le [[Union Iberic]], sub le dominio del monarchas espaniol del Dynastia Philippin. Durante iste periodo, le conflictos inter Espania e altere potentias europee contribueva al perdita de importante possessiones portugese in Asia, Africa e America. Le augmento del pression fiscal e le perdita de influentia del nobilitate portugese favoriva le revolta del 1 de decembre 1640, que restaurava le independentia e poneva D. João IV sur le throno.<ref>{{Citar libro |último=Mattoso |primeiro=José |título=Historia de Portugal |volume=VIII |ano=1993 |editora=Círculo de Leitores}}</ref> == Guerra del Restauration == Le Guerra del Restauration (1640–1668) esseva combattite inter Portugal e Espania pro garantir le independentia portugese. Durante le conflicto se distingueva le battalias de Montijo (1644), Linhas de Elvas (1659), Ameixial (1663), Castelo Rodrigo (1664) e Montes Claros (1665), in le quales le fortias portugese obteneva importante victorias. D. João IV reorganisava le armea, fortificava le fortificationes del frontieras e disveloppava un politica diplomatic destinate a assecurar le recognition international del nove dynastia. Le independentia portugese esseva finalmente recognoscite per Espania in 1668, durante le regentia de D. Pedro. == De D. João IV a D. João V == Le Dynastia de Bragança se consolidava durante le regnos de D. João IV, D. Afonso VI, D. Pedro II e D. João V. D. João IV fortificava le institutiones militar e diplomatic e cercava recuperar le territorios colonial. Durante su regno, le portugeses recuperava un grande parte del Brasil, anteriormente occupate per le nederlandeses. Post un periodo de instabilitate politic durante le regno de D. Afonso VI, D. Pedro II assumeva le regentia e posteriormente le throno. Su governamento esseva characterisate per le fortification del absolutismo e le crescente exploitation economic del Brasil. In 1703, esseva signate le [[Tractato de Methuen]] con Anglaterra, que favoriva le commercio de vinos portugese e de productos textile anglese. D. João V (1706–1750) governava in un contexto de grande influxo de auro e diamantes proveniente del Brasil. Le monarcha promoveva le artes, le architectura e le Ecclesia, mantenente un corte luxuose e fortificante le poter royal. Tamen, le concentration del entratas colonial e le limitate transformation structural del economia contribueva a difficultates economic ulterior.<ref>{{Citar libro |último=Mattoso |primeiro=José |título=Historia de Portugal |volume=IV |ano=1993 |editora=Círculo de Leitores}}</ref> == Stato de Brasil == Durante le seculos XVII e XVIII, Brasil deveniva le principal centro economic del Imperio Portugese, specialmente post le perdita de importante possessiones commercial in Asia e Africa. Le economia brasilian se basava sur le production de zucchero e le exploitation de mano de obra enslaveate. Al fin del seculo XVII, le discoperta de auro in Minas Gerais e, posteriormente, de diamantes, provocava un expansion del exploitation minier e del occupation del interior. Iste activitates contribueva significantemente al entratas del Corona portugese e stimulava le emigration verso le colonia. Le exploitation economic del Brasil intensificava le relationes commercial con Anglaterra e augmentava le dependentia portugese del entratas colonial. Simultaneemente, le imposition de taxas e le controlo metropolitan provocava tensiones inter le interesses colonial e le administration portugese, que contribueva al apparition de movimentos de contestation, como le [[Inconfidencia Mineira]], in 1789.<ref>{{Citar web |url=https://countrystudies.us/brazil/8.htm |título=Brasil colonial |obra=Country Studies}}</ref> == Marquis de Pombal == Post le accession al throno de D. José I, in 1750, Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, le futur [[Marquis de Pombal]], deveniva le figura principal del governamento portugese. Su programma politic cercava modernisar le Stato, fortificar le autoritate regal e reducer le influentia del sectores privilegiate del societate. Le reformas pombalines concerneva le administration public, le economia, le commercio, le instruction e le fortias armate. Esseva create companias commercial, le production del vino de Porto esseva reorganisate e reformas esseva promovite in le Universitate de Coimbra e in le systema educational. Pombal cercava equalmente reducer le influentia del Ecclesia e del nobilitate, recurrendo a mesuras autoritari pro consolidar le poter central. Su governamento deveniva associate con le appellate despotismo illuminate. <ref>{{Citar libro |último=Maxwell |primeiro=Kenneth |título=Pombal: Paradox of the Enlightenment |ano=1995 |editora=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> == Marquis de Pombal == Le conflicto inter le governamento pombalin e le Societate de Jesus se intensificava durante le decennio de 1750, particularmente a causa del disputas concernente le administration del missiones indigene in America del Sud e le influentia del jesuitas in le education e in le societate portugese. In 1759, le Societate de Jesus esseva expulsate del territorios portugese e su benes esseva confiscate. Iste mesura faceva parte de un politica plus vaste de centralisation del poter e de reduction del influentia ecclesiastic. In 1773, le papa Clemente XIV suppressava officialmente le ordine religiose. == Processo del Távoras == Le 3 de septembre 1758, D. José I esseva victima de un tentativa de assassination in le environs de Lisboa. Le governamento accusava membros del familia Távora e altere aristocratas de participation in le conjuration. Le processo judicial terminava in januario 1759 con le execution de plure accusatos, includente membros del familia Távora. Lor benes esseva confiscate e le altere implicatos suffreva penas de incarceration o exilio. Iste episodio permitteva a Pombal debilitar significativemente le alte nobilitate e consolidar le autoritate del governamento. Le legitimita del processo e le natura del accusationes continuava a esser objecto de controversia historiographic.<ref>{{Citar libro |último=Maxwell |primeiro=Kenneth |título=Pombal: Paradox of the Enlightenment |ano=1995 |editora=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> == Sismo de Lisboa de 1755 == Le 1 de novembre 1755, un violente sismo colpava Lisboa, sequite per un tsunami e per incendios que destrueva un grande parte del citate. Le catastropha causava milles de mortos e damnos material de enorme extension. Le reconstruction esseva dirigite per le governamento de Pombal, que promoveva le planification urban del nove citate, characterisate per vias large, placias regular e edificios con structuras resistente al sismos. Le reconstruction del Baixa de Lisboa deveniva un del exemplos principal del architectura pombalin. Le desastre contribueva etiam a transformationes politic, social e cultural in Portugal, fortificante le position de Pombal in le administration del regno.<ref>{{Citar libro |último=Maxwell |primeiro=Kenneth |título=Pombal: Paradox of the Enlightenment |ano=1995 |editora=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> == Vide etiam == * [[Historia de Portugal]] * [[Restauration del Independentia]] * [[Guerra del Restaurarion]] * [[Dynastia de Bragança]] * [[Imperio Portugese]] * [[Periodo pombalin]] * [[Sismo de Lisboa de 1755]] {{Ref}} == Bibliographia == * Carmo Reis, A. (1987). ''Atlas de Historia de Portugal''. Edições Asa. * Madeira, Carlos (dir.) e Aguiar, João (2003). ''Portugal 860 annos – Figuras 1580–1926''. Livros SuperInteressante. * Mattoso, José (dir.) (1993). ''Historia de Portugal''. Volumes IV e VIII. Círculo de Leitores. * Maxwell, Kenneth (1995). ''Pombal: Paradox of the Enlightenment''. Cambridge University Press. [[Categoria:Historia de Portugal per periodo]] [[Categoria:Seculo XVII in Portugal]] [[Categoria:Seculo XVIII in Portugal]] [[Categoria:Imperio Portugese]] [[Categoria:Historia de Portugal]] ttdwubg4165m9bcsxhhlollkddb6azy 705525 705524 2026-11-04T06:46:24Z Tratxan 61856 705525 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Historia de Portugal (1640–1777)''' comprende le periodo inter le [[Restauration del Independentia]], in 1640, e le initio del regno de [[Maria I de Portugal]], in 1777. Illo esseva marcate per le consolidation del [[Dynastia de Bragança]], le Guerra del Restauration, le crescente importantia economic del Brasil, le fortification del absolutismo monarchic e le reformas del [[Marquis de Pombal]]. Le periodo terminava con le cadita politic de Pombal e le initio de un nove orientation governamental sub Maria I. == Contexto == Post le crise successor de 1580, Portugal remaneva integrate in le [[Union Iberic]], sub le dominio del monarchas espaniol del Dynastia Philippin. Durante iste periodo, le conflictos inter Espania e altere potentias europee contribueva al perdita de importante possessiones portugese in Asia, Africa e America. Le augmento del pression fiscal e le perdita de influentia del nobilitate portugese favoriva le revolta del 1 de decembre 1640, que restaurava le independentia e poneva D. João IV sur le throno.<ref>{{Citar libro |último=Mattoso |primeiro=José |título=Historia de Portugal |volume=VIII |ano=1993 |editora=Círculo de Leitores}}</ref> == Guerra del Restauration == Le Guerra del Restauration (1640–1668) esseva combattite inter Portugal e Espania pro garantir le independentia portugese. Durante le conflicto se distingueva le battalias de Montijo (1644), Linhas de Elvas (1659), Ameixial (1663), Castelo Rodrigo (1664) e Montes Claros (1665), in le quales le fortias portugese obteneva importante victorias. D. João IV reorganisava le armea, fortificava le fortificationes del frontieras e disveloppava un politica diplomatic destinate a assecurar le recognition international del nove dynastia. Le independentia portugese esseva finalmente recognoscite per Espania in 1668, durante le regentia de D. Pedro. == De D. João IV a D. João V == Le Dynastia de Bragança se consolidava durante le regnos de D. João IV, D. Afonso VI, D. Pedro II e D. João V. D. João IV fortificava le institutiones militar e diplomatic e cercava recuperar le territorios colonial. Durante su regno, le portugeses recuperava un grande parte del Brasil, anteriormente occupate per le nederlandeses. Post un periodo de instabilitate politic durante le regno de D. Afonso VI, D. Pedro II assumeva le regentia e posteriormente le throno. Su governamento esseva characterisate per le fortification del absolutismo e le crescente exploitation economic del Brasil. In 1703, esseva signate le [[Tractato de Methuen]] con Anglaterra, que favoriva le commercio de vinos portugese e de productos textile anglese. D. João V (1706–1750) governava in un contexto de grande influxo de auro e diamantes proveniente del Brasil. Le monarcha promoveva le artes, le architectura e le Ecclesia, mantenente un corte luxuose e fortificante le poter royal. Tamen, le concentration del entratas colonial e le limitate transformation structural del economia contribueva a difficultates economic ulterior.<ref>{{Citar libro |último=Mattoso |primeiro=José |título=Historia de Portugal |volume=IV |ano=1993 |editora=Círculo de Leitores}}</ref> == Stato de Brasil == Durante le seculos XVII e XVIII, Brasil deveniva le principal centro economic del Imperio Portugese, specialmente post le perdita de importante possessiones commercial in Asia e Africa. Le economia brasilian se basava sur le production de zucchero e le exploitation de mano de obra enslaveate. Al fin del seculo XVII, le discoperta de auro in Minas Gerais e, posteriormente, de diamantes, provocava un expansion del exploitation minier e del occupation del interior. Iste activitates contribueva significantemente al entratas del Corona portugese e stimulava le emigration verso le colonia. Le exploitation economic del Brasil intensificava le relationes commercial con Anglaterra e augmentava le dependentia portugese del entratas colonial. Simultaneemente, le imposition de taxas e le controlo metropolitan provocava tensiones inter le interesses colonial e le administration portugese, que contribueva al apparition de movimentos de contestation, como le [[Inconfidencia Mineira]], in 1789.<ref>{{Citar web |url=https://countrystudies.us/brazil/8.htm |título=Brasil colonial |obra=Country Studies}}</ref> == Marquis de Pombal == Post le accession al throno de D. José I, in 1750, Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, le futur [[Marquis de Pombal]], deveniva le figura principal del governamento portugese. Su programma politic cercava modernisar le Stato, fortificar le autoritate regal e reducer le influentia del sectores privilegiate del societate. Le reformas pombalines concerneva le administration public, le economia, le commercio, le instruction e le fortias armate. Esseva create companias commercial, le production del vino de Porto esseva reorganisate e reformas esseva promovite in le Universitate de Coimbra e in le systema educational. Pombal cercava equalmente reducer le influentia del Ecclesia e del nobilitate, recurrendo a mesuras autoritari pro consolidar le poter central. Su governamento deveniva associate con le appellate despotismo illuminate. <ref>{{Citar libro |último=Maxwell |primeiro=Kenneth |título=Pombal: Paradox of the Enlightenment |ano=1995 |editora=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> == Marquis de Pombal == Le conflicto inter le governamento pombalin e le Societate de Jesus se intensificava durante le decennio de 1750, particularmente a causa del disputas concernente le administration del missiones indigene in America del Sud e le influentia del jesuitas in le education e in le societate portugese. In 1759, le Societate de Jesus esseva expulsate del territorios portugese e su benes esseva confiscate. Iste mesura faceva parte de un politica plus vaste de centralisation del poter e de reduction del influentia ecclesiastic. In 1773, le papa Clemente XIV suppressava officialmente le ordine religiose. == Processo del Távoras == Le 3 de septembre 1758, D. José I esseva victima de un tentativa de assassination in le environs de Lisboa. Le governamento accusava membros del familia Távora e altere aristocratas de participation in le conjuration. Le processo judicial terminava in januario 1759 con le execution de plure accusatos, includente membros del familia Távora. Lor benes esseva confiscate e le altere implicatos suffreva penas de incarceration o exilio. Iste episodio permitteva a Pombal debilitar significativemente le alte nobilitate e consolidar le autoritate del governamento. Le legitimita del processo e le natura del accusationes continuava a esser objecto de controversia historiographic.<ref>{{Citar libro |último=Maxwell |primeiro=Kenneth |título=Pombal: Paradox of the Enlightenment |ano=1995 |editora=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> == Sismo de Lisboa de 1755 == Le 1 de novembre 1755, un violente sismo colpava Lisboa, sequite per un tsunami e per incendios que destrueva un grande parte del citate. Le catastropha causava milles de mortos e damnos material de enorme extension. Le reconstruction esseva dirigite per le governamento de Pombal, que promoveva le planification urban del nove citate, characterisate per vias large, placias regular e edificios con structuras resistente al sismos. Le reconstruction del Baixa de Lisboa deveniva un del exemplos principal del architectura pombalin. Le desastre contribueva etiam a transformationes politic, social e cultural in Portugal, fortificante le position de Pombal in le administration del regno.<ref>{{Citar libro |último=Maxwell |primeiro=Kenneth |título=Pombal: Paradox of the Enlightenment |ano=1995 |editora=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> == Vide etiam == * [[Historia de Portugal]] * [[Restauration del Independentia]] * [[Guerra del Restauration]] * [[Dynastia de Bragança]] * [[Imperio Portugese]] * [[Periodo pombalin]] * [[Sismo de Lisboa de 1755]] {{Ref}} == Bibliographia == * Carmo Reis, A. (1987). ''Atlas de Historia de Portugal''. Edições Asa. * Madeira, Carlos (dir.) e Aguiar, João (2003). ''Portugal 860 annos – Figuras 1580–1926''. Livros SuperInteressante. * Mattoso, José (dir.) (1993). ''Historia de Portugal''. Volumes IV e VIII. Círculo de Leitores. * Maxwell, Kenneth (1995). ''Pombal: Paradox of the Enlightenment''. Cambridge University Press. [[Categoria:Historia de Portugal per periodo]] [[Categoria:Seculo XVII in Portugal]] [[Categoria:Seculo XVIII in Portugal]] [[Categoria:Imperio Portugese]] [[Categoria:Historia de Portugal]] hgmw4oifi4lb2d6vha0vk7lbwnvslth 705535 705525 2026-11-04T07:01:28Z Tratxan 61856 705535 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Historia de Portugal (1640–1777)''' comprende le periodo inter le [[Restauration del Independentia]], in 1640, e le initio del regno de [[Maria I de Portugal]], in 1777. Illo esseva marcate per le consolidation del [[Dynastia de Bragança]], le Guerra del Restauration, le crescente importantia economic del Brasil, le fortification del absolutismo monarchic e le reformas del [[Marquis de Pombal]]. Le periodo terminava con le cadita politic de Pombal e le initio de un nove orientation governamental sub Maria I. == Contexto == Post le crise successor de 1580, Portugal remaneva integrate in le [[Union Iberic]], sub le dominio del monarchas espaniol del Dynastia Philippin. Durante iste periodo, le conflictos inter Espania e altere potentias europee contribueva al perdita de importante possessiones portugese in Asia, Africa e America. Le augmento del pression fiscal e le perdita de influentia del nobilitate portugese favoriva le revolta del 1 de decembre 1640, que restaurava le independentia e poneva D. João IV sur le throno.<ref>{{Citar libro |último=Mattoso |primeiro=José |título=Historia de Portugal |volume=VIII |ano=1993 |editora=Círculo de Leitores}}</ref> == Guerra del Restauration == Le Guerra del Restauration (1640–1668) esseva combattite inter Portugal e Espania pro garantir le independentia portugese. Durante le conflicto se distingueva le battalias de Montijo (1644), Linhas de Elvas (1659), Ameixial (1663), Castelo Rodrigo (1664) e Montes Claros (1665), in le quales le fortias portugese obteneva importante victorias. D. João IV reorganisava le armea, fortificava le fortificationes del frontieras e disveloppava un politica diplomatic destinate a assecurar le recognition international del nove dynastia. Le independentia portugese esseva finalmente recognoscite per Espania in 1668, durante le regentia de D. Pedro. == De D. João IV a D. João V == Le Dynastia de Bragança se consolidava durante le regnos de D. João IV, D. Afonso VI, D. Pedro II e D. João V. D. João IV fortificava le institutiones militar e diplomatic e cercava recuperar le territorios colonial. Durante su regno, le portugeses recuperava un grande parte del Brasil, anteriormente occupate per le nederlandeses. Post un periodo de instabilitate politic durante le regno de D. Afonso VI, D. Pedro II assumeva le regentia e posteriormente le throno. Su governamento esseva characterisate per le fortification del absolutismo e le crescente exploitation economic del Brasil. In 1703, esseva signate le [[Tractato de Methuen]] con Anglaterra, que favoriva le commercio de vinos portugese e de productos textile anglese. D. João V (1706–1750) governava in un contexto de grande influxo de auro e diamantes proveniente del Brasil. Le monarcha promoveva le artes, le architectura e le Ecclesia, mantenente un corte luxuose e fortificante le poter royal. Tamen, le concentration del entratas colonial e le limitate transformation structural del economia contribueva a difficultates economic ulterior.<ref>{{Citar libro |último=Mattoso |primeiro=José |título=Historia de Portugal |volume=IV |ano=1993 |editora=Círculo de Leitores}}</ref> == Stato de Brasil == Durante le seculos XVII e XVIII, Brasil deveniva le principal centro economic del Imperio Portugese, specialmente post le perdita de importante possessiones commercial in Asia e Africa. Le economia brasilian se basava sur le production de sucro e le exploitation de mano de obra sclavisate. Al fin del seculo XVII, le discoperta de auro in Minas Gerais e, posteriormente, de diamantes, provocava un expansion del exploitation minier e del occupation del interior. Iste activitates contribueva significantemente al entratas del Corona portugese e stimulava le emigration verso le colonia. Le exploitation economic del Brasil intensificava le relationes commercial con Anglaterra e augmentava le dependentia portugese del entratas colonial. Simultaneemente, le imposition de taxas e le controlo metropolitan provocava tensiones inter le interesses colonial e le administration portugese, que contribueva al apparition de movimentos de contestation, como le [[Inconfidencia Mineira]], in 1789.<ref>{{Citar web |url=https://countrystudies.us/brazil/8.htm |título=Brasil colonial |obra=Country Studies}}</ref> == Marquis de Pombal == Post le accession al throno de D. José I, in 1750, Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, le futur [[Marquis de Pombal]], deveniva le figura principal del governamento portugese. Su programma politic cercava modernisar le Stato, fortificar le autoritate regal e reducer le influentia del sectores privilegiate del societate. Le reformas pombalines concerneva le administration public, le economia, le commercio, le instruction e le fortias armate. Esseva create companias commercial, le production del vino de Porto esseva reorganisate e reformas esseva promovite in le Universitate de Coimbra e in le systema educational. Pombal cercava equalmente reducer le influentia del Ecclesia e del nobilitate, recurrendo a mesuras autoritari pro consolidar le poter central. Su governamento deveniva associate con le appellate despotismo illuminate. <ref>{{Citar libro |último=Maxwell |primeiro=Kenneth |título=Pombal: Paradox of the Enlightenment |ano=1995 |editora=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> == Marquis de Pombal == Le conflicto inter le governamento pombalin e le Societate de Jesus se intensificava durante le decennio de 1750, particularmente a causa del disputas concernente le administration del missiones indigene in America del Sud e le influentia del jesuitas in le education e in le societate portugese. In 1759, le Societate de Jesus esseva expulsate del territorios portugese e su benes esseva confiscate. Iste mesura faceva parte de un politica plus vaste de centralisation del poter e de reduction del influentia ecclesiastic. In 1773, le papa Clemente XIV suppressava officialmente le ordine religiose. == Processo del Távoras == Le 3 de septembre 1758, D. José I esseva victima de un tentativa de assassination in le environs de Lisboa. Le governamento accusava membros del familia Távora e altere aristocratas de participation in le conjuration. Le processo judicial terminava in januario 1759 con le execution de plure accusatos, includente membros del familia Távora. Lor benes esseva confiscate e le altere implicatos suffreva penas de incarceration o exilio. Iste episodio permitteva a Pombal debilitar significativemente le alte nobilitate e consolidar le autoritate del governamento. Le legitimita del processo e le natura del accusationes continuava a esser objecto de controversia historiographic.<ref>{{Citar libro |último=Maxwell |primeiro=Kenneth |título=Pombal: Paradox of the Enlightenment |ano=1995 |editora=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> == Sismo de Lisboa de 1755 == Le 1 de novembre 1755, un violente sismo colpava Lisboa, sequite per un tsunami e per incendios que destrueva un grande parte del citate. Le catastropha causava milles de mortos e damnos material de enorme extension. Le reconstruction esseva dirigite per le governamento de Pombal, que promoveva le planification urban del nove citate, characterisate per vias large, placias regular e edificios con structuras resistente al sismos. Le reconstruction del Baixa de Lisboa deveniva un del exemplos principal del architectura pombalin. Le desastre contribueva etiam a transformationes politic, social e cultural in Portugal, fortificante le position de Pombal in le administration del regno.<ref>{{Citar libro |último=Maxwell |primeiro=Kenneth |título=Pombal: Paradox of the Enlightenment |ano=1995 |editora=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> == Vide etiam == * [[Historia de Portugal]] * [[Restauration del Independentia]] * [[Guerra del Restauration]] * [[Dynastia de Bragança]] * [[Imperio Portugese]] * [[Periodo pombalin]] * [[Sismo de Lisboa de 1755]] {{Ref}} == Bibliographia == * Carmo Reis, A. (1987). ''Atlas de Historia de Portugal''. Edições Asa. * Madeira, Carlos (dir.) e Aguiar, João (2003). ''Portugal 860 annos – Figuras 1580–1926''. Livros SuperInteressante. * Mattoso, José (dir.) (1993). ''Historia de Portugal''. Volumes IV e VIII. Círculo de Leitores. * Maxwell, Kenneth (1995). ''Pombal: Paradox of the Enlightenment''. Cambridge University Press. [[Categoria:Historia de Portugal per periodo]] [[Categoria:Seculo XVII in Portugal]] [[Categoria:Seculo XVIII in Portugal]] [[Categoria:Imperio Portugese]] [[Categoria:Historia de Portugal]] 8eih52g2buusocf7hc3ne0b28rv0vs6 705540 705535 2026-11-04T07:05:12Z Tratxan 61856 705540 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Historia de Portugal (1640–1777)''' comprende le periodo inter le [[Restauration del Independentia]], in 1640, e le initio del regno de [[Maria I de Portugal]], in 1777. Illo esseva marcate per le consolidation del [[Dynastia de Bragança]], le Guerra del Restauration, le crescente importantia economic del Brasil, le fortification del absolutismo monarchic e le reformas del [[Marquis de Pombal]]. Le periodo terminava con le cadita politic de Pombal e le initio de un nove orientation governamental sub Maria I. == Contexto == Post le crise successor de 1580, Portugal remaneva integrate in le [[Union Iberic]], sub le dominio del monarchas espaniol del Dynastia Philippin. Durante iste periodo, le conflictos inter Espania e altere potentias europee contribueva al perdita de importante possessiones portugese in Asia, Africa e America. Le augmento del pression fiscal e le perdita de influentia del nobilitate portugese favoriva le revolta del 1 de decembre 1640, que restaurava le independentia e poneva D. João IV sur le throno.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mattoso |first=José |title=Historia de Portugal |volume=VIII |year=1993 |publisher=Círculo de Leitores}}</ref> == Guerra del Restauration == Le Guerra del Restauration (1640–1668) esseva combattite inter Portugal e Espania pro garantir le independentia portugese. Durante le conflicto se distingueva le battalias de Montijo (1644), Linhas de Elvas (1659), Ameixial (1663), Castelo Rodrigo (1664) e Montes Claros (1665), in le quales le fortias portugese obteneva importante victorias. D. João IV reorganisava le armea, fortificava le fortificationes del frontieras e disveloppava un politica diplomatic destinate a assecurar le recognition international del nove dynastia. Le independentia portugese esseva finalmente recognoscite per Espania in 1668, durante le regentia de D. Pedro. == De D. João IV a D. João V == Le Dynastia de Bragança se consolidava durante le regnos de D. João IV, D. Afonso VI, D. Pedro II e D. João V. D. João IV fortificava le institutiones militar e diplomatic e cercava recuperar le territorios colonial. Durante su regno, le portugeses recuperava un grande parte del Brasil, anteriormente occupate per le nederlandeses. Post un periodo de instabilitate politic durante le regno de D. Afonso VI, D. Pedro II assumeva le regentia e posteriormente le throno. Su governamento esseva characterisate per le fortification del absolutismo e le crescente exploitation economic del Brasil. In 1703, esseva signate le [[Tractato de Methuen]] con Anglaterra, que favoriva le commercio de vinos portugese e de productos textile anglese. D. João V (1706–1750) governava in un contexto de grande influxo de auro e diamantes proveniente del Brasil. Le monarcha promoveva le artes, le architectura e le Ecclesia, mantenente un corte luxuose e fortificante le poter royal. Tamen, le concentration del entratas colonial e le limitate transformation structural del economia contribueva a difficultates economic ulterior.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mattoso |first=José |title=Historia de Portugal |volume=IV |year=1993 |publisher=Círculo de Leitores}}</ref> == Stato de Brasil == Durante le seculos XVII e XVIII, Brasil deveniva le principal centro economic del Imperio Portugese, specialmente post le perdita de importante possessiones commercial in Asia e Africa. Le economia brasilian se basava sur le production de sucro e le exploitation de mano de obra sclavisate. Al fin del seculo XVII, le discoperta de auro in Minas Gerais e, posteriormente, de diamantes, provocava un expansion del exploitation minier e del occupation del interior. Iste activitates contribueva significantemente al entratas del Corona portugese e stimulava le emigration verso le colonia. Le exploitation economic del Brasil intensificava le relationes commercial con Anglaterra e augmentava le dependentia portugese del entratas colonial. Simultaneemente, le imposition de taxas e le controlo metropolitan provocava tensiones inter le interesses colonial e le administration portugese, que contribueva al apparition de movimentos de contestation, como le [[Inconfidencia Mineira]], in 1789.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://countrystudies.us/brazil/8.htm |title=Brasil colonial |work=Country Studies}}</ref> == Marquis de Pombal == Post le accession al throno de D. José I, in 1750, Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, le futur [[Marquis de Pombal]], deveniva le figura principal del governamento portugese. Su programma politic cercava modernisar le Stato, fortificar le autoritate regal e reducer le influentia del sectores privilegiate del societate. Le reformas pombalines concerneva le administration public, le economia, le commercio, le instruction e le fortias armate. Esseva create companias commercial, le production del vino de Porto esseva reorganisate e reformas esseva promovite in le Universitate de Coimbra e in le systema educational. Pombal cercava equalmente reducer le influentia del Ecclesia e del nobilitate, recurrendo a mesuras autoritari pro consolidar le poter central. Su governamento deveniva associate con le appellate despotismo illuminate. <ref>{{cite book |last=Maxwell |first=Kenneth |title=Pombal: Paradox of the Enlightenment |year=1995 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> == Marquis de Pombal == Le conflicto inter le governamento pombalin e le Societate de Jesus se intensificava durante le decennio de 1750, particularmente a causa del disputas concernente le administration del missiones indigene in America del Sud e le influentia del jesuitas in le education e in le societate portugese. In 1759, le Societate de Jesus esseva expulsate del territorios portugese e su benes esseva confiscate. Iste mesura faceva parte de un politica plus vaste de centralisation del poter e de reduction del influentia ecclesiastic. In 1773, le papa Clemente XIV suppressava officialmente le ordine religiose. == Processo del Távoras == Le 3 de septembre 1758, D. José I esseva victima de un tentativa de assassination in le environs de Lisboa. Le governamento accusava membros del familia Távora e altere aristocratas de participation in le conjuration. Le processo judicial terminava in januario 1759 con le execution de plure accusatos, includente membros del familia Távora. Lor benes esseva confiscate e le altere implicatos suffreva penas de incarceration o exilio. Iste episodio permitteva a Pombal debilitar significativemente le alte nobilitate e consolidar le autoritate del governamento. Le legitimita del processo e le natura del accusationes continuava a esser objecto de controversia historiographic.<ref>{{cite book |last=Maxwell |first=Kenneth |title=Pombal: Paradox of the Enlightenment |year=1995 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> == Sismo de Lisboa de 1755 == Le 1 de novembre 1755, un violente sismo colpava Lisboa, sequite per un tsunami e per incendios que destrueva un grande parte del citate. Le catastropha causava milles de mortos e damnos material de enorme extension. Le reconstruction esseva dirigite per le governamento de Pombal, que promoveva le planification urban del nove citate, characterisate per vias large, placias regular e edificios con structuras resistente al sismos. Le reconstruction del Baixa de Lisboa deveniva un del exemplos principal del architectura pombalin. Le desastre contribueva etiam a transformationes politic, social e cultural in Portugal, fortificante le position de Pombal in le administration del regno.<ref>{{cite book |last=Maxwell |first=Kenneth |title=Pombal: Paradox of the Enlightenment |year=1995 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> == Vide etiam == * [[Historia de Portugal]] * [[Restauration del Independentia]] * [[Guerra del Restauration]] * [[Dynastia de Bragança]] * [[Imperio Portugese]] * [[Periodo pombalin]] * [[Sismo de Lisboa de 1755]] {{Reflist}} == Bibliographia == * Carmo Reis, A. (1987). ''Atlas de Historia de Portugal''. Edições Asa. * Madeira, Carlos (dir.) e Aguiar, João (2003). ''Portugal 860 annos – Figuras 1580–1926''. Livros SuperInteressante. * Mattoso, José (dir.) (1993). ''Historia de Portugal''. Volumes IV e VIII. Círculo de Leitores. * Maxwell, Kenneth (1995). ''Pombal: Paradox of the Enlightenment''. Cambridge University Press. [[Category:Historia de Portugal per periodo]] [[Category:Seculo XVII in Portugal]] [[Category:Seculo XVIII in Portugal]] [[Category:Imperio Portugese]] [[Category:Historia de Portugal]] iwyqm7pyymhkwlmrc1t76am898dwxob 705541 705540 2026-11-04T07:05:23Z Tratxan 61856 /* Vide etiam */ 705541 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Historia de Portugal (1640–1777)''' comprende le periodo inter le [[Restauration del Independentia]], in 1640, e le initio del regno de [[Maria I de Portugal]], in 1777. Illo esseva marcate per le consolidation del [[Dynastia de Bragança]], le Guerra del Restauration, le crescente importantia economic del Brasil, le fortification del absolutismo monarchic e le reformas del [[Marquis de Pombal]]. Le periodo terminava con le cadita politic de Pombal e le initio de un nove orientation governamental sub Maria I. == Contexto == Post le crise successor de 1580, Portugal remaneva integrate in le [[Union Iberic]], sub le dominio del monarchas espaniol del Dynastia Philippin. Durante iste periodo, le conflictos inter Espania e altere potentias europee contribueva al perdita de importante possessiones portugese in Asia, Africa e America. Le augmento del pression fiscal e le perdita de influentia del nobilitate portugese favoriva le revolta del 1 de decembre 1640, que restaurava le independentia e poneva D. João IV sur le throno.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mattoso |first=José |title=Historia de Portugal |volume=VIII |year=1993 |publisher=Círculo de Leitores}}</ref> == Guerra del Restauration == Le Guerra del Restauration (1640–1668) esseva combattite inter Portugal e Espania pro garantir le independentia portugese. Durante le conflicto se distingueva le battalias de Montijo (1644), Linhas de Elvas (1659), Ameixial (1663), Castelo Rodrigo (1664) e Montes Claros (1665), in le quales le fortias portugese obteneva importante victorias. D. João IV reorganisava le armea, fortificava le fortificationes del frontieras e disveloppava un politica diplomatic destinate a assecurar le recognition international del nove dynastia. Le independentia portugese esseva finalmente recognoscite per Espania in 1668, durante le regentia de D. Pedro. == De D. João IV a D. João V == Le Dynastia de Bragança se consolidava durante le regnos de D. João IV, D. Afonso VI, D. Pedro II e D. João V. D. João IV fortificava le institutiones militar e diplomatic e cercava recuperar le territorios colonial. Durante su regno, le portugeses recuperava un grande parte del Brasil, anteriormente occupate per le nederlandeses. Post un periodo de instabilitate politic durante le regno de D. Afonso VI, D. Pedro II assumeva le regentia e posteriormente le throno. Su governamento esseva characterisate per le fortification del absolutismo e le crescente exploitation economic del Brasil. In 1703, esseva signate le [[Tractato de Methuen]] con Anglaterra, que favoriva le commercio de vinos portugese e de productos textile anglese. D. João V (1706–1750) governava in un contexto de grande influxo de auro e diamantes proveniente del Brasil. Le monarcha promoveva le artes, le architectura e le Ecclesia, mantenente un corte luxuose e fortificante le poter royal. Tamen, le concentration del entratas colonial e le limitate transformation structural del economia contribueva a difficultates economic ulterior.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mattoso |first=José |title=Historia de Portugal |volume=IV |year=1993 |publisher=Círculo de Leitores}}</ref> == Stato de Brasil == Durante le seculos XVII e XVIII, Brasil deveniva le principal centro economic del Imperio Portugese, specialmente post le perdita de importante possessiones commercial in Asia e Africa. Le economia brasilian se basava sur le production de sucro e le exploitation de mano de obra sclavisate. Al fin del seculo XVII, le discoperta de auro in Minas Gerais e, posteriormente, de diamantes, provocava un expansion del exploitation minier e del occupation del interior. Iste activitates contribueva significantemente al entratas del Corona portugese e stimulava le emigration verso le colonia. Le exploitation economic del Brasil intensificava le relationes commercial con Anglaterra e augmentava le dependentia portugese del entratas colonial. Simultaneemente, le imposition de taxas e le controlo metropolitan provocava tensiones inter le interesses colonial e le administration portugese, que contribueva al apparition de movimentos de contestation, como le [[Inconfidencia Mineira]], in 1789.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://countrystudies.us/brazil/8.htm |title=Brasil colonial |work=Country Studies}}</ref> == Marquis de Pombal == Post le accession al throno de D. José I, in 1750, Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, le futur [[Marquis de Pombal]], deveniva le figura principal del governamento portugese. Su programma politic cercava modernisar le Stato, fortificar le autoritate regal e reducer le influentia del sectores privilegiate del societate. Le reformas pombalines concerneva le administration public, le economia, le commercio, le instruction e le fortias armate. Esseva create companias commercial, le production del vino de Porto esseva reorganisate e reformas esseva promovite in le Universitate de Coimbra e in le systema educational. Pombal cercava equalmente reducer le influentia del Ecclesia e del nobilitate, recurrendo a mesuras autoritari pro consolidar le poter central. Su governamento deveniva associate con le appellate despotismo illuminate. <ref>{{cite book |last=Maxwell |first=Kenneth |title=Pombal: Paradox of the Enlightenment |year=1995 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> == Marquis de Pombal == Le conflicto inter le governamento pombalin e le Societate de Jesus se intensificava durante le decennio de 1750, particularmente a causa del disputas concernente le administration del missiones indigene in America del Sud e le influentia del jesuitas in le education e in le societate portugese. In 1759, le Societate de Jesus esseva expulsate del territorios portugese e su benes esseva confiscate. Iste mesura faceva parte de un politica plus vaste de centralisation del poter e de reduction del influentia ecclesiastic. In 1773, le papa Clemente XIV suppressava officialmente le ordine religiose. == Processo del Távoras == Le 3 de septembre 1758, D. José I esseva victima de un tentativa de assassination in le environs de Lisboa. Le governamento accusava membros del familia Távora e altere aristocratas de participation in le conjuration. Le processo judicial terminava in januario 1759 con le execution de plure accusatos, includente membros del familia Távora. Lor benes esseva confiscate e le altere implicatos suffreva penas de incarceration o exilio. Iste episodio permitteva a Pombal debilitar significativemente le alte nobilitate e consolidar le autoritate del governamento. Le legitimita del processo e le natura del accusationes continuava a esser objecto de controversia historiographic.<ref>{{cite book |last=Maxwell |first=Kenneth |title=Pombal: Paradox of the Enlightenment |year=1995 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> == Sismo de Lisboa de 1755 == Le 1 de novembre 1755, un violente sismo colpava Lisboa, sequite per un tsunami e per incendios que destrueva un grande parte del citate. Le catastropha causava milles de mortos e damnos material de enorme extension. Le reconstruction esseva dirigite per le governamento de Pombal, que promoveva le planification urban del nove citate, characterisate per vias large, placias regular e edificios con structuras resistente al sismos. Le reconstruction del Baixa de Lisboa deveniva un del exemplos principal del architectura pombalin. Le desastre contribueva etiam a transformationes politic, social e cultural in Portugal, fortificante le position de Pombal in le administration del regno.<ref>{{cite book |last=Maxwell |first=Kenneth |title=Pombal: Paradox of the Enlightenment |year=1995 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> == Vide etiam == * [[Historia de Portugal]] * [[Restauration del Independentia]] * [[Guerra del Restauration]] * [[Dynastia de Bragança]] * [[Imperio Portugese]] * [[Periodo pombalin]] * [[Sismo de Lisboa de 1755]] {{Ref}} == Bibliographia == * Carmo Reis, A. (1987). ''Atlas de Historia de Portugal''. Edições Asa. * Madeira, Carlos (dir.) e Aguiar, João (2003). ''Portugal 860 annos – Figuras 1580–1926''. Livros SuperInteressante. * Mattoso, José (dir.) (1993). ''Historia de Portugal''. Volumes IV e VIII. Círculo de Leitores. * Maxwell, Kenneth (1995). ''Pombal: Paradox of the Enlightenment''. Cambridge University Press. [[Category:Historia de Portugal per periodo]] [[Category:Seculo XVII in Portugal]] [[Category:Seculo XVIII in Portugal]] [[Category:Imperio Portugese]] [[Category:Historia de Portugal]] ovr46680kaofoivd9f579nyrmdx8uwr 14 62484 705526 2026-11-04T06:47:31Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Historia de Portugal]] [[Categoria:Statos extincte de Portugal]] [[Categoria:Statos extincte de Europa del Medievo]] [[Categoria:Statos extincte de Europa del Etate Moderne]] [[Categoria:Statos extincte de Europa del Etate Contemporanee]] [[Categoria:Statos extincte de Asia del Etate Moderne]] [[Categoria:Statos extincte de Asia del Etate Contemporanee]] [[Categoria:Statos extincte de Africa del Etate Moderne]] Categoria:Statos extincte de Africa del Et...” 705526 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Historia de Portugal]] [[Categoria:Statos extincte de Portugal]] [[Categoria:Statos extincte de Europa del Medievo]] [[Categoria:Statos extincte de Europa del Etate Moderne]] [[Categoria:Statos extincte de Europa del Etate Contemporanee]] [[Categoria:Statos extincte de Asia del Etate Moderne]] [[Categoria:Statos extincte de Asia del Etate Contemporanee]] [[Categoria:Statos extincte de Africa del Etate Moderne]] [[Categoria:Statos extincte de Africa del Etate Contemporanee]] [[Categoria:Statos extincte de America del Etate Moderne]] [[Categoria:Statos extincte de America del Etate Contemporanee]] [[Categoria:Ancian imperios de Europa|Portugese]] [[Categoria:Ancian imperios de Asia|Portugese]] [[Categoria:Ancian imperios de Africa|Portugese]] [[Categoria:Ancian imperios de America|Portugese]] [[Categoria:Imperios colonial|Portugese]] s8f0qf8t7u6vwchs90a8w7gib3mkbdo 0 62485 705530 2026-11-04T06:52:25Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} '''Colonia del Sacramento''' (etiam denominate '''Colónia do Sacramento''' in portugese europee; in espaniol, ''Colonia del Sacramento'') es un citate del sud-west del [[Uruguay]], situate sur le ripa nord del [[Rio de la Plata]], opposite a [[Buenos Aires]]. Illo esseva fundate per le portugeses le 22 de januario 1680, sub le direction de [[Manuel Lobo]], con le objectivo de establir un presentia strategic e commercial in le region del...” 705530 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} '''Colonia del Sacramento''' (etiam denominate '''Colónia do Sacramento''' in portugese europee; in espaniol, ''Colonia del Sacramento'') es un citate del sud-west del [[Uruguay]], situate sur le ripa nord del [[Rio de la Plata]], opposite a [[Buenos Aires]]. Illo esseva fundate per le portugeses le 22 de januario 1680, sub le direction de [[Manuel Lobo]], con le objectivo de establir un presentia strategic e commercial in le region del Plata. Durante quasi un seculo, illo esseva objecto de disputas territorial inter Portugal e Espania, usque a su incorporation definitive in le dominios espaniol, in 1777.<ref>{{cite web |last=Pessoa |first=Glaucia Tomaz de Aquino |title=Colonia de Sacramento: Le presentia portugese in le Rio de la Plata 1680-1777 |url=https://historialuso.an.gov.br/index.php/historia-luso-brasileira/assuntos/listadetemas/colonia-sacramento |website=Arquivo Nacional |date=23 May 2018 |access-date=4 November 2026}}</ref> == Historia == === Antecedentes === Le fundation de Colonia del Sacramento esseva relationate al expansion territorial portugese in America del Sud e al interesses commercial in le estuario del Rio de la Plata. Le region esseva strategic a causa de su proximitate a Buenos Aires e del rutas commercial que ligava le litoral brasilian al regiones productrice de argento del America espaniol. Portugal cercava etiam extender le limites meridional del Brasil colonial e contestar le influentia espaniol in le region.<ref>{{cite web |last=Possamai |first=Paulo César |title=Le fundation de Colonia del Sacramento |url=https://periodicos.ufrn.br/mneme/article/view/254 |website=Mneme – Revista de Humanidades |date=2010}}</ref> === Le Colonia del Sanctissime Sacramento === Le 22 de januario 1680, le expedition portugese commandate per Manuel Lobo establiava le Colonia del Sanctissime Sacramento sur le ripa sinistre del Rio de la Plata, opposite a Buenos Aires. Le stabilimento initiava como un fortification militar destinate a assecurar le interesses territorial e commercial del Corona portugese. In augusto del mesme anno, fortias espaniol, supportate per indigene guaranis, conquistava e destrueva le stabilimento. Secundo le Tractato Provisional de Lisboa, de 1681, le placia esseva restituite a Portugal, que reprendeva su occupation in 1683.<ref>{{cite web |last=Pessoa |first=Glaucia Tomaz de Aquino |title=Colonia de Sacramento: Le presentia portugese in le Rio de la Plata 1680-1777 |url=https://historialuso.an.gov.br/index.php/historia-luso-brasileira/assuntos/listadetemas/colonia-sacramento |website=Arquivo Nacional |date=23 May 2018}}</ref> === Commercio e traffico de personas enslaveate === Durante le seculo XVIII, Colonia del Sacramento se disveloppava como un importante entreposito commercial inter le America portugese e le espaniol. Su position geographic favoriva le commercio de productos brasilian, como zucchero, tabaco e aguardente, assi como de manufacturas europee e productos proveniente del regiones del Plata. Le contrabando habeva un rolo importante in le economia local, permittente evitar le restrictiones commercial imponite per le monarchia espaniol. Le citate participava etiam al traffico transatlantic de africanos enslaveate, qui esseva commercialisate in le territorios espaniol. Le mercantes implicate in iste activitates constitueva un influente elite local.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kühn |first=Fábio |title=Le contrabando de sclavos in Colonia del Sacramento (1722-1777) |url=https://www.scielo.br/j/tem/a/ |website=Tempo |date=2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Prado |first=Fabrício |title=Colonia del Sacramento – Libro 5 de Baptismos (1763-1777) |url=https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/TSDYA7 |website=Journal of Slavery and Data Preservation |date=31 August 2022}}</ref> === Le Nove Colonia del Sanctissime Sacramento === In 1704, durante le [[Guerra del Succession Espaniol]], fortias espaniol assediava le citate, conquistante lo in 1705. Le occupation espaniol se prolongava usque a 1715, quando le [[Tractato de Utrecht]] determinava le restitution de Colonia a Portugal. Post su restitution, le citate esseva reconstruite e fortificate, deveniente de novo un importante centro commercial e militar. Sub le administration de António Pedro de Vasconcelos (1722–1749), occurreva un periodo de crescentia economic e demographic. Inter 1735 e 1737, Colonia suffreva un prolongate assedio espaniol. Ben que le offensive non resultava in su conquesto, le blocada limitava le expansion territorial e demographic del stabilimento, fortificante su function como placia militar e entreposito commercial.<ref>{{cite web |last=Possamai |first=Paulo César |title=De nucleo de population a placia de guerra: Colonia del Sacramento de 1735 a 1777 |url=https://www.scielo.br/j/topoi/a/tCjfnrbGJfpw359Y4STS9QB/ |website=Topoi |date=December 2010}}</ref> === Del Tractato de Madrid al Tractato de Badajoz === In 1750, le [[Tractato de Madrid]] establiava le transferentia de Colonia del Sacramento a Espania, in excambio del territorios del [[Sette Populos del Missiones]], in America del Sud. Tamen, le difficultates de delimitation territorial e le resistentia indigene durante le [[Guerra Guaranitica]] contribueva al annullation del accordo per le [[Tractato de El Pardo]], in 1761. In 1762, durante le Guerra del Septem Annos, fortias espaniol conquistava de novo Colonia. Secundo le [[Tractato de Paris (1763)|Tractato de Paris]], le citate esseva restituite a Portugal. In 1777, un nove expedition espaniol, commandate per [[Pedro de Cevallos]], conquistava definitivamente le placia. Le [[Tractato de Santo Ildefonso]], celebrate in le mesme anno, confirmava le transferentia de Colonia del Sacramento a Espania.<ref>{{cite web |last=Possamai |first=Paulo César |title=De nucleo de population a placia de guerra: Colonia del Sacramento de 1735 a 1777 |url=https://www.scielo.br/j/topoi/a/tCjfnrbGJfpw359Y4STS9QB/ |website=Topoi |date=December 2010}}</ref> === Del incorporation del Cisplatina al independentia del Uruguay === In 1817, le region esseva occupate per fortias portugese durante le expansion del monarchia portugese in le Rio de la Plata. Posteriormente, illo passava a facer parte del territorio del Imperio del Brasil, post le independentia brasilian, in 1822. In 1828, con le independentia del Uruguay, Colonia del Sacramento deveniva parte del nove Stato, cessante definitivemente de facer parte del territorios portugese e brasilian. == Geographia e clima == Colonia del Sacramento es situate sur le ripa nord del Rio de la Plata, in le sud-west del Uruguay, e es le capital del departimento de Colonia. Su localisation al frontiera, opposite a Buenos Aires, esseva determinante pro su importantia militar e commercial durante le periodo colonial. == Turismo == Colonia del Sacramento constitue un del principal destinos turistic del Uruguay, specialmente a causa de su patrimonio historic e architectonic. === Centro historic === Le [[Quartier Historic del Citate de Colonia del Sacramento]] esseva inscribite in le lista del [[Patrimonio Mundial]] del [[UNESCO]] in 1995. Le ensemble urban conserva elementos del traditiones architectonic portugese e espaniol, constituente un testimonio del disputas colonial in le region del Rio de la Plata. Le disposition urban, adaptate al topographia local e differente del modello orthogonal frequentemente usate in le citates colonial espaniol, constitue un del characteristicas le plus importante del patrimonio del citate.<ref>{{cite web |title=Quartier Historic del Citate de Colonia del Sacramento |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/747 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=4 November 2026}}</ref> Inter le principal monumentos e locos historic se trova: * [[Basilica del Sanctissime Sacramento]]; * [[Phar de Colonia del Sacramento]]; * Ruinas del Convento de Sancte Francisco Xavier; * Porta del Armas e muros historic; * Placeta 25 de Maio; * Via del Suspiros; * Museo Portugese; * Museo Municipal. === Real de San Carlos === Real de San Carlos es un area situate in le environs del citate, que se disveloppava como complexo turistic al initio del seculo XX. Inter su attractiones ancian se trovava un arena de tauromachia, un hotel-casino, installationes sportive e un balneario. == Vide etiam == * [[Imperio Portugese]] * [[Colonisation portugese del America]] * [[Disputas territorial inter Portugal e Espania]] * [[Historia del Uruguay]] * [[Rio de la Plata]] * [[Tractato de Madrid (1750)]] * [[Tractato de Santo Ildefonso (1777)]] {{Ref}} == Bibliographia == * Almeida, Luís Ferrand de (1957). ''Le diplomatia portugese e le limites meridional del Brasil (1493–1700)''. Coimbra: Facultate de Litteras del Universitate de Coimbra. * Almeida, Luís Ferrand de (1973). ''Colonia del Sacramento durante le epocha del Succession de Espania''. Coimbra: Facultate de Litteras del Universitate de Coimbra. * Domingues, Moacyr (1973). ''Colonia del Sacramento e le Sud del Brasil''. Porto Alegre: Instituto Estadual do Livro. * Possamai, Paulo César (2006). ''Le vita quotidian in Colonia del Sacramento''. Lisboa: Livros do Brasil. * Prado, Fabrício (2002). ''Colonia del Sacramento: Le extremo sud del America portugese''. Porto Alegre. [[Categoria:Colonia del Sacramento]] [[Categoria:Colonias de Portugal in America del Sud]] [[Categoria:Territorios de Portugal]] [[Categoria:Colonisation del Uruguay]] [[Categoria:Colonisation portugese del America]] [[Categoria:Colonias del Viceregno del Rio de la Plata]] [[Categoria:Colonias in America del Sud del seculo XVII]] [[Categoria:Colonias in Portugal del seculo XVII]] [[Categoria:1680 in Uruguay]] [[Categoria:1680 in Portugal]] qi3r79mh45113r67g2l853vpn7hua8g 705542 705530 2026-11-04T07:07:19Z Tratxan 61856 /* Bibliographia */ 705542 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} '''Colonia del Sacramento''' (etiam denominate '''Colónia do Sacramento''' in portugese europee; in espaniol, ''Colonia del Sacramento'') es un citate del sud-west del [[Uruguay]], situate sur le ripa nord del [[Rio de la Plata]], opposite a [[Buenos Aires]]. Illo esseva fundate per le portugeses le 22 de januario 1680, sub le direction de [[Manuel Lobo]], con le objectivo de establir un presentia strategic e commercial in le region del Plata. Durante quasi un seculo, illo esseva objecto de disputas territorial inter Portugal e Espania, usque a su incorporation definitive in le dominios espaniol, in 1777.<ref>{{cite web |last=Pessoa |first=Glaucia Tomaz de Aquino |title=Colonia de Sacramento: Le presentia portugese in le Rio de la Plata 1680-1777 |url=https://historialuso.an.gov.br/index.php/historia-luso-brasileira/assuntos/listadetemas/colonia-sacramento |website=Arquivo Nacional |date=23 May 2018 |access-date=4 November 2026}}</ref> == Historia == === Antecedentes === Le fundation de Colonia del Sacramento esseva relationate al expansion territorial portugese in America del Sud e al interesses commercial in le estuario del Rio de la Plata. Le region esseva strategic a causa de su proximitate a Buenos Aires e del rutas commercial que ligava le litoral brasilian al regiones productrice de argento del America espaniol. Portugal cercava etiam extender le limites meridional del Brasil colonial e contestar le influentia espaniol in le region.<ref>{{cite web |last=Possamai |first=Paulo César |title=Le fundation de Colonia del Sacramento |url=https://periodicos.ufrn.br/mneme/article/view/254 |website=Mneme – Revista de Humanidades |date=2010}}</ref> === Le Colonia del Sanctissime Sacramento === Le 22 de januario 1680, le expedition portugese commandate per Manuel Lobo establiava le Colonia del Sanctissime Sacramento sur le ripa sinistre del Rio de la Plata, opposite a Buenos Aires. Le stabilimento initiava como un fortification militar destinate a assecurar le interesses territorial e commercial del Corona portugese. In augusto del mesme anno, fortias espaniol, supportate per indigene guaranis, conquistava e destrueva le stabilimento. Secundo le Tractato Provisional de Lisboa, de 1681, le placia esseva restituite a Portugal, que reprendeva su occupation in 1683.<ref>{{cite web |last=Pessoa |first=Glaucia Tomaz de Aquino |title=Colonia de Sacramento: Le presentia portugese in le Rio de la Plata 1680-1777 |url=https://historialuso.an.gov.br/index.php/historia-luso-brasileira/assuntos/listadetemas/colonia-sacramento |website=Arquivo Nacional |date=23 May 2018}}</ref> === Commercio e traffico de personas enslaveate === Durante le seculo XVIII, Colonia del Sacramento se disveloppava como un importante entreposito commercial inter le America portugese e le espaniol. Su position geographic favoriva le commercio de productos brasilian, como zucchero, tabaco e aguardente, assi como de manufacturas europee e productos proveniente del regiones del Plata. Le contrabando habeva un rolo importante in le economia local, permittente evitar le restrictiones commercial imponite per le monarchia espaniol. Le citate participava etiam al traffico transatlantic de africanos enslaveate, qui esseva commercialisate in le territorios espaniol. Le mercantes implicate in iste activitates constitueva un influente elite local.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kühn |first=Fábio |title=Le contrabando de sclavos in Colonia del Sacramento (1722-1777) |url=https://www.scielo.br/j/tem/a/ |website=Tempo |date=2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Prado |first=Fabrício |title=Colonia del Sacramento – Libro 5 de Baptismos (1763-1777) |url=https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/TSDYA7 |website=Journal of Slavery and Data Preservation |date=31 August 2022}}</ref> === Le Nove Colonia del Sanctissime Sacramento === In 1704, durante le [[Guerra del Succession Espaniol]], fortias espaniol assediava le citate, conquistante lo in 1705. Le occupation espaniol se prolongava usque a 1715, quando le [[Tractato de Utrecht]] determinava le restitution de Colonia a Portugal. Post su restitution, le citate esseva reconstruite e fortificate, deveniente de novo un importante centro commercial e militar. Sub le administration de António Pedro de Vasconcelos (1722–1749), occurreva un periodo de crescentia economic e demographic. Inter 1735 e 1737, Colonia suffreva un prolongate assedio espaniol. Ben que le offensive non resultava in su conquesto, le blocada limitava le expansion territorial e demographic del stabilimento, fortificante su function como placia militar e entreposito commercial.<ref>{{cite web |last=Possamai |first=Paulo César |title=De nucleo de population a placia de guerra: Colonia del Sacramento de 1735 a 1777 |url=https://www.scielo.br/j/topoi/a/tCjfnrbGJfpw359Y4STS9QB/ |website=Topoi |date=December 2010}}</ref> === Del Tractato de Madrid al Tractato de Badajoz === In 1750, le [[Tractato de Madrid]] establiava le transferentia de Colonia del Sacramento a Espania, in excambio del territorios del [[Sette Populos del Missiones]], in America del Sud. Tamen, le difficultates de delimitation territorial e le resistentia indigene durante le [[Guerra Guaranitica]] contribueva al annullation del accordo per le [[Tractato de El Pardo]], in 1761. In 1762, durante le Guerra del Septem Annos, fortias espaniol conquistava de novo Colonia. Secundo le [[Tractato de Paris (1763)|Tractato de Paris]], le citate esseva restituite a Portugal. In 1777, un nove expedition espaniol, commandate per [[Pedro de Cevallos]], conquistava definitivamente le placia. Le [[Tractato de Santo Ildefonso]], celebrate in le mesme anno, confirmava le transferentia de Colonia del Sacramento a Espania.<ref>{{cite web |last=Possamai |first=Paulo César |title=De nucleo de population a placia de guerra: Colonia del Sacramento de 1735 a 1777 |url=https://www.scielo.br/j/topoi/a/tCjfnrbGJfpw359Y4STS9QB/ |website=Topoi |date=December 2010}}</ref> === Del incorporation del Cisplatina al independentia del Uruguay === In 1817, le region esseva occupate per fortias portugese durante le expansion del monarchia portugese in le Rio de la Plata. Posteriormente, illo passava a facer parte del territorio del Imperio del Brasil, post le independentia brasilian, in 1822. In 1828, con le independentia del Uruguay, Colonia del Sacramento deveniva parte del nove Stato, cessante definitivemente de facer parte del territorios portugese e brasilian. == Geographia e clima == Colonia del Sacramento es situate sur le ripa nord del Rio de la Plata, in le sud-west del Uruguay, e es le capital del departimento de Colonia. Su localisation al frontiera, opposite a Buenos Aires, esseva determinante pro su importantia militar e commercial durante le periodo colonial. == Turismo == Colonia del Sacramento constitue un del principal destinos turistic del Uruguay, specialmente a causa de su patrimonio historic e architectonic. === Centro historic === Le [[Quartier Historic del Citate de Colonia del Sacramento]] esseva inscribite in le lista del [[Patrimonio Mundial]] del [[UNESCO]] in 1995. Le ensemble urban conserva elementos del traditiones architectonic portugese e espaniol, constituente un testimonio del disputas colonial in le region del Rio de la Plata. Le disposition urban, adaptate al topographia local e differente del modello orthogonal frequentemente usate in le citates colonial espaniol, constitue un del characteristicas le plus importante del patrimonio del citate.<ref>{{cite web |title=Quartier Historic del Citate de Colonia del Sacramento |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/747 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=4 November 2026}}</ref> Inter le principal monumentos e locos historic se trova: * [[Basilica del Sanctissime Sacramento]]; * [[Phar de Colonia del Sacramento]]; * Ruinas del Convento de Sancte Francisco Xavier; * Porta del Armas e muros historic; * Placeta 25 de Maio; * Via del Suspiros; * Museo Portugese; * Museo Municipal. === Real de San Carlos === Real de San Carlos es un area situate in le environs del citate, que se disveloppava como complexo turistic al initio del seculo XX. Inter su attractiones ancian se trovava un arena de tauromachia, un hotel-casino, installationes sportive e un balneario. == Vide etiam == * [[Imperio Portugese]] * [[Colonisation portugese del America]] * [[Disputas territorial inter Portugal e Espania]] * [[Historia del Uruguay]] * [[Rio de la Plata]] * [[Tractato de Madrid (1750)]] * [[Tractato de Santo Ildefonso (1777)]] {{Ref}} == Bibliographia == * Almeida, Luís Ferrand de (1957). ''Le diplomatia portugese e le limites meridional del Brasil (1493–1700)''. Coimbra: Facultate de Litteras del Universitate de Coimbra. * Almeida, Luís Ferrand de (1973). ''Colonia del Sacramento durante le epocha del Succession de Espania''. Coimbra: Facultate de Litteras del Universitate de Coimbra. * Domingues, Moacyr (1973). ''Colonia del Sacramento e le Sud del Brasil''. Porto Alegre: Instituto Estadual do Livro. * Possamai, Paulo César (2006). ''Le vita quotidian in Colonia del Sacramento''. Lisboa: Livros do Brasil. * Prado, Fabrício (2002). ''Colonia del Sacramento: Le extremo sud del America portugese''. Porto Alegre. [[Categoria:Colonias de Portugal in America del Sud]] [[Categoria:Territorios de Portugal]] [[Categoria:Colonisation del Uruguay]] [[Categoria:Colonisation portugese del America]] [[Categoria:Colonias del Viceregno del Rio de la Plata]] [[Categoria:Colonias in America del Sud del seculo XVII]] [[Categoria:Colonias in Portugal del seculo XVII]] [[Categoria:Colonia del Sacramento| ]] [[Categoria:Fortificationes de Portugal in America del Sud|Sacramento]] [[Categoria:Antique territorios de Portugal]] [[Categoria:Fortificationes de Uruguay|Sacramento]] [[Categoria:Colonisation portugese de America]] [[Categoria:Fortificationes del Viceregno del Rio de la Plata]] [[Categoria:Fundationes in America del Sud del seculo XVII]] [[Categoria:Fundationes in Portugal del seculo XVII]] [[Categoria:1680 in Uruguay]] [[Categoria:1680 in Portugal]] r9m3xhp2bm854gat4ol8wcdkddjetyl 0 62486 705532 2026-11-04T07:00:06Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “[[File:ColumbusLetter Basel 1.jpg|thumb|325x325px|Imagine del edition de [[Basilea]] de 1493 annunciante le discoperta de Colombo.]] [[File:Columbus_letter_Spanish_text.jpg|thumb|Prime pagina del littera in espaniol imprimite in Barcelona in 1493]] Le '''litteras que annunciava le discoperta del Indias<ref name="MAINE HISTORY">{{cite web |url=http://www.usm.maine.edu/~maps/columbus/history.html |title=Columbus's First Letter. Its Diffusion through Europe, 1493-1497...” 705532 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:ColumbusLetter Basel 1.jpg|thumb|325x325px|Imagine del edition de [[Basilea]] de 1493 annunciante le discoperta de Colombo.]] [[File:Columbus_letter_Spanish_text.jpg|thumb|Prime pagina del littera in espaniol imprimite in Barcelona in 1493]] Le '''litteras que annunciava le discoperta del Indias<ref name="MAINE HISTORY">{{cite web |url=http://www.usm.maine.edu/~maps/columbus/history.html |title=Columbus's First Letter. Its Diffusion through Europe, 1493-1497 |access-date= |publisher=Universitate de Southern Maine |author=EDNEY, Matthew H. |language=anglese}}</ref><ref name="Arranz_44">[[#ARRANZ|ARRANZ MÁRQUEZ, Luis.]] [http://books.google.com/books?id=YerxcpDT_vsC&lpg=PP1&hl=es&pg=PA43 Paginas 43-44.]</ref>''' es un collection de manuscritos e gravuras que, a partir de 1493, faceva public le scopertas del prime expedition dirigite per [[Christophoro Colombo]] al region que hodie es appellate [[America]]. Al initio de april, un littera in espaniol esseva imprimite in Barcelona e adressate al notario del Ration del [[Corona de Aragon]], Luis de Santángel; alcun septimanas plus tarde, un traduction latin de iste mesme documento, o de un altere littera multo similar adressate al thesaurario royal Gabriel Sánchez, esseva publicate in [[Roma]]. Le version latin se diffundeva rapidemente per tote le [[Europa]], essente reimprimite plure vices e traducite a altere linguas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208141513/http://www.usm.maine.edu/~maps/columbus/history.html |title=Columbus's First Letter: Publication History |date=2008-12-08 |access-date=2021-02-13 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref> Posteriormente, appareva manuscritos de contento similar al littera imprimite in Barcelona e, in 1985, un copia del seculo XVI de un littera de Colombo al reges, datate de martio 1493 e concernente le mesme thema.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YerxcpDT_vsC&lpg=PP1&hl=es&pg=PA43 |title=Christophoro Colombo: mysterio e grandessa |last=Márquez |first=Luis Arranz |date=2006 |publisher=Marcial Pons Historia |location= |page= |pages=43-44 |language=es}}</ref> Iste litteras describe le insulas discoperite, in particular [[Cuba]] e [[Hispaniola]], e le costumes de lor habitantes, abundante in exaggerationes concernente le dimensiones del insulas, lor ricchessa e le docilitate del [[Indigenas|indigenas]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://www.ems.kcl.ac.uk/content/pub/b002.html |title=Early Modern Spain: Introduction to the Letters from America |access-date=2021-02-13 |website=www.ems.kcl.ac.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090920060845/http://redalyc.uaemex.mx/redalyc/pdf/384/38402005.pdf |title=Wayback Machine |date=2009-09-20 |access-date=2021-02-13 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref> Tamen, illos offere pauc datos concrete concernente le viage (omittente, per exemplo, omne mention del perdita del nave amiral) e mesmo alcun de illos contradice altere fontes, in particular le ''Jornal de bordo''.<ref name=":1">RAMOS PÉREZ, Demetrio (1983). ''Le littera de Colombo concernente le Discoperta''. Deputation Provincial de Granada.</ref> Le position traditional concernente le autoritate del litteras imprimite in 1493 es attribuer los al mesme Colombo, qui haberea promovite lor publication como maniera de proteger su interesses.<ref>SANZ, Carlos (e Henry Harrisse) (1959). ''Le grande secreto del Littera de Colombo''. Madrid: V. Suárez</ref> Un altere theoria, al contrario, sustene que illos esseva scribite per le rege Fernando e per Luís de Santángel, inspirate per plure relationes inviate per Colombo al reges durante su retorno. Nonobstante le dubitas concernente lor autoritate, iste litteras ha un grande importantia historic proque illos constitueva le sol fonte concernente le prime viage de Colombo que esseva publicamente disponibile durante le vita del Almirante.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dg-8ZOeBqcYC&lpg=PP1&hl=es&pg=PA141-IA2 |title=Le expansion e le incontro europee: le prime phase circa 1400–circa 1700: essays in honor de David Beers Quinn in le occasion de su 85e anniversario |last=Quinn |first=David B. |last2=Clough |first2=Cecil H. |last3=Hair |first3=P. E. H. |last4=Hair |first4=Paul Edward Hedley |date=1994 |publisher=Liverpool University Press |language=en}}</ref> In ultra, lor publication esseva, intentionalmente o non, un extraordinari operation de propaganda gratias al pressa recentemente inventate.<ref name=":0" /> In iste senso, le consequentia le plus immediate esseva que le diffusion del nova del Discoperta deveniva le plus rapide e universal de tote le seculo XV e de un parte del seculo XVI.<ref name=":1" /> {{Reflist}} == Bibliographia == * Arranz Márquez, Luis (2006). ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=YerxcpDT_vsC&printsec=frontcover&hl=es&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0 Christophoro Colombo: mysterio e grandessa]''. Editorial Marcial Pons Historia. <small><nowiki>ISBN 8496467236</nowiki></small>. * Davidson, Miles H. (1997). ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=BR6Ek48GgzEC Columbus then and now: a life reexamined]''. University of Oklahoma Press. <small><nowiki>ISBN 0806129344</nowiki></small>. * Fernández de Navarrete, Martín (1825). ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=scYLAAAAQAAJ&client=firefox-a&hl=es&pg=PR6 Collection del viages e discopertas facite per mar per le espanioles]''. Madrid: Imprenta Real. Contine le prime transcription del manuscripto de Simancas (pp. 167-175) e etiam le texto original in latino e le traduction in espaniol del littera a Gabriel Sánchez (pp. 175-197). * Henige, David (1994). [http://www.google.com/books?id=Dg-8ZOeBqcYC&h «Finding Columbus: Implications of a newly-discovered text»]. In David B. Quinn, Cecil H. Clough, Paul Edward Hedley Hair, ed. ''The European outthrust and encounter: the first phase c.1400-c.1700'' (in anglese). Liverpool University Press. <small><nowiki>ISBN 0853232296</nowiki></small>. * Ife, Barry W. (1992). [http://www.ems.kcl.ac.uk/content/pub/b002.html «Introduction to the ''Letters from America''»] (in anglese). King's College London. Consultate le 22 de julio 2009. * León Guerrero, Montserrat (2000). [http://descargas.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/12159171998988283087402/007779.pdf ''Le secunde viage colombian''.] Universitate de Valladolid (these doctoral). * Morales Padrón, Francisco (1990). ''Prime litteras concernente America (1493-1503)''. Sevilla: Universitate de Sevilla. <small><nowiki>ISBN 84-7405-517-2</nowiki></small>. * Ramos Pérez, Demetrio (1983). ''Le littera de Colombo concernente le Discoperta''. Deputation provincial de Granada. Contine introduction critic, facsimile e transcription del manuscripto del littera al notario del ration in le Archivo de Simancas. * Rumeu de Armas, Antonio, ed. (1989). ''Libro copiador de Christophoro Colombo: correspondentia inedite con le Reges Catholic concernente le viages a America''. Testimonio. <small><nowiki>ISBN 84-86290-22-8</nowiki></small>. * Sanz López, Carlos (1958). ''Bibliographia general del Littera de Colombo''. Madrid: Libreria General Victoriano Suárez. * — (1962). ''Le Littera de Colombo: 15 de februario–14 de martio 1493''. Madrid: Gráficas Yagües. [[Categoria:Era del discopertas]] [[Categoria:Discoperta de America]] gl19a5jlf2g0ojnhev1dsamssavmwso 705533 705532 2026-11-04T07:00:33Z Tratxan 61856 705533 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:ColumbusLetter Basel 1.jpg|thumb|325x325px|Imagine del edition de [[Basilea]] de 1493 annunciante le discoperta de Colombo.]] [[File:Columbus_letter_Spanish_text.jpg|thumb|Prime pagina del littera in espaniol imprimite in Barcelona in 1493]] Le '''litteras que annunciava le discoperta del Indias<ref name="MAINE HISTORY">{{cite web |url=http://www.usm.maine.edu/~maps/columbus/history.html |title=Columbus's First Letter. Its Diffusion through Europe, 1493-1497 |access-date= |publisher=Universitate de Southern Maine |author=EDNEY, Matthew H. |language=anglese}}</ref><ref name="Arranz_44">[[#ARRANZ|ARRANZ MÁRQUEZ, Luis.]] [http://books.google.com/books?id=YerxcpDT_vsC&lpg=PP1&hl=es&pg=PA43 Paginas 43-44.]</ref>''' es un collection de manuscritos e gravuras que, a partir de 1493, faceva public le scopertas del prime expedition dirigite per [[Christophoro Colombo]] al region que hodie es appellate [[America]]. Al initio de april, un littera in espaniol esseva imprimite in Barcelona e adressate al notario del Ration del [[Corona de Aragon]], Luis de Santángel; alcun septimanas plus tarde, un traduction latin de iste mesme documento, o de un altere littera multo similar adressate al thesaurario royal Gabriel Sánchez, esseva publicate in [[Roma]]. Le version latin se diffundeva rapidemente per tote le [[Europa]], essente reimprimite plure vices e traducite a altere linguas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208141513/http://www.usm.maine.edu/~maps/columbus/history.html |title=Columbus's First Letter: Publication History |date=2008-12-08 |access-date=2021-02-13 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref> Posteriormente, appareva manuscritos de contento similar al littera imprimite in Barcelona e, in 1985, un copia del seculo XVI de un littera de Colombo al reges, datate de martio 1493 e concernente le mesme thema.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YerxcpDT_vsC&lpg=PP1&hl=es&pg=PA43 |title=Christophoro Colombo: mysterio e grandessa |last=Márquez |first=Luis Arranz |date=2006 |publisher=Marcial Pons Historia |location= |page= |pages=43-44 |language=es}}</ref> Iste litteras describe le insulas discoperite, in particular [[Cuba]] e [[Hispaniola]], e le costumes de lor habitantes, abundante in exaggerationes concernente le dimensiones del insulas, lor ricchessa e le docilitate del [[Indigenas|indigenas]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://www.ems.kcl.ac.uk/content/pub/b002.html |title=Early Modern Spain: Introduction to the Letters from America |access-date=2021-02-13 |website=www.ems.kcl.ac.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090920060845/http://redalyc.uaemex.mx/redalyc/pdf/384/38402005.pdf |title=Wayback Machine |date=2009-09-20 |access-date=2021-02-13 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref> Tamen, illos offere pauc datos concrete concernente le viage (omittente, per exemplo, omne mention del perdita del nave amiral) e mesmo alcun de illos contradice altere fontes, in particular le ''Jornal de bordo''.<ref name=":1">RAMOS PÉREZ, Demetrio (1983). ''Le littera de Colombo concernente le Discoperta''. Deputation Provincial de Granada.</ref> Le position traditional concernente le autoritate del litteras imprimite in 1493 es attribuer los al mesme Colombo, qui haberea promovite lor publication como maniera de proteger su interesses.<ref>SANZ, Carlos (e Henry Harrisse) (1959). ''Le grande secreto del Littera de Colombo''. Madrid: V. Suárez</ref> Un altere theoria, al contrario, sustene que illos esseva scribite per le rege Fernando e per Luís de Santángel, inspirate per plure relationes inviate per Colombo al reges durante su retorno. Nonobstante le dubitas concernente lor autoritate, iste litteras ha un grande importantia historic proque illos constitueva le sol fonte concernente le prime viage de Colombo que esseva publicamente disponibile durante le vita del Almirante.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dg-8ZOeBqcYC&lpg=PP1&hl=es&pg=PA141-IA2 |title=Le expansion e le incontro europee: le prime phase circa 1400–circa 1700: essays in honor de David Beers Quinn in le occasion de su 85e anniversario |last=Quinn |first=David B. |last2=Clough |first2=Cecil H. |last3=Hair |first3=P. E. H. |last4=Hair |first4=Paul Edward Hedley |date=1994 |publisher=Liverpool University Press |language=en}}</ref> In ultra, lor publication esseva, intentionalmente o non, un extraordinari operation de propaganda gratias al pressa recentemente inventate.<ref name=":0" /> In iste senso, le consequentia le plus immediate esseva que le diffusion del nova del Discoperta deveniva le plus rapide e universal de tote le seculo XV e de un parte del seculo XVI.<ref name=":1" /> {{Ref}} == Bibliographia == * Arranz Márquez, Luis (2006). ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=YerxcpDT_vsC&printsec=frontcover&hl=es&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0 Christophoro Colombo: mysterio e grandessa]''. Editorial Marcial Pons Historia. <small><nowiki>ISBN 8496467236</nowiki></small>. * Davidson, Miles H. (1997). ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=BR6Ek48GgzEC Columbus then and now: a life reexamined]''. University of Oklahoma Press. <small><nowiki>ISBN 0806129344</nowiki></small>. * Fernández de Navarrete, Martín (1825). ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=scYLAAAAQAAJ&client=firefox-a&hl=es&pg=PR6 Collection del viages e discopertas facite per mar per le espanioles]''. Madrid: Imprenta Real. Contine le prime transcription del manuscripto de Simancas (pp. 167-175) e etiam le texto original in latino e le traduction in espaniol del littera a Gabriel Sánchez (pp. 175-197). * Henige, David (1994). [http://www.google.com/books?id=Dg-8ZOeBqcYC&h «Finding Columbus: Implications of a newly-discovered text»]. In David B. Quinn, Cecil H. Clough, Paul Edward Hedley Hair, ed. ''The European outthrust and encounter: the first phase c.1400-c.1700'' (in anglese). Liverpool University Press. <small><nowiki>ISBN 0853232296</nowiki></small>. * Ife, Barry W. (1992). [http://www.ems.kcl.ac.uk/content/pub/b002.html «Introduction to the ''Letters from America''»] (in anglese). King's College London. Consultate le 22 de julio 2009. * León Guerrero, Montserrat (2000). [http://descargas.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/12159171998988283087402/007779.pdf ''Le secunde viage colombian''.] Universitate de Valladolid (these doctoral). * Morales Padrón, Francisco (1990). ''Prime litteras concernente America (1493-1503)''. Sevilla: Universitate de Sevilla. <small><nowiki>ISBN 84-7405-517-2</nowiki></small>. * Ramos Pérez, Demetrio (1983). ''Le littera de Colombo concernente le Discoperta''. Deputation provincial de Granada. Contine introduction critic, facsimile e transcription del manuscripto del littera al notario del ration in le Archivo de Simancas. * Rumeu de Armas, Antonio, ed. (1989). ''Libro copiador de Christophoro Colombo: correspondentia inedite con le Reges Catholic concernente le viages a America''. Testimonio. <small><nowiki>ISBN 84-86290-22-8</nowiki></small>. * Sanz López, Carlos (1958). ''Bibliographia general del Littera de Colombo''. Madrid: Libreria General Victoriano Suárez. * — (1962). ''Le Littera de Colombo: 15 de februario–14 de martio 1493''. Madrid: Gráficas Yagües. [[Categoria:Era del discopertas]] [[Categoria:Discoperta de America]] 1vfwv5daon5q0fumt5ekctyhnjigwgm 705534 705533 2026-11-04T07:00:57Z Tratxan 61856 705534 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:ColumbusLetter Basel 1.jpg|thumb|325x325px|Imagine del edition de [[Basilea]] de 1493 annunciante le discoperta de Colombo.]] [[File:Columbus_letter_Spanish_text.jpg|thumb|Prime pagina del littera in espaniol imprimite in Barcelona in 1493]] Le '''litteras que annunciava le discoperta del Indias<ref name="MAINE HISTORY">{{cite web |url=http://www.usm.maine.edu/~maps/columbus/history.html |title=Columbus's First Letter. Its Diffusion through Europe, 1493-1497 |access-date= |publisher=Universitate de Southern Maine |author=EDNEY, Matthew H. |language=anglese}}</ref><ref name="Arranz_44">[[#ARRANZ|ARRANZ MÁRQUEZ, Luis.]] [http://books.google.com/books?id=YerxcpDT_vsC&lpg=PP1&hl=es&pg=PA43 Paginas 43-44.]</ref>''' es un collection de manuscritos e gravuras que, a partir de 1493, faceva public le scopertas del prime expedition dirigite per [[Christophoro Columbo]] al region que hodie es appellate [[America]]. Al initio de april, un littera in espaniol esseva imprimite in Barcelona e adressate al notario del Ration del [[Corona de Aragon]], Luis de Santángel; alcun septimanas plus tarde, un traduction latin de iste mesme documento, o de un altere littera multo similar adressate al thesaurario royal Gabriel Sánchez, esseva publicate in [[Roma]]. Le version latin se diffundeva rapidemente per tote le [[Europa]], essente reimprimite plure vices e traducite a altere linguas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208141513/http://www.usm.maine.edu/~maps/columbus/history.html |title=Columbus's First Letter: Publication History |date=2008-12-08 |access-date=2021-02-13 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref> Posteriormente, appareva manuscritos de contento similar al littera imprimite in Barcelona e, in 1985, un copia del seculo XVI de un littera de Colombo al reges, datate de martio 1493 e concernente le mesme thema.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YerxcpDT_vsC&lpg=PP1&hl=es&pg=PA43 |title=Christophoro Colombo: mysterio e grandessa |last=Márquez |first=Luis Arranz |date=2006 |publisher=Marcial Pons Historia |location= |page= |pages=43-44 |language=es}}</ref> Iste litteras describe le insulas discoperite, in particular [[Cuba]] e [[Hispaniola]], e le costumes de lor habitantes, abundante in exaggerationes concernente le dimensiones del insulas, lor ricchessa e le docilitate del [[Indigenas|indigenas]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://www.ems.kcl.ac.uk/content/pub/b002.html |title=Early Modern Spain: Introduction to the Letters from America |access-date=2021-02-13 |website=www.ems.kcl.ac.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090920060845/http://redalyc.uaemex.mx/redalyc/pdf/384/38402005.pdf |title=Wayback Machine |date=2009-09-20 |access-date=2021-02-13 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref> Tamen, illos offere pauc datos concrete concernente le viage (omittente, per exemplo, omne mention del perdita del nave amiral) e mesmo alcun de illos contradice altere fontes, in particular le ''Jornal de bordo''.<ref name=":1">RAMOS PÉREZ, Demetrio (1983). ''Le littera de Colombo concernente le Discoperta''. Deputation Provincial de Granada.</ref> Le position traditional concernente le autoritate del litteras imprimite in 1493 es attribuer los al mesme Colombo, qui haberea promovite lor publication como maniera de proteger su interesses.<ref>SANZ, Carlos (e Henry Harrisse) (1959). ''Le grande secreto del Littera de Colombo''. Madrid: V. Suárez</ref> Un altere theoria, al contrario, sustene que illos esseva scribite per le rege Fernando e per Luís de Santángel, inspirate per plure relationes inviate per Colombo al reges durante su retorno. Nonobstante le dubitas concernente lor autoritate, iste litteras ha un grande importantia historic proque illos constitueva le sol fonte concernente le prime viage de Colombo que esseva publicamente disponibile durante le vita del Almirante.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dg-8ZOeBqcYC&lpg=PP1&hl=es&pg=PA141-IA2 |title=Le expansion e le incontro europee: le prime phase circa 1400–circa 1700: essays in honor de David Beers Quinn in le occasion de su 85e anniversario |last=Quinn |first=David B. |last2=Clough |first2=Cecil H. |last3=Hair |first3=P. E. H. |last4=Hair |first4=Paul Edward Hedley |date=1994 |publisher=Liverpool University Press |language=en}}</ref> In ultra, lor publication esseva, intentionalmente o non, un extraordinari operation de propaganda gratias al pressa recentemente inventate.<ref name=":0" /> In iste senso, le consequentia le plus immediate esseva que le diffusion del nova del Discoperta deveniva le plus rapide e universal de tote le seculo XV e de un parte del seculo XVI.<ref name=":1" /> {{Ref}} == Bibliographia == * Arranz Márquez, Luis (2006). ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=YerxcpDT_vsC&printsec=frontcover&hl=es&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0 Christophoro Colombo: mysterio e grandessa]''. Editorial Marcial Pons Historia. <small><nowiki>ISBN 8496467236</nowiki></small>. * Davidson, Miles H. (1997). ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=BR6Ek48GgzEC Columbus then and now: a life reexamined]''. University of Oklahoma Press. <small><nowiki>ISBN 0806129344</nowiki></small>. * Fernández de Navarrete, Martín (1825). ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=scYLAAAAQAAJ&client=firefox-a&hl=es&pg=PR6 Collection del viages e discopertas facite per mar per le espanioles]''. Madrid: Imprenta Real. Contine le prime transcription del manuscripto de Simancas (pp. 167-175) e etiam le texto original in latino e le traduction in espaniol del littera a Gabriel Sánchez (pp. 175-197). * Henige, David (1994). [http://www.google.com/books?id=Dg-8ZOeBqcYC&h «Finding Columbus: Implications of a newly-discovered text»]. In David B. Quinn, Cecil H. Clough, Paul Edward Hedley Hair, ed. ''The European outthrust and encounter: the first phase c.1400-c.1700'' (in anglese). Liverpool University Press. <small><nowiki>ISBN 0853232296</nowiki></small>. * Ife, Barry W. (1992). [http://www.ems.kcl.ac.uk/content/pub/b002.html «Introduction to the ''Letters from America''»] (in anglese). King's College London. Consultate le 22 de julio 2009. * León Guerrero, Montserrat (2000). [http://descargas.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/12159171998988283087402/007779.pdf ''Le secunde viage colombian''.] Universitate de Valladolid (these doctoral). * Morales Padrón, Francisco (1990). ''Prime litteras concernente America (1493-1503)''. Sevilla: Universitate de Sevilla. <small><nowiki>ISBN 84-7405-517-2</nowiki></small>. * Ramos Pérez, Demetrio (1983). ''Le littera de Colombo concernente le Discoperta''. Deputation provincial de Granada. Contine introduction critic, facsimile e transcription del manuscripto del littera al notario del ration in le Archivo de Simancas. * Rumeu de Armas, Antonio, ed. (1989). ''Libro copiador de Christophoro Colombo: correspondentia inedite con le Reges Catholic concernente le viages a America''. Testimonio. <small><nowiki>ISBN 84-86290-22-8</nowiki></small>. * Sanz López, Carlos (1958). ''Bibliographia general del Littera de Colombo''. Madrid: Libreria General Victoriano Suárez. * — (1962). ''Le Littera de Colombo: 15 de februario–14 de martio 1493''. Madrid: Gráficas Yagües. [[Categoria:Era del discopertas]] [[Categoria:Discoperta de America]] djk26if0du4t8fb6o30rehyqc4et72k 14 62487 705536 2026-11-04T07:02:48Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Seculo 15]] [[Categoria:Seculo 16]] [[Categoria:Seculo 17]] [[Categoria:Exploration]] [[Categoria:Prime epocha moderne]] [[Categoria:Eras historic|Discoperta]] [[Categoria:Historia del colonialismo europee]] [[Categoria:Historia del geographia]] [[Categoria:Historia maritime]] [[Categoria:Discopertas]]” 705536 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Seculo 15]] [[Categoria:Seculo 16]] [[Categoria:Seculo 17]] [[Categoria:Exploration]] [[Categoria:Prime epocha moderne]] [[Categoria:Eras historic|Discoperta]] [[Categoria:Historia del colonialismo europee]] [[Categoria:Historia del geographia]] [[Categoria:Historia maritime]] [[Categoria:Discopertas]] ivsfjg6szxvfclougdqt64oykbjmc7j 705537 705536 2026-11-04T07:03:28Z Tratxan 61856 705537 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Seculo 15]] [[Categoria:Seculo 16]] [[Categoria:Seculo 17]] [[Categoria:Exploration]] [[Categoria:Prime epocha moderne]] [[Categoria:Eras historic|Discoperta]] [[Categoria:Historia del colonialismo europee]] [[Categoria:Historia del geographia]] [[Categoria:Historia maritime]] [[Categoria:Discopertas]] [[Categoria:Historia del geographia]] [[Categoria:Historia maritim]] [[Categoria:Seculo XV in Europa]] [[Categoria:Seculo XVI in Europa]] [[Categoria:Exploration]] 57cg98zcpwkl6nbtnzsifzo2dzn8j1b 705538 705537 2026-11-04T07:03:57Z Tratxan 61856 705538 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Seculo 15]] [[Categoria:Seculo 16]] [[Categoria:Seculo 17]] [[Categoria:Exploration]] [[Categoria:Prime epocha moderne]] [[Categoria:Eras historic|Discoperta]] [[Categoria:Historia del colonialismo europee]] [[Categoria:Historia del geographia]] [[Categoria:Historia maritime]] [[Categoria:Discopertas]] [[Categoria:Historia del geographia]] [[Categoria:Historia maritim]] [[Categoria:Seculo 15 in Europa]] [[Categoria:Seculo 16 in Europa]] [[Categoria:Exploration]] akt70qdnptpnejrgt4ukrqyqcvrr487 14 62488 705543 2026-11-04T07:07:51Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Fortificationes de Portugal in America]] [[Categoria:Fortificationes in America del Sud]]” 705543 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Fortificationes de Portugal in America]] [[Categoria:Fortificationes in America del Sud]] seejui3jf2prt1qrujabpt3dhgs19ci 14 62489 705544 2026-11-04T07:08:32Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Antique fortificationes de Portugal|America]] [[Categoria:Fortificationes de America| ]] [[Categoria:Colonisation portugese de America]]” 705544 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Antique fortificationes de Portugal|America]] [[Categoria:Fortificationes de America| ]] [[Categoria:Colonisation portugese de America]] bh48jfm149zfk5ng9rkjp8y8qb20x7v 14 62490 705545 2026-11-04T07:09:06Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Fortificationes per continente]] [[Categoria:Fortificationes de America]] [[Categoria:Architectura de America del Sud]]” 705545 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Fortificationes per continente]] [[Categoria:Fortificationes de America]] [[Categoria:Architectura de America del Sud]] 261bu3pqkpng33pet48paf832a9wwy1 14 62491 705546 2026-11-04T07:10:34Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Fortificationes per pais|Brasil]] [[Categoria:Constructiones de Brasil|Fortalesas]] [[Categoria:Installationes militar de Brasil|Fortalesas]] [[Categoria:Attractiones turistic de Brasil|Fortificationes]] [[Categoria:Historia militar de Brasil]] [[Categoria:Fortificationes de Portugal in America del Sud]] [[Categoria:Architectura colonial in Brasil]] [[Categoria:Colonisation de Brasil]]” 705546 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Fortificationes per pais|Brasil]] [[Categoria:Constructiones de Brasil|Fortalesas]] [[Categoria:Installationes militar de Brasil|Fortalesas]] [[Categoria:Attractiones turistic de Brasil|Fortificationes]] [[Categoria:Historia militar de Brasil]] [[Categoria:Fortificationes de Portugal in America del Sud]] [[Categoria:Architectura colonial in Brasil]] [[Categoria:Colonisation de Brasil]] 2nmyg426uic1p8u3frd5vy9bgks27so 0 62492 705548 2026-11-04T07:13:36Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/persona}} '''Diogo Jacques Funck''' (Stockholm, circa 1717 — Stockholm, circa 1781) esseva un ingeniero militar, cartographo e architecto svedese qui serviva in differente exercitos europee, distinguente se posteriormente al servicio del [[Corona portugese]] in le [[Brasil colonial]], durante le seculo XVIII. Ille participava in campanias militar in Europa, in India e in Cuba, e exerceva un rolo importante in le disveloppamento del ingenieria mil...” 705548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/persona}} '''Diogo Jacques Funck''' (Stockholm, circa 1717 — Stockholm, circa 1781) esseva un ingeniero militar, cartographo e architecto svedese qui serviva in differente exercitos europee, distinguente se posteriormente al servicio del [[Corona portugese]] in le [[Brasil colonial]], durante le seculo XVIII. Ille participava in campanias militar in Europa, in India e in Cuba, e exerceva un rolo importante in le disveloppamento del ingenieria militar, del cartographia e del fortificationes portugese in America del Sud.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bento |first=Cláudio Moreira |title=Estrangeiros e descendentes na história militar do Rio Grande do Sul (1635–1870) |publisher=A Nação |location=Porto Alegre |year=1976 |pages=131–132}}</ref> == Formation militar e initio de carriera == Jacques Funck nasceva in Stockholm, in Svedia, e frequentava le Academia de Stockholm, ubi ille recipeva formation in ingenieria militar e architectura. Ille initiava su carriera in le armea svedese e serviva posteriormente in le armea francese, in Flandres, a partir de 1745. Durante su carriera, ille acquireva experientia in differente contextos militar, includente le fortification de Bombay, in India, al servicio britannic, e le participation al assedio e conquestation de Havana, in Cuba, in 1762, durante le Guerra del Septem Annos. Su prestation militar contribueva a su recrutamento per le monarchia portugese. In 1764, ille esseva contractate per le ambassator portugese in Londres, Martinho de Melo e Castro, pro entrar al servicio militar portugese, recipente un offerta del grado de lieutenant-coronel con functiones de ingeniero.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tavares |first=Aurélio de Lyra |title=A engenharia militar portuguesa na construção do Brasil |publisher=Biblioteca do Exército Editora |location=Rio de Janeiro |year=2000 |pages=136–139}}</ref> == Activitate in le America portugese == === Rio de Janeiro === In 1767, Funck esseva nominate brigadier con functiones de ingeniero e inspector general del corpos de artilleria in Rio de Janeiro. Su mission consisteva principalmente in ameliorar le defensas militar del citate e organisar le labores de ingenieria e artilleria. Ille laborava al evalutation e modernisation del fortificationes del entrata del baia de Guanabara, in collaboration con altere ingenieros militar, specialmente João Henrique Böhm, Francisco João Roscio e José Custódio de Sá e Faria. Ille participava etiam al disveloppamento del instruction militar, dirigente cursos de ingenieria e artilleria in Rio de Janeiro. Le formation de officiantes e specialistas in iste campos contribueva al fortification del structuras defensive del America portugese.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bento |first=Cláudio Moreira |title=Estrangeiros e descendentes na história militar do Rio Grande do Sul (1635–1870) |publisher=A Nação |location=Porto Alegre |year=1976 |pages=131–132}}</ref> Inter su labores cartographic se distingue le ''Plano de Rio de Janeiro con su Fortificationes e un parte del Baia'', elaborate circa 1768, que documenta le structuras defensive del citate. === Capitania de Rio Grande de São Pedro === In januario 1775, Funck se displaciava al capitania de Rio Grande de São Pedro, integrando le Armea del Sud, commandate per le general João Henrique Böhm. Su mission concerneva le renfortio del defensas portugese in le region, in un contexto de tension militar crescente con Espania. Ille participava al levantamento cartographic de areas strategic, includente le region de Rio Pardo e le vias e passages fluvial importante pro le defensa del territorio. Durante le guerra hispano-portugese de 1776–1777, ille contribueva al organisation del fortificationes e del positiones defensive portugese. In 1777, ille recipeva le incarico de designar un structura fortificate in Torres, cognoscite como Forte de São Diogo das Torres, destinate a render plus difficile un possibile offensive espaniol contra le region. Su labores includeva etiam levantamentos e planos de fortificationes, portos, rios e positiones militar in le sud del Brasil.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bento |first=Cláudio Moreira |title=A Guerra de Restauração do Rio Grande do Sul (1774–1776) |publisher=Biblioteca do Exército Editora |location=Rio de Janeiro |year=1996 |page=189}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Golin |first=Tau |title=Fronteira colonial fortificada da América meridional e a Guerra de 1776 |url=[https://www.ufmg.br/](https://www.ufmg.br/) |website=Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais |year=2016 |pages=126–135}}</ref> === Ultime annos === In 1776, Funck comenciava a presentar problemas de sanitate, que impediva le continuation de su activitates militar. Su condition conduceva al nomination de José Custódio de Sá e Faria pro substituer le in su functiones de ingenieria in le sud del Brasil. In 1779, le autoritates portugese recipeva informationes concernente su desiro de retornar in Europa a causa de su maladia. Funck quitava assi le servicio in le America portugese e retornava a Svedia, ubi ille moriva circa 1781.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tavares |first=Aurélio de Lyra |title=A engenharia militar portuguesa na construção do Brasil |publisher=Biblioteca do Exército Editora |location=Rio de Janeiro |year=2000 |pages=136–139}}</ref> == Opere e hereditage == Jacques Funck lassava un production importante de projectos de ingenieria militar, levantamentos topographic e documentos cartographic relative al defensas portugese in Brasil. Inter le labores attribuite a Funck se trova: * Planos del fortificationes e del baia de Rio de Janeiro; * Projectos de melioration del Arsenal do Trem de Rio de Janeiro; * Planos del defensas del insula de Santa Catarina; * Levantamentos militar de Rio Grande de São Pedro; * Planos del portos, rios e passages strategic inter le rio Camacuã e le rio Taquari; * Projectos de fortificationes e structuras defensive in le region de Torres. Su activitate contribueva al disveloppamento del ingenieria militar portugese in Brasil e al organisation del cartographia militar del regiones meridional del America portugese.<ref>{{cite book |last=Viterbo |first=Francisco de Sousa |title=Diccionario historico e documental dos architectos, engenheiros e constructores portuguezes ou a serviço de Portugal |volume=1 |publisher=Imprensa Nacional |location=Lisboa |year=1899 |pages=400–403}}</ref> == Vide etiam == * [[Ingenieria militar portugese]] * [[Brasil colonial]] * [[João Henrique Böhm]] * [[Francisco João Roscio]] * [[José Custódio de Sá e Faria]] * [[Fortificationes del Brasil]] * [[Guerra hispano-portugese (1776–1777)]] {{Ref}} == Bibliographia == * Bento, Cláudio Moreira (1976). ''Estrangeiros e descendentes na história militar do Rio Grande do Sul (1635–1870)''. Porto Alegre: A Nação. * Bento, Cláudio Moreira (1996). ''A Guerra de Restauração do Rio Grande do Sul (1774–1776)''. Rio de Janeiro: Biblioteca do Exército Editora. * Lessa, Clado Ribeiro (1949). ''Breve notícia sobre Jacques Funck e seus trabalhos de engenharia civil e militar no Brasil: 1768–1781''. Revista do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro. * Tavares, Aurélio de Lyra (2000). ''A engenharia militar portuguesa na construção do Brasil''. Rio de Janeiro: Biblioteca do Exército Editora. * Viterbo, Francisco de Sousa (1899). ''Diccionario historico e documental dos architectos, engenheiros e constructores portuguezes ou a serviço de Portugal''. Volume I. Lisboa. [[Categoria:Militares]] [[Categoria:Personas del seculo XVIII]] [[Categoria:Cartographos de Svedia]] [[Categoria:Personas de Svedia]] [[Categoria:Estranieros in Portugal]] [[Categoria:Personas de Portugal del seculo XVIII]] [[Categoria:Historia de Rio Grande do Sul]] [[Categoria:Historia de Havana]] [[Categoria:Ingenieros]] [[Categoria:Fortificationes del Brasil]] [[Categoria:Historia del Brasil]] c7lahl5vo0kc360257b9kl5abbocy60 705549 705548 2026-11-04T07:14:54Z Tratxan 61856 705549 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/persona}} '''Diogo Jacques Funck''' (Stockholm, circa 1717 — Stockholm, circa 1781) esseva un ingeniero militar, cartographo e architecto svedese qui serviva in differente exercitos europee, distinguente se posteriormente al servicio del [[Corona portugese]] in le [[Brasil colonial]], durante le seculo XVIII. Ille participava in campanias militar in Europa, in India e in Cuba, e exerceva un rolo importante in le disveloppamento del ingenieria militar, del cartographia e del fortificationes portugese in America del Sud.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bento |first=Cláudio Moreira |title=Estrangeiros e descendentes na história militar do Rio Grande do Sul (1635–1870) |publisher=A Nação |location=Porto Alegre |year=1976 |pages=131–132}}</ref> == Formation militar e initio de carriera == Jacques Funck nasceva in Stockholm, in Svedia, e frequentava le Academia de Stockholm, ubi ille recipeva formation in ingenieria militar e architectura. Ille initiava su carriera in le armea svedese e serviva posteriormente in le armea francese, in Flandres, a partir de 1745. Durante su carriera, ille acquireva experientia in differente contextos militar, includente le fortification de Bombay, in India, al servicio britannic, e le participation al assedio e conquestation de Havana, in Cuba, in 1762, durante le Guerra del Septem Annos. Su prestation militar contribueva a su recrutamento per le monarchia portugese. In 1764, ille esseva contractate per le ambassator portugese in Londres, Martinho de Melo e Castro, pro entrar al servicio militar portugese, recipente un offerta del grado de lieutenant-coronel con functiones de ingeniero.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tavares |first=Aurélio de Lyra |title=A engenharia militar portuguesa na construção do Brasil |publisher=Biblioteca do Exército Editora |location=Rio de Janeiro |year=2000 |pages=136–139}}</ref> == Activitate in le America portugese == === Rio de Janeiro === In 1767, Funck esseva nominate brigadier con functiones de ingeniero e inspector general del corpos de artilleria in Rio de Janeiro. Su mission consisteva principalmente in ameliorar le defensas militar del citate e organisar le labores de ingenieria e artilleria. Ille laborava al evalutation e modernisation del fortificationes del entrata del baia de Guanabara, in collaboration con altere ingenieros militar, specialmente João Henrique Böhm, Francisco João Roscio e José Custódio de Sá e Faria. Ille participava etiam al disveloppamento del instruction militar, dirigente cursos de ingenieria e artilleria in Rio de Janeiro. Le formation de officiantes e specialistas in iste campos contribueva al fortification del structuras defensive del America portugese.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bento |first=Cláudio Moreira |title=Estrangeiros e descendentes na história militar do Rio Grande do Sul (1635–1870) |publisher=A Nação |location=Porto Alegre |year=1976 |pages=131–132}}</ref> Inter su labores cartographic se distingue le ''Plano de Rio de Janeiro con su Fortificationes e un parte del Baia'', elaborate circa 1768, que documenta le structuras defensive del citate. === Capitania de Rio Grande de São Pedro === In januario 1775, Funck se displaciava al capitania de Rio Grande de São Pedro, integrando le Armea del Sud, commandate per le general João Henrique Böhm. Su mission concerneva le renfortio del defensas portugese in le region, in un contexto de tension militar crescente con Espania. Ille participava al levantamento cartographic de areas strategic, includente le region de Rio Pardo e le vias e passages fluvial importante pro le defensa del territorio. Durante le guerra hispano-portugese de 1776–1777, ille contribueva al organisation del fortificationes e del positiones defensive portugese. In 1777, ille recipeva le incarico de designar un structura fortificate in Torres, cognoscite como Forte de São Diogo das Torres, destinate a render plus difficile un possibile offensive espaniol contra le region. Su labores includeva etiam levantamentos e planos de fortificationes, portos, rios e positiones militar in le sud del Brasil.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bento |first=Cláudio Moreira |title=A Guerra de Restauração do Rio Grande do Sul (1774–1776) |publisher=Biblioteca do Exército Editora |location=Rio de Janeiro |year=1996 |page=189}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Golin |first=Tau |title=Fronteira colonial fortificada da América meridional e a Guerra de 1776 |url=[https://www.ufmg.br/](https://www.ufmg.br/) |website=Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais |year=2016 |pages=126–135}}</ref> === Ultime annos === In 1776, Funck comenciava a presentar problemas de sanitate, que impediva le continuation de su activitates militar. Su condition conduceva al nomination de José Custódio de Sá e Faria pro substituer le in su functiones de ingenieria in le sud del Brasil. In 1779, le autoritates portugese recipeva informationes concernente su desiro de retornar in Europa a causa de su maladia. Funck quitava assi le servicio in le America portugese e retornava a Svedia, ubi ille moriva circa 1781.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tavares |first=Aurélio de Lyra |title=A engenharia militar portuguesa na construção do Brasil |publisher=Biblioteca do Exército Editora |location=Rio de Janeiro |year=2000 |pages=136–139}}</ref> == Opere e hereditage == Jacques Funck lassava un production importante de projectos de ingenieria militar, levantamentos topographic e documentos cartographic relative al defensas portugese in Brasil. Inter le labores attribuite a Funck se trova: * Planos del fortificationes e del baia de Rio de Janeiro; * Projectos de melioration del Arsenal do Trem de Rio de Janeiro; * Planos del defensas del insula de Santa Catarina; * Levantamentos militar de Rio Grande de São Pedro; * Planos del portos, rios e passages strategic inter le rio Camacuã e le rio Taquari; * Projectos de fortificationes e structuras defensive in le region de Torres. Su activitate contribueva al disveloppamento del ingenieria militar portugese in Brasil e al organisation del cartographia militar del regiones meridional del America portugese.<ref>{{cite book |last=Viterbo |first=Francisco de Sousa |title=Diccionario historico e documental dos architectos, engenheiros e constructores portuguezes ou a serviço de Portugal |volume=1 |publisher=Imprensa Nacional |location=Lisboa |year=1899 |pages=400–403}}</ref> == Vide etiam == * [[Ingenieria militar portugese]] * [[Brasil colonial]] * [[João Henrique Böhm]] * [[Francisco João Roscio]] * [[José Custódio de Sá e Faria]] * [[Fortificationes del Brasil]] * [[Guerra hispano-portugese (1776–1777)]] {{Ref}} == Bibliographia == * Bento, Cláudio Moreira (1976). ''Estrangeiros e descendentes na história militar do Rio Grande do Sul (1635–1870)''. Porto Alegre: A Nação. * Bento, Cláudio Moreira (1996). ''A Guerra de Restauração do Rio Grande do Sul (1774–1776)''. Rio de Janeiro: Biblioteca do Exército Editora. * Lessa, Clado Ribeiro (1949). ''Breve notícia sobre Jacques Funck e seus trabalhos de engenharia civil e militar no Brasil: 1768–1781''. Revista do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro. * Tavares, Aurélio de Lyra (2000). ''A engenharia militar portuguesa na construção do Brasil''. Rio de Janeiro: Biblioteca do Exército Editora. * Viterbo, Francisco de Sousa (1899). ''Diccionario historico e documental dos architectos, engenheiros e constructores portuguezes ou a serviço de Portugal''. Volume I. Lisboa. [[Categoria:Militares]] [[Categoria:Personas del seculo XVIII]] [[Categoria:Cartographos de Svedia]] [[Categoria:Personas de Svedia]] [[Categoria:Estranieros in Portugal]] [[Categoria:Personas de Portugal del seculo XVIII]] [[Categoria:Historia de Rio Grande do Sul]] [[Categoria:Historia de Havana]] [[Categoria:Ingenieros]] [[Categoria:Fortificationes del Brasil]] [[Categoria:Ingenieros militares]] [[Categoria:Nascite in le seculo XVIII]] [[Categoria:Cartographos de Svedia]] [[Categoria:Militares de Svedia]] [[Categoria:Militares extranee de Portugal]] [[Categoria:Militares de Portugal del seculo XVIII]] [[Categoria:Historia de Rio Grande do Sul]] [[Categoria:Historia de Havana]] [[Categoria:Cartographia]] [[Categoria:Fortificationes de Brasil]] [[Categoria:Mareschales de Brasil]] lf9t2c0ohx0bb53dl3h1rstl3a6xjct 0 62493 705552 2026-11-04T07:17:57Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “Le ruinas del [[Forte da Vera Cruz do Itapecuru|Forte de Vera Cruz]] (o del Calvario) esseva declarate patrimonio historic per le [[Governo del Stato de Maranhão]] per medio del decreto nr. 11.588 del 12 de octobre 1990. Actualmente, coperite per le vegetation native, illos resiste como le fortification que esseva in le tempores passate. == Historia == [[File:AMH-7510-KB Map of Arx Montis Calvariae.jpg|left|thumb|Carta de [[George Marcgraf]] monstrante le localisat...” 705552 wikitext text/x-wiki Le ruinas del [[Forte da Vera Cruz do Itapecuru|Forte de Vera Cruz]] (o del Calvario) esseva declarate patrimonio historic per le [[Governo del Stato de Maranhão]] per medio del decreto nr. 11.588 del 12 de octobre 1990. Actualmente, coperite per le vegetation native, illos resiste como le fortification que esseva in le tempores passate. == Historia == [[File:AMH-7510-KB Map of Arx Montis Calvariae.jpg|left|thumb|Carta de [[George Marcgraf]] monstrante le localisation del Forte del Calvario]] Le Forte da Vera Cruz, anteriormente denominate Forte Nossa Senhora da Conceição, ha su origine ligate al colonisation del terras al longe del [[rio Itapecuru]]. Iste denomination, date per le portugeses durante su construction in allusion al cruce, loco del martirio de [[Jesus|Jesus Christo]], ha su origines in un idea de expansionismo ligate al fide catholic<ref name=":0">{{cite book |url=https://tedebc.ufma.br/jspui/bitstream/tede/4852/2/TIAGODEOLIVEIRAFERREIRA.pdf |title=Topônimos dos Povoados Ribeirinhos do Rio Itapecuru, entre Rosário e Itapecuru Mirim, Municípios Maranhenses |last=Ferreira |first=Tiago de Oliveira |year=2023 |location=São Luís, Maranhã}}</ref>. Quando le nederlandeses invadeva [[Maranhão]], le fortification esseva prendite per le fortia e rebaptisate con le nomine de Forte del Calvario, in allusion al luctas; durante annos, illo esseva mentionate in documentos historic. Le Forte de Vera Cruz non serviva solmente como guarnition del entrata del rio Itapecuru e como protection del interprisas agricole, ma habeva etiam un rolo decisive in le perpetuation de etymos de origine tupi-guarani, e contribueva al diffusion del pensamento christian per tote le region<ref name=":0" />. Al transir del seculo XIX al XX, le function defensive del fortification perdeva su importantia al mesura que le processo de urbanisation del citates progressava in le region. Documentos indica que in 1939 un grande parte del forte esseva destruite pro extraher le petras<ref>{{cite book |title=Rosário Histórias para Ler e Aprender |last=Pereira |first=Jovania de F Luz |publisher=Clube de Autores |year=2014 |location=Maranhão}}</ref>. == Declaration de patrimonio e preservation == Le forte esseva declarate patrimonio historic per le Governo del Stato de Maranhão per medio del decreto nr. 11.588 del 12 de octobre 1990. Actualmente, illo se trova completemente in ruinas. Al epocha, on planava restaurar lo e requalificar lo como spatio museologic municipal, ma isto non eveniva<ref>{{cite web |url=https://maranhaodeverdade.com.br/imagens-forte-da-vera-cruz-em-rosario/ |title=Forte da Vera Cruz em Rosário |date=2019}}</ref>. Del circa 133,24 m² del area construite, resta solmente alcun muros del edificio, con fissuras e crepaturas. Parte del muralhas in le area exterior ancora se mantene in pede, ma es coperite de vegetation. Ben que abandonate, le localitate es occasionalmente usate per le communitate como templo pro rituales de umbanda. == Referentias == Pereira, Jovania de F Luz (Organisation). '''Rosário Histórias para Ler e Aprender.''' Jovania de Fatima Luz Pereira (organisatrice); Aline Lima Rocha, Claudiane Luz Pereira, Sebastião Mouzinho Filho (investigatores). – Rosário-MA, 2014. 240 p. <references /> [[Category:Historia de Maranhão]] [[Category:Rosário (Maranhão)]] [[Category:Ruinas del Brasil]] [[Category:Fortificationes del Brasil]] 9gw4ux70l57bdlfbptcsblul40naxm2 705553 705552 2026-11-04T07:18:09Z Tratxan 61856 705553 wikitext text/x-wiki Le ruinas del [[Forte da Vera Cruz do Itapecuru|Forte de Vera Cruz]] (o del Calvario) esseva declarate patrimonio historic per le [[Governo del Stato de Maranhão]] per medio del decreto nr. 11.588 del 12 de octobre 1990. Actualmente, coperite per le vegetation native, illos resiste como le fortification que esseva in le tempores passate. == Historia == [[File:AMH-7510-KB Map of Arx Montis Calvariae.jpg|left|thumb|Carta de [[George Marcgraf]] monstrante le localisation del Forte del Calvario]] Le Forte da Vera Cruz, anteriormente denominate Forte Nossa Senhora da Conceição, ha su origine ligate al colonisation del terras al longe del [[rio Itapecuru]]. Iste denomination, date per le portugeses durante su construction in allusion al cruce, loco del martirio de [[Jesus|Jesus Christo]], ha su origines in un idea de expansionismo ligate al fide catholic<ref name=":0">{{cite book |url=https://tedebc.ufma.br/jspui/bitstream/tede/4852/2/TIAGODEOLIVEIRAFERREIRA.pdf |title=Topônimos dos Povoados Ribeirinhos do Rio Itapecuru, entre Rosário e Itapecuru Mirim, Municípios Maranhenses |last=Ferreira |first=Tiago de Oliveira |year=2023 |location=São Luís, Maranhã}}</ref>. Quando le nederlandeses invadeva [[Maranhão]], le fortification esseva prendite per le fortia e rebaptisate con le nomine de Forte del Calvario, in allusion al luctas; durante annos, illo esseva mentionate in documentos historic. Le Forte de Vera Cruz non serviva solmente como guarnition del entrata del rio Itapecuru e como protection del interprisas agricole, ma habeva etiam un rolo decisive in le perpetuation de etymos de origine tupi-guarani, e contribueva al diffusion del pensamento christian per tote le region<ref name=":0" />. Al transir del seculo XIX al XX, le function defensive del fortification perdeva su importantia al mesura que le processo de urbanisation del citates progressava in le region. Documentos indica que in 1939 un grande parte del forte esseva destruite pro extraher le petras<ref>{{cite book |title=Rosário Histórias para Ler e Aprender |last=Pereira |first=Jovania de F Luz |publisher=Clube de Autores |year=2014 |location=Maranhão}}</ref>. == Declaration de patrimonio e preservation == Le forte esseva declarate patrimonio historic per le Governo del Stato de Maranhão per medio del decreto nr. 11.588 del 12 de octobre 1990. Actualmente, illo se trova completemente in ruinas. Al epocha, on planava restaurar lo e requalificar lo como spatio museologic municipal, ma isto non eveniva<ref>{{cite web |url=https://maranhaodeverdade.com.br/imagens-forte-da-vera-cruz-em-rosario/ |title=Forte da Vera Cruz em Rosário |date=2019}}</ref>. Del circa 133,24 m² del area construite, resta solmente alcun muros del edificio, con fissuras e crepaturas. Parte del muralhas in le area exterior ancora se mantene in pede, ma es coperite de vegetation. Ben que abandonate, le localitate es occasionalmente usate per le communitate como templo pro rituales de umbanda. == Referentias == * Pereira, Jovania de F Luz (Organisation). '''Rosário Histórias para Ler e Aprender.''' Jovania de Fatima Luz Pereira (organisatrice); Aline Lima Rocha, Claudiane Luz Pereira, Sebastião Mouzinho Filho (investigatores). – Rosário-MA, 2014. 240 p. <references /> [[Category:Historia de Maranhão]] [[Category:Rosário (Maranhão)]] [[Category:Ruinas de Brasil]] [[Category:Fortificationes del Brasil]] 60zkzmfmzughb7mm9wy3cj5178e6f5a 705554 705553 2026-11-04T07:18:38Z Tratxan 61856 705554 wikitext text/x-wiki Le ruinas del [[Forte da Vera Cruz do Itapecuru|Forte de Vera Cruz]] (o del Calvario) esseva declarate patrimonio historic per le [[Governo del Stato de Maranhão]] per medio del decreto nr. 11.588 del 12 de octobre 1990. Actualmente, coperite per le vegetation native, illos resiste como le fortification que esseva in le tempores passate. == Historia == [[File:AMH-7510-KB Map of Arx Montis Calvariae.jpg|left|thumb|Carta de [[George Marcgraf]] monstrante le localisation del Forte del Calvario]] Le Forte da Vera Cruz, anteriormente denominate Forte Nossa Senhora da Conceição, ha su origine ligate al colonisation del terras al longe del [[rio Itapecuru]]. Iste denomination, date per le portugeses durante su construction in allusion al cruce, loco del martirio de [[Jesus|Jesus Christo]], ha su origines in un idea de expansionismo ligate al fide catholic<ref name=":0">{{cite book |url=https://tedebc.ufma.br/jspui/bitstream/tede/4852/2/TIAGODEOLIVEIRAFERREIRA.pdf |title=Topônimos dos Povoados Ribeirinhos do Rio Itapecuru, entre Rosário e Itapecuru Mirim, Municípios Maranhenses |last=Ferreira |first=Tiago de Oliveira |year=2023 |location=São Luís, Maranhã}}</ref>. Quando le nederlandeses invadeva [[Maranhão]], le fortification esseva prendite per le fortia e rebaptisate con le nomine de Forte del Calvario, in allusion al luctas; durante annos, illo esseva mentionate in documentos historic. Le Forte de Vera Cruz non serviva solmente como guarnition del entrata del rio Itapecuru e como protection del interprisas agricole, ma habeva etiam un rolo decisive in le perpetuation de etymos de origine tupi-guarani, e contribueva al diffusion del pensamento christian per tote le region<ref name=":0" />. Al transir del seculo XIX al XX, le function defensive del fortification perdeva su importantia al mesura que le processo de urbanisation del citates progressava in le region. Documentos indica que in 1939 un grande parte del forte esseva destruite pro extraher le petras<ref>{{cite book |title=Rosário Histórias para Ler e Aprender |last=Pereira |first=Jovania de F Luz |publisher=Clube de Autores |year=2014 |location=Maranhão}}</ref>. == Declaration de patrimonio e preservation == Le forte esseva declarate patrimonio historic per le Governo del Stato de Maranhão per medio del decreto nr. 11.588 del 12 de octobre 1990. Actualmente, illo se trova completemente in ruinas. Al epocha, on planava restaurar lo e requalificar lo como spatio museologic municipal, ma isto non eveniva<ref>{{cite web |url=https://maranhaodeverdade.com.br/imagens-forte-da-vera-cruz-em-rosario/ |title=Forte da Vera Cruz em Rosário |date=2019}}</ref>. Del circa 133,24 m² del area construite, resta solmente alcun muros del edificio, con fissuras e crepaturas. Parte del muralhas in le area exterior ancora se mantene in pede, ma es coperite de vegetation. Ben que abandonate, le localitate es occasionalmente usate per le communitate como templo pro rituales de umbanda. == Referentias == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Pereira, Jovania de F Luz (Organisation). '''Rosário Histórias para Ler e Aprender.''' Jovania de Fatima Luz Pereira (organisatrice); Aline Lima Rocha, Claudiane Luz Pereira, Sebastião Mouzinho Filho (investigatores). – Rosário-MA, 2014. 240 p. [[Category:Historia de Maranhão]] [[Category:Rosário (Maranhão)]] [[Category:Ruinas de Brasil]] [[Category:Fortificationes del Brasil]] ak2zqmzgsoj2np5bwxt3w8unhnnnc2b 705555 705554 2026-11-04T07:19:08Z Tratxan 61856 705555 wikitext text/x-wiki Le '''ruinas del Forte de Vera Cruz do Itapecuru''' (o del Calvario) esseva declarate patrimonio historic per le [[Governo del Stato de Maranhão]] per medio del decreto nr. 11.588 del 12 de octobre 1990. Actualmente, coperite per le vegetation native, illos resiste como le fortification que esseva in le tempores passate. == Historia == [[File:AMH-7510-KB Map of Arx Montis Calvariae.jpg|left|thumb|Carta de [[George Marcgraf]] monstrante le localisation del Forte del Calvario]] Le Forte da Vera Cruz, anteriormente denominate Forte Nossa Senhora da Conceição, ha su origine ligate al colonisation del terras al longe del [[rio Itapecuru]]. Iste denomination, date per le portugeses durante su construction in allusion al cruce, loco del martirio de [[Jesus|Jesus Christo]], ha su origines in un idea de expansionismo ligate al fide catholic<ref name=":0">{{cite book |url=https://tedebc.ufma.br/jspui/bitstream/tede/4852/2/TIAGODEOLIVEIRAFERREIRA.pdf |title=Topônimos dos Povoados Ribeirinhos do Rio Itapecuru, entre Rosário e Itapecuru Mirim, Municípios Maranhenses |last=Ferreira |first=Tiago de Oliveira |year=2023 |location=São Luís, Maranhã}}</ref>. Quando le nederlandeses invadeva [[Maranhão]], le fortification esseva prendite per le fortia e rebaptisate con le nomine de Forte del Calvario, in allusion al luctas; durante annos, illo esseva mentionate in documentos historic. Le Forte de Vera Cruz non serviva solmente como guarnition del entrata del rio Itapecuru e como protection del interprisas agricole, ma habeva etiam un rolo decisive in le perpetuation de etymos de origine tupi-guarani, e contribueva al diffusion del pensamento christian per tote le region<ref name=":0" />. Al transir del seculo XIX al XX, le function defensive del fortification perdeva su importantia al mesura que le processo de urbanisation del citates progressava in le region. Documentos indica que in 1939 un grande parte del forte esseva destruite pro extraher le petras<ref>{{cite book |title=Rosário Histórias para Ler e Aprender |last=Pereira |first=Jovania de F Luz |publisher=Clube de Autores |year=2014 |location=Maranhão}}</ref>. == Declaration de patrimonio e preservation == Le forte esseva declarate patrimonio historic per le Governo del Stato de Maranhão per medio del decreto nr. 11.588 del 12 de octobre 1990. Actualmente, illo se trova completemente in ruinas. Al epocha, on planava restaurar lo e requalificar lo como spatio museologic municipal, ma isto non eveniva<ref>{{cite web |url=https://maranhaodeverdade.com.br/imagens-forte-da-vera-cruz-em-rosario/ |title=Forte da Vera Cruz em Rosário |date=2019}}</ref>. Del circa 133,24 m² del area construite, resta solmente alcun muros del edificio, con fissuras e crepaturas. Parte del muralhas in le area exterior ancora se mantene in pede, ma es coperite de vegetation. Ben que abandonate, le localitate es occasionalmente usate per le communitate como templo pro rituales de umbanda. == Referentias == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Pereira, Jovania de F Luz (Organisation). '''Rosário Histórias para Ler e Aprender.''' Jovania de Fatima Luz Pereira (organisatrice); Aline Lima Rocha, Claudiane Luz Pereira, Sebastião Mouzinho Filho (investigatores). – Rosário-MA, 2014. 240 p. [[Category:Historia de Maranhão]] [[Category:Rosário (Maranhão)]] [[Category:Ruinas de Brasil]] [[Category:Fortificationes del Brasil]] 3xx0ejza6i22dkyii3d7sh66dboktnn 705556 705555 2026-11-04T07:19:31Z Tratxan 61856 705556 wikitext text/x-wiki Le '''ruinas del Forte de Vera Cruz do Itapecuru''' (o del Calvario) esseva declarate patrimonio historic per le [[Governo del Stato de Maranhão]] per medio del decreto nr. 11.588 del 12 de octobre 1990. Actualmente, coperite per le vegetation native, illos resiste como le fortification que esseva in le tempores passate. == Historia == [[File:AMH-7510-KB Map of Arx Montis Calvariae.jpg|left|thumb|Carta de [[George Marcgraf]] monstrante le localisation del Forte del Calvario]] Le Forte da Vera Cruz, anteriormente denominate Forte Nossa Senhora da Conceição, ha su origine ligate al colonisation del terras al longe del [[rio Itapecuru]]. Iste denomination, date per le portugeses durante su construction in allusion al cruce, loco del martirio de [[Jesus|Jesus Christo]], ha su origines in un idea de expansionismo ligate al fide catholic<ref name=":0">{{cite book |url=https://tedebc.ufma.br/jspui/bitstream/tede/4852/2/TIAGODEOLIVEIRAFERREIRA.pdf |title=Topônimos dos Povoados Ribeirinhos do Rio Itapecuru, entre Rosário e Itapecuru Mirim, Municípios Maranhenses |last=Ferreira |first=Tiago de Oliveira |year=2023 |location=São Luís, Maranhã}}</ref>. Quando le nederlandeses invadeva [[Maranhão]], le fortification esseva prendite per le fortia e rebaptisate con le nomine de Forte del Calvario, in allusion al luctas; durante annos, illo esseva mentionate in documentos historic. Le Forte de Vera Cruz non serviva solmente como guarnition del entrata del rio Itapecuru e como protection del interprisas agricole, ma habeva etiam un rolo decisive in le perpetuation de etymos de origine tupi-guarani, e contribueva al diffusion del pensamento christian per tote le region<ref name=":0" />. Al transir del seculo XIX al XX, le function defensive del fortification perdeva su importantia al mesura que le processo de urbanisation del citates progressava in le region. Documentos indica que in 1939 un grande parte del forte esseva destruite pro extraher le petras<ref>{{cite book |title=Rosário Histórias para Ler e Aprender |last=Pereira |first=Jovania de F Luz |publisher=Clube de Autores |year=2014 |location=Maranhão}}</ref>. == Declaration de patrimonio e preservation == Le forte esseva declarate patrimonio historic per le Governo del Stato de Maranhão per medio del decreto nr. 11.588 del 12 de octobre 1990. Actualmente, illo se trova completemente in ruinas. Al epocha, on planava restaurar lo e requalificar lo como spatio museologic municipal, ma isto non eveniva<ref>{{cite web |url=https://maranhaodeverdade.com.br/imagens-forte-da-vera-cruz-em-rosario/ |title=Forte da Vera Cruz em Rosário |date=2019}}</ref>. Del circa 133,24 m² del area construite, resta solmente alcun muros del edificio, con fissuras e crepaturas. Parte del muralhas in le area exterior ancora se mantene in pede, ma es coperite de vegetation. Ben que abandonate, le localitate es occasionalmente usate per le communitate como templo pro rituales de umbanda. == Referentias == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Pereira, Jovania de F Luz (Organisation). '''Rosário Histórias para Ler e Aprender.''' Jovania de Fatima Luz Pereira (organisatrice); Aline Lima Rocha, Claudiane Luz Pereira, Sebastião Mouzinho Filho (investigatores). – Rosário-MA, 2014. 240 p. [[Category:Historia de Maranhão]] [[Category:Rosário (Maranhão)]] [[Category:Ruinas de Brasil]] [[Category:Fortificationes de Brasil]] g2rzjw9r7ehtx82fjnki4x2sa87h69k 14 62494 705558 2026-11-04T07:23:02Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Historia de America]] [[Categoria:Era del discoperimentos]] [[Categoria:1492 in Espania]] [[Categoria:Regno del Reges Catholic]] [[Categoria:Imperio espaniol in America]] [[Categoria:Historia de America colonial]] [[Categoria:Espania in 1492]] [[Categoria:Era del discoperimentos]]” 705558 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Historia de America]] [[Categoria:Era del discoperimentos]] [[Categoria:1492 in Espania]] [[Categoria:Regno del Reges Catholic]] [[Categoria:Imperio espaniol in America]] [[Categoria:Historia de America colonial]] [[Categoria:Espania in 1492]] [[Categoria:Era del discoperimentos]] o6uteeeks2kfzn2teczefuxfk4ar3v7 705559 705558 2026-11-04T07:23:18Z Tratxan 61856 705559 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Historia de America]] [[Categoria:Era del discoperimentos]] [[Categoria:1492 in Espania]] [[Categoria:Regno del Reges Catholic]] [[Categoria:Imperio espaniol in America]] [[Categoria:Historia del America colonial]] [[Categoria:Espania in 1492]] [[Categoria:Era del discoperimentos]] fdfjwhdtxv7qkvybo64qbxexp2vt66u 705561 705559 2026-11-04T07:23:45Z Tratxan 61856 705561 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Historia de America]] [[Categoria:Era del discoperimentos]] [[Categoria:Regno del Reges Catholic]] [[Categoria:Imperio espaniol in America]] [[Categoria:Historia del America colonial]] [[Categoria:Espania in 1492]] [[Categoria:Era del discoperimentos]] 8vej9moiozgx20tqjt9tn7ox14vfp82 1 62495 705560 2026-11-04T07:23:21Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “{{Traduction|pt|Ruínas do Forte Vera Cruz|70022808}} ~~~~” 705560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Traduction|pt|Ruínas do Forte Vera Cruz|70022808}} [[Usator:Tratxan|Tratxan]] ([[Discussion Usator:Tratxan|discussion]]) 07:23, 4 novembre 2026 (UTC) eqas90qckijt6w5s7e7r1v5nhz3lgaj 14 62496 705562 2026-11-04T07:24:28Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Annos in Espania]]” 705562 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Annos in Espania]] 9pcbb332oqyxy6aktdo2hpk09k86uv2 10 62497 705564 2026-11-04T07:35:00Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “{{Capsa seriei | latitudo_capsae = 230px | titulo = [[Pandemia de COVID-19]] | imago = Coronavirus. SARS-CoV-2.png | grex1 = Introduction | index1 = * [[COVID-19]] (morbo) * [[SARS-CoV-2]] (virus) * [[Casos de pandemia de COVID-19|Casos]] * [[Mortes causate per le pandemia de COVID-19|Mortes]] | grex2 = Chronologia | index2 = * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in 2019|2019]] ; 2020 * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in januario 2020|Januario]] ** Resp...” 705564 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa seriei | latitudo_capsae = 230px | titulo = [[Pandemia de COVID-19]] | imago = Coronavirus. SARS-CoV-2.png | grex1 = Introduction | index1 = * [[COVID-19]] (morbo) * [[SARS-CoV-2]] (virus) * [[Casos de pandemia de COVID-19|Casos]] * [[Mortes causate per le pandemia de COVID-19|Mortes]] | grex2 = Chronologia | index2 = * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in 2019|2019]] ; 2020 * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in januario 2020|Januario]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in januario 2020|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in februario 2020|Februario]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in februario 2020|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in martio 2020|Martio]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in martio 2020|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in april 2020|April]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in april 2020|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in maio 2020|Maio]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in maio 2020|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in junio 2020|Junio]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in junio 2020|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in julio 2020|Julio]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in julio 2020|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in augusto 2020|Augusto]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in augusto 2020|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in septembre 2020|Septembre]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in septembre 2020|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in octobre 2020|Octobre]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in octobre 2020|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in novembre 2020|Novembre]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in novembre 2020|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in decembre 2020|Decembre]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in decembre 2020|Responsas]] ; 2021 * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in januario 2021|Januario]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in januario 2021|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in februario 2021|Februario]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in februario 2021|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in martio 2021|Martio]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in martio 2021|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in april 2021|April]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in april 2021|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in maio 2021|Maio]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in maio 2021|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in junio 2021|Junio]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in junio 2021|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in julio 2021|Julio]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in julio 2021|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in augusto 2021|Augusto]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in augusto 2021|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in septembre 2021|Septembre]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in septembre 2021|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in octobre 2021|Octobre]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in octobre 2021|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in novembre 2021|Novembre]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in novembre 2021|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in decembre 2021|Decembre]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in decembre 2021|Responsas]] ; 2022 * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in januario 2022|Januario]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in januario 2022|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in februario 2022|Februario]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in februario 2022|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in martio 2022|Martio]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in martio 2022|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in april 2022|April]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in april 2022|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in maio 2022|Maio]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in maio 2022|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in junio 2022|Junio]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in junio 2022|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in julio 2022|Julio]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in julio 2022|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in augusto 2022|Augusto]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in augusto 2022|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in septembre 2022|Septembre]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in septembre 2022|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in octobre 2022|Octobre]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in octobre 2022|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in novembre 2022|Novembre]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in decembre 2022|Decembre]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in 2023|2023]] | grex3 = Locos | index3 = ; Per regiones e territorios * [[Pandemia de COVID-19 in Africa|Africa]] * [[Pandemia de COVID-19 in Antarctica|Antarctica]] * [[Pandemia de COVID-19 in Asia|Asia]] * [[Pandemia de COVID-19 in Europa|Europa]] * [[Pandemia de COVID-19 in America del Nord|America Septentrional]] * [[Pandemia de COVID-19 in Oceania|Oceania]] * [[Pandemia de COVID-19 in America del Sud|America Austral]] ; Per vehiculos * [[Pandemia de COVID-19 in naves de crucero|Naves de crucero]] * [[Pandemia de COVID-19 in naves militar|Naves militar]] | grex4 = Responsas international | index4 = * [[Fase endemic del COVID-19|Stato endemic]] * [[Evacuationes ligate al pandemia de COVID-19|Evacuationes]] * [[Mascaras facial durante le pandemia de COVID-19|Mascaras facial]] * [[Adjuta international ligate al pandemia de COVID-19|Adjuta international]] * [[Origine de SARS-CoV-2|Origine]] * [[Confinamentos ligate al COVID-19|Confinamentos]] ** [[Confinamentos ligate al COVID-19 per pais|Per paises]] * [[Desinformation concernente COVID-19|Desinformation]] ** [[Desinformation concernente COVID-19 per le governamentos|Per le governamentos]] ** [[Lista de methodos non probate contra COVID-19|Remedios non probate]] * [[Mesuras de distantia social ligate al pandemia de COVID-19|Distantia social]] * [[Uso e disveloppamento de software pro mitigar le pandemia de COVID-19|Software]] * [[Viages durante le pandemia de COVID-19|Viages]] * [[Responsa del Nationes Unite al pandemia de COVID-19|Responsa del Nationes Unite]] ** [[Responsa del Organisation Mundial del Sanitate al pandemia de COVID-19|Organisation Mundial del Sanitate]] * [[Derogation del accordo TRIPS|Derogation del WTO]] * [[Subconteo del mortes causate per le pandemia de COVID-19 per pais|Numero de mortes subestimate]] * [[Applicationes COVID-19|Applicationes COVID-19]] * [[Zero-COVID|Zero-COVID]] ; Responsas national * [[Responsas national al pandemia de COVID-19 in Africa|Africa]] * [[Responsa del governamento chinese al COVID-19|China]] * [[Responsa del Union Europee al pandemia de COVID-19|Union Europee]] * [[Responsa del governamento german al pandemia de COVID-19|Germania]] * [[Responsa del governamento ghaneese al pandemia de COVID-19|Ghana]] * [[Responsa del governamento indian al pandemia de COVID-19|India]] * [[Responsa del governamento irlandese al pandemia de COVID-19|Irlanda]] * [[Responsa del governamento nederlandese al pandemia de COVID-19|Nederland]] * [[Responsa del governamento neozelandese al pandemia de COVID-19|Nove Zelanda]] * [[Responsa del governamento nigerian al pandemia de COVID-19|Nigeria]] * [[Responsa del governamento philippin al pandemia de COVID-19|Philippinas]] * [[Responsa del governamento russe al pandemia de COVID-19|Russia]] * [[Responsa del governamento svedese al pandemia de COVID-19|Svedia]] * [[Responsas del Regno Unite al pandemia de COVID-19|Regno Unite]] ** [[Responsa del governamento britannic al pandemia de COVID-19|Governamento]] * [[Responsas del Statos Unite al pandemia de COVID-19|Statos Unite]] ** [[Responsa del governamento federal del SUA al pandemia de COVID-19|Governamento federal]] * [[Responsa del governamento vietnamese al pandemia de COVID-19|Vietnam]] | grex5 = Responsa medical | index5 = * [[Tests de COVID-19|Tests del morbo]] ** [[Instrumento de analyse del halito pro coronavirus|Instrumento respiratori]] ** [[Disveloppamento de tests de COVID-19|Disveloppamento del tests]] * [[Disveloppamento de medicamentos contra COVID-19|Disveloppamento de medicamentos]] * [[Recerca sur le reutilisation de medicamentos contra COVID-19|Reutilisation de medicamentos]] * [[Mitigation del COVID-19 per le sanitate public|Protection del sanitate public]] ; Vaccinos * [[Vaccino contra COVID-19|Vaccino COVID-19]] * [[Historia del disveloppamento del vaccino contra COVID-19|Historia del disveloppamento]] * [[Recerca clinic sur le vaccino contra COVID-19|Recerca clinic]] ** [[Eventos embolic e thrombotic post vaccination contra COVID-19|VITT]] * [[Distribution del vaccinos contra COVID-19|Distribution]] * [[Lista del autorisationes de vaccinos contra COVID-19|Authorisationes]] * [[Operation Warp Speed]] * [[Desinformation e hesitance concernente le vaccino contra COVID-19|Desinformation e hesitance]] ** [[Hesitance concernente le vaccino contra COVID-19 in le Statos Unite|Statos Unite]] * [[Carta de vaccination contra COVID-19|Carta de vaccination]] * [[Passaportes vaccinal durante le pandemia de COVID-19|Passaportes vaccinal]] ; Vaccinos actual * [[CoronaVac]] * [[Covaxin]] * [[Convidecia]] * [[Vaccino Janssen contra COVID-19|Janssen]] * [[Vaccino MVC contra COVID-19|Medigen]] * [[Vaccino Moderna contra COVID-19|Moderna]] * [[Vaccino Novavax contra COVID-19|Novavax]] * [[Vaccino Oxford–AstraZeneca contra COVID-19|Oxford–AstraZeneca]] * [[Vaccino Pfizer–BioNTech contra COVID-19|Pfizer–BioNTech]] * [[Vaccino Sinopharm BIBP contra COVID-19|Sinopharm BIBP]] * [[Sputnik V]] | grex6 = Variantes | index6 = ; Variantes de preoccupation * [[Variante de SARS-CoV-2 de preoccupation|Variantes de preoccupation]] * [[Variante Alpha de SARS-CoV-2|Alpha]] * [[Variante Beta de SARS-CoV-2|Beta]] * [[Variante Gamma de SARS-CoV-2|Gamma]] * [[Variante Delta de SARS-CoV-2|Delta]] * [[Variante Omicron de SARS-CoV-2|Omicron]] ; Altere variantes * [[Variante Epsilon de SARS-CoV-2|Epsilon]] * [[Variante Zeta de SARS-CoV-2|Zeta]] * [[Variante Eta de SARS-CoV-2|Eta]] * [[Variante Theta de SARS-CoV-2|Theta]] * [[Variante Iota de SARS-CoV-2|Iota]] * [[Variante Kappa de SARS-CoV-2|Kappa]] * [[Variante Lambda de SARS-CoV-2|Lambda]] * [[Variante Mu de SARS-CoV-2|Mu]] * [[Cluster 5]] * [[Linea B.1.617 de SARS-CoV-2|Linea B.1.617]] | grex7 = Impacto economic | index7 = * [[Impacto economic del pandemia de COVID-19|Impacto economic]] * [[Recession causate per COVID-19|Recession]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le artes e le patrimonio cultural|Artes e cultura]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le aviation|Aviation]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le industria del cannabis|Cannabis]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le cinematographia|Cinematographia]] ** [[Lista de films affectate per le pandemia de COVID-19|Films]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le Walt Disney Company|Disney]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le industria del moda|Moda]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le mercatos financiari|Mercatos financiari]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le industria alimentari|Industria alimentari]] * [[Securitate alimentari durante le pandemia de COVID-19|Securitate alimentari]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le jornalismo|Jornalismo]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le industria musical|Musica]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le artes del spectaculo|Artes scenic]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le commercio al detalio|Vendita al detalio]] * [[Crise global del catena de alimentation 2021–2022#Transporto maritim|Transporto maritim]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le television|Television]] ** [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le television in le Statos Unite|Statos Unite]] *** [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le transmission sportive american|Transmissiones sportive]] *** [[Lista de series televisive american affectate per le pandemia de COVID-19|Programmas]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le turismo|Turismo]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le industria del videojocos|Videojocos]] ; Per paises * [[Impacto economic del pandemia de COVID-19 in Canada|Canada]] * [[Impacto economic del pandemia de COVID-19 in India|India]] * [[Impacto economic del pandemia de COVID-19 in le Republica de Irlanda|Irlanda]] * [[Impacto economic del pandemia de COVID-19 in Malaysia|Malaysia]] * [[Impacto economic del pandemia de COVID-19 in Nove Zelanda|Nove Zelanda]] * [[Impacto economic del pandemia de COVID-19 in Russia|Russia]] * [[Impacto economic del pandemia de COVID-19 in le Regno Unite|Regno Unite]] * [[Impacto economic del pandemia de COVID-19 in le Statos Unite|Statos Unite]] ; Per sport * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le sport|Sports]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le football|Football]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le baseball|Baseball]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le basketball|Basketball]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le deportes de combate|Deportes de combate]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le cricket|Cricket]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le disc golf|Disc golf]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le sport gaelic|Sports gaelic]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le football american|Football american]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le hockey sur glacie|Hockey sur glacie]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le sport motorisate|Sports motorisate]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le rugby a XIII|Rugby a XIII]] | grex8 = Impactos social e politic | index8 = ; COVID longe * [[COVID longe|COVID longe]] * [[Impacto de COVID-19 sur le resultatos neurologic, psychologic e altere resultatos de sanitate mental|Effectos neurologic e psychologic]] * [[Malaise post-exercitio|Malaise post-exercitio]] ; Societate * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19|Impacto social]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le diaspora african|Diaspora african]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le operarios migrante indian|Operarios migrante indian]] * [[Pandemia de COVID-19 e animales|Animales]] * [[Morbo de Alzheimer e COVID-19|Personas affectate per le morbo de Alzheimer]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le criminalitate|Criminalitate]] * [[Tassas de mortalitate del pandemia de COVID-19 per pais|Mortalitate per paises]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le personas con incapacitate|Personas con incapacitate]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le violentia domestic|Violentia domestic]] * [[Proceduras de evacuation de urgentia durante le pandemia de COVID-19|Evacuationes de urgentia]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le education|Education]] ** [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le education del feminas|Education del feminas]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le ambiente|Ambiente]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le hospitales|Hospitales]] * [[Glossario del pandemia de COVID-19|Glossario]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le communitate LGBTQ|Communitate LGBTQ]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le institutiones de cura a longe termino|Cura a longe termino]] * [[Cobertura mediatic del pandemia de COVID-19|Medios de communication]] * [[Sanitate mental durante le pandemia de COVID-19|Sanitate mental]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le migration|Migration]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le milicia|Forcas armate]] * [[Lista de mortes causate per COVID-19|Mortes notabile]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur altere problemas de sanitate|Altere problemas de sanitate]] * [[Pandemia de COVID-19 in le cultura popular|Cultura popular]] * [[Protestas contra le responsas al pandemia de COVID-19|Protestas]] * [[COVID-19 durante le graviditate|Graviditate]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le prision|Prisiones]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le transporto public|Transporto public]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le religion|Religion]] ** [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le Ecclesia Catholic|Ecclesia Catholic]] ** [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le Hajj|Hajj]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le scientia e le technologia|Scientia e technologia]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le medios social|Medios social]] * [[Strikes durante le pandemia de COVID-19|Strikes de labor]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le taxas de suicidio|Suicidios]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le industria del telemedicina|Telemedicina]] * [[Xenophobia e racismo ligate al pandemia de COVID-19|Xenophobia e racismo]] ; Politica * [[Impacto politic del pandemia de COVID-19|Impacto politic]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le relationes international|Relationes international]] * [[Lista de officiales politic positive al test de COVID-19|Lideres infectate]] * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19 in le Republica de Irlanda|Irlanda]] * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19 in Malaysia|Malaysia]] * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19 in Nove Zelanda|Nove Zelanda]] * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19 in Russia|Russia]] * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19 in le Regno Unite|Regno Unite]] * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19 in le Statos Unite|Statos Unite]] | grex9 = Fontes e navigation | index9 = * [[Bibliographia del historia del pandemia de COVID-19|Bibliographia del historia de COVID-19]] * [[Conspecto del pandemia de COVID-19|Conspecto del pandemia de COVID-19]] | vide_etiam = * [[COVID-19]] * [[SARS-CoV-2]] }}<noinclude> [[Categoria:Patronos de COVID-19]] </noinclude> 1mdp41zkeffzi1opeqgc8zvl0g6jw5h 705565 705564 2026-11-04T07:35:51Z Tratxan 61856 705565 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa seriei | latitudo_capsae = 230px | titulo = [[Pandemia de COVID-19]] | imago = Coronavirus. SARS-CoV-2.png | grex1 = Introduction | index1 = * [[COVID-19]] (morbo) * [[SARS-CoV-2]] (virus) * [[Casos de pandemia de COVID-19|Casos]] * [[Mortes causate per le pandemia de COVID-19|Mortes]] | grex2 = Chronologia | index2 = * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in 2019|2019]] ; 2020 * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in januario 2020|Januario]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in januario 2020|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in februario 2020|Februario]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in februario 2020|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in martio 2020|Martio]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in martio 2020|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in april 2020|April]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in april 2020|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in maio 2020|Maio]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in maio 2020|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in junio 2020|Junio]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in junio 2020|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in julio 2020|Julio]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in julio 2020|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in augusto 2020|Augusto]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in augusto 2020|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in septembre 2020|Septembre]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in septembre 2020|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in octobre 2020|Octobre]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in octobre 2020|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in novembre 2020|Novembre]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in novembre 2020|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in decembre 2020|Decembre]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in decembre 2020|Responsas]] ; 2021 * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in januario 2021|Januario]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in januario 2021|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in februario 2021|Februario]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in februario 2021|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in martio 2021|Martio]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in martio 2021|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in april 2021|April]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in april 2021|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in maio 2021|Maio]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in maio 2021|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in junio 2021|Junio]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in junio 2021|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in julio 2021|Julio]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in julio 2021|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in augusto 2021|Augusto]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in augusto 2021|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in septembre 2021|Septembre]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in septembre 2021|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in octobre 2021|Octobre]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in octobre 2021|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in novembre 2021|Novembre]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in novembre 2021|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in decembre 2021|Decembre]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in decembre 2021|Responsas]] ; 2022 * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in januario 2022|Januario]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in januario 2022|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in februario 2022|Februario]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in februario 2022|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in martio 2022|Martio]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in martio 2022|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in april 2022|April]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in april 2022|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in maio 2022|Maio]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in maio 2022|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in junio 2022|Junio]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in junio 2022|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in julio 2022|Julio]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in julio 2022|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in augusto 2022|Augusto]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in augusto 2022|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in septembre 2022|Septembre]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in septembre 2022|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in octobre 2022|Octobre]] ** [[Responsas al pandemia de COVID-19 in octobre 2022|Responsas]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in novembre 2022|Novembre]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in decembre 2022|Decembre]] * [[Chronologia del pandemia de COVID-19 in 2023|2023]] | grex3 = Locos | index3 = ; Per regiones e territorios * [[Pandemia de COVID-19 in Africa|Africa]] * [[Pandemia de COVID-19 in Antarctica|Antarctica]] * [[Pandemia de COVID-19 in Asia|Asia]] * [[Pandemia de COVID-19 in Europa|Europa]] * [[Pandemia de COVID-19 in America del Nord|America Septentrional]] * [[Pandemia de COVID-19 in Oceania|Oceania]] * [[Pandemia de COVID-19 in America del Sud|America Austral]] ; Per vehiculos * [[Pandemia de COVID-19 in naves de crucero|Naves de crucero]] * [[Pandemia de COVID-19 in naves militar|Naves militar]] | grex4 = Responsas international | index4 = * [[Fase endemic del COVID-19|Stato endemic]] * [[Evacuationes ligate al pandemia de COVID-19|Evacuationes]] * [[Mascaras facial durante le pandemia de COVID-19|Mascaras facial]] * [[Adjuta international ligate al pandemia de COVID-19|Adjuta international]] * [[Origine de SARS-CoV-2|Origine]] * [[Confinamentos ligate al COVID-19|Confinamentos]] ** [[Confinamentos ligate al COVID-19 per pais|Per paises]] * [[Desinformation concernente COVID-19|Desinformation]] ** [[Desinformation concernente COVID-19 per le governamentos|Per le governamentos]] ** [[Lista de methodos non probate contra COVID-19|Remedios non probate]] * [[Mesuras de distantia social ligate al pandemia de COVID-19|Distantia social]] * [[Uso e disveloppamento de software pro mitigar le pandemia de COVID-19|Software]] * [[Viages durante le pandemia de COVID-19|Viages]] * [[Responsa del Nationes Unite al pandemia de COVID-19|Responsa del Nationes Unite]] ** [[Responsa del Organisation Mundial del Sanitate al pandemia de COVID-19|Organisation Mundial del Sanitate]] * [[Derogation del accordo TRIPS|Derogation del WTO]] * [[Subconteo del mortes causate per le pandemia de COVID-19 per pais|Numero de mortes subestimate]] * [[Applicationes COVID-19|Applicationes COVID-19]] * [[Zero-COVID|Zero-COVID]] ; Responsas national * [[Responsas national al pandemia de COVID-19 in Africa|Africa]] * [[Responsa del governamento chinese al COVID-19|China]] * [[Responsa del Union Europee al pandemia de COVID-19|Union Europee]] * [[Responsa del governamento german al pandemia de COVID-19|Germania]] * [[Responsa del governamento ghaneese al pandemia de COVID-19|Ghana]] * [[Responsa del governamento indian al pandemia de COVID-19|India]] * [[Responsa del governamento irlandese al pandemia de COVID-19|Irlanda]] * [[Responsa del governamento nederlandese al pandemia de COVID-19|Nederland]] * [[Responsa del governamento neozelandese al pandemia de COVID-19|Nove Zelanda]] * [[Responsa del governamento nigerian al pandemia de COVID-19|Nigeria]] * [[Responsa del governamento philippin al pandemia de COVID-19|Philippinas]] * [[Responsa del governamento russe al pandemia de COVID-19|Russia]] * [[Responsa del governamento svedese al pandemia de COVID-19|Svedia]] * [[Responsas del Regno Unite al pandemia de COVID-19|Regno Unite]] ** [[Responsa del governamento britannic al pandemia de COVID-19|Governamento]] * [[Responsas del Statos Unite al pandemia de COVID-19|Statos Unite]] ** [[Responsa del governamento federal del SUA al pandemia de COVID-19|Governamento federal]] * [[Responsa del governamento vietnamese al pandemia de COVID-19|Vietnam]] | grex5 = Responsa medical | index5 = * [[Tests de COVID-19|Tests del morbo]] ** [[Instrumento de analyse del halito pro coronavirus|Instrumento respiratori]] ** [[Disveloppamento de tests de COVID-19|Disveloppamento del tests]] * [[Disveloppamento de medicamentos contra COVID-19|Disveloppamento de medicamentos]] * [[Recerca sur le reutilisation de medicamentos contra COVID-19|Reutilisation de medicamentos]] * [[Mitigation del COVID-19 per le sanitate public|Protection del sanitate public]] ; Vaccinos * [[Vaccino contra COVID-19|Vaccino COVID-19]] * [[Historia del disveloppamento del vaccino contra COVID-19|Historia del disveloppamento]] * [[Recerca clinic sur le vaccino contra COVID-19|Recerca clinic]] ** [[Eventos embolic e thrombotic post vaccination contra COVID-19|VITT]] * [[Distribution del vaccinos contra COVID-19|Distribution]] * [[Lista del autorisationes de vaccinos contra COVID-19|Authorisationes]] * [[Operation Warp Speed]] * [[Desinformation e hesitance concernente le vaccino contra COVID-19|Desinformation e hesitance]] ** [[Hesitance concernente le vaccino contra COVID-19 in le Statos Unite|Statos Unite]] * [[Carta de vaccination contra COVID-19|Carta de vaccination]] * [[Passaportes vaccinal durante le pandemia de COVID-19|Passaportes vaccinal]] ; Vaccinos actual * [[CoronaVac]] * [[Covaxin]] * [[Convidecia]] * [[Vaccino Janssen contra COVID-19|Janssen]] * [[Vaccino MVC contra COVID-19|Medigen]] * [[Vaccino Moderna contra COVID-19|Moderna]] * [[Vaccino Novavax contra COVID-19|Novavax]] * [[Vaccino Oxford–AstraZeneca contra COVID-19|Oxford–AstraZeneca]] * [[Vaccino Pfizer–BioNTech contra COVID-19|Pfizer–BioNTech]] * [[Vaccino Sinopharm BIBP contra COVID-19|Sinopharm BIBP]] * [[Sputnik V]] | grex6 = Variantes | index6 = ; Variantes de preoccupation * [[Variante de SARS-CoV-2 de preoccupation|Variantes de preoccupation]] * [[Variante Alpha de SARS-CoV-2|Alpha]] * [[Variante Beta de SARS-CoV-2|Beta]] * [[Variante Gamma de SARS-CoV-2|Gamma]] * [[Variante Delta de SARS-CoV-2|Delta]] * [[Variante Omicron de SARS-CoV-2|Omicron]] ; Altere variantes * [[Variante Epsilon de SARS-CoV-2|Epsilon]] * [[Variante Zeta de SARS-CoV-2|Zeta]] * [[Variante Eta de SARS-CoV-2|Eta]] * [[Variante Theta de SARS-CoV-2|Theta]] * [[Variante Iota de SARS-CoV-2|Iota]] * [[Variante Kappa de SARS-CoV-2|Kappa]] * [[Variante Lambda de SARS-CoV-2|Lambda]] * [[Variante Mu de SARS-CoV-2|Mu]] * [[Cluster 5]] * [[Linea B.1.617 de SARS-CoV-2|Linea B.1.617]] | grex7 = Impacto economic | index7 = * [[Impacto economic del pandemia de COVID-19|Impacto economic]] * [[Recession causate per COVID-19|Recession]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le artes e le patrimonio cultural|Artes e cultura]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le aviation|Aviation]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le industria del cannabis|Cannabis]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le cinematographia|Cinematographia]] ** [[Lista de films affectate per le pandemia de COVID-19|Films]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le Walt Disney Company|Disney]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le industria del moda|Moda]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le mercatos financiari|Mercatos financiari]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le industria alimentari|Industria alimentari]] * [[Securitate alimentari durante le pandemia de COVID-19|Securitate alimentari]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le jornalismo|Jornalismo]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le industria musical|Musica]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le artes del spectaculo|Artes scenic]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le commercio al detalio|Vendita al detalio]] * [[Crise global del catena de alimentation 2021–2022#Transporto maritim|Transporto maritim]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le television|Television]] ** [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le television in le Statos Unite|Statos Unite]] *** [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le transmission sportive american|Transmissiones sportive]] *** [[Lista de series televisive american affectate per le pandemia de COVID-19|Programmas]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le turismo|Turismo]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le industria del videojocos|Videojocos]] ; Per paises * [[Impacto economic del pandemia de COVID-19 in Canada|Canada]] * [[Impacto economic del pandemia de COVID-19 in India|India]] * [[Impacto economic del pandemia de COVID-19 in le Republica de Irlanda|Irlanda]] * [[Impacto economic del pandemia de COVID-19 in Malaysia|Malaysia]] * [[Impacto economic del pandemia de COVID-19 in Nove Zelanda|Nove Zelanda]] * [[Impacto economic del pandemia de COVID-19 in Russia|Russia]] * [[Impacto economic del pandemia de COVID-19 in le Regno Unite|Regno Unite]] * [[Impacto economic del pandemia de COVID-19 in le Statos Unite|Statos Unite]] ; Per sport * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le sport|Sports]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le football|Football]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le baseball|Baseball]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le basketball|Basketball]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le deportes de combate|Deportes de combate]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le cricket|Cricket]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le disc golf|Disc golf]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le sport gaelic|Sports gaelic]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le football american|Football american]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le hockey sur glacie|Hockey sur glacie]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le sport motorisate|Sports motorisate]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le rugby a XIII|Rugby a XIII]] | grex8 = Impactos social e politic | index8 = ; COVID longe * [[COVID longe|COVID longe]] * [[Impacto de COVID-19 sur le resultatos neurologic, psychologic e altere resultatos de sanitate mental|Effectos neurologic e psychologic]] * [[Malaise post-exercitio|Malaise post-exercitio]] ; Societate * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19|Impacto social]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le diaspora african|Diaspora african]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le operarios migrante indian|Operarios migrante indian]] * [[Pandemia de COVID-19 e animales|Animales]] * [[Morbo de Alzheimer e COVID-19|Personas affectate per le morbo de Alzheimer]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le criminalitate|Criminalitate]] * [[Tassas de mortalitate del pandemia de COVID-19 per pais|Mortalitate per paises]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le personas con incapacitate|Personas con incapacitate]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le violentia domestic|Violentia domestic]] * [[Proceduras de evacuation de urgentia durante le pandemia de COVID-19|Evacuationes de urgentia]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le education|Education]] ** [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le education del feminas|Education del feminas]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le ambiente|Ambiente]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le hospitales|Hospitales]] * [[Glossario del pandemia de COVID-19|Glossario]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le communitate LGBTQ|Communitate LGBTQ]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le institutiones de cura a longe termino|Cura a longe termino]] * [[Cobertura mediatic del pandemia de COVID-19|Medios de communication]] * [[Sanitate mental durante le pandemia de COVID-19|Sanitate mental]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le migration|Migration]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le milicia|Forcas armate]] * [[Lista de mortes causate per COVID-19|Mortes notabile]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur altere problemas de sanitate|Altere problemas de sanitate]] * [[Pandemia de COVID-19 in le cultura popular|Cultura popular]] * [[Protestas contra le responsas al pandemia de COVID-19|Protestas]] * [[COVID-19 durante le graviditate|Graviditate]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le prision|Prisiones]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le transporto public|Transporto public]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le religion|Religion]] ** [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le Ecclesia Catholic|Ecclesia Catholic]] ** [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le Hajj|Hajj]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le scientia e le technologia|Scientia e technologia]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le medios social|Medios social]] * [[Strikes durante le pandemia de COVID-19|Strikes de labor]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le taxas de suicidio|Suicidios]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le industria del telemedicina|Telemedicina]] * [[Xenophobia e racismo ligate al pandemia de COVID-19|Xenophobia e racismo]] ; Politica * [[Impacto politic del pandemia de COVID-19|Impacto politic]] * [[Impacto del pandemia de COVID-19 sur le relationes international|Relationes international]] * [[Lista de officiales politic positive al test de COVID-19|Lideres infectate]] * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19 in le Republica de Irlanda|Irlanda]] * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19 in Malaysia|Malaysia]] * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19 in Nove Zelanda|Nove Zelanda]] * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19 in Russia|Russia]] * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19 in le Regno Unite|Regno Unite]] * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19 in le Statos Unite|Statos Unite]] | grex9 = Fontes e navigation | index9 = * [[Bibliographia del historia del pandemia de COVID-19|Bibliographia del historia de COVID-19]] * [[Conspecto del pandemia de COVID-19|Conspecto del pandemia de COVID-19]] | vide_etiam = * [[COVID-19]] * [[SARS-CoV-2]] }}<noinclude> [[Categoria:Patronos de medicina]] </noinclude> 4sqpoxsrqn8fgz0op5zdx0kmw4509cw 14 62498 705566 2026-11-04T07:36:23Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Patronos]]” 705566 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Patronos]] tgyci9xtfs6if0b4825s0j93lsr57zb 705567 705566 2026-11-04T07:36:32Z Tratxan 61856 705567 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Patronos de navigation]] t622hr29b629em26egyfh0s6k7jsg4p 14 62499 705572 2026-11-04T07:47:01Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Historia per pais|Palestina]] [[Categoria:Historia de Asia per pais|Palestina]] [[Categoria:Historia del Oriente Medio per pais|*Palestina]] [[Categoria:Historia del arabes per pais|*Palestina]] [[Categoria:Historia de Israel|*]] [[Categoria:Stato de Palestina]] [[Categoria:Palestina (region)]]” 705572 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Historia per pais|Palestina]] [[Categoria:Historia de Asia per pais|Palestina]] [[Categoria:Historia del Oriente Medio per pais|*Palestina]] [[Categoria:Historia del arabes per pais|*Palestina]] [[Categoria:Historia de Israel|*]] [[Categoria:Stato de Palestina]] [[Categoria:Palestina (region)]] ado3qqw0p8kllqea3iqqae0fotcrt2r 705573 705572 2026-11-04T07:47:51Z Tratxan 61856 705573 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Historia per pais|Palestina]] [[Categoria:Historia de Asia per pais|Palestina]] [[Categoria:Historia de Oriente Medie per pais|*Palestina]] [[Categoria:Historia del arabes per pais|*Palestina]] [[Categoria:Historia de Israel|*]] [[Categoria:Stato de Palestina]] [[Categoria:Palestina (region)]] lvk1hbdazrkk9i3609jqyp7oqsc9c2o 14 62500 705574 2026-11-04T07:48:34Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Historia de Africa per pais|*Oriente Medie]] [[Categoria:Historia de Asia per pais|*Oriente Medie]] [[Categoria:Historia de Oriente Medie| ]]” 705574 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Historia de Africa per pais|*Oriente Medie]] [[Categoria:Historia de 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e2dj101arjvb8ndum36m58b1hpmcdh8 14 62504 705578 2026-11-04T07:53:38Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Geographia del Oriente Proxime]] [[Categoria:Levante mediterranee]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Israel]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Palestina| ]]” 705578 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Geographia del Oriente Proxime]] [[Categoria:Levante mediterranee]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Israel]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Palestina| ]] mm0de8tr3pua5ltf7esmzibqj3lerv5 14 62505 705579 2026-11-04T08:15:35Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Historia de Asia per region|Oriente Medie]] [[Categoria:Oriente Medie]]” 705579 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Historia de Asia per region|Oriente Medie]] [[Categoria:Oriente Medie]] b8i0yl8ln275rd2pgshbz97vr5vucsw 14 62506 705580 2026-11-04T08:16:42Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Historia per continente e region|Asia]] [[Categoria:Historia de Asia| ]] [[Categoria:Regiones de Asia| ]]” 705580 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Historia per continente e region|Asia]] [[Categoria:Historia de Asia| ]] [[Categoria:Regiones de Asia| ]] lfltg4ka2rocsmvw8et3kjv2qkjqp3v 14 62507 705581 2026-11-04T08:17:28Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Historia per continente|*]] [[Categoria:Historia per region|*]]” 705581 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Historia per continente|*]] [[Categoria:Historia per region|*]] pdormriszpotloohg5xi684e5gy9fdq 14 62508 705582 2026-11-04T08:37:00Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Historia per loco geographic| ]] [[Categoria:Categorias per region]]” 705582 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Historia per loco geographic| ]] [[Categoria:Categorias per region]] j3yz73dg130g7zwtkta948t3vyqeg19 0 62509 705583 2026-11-04T08:42:26Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} '''Historia de Palestina''' se refere al evolution historic del region situate in le Levante mediterranee, inter le fluvio Jordan e le Mar Mediterranee. Su historia es characterisate per le succession de differente populos, regnos e imperios, includente le Cananaeos, Israelitas, Assyrios, Babylonios, Persas, Grecos, Romanos, Byzantinos, Arabes, Cruciatos, Mamelucos e Ottomanos. Le region possede un grande importantia historic e religiose...” 705583 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} '''Historia de Palestina''' se refere al evolution historic del region situate in le Levante mediterranee, inter le fluvio Jordan e le Mar Mediterranee. Su historia es characterisate per le succession de differente populos, regnos e imperios, includente le Cananaeos, Israelitas, Assyrios, Babylonios, Persas, Grecos, Romanos, Byzantinos, Arabes, Cruciatos, Mamelucos e Ottomanos. Le region possede un grande importantia historic e religiose pro le judaismo, le christianismo e le islamismo. Durante le seculo XX, le territorio deveniva le centro de un conflicto national e territorial inter le Arabes palestinenses e le Judios sionistas, particularmente durante le Mandato Britannic (1922–1948), le creation del Stato de Israel in 1948 e le guerras subsequente. Le question palestinense permane un del principal questiones politic del Medio Oriente.<ref>{{cite book |last=Krämer |first=Gudrun |title=A History of Palestine: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of Israel |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Pappé |first=Ilan |title=A History of Modern Palestine |edition=3rd |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2022}}</ref> == Periodo antique == === Periodo protocananaean === Le region de Palestina esseva habitate desde le Prehistoria, habente cognoscite importante communitates agricole durante le Neolithico. Durante le Etate del Bronzo, se disveloppava citates-stato cananaean, que manteneva relationes commercial e cultural con Egypto, Mesopotamia e altere civilisations del Mediterraneo oriental. Inter le principal centros urban trovava se Jericho, Jerusalem, Megiddo e Hazor. Le influentia egyptian deveniva particularmente importante durante le Etate del Bronzo tarde, quando un grande parte del region esseva integrate in le sphera politic de Egypto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Killebrew |first=Ann E. |title=Canaanites |url=https://academic.oup.com/reference/62341/reference-article-abstract/554093158 |website=Oxford Bibliographies |date=2016}}</ref> === Regnos de Israel e Juda === Durante le Etate del Ferro se disveloppava differente entitates politic in le region, includente le regnos de Israel e Juda. Le chronologia e le natura del formation de iste regnos es subjecto a investigation archeologic e debatto historiographic. Le Regno de Israel esseva conquistate per le Imperio Neo-assyrian in le seculo VIII a.C., durante que le Regno de Juda esseva conquistate per le Imperio Neo-babylonian in le seculo VI a.C. In 586 a.C., Jerusalem esseva destruite e le Prime Templo esseva destruite, sequite per le deportation de un parte del population judaite verso Babylonia. === Periodo del Imperio Achemenide === In 539 a.C., le rege persian Cyro II conquistava Babylonia, permittente le retorno de un parte del exiliatos judaites. Le region deveniva parte del Imperio Achemenide, essente organisate administrativemente circa Yehud, un provincia persian. Durante iste periodo, le Templo de Jerusalem esseva reconstruite, e su construction esseva complite circa 516 a.C. Importante institutiones religiose e cultural judee se consolidava etiam. == Antiquitate classic == === Periodo hellenistic === In 332 a.C., Alexandro le Grande conquistava le region durante le expansion macedone per le Imperio Persa. Post su morte, Palestina deveniva parte del territorios disputate inter le Ptolemeos de Egypto e le Seleucidas de Syria. Le influentia hellenistic transformava le vita politic, cultural e economic del region. In 167 a.C., le revolta del Macabeos initiava un movimento de resistentia contra le politicas religiose seleucida, conducente al establimento del Regno Asmonee. === Periodo roman === In 63 a.C., le general roman Pompeio conquistava Jerusalem, initianti le intervention directe de Roma in le region. Judea deveniva progressivemente dependente del administration roman. In 66 d.C., comenciava un grande revolta judee contra le dominio roman. In 70 d.C., le fortias roman conquistava Jerusalem e destrueva le Secunde Templo. Un nove revolta, dirigite per Simon Bar Kokhba, occurreva inter 132 e 135. Post le derrota de iste revolta, le imperator Adriano reorganisava administrativemente le region e usava le denomination Syria Palaestina pro le provincia. Le administration roman se manteneva usque al division del Imperio Roman. === Periodo byzantin === Con le division del Imperio Roman, Palestina deveniva parte del Imperio Roman Oriental, postea cognoscite como Imperio Byzantin. Le christianisation del imperio transformava Jerusalem e altere citates in importante centros religiose. Ecclesias, monasterios e locos de peregrination esseva construite, durante que le region acquireva un importantia crescente pro le christianismo. == Medievo == === Periodos del califatos Rashidun, Umayyad e Abbaside === In 636–637, durante le expansion islamic, le fortias arabe conquistava le region al Imperio Byzantin. Palestina deveniva parte del provincia de Bilad al-Sham, sub le administration del califatos islamic. Durante le Califato Umayyad, Jerusalem acquireva un grande importantia religiose. Al fin del seculo VII e al initio del seculo VIII esseva construite le Dome del Roca e le Moschea al-Aqsa. In 750, le Abbasides substitueva le Umayyades, mantenente le region sub administration islamic. Posteriormente, Palestina passava per differente periodos de decentralisation politic e cambiamentos administrative. === Periodo del Califato Fatimide === Al fin del seculo X, le Fatimides conquistava Palestina e establiava lor dominio super Jerusalem e altere citates importante. Le region deveniva le scenario de disputas inter differente potentias islamic, includente le Fatimides e le Seljucidas, un situation que contribueva al instabilitate politic precedente le Crusadas. === Regno de Jerusalem e Crusadas === In 1099, durante le Prime Crusada, le cruciatos conquistava Jerusalem e establiava le Regno de Jerusalem, un stato christian que dominava partes de Palestina e de altere regiones del Levante. In 1187, Saladino vinceva le cruciatos al Battalia de Hattin e reconquistava Jerusalem. Nonobstante le campanias militar posterior, le cruciatos non succedeva a recuperar permanentemente le controlo del citate. === Periodos ayyubide e mameluc === Post le reconquista de Jerusalem per Saladino, le region deveniva parte del Sultanato Ayyubide. Posteriormente, le Mamelucos assumeva le poter in Egypto e Syria, vincente le Mongoles al Battalia de Ain Jalut, in 1260. Le dominio mameluc se prolongava usque a 1516, quando le fortias ottoman conquistava le region. == Era ottoman == === Prime periodo del dominio ottoman === In 1516, le Imperio Ottoman conquistava Palestina al Mamelucos, incorporante la in su provincias del Levante. Le dominio ottoman se prolongava durante circa quatro seculos, usque al Prime Guerra Mundial. Le region esseva administrate per medio de differente unitates administrative, includente le districtos de Jerusalem, Nablus e Acre. Le population esseva diverse, includente communitates musulman, christian e judee. === Decentralisation politic === Durante le seculos XVII e XVIII, le controlo central ottoman se debilitava in differente regiones, permittente le ascension de familias local e governatores con un considerabile autonomia. Inter le figuras politic le plus importante se distingueva Zahir al-Umar, qui establiava un governamento relativemente autonome in Galilea durante le seculo XVIII. Posteriormente, Ahmed Pasha al-Jazzar consolidava su poter in Acre. === Centralisation e periodo egyptian === Durante le seculo XIX, le Imperio Ottoman tentava de reforçar le controlo administrative super su provincias per medio de reformas politic e militar. Inter 1831 e 1840, Palestina se trovava sub le dominio de Ibrahim Pasha, filio de Muhammad Ali de Egypto. Le administration egyptian introduceva reformas fiscal e militar, ma incontrava resistentia local. In 1840, un intervention militar britannic, austriac e ottoman contribueva al restauration del dominio del sultan ottoman. == Era moderne == === Mandato Britannic === Durante le Prime Guerra Mundial, le fortias britannic conquistava Palestina al Imperio Ottoman. In 1917, le governamento britannic publicava le [[Declaration Balfour]], que exprimiva su supporto al creation de un patria national pro le populo judee in Palestina. In 1922, le Societate del Nationes attribueva formalmente a Grande Britannia le Mandato de Palestina, que entrava in vigor in 1923. Le documento incorporava le Declaration Balfour e establiava responsabilitates britannic concernente le administration del territorio. Durante le Mandato, le immigration judee, le disveloppamento del institutiones sionistic e le organisation politic del population arabe palestinense se intensificava. Le divergentias concernente le immigration, le proprietate del terras e le autodetermination contribueva al augmento del tensiones inter le communitates.<ref>{{cite book |last=Krämer |first=Gudrun |title=A History of Palestine: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of Israel |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2011}}</ref> === Revolta arabe in Palestina (1936–1939) === Inter 1936 e 1939 occurreva un grande revolta arabe contra le administration britannic e le immigration judee. Le movimento exigiva le independentia de Palestina, le fin del immigration judee e restrictiones al vendition de terras. Le revolta esseva reprimite per le autoritates britannic, con consequentias significative pro le organisation politic e militar del societate palestinense. === Secunde Guerra Mundial e fin del Mandato === Durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial, le persecution nazi del Judios europee provocava un augmento del immigration judee verso Palestina. Le tensiones inter le communitates arabe e judee se intensificava, durante que gruppos armate judee comenciava a conducer operationes contra le autoritates britannic. In 1947, le Regno Unite transferiva le question de Palestina al Nationes Unite, que proponeva le partition del territorio in duo statos independente, un arabe e le altere judee, con Jerusalem sub administration international, per medio del Resolution 181 (II).<ref>{{cite web |title=Origins and Evolution of the Palestine Problem: 1917–1947 |url=https://www.un.org/unispal/es/history/origins-and-evolution-of-the-palestine-problem/part-i-1917-1947/ |website=United Nations |access-date=4 November 2026}}</ref> === Partition de Palestina e Guerra de 1948 === Le 14 de maio 1948, le Stato de Israel esseva proclamate, immediatemente ante le fin del Mandato Britannic. Le guerra inter Israel e le statos arabe vicin provocava profunde transformationes territorial e demographic. Plus que le medietate del population arabe palestinense esseva expulsate o fugiva de su locos de residentia, in un evento cognoscite per le palestinenses como [[Nakba]] (catastrophe). Centos de localitates palestinense esseva abandonate o destruite. Le accordos de armisticio de 1949 establiava nove lineas de controlo territorial. Israel passava a controlar le major parte del ancian territorio del Mandato Britannic, durante que le Cisjordania remaneva sub administration jordanian e le Strata de Gaza sub administration egyptian.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of the Question of Palestine |url=https://www.un.org/unispal/history/ |website=United Nations |access-date=4 November 2026}}</ref> === Division del ancian territorio del Mandato === Post le guerra de 1948, Palestina cessava de constituir un unitate territorial sub administration britannic. Le Cisjordania esseva annexate per Jordania in 1950, durante que le Strata de Gaza remaneva sub administration egyptian. Durante iste periodo, multe palestinenses viveva como refugiatos in paises vicin e in campos de refugiatos in le region. In 1964, esseva create le [[Organisation pro le Liberation de Palestina]] (OLP), con le objectivo de representar politicemente le populo palestinense e promover su autodetermination. === Guerra del Sex Dies e Guerra de Yom Kippur === In junio 1967, durante le [[Guerra del Sex Dies]], Israel conquistava le Cisjordania, includente Jerusalem Oriental, e le Strata de Gaza, in ultra le Peninsula del Sinai e le Altos del Golan. Le occupation del territorios palestinense provocava un nove displaciamento del population e deveniva un del elementos principal del conflicto israeliano-palestinense. In 1973, le Guerra de Yom Kippur implicava Israel, Egypto e Syria. Le conflicto esseva sequite per initiativas diplomatic e negotiationes que contribueva al approximation inter Israel e Egypto. === Prime Intifada, Accordos de Oslo e Autoritate Palestinense === In decembre 1987 comenciava le [[Prime Intifada]], un insurrection popular palestinense contra le occupation israelian in le Cisjordania e le Strata de Gaza. Le movimento se prolongava usque a 1993. In 1993, esseva signate le [[Accordos de Oslo]] inter Israel e le OLP. Le accordos establiava un processo de autogovernamento palestinense limitate in certe areas del Cisjordania e del Strata de Gaza e conduceva al creation del [[Autoritate National Palestinense]]. Nonobstante le negotiationes posterior, questiones fundamental, como Jerusalem, le refugiatos, le colonias israelian, le frontieras e le soveranitate palestinense, remaneva sin resolution definitive. === Secunde Intifada e disveloppamentos posterior === In septembre 2000 comenciava le [[Secunde Intifada]], etiam cognoscite como Intifada de al-Aqsa. Le insurrection esseva marcate per attentatos, operationes militar israelian e confrontationes que provocava numerose victimas civil e militar. In 2005, Israel retirava su colonias e fortias militar permanente del interior del Strata de Gaza. In 2006, Hamas vinceva le electiones legislative palestinense e, in 2007, assumeva le controlo del Strata de Gaza post confrontationes con Fatah. Depost, le administration palestinense remaneva dividite inter le Autoritate Palestinense, in le Cisjordania, e le governamento de Hamas, in le Strata de Gaza. Le region continuava a enfrentar conflictos armate, blocadas, crises humanitari e negotiationes diplomatic sin solution politic definitive. === Statuto international de Palestina === In novembre 2012, le Assemblea General del Nationes Unite approbava le Resolution 67/19, concedente a Palestina le statuto de stato observator non membro del organisation. Palestina es recognoscite como stato per numerose paises e participa in diverse organisationes international. Nonobstante, su soveranitate territorial remane limitate per le occupation israelian e per le absentia de un accordo definitive concernente le conflicto.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of the Question of Palestine |url=https://www.un.org/unispal/history/ |website=United Nations |access-date=4 November 2026}}</ref> == Vide etiam == * [[Palestina]] * [[Historia de Israel]] * [[Historia del Israel e Juda antique]] * [[Historia del Medio Oriente]] * [[Conflict israeliano-palestinense]] * [[Nakba]] * [[Mandato Britannic de Palestina]] * [[Organisation pro le Liberation de Palestina]] * [[Stato de Palestina]] {{Ref}} == Bibliographia == * Gerber, Haim (1998). "'Palestine' and Other Territorial Concepts in the 17th Century". ''International Journal of Middle East Studies'', 30 (4), pp. 563–572. * Krämer, Gudrun (2011). ''A History of Palestine: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of Israel''. Princeton University Press. * Pappé, Ilan (2022). ''A History of Modern Palestine''. 3e edition. Cambridge University Press. * Sivan, Hagith (2008). ''Palestine in Late Antiquity''. Oxford University Press. * Killebrew, Ann E. (2016). ''Canaanites''. Oxford Bibliographies. [[Categoria:Historia de Palestina]] [[Categoria:Historia del Levante mediterranee]] 23gt5ma823p32y8j8rniupkaa8g9zbe 0 62510 705588 2026-11-04T09:03:45Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina redirigite verso [[Argentina]] 705588 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Argentina]] cyupbzb85rsooqb4qka30pcy2318xae