Wikipedia iawiki https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagina_principal MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.3 first-letter Multimedia Special Discussion Usator Discussion Usator Wikipedia Discussion Wikipedia File Discussion File MediaWiki Discussion MediaWiki Patrono Discussion Patrono Adjuta Discussion Adjuta Categoria Discussion Categoria Portal Discussion Portal Appendice Discussion Appendice TimedText TimedText talk Modulo Discussion Modulo Evento Discussion Evento 0 13573 705661 672245 2026-11-07T23:06:03Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 705661 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = ''Feijoa sellowiana'' | image = Acca sellowiana Fruit MHNT Fronton.jpg | image_caption = Fructo | image_alt = Oblong green fruits | image2 = Acca sellowiana-IMG 0248.jpg | image2_caption = Flor | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn |author=IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group, Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI). |author2=Canteiro, C. |year=2019 |title=''Acca sellowiana'' |volume=2019 |page=e.T152946605A152946607 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T152946605A152946607.en |access-date=22 March 2023}}</ref> | image2_alt = Flowers with many red stamens tipped with yellow anthers, petals white with pink streaks | domain = [[Eukaryota]] | regnum = [[Planta]]e | superdivisio = [[Embryophyta]] | divisio = [[Tracheophyta]] | subdivisio = [[Spermophyta]] | superclassis = [[Angiospermae]] | classis = [[Eudicotyledoneae]] | infraclassis = [[Rosidae]] | superordo = [[Malvidae]] | ordo = [[Myrtales]] | familia = [[Myrtaceae]] | subfamilia = [[Myrtoideae]] | taxon_rank = [[Genere]] | taxon = ''Feijoa'' | authority = O.Berg | binomial = ''Feijoa sellowiana'' | binomial_authority = ([[Otto Karl Berg|O.Berg]]) O.Berg | synonyms_ref = <ref name="POWO">{{cite web|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:596467-1|title=Feijoa; in Plants of the World Online|date=2020|author=Govaerts R.|publisher=Kew|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708134342/https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:596467-1|archivedate=2023-07-08|accessdate=2024-06-10}}</ref> | synonyms = ''Acca sellowiana'' <small>(O.Berg) Burret</small><br /> ''Orthostemon sellowianus'' <small>O.Berg</small> }} Le '''feijoa'''{{linfo}} (''Feijoa sellowiana''), es un [[Arbore|arbusto]] [[fructo|fructal]] del [[Familia (rango taxonomic)|familia]] de [[Myrtaceae]]. Es un arbusto ramificate de crescimento lente que pote attinger 4 a 6 m de altitude. == Nomine == Il es etiam nominate [[Psidium (taxon)|guaviero]] de [[Montevideo]] o guaviero de [[Brasil]]. Le botanista german Otto Karl Berg donava le nomine ''feijoa'' al planta in hommage al botanista brasilian João da Silva Feijó e le [[epitheto]] ''sellowiana'', in memoria de Friedrich Sellow (1789-1831), naturalista e viagiator german que collectava plantas in Brasil et Uruguay et que apportava pro prime vice le feijoa a Europa. == Description == [[File:Feijoa sellowiana .jpg|thumb|Flor|left|150px]] Illo es native de America del Sud, il prospera in le terras alte del sud de Brasil e le Nord de [[Argentina]]. Resiste al frigido, benque non infra le -5&nbsp;°C. Es sensibile a alte [[temperatura]]s et [[siccitate]] del [[aere]]. Illo ha un [[cortice]] de color gris pallide e squamose, su foliage es persistente e illo possede [[branca|branchettas]] rigide. Su folios son persistente, simple ovoide o elliptic, verde obscur in le verso et blanchette in le reverso. Su flores de color blanc - rubie ha [[stamine]]s numerose con antenna de color jalne intense o rubie, e son ornamental. Le pollinisation es realisate per [[aves]] o [[insecto]]s, specialmente le [[ape]]s. Le floration a loco in Junio e Julio. Iste arbuste pote ser utilisate pro [[sepe]] o pro scopo [[ornamento|ornamental]]. === Fructo === Le fructo es un [[bacca]] oblonge de 4 a 6 cm de longe et 3 a 5 de large , verde obscur in le maturitate, con aroma agradabile proprie. La fructification require un [[climate]] fresc. Le pulpa del fructo es carnose, blanchette o jalne, e fragrante. Le fructo es comestibile e ric in [[vitamina]]s B e C con illoe on pote facer bibitas, galea, gelatos et marmeladas. Le fructo ha semines; illo ha un gusto acide-dulce e un [[aroma]] deliciose que face pensar al [[ananas]], le [[Guayaba|guava]] e le [[fraga]]. Le fructo es nominate equalmente feijoa, guava ananas, [[guayaba|guava]] de Brasil o guava de Montevideo. == Vide etiam == * [[Guayaba]] {{refer}} [[Categoria:Myrtales]] [[Categoria:Arbores]] [[Categoria:Alimentos]] r36ohl06ojr0ftb6ng9luji9qhbid3v 102 29865 705649 705412 2026-11-07T19:13:16Z ListeriaBot 24326 Wikidata list updated [V2] 705649 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} Lista de homines con position [[Presidente del Statos Unite de America]]. {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q5 . ?item wdt:P39 wd:Q11696 } |wdq= |columns=label,P18,P569,P570,P1412 |sort=P569 |thumb=48 |links= |references=all }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! label ! imagine ! data de nascentia ! data de morte ! linguas parlate o scribite |- | [[George Washington]] | [[File:Gilbert Stuart Williamstown Portrait of George Washington.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1732" | 1732-02-22<ref 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Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cb7e3691f7e193dcee107c8f43e696dbf8e7ab31ee607bd50e722e0bab724f03">''[[:d:Q523660|International Music Score Library Project]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0b6394c9b71b4096d2093e1c96ed71f61a31b392bc22d3542305c22bb29142a2">''[[:d:Q2877812|Babelio]]''</ref><ref name="ref_809bfc42b0331ca57d8bfb459567d8a5c7896619bfbd4d734e58da3bcfe648f9">''[[:d:Q21491701|KNAW Past Members]]''</ref><ref name="ref_1b1be539a4dd280fc69294e971af2196dba0a74c48f48a27adc03b5af959a638">''[[:d:Q6023365|Internet Philosophy Ontology project]]''</ref><ref name="ref_39693e519a3b4bd531145c748da5e69c7198327e7f598d4477bf605c4c01d83f">https://brockhaus.de/ecs/julex/article/jefferson-thomas</ref><ref 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Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_1b0f99fd57fe9cab119191937398ab42099888813675d6410e1093e487cb6d76">''[[:d:Q16744133|CONOR.SI]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua francese|francese]]<br/>[[Lingua italian|italiano]]<br/>[[Lingua latin|latino]]<br/>[[Lingua grec|greco]] |- | [[James Madison]] | [[File:James Madison.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1751" | 1751-03-16<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref> | 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name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> |- | [[William Henry Harrison]] | [[File:William Henry Harrison by James Reid Lambdin, 1835.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1773" | 1773-02-09<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref 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name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_68e53db8135be6b8102e4ae06b4ebc4d36ee3704ac87bbf731541fa5b1e810e3">https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/certificate-the-death-president-harrison</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua latin|latino]] |- | [[Martin Van Buren]] | [[File:Martin Van Buren by Mathew Brady c1855-58 sepia original restored.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1782" | 1782-12-05<ref 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Martin Van Buren (1792-1862), eighth president of the United States]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua nederlandese|nederlandese]] |- | [[Zachary Taylor]] | [[File:Zachary Taylor 2.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1784" | 1784-11-24<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1850" | 1850-07-09<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_a9f0627cb3d997348a193bdbf6cc5d89a38361ef730289686793d65b058206c6">https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/announcement-the-vice-president-the-death-president-taylor</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> |- | [[John Tyler]] | [[File:WHOportTyler.jpg|center|48px]]<ref name="ref_6b99b90066c0384bbaa48c1d781eb61e0a90a7836271e30b0f6abf1890d1d2cd">https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/john-tyler/</ref> | data-sort-value="1790" | 1790-03-29<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref 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(cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1791" | 1791-04-23<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1868" | 1868-06-01<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua latin|latino]]<br/>[[Lingua grec|greco]] |- | [[James K. Polk]] | [[File:James K. Polk restored (3x4 cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1795" | 1795-11-02<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_4206c52d58d3c1648a46c1eacfa0097fabf724f8328f2d6dd44548f08476539b">''[[:d:Q27230564|NCpedia]]''</ref><ref 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name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_4206c52d58d3c1648a46c1eacfa0097fabf724f8328f2d6dd44548f08476539b">''[[:d:Q27230564|NCpedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua latin|latino]]<br/>[[Lingua grec|greco]] |- | [[Millard Fillmore]] | [[File:Millard Fillmore.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1800" | 1800-01-07<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1874" | 1874-03-08<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> |- | [[Franklin Pierce]] | [[File:Franklin Pierce.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1804" | 1804-11-23<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1869" | 1869-10-08<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> |- | [[Andrew Johnson]] | [[File:President Andrew Johnson.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1808" | 1808-12-29<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_4206c52d58d3c1648a46c1eacfa0097fabf724f8328f2d6dd44548f08476539b">''[[:d:Q27230564|NCpedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1875" | 1875-07-31<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_4206c52d58d3c1648a46c1eacfa0097fabf724f8328f2d6dd44548f08476539b">''[[:d:Q27230564|NCpedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> |- | [[Abraham Lincoln]] | [[File:Abraham Lincoln O-77 matte collodion print.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1809" | 1809-02-12<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_c36c72f29db9cfaf1c92da48f13d42191614c34ede943eb9d82d9f258f6f0bf0">http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/abraham-lincoln-is-born</ref><ref name="ref_029f21bea95e05de06bc20a6e30cad0aebfbf5b86730f991764cde61b6e997a3">http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/lincoln_abraham.shtml</ref><ref name="ref_9844bc45f4969868152bf8b43b8d6891f83f2f5144919b4f1f9689f004f02b8c">''[[:d:Q103867811|Lincoln, Abraham (1809-1865), sixteenth president of the United States]]''</ref><ref name="ref_e4f55b881529b241e268dd3ead5a85bdaaf727dc145fd2ebe9822babbc994382">https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-lincoln-and-darwin-shaped-the-modern-world-45447280/</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8281a8144a7f9896829b9934f7bdbb10157c1b2c1978fe441986b385b54a1b6b">''[[:d:Q2629164|ISFDB]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0b6394c9b71b4096d2093e1c96ed71f61a31b392bc22d3542305c22bb29142a2">''[[:d:Q2877812|Babelio]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1865" | 1865-04-15<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_a0130cc8994787488a14a8912362e035c48227b0e5dae9e04e1d507013dccda8">https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/april-15-1865-tragic-last-hours-abraham-lincoln</ref><ref name="ref_9844bc45f4969868152bf8b43b8d6891f83f2f5144919b4f1f9689f004f02b8c">''[[:d:Q103867811|Lincoln, Abraham (1809-1865), sixteenth president of the United States]]''</ref><ref name="ref_79cd06309a0a5ca5193379ba2ee2612f442f723572d072704d57fe785205731b">https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/visibleproofs/galleries/cases/lincoln.html</ref><ref name="ref_029f21bea95e05de06bc20a6e30cad0aebfbf5b86730f991764cde61b6e997a3">http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/lincoln_abraham.shtml</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8281a8144a7f9896829b9934f7bdbb10157c1b2c1978fe441986b385b54a1b6b">''[[:d:Q2629164|ISFDB]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0b6394c9b71b4096d2093e1c96ed71f61a31b392bc22d3542305c22bb29142a2">''[[:d:Q2877812|Babelio]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_1b0f99fd57fe9cab119191937398ab42099888813675d6410e1093e487cb6d76">''[[:d:Q16744133|CONOR.SI]]''</ref><br/>[[anglese american]] |- | [[Ulysses S. Grant]] | [[File:Ulysses S. Grant 1870-1880.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1822" | 1822-04-27<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47">''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1885" | 1885-07-23<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47">''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_1b0f99fd57fe9cab119191937398ab42099888813675d6410e1093e487cb6d76">''[[:d:Q16744133|CONOR.SI]]''</ref> |- | [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] | [[File:President Rutherford Hayes 1870 - 1880 Restored.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1822" | 1822-10-04<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1893" | 1893-01-17<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua latin|latino]]<br/>[[Lingua grec|greco]] |- | [[Chester A. Arthur]] | [[File:Chester A. Arthur by Abraham Bogardus.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1829" | 1829-10-05<ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1886" | 1886-11-18<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua latin|latino]]<br/>''[[:d:Q11871956|greco classic]]'' |- | [[James A. Garfield]] | [[File:James Abram Garfield, photo portrait seated.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1831" | 1831-11-19<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_34e46dbfa37bac3c07eedb582f5b0c7a2996302c003e5f19915712beae24475a">''[[:d:Q10855166|The Fine Art Archive]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1881" | 1881-09-19<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_34e46dbfa37bac3c07eedb582f5b0c7a2996302c003e5f19915712beae24475a">''[[:d:Q10855166|The Fine Art Archive]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua latin|latino]]<br/>[[Lingua grec|greco]] |- | [[Benjamin Harrison]] | [[File:Benjamin Harrison, head and shoulders bw photo, 1896.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1833" | 1833-08-20<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1901" | 1901-03-13<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> |- | [[Grover Cleveland]] | [[File:Grover Cleveland - NARA - 518139 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1837" | 1837-03-18<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47">''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1908" | 1908-06-24<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref 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name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_1b0f99fd57fe9cab119191937398ab42099888813675d6410e1093e487cb6d76">''[[:d:Q16744133|CONOR.SI]]''</ref> |- | [[William McKinley]] | [[File:William mckinley.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1843" | 1843-01-29<ref name="ref_dc94c0369b0c0704b1297c5e5d6c30196103b012e010ca8d43a5cc6a1cbde10b">''[[:d:Q37312|Internet Movie Database]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF 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name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93525d597abfc11843208a057ab6a3214e596cb962c394ca2d936705dc4845c">''[[:d:Q3621644|Archivio Storico Ricordi]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1901" | 1901-09-14<ref name="ref_dc94c0369b0c0704b1297c5e5d6c30196103b012e010ca8d43a5cc6a1cbde10b">''[[:d:Q37312|Internet Movie Database]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref 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anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> |- | [[Woodrow Wilson]] | [[File:President Woodrow Wilson Harris & Ewing (3x4 cropped b).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1856" | 1856-12-28<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d5f26cb3b039f7981a169d6e224fa3929543e5e5ca5a60cbcdb33e2081cf18b4">''[[:d:Q504063|Discogs]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47">''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0cea21303047f48b5431165959194e6d99dc9b3afe17a9264a3a4f9612c9c52f">''[[:d:Q107212659|www.accademiadellescienze.it]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105">''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1924" | 1924-02-03<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_f836e754ed6fd92aed5a11dda26690e5b5f0f6de33f2112f753d955c72d22bfb">''[[:d:Q103885474|Wilson, Woodrow (28/29 Dec. 1856–03 February 1924), the twenty-eighth president of the United States]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d5f26cb3b039f7981a169d6e224fa3929543e5e5ca5a60cbcdb33e2081cf18b4">''[[:d:Q504063|Discogs]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0cea21303047f48b5431165959194e6d99dc9b3afe17a9264a3a4f9612c9c52f">''[[:d:Q107212659|www.accademiadellescienze.it]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105">''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_1b0f99fd57fe9cab119191937398ab42099888813675d6410e1093e487cb6d76">''[[:d:Q16744133|CONOR.SI]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua german|germano]] |- | [[William Howard Taft]] | [[File:Cabinet card of William Howard Taft by Pach Brothers - Cropped to image.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1857" | 1857-09-15<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d5f26cb3b039f7981a169d6e224fa3929543e5e5ca5a60cbcdb33e2081cf18b4">''[[:d:Q504063|Discogs]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47">''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1930" | 1930-03-08<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d5f26cb3b039f7981a169d6e224fa3929543e5e5ca5a60cbcdb33e2081cf18b4">''[[:d:Q504063|Discogs]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47">''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> |- | [[Theodore Roosevelt]] | [[File:Theodore Roosevelt by the Pach Bros.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1858" | 1858-10-27<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d5f26cb3b039f7981a169d6e224fa3929543e5e5ca5a60cbcdb33e2081cf18b4">''[[:d:Q504063|Discogs]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8281a8144a7f9896829b9934f7bdbb10157c1b2c1978fe441986b385b54a1b6b">''[[:d:Q2629164|ISFDB]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47">''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_91def873cdbde77d744f48f86aa46016c6e6b9c226e31c32c3c11c543a173556">''[[:d:Q55740543|La France savante]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07af80eea8b2217349d28e572c0868ba7e82fd43670ad720030deb7c8f6a7a7d">''[[:d:Q1201876|Open Library]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1919" | 1919-01-06<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_2b943d7bab6c86e36f0f773338a2cf2ad34dde89d6e1671f4293261ae452d32a">''[[:d:Q17378135|Velika sovjetska enciklopedija (1969–1978)]]''</ref><ref 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name="ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47">''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_91def873cdbde77d744f48f86aa46016c6e6b9c226e31c32c3c11c543a173556">''[[:d:Q55740543|La France savante]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_1b0f99fd57fe9cab119191937398ab42099888813675d6410e1093e487cb6d76">''[[:d:Q16744133|CONOR.SI]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua francese|francese]]<br/>[[Lingua german|germano]]<br/>[[Lingua italian|italiano]] |- | [[Warren G. Harding]] | [[File:Warren G Harding portrait as senator June 1920.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1865" | 1865-11-02<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d5f26cb3b039f7981a169d6e224fa3929543e5e5ca5a60cbcdb33e2081cf18b4">''[[:d:Q504063|Discogs]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47">''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1923" | 1923-08-02<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d5f26cb3b039f7981a169d6e224fa3929543e5e5ca5a60cbcdb33e2081cf18b4">''[[:d:Q504063|Discogs]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47">''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> |- | [[Calvin Coolidge]] | [[File:President Calvin Coolidge, 1924 portrait photograph (3x4 cropped).jpeg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1872" | 1872-07-04<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47">''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1933" | 1933-01-05<ref name="ref_2b943d7bab6c86e36f0f773338a2cf2ad34dde89d6e1671f4293261ae452d32a">''[[:d:Q17378135|Velika sovjetska enciklopedija (1969–1978)]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d5f26cb3b039f7981a169d6e224fa3929543e5e5ca5a60cbcdb33e2081cf18b4">''[[:d:Q504063|Discogs]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47">''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> |- | [[Herbert Hoover]] | [[File:President Hoover portrait.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1874" | 1874-08-10<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d5f26cb3b039f7981a169d6e224fa3929543e5e5ca5a60cbcdb33e2081cf18b4">''[[:d:Q504063|Discogs]]''</ref><ref name="ref_210467c77a239161fa10efff111be48df9bfdd5aa580cf4187aa5dde9bba39f5">''[[:d:Q27798054|The Biographical Dictionary of Iowa]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-10-20<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d5f26cb3b039f7981a169d6e224fa3929543e5e5ca5a60cbcdb33e2081cf18b4">''[[:d:Q504063|Discogs]]''</ref><ref name="ref_210467c77a239161fa10efff111be48df9bfdd5aa580cf4187aa5dde9bba39f5">''[[:d:Q27798054|The Biographical Dictionary of Iowa]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_1b0f99fd57fe9cab119191937398ab42099888813675d6410e1093e487cb6d76">''[[:d:Q16744133|CONOR.SI]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua latin|latino]]<br/>[[Lingua chinese mandarin|mandarin]] |- | [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] | [[File:FDR 1944 Color Portrait.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1882" | 1882-01-30<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cdef21979db91033a066302059358f4e4b21f930674db43f61ff78468b210334">''[[:d:Q15706812|filmportal.de]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105">''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_310dbc1a4c1681a41f8299f8b3d2eb5bc87e17365b4ba798899aafe25393aa95">''[[:d:Q110279963|Oorlogsbronnen]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-04-12<ref name="ref_03d5f100c913b2e812387e3bf72642d55b4a39550d74a28e15b8411569c82e6a">''[[:d:Q15528672|The Cold War: A New History (1 ed.)]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cdef21979db91033a066302059358f4e4b21f930674db43f61ff78468b210334">''[[:d:Q15706812|filmportal.de]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105">''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_310dbc1a4c1681a41f8299f8b3d2eb5bc87e17365b4ba798899aafe25393aa95">''[[:d:Q110279963|Oorlogsbronnen]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_1b0f99fd57fe9cab119191937398ab42099888813675d6410e1093e487cb6d76">''[[:d:Q16744133|CONOR.SI]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua german|germano]]<br/>[[Lingua francese|francese]]<br/>[[anglese american]] |- | [[Harry S. Truman]] | [[File:TRUMAN 58-766-06 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1884" | 1884-05-08<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d5f26cb3b039f7981a169d6e224fa3929543e5e5ca5a60cbcdb33e2081cf18b4">''[[:d:Q504063|Discogs]]''</ref><ref 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Eisenhower]] | [[File:Dwight D. 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name="ref_310dbc1a4c1681a41f8299f8b3d2eb5bc87e17365b4ba798899aafe25393aa95">''[[:d:Q110279963|Oorlogsbronnen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6ad38bcf44918209bda88c11c1936b14329df9d4074ee4ef88e537714b50bb81">''[[:d:Q136324932|Anne Frank Knowledge Base]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_1b0f99fd57fe9cab119191937398ab42099888813675d6410e1093e487cb6d76">''[[:d:Q16744133|CONOR.SI]]''</ref> |- | [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] | [[File:Lyndon B. Johnson, photo portrait, leaning on chair, color cropped.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1908" | 1908-08-27<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cdef21979db91033a066302059358f4e4b21f930674db43f61ff78468b210334">''[[:d:Q15706812|filmportal.de]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1973" | 1973-01-22<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref 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name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cdef21979db91033a066302059358f4e4b21f930674db43f61ff78468b210334">''[[:d:Q15706812|filmportal.de]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105">''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''</ref><ref name="ref_91def873cdbde77d744f48f86aa46016c6e6b9c226e31c32c3c11c543a173556">''[[:d:Q55740543|La France savante]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="2004" | 2004-06-05<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cdef21979db91033a066302059358f4e4b21f930674db43f61ff78468b210334">''[[:d:Q15706812|filmportal.de]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105">''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''</ref><ref name="ref_91def873cdbde77d744f48f86aa46016c6e6b9c226e31c32c3c11c543a173556">''[[:d:Q55740543|La France savante]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | [[anglese american]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_1b0f99fd57fe9cab119191937398ab42099888813675d6410e1093e487cb6d76">''[[:d:Q16744133|CONOR.SI]]''</ref> |- | [[Gerald Ford]] | [[File:Gerald Ford presidential portrait (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1913" | 1913-07-14<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="2006" | 2006-12-26<ref name="ref_7bf704def956243e2e9a571b9341582e07f18e2115bc1d89e85c3524c8818b5c">http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/26/AR2006122601257.html</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> |- | [[Richard Nixon]] | [[File:Richard Nixon presidential portrait.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1913" | 1913-01-09<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_9c9569741413fc2cd3934b23315b037c7c46c3a760c861b191c6a8a7d3cc246c">''[[:d:Q103873289|Nixon, Richard Milhous (09 January 1913–22 April 1994), thirty-seventh president of the United States]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0b6394c9b71b4096d2093e1c96ed71f61a31b392bc22d3542305c22bb29142a2">''[[:d:Q2877812|Babelio]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cdef21979db91033a066302059358f4e4b21f930674db43f61ff78468b210334">''[[:d:Q15706812|filmportal.de]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105">''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''</ref><ref 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name="ref_9c9569741413fc2cd3934b23315b037c7c46c3a760c861b191c6a8a7d3cc246c">''[[:d:Q103873289|Nixon, Richard Milhous (09 January 1913–22 April 1994), thirty-seventh president of the United States]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0b6394c9b71b4096d2093e1c96ed71f61a31b392bc22d3542305c22bb29142a2">''[[:d:Q2877812|Babelio]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cdef21979db91033a066302059358f4e4b21f930674db43f61ff78468b210334">''[[:d:Q15706812|filmportal.de]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref 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Kennedy]] | [[File:John F. Kennedy, White House color photo portrait.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1917" | 1917-05-29<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cdef21979db91033a066302059358f4e4b21f930674db43f61ff78468b210334">''[[:d:Q15706812|filmportal.de]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8aa285cbc79cce6633ec1022cd057bd3f4ef46687f42037874b9bf61958f13de">''[[:d:Q39845173|Frankfurter Personenlexikon]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d6422606bc2ee4732a2ddab13ce37f41a833155bca72c04426ba73f232724703">''[[:d:Q98839586|TracesOfWar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_69468c245a16cd051f0941469dba192d0479ffa4f0f56cc9c298091c1ecbb5cf">''[[:d:Q101207543|AlKindi]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105">''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-11-22<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_2b943d7bab6c86e36f0f773338a2cf2ad34dde89d6e1671f4293261ae452d32a">''[[:d:Q17378135|Velika sovjetska enciklopedija (1969–1978)]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cdef21979db91033a066302059358f4e4b21f930674db43f61ff78468b210334">''[[:d:Q15706812|filmportal.de]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8aa285cbc79cce6633ec1022cd057bd3f4ef46687f42037874b9bf61958f13de">''[[:d:Q39845173|Frankfurter Personenlexikon]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d6422606bc2ee4732a2ddab13ce37f41a833155bca72c04426ba73f232724703">''[[:d:Q98839586|TracesOfWar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_69468c245a16cd051f0941469dba192d0479ffa4f0f56cc9c298091c1ecbb5cf">''[[:d:Q101207543|AlKindi]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105">''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_1b0f99fd57fe9cab119191937398ab42099888813675d6410e1093e487cb6d76">''[[:d:Q16744133|CONOR.SI]]''</ref> |- | [[George H. W. Bush]] | [[File:George H. W. Bush presidential portrait (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1924" | 1924-06-12<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105">''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="2018" | 2018-11-30<ref name="ref_cb4d33fd1aa6be6094b17912c58092220fa336e6255c3ad69abe67882e8c39bc">https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/george-hw-bush-41st-president-of-the-united-states-dies-at-94/2018/11/30/42fa2ea2-61e2-11e8-99d2-0d678ec08c2f_story.html?noredirect=on</ref><ref name="ref_db6a8ee2bad51e274071952767109125c27acadc34d8a94de7b8082544b2f750">https://www.tagesschau.de/ausland/bushgeorge-senior-nachruf-101.html</ref><ref name="ref_9d76824d3d1e388f56cb0b1348fd29ea97ecb810f7960b63f3731e489afc581e">https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/heute/ohne-george-bush-senior-keine-deutsche-einheit-100.html</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105">''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref><ref name="ref_1b0f99fd57fe9cab119191937398ab42099888813675d6410e1093e487cb6d76">''[[:d:Q16744133|CONOR.SI]]''</ref> |- | [[Jimmy Carter]] | [[File:JimmyCarterPortrait2.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1924" | 1924-10-01<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0b6394c9b71b4096d2093e1c96ed71f61a31b392bc22d3542305c22bb29142a2">''[[:d:Q2877812|Babelio]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="2024" | 2024-12-29<ref name="ref_af0c3149b6cf8293ebbef210ebb13b43b4c66000f3ce41e1cb0f17c6fa2733f6">https://www.reuters.com/world/us/former-us-president-jimmy-carter-dies-100-atlanta-journal-constitution-reports-2024-12-29/</ref><ref name="ref_cec36c255a49b1ff0027d6542eebd6876a1f313031992d16b41ecc416469f0fa">https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2024/12/29/jimmy-carter-president-dead/</ref><ref name="ref_e0f3031b092405e5a6ebb848868066dd9d3a7ecf5c07babdcfe8b7db3a7f9bde">https://www.ajc.com/news/former-us-president-jimmy-carter-100-dies/3ODQTR5NHVDTDF2SXOU34MKNZM/</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_1b0f99fd57fe9cab119191937398ab42099888813675d6410e1093e487cb6d76">''[[:d:Q16744133|CONOR.SI]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua espaniol|espaniol]] |- | [[Joe Biden]] | [[File:Joe Biden presidential portrait.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-11-20<ref name="ref_dc94c0369b0c0704b1297c5e5d6c30196103b012e010ca8d43a5cc6a1cbde10b">''[[:d:Q37312|Internet Movie Database]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref> |- | [[George W. Bush]] | [[File:George-W-Bush.jpeg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-07-06<ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_34e46dbfa37bac3c07eedb582f5b0c7a2996302c003e5f19915712beae24475a">''[[:d:Q10855166|The Fine Art Archive]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fb1f64d34c5132f5694317071ca178ed1972feacbb7953a7f9690398b08c1731">''[[:d:Q13219454|Library of Congress Authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_1b0f99fd57fe9cab119191937398ab42099888813675d6410e1093e487cb6d76">''[[:d:Q16744133|CONOR.SI]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua espaniol|espaniol]]<ref name="ref_b0f52d9315495ac0a577104d00267d6082109d6e29f871f19245a0a89bbf47dd">https://www.youtube.com/shorts/7F_cIv26wkE</ref> |- | [[Bill Clinton]] | [[File:Bill Clinton.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-08-19<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_35b9c44b27059f41e1afd57e82f3d1a18bacbbcb9adc263e32918db6e938ca14">https://brockhaus.de/ecs/julex/article/bill-clinton</ref><ref name="ref_34e46dbfa37bac3c07eedb582f5b0c7a2996302c003e5f19915712beae24475a">''[[:d:Q10855166|The Fine Art Archive]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref> | | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_1b0f99fd57fe9cab119191937398ab42099888813675d6410e1093e487cb6d76">''[[:d:Q16744133|CONOR.SI]]''</ref> |- | [[Donald Trump]] | [[File:Official Presidential Portrait of President Donald J. Trump (2025) (3x4).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-06-14<ref name="ref_dc94c0369b0c0704b1297c5e5d6c30196103b012e010ca8d43a5cc6a1cbde10b">''[[:d:Q37312|Internet Movie Database]]''</ref><ref name="ref_5c7fb41ccb0937d85635d68c2ee5b32a1d33cc6ce6d726d3efdcf35983d3872e">http://www.foxnews.com/projects/pdf/20110328125536753.pdf</ref><ref name="ref_d3141e79d33d42be119e8e11c3d5fbd5518b40ac0ec38b42a85581e254b9545f">http://abcnews.go.com/US/page?id=13248168</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_f2c80df09e95b58628606a2c8a10b00cd8a6048c2ebdae04cf3f20d42f6c2393">''[[:d:Q31964|Internet Broadway Database]]''</ref><ref name="ref_01e68f4adba0edf05140c40a86fa5a109bcc7a7419480c1ae3c216831c758462">https://brockhaus.de/ecs/julex/article/trump-donald-john</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref><ref name="ref_1b0f99fd57fe9cab119191937398ab42099888813675d6410e1093e487cb6d76">''[[:d:Q16744133|CONOR.SI]]''</ref><br/>[[anglese american]] |- | [[Barack Obama]] | [[File:President Barack Obama.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-08-04<ref name="ref_ce4a8d367adcc3857b7eccded8854bd2b3c1b3bd2fc3444ee90b9838787b85e9">''[[:d:Q14527788|Barack Obama birth certificate]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_dc94c0369b0c0704b1297c5e5d6c30196103b012e010ca8d43a5cc6a1cbde10b">''[[:d:Q37312|Internet Movie Database]]''</ref><ref name="ref_4461cb82d0144c967ee80b0aa433d4075a10c70e928d7e315afb7ab452560934">http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2009/obama-facts.html</ref><ref name="ref_75f410066e7f65c92af7e5e0cb4798bd37f034883b838792a166eee2264e9e11">''[[:d:Q17299517|RKDartists]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0b6394c9b71b4096d2093e1c96ed71f61a31b392bc22d3542305c22bb29142a2">''[[:d:Q2877812|Babelio]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref> | | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_1b0f99fd57fe9cab119191937398ab42099888813675d6410e1093e487cb6d76">''[[:d:Q16744133|CONOR.SI]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua indonesian|indonesiano]]<ref name="ref_d5ca1fe1e63563398946bff8331f556dc5dbdd7b70936a5520ccf6a2e6cf14aa">http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/01/24/obama-speaks-indonesian-wishes-return-menteng.html</ref> |} {{Wikidata list end}} [[Categoria:Presidentes del Statos Unite|~]] pmcv9qtt6hqei340aeqq6bhzsfe21nm 0 30175 705651 673129 2026-11-07T20:09:33Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 705651 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/articulo}} '''Radio Studio 54 Network''' o '''Studio 54 Network''' es una [[radio]] con sede en [[Locri]], [[Calabria]], [[Italia]]. La radio esseva fundada con el nome ''Radio DJ Club Studio 54'' el [[6 de junio]] [[1985]] da un'idea di Pietro Parretta e Francesco Massara, con Enzo Gatto, Memmo Minniti, Pietro Musmeci. [[File:Radio Studio 54 Network logo.svg|thumb|Logo de Studio 54 Network]] == Programmas == * ''54 News'', l'informazione in tempo reale, dalle 7 alle 21.00, ogni punto ora. * ''Soundtracks - il cinema alla radio'', alle 8.40, 15.10, 23. * ''Promodisco'', alle 12.40, alle 17.40 ed alle 19.40. * ''History Time'' con Luciano Procopio, alle 13.30, 23.30 e alle 5.10 * ''Area 54 - All days'', alle 14,30 e alle 21.30. * ''Pezzi da 90'', alle 22. * ''Rock Italia'', alle 8.40, 9.45, 21.20, 23.45. * ''Italia in Prima Pagina'', informazione ed approfondimenti, dalle 6 alle 10.00. * ''Rock Collection'', alle 14 ed alle 21. * ''54 Disco Hit'', alle 7.30, 13, 18 ed alle 22. * ''Rock a Mezzanotte'', dopo le 24.00. * ''Action Parade'', alle 9.45 ed alle 22.20. * ''The Ultimate Ipod Collection'', alle 10.20 ed alle 2.20. * ''Edizione Limitata'', alle 20.40 ed alle 3.40. * ''Concerto Impossibile'', alle 3.20 e alle 20.40. * ''Emozioni'', dalle 23.30. * ''Dejà vu'', alle 12.30. * ''Celebrity'', alle 10.10 e alle 21.30. * ''Storie'', alle 14.00 e alle 18.40. == Staff actual == * '''Editor''': [[Francesco Massara]]. * '''Fonicos''': Giuseppe Romeo, Mimmo De Marco, Piero Fiumanò, Vincenzo Macrì * '''Conductores''': Luciano Procopio, Rossella Laface, Enzo DiChiera, Marika Torcivia, Demetrio Malgeri, Franco Siciliano, Paolo Sia, Mara Rechichi * '''Responsable Casa Discografiche''': Daniela Panetta * '''Programmation Musicale''': Francesco D'Augello, Daniela Panetta <ref>Bumbaca, Domenica (26 Aprile 2012). [http://www.ntacalabria.it/76867/a-locri-rc-1-maggio-allinsegna-della-musica/ "A Locri (RC) 1° maggio all'insegna della musica"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630172729/http://www.ntacalabria.it/76867/a-locri-rc-1-maggio-allinsegna-della-musica/ |date=2012-06-30 }}. ''Ntà Calabria''.</ref> == Staff del Pasado == Memmo Minniti, Tommaso Massara, Clementina Parretta, Enzo Gatto, Francesca Ritorto, Pino Martelli, Espedita Rechichi, Sergio Minniti, Gianluca Laganà, Rossana Pedullà, Ugo La Macchia, Paolo Guerrieri, Antonio Lombardo, Rosy Carelli, Giuseppe Galluzzo, Peppe Lentini, Paolo Guerrieri, Chiara Mearelli, Luca Filippone, Enrico Ventrice, Valentina Ammirato, Massimo Apa, Emily e Debora LoGiacco, Barbara Costa, Pasquale Fragomeni, Roberta Rupo, Veronica De Biase, Valentina Geracitano, Francesco Cunsolo, Francesco Parasporo, Antonella Romeo, Eleonora Femia, Rosana e Regina Garofalo, Debora Sainato, Ugo Lully Tommaselli, Pino Trecozzi, Luigi Grandinetti, Eddy ed Ottavia Lombardo, Antony Greco, Sandro Pascuzzo, Giuseppe Evalto, Stefania Morabito. == References == {{reflist}} == Ligamines externe == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20191225112737/http://www.studio54network.it/ Site Uficiale] * [http://share.xdevel.com/scriptshare/streamsolution/playeros/index.php?logobackground=000000&logo=true&autostart=true&height=36&width=380&id=442964986e275016d0e4a3e3ec40e0d6 Webcast de Studio 54 Network] [[Categoria:Canales de radio]] [[Categoria:Calabria]] nl82g6xvsz0u4he6nv6pbhdjzx3spng 102 30221 705670 705047 2026-11-08T01:19:18Z ListeriaBot 24326 Wikidata list updated [V2] 705670 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q5 . ?item wdt:P39 wd:Q191954 } |wdq= |columns=item,label,P18,P569,P570,P21,P1412 |sort=P569 |thumb=48 |links= |references=all }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! item ! label ! imagine ! data de nascentia ! data de morte ! sexo ! linguas parlate o scribite |- | [[:d:Q5738|Q5738]] | ''[[:d:Q5738|Adolphe Thiers]]'' | [[File:Adolphe Thiers par Nadar.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1797" | 1797-04-15<ref name="ref_2d137e486364444496cdd22e6dc5c9ed5fc27b785179d5e6e38164397e580170">http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k75235833/f3</ref><ref name="ref_4e91f12c5caea87a7e19cd98f58d4da7a06a57a47c6d4dd0100e3199723cc941">''[[:d:Q15271528|Sycomore]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0cea21303047f48b5431165959194e6d99dc9b3afe17a9264a3a4f9612c9c52f">''[[:d:Q107212659|www.accademiadellescienze.it]]''</ref><ref name="ref_34e46dbfa37bac3c07eedb582f5b0c7a2996302c003e5f19915712beae24475a">''[[:d:Q10855166|The Fine Art Archive]]''</ref><ref name="ref_91def873cdbde77d744f48f86aa46016c6e6b9c226e31c32c3c11c543a173556">''[[:d:Q55740543|La France savante]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1877" | 1877-09-03<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_06d8870214b35d1f394cce2c9830907b9c1bb23d3a2910f71f321512e7a44fb3">''[[:d:Q111695467|senat.fr]]''</ref><ref 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name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1931" | 1931-06-22<ref name="ref_06d8870214b35d1f394cce2c9830907b9c1bb23d3a2910f71f321512e7a44fb3">''[[:d:Q111695467|senat.fr]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF 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''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q315656|Q315656]] | ''[[:d:Q315656|Jean Casimir-Perier]]'' | [[File:The evolution of France under the third republic (1897) (14782527405).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1847" | 1847-11-08<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_4e91f12c5caea87a7e19cd98f58d4da7a06a57a47c6d4dd0100e3199723cc941">''[[:d:Q15271528|Sycomore]]''</ref><ref name="ref_830e96b7f6b0434034e3f0ecf565e1cc3b868d0f65cbb4545401d7a0216cbaad">''[[:d:Q2886420|Léonore database]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1907" | 1907-03-11<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_4e91f12c5caea87a7e19cd98f58d4da7a06a57a47c6d4dd0100e3199723cc941">''[[:d:Q15271528|Sycomore]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q356032|Q356032]] | ''[[:d:Q356032|Charles Dupuy]]'' | [[File:Charles Dupuy, French Prime minister.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1851" | 1851-11-05<ref name="ref_06d8870214b35d1f394cce2c9830907b9c1bb23d3a2910f71f321512e7a44fb3">''[[:d:Q111695467|senat.fr]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_4e91f12c5caea87a7e19cd98f58d4da7a06a57a47c6d4dd0100e3199723cc941">''[[:d:Q15271528|Sycomore]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1923" | 1923-07-23<ref 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name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q12680|Q12680]] | ''[[:d:Q12680|Paul Doumer]]'' | [[File:Paul Doumer in 1931 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1857" | 1857-03-22<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_06d8870214b35d1f394cce2c9830907b9c1bb23d3a2910f71f321512e7a44fb3">''[[:d:Q111695467|senat.fr]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_4e91f12c5caea87a7e19cd98f58d4da7a06a57a47c6d4dd0100e3199723cc941">''[[:d:Q15271528|Sycomore]]''</ref><ref name="ref_830e96b7f6b0434034e3f0ecf565e1cc3b868d0f65cbb4545401d7a0216cbaad">''[[:d:Q2886420|Léonore database]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0b6394c9b71b4096d2093e1c96ed71f61a31b392bc22d3542305c22bb29142a2">''[[:d:Q2877812|Babelio]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1932" | 1932-05-07<ref 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name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1943" | 1943-04-06<ref name="ref_06d8870214b35d1f394cce2c9830907b9c1bb23d3a2910f71f321512e7a44fb3">''[[:d:Q111695467|senat.fr]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_4e91f12c5caea87a7e19cd98f58d4da7a06a57a47c6d4dd0100e3199723cc941">''[[:d:Q15271528|Sycomore]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_1b0f99fd57fe9cab119191937398ab42099888813675d6410e1093e487cb6d76">''[[:d:Q16744133|CONOR.SI]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q191974|Q191974]] | ''[[:d:Q191974|Raymond Poincaré]]'' | [[File:Raymond Poincaré 1914.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1860" | 1860-08-20<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_06d8870214b35d1f394cce2c9830907b9c1bb23d3a2910f71f321512e7a44fb3">''[[:d:Q111695467|senat.fr]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_4e91f12c5caea87a7e19cd98f58d4da7a06a57a47c6d4dd0100e3199723cc941">''[[:d:Q15271528|Sycomore]]''</ref><ref name="ref_830e96b7f6b0434034e3f0ecf565e1cc3b868d0f65cbb4545401d7a0216cbaad">''[[:d:Q2886420|Léonore database]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_60eff1d8010e228bb535322c7a52150c730b2ac70a31ea8c43ee4796853fed0b">''[[:d:Q19847326|Genealogics]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0b6394c9b71b4096d2093e1c96ed71f61a31b392bc22d3542305c22bb29142a2">''[[:d:Q2877812|Babelio]]''</ref><ref name="ref_91def873cdbde77d744f48f86aa46016c6e6b9c226e31c32c3c11c543a173556">''[[:d:Q55740543|La France savante]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1934" | 1934-10-15<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_06d8870214b35d1f394cce2c9830907b9c1bb23d3a2910f71f321512e7a44fb3">''[[:d:Q111695467|senat.fr]]''</ref><ref name="ref_2b943d7bab6c86e36f0f773338a2cf2ad34dde89d6e1671f4293261ae452d32a">''[[:d:Q17378135|Velika sovjetska enciklopedija (1969–1978)]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_4e91f12c5caea87a7e19cd98f58d4da7a06a57a47c6d4dd0100e3199723cc941">''[[:d:Q15271528|Sycomore]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0b6394c9b71b4096d2093e1c96ed71f61a31b392bc22d3542305c22bb29142a2">''[[:d:Q2877812|Babelio]]''</ref><ref name="ref_91def873cdbde77d744f48f86aa46016c6e6b9c226e31c32c3c11c543a173556">''[[:d:Q55740543|La France savante]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q296064|Q296064]] | ''[[:d:Q296064|Gaston Doumergue]]'' | [[File:Gaston Doumergue.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1863" | 1863-08-01<ref name="ref_06d8870214b35d1f394cce2c9830907b9c1bb23d3a2910f71f321512e7a44fb3">''[[:d:Q111695467|senat.fr]]''</ref><ref 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name="ref_60eff1d8010e228bb535322c7a52150c730b2ac70a31ea8c43ee4796853fed0b">''[[:d:Q19847326|Genealogics]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1937" | 1937-06-18<ref name="ref_06d8870214b35d1f394cce2c9830907b9c1bb23d3a2910f71f321512e7a44fb3">''[[:d:Q111695467|senat.fr]]''</ref><ref name="ref_2b943d7bab6c86e36f0f773338a2cf2ad34dde89d6e1671f4293261ae452d32a">''[[:d:Q17378135|Velika sovjetska enciklopedija (1969–1978)]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_4e91f12c5caea87a7e19cd98f58d4da7a06a57a47c6d4dd0100e3199723cc941">''[[:d:Q15271528|Sycomore]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_60eff1d8010e228bb535322c7a52150c730b2ac70a31ea8c43ee4796853fed0b">''[[:d:Q19847326|Genealogics]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q158749|Q158749]] | ''[[:d:Q158749|Albert Lebrun]]'' | [[File:Albert Lebrun 1932 (2).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1871" | 1871-08-29<ref name="ref_06d8870214b35d1f394cce2c9830907b9c1bb23d3a2910f71f321512e7a44fb3">''[[:d:Q111695467|senat.fr]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_830e96b7f6b0434034e3f0ecf565e1cc3b868d0f65cbb4545401d7a0216cbaad">''[[:d:Q2886420|Léonore database]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_18aefea32fc7569d336e783a89a4a17ef89c6cfce5d7c8dcc1f2beda27d07b24">''[[:d:Q57831640|Biographies of the Entomologists of the World]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-03-06<ref name="ref_06d8870214b35d1f394cce2c9830907b9c1bb23d3a2910f71f321512e7a44fb3">''[[:d:Q111695467|senat.fr]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_4e91f12c5caea87a7e19cd98f58d4da7a06a57a47c6d4dd0100e3199723cc941">''[[:d:Q15271528|Sycomore]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_18aefea32fc7569d336e783a89a4a17ef89c6cfce5d7c8dcc1f2beda27d07b24">''[[:d:Q57831640|Biographies of the Entomologists of the World]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_91def873cdbde77d744f48f86aa46016c6e6b9c226e31c32c3c11c543a173556">''[[:d:Q55740543|La France savante]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q459212|Q459212]] | ''[[:d:Q459212|Frédéric François-Marsal]]'' | [[File:Frédéric François-Marsal 1920 (2).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1874" | 1874-03-16<ref name="ref_06d8870214b35d1f394cce2c9830907b9c1bb23d3a2910f71f321512e7a44fb3">''[[:d:Q111695467|senat.fr]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-05-20<br/>1958-05-28<ref name="ref_06d8870214b35d1f394cce2c9830907b9c1bb23d3a2910f71f321512e7a44fb3">''[[:d:Q111695467|senat.fr]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q158768|Q158768]] | ''[[:d:Q158768|René Coty]]'' | [[File:René Coty - 1954.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1882" | 1882-03-20<ref name="ref_06d8870214b35d1f394cce2c9830907b9c1bb23d3a2910f71f321512e7a44fb3">''[[:d:Q111695467|senat.fr]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_4e91f12c5caea87a7e19cd98f58d4da7a06a57a47c6d4dd0100e3199723cc941">''[[:d:Q15271528|Sycomore]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-11-22<ref name="ref_06d8870214b35d1f394cce2c9830907b9c1bb23d3a2910f71f321512e7a44fb3">''[[:d:Q111695467|senat.fr]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q158772|Q158772]] | ''[[:d:Q158772|Vincent Auriol]]'' | [[File:VincentAuriol (cropped).png|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1884" | 1884-08-27<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_4e91f12c5caea87a7e19cd98f58d4da7a06a57a47c6d4dd0100e3199723cc941">''[[:d:Q15271528|Sycomore]]''</ref><ref name="ref_830e96b7f6b0434034e3f0ecf565e1cc3b868d0f65cbb4545401d7a0216cbaad">''[[:d:Q2886420|Léonore database]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0b6394c9b71b4096d2093e1c96ed71f61a31b392bc22d3542305c22bb29142a2">''[[:d:Q2877812|Babelio]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1966" | 1966-01-01<ref name="ref_2b943d7bab6c86e36f0f773338a2cf2ad34dde89d6e1671f4293261ae452d32a">''[[:d:Q17378135|Velika sovjetska enciklopedija (1969–1978)]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_4e91f12c5caea87a7e19cd98f58d4da7a06a57a47c6d4dd0100e3199723cc941">''[[:d:Q15271528|Sycomore]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0b6394c9b71b4096d2093e1c96ed71f61a31b392bc22d3542305c22bb29142a2">''[[:d:Q2877812|Babelio]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q2042|Q2042]] | [[Charles de Gaulle]] | [[File:General Charles de Gaulle in 1945.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1890" | 1890-11-22<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_830e96b7f6b0434034e3f0ecf565e1cc3b868d0f65cbb4545401d7a0216cbaad">''[[:d:Q2886420|Léonore database]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cdef21979db91033a066302059358f4e4b21f930674db43f61ff78468b210334">''[[:d:Q15706812|filmportal.de]]''</ref><ref name="ref_174f3b6de1ffa5f31febcf4b36d12fa1bdc89e5744f395daeb4f38ae4f6b6490">https://brockhaus.de/ecs/julex/article/gaulle-charles-de</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d6422606bc2ee4732a2ddab13ce37f41a833155bca72c04426ba73f232724703">''[[:d:Q98839586|TracesOfWar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_69468c245a16cd051f0941469dba192d0479ffa4f0f56cc9c298091c1ecbb5cf">''[[:d:Q101207543|AlKindi]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105">''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_5d28e019096645cfe22a9568866f314681cb228148e257a3e8b384d41b887669">https://archives.lille.fr/ark:/74900/c9n2fjvqgxtp/1423e394-d12b-45ba-a1c9-40c6170ed566</ref><ref name="ref_6ad38bcf44918209bda88c11c1936b14329df9d4074ee4ef88e537714b50bb81">''[[:d:Q136324932|Anne Frank Knowledge Base]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970-11-09<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cdef21979db91033a066302059358f4e4b21f930674db43f61ff78468b210334">''[[:d:Q15706812|filmportal.de]]''</ref><ref name="ref_174f3b6de1ffa5f31febcf4b36d12fa1bdc89e5744f395daeb4f38ae4f6b6490">https://brockhaus.de/ecs/julex/article/gaulle-charles-de</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d6422606bc2ee4732a2ddab13ce37f41a833155bca72c04426ba73f232724703">''[[:d:Q98839586|TracesOfWar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_69468c245a16cd051f0941469dba192d0479ffa4f0f56cc9c298091c1ecbb5cf">''[[:d:Q101207543|AlKindi]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105">''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_5d28e019096645cfe22a9568866f314681cb228148e257a3e8b384d41b887669">https://archives.lille.fr/ark:/74900/c9n2fjvqgxtp/1423e394-d12b-45ba-a1c9-40c6170ed566</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6ad38bcf44918209bda88c11c1936b14329df9d4074ee4ef88e537714b50bb81">''[[:d:Q136324932|Anne Frank Knowledge Base]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_1b0f99fd57fe9cab119191937398ab42099888813675d6410e1093e487cb6d76">''[[:d:Q16744133|CONOR.SI]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua britone]]<ref name="ref_1059d440bdba1475b4c9f0938bbfac04f4b84976d42f9583eb362ba33f0bb3c4">https://www.ina.fr/ina-eclaire-actu/video/i00012915/discours-de-de-gaulle-en-breton</ref> |- | [[:d:Q312026|Q312026]] | ''[[:d:Q312026|Georges Bidault]]'' | [[File:Georges Bidault.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1899" | 1899-10-05<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cdef21979db91033a066302059358f4e4b21f930674db43f61ff78468b210334">''[[:d:Q15706812|filmportal.de]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d6422606bc2ee4732a2ddab13ce37f41a833155bca72c04426ba73f232724703">''[[:d:Q98839586|TracesOfWar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0b6394c9b71b4096d2093e1c96ed71f61a31b392bc22d3542305c22bb29142a2">''[[:d:Q2877812|Babelio]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_68f8e67832d8c6865ea76f7425eb9868c92b45e238c04b1bd2b0745ac647e71b">''[[:d:Q100324112|Fichier des personnes décédées mirror]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1983" | 1983-01-27<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_4e91f12c5caea87a7e19cd98f58d4da7a06a57a47c6d4dd0100e3199723cc941">''[[:d:Q15271528|Sycomore]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cdef21979db91033a066302059358f4e4b21f930674db43f61ff78468b210334">''[[:d:Q15706812|filmportal.de]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d6422606bc2ee4732a2ddab13ce37f41a833155bca72c04426ba73f232724703">''[[:d:Q98839586|TracesOfWar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_68f8e67832d8c6865ea76f7425eb9868c92b45e238c04b1bd2b0745ac647e71b">''[[:d:Q100324112|Fichier des personnes décédées mirror]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q12950|Q12950]] | ''[[:d:Q12950|Alain Poher]]'' | [[File:Poher 1980s (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1909" | 1909-04-17<ref name="ref_06d8870214b35d1f394cce2c9830907b9c1bb23d3a2910f71f321512e7a44fb3">''[[:d:Q111695467|senat.fr]]''</ref><ref name="ref_06d8870214b35d1f394cce2c9830907b9c1bb23d3a2910f71f321512e7a44fb3">''[[:d:Q111695467|senat.fr]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996-12-09<ref name="ref_06d8870214b35d1f394cce2c9830907b9c1bb23d3a2910f71f321512e7a44fb3">''[[:d:Q111695467|senat.fr]]''</ref><ref name="ref_06d8870214b35d1f394cce2c9830907b9c1bb23d3a2910f71f321512e7a44fb3">''[[:d:Q111695467|senat.fr]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q2185|Q2185]] | [[Georges Pompidou]] | [[File:Georges Pompidou 1969 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1911" | 1911-07-05<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_4e91f12c5caea87a7e19cd98f58d4da7a06a57a47c6d4dd0100e3199723cc941">''[[:d:Q15271528|Sycomore]]''</ref><ref name="ref_e5c9ba4899251719959c10a0df8a24483a549163e9775a1428c4cae7e0866dba">http://www.culture.gouv.fr/public/mistral/leonore_fr?ACTION=CHERCHER&FIELD_1=COTE&VALUE_1=C/0/25</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_68f8e67832d8c6865ea76f7425eb9868c92b45e238c04b1bd2b0745ac647e71b">''[[:d:Q100324112|Fichier des personnes décédées mirror]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974-04-02<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_2b943d7bab6c86e36f0f773338a2cf2ad34dde89d6e1671f4293261ae452d32a">''[[:d:Q17378135|Velika sovjetska enciklopedija (1969–1978)]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_4e91f12c5caea87a7e19cd98f58d4da7a06a57a47c6d4dd0100e3199723cc941">''[[:d:Q15271528|Sycomore]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_68f8e67832d8c6865ea76f7425eb9868c92b45e238c04b1bd2b0745ac647e71b">''[[:d:Q100324112|Fichier des personnes décédées mirror]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua occitan]]<ref name="ref_2b46a2bb70c46c4eeedf76ad50af10cf6cdfe92bca51f004f1264bf742b59599">https://aucoeurduchr.fr/article/auvergne-rhone-alpes/georges-pompidou-le-president-qui-parlait-en-langue-doc/</ref> |- | [[:d:Q2038|Q2038]] | [[François Mitterrand]] | [[File:President François Mitterrand in 1983.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1916" | 1916-10-26<ref name="ref_06d8870214b35d1f394cce2c9830907b9c1bb23d3a2910f71f321512e7a44fb3">''[[:d:Q111695467|senat.fr]]''</ref><ref name="ref_06d8870214b35d1f394cce2c9830907b9c1bb23d3a2910f71f321512e7a44fb3">''[[:d:Q111695467|senat.fr]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_4e91f12c5caea87a7e19cd98f58d4da7a06a57a47c6d4dd0100e3199723cc941">''[[:d:Q15271528|Sycomore]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cdef21979db91033a066302059358f4e4b21f930674db43f61ff78468b210334">''[[:d:Q15706812|filmportal.de]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_b6c1ed6e0b79364beb937e9f272ba78fc56506b29cc3543aa415f471a9b9181f">https://brockhaus.de/ecs/julex/article/mitterrand-francois</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_69468c245a16cd051f0941469dba192d0479ffa4f0f56cc9c298091c1ecbb5cf">''[[:d:Q101207543|AlKindi]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0b6394c9b71b4096d2093e1c96ed71f61a31b392bc22d3542305c22bb29142a2">''[[:d:Q2877812|Babelio]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105">''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996-01-08<ref name="ref_06d8870214b35d1f394cce2c9830907b9c1bb23d3a2910f71f321512e7a44fb3">''[[:d:Q111695467|senat.fr]]''</ref><ref name="ref_06d8870214b35d1f394cce2c9830907b9c1bb23d3a2910f71f321512e7a44fb3">''[[:d:Q111695467|senat.fr]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_4e91f12c5caea87a7e19cd98f58d4da7a06a57a47c6d4dd0100e3199723cc941">''[[:d:Q15271528|Sycomore]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cdef21979db91033a066302059358f4e4b21f930674db43f61ff78468b210334">''[[:d:Q15706812|filmportal.de]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_b6c1ed6e0b79364beb937e9f272ba78fc56506b29cc3543aa415f471a9b9181f">https://brockhaus.de/ecs/julex/article/mitterrand-francois</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_69468c245a16cd051f0941469dba192d0479ffa4f0f56cc9c298091c1ecbb5cf">''[[:d:Q101207543|AlKindi]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0b6394c9b71b4096d2093e1c96ed71f61a31b392bc22d3542305c22bb29142a2">''[[:d:Q2877812|Babelio]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105">''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_1b0f99fd57fe9cab119191937398ab42099888813675d6410e1093e487cb6d76">''[[:d:Q16744133|CONOR.SI]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q2124|Q2124]] | [[Valéry Giscard d'Estaing]] | [[File:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (1975).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1926" | 1926-02-02<ref name="ref_4e91f12c5caea87a7e19cd98f58d4da7a06a57a47c6d4dd0100e3199723cc941">''[[:d:Q15271528|Sycomore]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_60eff1d8010e228bb535322c7a52150c730b2ac70a31ea8c43ee4796853fed0b">''[[:d:Q19847326|Genealogics]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0b6394c9b71b4096d2093e1c96ed71f61a31b392bc22d3542305c22bb29142a2">''[[:d:Q2877812|Babelio]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_a7633a4b07de4e16d960d355d926f389d86ab0f589199f9496e47d35876157b6">''[[:d:Q5924723|Who's Who in France]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="2020" | 2020-12-02<ref name="ref_4be3ef5b8810f8160e7d2a388e8694d656d7987d9c3c4c722f1ffe0232b6fb21">https://www.europe1.fr/politique/lancien-president-valery-giscard-destaing-est-mort-4009616</ref><ref name="ref_cb030ed94c3e293168bfa20987aae93023e13468f3f6709c2ea033b460a2ed14">https://www.ft.com/content/b44c1c23-79cf-45fb-af88-e1724ed47d7c</ref><ref name="ref_a7633a4b07de4e16d960d355d926f389d86ab0f589199f9496e47d35876157b6">''[[:d:Q5924723|Who's Who in France]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref><ref name="ref_1b0f99fd57fe9cab119191937398ab42099888813675d6410e1093e487cb6d76">''[[:d:Q16744133|CONOR.SI]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua german|germano]] |- | [[:d:Q2105|Q2105]] | [[Jacques Chirac]] | [[File:Jacques Chirac (1997) (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1932" | 1932-11-29<ref name="ref_dc94c0369b0c0704b1297c5e5d6c30196103b012e010ca8d43a5cc6a1cbde10b">''[[:d:Q37312|Internet Movie Database]]''</ref><ref name="ref_4e91f12c5caea87a7e19cd98f58d4da7a06a57a47c6d4dd0100e3199723cc941">''[[:d:Q15271528|Sycomore]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_4aa57756f6edf6aa96c4fa8fb2c0f3cc566fc0d322cc5bdc7942b9aa88ba20a0">https://brockhaus.de/ecs/julex/article/chirac-jacques</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_69468c245a16cd051f0941469dba192d0479ffa4f0f56cc9c298091c1ecbb5cf">''[[:d:Q101207543|AlKindi]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105">''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''</ref><ref name="ref_68f8e67832d8c6865ea76f7425eb9868c92b45e238c04b1bd2b0745ac647e71b">''[[:d:Q100324112|Fichier des personnes décédées mirror]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="2019" | 2019-09-26<ref name="ref_b9a3be2339dcdf24669bfd553c299bc804856c40f55cb8835c8d8862ec1f71ae">https://www.20minutes.fr/politique/1749119-20190926-ancien-president-republique-jacques-chirac-decede</ref><ref name="ref_e1410c285371dfdc9760ae48d087070f708f0142fbab2e77e925c4a86efd85e7">https://www.vg.no/nyheter/utenriks/i/1nw2PG/jacques-chirac-86-er-doed</ref><ref name="ref_4aa57756f6edf6aa96c4fa8fb2c0f3cc566fc0d322cc5bdc7942b9aa88ba20a0">https://brockhaus.de/ecs/julex/article/chirac-jacques</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_69468c245a16cd051f0941469dba192d0479ffa4f0f56cc9c298091c1ecbb5cf">''[[:d:Q101207543|AlKindi]]''</ref><ref name="ref_60eff1d8010e228bb535322c7a52150c730b2ac70a31ea8c43ee4796853fed0b">''[[:d:Q19847326|Genealogics]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105">''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''</ref><ref name="ref_68f8e67832d8c6865ea76f7425eb9868c92b45e238c04b1bd2b0745ac647e71b">''[[:d:Q100324112|Fichier des personnes décédées mirror]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_a7633a4b07de4e16d960d355d926f389d86ab0f589199f9496e47d35876157b6">''[[:d:Q5924723|Who's Who in France]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref><ref name="ref_1b0f99fd57fe9cab119191937398ab42099888813675d6410e1093e487cb6d76">''[[:d:Q16744133|CONOR.SI]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<br/>[[Lingua russe|russo]]<ref name="ref_2c480686242fb3f9c9ea0221bac8e81339f01208822d68b658efd7a277ceee74">https://www.lopinion.fr/edition/international/quand-jacques-chirac-pleurait-prof-russe-tribune-d-arnaud-dubien-199076</ref> |- | [[:d:Q157|Q157]] | [[François Hollande]] | [[File:François Hollande - 2017 (27869823159) (cropped 2).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-08-12<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_4e91f12c5caea87a7e19cd98f58d4da7a06a57a47c6d4dd0100e3199723cc941">''[[:d:Q15271528|Sycomore]]''</ref><ref name="ref_4ae8476ccc00dbcfdc99e7cb8b111071812e3c07f42773a0e03262ecd9f26b4c">https://brockhaus.de/ecs/julex/article/hollande-francois</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0b6394c9b71b4096d2093e1c96ed71f61a31b392bc22d3542305c22bb29142a2">''[[:d:Q2877812|Babelio]]''</ref><ref name="ref_184f5eff601e21eba86956e8848506995829c229db675bb1b69b56c6b9fe764c">https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/b3bfd9bd-320c-41c4-9990-4303d7013200</ref> | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_184f5eff601e21eba86956e8848506995829c229db675bb1b69b56c6b9fe764c">https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/b3bfd9bd-320c-41c4-9990-4303d7013200</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref><ref name="ref_1b0f99fd57fe9cab119191937398ab42099888813675d6410e1093e487cb6d76">''[[:d:Q16744133|CONOR.SI]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q329|Q329]] | [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] | [[File:Nicolas Sarkozy in 2010.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1955" | 1955-01-28<ref name="ref_dc94c0369b0c0704b1297c5e5d6c30196103b012e010ca8d43a5cc6a1cbde10b">''[[:d:Q37312|Internet Movie Database]]''</ref><ref name="ref_4e91f12c5caea87a7e19cd98f58d4da7a06a57a47c6d4dd0100e3199723cc941">''[[:d:Q15271528|Sycomore]]''</ref><ref name="ref_97871d87715eba83a37dbc5e722b56fd617b907cb4a60a01c7364c595fc24172">https://brockhaus.de/ecs/julex/article/sarkozy-nicolas</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_34e46dbfa37bac3c07eedb582f5b0c7a2996302c003e5f19915712beae24475a">''[[:d:Q10855166|The Fine Art Archive]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q3052772|Q3052772]] | [[Emmanuel Macron]] | [[File:Emmanuel Macron 2025 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1977" | 1977-12-21<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_5f7dda8a22dd5a8df2a4da407df618f63844a9e6ffbc1c22a2af2f0d183e372c">https://brockhaus.de/ecs/julex/article/macron-emmanuel</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_a7633a4b07de4e16d960d355d926f389d86ab0f589199f9496e47d35876157b6">''[[:d:Q5924723|Who's Who in France]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref><ref name="ref_1b0f99fd57fe9cab119191937398ab42099888813675d6410e1093e487cb6d76">''[[:d:Q16744133|CONOR.SI]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua anglese|anglese]] |} {{Wikidata list end}} * [[Charles de Gaulle]] ([[1890]]–[[1970]]), presidente entre [[1958]] e [[1969]] * [[Georges Pompidou]] ([[1911]]–[[1974]]), presidente entre [[1969]] e [[1974]] * [[Valéry Giscard d'Estaing]] ([[1926]]–[[2020]]), presidente entre [[1974]] e [[1981]] * [[François Mitterrand]] ([[1916]]–[[1996]]), presidente entre [[1981]] e [[1995]] * [[Jacques Chirac]] ([[1932]]), presidente entre [[1995]] e [[2007]] * [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] ([[1955]]), presidente entre [[2007]] e [[2012]] * [[François Hollande]] ([[1954]]), presidente entre [[2012]] e [[2017]] * [[Emmanuel Macron]] ([[1977]]), presidente depost [[2017]] [[Categoria:Presidentes del Republica Francese|~]] hgprfxph1mlw7ht27sxvvh82afkhibw 0 30230 705679 663370 2026-11-08T05:20:26Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 705679 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/articulo}} '''Terra Lliure''' esseva un organisation armate independentista catalan, de ideologia marxista-leninista, fundate in 1978 con le scopo crear un stato [[Socialismo|socialista]] independente al [[Catalonia|Paises Catalan]]. Illo abandonava le lucta armate in 1991 e se autodissolveva in maniera official in [[1995]]. Alicun ex su dirigentes e militantes ingressava postea in [[Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya]] (ERC) e le prisioneros del organisation sortiva ex le prision depost esser commutate o completar condemna. Le majoritate ex su militantes proveniva del [[Armea Popular Catalan]] (EPOCA), del [[Fronte de Liberation Catalan]] (FAC) e del [[Partito Socialista de Liberation National]] (PSAN). Durante su existentia, esseva arrestate plus que 300 personas que le fortias de securitate de [[Espania]] ligava con le organisation. Terra Lliure effectuava plus que duo-cente actiones armate,<ref>[http://www.tv3.cat/ptvcatalunya/tvcItem.jsp?idint=224402307&item=actualitats&seccio=trenta3 "El documental" emet dissabte "Terra Lliure, punt final"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829144611/https://www.ccma.cat/tv3/?idint=224402307&item=actualitats&seccio=trenta3 |date=2024-08-29 }} (in catalano) www.tv3.cat</ref> matante un persona e ferinte alicunos plus. De plus, quatro militantes del organisation perdeva le vita durante le preparation de operativos armate. Le tribunales e le fortias de securitate espaniol considerava le gruppo como un banda terrorista. == Referentias == {{Reflist}} == Ligamines externe == * {{ca}} Documental [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cb924pcndUQ ''Terra Lliure. Punt final'']. * {{ca}} Documental [http://www.tv3.cat/videos/343189 ''Retorn a la terra lliure''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626175606/http://www.tv3.cat/videos/343189 |date=2008-06-26 }}. [[Categoria:Politica]] 0oe868rp9s1jttthkkq0xiuwppspz9c 0 31992 705677 704874 2026-11-08T03:37:07Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 705677 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/persona}} '''Pedro Álvares Cabral''' (Belmonte, [[Portugal]], [[1467]] o [[1468]]&nbsp;– Santarém, Portugal, circa [[1520]]) esseva un noble e navigator [[Portugal|portugese]], plus cognoscite como le commandante del armada que partiva de [[Lisbona]] in 1500 verso [[India]] e que, durante le viage, attingeva le costa del actual [[Brasil]]. Le 22 de april 1500, su expedition arrivava al terras que le portugueses denominate inicialmente Terra de Vera Cruz. Le Archivo National del Torre do Tombo conserva plure documentos contemporanee concernente le viage, inter illes le celebre carta de Pêro Vaz de Caminha. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://panteaonacional.gov.pt/homenageados/pedro-alvares-cabral |titulo=Pedro Álvares Cabral |sitioweb=Panteão Nacional |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://historialuso.an.gov.br/glossario/index.php/verbetes-glossario/14-verbetes-iniciados-em-c/26-cabral-pedro-alvares-1467-68-1520-26 |titulo=Cabral, Pedro Álvares (1467/68-1520/26) |sitioweb=Arquivo Nacional do Brasil |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Origine e familia == Pedro Álvares Cabral nasceva in Belmonte, in le actual districto de Castelo Branco, in un familia del nobilitate portugese. Le anno exacte de su nascentia non es cert: le fontes official indica 1467 o 1468. Le familia Cabral esseva ligate al governamento local de Belmonte e al administration del fortification del vila. Le patrimonio cultural portugese identifica Luís Álvares Cabral como antepassato de Pedro e indica que Pedro nasceva in Belmonte circa 1467. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://panteaonacional.gov.pt/homenageados/pedro-alvares-cabral |titulo=Pedro Álvares Cabral |sitioweb=Panteão Nacional |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://imovel.patrimoniocultural.gov.pt/detalhes.php?code=74264 |titulo=Pelourinho de Belmonte |sitioweb=Património Cultural, I.P. |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le familia esseva un del linages nobiles ligate al corte portugese. Cabral entrava in le servicio del corte de D. João II e posteriormente deveniva un persona de confidentia de D. Manuel I. Le monarcha le attribueva un position de responsabilitate e le incargava con le commandamento del secunde grande expedition portugese verso India. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://panteaonacional.gov.pt/homenageados/pedro-alvares-cabral |titulo=Pedro Álvares Cabral |sitioweb=Panteão Nacional |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Expedition de 1500 == === Preparation === In 1500, D. Manuel I organisava un grande armada con destination a [[India]]. Le expedition habeva un objectivo commercial e diplomatic: stabilir relationes con le Samorim de Calcutta e consolidar le position portugese in le commercio del specie. Cabral esseva designate capitão-mor del expedition. Le armada includeva tredece naves e esseva un del plus importante expeditions maritime portugese del epoca. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://historialuso.an.gov.br/glossario/index.php/verbetes-glossario/14-verbetes-iniciados-em-c/26-cabral-pedro-alvares-1467-68-1520-26 |titulo=Cabral, Pedro Álvares (1467/68-1520/26) |sitioweb=Arquivo Nacional do Brasil |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le expedition partiva de Lisbona le 9 de martio 1500. Le ruta se dirigeva al sud-oeste del [[Atlantico]] ante de reorientar-se verso le Route del Capo de Bon Esperantia e India. Le navigation includeva le tecnica del volta do mar, que implicava allontanar-se del costa africane pro profitar de ventos e correntes oceanic plus favorabile. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://historialuso.an.gov.br/glossario/index.php/verbetes-glossario/14-verbetes-iniciados-em-c/26-cabral-pedro-alvares-1467-68-1520-26 |titulo=Cabral, Pedro Álvares (1467/68-1520/26) |sitioweb=Arquivo Nacional do Brasil |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Arrivo al Brasil === Le 22 de april 1500, le expedition avistava terra al oeste del Atlantico. Le territorio esseva recognoscite como un terra que non faceva parte del destination immediate del expedition verso India. Le portugeses le denominate inicialmente Terra de Vera Cruz. Le Pantheon Nacional considera iste arrivata le acto del scoperta official del Brasil per Portugal. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://panteaonacional.gov.pt/homenageados/pedro-alvares-cabral |titulo=Pedro Álvares Cabral |sitioweb=Panteão Nacional |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le expedition remaneva per plure dies in le costa. Le 26 de april esseva celebrate un prime missa, e le 1 de maio esseva celebrate un secunde missa. Le escrivano Pêro Vaz de Caminha redigeva un carta al rege D. Manuel I describente le terra, su habitantes e le prime contactos con le populationes indigene. Le Biblioteca National del Brasil conserva le tradition documental relative a iste eventos e al carta de Caminha. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://bndigital.bn.gov.br/artigos/historia-do-brasil-pedro-alvares-cabral-toma-posse-da-ilha-de-vera-cruz-01-05-1500/ |titulo=Pedro Álvares Cabral toma posse da “Ilha de Vera Cruz” |sitioweb=Biblioteca Nacional Digital |accesso=5 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911115848/https://bndigital.bn.gov.br/artigos/historia-do-brasil-pedro-alvares-cabral-toma-posse-da-ilha-de-vera-cruz-01-05-1500/ |archivedate=2024-09-11 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://antt.dglab.gov.pt/wp-content/uploads/sites/17/2008/10/Corpo-Cronologico-2.pdf |titulo=Corpo Cronológico |sitioweb=Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo |accesso=5 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260308170047/https://antt.dglab.gov.pt/wp-content/uploads/sites/17/2008/10/Corpo-Cronologico-2.pdf |archivedate=2026-03-08 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-05}}</ref> Le nom del territorio cambiava ulteriormente de Terra de Vera Cruz a Terra de Santa Cruz e, plus tarde, al nom Brasil, associate al pau-brasil, un ligno de color rubie que deveniva un importante producto del costa. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://bndigital.bn.gov.br/artigos/historia-do-brasil-pedro-alvares-cabral-toma-posse-da-ilha-de-vera-cruz-01-05-1500/ |titulo=Pedro Álvares Cabral toma posse da “Ilha de Vera Cruz” |sitioweb=Biblioteca Nacional Digital |accesso=5 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911115848/https://bndigital.bn.gov.br/artigos/historia-do-brasil-pedro-alvares-cabral-toma-posse-da-ilha-de-vera-cruz-01-05-1500/ |archivedate=2024-09-11 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-05}}</ref> === Partita verso India === Post le recognoscentia del costa sud-american, le armada continuava su viage verso le India. Un nave esseva inviate verso Portugal con le information del nove terra e con le carta de Caminha. Le altere naves continuava verso le oceano Indian. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://historialuso.an.gov.br/glossario/index.php/verbetes-glossario/14-verbetes-iniciados-em-c/26-cabral-pedro-alvares-1467-68-1520-26 |titulo=Cabral, Pedro Álvares (1467/68-1520/26) |sitioweb=Arquivo Nacional do Brasil |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Viage a India == Cabral attingeva Calcutta in septembre 1500. Le mission portugese esseva de stabilir relationes commercial con le autoritates local e de establir un feitoria pro le commercio del specie. Le expedition incontrava tamen opposition e le prime negotiationes esseva difficult. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://historialuso.an.gov.br/glossario/index.php/verbetes-glossario/14-verbetes-iniciados-em-c/26-cabral-pedro-alvares-cabral-1467-68-1520-26 |titulo=Cabral, Pedro Álvares (1467/68-1520/26) |sitioweb=Arquivo Nacional do Brasil |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le situation culminava in un attacco contra le feitoria portugese. In reaction, le naves portugese bombardava Calcutta. Le conflicto demonstrava le difficultates que Portugal incontrava in le tentativa de establir un position commercial stabile in le costa del Malabar. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/comissoes/cphm/rphm/edicoes/ano3/n.5/3/ |titulo=A Batalha de Diu 1509 |sitioweb=Comissão Portuguesa de História Militar – Ministério da Defesa Nacional |accesso=5 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429062940/https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/comissoes/cphm/rphm/edicoes/ano3/n.5/3/ |archivedate=2025-04-29 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-05}}</ref> Le expedition esseva tamen capace de cargar un importante quantitate de specias. Solmente sex del tredece naves attingeva le destination final, secundo le fonte del Ministerio del Defensa National portugese. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/comissoes/cphm/rphm/edicoes/ano3/n.5/3/ |titulo=A Batalha de Diu 1509 |sitioweb=Comissão Portuguesa de História Militar – Ministério da Defesa Nacional |accesso=5 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429062940/https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/comissoes/cphm/rphm/edicoes/ano3/n.5/3/ |archivedate=2025-04-29 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-05}}</ref> == Retorno e ultime annos == Post le retorno a Portugal, Cabral recipeva recognitiones del corona pro le expedition. In 1502, D. Manuel I le designava pro commandar un nove expedition verso Oriente. Le projecto non se concretisava, ma le rationes exacte del allontanamento de Cabral del corte non es clarmente documentate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://panteaonacional.gov.pt/homenageados/pedro-alvares-cabral |titulo=Pedro Álvares Cabral |sitioweb=Panteão Nacional |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Cabral se retirava a su proprietates in le region de Santarém. Le ultime annos de su vita es minus ben documentate que le expedition de 1500. Le fontes institutional portugese indica que ille moriva probabilemente circa 1520 e esseva sepultate in le Igreja da Graça de Santarém. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://panteaonacional.gov.pt/homenageados/pedro-alvares-cabral |titulo=Pedro Álvares Cabral |sitioweb=Panteão Nacional |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le dates del morte es incerta: le Pantheon Nacional presenta le periodo como 1520/1526, durante que su texto biographic indica que le morte probabile occurreva in 1520. Le incertesa reflecte le limitationes del documentation super le ultime annos del navegador. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://panteaonacional.gov.pt/homenageados/pedro-alvares-cabral |titulo=Pedro Álvares Cabral |sitioweb=Panteão Nacional |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Memoria e reception == Pedro Álvares Cabral ocupa un position importante in le memoria historic de [[Portugal]] e [[Brasil]]. In Portugal, ille es representate como le commandante del expedition de 1500 e un del protagonistas del expansion maritime portugese del epocha del Descoperimentos. Le Pantheon Nacional include Cabral inter le personas commemorate per un cenotafio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://panteaonacional.gov.pt/homenageados |titulo=Homenageados |sitioweb=Panteão Nacional |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In Brasil, le arrivata del expedition de Cabral in 1500 es un evento fundamental del historia colonial. Le documentation del Biblioteca Nacional e del Archivo National brasilian conserva le tradition documental associate al viage, al carta de Caminha e al prime actos portugese in le costa brasilian. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://bndigital.bn.gov.br/artigos/historia-do-brasil-pedro-alvares-cabral-toma-posse-da-ilha-de-vera-cruz-01-05-1500/ |titulo=Pedro Álvares Cabral toma posse da “Ilha de Vera Cruz” |sitioweb=Biblioteca Nacional Digital |accesso=5 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911115848/https://bndigital.bn.gov.br/artigos/historia-do-brasil-pedro-alvares-cabral-toma-posse-da-ilha-de-vera-cruz-01-05-1500/ |archivedate=2024-09-11 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-05}}</ref> Le memoria de Cabral es tamben associate al Belmonte, su loco de nascentia, ubi le historia del familia Cabral remane un elemento importante del patrimonio local. Le castello e altere elementos del patrimonio del vila conserva iste connexion historic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://imovel.patrimoniocultural.gov.pt/detalhes.php?code=74264 |titulo=Pelourinho de Belmonte |sitioweb=Património Cultural, I.P. |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Denomination == Le nom Pedro Álvares Cabral es le forma per le qual le navegador es generalmente cognoscite. Le Biblioteca National de Portugal registra etiam variantes historic del nom, inter illes Pedro Alvares Cabral, Pedro Alvares de Gouveia e Pedro Alluarez de Gouvea. Le forme del nom esseva variabile in le documentation del epoca. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://acervo.bn.gov.br/sophia_web/autoridade/detalhe/000623344 |titulo=Cabral, Pedro Álvares, 1467 ou 8-1520? |sitioweb=Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal |accesso=5 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309083214/https://acervo.bn.gov.br/sophia_web/autoridade/detalhe/000623344 |archivedate=2024-03-09 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-05}}</ref> == Referentias == {{commonscat|Pedro Álvares Cabral}} <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Alvares Cabral, Pedro}} [[Categoria:Gente portugese]] [[Categoria:Exploratores]] 36pe3hyn16bz0y4vnlv7z9aabwfk1kf 0 32223 705684 689823 2026-11-08T10:55:11Z CommonsDelinker 346 Le file "022S.jpg" esseva reimplaciate per file "[[File:Cells_shown_with_immunostaining_observed_with_a_confocal_microscope_(022S).jpg]]" in Commons, per [[c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]]. Motivo donate: ''[[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: old name is 705684 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Imagine:Cells shown with immunostaining observed with a confocal microscope (022S).jpg|thumb|Cellulas con tincta, observate per [[microscopio]] confocal]] Le '''cytologia''' (del [[Lingua grec|greco]] κύτος, ''vaso'') o '''biologia cellular'''{{linfo}} es un disciplina academic que se occupa del studio del [[cellula]]s in respecto a lor proprietates, structura, functiones, organellas, interactiones con le ambiente e cyclo vital. Le cytologia face parte del [[Scientia|scientia]] [[Biologia|biologic]], que investiga le formas, structuras, e function de [[cellula]]s.<ref>Schiebler, T. H. et Schmidt, W. (editores) (1983). ''Lehrbuch der gesamten Anatomie des Menschen'' (editio tertia). Berolini, Heidelbergae, Novi Eboraci, Tokii: Springer-Verlag</ref> == Vide etiam == *[[Mitochondrio]] *[[Ribosoma]] {{Referentias}} {{Biologia}} {{Pecietta|biologia}} [[Categoria:Biologia cellular]] hu7l2xa7x6dm8q4ik3u72aino282iyl 0 35003 705673 703340 2026-11-08T03:05:49Z Tortoise0308 17411 actualisar redirection; categoria. 705673 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Isotopos de nitrogeno]] [[Categoria:Isotopos de nitrogeno]] 0xs2ac1lixe8r3s428sxd0r1tzapb8h 0 35004 705674 703341 2026-11-08T03:08:52Z Tortoise0308 17411 actualisar redirection; categoria. 705674 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Isotopos de nitrogeno]] [[Categoria:Isotopos de nitrogeno]] 0xs2ac1lixe8r3s428sxd0r1tzapb8h 0 35018 705675 703338 2026-11-08T03:12:07Z Tortoise0308 17411 actualisar redirection; categoria. 705675 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Isotopos de nitrogeno]] [[Categoria:Isotopos de nitrogeno]] 0xs2ac1lixe8r3s428sxd0r1tzapb8h 102 39155 705682 705431 2026-11-08T07:03:55Z ListeriaBot 24326 Wikidata list updated [V2] 705682 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} Lista de [[inventor]]es. * [[Robert Moog]] * [[Juan de la Cierva y Codorníu]] * [[Leonardo Torres Quevedo]] * [[Isaac Peral]] * [[Alexander Fleming]] * [[Alexander Graham Bell]] * [[Thomas Alva Edison]] ("le mago de Melon Park") * [[Benjamin Franklin]] * [[Ferdinand von Zeppelin]] * [[Samuel Colt]] * [[Humberto Fernández Morán]] {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q5 . ?item wdt:P106 wd:Q205375 } |columns=item,label,P18,P569,P570,P21,P106 |sort=P569 |thumb=48 |links=local |references=all |summary=itemnumber }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! item ! label ! imagine ! data de nascentia ! data de morte ! sexo ! occupation |- | [[:d:Q8739|Q8739]] | [[Archimedes]] | [[File:Retrato de un erudito (¿Arquímedes?), por Domenico Fetti.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="-287" | -287<ref name="ref_cd64887fccb6c3d67a440b2eb704f12678eedb20d9c4cfdbed6ad5f1b42a17a2">''[[:d:Q18785969|British Museum person-institution 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name="ref_0cea21303047f48b5431165959194e6d99dc9b3afe17a9264a3a4f9612c9c52f">''[[:d:Q107212659|www.accademiadellescienze.it]]''</ref><ref name="ref_91def873cdbde77d744f48f86aa46016c6e6b9c226e31c32c3c11c543a173556">''[[:d:Q55740543|La France savante]]''</ref><ref name="ref_57d5bcef5fa4efd272d40cdfbd726919e1ce8378c00da635f32423e0ffc8e31d">''[[:d:Q24694883|ECARTICO]]''</ref><ref name="ref_46b51c11892f183c37bb6de269a2874c9f9971edcf18551157cf5fe749000276">''[[:d:Q21001800|РБС / Эйлер, Леонард]]''</ref><ref name="ref_3af208141b863901feb8656072d4b709a0553a072437135dcee56bf291d3568c">''[[:d:Q126722605|Pedagogues and Psychologists of the World]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1783" | 1783-09-18<ref name="ref_b8e02536ce47e5feb558b98f426388a2d0110578f45693e3976faa86f1584d9b">''[[:d:Q547473|MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref 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name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0cea21303047f48b5431165959194e6d99dc9b3afe17a9264a3a4f9612c9c52f">''[[:d:Q107212659|www.accademiadellescienze.it]]''</ref><ref name="ref_91def873cdbde77d744f48f86aa46016c6e6b9c226e31c32c3c11c543a173556">''[[:d:Q55740543|La France savante]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_57d5bcef5fa4efd272d40cdfbd726919e1ce8378c00da635f32423e0ffc8e31d">''[[:d:Q24694883|ECARTICO]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[mathematico]]<ref name="ref_fe9bd444a8216f450faf1a9a81c86d6de1662309b0f44f74ecc19a73dc86a6e0">http://www.nndb.com/cemetery/803/000208179/</ref><ref 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name="ref_2dbef0cfd5b9bd6da695088fa2d5437f95af1f6bf37d63344cff5ffa53f5fe7f">https://www.famousscientists.org/leonhard-euler/</ref><ref name="ref_57d5bcef5fa4efd272d40cdfbd726919e1ce8378c00da635f32423e0ffc8e31d">''[[:d:Q24694883|ECARTICO]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q901|scientista]]''<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref><br/>[[inventor]]<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q978044|executive]]''<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q901402|geographo]]''<ref name="ref_57d5bcef5fa4efd272d40cdfbd726919e1ce8378c00da635f32423e0ffc8e31d">''[[:d:Q24694883|ECARTICO]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q9041|Q9041]] | [[James Watt]] | [[File:James Watt by Henry Howard.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1736" | 1736-01-19<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_36ce4de930bbffc9723de7712c1f4f17b6f1e9025becd52a21d3099f10950735">''[[:d:Q19062388|Watt, James (1736-1819) (DNB00)]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105">''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1819" | 1819-08-25<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105">''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q81096|ingeniero]]''<ref name="ref_36ce4de930bbffc9723de7712c1f4f17b6f1e9025becd52a21d3099f10950735">''[[:d:Q19062388|Watt, James (1736-1819) (DNB00)]]''</ref><br/>[[chimico]]<ref name="ref_d7b7d7658a2871775cfc117ae07bc94c16b0d28f9cd826287ea2b43348c5afb3">http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/technology_and_culture/v052/52.3.miller.pdf</ref><ref name="ref_e2c1ae921669836e710d2e7b23b0ba31c9ea7699bcd1d628d844c552a313344b">https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/technology_and_culture/v052/52.3.miller.html</ref><br/>[[physico]]<ref name="ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105">''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''</ref><br/>[[inventor]]<ref name="ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105">''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q131524|interprenditor]]''<br/>[[mathematico]]<br/>''[[:d:Q5352191|technician]]''<ref name="ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105">''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q11812|Q11812]] | [[Thomas Jefferson]] | [[File:Official Presidential portrait of Thomas Jefferson (by Rembrandt Peale, 1800)(cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1743" | 1743-04-02<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1826" | 1826-07-04<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_75f410066e7f65c92af7e5e0cb4798bd37f034883b838792a166eee2264e9e11">''[[:d:Q17299517|RKDartists]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cb7e3691f7e193dcee107c8f43e696dbf8e7ab31ee607bd50e722e0bab724f03">''[[:d:Q523660|International Music Score Library Project]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0b6394c9b71b4096d2093e1c96ed71f61a31b392bc22d3542305c22bb29142a2">''[[:d:Q2877812|Babelio]]''</ref><ref name="ref_809bfc42b0331ca57d8bfb459567d8a5c7896619bfbd4d734e58da3bcfe648f9">''[[:d:Q21491701|KNAW Past Members]]''</ref><ref name="ref_1b1be539a4dd280fc69294e971af2196dba0a74c48f48a27adc03b5af959a638">''[[:d:Q6023365|Internet Philosophy Ontology project]]''</ref><ref name="ref_39693e519a3b4bd531145c748da5e69c7198327e7f598d4477bf605c4c01d83f">https://brockhaus.de/ecs/julex/article/jefferson-thomas</ref><ref name="ref_931851ab1666964918600e8fa1634af8ac7a2b90a6cf86b2910b446e3d4af03f">''[[:d:Q103937665|Jefferson, Thomas]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref 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name="ref_48e9963ee25a3b63b0dbdd0640e770365429e4dfe801c4537c6b710062e0e063">''[[:d:Q56024286|Archives Directory for the History of Collecting in America]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[inseniante]]<br/>''[[:d:Q15442776|cryptographer]]''<br/>[[architecto]]<ref name="ref_34a8d05cd161c94c3f52a81fe94b9e2e94eaa7666f12232a2bf408070bc0312c">''[[:d:Q2494649|Union List of Artist Names]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105">''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''</ref><ref name="ref_2713c3c88e6911ebb1875b2c052ec308eb21c80420740ac74c381cc159c2fffc">http://arch-pavouk.cz/index.php/architekti/1636-jefferson-thomas</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q40348|advocato]]''<br/>[[scriptor]]<ref name="ref_ca80f6a31529e570100ce9f874f67a3f7af9b9f4a4a9e02fae9ff49b3b6d5963">''[[:d:Q19098835|Library of the World's Best Literature]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q193391|diplomate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q82955|politico]]''<ref name="ref_abf715812c4bc330da063858ebd72145b80d162325b75883e420751af8ea80f9">https://history.house.virginia.gov/search</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q4964182|philosopho]]''<br/>[[inventor]]<br/>''[[:d:Q55630100|planter class]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q372436|homine de stato]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3621491|archeologo]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q185351|jurista]]''<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref><ref 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name="ref_5f90aada25764a622cd97e34b60bd65a044050ba73f182ed0f679c8611e6bf62">http://amperemusee.fr</ref><ref name="ref_a000f0dfebc191c3c7086d5fc3e6ac1fb04ec7836f1b655a4cd43e9ad8df34cb">http://www.ras.ru/win/db/show_per.asp?P=.id-49535.ln-ru.dl-.pr-inf.uk-12</ref><ref name="ref_a2970288df4c6974c3c3d45d8067ec6e541bbfcda51fdd09a69467d982bd3409">''[[:d:Q28924058|Nouveau Dictionnaire des auteurs de tous les temps et de tous les pays]]''</ref><ref name="ref_b8e02536ce47e5feb558b98f426388a2d0110578f45693e3976faa86f1584d9b">''[[:d:Q547473|MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7f2ec2e17898e6ea3f91cc2e3a705b7ddd66aa6eb4c3b569d3c87105507c421b">https://www.leonore.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr/archives-images/LH003/FRDAFAN83_OL0032001v005_L.jpg</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_60eff1d8010e228bb535322c7a52150c730b2ac70a31ea8c43ee4796853fed0b">''[[:d:Q19847326|Genealogics]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_91def873cdbde77d744f48f86aa46016c6e6b9c226e31c32c3c11c543a173556">''[[:d:Q55740543|La France savante]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cf3c313e4a6b6669fd0eb4e4aa0cb9c18dca4bce8b2f48740eb356be3a924fde">''[[:d:Q105958830|Base biographique]]''</ref><ref name="ref_a0225532ce55578e1c4bec0c56d3bb163e7acceace9ed246cd446190c42768d0">http://www.fondsenligne.archives-lyon.fr/v2/ark:/18811/8bmfsfm6gr468h4m</ref> | data-sort-value="1836" | 1836-06-10<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_a2970288df4c6974c3c3d45d8067ec6e541bbfcda51fdd09a69467d982bd3409">''[[:d:Q28924058|Nouveau Dictionnaire des auteurs de tous les temps et de tous les pays]]''</ref><ref name="ref_b8e02536ce47e5feb558b98f426388a2d0110578f45693e3976faa86f1584d9b">''[[:d:Q547473|MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_60eff1d8010e228bb535322c7a52150c730b2ac70a31ea8c43ee4796853fed0b">''[[:d:Q19847326|Genealogics]]''</ref><ref name="ref_91def873cdbde77d744f48f86aa46016c6e6b9c226e31c32c3c11c543a173556">''[[:d:Q55740543|La France savante]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cf3c313e4a6b6669fd0eb4e4aa0cb9c18dca4bce8b2f48740eb356be3a924fde">''[[:d:Q105958830|Base biographique]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_a2970288df4c6974c3c3d45d8067ec6e541bbfcda51fdd09a69467d982bd3409">''[[:d:Q28924058|Nouveau Dictionnaire des auteurs de tous les temps et de tous les pays]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[physico]]<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_a2970288df4c6974c3c3d45d8067ec6e541bbfcda51fdd09a69467d982bd3409">''[[:d:Q28924058|Nouveau Dictionnaire des auteurs de tous les temps et de tous les pays]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><br/>[[mathematico]]<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_a2970288df4c6974c3c3d45d8067ec6e541bbfcda51fdd09a69467d982bd3409">''[[:d:Q28924058|Nouveau Dictionnaire des auteurs de tous les temps et de tous les pays]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q81096|ingeniero]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q4964182|philosopho]]''<ref name="ref_a2970288df4c6974c3c3d45d8067ec6e541bbfcda51fdd09a69467d982bd3409">''[[:d:Q28924058|Nouveau Dictionnaire des auteurs de tous les temps et de tous les pays]]''</ref><br/>[[chimico]]<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><br/>[[inventor]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1622272|professor universitari]]''<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q44412|Q44412]] | [[Hans Christian Ørsted]] | [[File:Ørsted, Hans Christian (av Christian Albrecht Jensen 1842).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1777" | 1777-08-14<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref 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republiky]]''</ref><br/>[[inventor]]<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q131524|interprenditor]]''<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><br/>[[Pacifista]]<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q77124|Q77124]] | [[Johann Philipp Reis]] | [[File:JPReis.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1834" | 1834-01-07<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8aa285cbc79cce6633ec1022cd057bd3f4ef46687f42037874b9bf61958f13de">''[[:d:Q39845173|Frankfurter Personenlexikon]]''</ref> | 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1889.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1844" | 1844-11-25<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_604c52988f1cd62da3cd3359919f4dcf6b39cd703c748f7cd4ea681e1709b508">https://brockhaus.de/ecs/julex/article/benz-carl-friedrich</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47">''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1929" | 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|- | [[:d:Q8743|Q8743]] | [[Thomas Edison]] | [[File:Thomas Edison2.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1847" | 1847-02-11<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8281a8144a7f9896829b9934f7bdbb10157c1b2c1978fe441986b385b54a1b6b">''[[:d:Q2629164|ISFDB]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d0efb20bbdf9fd17093fcc9b48fc7a250ac0c1235c35e08af02175dafd07fa65">https://brockhaus.de/ecs/julex/article/edison-thomas-alva</ref><ref name="ref_d3601acb0434d7bb9599a6c271d4ad199400d13b829bd6a1e731a29a326addc0">''[[:d:Q104010085|Edison, Thomas]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref 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name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8281a8144a7f9896829b9934f7bdbb10157c1b2c1978fe441986b385b54a1b6b">''[[:d:Q2629164|ISFDB]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d0efb20bbdf9fd17093fcc9b48fc7a250ac0c1235c35e08af02175dafd07fa65">https://brockhaus.de/ecs/julex/article/edison-thomas-alva</ref><ref name="ref_d3601acb0434d7bb9599a6c271d4ad199400d13b829bd6a1e731a29a326addc0">''[[:d:Q104010085|Edison, Thomas]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_34e46dbfa37bac3c07eedb582f5b0c7a2996302c003e5f19915712beae24475a">''[[:d:Q10855166|The Fine Art Archive]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q81096|ingeniero]]''<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><br/>[[inventor]]<ref name="ref_5c00d955d8a15f2c3a0c92d28633d35d2fb95e6671944f0ddc26cd7688130e89">''[[:d:Q138307249|Archivio Storico Ricordi - digital collection]]''</ref><ref name="ref_34e46dbfa37bac3c07eedb582f5b0c7a2996302c003e5f19915712beae24475a">''[[:d:Q10855166|The Fine Art Archive]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q131524|interprenditor]]''<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><br/>[[physico]]<ref name="ref_34e46dbfa37bac3c07eedb582f5b0c7a2996302c003e5f19915712beae24475a">''[[:d:Q10855166|The Fine Art Archive]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><br/>[[mathematico]]<br/>''[[:d:Q28389|scenarista]]''<ref name="ref_f8a8b4f1fde1952ffa25ec8a5e1315e1b0b325a226a5abc38939df1f010ff071">''[[:d:Q18709181|Letterboxd]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q2526255|director de cinema]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3282637|productor de cinema]]''<ref name="ref_dc94c0369b0c0704b1297c5e5d6c30196103b012e010ca8d43a5cc6a1cbde10b">''[[:d:Q37312|Internet Movie Database]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q57162|Q57162]] | [[Otto Lilienthal]] | [[File:Otto-lilienthal.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1848" | 1848-05-23<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_82c08241e74b88cf8f435b477b582c92af906ecc414dc7301b3ecf3be12c7159">https://brockhaus.de/ecs/julex/article/lilienthal-otto</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47">''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1896" | 1896-08-10<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_82c08241e74b88cf8f435b477b582c92af906ecc414dc7301b3ecf3be12c7159">https://brockhaus.de/ecs/julex/article/lilienthal-otto</ref><ref name="ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47">''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref 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[[File:Ostwald.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1853" | 1853-09-02<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ae5e84219ee5b1de9684e0c1cad6ca41001dadff841f0e89a806c6c436dd09fc">''[[:d:Q1868372|Biografisch Portaal]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_809bfc42b0331ca57d8bfb459567d8a5c7896619bfbd4d734e58da3bcfe648f9">''[[:d:Q21491701|KNAW Past Members]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47">''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105">''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1932" | 1932-04-04<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_2b943d7bab6c86e36f0f773338a2cf2ad34dde89d6e1671f4293261ae452d32a">''[[:d:Q17378135|Velika sovjetska enciklopedija (1969–1978)]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref 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''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[chimico]]<ref name="ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105">''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q860918|esperantista]]''<br/>[[inventor]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1622272|professor universitari]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q27496075|idista]]''<br/>[[scriptor]]<ref name="ref_ca80f6a31529e570100ce9f874f67a3f7af9b9f4a4a9e02fae9ff49b3b6d5963">''[[:d:Q19098835|Library of the World's Best Literature]]''</ref><br/>[[physico]]<br/>''[[:d:Q4964182|philosopho]]''<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><br/>[[inseniante]]<ref 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name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_18368819c27e9efa3b59f731c95314b9aec681df7474ddcf0a13e15db701ac61">''[[:d:Q1563573|Croatian Biographical Lexicon]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1943" | 1943-01-07<ref name="ref_2b943d7bab6c86e36f0f773338a2cf2ad34dde89d6e1671f4293261ae452d32a">''[[:d:Q17378135|Velika sovjetska enciklopedija (1969–1978)]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_76481d355d9650ae7297f7feb0685c1fac86d14890ded6508eb9f5fe9f15b05e">''[[:d:Q103882021|Tesla, Nikola (9/10 July 1856–07 January 1943), electrical inventor]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7fab8393aed7b338df81280ffb065864997d4eda9e8ad578c2bfb2d17d6cc0b5">https://www.biography.com/people/nikola-tesla-9504443</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_18368819c27e9efa3b59f731c95314b9aec681df7474ddcf0a13e15db701ac61">''[[:d:Q1563573|Croatian Biographical Lexicon]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7fab8393aed7b338df81280ffb065864997d4eda9e8ad578c2bfb2d17d6cc0b5">https://www.biography.com/people/nikola-tesla-9504443</ref> | [[inventor]]<ref name="ref_7fab8393aed7b338df81280ffb065864997d4eda9e8ad578c2bfb2d17d6cc0b5">https://www.biography.com/people/nikola-tesla-9504443</ref><ref name="ref_a038a894def0a35a72086159eeda90d36c532b4bb42b75f239e3225dd3a2f9ed">''[[:d:Q23833686|Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q1326886|electrical engineer]]''<ref name="ref_7fab8393aed7b338df81280ffb065864997d4eda9e8ad578c2bfb2d17d6cc0b5">https://www.biography.com/people/nikola-tesla-9504443</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><br/>[[physico]]<ref name="ref_7fab8393aed7b338df81280ffb065864997d4eda9e8ad578c2bfb2d17d6cc0b5">https://www.biography.com/people/nikola-tesla-9504443</ref><ref name="ref_a038a894def0a35a72086159eeda90d36c532b4bb42b75f239e3225dd3a2f9ed">''[[:d:Q23833686|Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q165029|electricista]]''<ref name="ref_a038a894def0a35a72086159eeda90d36c532b4bb42b75f239e3225dd3a2f9ed">''[[:d:Q23833686|Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q1906857|mechanical engineer]]''<ref name="ref_7fab8393aed7b338df81280ffb065864997d4eda9e8ad578c2bfb2d17d6cc0b5">https://www.biography.com/people/nikola-tesla-9504443</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q846430|futurist]]'' |- | [[:d:Q552053|Q552053]] | [[Paul von Jankó]] | [[File:Das Fotoalbum für Weierstraß 2 34 (Paul von Jankó).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1856" | 1856-06-02<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1919" | 1919-03-17<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref 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[[File:Dennis Gabor 1971.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1900" | 1900-06-05<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref><ref name="ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47">''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref 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name="ref_770d6c8053b8df706d00e8946777efa7ac736db00ea9d4fe2356252502b50e82">https://www.holographyforum.org/wiki/Biographies_of_Holographers</ref> |- | [[:d:Q8704|Q8704]] | [[Walt Disney]] | [[File:Walt Disney 1946.JPG|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1901" | 1901-12-05<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d546391a7e44b42fc9077fd26022cda56db201b25ef5e3c53ad78eca6b02fbca">''[[:d:Q36463449|Who's Who in Animated Cartoon]]''</ref><ref name="ref_75f410066e7f65c92af7e5e0cb4798bd37f034883b838792a166eee2264e9e11">''[[:d:Q17299517|RKDartists]]''</ref><ref name="ref_362e8e207d7b021b6f215e0338864fde1b2a1e51a3712c51e72d3c7e86616b21">''[[:d:Q24255573|Benezit Dictionary of Artists]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_f2c80df09e95b58628606a2c8a10b00cd8a6048c2ebdae04cf3f20d42f6c2393">''[[:d:Q31964|Internet Broadway Database]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bc70e62042975513edab3ab7adcd50272b88fdc649d65c77fb4788df92180369">''[[:d:Q41599984|Enciclopédia Itaú Cultural]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8d5bc70998a03e4a1be5d58f28d1a82850e155813ea86c8aa781c84ac02745f7">''[[:d:Q1165538|Nationalencyklopedin]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6a2de5dba0ceb74e5ca82d9f5042cdf8a49df169c53444522e3a1e9799f8e86a">''[[:d:Q51343652|Lambiek Comiclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_2682dc33e3142f8152e8185add840e8532bb60d12e2baaf57420542ee04a4a11">''[[:d:Q103854838|Disney, Walt (05 December 1901–15 December 1966), animator and motion picture producer]]''</ref><ref name="ref_c540ddd32b3a1f16a66cde0de9a095da57a40f0b0e5d190db15973cb966aa813">''[[:d:Q2876969|BD Gest’]]''</ref><ref name="ref_329e33b0b1b714d18f05404f1241a23dc62576709cdd20b4011b4e76d83e3739">https://brockhaus.de/ecs/julex/article/disney-walt</ref><ref name="ref_49144b9c75ee6ab9a8ac496217ceb9b3a57a336a62f6c8e29b7a9ab9ac18f2fa">''[[:d:Q103905586|Disney, Walt(er Elias)]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0b6394c9b71b4096d2093e1c96ed71f61a31b392bc22d3542305c22bb29142a2">''[[:d:Q2877812|Babelio]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105">''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_619ad8d627a641ee6d50841bc6cc063806bfc4d7446314bb2cc962a8421d8ee8">''[[:d:Q2451336|Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1966" | 1966-12-15<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_2b943d7bab6c86e36f0f773338a2cf2ad34dde89d6e1671f4293261ae452d32a">''[[:d:Q17378135|Velika sovjetska enciklopedija (1969–1978)]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d546391a7e44b42fc9077fd26022cda56db201b25ef5e3c53ad78eca6b02fbca">''[[:d:Q36463449|Who's Who in Animated Cartoon]]''</ref><ref name="ref_75f410066e7f65c92af7e5e0cb4798bd37f034883b838792a166eee2264e9e11">''[[:d:Q17299517|RKDartists]]''</ref><ref name="ref_362e8e207d7b021b6f215e0338864fde1b2a1e51a3712c51e72d3c7e86616b21">''[[:d:Q24255573|Benezit Dictionary of Artists]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_f2c80df09e95b58628606a2c8a10b00cd8a6048c2ebdae04cf3f20d42f6c2393">''[[:d:Q31964|Internet Broadway Database]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bc70e62042975513edab3ab7adcd50272b88fdc649d65c77fb4788df92180369">''[[:d:Q41599984|Enciclopédia Itaú Cultural]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8d5bc70998a03e4a1be5d58f28d1a82850e155813ea86c8aa781c84ac02745f7">''[[:d:Q1165538|Nationalencyklopedin]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6a2de5dba0ceb74e5ca82d9f5042cdf8a49df169c53444522e3a1e9799f8e86a">''[[:d:Q51343652|Lambiek Comiclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_2682dc33e3142f8152e8185add840e8532bb60d12e2baaf57420542ee04a4a11">''[[:d:Q103854838|Disney, Walt (05 December 1901–15 December 1966), animator and motion picture producer]]''</ref><ref name="ref_c540ddd32b3a1f16a66cde0de9a095da57a40f0b0e5d190db15973cb966aa813">''[[:d:Q2876969|BD Gest’]]''</ref><ref name="ref_329e33b0b1b714d18f05404f1241a23dc62576709cdd20b4011b4e76d83e3739">https://brockhaus.de/ecs/julex/article/disney-walt</ref><ref name="ref_49144b9c75ee6ab9a8ac496217ceb9b3a57a336a62f6c8e29b7a9ab9ac18f2fa">''[[:d:Q103905586|Disney, Walt(er Elias)]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0b6394c9b71b4096d2093e1c96ed71f61a31b392bc22d3542305c22bb29142a2">''[[:d:Q2877812|Babelio]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_619ad8d627a641ee6d50841bc6cc063806bfc4d7446314bb2cc962a8421d8ee8">''[[:d:Q2451336|Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_75f410066e7f65c92af7e5e0cb4798bd37f034883b838792a166eee2264e9e11">''[[:d:Q17299517|RKDartists]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q2526255|director de cinema]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3282637|productor de cinema]]''<ref name="ref_e25085169d2de3145b7522f45e56e77c7850b1a2eea2aa4ebf5739b282736bcf">https://id.lib.harvard.edu/alma/99157880266903941/catalog</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q266569|animator]]''<ref name="ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105">''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''</ref><ref name="ref_34a8d05cd161c94c3f52a81fe94b9e2e94eaa7666f12232a2bf408070bc0312c">''[[:d:Q2494649|Union List of Artist Names]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q947873|presentator de television]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2405480|actor de voce]]''<br/>[[scriptor]]<br/>''[[:d:Q13235160|manufacturer]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1028181|pictor]]''<br/>[[inventor]]<br/>''[[:d:Q10800557|actor de film]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q644687|illustrator]]''<ref name="ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105">''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''</ref><ref name="ref_75f410066e7f65c92af7e5e0cb4798bd37f034883b838792a166eee2264e9e11">''[[:d:Q17299517|RKDartists]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q3658608|caricaturist]]''<ref name="ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105">''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q3455803|director]]''<ref name="ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105">''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d3f1a53c03c3866de294fee842ec63bfeef77a65b6fb4dec2051cfa1a350670a">''[[:d:Q120061370|www.acmi.net.au]]''</ref><br/>[[actor]]<ref name="ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105">''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q47541952|productor]]''<ref name="ref_d3f1a53c03c3866de294fee842ec63bfeef77a65b6fb4dec2051cfa1a350670a">''[[:d:Q120061370|www.acmi.net.au]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q5322166|designator]]''<ref name="ref_75f410066e7f65c92af7e5e0cb4798bd37f034883b838792a166eee2264e9e11">''[[:d:Q17299517|RKDartists]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q715301|comics artist]]''<ref name="ref_75f410066e7f65c92af7e5e0cb4798bd37f034883b838792a166eee2264e9e11">''[[:d:Q17299517|RKDartists]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q15296811|designator]]''<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q8753|Q8753]] | [[Enrico Fermi]] | [[File:Enrico Fermi 1943-49.jpg|center|48px]]<ref name="ref_29ba93b1ca93d8c64dde85704540208bb3edaaa2db10ff864ffae98e001dd774">https://www.biography.com/people/enrico-fermi-9293405</ref> | data-sort-value="1901" | 1901-09-29<ref name="ref_dc94c0369b0c0704b1297c5e5d6c30196103b012e010ca8d43a5cc6a1cbde10b">''[[:d:Q37312|Internet Movie Database]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8d5bc70998a03e4a1be5d58f28d1a82850e155813ea86c8aa781c84ac02745f7">''[[:d:Q1165538|Nationalencyklopedin]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_29ba93b1ca93d8c64dde85704540208bb3edaaa2db10ff864ffae98e001dd774">https://www.biography.com/people/enrico-fermi-9293405</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47">''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93525d597abfc11843208a057ab6a3214e596cb962c394ca2d936705dc4845c">''[[:d:Q3621644|Archivio Storico Ricordi]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-11-28<ref name="ref_2b943d7bab6c86e36f0f773338a2cf2ad34dde89d6e1671f4293261ae452d32a">''[[:d:Q17378135|Velika sovjetska enciklopedija (1969–1978)]]''</ref><ref name="ref_dc94c0369b0c0704b1297c5e5d6c30196103b012e010ca8d43a5cc6a1cbde10b">''[[:d:Q37312|Internet Movie Database]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8d5bc70998a03e4a1be5d58f28d1a82850e155813ea86c8aa781c84ac02745f7">''[[:d:Q1165538|Nationalencyklopedin]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_29ba93b1ca93d8c64dde85704540208bb3edaaa2db10ff864ffae98e001dd774">https://www.biography.com/people/enrico-fermi-9293405</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47">''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93525d597abfc11843208a057ab6a3214e596cb962c394ca2d936705dc4845c">''[[:d:Q3621644|Archivio Storico Ricordi]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_29ba93b1ca93d8c64dde85704540208bb3edaaa2db10ff864ffae98e001dd774">https://www.biography.com/people/enrico-fermi-9293405</ref><ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref> | [[physico]]<ref name="ref_b06ed730acad4a7eca00b87d239560af3a784c55907e909314f773e0ffed991c">http://www.nndb.com/honors/032/000111696/</ref><ref name="ref_4e1a7213ac22daaa9a82214ba98de6ff0ba7463795acaadfdbe12e9fd351c38a">http://www.nndb.com/org/107/000099807/</ref><ref name="ref_f280b6e1da14c35859fa574423e958fc5d281eb893696426cc5c0a56aee3fa76">''[[:d:Q1373513|Notable Names Database]]''</ref><ref name="ref_29ba93b1ca93d8c64dde85704540208bb3edaaa2db10ff864ffae98e001dd774">https://www.biography.com/people/enrico-fermi-9293405</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q19350898|physico theoretic]]''<ref name="ref_29ba93b1ca93d8c64dde85704540208bb3edaaa2db10ff864ffae98e001dd774">https://www.biography.com/people/enrico-fermi-9293405</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q16742096|nuclear physicist]]''<ref name="ref_29ba93b1ca93d8c64dde85704540208bb3edaaa2db10ff864ffae98e001dd774">https://www.biography.com/people/enrico-fermi-9293405</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q1622272|professor universitari]]''<ref name="ref_29ba93b1ca93d8c64dde85704540208bb3edaaa2db10ff864ffae98e001dd774">https://www.biography.com/people/enrico-fermi-9293405</ref><br/>[[inventor]]<ref name="ref_29ba93b1ca93d8c64dde85704540208bb3edaaa2db10ff864ffae98e001dd774">https://www.biography.com/people/enrico-fermi-9293405</ref> |- | [[:d:Q149997|Q149997]] | [[Zeppo Marx]] | [[File:Zeppo Marx.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1901" | 1901-02-25<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_f2c80df09e95b58628606a2c8a10b00cd8a6048c2ebdae04cf3f20d42f6c2393">''[[:d:Q31964|Internet Broadway Database]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1979" | 1979-11-30<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><br/>1979-11-29<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> | [[inventor]]<br/>''[[:d:Q10800557|actor de film]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2259451|actor de theatro]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q43845|homine de affaires]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q245068|comico]]''<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><br/>[[actor]]<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q1344174|talent agent]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q81096|ingeniero]]'' |- | [[:d:Q213195|Q213195]] | [[B. 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name="ref_74a186e50455df0a0b37510f4bf95fa24d3bfad5648cd49752736821b23964ed">''[[:d:Q1061861|Structurae]]''</ref><ref name="ref_893254bd92808099cc27f2d4b50a50f86aacd9c461c10efb58d43960928bd76f">''[[:d:Q47092600|compArt database Digital Art]]''</ref><ref name="ref_11859b6ed9e861184985bc1f4656b69b5b639ad54d9a1378bf4ebd59755eb7d0">https://brockhaus.de/ecs/julex/article/zuse-konrad-ernst-otto</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1995" | 1995-12-18<ref 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Normdatei]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q104668|Q104668]] | [[Vitaly L. 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name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_b6af51143f97de689c0d23d7b87d3cd2d282f8f7ac7b09168e80d6a2c4a53884">''[[:d:Q1768199|Большая российская энциклопедия]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[physico]]<ref name="ref_ce56fc6ffa6e8b7b013afdd1e2b41266e6db8d831da047a47bcfc6766b2b2b07">http://www.nndb.com/org/616/000067415/</ref><ref name="ref_f562308c65620ed8b0ee410b040c385874fb8b72c869af4cd0cb72446eb51c20">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00107510210122495</ref><ref name="ref_13af4330cc93e33f2f902f8cb7d496178d2defe606b32f27c5d5eb293cb7141b">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00150190701455005</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q752129|astrophysico]]''<br/>[[inventor]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1622272|professor universitari]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q901|scientista]]''<ref name="ref_8d8dc8f36ad27eda86fbef36bfa2999043aa90e60357da1e5d41e52fc1d4f190">http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/2.209/scientist-vitaly-ginzburg-who-helped-make-soviet-h-bomb-dies-at-93-1.4494</ref><ref name="ref_270f54a92f6b64c4478a55bcb04b6474e5f62a0b4981cd2ec6e0c1fb2e66eec7">http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20091110/world/nobel-winner-soviet-h-bomb-scientist-vitaly-ginzburg-dies.281122</ref><ref name="ref_12ed35a2d2ef9eff1266874dd71648471802b63bf1569331180a7865e666b933">http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/11/09/us-russia-physicist-idUSTRE5A813520091109</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q19350898|physico theoretic]]'' |- | [[:d:Q39246|Q39246]] | [[Richard Feynman]] | [[File:RichardFeynman-PaineMansionWoods1984 copyrightTamikoThiel bw.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1918" | 1918-05-11<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_2b943d7bab6c86e36f0f773338a2cf2ad34dde89d6e1671f4293261ae452d32a">''[[:d:Q17378135|Velika sovjetska enciklopedija (1969–1978)]]''</ref><ref name="ref_b8e02536ce47e5feb558b98f426388a2d0110578f45693e3976faa86f1584d9b">''[[:d:Q547473|MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_f2c80df09e95b58628606a2c8a10b00cd8a6048c2ebdae04cf3f20d42f6c2393">''[[:d:Q31964|Internet Broadway Database]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8281a8144a7f9896829b9934f7bdbb10157c1b2c1978fe441986b385b54a1b6b">''[[:d:Q2629164|ISFDB]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0b6394c9b71b4096d2093e1c96ed71f61a31b392bc22d3542305c22bb29142a2">''[[:d:Q2877812|Babelio]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988-02-15<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_b8e02536ce47e5feb558b98f426388a2d0110578f45693e3976faa86f1584d9b">''[[:d:Q547473|MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_f2c80df09e95b58628606a2c8a10b00cd8a6048c2ebdae04cf3f20d42f6c2393">''[[:d:Q31964|Internet Broadway Database]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8281a8144a7f9896829b9934f7bdbb10157c1b2c1978fe441986b385b54a1b6b">''[[:d:Q2629164|ISFDB]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0b6394c9b71b4096d2093e1c96ed71f61a31b392bc22d3542305c22bb29142a2">''[[:d:Q2877812|Babelio]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[physico]]<ref name="ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105">''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q16745601|quantum physicist]]''<br/>[[inventor]]<br/>[[scriptor]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1622272|professor universitari]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q4351403|percussionista]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q19350898|physico theoretic]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15143191|science communicator]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q82955|politico]]'' |- | [[:d:Q215574|Q215574]] | [[Mario R Capecchi]] | [[File:MarioCapecchiFotoThalerTamas2.JPG|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1937" | 1937-10-06<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref 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name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="2021" | 2021-09-16<ref name="ref_62eea75b888ac0921f7b330df1c7bd3b7ff45d81efaf968fc7603412d176e110">https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2021/sep/16/home-computing-pioneer-sir-clive-sinclair-dies-aged-81</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | ''[[:d:Q131524|interprenditor]]''<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q81096|ingeniero]]''<br/>[[inventor]]<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q82594|computer scientist]]'' |- | [[:d:Q7439|Q7439]] | [[Richard Matthew Stallman]] | [[File:Richard Stallman Bologna 2024 abc1.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1953" | 1953-03-16<ref name="ref_dc94c0369b0c0704b1297c5e5d6c30196103b012e010ca8d43a5cc6a1cbde10b">''[[:d:Q37312|Internet Movie Database]]''</ref><ref name="ref_34e46dbfa37bac3c07eedb582f5b0c7a2996302c003e5f19915712beae24475a">''[[:d:Q10855166|The Fine Art Archive]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref> | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q5482740|programmator]]''<ref name="ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105">''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q8246794|blogger]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q81096|ingeniero]]''<br/>[[inventor]]<br/>''[[:d:Q15253558|activista]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q82594|computer scientist]]''<ref name="ref_a038a894def0a35a72086159eeda90d36c532b4bb42b75f239e3225dd3a2f9ed">''[[:d:Q23833686|Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q80|Q80]] | [[Tim Berners-Lee]] | [[File:LS3 4919 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1955" | 1955-06-08<ref name="ref_431a10a0f0ff71fc591927cd18045ae9381046508d3bf27c0b4ad1f8d830cefe">http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/Longer.html</ref><ref name="ref_dc94c0369b0c0704b1297c5e5d6c30196103b012e010ca8d43a5cc6a1cbde10b">''[[:d:Q37312|Internet Movie Database]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_136e3a876567c7afe00732ded2f3e5eb4d0daeb789143b958b82c913a8fa53db">''[[:d:Q114752493|Davos 2014 Participant List]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_136e3a876567c7afe00732ded2f3e5eb4d0daeb789143b958b82c913a8fa53db">''[[:d:Q114752493|Davos 2014 Participant List]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q82594|computer scientist]]''<ref name="ref_cb81ede13043147b0d1f862a528e195c979708fdf0658f8a9e641eb094ca82ca">http://www.infoplease.com/biography/b-bios.html</ref><ref name="ref_c8c6643753b1e2a6d49af87d2bcd6545b2bab13f3f56f3c6ee50446c419d9b21">http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/tim-bernerslee-on-creating-the-web-i-never-expected-all-these-cats-9189946.html</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><br/>[[physico]]<ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q5482740|programmator]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1622272|professor universitari]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q6859454|web developer]]''<ref name="ref_4cd864a570c8d8e93e7b05fa1d986687a0dab856070b8a87ce719ae50c2d5ba1">http://info.cern.ch/Proposal.html</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q81096|ingeniero]]''<br/>[[inventor]]<br/>''[[:d:Q482980|autor]]'' |- | [[:d:Q19837|Q19837]] | [[Steve Jobs]] | [[File:Steve Jobs Headshot 2010-CROP2.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1955" | 1955-02-24<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_e6d493e8b7e3a4737db1a35ec558489e1163cf5ceeee5c007b6a1071a5c307f5">''[[:d:Q16460065|Steve Jobs]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0b6394c9b71b4096d2093e1c96ed71f61a31b392bc22d3542305c22bb29142a2">''[[:d:Q2877812|Babelio]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011-10-05<ref name="ref_a124349cf53e233fbc8c9a85ef77bb173a6404b255682d4b7274c6e9b13100c5">http://apnews.excite.com/article/20111011/D9Q9T1D00.html</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_e6d493e8b7e3a4737db1a35ec558489e1163cf5ceeee5c007b6a1071a5c307f5">''[[:d:Q16460065|Steve Jobs]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0b6394c9b71b4096d2093e1c96ed71f61a31b392bc22d3542305c22bb29142a2">''[[:d:Q2877812|Babelio]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_004c53a89f58b6ee97f0991d4388ebd8a9144bdfb5e02f23765cc150fcd484df">https://it.wikinews.org/wiki/%C3%88_morto_Steve_Jobs</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q131524|interprenditor]]''<ref name="ref_34a8d05cd161c94c3f52a81fe94b9e2e94eaa7666f12232a2bf408070bc0312c">''[[:d:Q2494649|Union List of Artist Names]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><br/>[[inventor]]<ref name="ref_d40158da4c9ae8346325b8aa977616fff40ae1180590a7603dee20f05c00e262">http://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/steve-jobs-dead-apple-confirms-former-ceo-loses-cancer-fight-20111006-1lag8.html</ref><ref name="ref_8d0df4043168bee7e1d596ec80433d51b90b9988691f70e1c30d2500b178cadf">http://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/steve-jobs-quits-as-apple-ceo-20110825-1jat8.html</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q5322166|designator]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q82594|computer scientist]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1053574|executive producer]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3282637|productor de cinema]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1979607|financier]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q133253419|technology entrepreneur]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1210069|general manager]]''<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q4479442|founder]]''<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q4273363|Q4273363]] | [[Frances H. Arnold]] | [[File:Frances Arnold in 2021 at Caltech 01 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-07-25<ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | | ''[[:d:Q6581072|feminin]]'' | [[Biochimico|biochimista]]<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><br/>[[inventor]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1622272|professor universitari]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q81096|ingeniero]]'' |- | [[:d:Q34253|Q34253]] | [[Linus Torvalds]] | [[File:Lc3 2018 (263682303) (cropped).jpeg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1969" | 1969-12-28<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0b6394c9b71b4096d2093e1c96ed71f61a31b392bc22d3542305c22bb29142a2">''[[:d:Q2877812|Babelio]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d4563e1be35c46281b54ba4b5f9989f8c0ccfed11c64615c0422b3b6e91ea930">''[[:d:Q10429758|Biografiskt lexikon för Finland]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_ae252dccea5cdaaa1379456832ceda432881776d03b668cf65e400a170467893">''[[:d:Q105657727|BiographySampo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_aba585e7bcff5bc07e83f12a27e02523501f205c0eb0b67a27da135bf81e06cd">''[[:d:Q4349956|The National Biography of Finland]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q5482740|programmator]]''<ref name="ref_47f84843ae86d521d35c11af16576d7860f416fb810e9c7a49d46e2f2a5ed470">http://www.nndb.com/lists/880/000106562/</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q183888|software developer]]''<br/>[[scriptor]]<br/>[[inventor]]<br/>''[[:d:Q8246794|blogger]]''<ref name="ref_f7c7d212f1d0db7d7fcbeb0af37b8464700245bb36e784dde610d22cb05b17a6">http://torvalds-family.blogspot.com/</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q82594|computer scientist]]''<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q81096|ingeniero]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q43845|homine de affaires]]'' |- | [[:d:Q227030|Q227030]] | [[Mark Shuttleworth]] | [[File:Markshuttleworth-dublin-20101116.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1973" | 1973-09-18 | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | ''[[:d:Q131524|interprenditor]]''<br/>[[astronauta]]<br/>''[[:d:Q81096|ingeniero]]''<br/>[[inventor]]<br/>''[[:d:Q82594|computer scientist]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q8246794|blogger]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q43845|homine de affaires]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q183888|software developer]]''<ref name="ref_046b87b212b11beda13eee5625fdac94fcc45d6cb3d39e1a337eb63e2ecd7574">https://code.launchpad.net/~sabdfl</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q20623701|space tourist]]'' |} ---- &sum; 58 items. {{Wikidata list end}} lsrwmg96woaggonnedzf010b772jljb 102 40007 705683 705432 2026-11-08T09:43:44Z ListeriaBot 24326 Wikidata list updated [V2] 705683 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} Vide etiam: [[Appendice:Lista de territorios dependente o disputate]] {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P298 ?iso3 } |columns=item,P298,P984,P41,P94,label,P242,P300,P36,P2046,P31,description |sort=P298 |thumb=48 |links= |references=all }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! item ! ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 ! codigo de pais per IOC ! imagine del bandiera ! imagine del scuto ! label ! position geographic ! ISO 3166-2 ! capital ! area ! instantia de ! description |- | [[:d:Q21203|Q21203]] | ABW | ARU | [[File:Flag of Aruba.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Aruba wapen.svg|center|48px]] | [[Aruba]] | [[File:Aruba in its region.svg|center|48px]] | NL-AW | ''[[:d:Q131243|Oranjestad]]'' | 178.916378 km² | ''[[:d:Q15304003|pais del Regno del Paises Basse]]''<br/>[[stato insular]]<br/>''[[:d:Q107390|stato federate]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q889|Q889]] | AFG | AFG | [[File:Flag of the Taliban.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Arms of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.svg|center|48px]] | [[Afghanistan]] | [[File:Afghanistan (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Kabul]] | 652230 km²<ref name="ref_1dce4a8b917510d678fa50fb5300544652cf231b551806ae27c17c359782f237">https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html</ref> | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''<br/>[[pais]]<ref name="ref_908cb0b705445b32704dd008e1db18a95b528c763ffcf9456df5877bed87be08">''[[:d:Q11191|The World Factbook]]''</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q1450765|Q1450765]] | AFI | | | | ''[[:d:Q1450765|French Territory of the Afars and the Issas]]'' | | | [[Djibuti (citate)|Djibuti]] | 23200 km² | ''[[:d:Q133156|colonia]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1620908|historical region]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q916|Q916]] | AGO | ANG | [[File:Flag of Angola.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Emblem of Angola.svg|center|48px]] | [[Angola]] | [[File:Angola (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Luanda]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref> | 1246700 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q25228|Q25228]] | AIA | | [[File:Flag of Anguilla.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Anguilla.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q25228|Anguilla]]'' | [[File:Anguilla on the globe (Americas centered).svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q30994|The Valley]]'' | 91 km² | ''[[:d:Q46395|British Overseas Territories]]''<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q5689|Q5689]] | ALA | | [[File:Flag of Åland.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Åland.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q5689|Åland]]'' | [[File:Ahvenanmaa sijainti Suomi.svg|center|48px]] | FI-01 | ''[[:d:Q48329|Mariehamn]]'' | 1582.93 km²<ref name="ref_1030d7f1d0e4082c9f02436085355d23f9cf62a32d4b87afc2ea8274a0862a71">https://www.maanmittauslaitos.fi/sites/maanmittauslaitos.fi/files/attachments/2021/01/Vuoden_2021_pinta-alatilasto_kunnat_maakunnat.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q193512|region of Finland]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q782614|autonomous region]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q222|Q222]] | ALB | ALB | [[File:Flag of Albania.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Albania.svg|center|48px]] | [[Albania]] | [[File:Albania (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Tirana]] | 28748 km²<ref name="ref_1dce4a8b917510d678fa50fb5300544652cf231b551806ae27c17c359782f237">https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html</ref> | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q228|Q228]] | AND | AND | [[File:Flag of Andorra.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of Arms of Andorra.svg|center|48px]] | [[Andorra]] | [[File:Andorra on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Andorra la Vella]] | 468 km²<ref name="ref_1dce4a8b917510d678fa50fb5300544652cf231b551806ae27c17c359782f237">https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html</ref><ref name="ref_d356c59461c87c3d826cb972c8d71bc2087bff160c84a815a39a320a22612605">https://sig.govern.ad/SIGDDE.Public/Files/Documents/Publicacions/Andorra%20en%20xifres.%20Any%202024.pdf</ref> | [[pais]]<br/>''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q25227|Q25227]] | ANT<ref name="ref_bf25a9001b8462c071bbee32380ffaa44c643c8b3b5593348fbfcea6e912638a">https://www.iso.org/files/live/sites/isoorg/files/archive/pdf/en/iso_3166-3_newsletter_i-6.pdf</ref> | AHO | [[File:Flag of the Netherlands Antilles (1986–2010).svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of the Netherlands Antilles (1986-2010).svg|center|48px]] | [[Antillas Nederlandese]] | [[File:Kingdom of the Netherlands in its region (Caribbean special).svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q132679|Willemstad]]'' | 800 km² | ''[[:d:Q15304003|pais del Regno del Paises Basse]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3024240|stato preterite]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q878|Q878]] | ARE | UAE | [[File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Emblem of the United Arab Emirates.svg|center|48px]] | [[Emiratos Arabe Unite]] | [[File:United Arab Emirates (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1519|Abu Dhabi]]'' | 83600 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q414|Q414]] | ARG | ARG | [[File:Flag of Argentina.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Argentina.svg|center|48px]] | [[Argentina]] | [[File:ARG orthographic.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Buenos Aires]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref> | 2780400 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><br/>[[nation]]<br/>''[[:d:Q10551526|confessional state]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q140892892|country sometimes considered transcontinental]]'' | pais de America del Sud |- | [[:d:Q399|Q399]] | ARM | ARM | [[File:Flag of Armenia.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Armenia.svg|center|48px]] | [[Armenia]] | [[File:Armenia (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Yerevan]] | 29743.423459 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]] | pais eurasian del Caucaso Sud |- | [[:d:Q31890709|Q31890709]] | ASC | | [[File:Flag of Ascension Island.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of Arms of Ascension Island.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q31890709|Ascension]]'' | | SH-AC<ref name="ref_0e3eb26c7c9b8a4b2ecbae349ee1191d318db6dce17d409ca5c2c1a31aedc2b9">''[[:d:Q81661634|Gazetteer]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q695774|Georgetown]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]''<ref name="ref_28e067ba6d443e585cc6bae200ecabedea38d4555441bfa6e50598093c75548b">''[[:d:Q1194038|Geographic Names Server]]''</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q16641|Q16641]] | ASM | ASA | [[File:Flag of American Samoa.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Seal of American Samoa.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q16641|American Samoa]]'' | [[File:American Samoa on the globe (Polynesia centered).svg|center|48px]] | US-AS | ''[[:d:Q51678|Pago Pago]]'' | 199 km² | ''[[:d:Q783733|unincorporated territory of the United States]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q462778|insular area of the United States]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1352230|territory of the United States]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q51|Q51]] | ATA | | | | [[Antarctica]] | [[File:Antarctica (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | | 13720000 km²<ref name="ref_a3dae1785f071eaf619b80b4e4878aeb35d9305e5edb62e39b883bcd2e73d1b8">https://www.worldometers.info/geography/7-continents/</ref> | [[continente]]<ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_683b2661c49be29f69007bda6012994faeb7dbcefb33fdba8ec0685c5503f9be">''[[:d:Q43400782|БСЭ1 / Антарктида]]''</ref><br/>[[region]]<br/>''[[:d:Q312461|terra nullius]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2418896|part of the world]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2221906|geographic location]]'' | continente |- | [[:d:Q10372207|Q10372207]] | ATA | | [[File:Flag of the Antarctic Treaty.svg|center|48px]] | No/unknown value | ''[[:d:Q10372207|Antarctic Treaty area]]'' | [[File:Mapa Polo Sur.png|center|48px]] | | No/unknown value | 14000000 km² | ''[[:d:Q734818|condominium]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15239622|disputed territory]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q312461|terra nullius]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q165783|Q165783]] | ATB | | [[File:Flag of the British Antarctic Territory.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of the British Antarctic Territory.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q165783|British Antarctic Territory]]'' | [[File:BritishAntarcticTerritory.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1635867|Rothera Research Station]]'' | 1709400 km² | ''[[:d:Q46395|British Overseas Territories]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q783953|territorial claims in Antarctica]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q129003|Q129003]] | ATF | | [[File:Flag of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Armoiries Terres australes et antarctiques françaises.svg|center|48px]] | [[Terras Austral Francese]] | [[File:French Southern and Antarctic Lands in France (zoomed).svg|center|48px]] | FR-TF<ref name="ref_b358201b6f12d036d1d725230e7d6741d07c711fce3b940b1cb25462f96118c0">https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:FR</ref> | ''[[:d:Q839559|Port-aux-Français]]'' | 7829 km² | ''[[:d:Q161243|territorio dependente]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q781|Q781]] | ATG | ANT | [[File:Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Antigua and Barbuda.svg|center|48px]] | [[Antigua e Barbuda]] | [[File:ATG orthographic.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q36262|St. John's]]'' | 440.29 km² | [[stato insular]]<br/>[[pais]]<br/>''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3244203|monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q202686|regno del Communitate de Nationes]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q189999|Q189999]] | ATN | | [[File:Flag of Norway, state.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Norway.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q189999|Queen Maud Land]]'' | [[File:Antarctica, Norway territorial claim.svg|center|48px]] | | | 2500000 km² | ''[[:d:Q5260616|dependency of Norway]]''<ref name="ref_7db06d5476b3f5c24f5ebb17af080c176272f9c7a4682401c5d83cbd2bb2d168">https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/1930-02-27-3</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q783953|territorial claims in Antarctica]]''<ref name="ref_7db06d5476b3f5c24f5ebb17af080c176272f9c7a4682401c5d83cbd2bb2d168">https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/1930-02-27-3</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q15239622|disputed territory]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q408|Q408]] | AUS<ref name="ref_63f5ca7a183963ae457d8f89197c39e30c3e1963bcf902fb3e780d1dbf4e9c8a">''[[:d:Q25275|ISO 3166-1]]''</ref> | AUS | [[File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg|center|48px]]<ref name="ref_81c89a07f6d8245f3f610a5338eb4d06b8867ad0833011281075a438da9ceee8">https://www.itsanhonour.gov.au/symbols/flag.cfm</ref> | [[File:Coat of arms of the Commonwealth of Australia.svg|center|48px]] | [[Australia]] | [[File:AUS orthographic.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3114|Canberra]]''<ref name="ref_2c266568d394409c43364c2f4d8b8ea09162a2269fee0e814197c113c625b70a">http://www.australia.gov.au/about-government/states-territories-and-local-government/capital-cities</ref> | 7692024 km²<ref name="ref_e5de0557d829b6203125373010912e5dbe4da19b4ef922649c7cca8b61d30a07">http://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/australias-size-compared</ref><ref name="ref_2400624184620dd514bed85b0ebd035541fc426839c786569d93496fbe599d16">http://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories</ref> | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q43702|federation]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q40|Q40]] | AUT | AUT | [[File:Flag of Austria.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Austria.svg|center|48px]] | [[Austria]] | [[File:EU-Austria.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Vienna]]<ref name="ref_8c9140023642283c5ce8f0054419301e4e661b4d544d74f911a04dbe4e1b2919">''[[:d:Q1005391|Federal Constitutional Law]]''</ref> | 83878.99 km²<ref name="ref_337104bf542d61ec28a5b64ad960c201fe14eae452e70f309dab87be0ecfd867">http://www.statistik.at/web_de/static/k37_054436.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<ref name="ref_8c9140023642283c5ce8f0054419301e4e661b4d544d74f911a04dbe4e1b2919">''[[:d:Q1005391|Federal Constitutional Law]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q4209223|stato de derecto]]''<ref name="ref_8c9140023642283c5ce8f0054419301e4e661b4d544d74f911a04dbe4e1b2919">''[[:d:Q1005391|Federal Constitutional Law]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q127693126|successor state]]''<br/>[[pais]]<ref name="ref_e33536185a3a577767c4df8815505e3839cdb3ac340226ff3e9f0263fb53a77a">https://www.workwithdata.com/place/austria</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q227|Q227]] | AZE | AZE | [[File:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Emblem of Azerbaijan.svg|center|48px]] | [[Azerbaijan]] | [[File:Azerbaijan orthographic projection.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Baku]] | 86600 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q967|Q967]] | BDI | BDI | [[File:Flag of Burundi.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Burundi.svg|center|48px]] | [[Burundi]] | [[File:Burundi (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Gitega]] | 27834 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''<br/>[[pais]]<ref name="ref_6cac7bdde4be279b526ef08604ad918b112e3faa287696c1b915fbb81f2f4f0b">https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/by.html</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q31|Q31]] | BEL | BEL | [[File:Flag of Belgium.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Great coat of arms of Belgium.svg|center|48px]] | [[Belgica]] | [[File:EU-Belgium.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Brussel]]<ref name="ref_effb07acb78b00e96857dd630ea9dbef3dfa2b85064c06fc36d489bac27ac036">https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/be.html</ref><ref name="ref_cf8ffd9fa05b0d7e236b0e111cb1395c12ffa35206a807cfeae261a0752a11b4">http://www.traveldir.org/belgium/</ref> | 30688 km²<ref name="ref_b6045ba397001d57a685257fa78ba294520cf6abae5c822cb219ab67a689bfa0">''[[:d:Q12480|Statbel]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q962|Q962]] | BEN | BEN | [[File:Flag of Benin.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Benin.svg|center|48px]] | [[Benin]] | [[File:Benin (orthographic projection with inset).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Porto-Novo]] | 114763 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q27561|Q27561]] | BES<ref name="ref_b487e18951526d42430f1cf1c21ee328d29004b78388d2bd2e82fab9d7187199">https://www.iso.org/files/live/sites/isoorg/files/archive/pdf/en/iso_3166-1_newsletter_vi-8_split_of_the_dutch_antilles_final-en.pdf</ref> | | | | ''[[:d:Q27561|Caribbean Netherlands]]'' | [[File:BES islands location map.svg|center|48px]] | | No/unknown value | 322 km² | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1402592|island group]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q965|Q965]] | BFA | BUR | [[File:Flag of Burkina Faso.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Burkina Faso (1997–2025).svg|center|48px]] | [[Burkina Faso]] | [[File:BFA orthographic.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Ouagadougou]] | 274200 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q902|Q902]] | BGD | BAN | [[File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:National emblem of Bangladesh.svg|center|48px]] | [[Bangladesh]] | [[File:Bangladesh (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Dacca]] | 147570 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q219|Q219]] | BGR | BUL | [[File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Bulgaria.svg|center|48px]] | [[Bulgaria]] | [[File:Bulgaria (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Sofia]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref> | 110993.6 km²<ref name="ref_b935a0a66833771bd7ab112d9853ebe1a287cd8e9aac1b6386fa9e1016b57022">http://www.government.bg/cgi-bin/e-cms/vis/vis.pl?s=001&p=0159&g=</ref> | [[pais]]<br/>''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q398|Q398]] | BHR | BRN | [[File:Flag of Bahrain.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of Arms of The Kingdom of Bahrain.svg|center|48px]] | [[Bahrain]] | [[File:Map of Bahrain.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Manama]] | 786.5 km²<ref name="ref_f1109f3b1be2275f826e9cf52b9203b986059b8d23dd4954bbc9089530b2748f">https://www.bahrain.bh/wps/wcm/connect/bnp_en/about%20the%20kingdom/about%20bahrain/related%20topics/facts%20and%20figures</ref> | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[stato insular]]<br/>[[pais]]<br/>[[archipelago]] | |- | [[:d:Q778|Q778]] | BHS | BAH | [[File:Flag of the Bahamas.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of the Bahamas.svg|center|48px]] | [[Bahamas]] | [[File:Bahamas in its region.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2467|Nassau]]'' | 13878 km² | ''[[:d:Q202686|regno del Communitate de Nationes]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]''<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q225|Q225]] | BIH | BIH | [[File:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg|center|48px]]<ref name="ref_91d8dae1fb677ac9bde8fc11b256aefd8ba4f1c12509013b20d34becf66815ad">https://www.ohr.int/decision-imposing-the-law-on-the-flag-of-bih-2/?print=print</ref> | [[File:Coat of arms of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg|center|48px]]<ref name="ref_fe44227e43c41dc1c415654f064dd2f0737e321840ea890a854a5f4b7aafbbb6">https://www.ohr.int/decision-on-the-shape-and-design-of-the-coat-of-arms-of-bih-2/</ref> | [[Bosnia e Herzegovina]] | [[File:Bosnia and Herzegovina (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Sarajevo]]<ref name="ref_89df3b94d52c8738ece185eb01339a0a2d91531ffc57b210a7e9f6875e0aee0b">https://www.ustavnisud.ba/public/down/USTAV_BOSNE_I_HERCEGOVINE_bos.pdf</ref> | 51209.2 km²<ref name="ref_f56cf0ad5b27857477d6c3573838e46f714d73fb0c96f73cfe60aba0bf2bda63">https://bhas.gov.ba/data/Publikacije/Bilteni/2025/NUM_00_2024_TB_1_EN.pdf</ref><br/>51187 km²<br/>10 km²<ref name="ref_1bc87d147b4cccc8e02d7f46a22731a967f5b8156bb308af2c36ba85e3487d86">https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bosnia-and-herzegovina/summaries</ref> | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<ref name="ref_b8423ba8340e8b33fb505561ed0125432eb23a2565c8790412ae86b19bd45f82">https://www.ustavnisud.ba/public/down/USTAV_BOSNE_I_HERCEGOVINE_engl.pdf</ref><ref name="ref_1265034880a3fb39e9f370775e304074872aa7a725d583ce48de56740d8b8e81">https://treaties.un.org/pages/HistoricalInfo.aspx</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q51576574|pais mediterranee]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q25362|Q25362]] | BLM | | [[File:Flag of Saint Barthélemy (local).svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Blason St Barthélémy TOM entire.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q25362|Saint Barthélemy]]'' | [[File:Saint Barthelemy in France.svg|center|48px]] | FR-BL | ''[[:d:Q34112|Gustavia]]'' | 24 km²<ref name="ref_6fc27494e6c7926015d9eb27d4f5924ae1abcba3d5e6e02ad3d8258d77f9d34c">https://www.touteleurope.eu/fonctionnement-de-l-ue/la-superficie-des-pays-de-l-union-europeenne/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q719487|collectivitate de ultramar]]''<ref name="ref_acb678d6cb9dd51a3fd3981405e68362fe227c398b2f88f9205d3f195172710d">''[[:d:Q47486150|loi organique n° 2007-223 du 21 février 2007 portant dispositions statutaires et institutionnelles relatives à l'outre-mer]]''</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q184|Q184]] | BLR | BLR | [[File:Flag of Belarus.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Belarus (2020–present).svg|center|48px]] | [[Bielorussia]] | [[File:Belarus on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Minsk]]<ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref> | 207596.76 km²<ref name="ref_19a0807314a71637fb0d564051152981a05e56273c4261bd3fdcb5e073d74eae">http://www.gki.gov.by/docs/gzk_2010.doc</ref> | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q619610|social state]]''<br/>[[pais]]<br/>''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q242|Q242]] | BLZ | BIZ | [[File:Flag of Belize.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Belize.svg|center|48px]] | [[Belize]] | [[File:BLZ orthographic.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3043|Belmopan]]'' | 22966 km² | ''[[:d:Q202686|regno del Communitate de Nationes]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q23635|Q23635]] | BMU | BER | [[File:Flag of Bermuda.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Bermuda.svg|center|48px]] | [[Bermuda]] | [[File:United Kingdom on the globe (Bermuda special) (Americas centered).svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q30985|Hamilton]]'' | 53 km² | ''[[:d:Q46395|British Overseas Territories]]''<ref name="ref_062d6a907457c2cd5018246f8dbe44927859fc0e258af56b43a0695d3e0dfd2d">https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bermuda/</ref><br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]] | |- | [[:d:Q750|Q750]] | BOL | BOL | [[File:Flag of Bolivia.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Bolivia.svg|center|48px]] | [[Bolivia]] | [[File:BOL orthographic.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Sucre]]<br/>[[La Paz]] | 1098581 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''<br/>[[pais]] | pais de America del Sud |- | [[:d:Q155|Q155]] | BRA | BRA | [[File:Flag of Brazil.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Brazil.svg|center|48px]] | [[Brasil]] | [[File:BRA orthographic.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Brasilia]] | 8515767 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<ref name="ref_6aab621fef4b62124bd99d03b3d27640d6e75323aa147063e7d7135c8724a7f3">https://www.state.gov/independent-states-in-the-world/</ref><ref name="ref_5c82beb1fb4dd02d663f37b907e0cca990987aef221d1fbf12883eefd4a2f8b1">https://www.un.org/en/about-us/member-states</ref><br/>[[stato secular]]<ref name="ref_02c70ce7e82c7b584465384c48cfa48df62e8157043980dd85c87ac7ede9f667">https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/constituicao/constituicao.htm?lang=pt</ref><br/>[[pais]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref> | pais de America del Sud |- | [[:d:Q244|Q244]] | BRB | BAR | [[File:Flag of Barbados.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Barbados (2).svg|center|48px]] | [[Barbados]] | [[File:BRB orthographic.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q36168|Bridgetown]]'' | 439 km² | ''[[:d:Q202686|regno del Communitate de Nationes]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[stato insular]]<ref name="ref_5e4e5909143bab14784afe80122214dadd4ceb42bb8ad1c8e9ea58b3e36efe57">https://barbados-org.translate.goog/history1.htm?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=es&_x_tr_pto=sge</ref><br/>[[pais]]<ref name="ref_5e4e5909143bab14784afe80122214dadd4ceb42bb8ad1c8e9ea58b3e36efe57">https://barbados-org.translate.goog/history1.htm?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=es&_x_tr_pto=sge</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q921|Q921]] | BRN<ref name="ref_85f197c05a3a50ab610b9354a76864571e64192440bbfe1f06301e0f182262ec">https://www.ISO.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:BN</ref> | BRU | [[File:Flag of Brunei.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Emblem of Brunei.svg|center|48px]] | [[Brunei]] | [[File:Brunei on the globe (Southeast Asia centered).svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q9279|Bandar Seri Begawan]]'' | 5765.313533 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[Sultanato]]<br/>[[pais]]<ref name="ref_85f197c05a3a50ab610b9354a76864571e64192440bbfe1f06301e0f182262ec">https://www.ISO.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:BN</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q140892892|country sometimes considered transcontinental]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q917|Q917]] | BTN | BHU | [[File:Flag of Bhutan.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Emblem of Bhutan.svg|center|48px]] | [[Bhutan]] | [[File:Bhutan (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Thimphu]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref> | 38394 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q417175|regno]]''<br/>[[pais]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q1309121|hermit kingdom]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q23408|Q23408]] | BVT | | [[File:Flag of Norway.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Insula de Bouvet]] | [[File:PAT - Bouvet.gif|center|48px]] | | | 49 km² | [[insula]]<br/>''[[:d:Q5260616|dependency of Norway]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q963|Q963]] | BWA | BOT | [[File:Flag of Botswana.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Botswana.svg|center|48px]] | [[Botswana]] | [[File:Botswana (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Gaborone]] | 581737 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q2895|Q2895]] | BYS | | [[File:Flag of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1951–1991).svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Emblem of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1981–1991).svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q2895|Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic]]'' | [[File:Byelorussian SSR in the Soviet Union.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Minsk]] | 207600 km² | ''[[:d:Q3024240|stato preterite]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q929|Q929]] | CAF | CAF | [[File:Flag of the Central African Republic.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Central African Republic.svg|center|48px]] | [[Republica Centroafrican]] | [[File:CAF orthographic.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Bangui]] | 622984 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''<br/>[[pais]]<br/>[[republica]] | |- | [[:d:Q16|Q16]] | CAN | CAN | [[File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Royal Coat of arms of Canada.svg|center|48px]] | [[Canada]] | [[File:CAN orthographic.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Ottawa]]<ref name="ref_a9d7cc87fad739a186c62b47b38ed774fc3b97ecdaced733b52b08043d1b30e9">''[[:d:Q868884|Constitution Act, 1867]]''</ref> | 9984670 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<ref name="ref_6aab621fef4b62124bd99d03b3d27640d6e75323aa147063e7d7135c8724a7f3">https://www.state.gov/independent-states-in-the-world/</ref><br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q36004|Q36004]] | CCK | | [[File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Clunies-Ross family arms.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q36004|Cocos (Keeling) Islands]]'' | [[File:Cocos (Keeling) Islands on the globe (Southeast Asia centered).svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q48675|West Island]]'' | 14 km²<ref name="ref_c248347e845bbd5a9bd438ccc8cebdef2a3add1372006a3660f2302e4cc84bce">https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/remote-offshore-territories/cocos-keeling-islands</ref> | ''[[:d:Q1402592|island group]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q11687019|external territory of Australia]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q39|Q39]] | CHE | SUI | [[File:Flag of Switzerland.svg|center|48px]]<ref name="ref_ab7fc05533a6a1045f2ce8ad338b0792ed51296f1397b7e775499d19e43c8e57">https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20091656/index.html#app1ahref0</ref> | [[File:Coat of arms of Switzerland.svg|center|48px]] | [[Switza]] | [[File:Switzerland on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Berna]]<ref name="ref_0080a764532c5d04f2a034ba39e581993e729ab6db18d709944b4f8bbb323f6a">https://www.bk.admin.ch/bk/de/home/dokumentation/gesetzgebung/rechtsbereiche-der-bk/abgeschlossene-gesetzgebungsprojekte/bundesstadtstatus-stadt-bern.html</ref> | 41291 km²<ref name="ref_5e2ad7e643fbd628f1fdbcaf44a25a09db7c28f256dd1b609e662806fb674840">https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/fr/home/statistiques/espace-environnement.html</ref> | [[stato]]<br/>''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q43702|federation]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]] | republica federal in Europa occidental |- | [[:d:Q298|Q298]] | CHL | CHI | [[File:Flag of Chile.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Chile (c).svg|center|48px]] | [[Chile]] | [[File:CHL orthographic (+all claims).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Santiago de Chile]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref> | 756102 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><br/>[[nation]]<br/>''[[:d:Q5255892|republica democratic]]''<br/>[[pais transcontinental]] | |- | [[:d:Q148|Q148]] | CHN | CHN | [[File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:中華人民共和國國徽.svg|center|48px]] | [[China]] | [[File:CHN orthographic.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Beijing]] | 9596961 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<ref name="ref_6aab621fef4b62124bd99d03b3d27640d6e75323aa147063e7d7135c8724a7f3">https://www.state.gov/independent-states-in-the-world/</ref><br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q1008|Q1008]] | CIV | CIV | [[File:Flag of Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Ivory Coast (2).svg|center|48px]] | [[Costa de Ebore]] | [[File:CIV orthographic.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Yamoussoukro]] | 322463 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[republica]]<ref name="ref_ca070e9a5eb15c3dccfde88694c68f2863907488ea9e5eec31ad0622694ece24">https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/cote-d-ivoire/presentation-de-la-cote-d-ivoire/</ref><br/>[[pais]]<ref name="ref_0dad73dd85c33cae8349a2e2ca72f0917d0ffc3785f00eede7e40d57c79381da">https://www.presidence.ci/presentation-ci/</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q1009|Q1009]] | CMR | CMR | [[File:Flag of Cameroon.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Cameroon.svg|center|48px]] | [[Camerun]] | [[File:CMR orthographic.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Yaoundé]] | 475442 km² | [[pais]]<br/>[[republica]]<br/>''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q974|Q974]] | COD | COD | [[File:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (black spear).svg|center|48px]] | [[Republica Democratic del Congo]] | [[File:COD orthographic.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Kinshasa]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref> | 2344858 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]]<ref name="ref_ed806c47cd810026be18b273086c4a0bce497d753577b6badca4efc5741bf580">https://www.workwithdata.com/place/dem-rep-congo</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q971|Q971]] | COG | CGO | [[File:Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of the Republic of the Congo.svg|center|48px]] | [[Republica del Congo]] | [[File:LocationRepublicoftheCongo.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Brazzaville]] | 342000 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q26988|Q26988]] | COK | COK | [[File:Flag of the Cook Islands.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of the Cook Islands.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q26988|Cook Islands]]'' | [[File:Cook Islands on the globe (small islands magnified) (Polynesia centered).svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q170482|Avarua]]'' | 240 km² | ''[[:d:Q1138279|associated state]]''<br/>[[stato insular]]<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q739|Q739]] | COL | COL | [[File:Flag of Colombia.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Colombia.svg|center|48px]] | [[Colombia]] | [[File:COL orthographic (San Andrés and Providencia special).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Bogotá]]<ref name="ref_5e9c5041ff4318d908f65eec8765863728691254e0e8d2a8ef3c727c831f4362">https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/Kolumbia;4169072.html</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref> | 1141748 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[republica]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><br/>[[stato secular]]<br/>[[pais]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q140892892|country sometimes considered transcontinental]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q970|Q970]] | COM | COM | [[File:Flag of the Comoros.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Seal of the Comoros.svg|center|48px]] | [[Comores]] | [[File:Comoros (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Moroni]] | 2034 km² | [[pais]]<br/>''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[stato insular]]<br/>''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1011|Q1011]] | CPV | CPV | [[File:Flag of Cape Verde (10-17).svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Cape Verde.svg|center|48px]] | [[Capo Verde]] | [[File:CPV orthographic NaturalEarth.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Praia]] | 4033 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[stato insular]]<br/>[[pais]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q800|Q800]] | CRI | CRC | [[File:Flag of Costa Rica.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Costa Rica.svg|center|48px]] | [[Costa Rica]] | [[File:Costa Rica (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3070|San José]]''<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref> | 51179.92 km²<ref name="ref_285fd8606b2550d805b3727c2d7de01b8b2d241b09c78d835b52e9c55cb22733">https://files.snitcr.go.cr/boletines/ACTUALIZACION_DE_LAS_AREAS_CONTINENTAL_E_INSULAR_DE_COSTA_RICA_02_07_2021.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]]<ref name="ref_ddab406ed76bc355fe46531eaf50bcae55bbbe305380b0bc0306ebb912b36599">https://www.workwithdata.com/place/costa-rica</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q3405693|Q3405693]] | CRQ | | [[File:Flag of Sark.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Sark.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q3405693|Sark]]'' | [[File:Guernsey-Sark.png|center|48px]] | | | 5.5 km² | [[insula]]<br/>''[[:d:Q64953083|car-free place]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q33946|Q33946]] | CSK | TCH | [[File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Czechoslovakia (1960–1990).svg|center|48px]] | [[Checoslovachia]] | [[File:Czechoslovakia (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Praga]] | 127900 km² | ''[[:d:Q3024240|stato preterite]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2618621|Q2618621]] | CTE | | | | ''[[:d:Q2618621|Canton and Enderbury Islands]]'' | | | | | ''[[:d:Q734818|condominium]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q241|Q241]] | CUB | CUB | [[File:Flag of Cuba.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Cuba.svg|center|48px]] | [[Cuba]] | [[File:Cuba (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Havana]] | 109884 km² | [[stato insular]]<br/>''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q849866|communist state]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q25279|Q25279]] | CUW | | [[File:Flag of Curaçao.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Curaçao.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q25279|Curaçao]]'' | [[File:Curacao in its region.svg|center|48px]] | NL-CW<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q132679|Willemstad]]'' | 444 km² | ''[[:d:Q15304003|pais del Regno del Paises Basse]]''<br/>[[stato insular]]<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q31063|Q31063]] | CXR | | [[File:Flag of Christmas Island.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Insula de Natal]] | [[File:Christmas Island on globe (Southeast Asia centered).svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q30980|Flying Fish Cove]]'' | 135 km² | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>[[insula]]<br/>''[[:d:Q11687019|external territory of Australia]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q5785|Q5785]] | CYM | CAY | [[File:Flag of the Cayman Islands.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Cayman Islands Coat of Arms.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q5785|Cayman Islands]]'' | [[File:Cayman Islands in United Kingdom.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q172996|George Town]]'' | 264 km² | ''[[:d:Q46395|British Overseas Territories]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1402592|island group]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q229|Q229]] | CYP | CYP | [[File:Flag of Cyprus.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Cyprus (2006).svg|center|48px]] | [[Cypro]] | [[File:EU-Cyprus highlighted.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Nicosia]] | 9242.45 km²<ref name="ref_d9beda03a013a6c352d53ac5fb5688fc429b1fc4804c0e241d33df84f1b3b758">http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/F2876E52BD240C56C2257EB4003C3ED4/$file/DEGREE_URBANISATION-2016.xls?OpenElement</ref><ref name="ref_d9beda03a013a6c352d53ac5fb5688fc429b1fc4804c0e241d33df84f1b3b758">http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/F2876E52BD240C56C2257EB4003C3ED4/$file/DEGREE_URBANISATION-2016.xls?OpenElement</ref> | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q213|Q213]] | CZE | CZE | [[File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of the Czech Republic.svg|center|48px]] | [[Republica Chec]] | [[File:EU-Czech Republic.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Praga]]<ref name="ref_3e5b9bab813465412853331eda013f076fbcdd7ad1a4220fc096b9ec9c3819bf">''[[:d:Q2948382|Constitution of the Czech Republic]]''</ref> | 78871 km²<ref name="ref_9ee41a8991616554164e89056c906d4d44818b64305baad938165ac299409ac2">https://vdb.czso.cz/vdbvo2/faces/en/index.jsf?page=vystup-objekt-vyhledavani&vyhltext=plochy&bkvt=cGxvY2h5&katalog=all&pvo=ZPR15</ref> | [[pais]]<ref name="ref_8645e6affd6454487e5530ed31ed7a90de88f9b018af1bac5423f56ba4bfad7f">https://www.workwithdata.com/place/czech-republic</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<ref name="ref_3e5b9bab813465412853331eda013f076fbcdd7ad1a4220fc096b9ec9c3819bf">''[[:d:Q2948382|Constitution of the Czech Republic]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''<br/>[[republica]]<br/>''[[:d:Q127693126|successor state]]'' | pais de Europa |- | [[:d:Q16957|Q16957]] | DDR | GDR | [[File:Flag of the German Democratic Republic.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:State arms of the German Democratic Republic.svg|center|48px]] | [[Germania Oriental]] | [[File:East Germany 1956-1990.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q56037|East Berlin]]'' | 108179 km² | ''[[:d:Q3024240|stato preterite]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q183|Q183]] | DEU | GER<ref name="ref_7051b4fa8b9e1fd011a3751668a1a7d17dace442ab69f795ae7cd785f21ca7e6">https://www.laenderdaten.de/kuerzel/olympia.aspx</ref><ref name="ref_14f12b58ecf7e955915f42a62d53c127443a3805dc49bc5b11cfcbf6a89c6802">''[[:d:Q28796597|Olympic.org athletes database]]''</ref><ref name="ref_79e4d44474c511272c7ee74bc50614da858523aec6ef10464aea6ef133b76b29">https://www.worlddata.info/countrycodes.php</ref> | [[File:Flag of Germany.svg|center|48px]]<ref name="ref_1d422822f174182146a3ebf7ed95f411618ba7c64ac7d21c1e4fe9147edeb999">''[[:d:Q56045|Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany]]''</ref> | [[File:Coat of arms of Germany.svg|center|48px]]<ref name="ref_7b1be4b5c5406071713a14f29b675da8b4bf2fcf605c1e15c08f26ab8844ae1f">''[[:d:Q836156|Bundesgesetzblatt]]''</ref> | [[Germania]] | [[File:Germany (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Berlin]]<ref name="ref_1d422822f174182146a3ebf7ed95f411618ba7c64ac7d21c1e4fe9147edeb999">''[[:d:Q56045|Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany]]''</ref><ref name="ref_22390ecfe75e90e8a84d49610b605c042f29948974bc2059607ac63abe076a08">https://www.bmi.bund.de/DE/themen/verfassung/staatliche-symbole/hauptstadt/hauptstadt-artikel.html</ref><ref name="ref_28b4a876afe5bc29aa93ea5e1d077508e10499391b0dca5ba9a493d360bd35a8">https://www.workwithdata.com/place/germany</ref><br/>[[Berlin]] | 357587.77 km²<ref name="ref_c30c744cc8d1683921d063fbb9edf67b0445ec100626745fbcbc647782c7bed5">https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/85921/ssoar-2023-seeger_et_al-Kritische_Flachenfragen_-_Flachenveranderungen_und.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y&lnkname=ssoar-2023-seeger_et_al-Kritische_Flachenfragen_-_Flachenveranderungen_und.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<ref name="ref_0e8d288976e5fc82ece1969aac468ee1b37e61ce5becb93cfcc5ed975493294e">''[[:d:Q1206379|General Treaty]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0aaaa5a7a82b0a7c136905d5fdcea358424e8a04be48b9d47cb8e8cd8be10345">https://www.ndr.de/geschichte/chronologie/Deutschlandvertrag-Wie-die-Bundesrepublik-souveraen-wurde,deutschlandvertrag100.html</ref><ref name="ref_2ebe9814d2917c7003bf83a374e6ebc357663e1b2a5ad7faa6d40ad2e07afc3d">https://www.bundestag.de/resource/blob/579364/034b11190e6f59ada9686600ee020f37/wd-3-119-09-pdf-data.pdf</ref><br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q798431|Q798431]] | DHY | | [[File:Flag of Benin.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Dahomey (1958–1964).svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q798431|Republic of Dahomey]]'' | [[File:Benin in its region.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Porto-Novo]] | | ''[[:d:Q3024240|stato preterite]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1138279|associated state]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q977|Q977]] | DJI | DJI | [[File:Flag of Djibouti.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Emblem of Djibouti.svg|center|48px]] | [[Djibuti]] | [[File:Djibouti (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Djibuti (citate)|Djibuti]] | 23200 km² | [[pais]]<br/>''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]'' | pais de Africa |- | [[:d:Q784|Q784]] | DMA | DMA | [[File:Flag of Dominica.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Dominica.svg|center|48px]] | [[Dominica (pais)|Dominica]] | [[File:Dominica on the globe (Americas centered).svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q36281|Roseau]]'' | 751.096551 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[stato insular]]<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q35|Q35]] | DNK | DEN | [[File:Flag of Denmark.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:National coat of arms of Denmark.svg|center|48px]] | [[Danmark]] | [[File:Denmark (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Copenhagen]]<ref name="ref_2ab2d3efd2b6883b381ce9a652bd0a5322344d6df7b3edab85734fc96927cc79">https://www.workwithdata.com/place/denmark</ref> | 42925.46 km² | [[stato]]<br/>''[[:d:Q20181813|colonial power]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q63791824|country bordering the Baltic Sea]]''<br/>[[pais]]<br/>''[[:d:Q66724388|autonomous country within the Kingdom of Denmark]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q786|Q786]] | DOM | DOM | [[File:Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of the Dominican Republic.svg|center|48px]] | [[Republica Dominican]] | [[File:Dominican Republic (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Santo Domingo]] | 48670.82 km²<ref name="ref_4abceb84df88466e423d116c50d9971c4498b76c685f15eaca23a783c8e7515f">https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/dominican-republic/summaries/#geography</ref> | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[stato insular]]<br/>[[pais]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q262|Q262]] | DZA | ALG | [[File:Flag of Algeria.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:National Emblem of Algeria (bronze effect).svg|center|48px]] | [[Algeria]] | [[File:Algeria (centered orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Alger]] | 2381741 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q51576574|pais mediterranee]]''<ref name="ref_0d68ad2342f20c5aedf1007877b78f219bf3c78c3bafc42a9ec6a9bf41b84f47">''[[:d:Q111513095|Algérie, la tierce rive en Méditerranée]]''</ref><br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q736|Q736]] | ECU | ECU | [[File:Flag of Ecuador.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Ecuador.svg|center|48px]] | [[Ecuador]] | [[File:ECU orthographic.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Quito]] | 257204.27 km²<ref name="ref_41cd80a6a4bbc555bafe2260afacfcf284688b2bea0c2739219b918d0f0e36bc">https://www.censoecuador.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/01_2022_CPV_Estructura_poblacional.xlsx</ref> | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]] | pais de America del Sud |- | [[:d:Q79|Q79]] | EGY | EGY | [[File:Flag of Egypt.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Egypt (Official).svg|center|48px]] | [[Egypto]] | [[File:EGY orthographic.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Cairo]] | 1010407.87 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais transcontinental]]<br/>''[[:d:Q51576574|pais mediterranee]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q986|Q986]] | ERI | ERI | [[File:Flag of Eritrea.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Emblem of Eritrea (or argent azur).svg|center|48px]] | [[Eritrea]] | [[File:Eritrea (Africa orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Asmara]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref> | 117600 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><br/>[[pais]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q6250|Q6250]] | ESH | | | | [[Sahara Occidental]] | [[File:Location Western Sahara AU Africa.svg|center|48px]] | | | 266000 km²<ref name="ref_f226f10d202b7e4f0418bdff05b1a1f1b29872374382df6b8b7442b6cb1ec5b5">https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2016/Table03.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q15239622|disputed territory]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q29|Q29]] | ESP | ESP<br/>SPA<ref name="ref_441ce199c513a152aef7457e8d9baa34eaaafd6b369d45f9de3c14d47f6defc1">''[[:d:Q180672|list of IOC country codes]]''</ref> | [[File:Flag of Spain.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de España (variant).svg|center|48px]] | [[Espania]] | [[File:Spain on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Madrid]]<ref name="ref_77c96e96d96874077b44b4776f0dceeac4b616df12aecefa0d61c49397a313e8">''[[:d:Q847664|Constitution espaniol de 1978]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref> | 505990 km²<ref name="ref_71259f2df20025f4f6ebfbd2cea3654df36bc05b2af744c8bb54649653486875">http://www.ine.es/prodyser/pubweb/anuario08/anu08_01entor.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<ref name="ref_c0734c4a4c9f9a09f2283bfb005697cd4dea47545ed0aea5eb3d79a7b3dc6766">https://books.google.es/books?id=dciHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14&dq=espa%C3%B1a+estado+soberano&hl=es&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjZvb7YgdqKAxW9TaQEHYi1L-AQ6AF6BAgGEAI#v=onepage&q=espa%C3%B1a%20estado%20soberano&f=false</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q1250464|realm]]''<ref name="ref_c0734c4a4c9f9a09f2283bfb005697cd4dea47545ed0aea5eb3d79a7b3dc6766">https://books.google.es/books?id=dciHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14&dq=espa%C3%B1a+estado+soberano&hl=es&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjZvb7YgdqKAxW9TaQEHYi1L-AQ6AF6BAgGEAI#v=onepage&q=espa%C3%B1a%20estado%20soberano&f=false</ref><br/>[[pais]]<ref name="ref_816656db543d7f192ac0f5eedc1b0406efcaf2501630b58d76d99c4105e7ce6b">https://www.workwithdata.com/place/spain</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q51576574|pais mediterranee]]''<ref name="ref_f6e643aeb8317c43addd1338add17398b2150b82005b8eb7fe9f4a62db4f1a20">https://www.miteco.gob.es/content/dam/miteco/es/biodiversidad/temas/espacios-protegidos/pbl_rn_region_mediterranea_tcm30-197189.pdf</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q179671|nation state]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q191|Q191]] | EST | EST | [[File:Flag of Estonia.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Estonia.svg|center|48px]] | [[Estonia]] | [[File:EU-Estonia.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Tallinn]] | 45335 km²<ref name="ref_4653dfca016f1bd2f5883046c58081f4802a23cbdfacca99b1a6483a87daac2b">https://maaamet.ee/uudised/kingitus-eesti-sunnipaevaks-eesti-sai-95-saare-vorra-rikkamaks</ref> | [[pais]]<ref name="ref_89858635d1d4e1e5cf622dbd9ab76a49f5468813d004350e3380e228dd35b83d">https://www.workwithdata.com/place/estonia</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<ref name="ref_54e342fdf5e3df1445603c89567af796e487dcfef339f4a0ae5ed1b3fe9ffe09">https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/ee/521052015001/consolide/current</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''<br/>[[republica]]<br/>''[[:d:Q63791824|country bordering the Baltic Sea]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q115|Q115]] | ETH | ETH | [[File:Flag of Ethiopia.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Emblem of Ethiopia.svg|center|48px]] | [[Ethiopia]] | [[File:Ethiopia (Africa orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Addis Abeba]] | 1104300 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]]<ref name="ref_edc2fab86e50cec4422ea17373796e8bf33c96df1568995feb78f6aff375f401">''[[:d:Q87326639|МСЭ2/Эфиопия]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q33|Q33]] | FIN | FIN | [[File:Flag of Finland.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Finland.svg|center|48px]] | [[Finlandia]] | [[File:Finland on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Helsinki]]<ref name="ref_318da0135bfb25d1f42d651688f070b4056ca932b27cf562763c8b665a912c1c">''[[:d:Q14334357|Suomen historian pikkujättiläinen]]''</ref> | 338478.34 km²<ref name="ref_45fa35ad65f8e138eaadf805bf5345a74d1792fe016fc52eff727dd0c68b6042">''[[:d:Q117800624|Area of Finland's municipalities 2023-01-01]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<ref name="ref_318da0135bfb25d1f42d651688f070b4056ca932b27cf562763c8b665a912c1c">''[[:d:Q14334357|Suomen historian pikkujättiläinen]]''</ref><br/>[[pais]]<br/>''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q63791824|country bordering the Baltic Sea]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q712|Q712]] | FJI | FIJ | [[File:Flag of Fiji.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Fiji.svg|center|48px]] | [[Fiji]] | [[File:Fiji (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Suva]]<ref name="ref_202d137c6425b2a43a20e310db64cbd63e6934c5462ed66403c3e1a2d82eeab6">https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fj.html</ref> | 18274 km²<ref name="ref_202d137c6425b2a43a20e310db64cbd63e6934c5462ed66403c3e1a2d82eeab6">https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fj.html</ref> | [[stato insular]]<br/>''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q9648|Q9648]] | FLK | FLK | [[File:Flag of the Falkland Islands.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of Arms of the Falkland Islands (relief).svg|center|48px]] | [[Insulas Falkland]] | [[File:Location map of the Falklands – Alternative version 4.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q12245|Stanley]]'' | 12173 km²<ref name="ref_6b4b699ef5741ddfc8d1f025a6f51b0872b4786c068a4ee8cb9103a99d75bd21">https://unstats.un.org/unsd/environment/envpdf/country%20snapshots_apr2007/falkland%20islands(malvinas).pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q46395|British Overseas Territories]]'' | archipelago in le Atlantico meridional, e un territorio britannic de ultramar, disputate per Argentina |- | [[:d:Q142|Q142]] | FRA | FRA | [[File:Flag of France.svg|center|48px]]<ref name="ref_24586f4cbffe0665081df82c9c5e73f79348356487223b2dc34f514cfc958a02">https://www.europe1.fr/politique/info-e1-le-drapeau-francais-a-change-de-couleur-4076943</ref> | [[File:Arms of the French Republic.svg|center|48px]] | [[Francia]] | [[File:EU-France (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Paris]] | 643801 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<ref name="ref_6aab621fef4b62124bd99d03b3d27640d6e75323aa147063e7d7135c8724a7f3">https://www.state.gov/independent-states-in-the-world/</ref><br/>[[republica]]<br/>[[pais]]<ref name="ref_a92d077c5f3818620affb2a5d7c48fa8255ac5b86d0bca5eb9961dbcf2aaf058">https://www.workwithdata.com/place/france</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q4628|Q4628]] | FRO | FRO | [[File:Flag of the Faroe Islands.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of the Faroe Islands.svg|center|48px]] | [[Insulas Feroe]] | [[File:Europe-Faroe Islands.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Tórshavn]] | 1399 km² | ''[[:d:Q66724388|autonomous country within the Kingdom of Denmark]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q192611|districto electoral]]''<br/>[[stato insular]] | pais constitutive del Regno de Danmark |- | [[:d:Q702|Q702]] | FSM | FSM | [[File:Flag of the Federated States of Micronesia.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Seal of the Federated States of Micronesia.svg|center|48px]] | [[Statos Federate de Micronesia|Micronesia]] | [[File:Micronesia on the globe (Micronesia centered).svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q42751|Palikir]]'' | 702 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[stato insular]]<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q212429|Q212429]] | FXX | | | | ''[[:d:Q212429|metropolitan France]]'' | | | [[Paris]] | 543940 km² | ''[[:d:Q192498|administrative territorial entity of France]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1000|Q1000]] | GAB | GAB | [[File:Flag of Gabon.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Gabon.svg|center|48px]] | [[Gabon]] | [[File:Gabon (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Libreville]] | 267667 km² | [[pais]]<br/>''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q145|Q145]] | GBR | GBR | [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom (3-5).svg|center|48px]]<ref name="ref_2e1423dcb8b790e2e90a3897a27b6871f1f66485f3fef42b8884658e2a229779">https://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/resources/union-flag-approved-designs</ref> | [[File:Coat of arms of the United Kingdom (2022, variant 2).svg|center|48px]] | [[Regno Unite]] | [[File:Europe-UK.svg|center|48px]] | GB-UKM | [[London]] | 242495 km²<ref name="ref_0d356e1a2755f6d5be930f6bc59055a2c20ee6f0f75bdfd374f011057ad93137">https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]]<br/>''[[:d:Q20181813|colonial power]]''<br/>[[stato insular]] | |- | [[:d:Q1050859|Q1050859]] | GEL | | [[File:Flag of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands (1937–1976).svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands (1937-1979).svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1050859|Gilbert and Ellice Islands]]'' | [[File:LocationGilbertandEllice.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q131233|South Tarawa]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q133156|colonia]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q230|Q230]] | GEO | GEO | [[File:Flag of Georgia.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Greater coat of arms of Georgia.svg|center|48px]] | [[Georgia (pais)|Georgia]] | [[File:Europe-Georgia.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Tbilisi]] | 69700 km² | [[pais]]<br/>''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''<br/>[[republica]]<br/>''[[:d:Q4209223|stato de derecto]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q236036|republic of the Soviet Union]]''<ref name="ref_5c230e70bc98bbb5feb57eebe6a26f1f466f19895c08275dad9169e8102d4f75">https://iverieli.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/274221/1/Komunisti_1921_N1.pdf</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q140892892|country sometimes considered transcontinental]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q25230|Q25230]] | GGY | | [[File:Flag of Guernsey.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Guernsey.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q25230|Guernsey]]'' | [[File:Europe-Guernsey.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q174262|Saint Peter Port]]''<ref name="ref_d7f3fbf911ccc5e0cabba1efbe3a7d2fe53e36a359a9eb710109378e62030924">''[[:d:Q4041526|Internetowa encyklopedia PWN]]''</ref> | 78 km² | ''[[:d:Q185086|Crown Dependencies]]''<ref name="ref_e49b4f15e7e70b1016731d87b2b037476cbeeea0bff6fd705c67834b1d0cdd8f">https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/crown-dependencies-jersey-guernsey-and-the-isle-of-man</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q4996207|bailiwick]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q117|Q117]] | GHA | GHA | [[File:Flag of Ghana.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Ghana.svg|center|48px]] | [[Ghana]] | [[File:Ghana (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Accra]] | 238535 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q1410|Q1410]] | GIB | | [[File:Flag of Gibraltar.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Gibraltar1.svg|center|48px]] | [[Gibraltar]] | [[File:Gibraltar location in Europe.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Gibraltar]] | 6.8 km²<ref name="ref_b590da504bda8b5375deca4a05f1e75cd50a1acdd82f45b7acb2177e1f4dcead">https://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/statistics/key-indicators</ref> | ''[[:d:Q46395|British Overseas Territories]]''<ref name="ref_3d29c82e3baa841b09d9b9b3d90dfa52de4372e39fcb0938708203ec1cab03f2">https://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/press/gibraltar-fact-sheets</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q2264924|port city]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q900119|United Nations list of non-self-governing territories]]''<ref name="ref_48b69b1d187d696733b5fe4c026ed451633a131e2317cfa1a73d9d01cc933ea8">http://www.un.org/en/decolonization/nonselfgovterritories.shtml</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q15239622|disputed territory]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q902814|border city]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q51576574|pais mediterranee]]''<ref name="ref_3d29c82e3baa841b09d9b9b3d90dfa52de4372e39fcb0938708203ec1cab03f2">https://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/press/gibraltar-fact-sheets</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q1200957|tourist destination]]''<br/>[[citate]]<ref name="ref_90fc85d406f4fa37137ab499b9cce2bfdb857196e9342ab74d8f58415463d6c8">https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62710553</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q1006|Q1006]] | GIN | GUI | [[File:Flag of Guinea.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Guinea.svg|center|48px]] | [[Guinea]] | [[File:Guinea (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Conakry]] | 245857 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q17012|Q17012]] | GLP | | [[File:Flag of France.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Guadeloupe.svg|center|48px]] | [[Guadalupe|Guadeloupe]] | [[File:Guadeloupe in France 2016.svg|center|48px]] | FR-971 | ''[[:d:Q167024|Basse-Terre]]'' | 1628 km² | [[Regiones de Francia|region de Francia]]<br/>''[[:d:Q202216|departimento de ultramar de Francia]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q161243|territorio dependente]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1005|Q1005]] | GMB | GAM | [[File:Flag of The Gambia.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of The Gambia.svg|center|48px]] | [[Gambia]] | [[File:Gambia (orthographic projection with inset).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Banjul]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref> | 11300 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q1007|Q1007]] | GNB | GBS | [[File:Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Emblem of Guinea-Bissau.svg|center|48px]] | [[Guinea-Bissau]] | [[File:Guinea-Bissau on the globe (Africa centered).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Bissau]] | 36125 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q983|Q983]] | GNQ | GEQ | [[File:Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Equatorial Guinea.svg|center|48px]] | [[Guinea Equatorial]] | [[File:GNQ orthographic.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1140136|Ciudad de la Paz]]''<ref name="ref_4670f62228431d43ad88bf0ad1dfba386f3c50cacf86ad612695c2d620a35424">https://realequatorialguinea.com/destacado/politica/plazo-de-un-ano-para-el-traslado-de-entes-publicos-a-la-nueva-capital-politica-de-guinea-ecuatorial/</ref><ref name="ref_b2231c6e6b12db62e5fd5a94e0bca5fb0d0dafc6ac483b371b6791c858bab698">https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2026/01/04/en-guinee-equatoriale-ciudad-de-la-paz-devient-officiellement-la-nouvelle-capitale_6660479_3212.html</ref> | 28051 km² | [[pais]]<br/>''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q41|Q41]] | GRC | GRE | [[File:Flag of Greece.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Greece.svg|center|48px]] | [[Grecia]] | [[File:Greece on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Athenas]]<ref name="ref_7f80c57339dd698c07901fec3c81610dd872f97c45364d2194c244d9e12c1466">http://europa.eu/about-eu/countries/member-countries/greece/index_en.htm</ref><ref name="ref_bbccf96b5d48698decad5413c8b90dacd924a8ba54e80d8c7e2a8f52fe06c774">https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gr.html</ref> | 131957 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]]<ref name="ref_c2d67b9e3a07d872ee28f66d2f0e22aa78db5c8eb2e9b18c4acd26b41f3eea1f">https://www.workwithdata.com/place/greece</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q769|Q769]] | GRD | GRN | [[File:Flag of Grenada.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Grenada.svg|center|48px]] | [[Grenada]] | [[File:Grenada in its region.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q41547|St. George's]]'' | 348.5 km² | ''[[:d:Q202686|regno del Communitate de Nationes]]''<br/>[[stato insular]]<br/>''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]]<br/>''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q223|Q223]] | GRL | | [[File:Flag of Greenland.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Greenland.svg|center|48px]] | [[Groenlandia]] | [[File:Greenland (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | DK-GL | [[Nuuk]] | 2166086 km² | ''[[:d:Q66724388|autonomous country within the Kingdom of Denmark]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q192611|districto electoral]]''<br/>[[stato insular]]<br/>''[[:d:Q161243|territorio dependente]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q788176|autonomous administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q140892892|country sometimes considered transcontinental]]'' | Pais autonome intra le Regno de Danmark |- | [[:d:Q774|Q774]] | GTM | GUA | [[File:Flag of Guatemala.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Guatemala.svg|center|48px]] | [[Guatemala]] | [[File:Guatemala on the globe (Americas centered).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Citate de Guatemala]] | 108889 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[republica]]<br/>[[pais]]<br/>''[[:d:Q171751|banana republic]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3769|Q3769]] | GUF | | [[File:Flag of France.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of French Guiana, according to the original displayed at the Museum Franconie, at Cayenne.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q3769|French Guiana]]'' | [[File:French Guiana (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | FR-973 | ''[[:d:Q44401|Cayenne]]''<ref name="ref_4058423f56ad42a5dad3cf811c43b58f4b2eac00baa2606d64175bb0c28dc229">https://www.ctguyane.fr/lassemblee/</ref> | 83534 km² | ''[[:d:Q202216|departimento de ultramar de Francia]]''<br/>[[Regiones de Francia|region de Francia]] | |- | [[:d:Q16635|Q16635]] | GUM | GUM | [[File:Flag of Guam.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Seal of Guam.svg|center|48px]] | [[Guam]] | [[File:Guam on the globe (small islands magnified) (Polynesia centered).svg|center|48px]] | US-GU | ''[[:d:Q30988|Hagåtña]]'' | 544 km² | ''[[:d:Q462778|insular area of the United States]]''<ref name="ref_e2f611e48ca35a2ee76d828427ab1313b3e8e3f9874fc92a31963fc7fd56005b">https://www.doi.gov/oia/budget/authorities-public-law</ref><br/>[[insula]]<br/>''[[:d:Q783733|unincorporated territory of the United States]]''<ref name="ref_d0f09ed15666b50e8d9a68ba9dbc619bb6d784d90a7618c64f8a2f648668f919">https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/gq.html</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q1352230|territory of the United States]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3337001|nationality for sports]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q734|Q734]] | GUY | GUY | [[File:Flag of Guyana.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Guyana.svg|center|48px]] | [[Guyana]] | [[File:GUY orthographic.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Georgetown (Guyana)|Georgetown]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref> | 214970 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q8646|Q8646]] | HKG | HKG | [[File:Flag of Hong Kong.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Regional Emblem of Hong Kong.svg|center|48px]] | [[Hong Kong]] | [[File:Hong Kong in China (zoomed) (+all claims hatched).svg|center|48px]] | CN-HK | | 1105.69 km²<ref name="ref_23f31d605c239779ad76199ec0d06a084629017fe5bc72344b1c5ae5ba458222">http://www.landsd.gov.hk/mapping/en/publications/hk_geographic_data_sheet.pdf</ref><br/>1649.34 km²<ref name="ref_23f31d605c239779ad76199ec0d06a084629017fe5bc72344b1c5ae5ba458222">http://www.landsd.gov.hk/mapping/en/publications/hk_geographic_data_sheet.pdf</ref><br/>2755.03 km²<ref name="ref_23f31d605c239779ad76199ec0d06a084629017fe5bc72344b1c5ae5ba458222">http://www.landsd.gov.hk/mapping/en/publications/hk_geographic_data_sheet.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q779415|region administrative special]]''<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><br/>[[citate]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1549591|citate grande]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q200250|metropole]]''<br/>[[Citate global]]<br/>''[[:d:Q161243|territorio dependente]]''<br/>[[Citate-stato]]<br/>''[[:d:Q125470455|customs territory of China]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3337001|nationality for sports]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q131198|Q131198]] | HMD | | [[File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Insula de Heard e Insulas de McDonald]] | [[File:Heard Island and McDonald Islands on the globe (Antarctica centered).svg|center|48px]] | | No/unknown value | 368 km² | ''[[:d:Q11687019|external territory of Australia]]''<br/>[[archipelago]]<br/>''[[:d:Q38048753|natural cultural heritage site]]''<ref name="ref_61c66ae5b30ad6078e22b9f22c9b9b78d9794dff664cca19b7133532d8da93fd">http://data.gov.au/dataset/2016-soe-her-aus-national-heritage</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q783|Q783]] | HND | HON | [[File:Flag of Honduras (1949–2022, 2026–present).svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Honduras.svg|center|48px]] | [[Honduras]] | [[File:Honduras (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Tegucigalpa]] | 112492 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q224|Q224]] | HRV | CRO | [[File:Flag of Croatia.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Croatia.svg|center|48px]] | [[Croatia]] | [[File:EU-Croatia (orthographic projection).png|center|48px]] | | [[Zagreb]] | 56594 km²<ref name="ref_bd55e0d1c81d14774f58559de438e4defda1e12d62864cdaa1d947db0f41b791">http://www.dzs.hr/Hrv_Eng/ljetopis/2011/SLJH2011.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q51576574|pais mediterranee]]''<br/>[[pais]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q790|Q790]] | HTI | HAI | [[File:Flag of Haiti.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Haiti.svg|center|48px]] | [[Haiti]] | [[File:Haiti (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q34261|Port-au-Prince]]'' | 27750 km²<ref name="ref_a91f5a5fe89915b02835d39667e7f996de05f72841798895019b9b8e3c417445">https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/haiti/summaries/#geography</ref> | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[stato insular]]<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q28|Q28]] | HUN | HUN | [[File:Flag of Hungary.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Hungary.svg|center|48px]] | [[Hungaria]] | [[File:EU-Hungary.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Budapest]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref> | 93011.4 km²<ref name="ref_0e8a04ccdbb38c486094c3321971af7815300f2cf7c847a315389a4c541782fc">http://www.ksh.hu/apps/shop.kiadvany?p_kiadvany_id=81322</ref> | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''<br/>[[pais]]<ref name="ref_4483f66877946ec33f67c3904523e9d019870bd6fd337507938223bc808df79f">https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/hu.html</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q127693126|successor state]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q797422|Q797422]] | HVO | VOL | [[File:Flag of Upper Volta.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Upper Volta.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q797422|Republic of Upper Volta]]'' | [[File:LocationBurkinaFaso.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Ouagadougou]] | | ''[[:d:Q3024240|stato preterite]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q252|Q252]] | IDN | INA | [[File:Flag of Indonesia.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:National emblem of Indonesia Garuda Pancasila.svg|center|48px]] | [[Indonesia]] | [[File:Indonesia (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Jakarta]] | 1904570 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1520223|republica constitutional]]''<br/>[[stato insular]]<br/>[[pais]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q9676|Q9676]] | IMN | | [[File:Flag of the Isle of Man.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of the Isle of Man.svg|center|48px]] | [[Insula de Man]] | [[File:Europe-Isle of Man.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q18569|Douglas]]''<ref name="ref_ac35a63fc8a562a4bbb9c89da46194321cf422408939313f1721fe7a3d50f4f7">https://www.gov.im/about-the-government/departments/cabinet-office/media-centre/isle-of-man-an-overview/</ref> | 572 km² | ''[[:d:Q185086|Crown Dependencies]]''<ref name="ref_e49b4f15e7e70b1016731d87b2b037476cbeeea0bff6fd705c67834b1d0cdd8f">https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/crown-dependencies-jersey-guernsey-and-the-isle-of-man</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q668|Q668]] | IND | IND | [[File:Flag of India.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Emblem of India.svg|center|48px]] | [[India]] | [[File:India (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Nove Delhi]] | 3287263 km² | [[pais]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<ref name="ref_6aab621fef4b62124bd99d03b3d27640d6e75323aa147063e7d7135c8724a7f3">https://www.state.gov/independent-states-in-the-world/</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q43448|Q43448]] | IOT | | [[File:Flag of the Commissioner of the British Indian Ocean Territory.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of the British Indian Ocean Territory.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q43448|British Indian Ocean Territory]]'' | [[File:British Indian Ocean Territory on the globe (Afro-Eurasia centered).svg|center|48px]] | | No/unknown value<br/>''[[:d:Q184851|Diego Garcia]]'' | 60 km² | ''[[:d:Q46395|British Overseas Territories]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27|Q27]] | IRL | IRL | [[File:Flag of Ireland.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Ireland.svg|center|48px]] | [[Republica de Irlanda]] | [[File:EU-Ireland.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Dublin]] | 69797 km²<ref name="ref_1aca3d43d4cf0ba69f864fd92459be3c7e5347af31cbe9d7c89d86c03c615ca5">https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/key-facts-and-figures/life-eu_en</ref> | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[stato insular]]<br/>[[pais]]<br/>''[[:d:Q127693126|successor state]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q794|Q794]] | IRN | IRI | [[File:Flag of Iran.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Emblem of Iran.svg|center|48px]] | [[Iran]] | [[File:Iran (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Teheran|Tehran]] | 1648195 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]]<ref name="ref_706c979762a1bfe0bb4d75a7fa59245b9273be5b15e78cd69c3f108939e0d350">''[[:d:Q3462918|Mo'in Encyclopedic Dictionary]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q127693126|successor state]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q796|Q796]] | IRQ | IRQ | [[File:Flag of Iraq.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Iraq.svg|center|48px]] | [[Irak]] | [[File:Iraq (orthographic-projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Bagdad]] | 437072 km²<ref name="ref_027eec560c36675d7dfcf0ec6ab1730925cc74a759fe419ef4a03c5e837afe70">https://www.iraqiembassy.us/page/geography</ref> | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q189|Q189]] | ISL | ISL | [[File:Flag of Iceland.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Iceland.svg|center|48px]] | [[Islanda]] | [[File:Iceland (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Reykjavík|Reykjavik]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref> | 103004 km² | [[stato insular]]<br/>''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]]<br/>''[[:d:Q140892892|country sometimes considered transcontinental]]''<ref name="ref_98d1b23b41cd51e23b3bfe865c80c37dbf722f949048af4d2eb8b52b7047cc9a">https://whc.unesco.org/en/activities/504/</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q801|Q801]] | ISR | ISR | [[File:Flag of Israel.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Emblem of Israel.svg|center|48px]] | [[Israel]] | [[File:Israel (orthographic projection) with disputed territories.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Jerusalem]]<ref name="ref_fe66d79305fe05e6daf671f160ea52ec9cc53ddcccc361d96fbbed21b69e9cfd">https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/is.html</ref><ref name="ref_bed08e9baec502181b115c0518a39e715e7ea32434d2b2f8c7240f1f4d9329d1">''[[:d:Q1634035|Jerusalem Law]]''</ref> | 20770 km² | ''[[:d:Q51576574|pais mediterranee]]''<br/>[[pais]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><br/>[[region]]<br/>''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10711424|stato non recognoscite]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q38|Q38]] | ITA | ITA | [[File:Flag of Italy.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Emblem of Italy.svg|center|48px]] | [[Italia]] | [[File:Italy on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Roma]]<ref name="ref_bc3d19d9b31811e635d1687f26f2bde9f4c377e9839a06c8c97a2e653aa9a4f3">http://www.governo.it/costituzione-italiana/parte-seconda-ordinamento-della-repubblica/titolo-v-le-regionile-province-e-i</ref> | 302068 km²<ref name="ref_8f75b8c83fc8103d6bd5bf19dd786289cda0d0b87d5a016400665bd155f6e6a5">https://www.tuttitalia.it/italia/</ref> | [[pais]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<ref name="ref_6aab621fef4b62124bd99d03b3d27640d6e75323aa147063e7d7135c8724a7f3">https://www.state.gov/independent-states-in-the-world/</ref> | Italia es un pais del sud de Europa, membro del Union Europee |- | [[:d:Q766|Q766]] | JAM | JAM | [[File:Flag of Jamaica.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Jamaica.svg|center|48px]] | [[Jamaica]] | [[File:Jamaica (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Kingston]] | 10991.90954 km² | ''[[:d:Q202686|regno del Communitate de Nationes]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q918240|territorial evolution of the British Empire]]''<ref name="ref_7fd3330f2d80033c175da2dfd52ded267e02db5ca01cb0080f78f14d38bee1ac">''[[:d:Q87326082|МСЭ2/Ямайка]]''</ref><br/>[[stato insular]]<br/>[[pais]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q785|Q785]] | JEY<ref name="ref_0e3eb26c7c9b8a4b2ecbae349ee1191d318db6dce17d409ca5c2c1a31aedc2b9">''[[:d:Q81661634|Gazetteer]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ca652d7e17bcaf3c9763053fbd648993f635d0474f5bfa63eea979be1687f653">''[[:d:Q1520117|Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names]]''</ref> | | [[File:Flag of Jersey.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of Arms of Jersey.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q785|Jersey]]'' | [[File:Europe-Jersey.svg|center|48px]] | GB-JSY | ''[[:d:Q147738|Saint Helier]]'' | 118.2 km² | ''[[:d:Q185086|Crown Dependencies]]''<ref name="ref_0e3eb26c7c9b8a4b2ecbae349ee1191d318db6dce17d409ca5c2c1a31aedc2b9">''[[:d:Q81661634|Gazetteer]]''</ref><ref name="ref_e49b4f15e7e70b1016731d87b2b037476cbeeea0bff6fd705c67834b1d0cdd8f">https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/crown-dependencies-jersey-guernsey-and-the-isle-of-man</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q810|Q810]] | JOR | JOR | [[File:Flag of Jordan.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Jordan.svg|center|48px]] | [[Jordania]] | [[File:Jordan on the globe (Afro-Eurasia centered).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Amman]] | 89341 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[Monarchia constitutional]]<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q17|Q17]] | JPN | JPN | [[File:Flag of Japan.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Kamon of the Imperial House of Japan.svg|center|48px]] | [[Japon]] | [[File:Japan on the globe (de-facto) (Japan centered).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Tokyo]] | 377973.68 km²<ref name="ref_9f7698a5e1d71a57016439cfb2d5f8619663ce0a6a04cb705dcbd42f4b79aaff">http://www.gsi.go.jp/KOKUJYOHO/MENCHO/backnumber/GSI-menseki20260701.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<ref name="ref_6aab621fef4b62124bd99d03b3d27640d6e75323aa147063e7d7135c8724a7f3">https://www.state.gov/independent-states-in-the-world/</ref><br/>[[stato insular]]<ref name="ref_abc3a7b6a82b0e7dce0ee5331c624e8c53edf38da63fef7cf24d52e956bcedd7">''[[:d:Q66481470|МСЭ2 / Япония]]''</ref><br/>[[pais]]<ref name="ref_abc3a7b6a82b0e7dce0ee5331c624e8c53edf38da63fef7cf24d52e956bcedd7">''[[:d:Q66481470|МСЭ2 / Япония]]''</ref> | pais de Asia |- | [[:d:Q131008|Q131008]] | JTN | | [[File:Flag of the United States.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Great Seal of the United States (obverse).svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q131008|Johnston Atoll]]'' | [[File:LocationJohnstonAtoll.png|center|48px]] | UM-67 | | 2.67 km²<ref name="ref_7593afec9ed78708b0905bf19613ab02b6a4a18fdc9f20d304fdef7e764d6c2f">https://www.recreation.gov/gateways/1508</ref> | ''[[:d:Q473972|protected area]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q462778|insular area of the United States]]''<br/>[[Atollo]]<br/>''[[:d:Q783733|unincorporated territory of the United States]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q139595919|reef island]]''<ref name="ref_ecbd17383f1f46dc7954797b33cfc4f55f90a08051dd0f28e2baa19799e70c36">''[[:d:Q57859044|Classifying Pacific islands]]''</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q232|Q232]] | KAZ | KAZ | [[File:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Emblem of Kazakhstan latin.svg|center|48px]] | [[Qazaqstan|Kazakhstan]] | [[File:Kazakhstan (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Astana]] | 2724900 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q140892892|country sometimes considered transcontinental]]''<br/>[[pais]] | stato euroasiatic |- | [[:d:Q114|Q114]] | KEN | KEN | [[File:Flag of Kenya.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Kenya (Official).svg|center|48px]] | [[Kenya]] | [[File:Kenya (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Nairobi]] | 581309 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q813|Q813]] | KGZ | KGZ | [[File:Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Emblem of Kyrgyzstan.svg|center|48px]] | [[Kirghizistan]] | [[File:Kyrgyzstan on the globe (Eurasia centered).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Bishkek]] | 199951 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''<br/>[[republica]]<br/>[[pais]] | stato soveran in Asia central |- | [[:d:Q424|Q424]] | KHM | CAM | [[File:Flag of Cambodia.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Royal arms of Cambodia.svg|center|48px]] | [[Cambodja|Cambodgia]] | [[File:Cambodia on the globe (Asia centered).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Phnom Penh]] | 181035 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1250464|realm]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q710|Q710]] | KIR | KIR | [[File:Flag of Kiribati.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Kiribati.svg|center|48px]] | [[Kiribati]] | [[File:Kiribati on the globe (Polynesia centered).svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q131233|South Tarawa]]'' | 811 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[stato insular]]<br/>''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q763|Q763]] | KNA | SKN | [[File:Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of Arms of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg|center|48px]] | [[Sancte Kitts e Nevis]] | [[File:KNA orthographic.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q41295|Basseterre]]'' | 269.358763 km² | ''[[:d:Q202686|regno del Communitate de Nationes]]''<br/>[[stato insular]]<br/>''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]] | pais insular caribe |- | [[:d:Q884|Q884]] | KOR | KOR | [[File:Flag of South Korea.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Emblem of South Korea.svg|center|48px]] | [[Corea del Sud]] | [[File:South Korea (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Seoul]] | 100295 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1520223|republica constitutional]]''<br/>[[pais]]<ref name="ref_b56d7a5874cc979de67507be4b9d0ec0309a3055065d3b2c94872cb63e655bc8">https://www.britannica.com/place/South-Korea</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q817|Q817]] | KWT | KUW | [[File:Flag of Kuwait.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Emblem of the State of Kuwait.svg|center|48px]] | [[Kuwait]] | [[File:KWT orthographic.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q35178|Kuwait City]]'' | 17818 km² | [[pais]]<br/>''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q819|Q819]] | LAO | LAO | [[File:Flag of Laos.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Emblem of Laos (1991-2025).svg|center|48px]] | [[Laos]] | [[File:Laos on the globe (Asia centered).svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q9326|Vientiane]]'' | 236800 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q849866|communist state]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q465613|republica popular]]''<br/>[[pais]] | stato soveran in Asia del sud-est |- | [[:d:Q822|Q822]] | LBN | LBN | [[File:Flag of Lebanon.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Lebanon.svg|center|48px]] | [[Libano]] | [[File:Lebanon (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Beirut]] | 10452 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q51576574|pais mediterranee]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q1014|Q1014]] | LBR | LBR | [[File:Flag of Liberia.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Liberia.svg|center|48px]] | [[Liberia]] | [[File:Liberia (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Monrovia]] | 111369 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q1016|Q1016]] | LBY | LBA | [[File:Flag of Libya.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Seal of the Government of National Unity (Libya).svg|center|48px]] | [[Libya]] | [[File:Libya (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Tripoli]] | 1759541 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q51576574|pais mediterranee]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q760|Q760]] | LCA | LCA | [[File:Flag of Saint Lucia.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Saint Lucia.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q760|Saint Lucia]]'' | [[File:Saint Lucia on the globe (Americas centered).svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q41699|Castries]]'' | 617.012867 km² | ''[[:d:Q202686|regno del Communitate de Nationes]]''<br/>[[stato insular]]<br/>''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q347|Q347]] | LIE | LIE | [[File:Flag of Liechtenstein.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Staatswappen-Liechtensteins.svg|center|48px]] | [[Liechtenstein]] | [[File:Liechtenstein on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Vaduz]] | 160 km²<ref name="ref_dc0531c9baebf3ff52b09c3ffe8a977fc1fb9512131cb80fc2011b77431c4b64">https://www.liechtenstein.li/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q854|Q854]] | LKA | SRI | [[File:Flag of Sri Lanka.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Emblem of Sri Lanka.svg|center|48px]] | [[Sri Lanka]] | [[File:Sri Lanka (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q41963|Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte]]''<br/>[[Colombo]] | 65610 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[stato insular]]<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q1013|Q1013]] | LSO | LES | [[File:Flag of Lesotho.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Lesotho.svg|center|48px]] | [[Lesotho]] | [[File:Lesotho (orthographic projection with inset).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Maseru]] | 30355 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q171441|enclave]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q417175|regno]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q37|Q37]] | LTU | LTU | [[File:Flag of Lithuania.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Lithuania.svg|center|48px]] | [[Lituania]] | [[File:Lithuania on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Vilnius]]<ref name="ref_8733203edf880b0fdce16649f429617b8e0121a1c001d8d42e043cd1c7c14f6e">https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/lh.html</ref> | 65300 km²<ref name="ref_c92956357b061d1115c1d301b7b0e504d7c6d4547d6a61d3e759d4d2924cd32c">https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17536867</ref> | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q63791824|country bordering the Baltic Sea]]''<br/>[[pais]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q32|Q32]] | LUX | LUX | [[File:Flag of Luxembourg.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Greater coat of arms of the grand-duchy of Luxembourg.svg|center|48px]] | [[Luxemburg]] | [[File:EU-Luxembourg.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Luxemburg (citate)|Luxemburg]]<ref name="ref_31ff9a393dcba335ef95ebe7ec7b7cfaf816029e0c224a93b1ff9dea7ef2ae2b">https://luxembourg.public.lu/dam-assets/publications/tout-savoir-sur-le-grand-duche-de-luxembourg/tout-savoir-sur-le-grand-duche-de-luxembourg-en.pdf</ref> | 2593.05 km²<ref name="ref_6052f11f70412f14b73f6ac107232bd631ec4d2207b1adbb4384ff5759b73e2e">https://data.public.lu/fr/datasets/r/3931f0cf-ebf9-4050-b71c-e1b61b1bfa2c</ref> | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q165116|grand duchy]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q211|Q211]] | LVA | LAT | [[File:Flag of Latvia.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Latvia.svg|center|48px]] | [[Lettonia]] | [[File:Latvia on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Riga]] | 64593.77 km²<ref name="ref_f15e7acdd449cf8bf828be04e7822998114a796fa4237c50bafc336afeb1a48b">https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/lv/OSP_PUB/START__ENV__DR__DRT/DRT011/</ref><br/>61760.39 km²<ref name="ref_f15e7acdd449cf8bf828be04e7822998114a796fa4237c50bafc336afeb1a48b">https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/lv/OSP_PUB/START__ENV__DR__DRT/DRT011/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q63791824|country bordering the Baltic Sea]]''<br/>[[pais]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref> | republica in le nord de Europa |- | [[:d:Q14773|Q14773]] | MAC | MAC | [[File:Flag of Macau.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Regional Emblem of Macau.svg|center|48px]] | [[Macao]] | [[File:Macau locator map.svg|center|48px]] | CN-MO | | 118.4 km²<ref name="ref_1abd536dcfc66088e8d7e1949854789b61d4b4f124ad7944c9fc6264fe24ff45">https://www.dsec.gov.mo/getAttachment/94448941-52dc-4466-8363-ecfabb364b2d/E_MN_PUB_2026_Y.aspx</ref><ref name="ref_6ee3a0496553c41162abeb0ae8fd3d37d803ab41648d144f98c50f48106fa570">https://web.archive.org/web/20250109234619/https://www.gov.mo/pt/noticias/114837/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q779415|region administrative special]]''<br/>[[Citate-stato]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1549591|citate grande]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1200957|tourist destination]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q161243|territorio dependente]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q125470455|customs territory of China]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q126125|Q126125]] | MAF | | [[File:Flag of France.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:St Martin Coat.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q126125|Saint-Martin]]'' | [[File:Saint Martin in its region (zoom).svg|center|48px]] | FR-MF | ''[[:d:Q200605|Marigot]]'' | 53.2 km² | ''[[:d:Q719487|collectivitate de ultramar]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1028|Q1028]] | MAR | MAR | [[File:Flag of Morocco.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Morocco.svg|center|48px]] | [[Marocco]] | [[File:Morocco WS-included (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Rabat]] | 446550 km²<ref name="ref_037244fce3bd4d7c276a4ba8396763fa4c76da984a2768bdcf981b8032ed4a83">https://databank.worldbank.org/views/reports/reportwidget.aspx?Report_Name=CountryProfile&Id=b450fd57&tbar=y&dd=y&inf=n&zm=n&country=MAR</ref> | [[Monarchia constitutional]]<br/>''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q51576574|pais mediterranee]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q235|Q235]] | MCO | MON | [[File:Flag of Monaco.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Monaco.svg|center|48px]] | [[Monaco (principato)|Monaco]] | [[File:Monaco on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Monaco (principato)|Monaco]] | 2.08 km²<ref name="ref_48ebbe67f55fbfb687654cb380ebfadf14877c661210fb453bcae8480bde6219">https://imsee.mc/content/download/883d5dabde1e0f7628eac0c366de2dc8/file/IMSEE_Magazine_Monaco%20en%20Chiffres%202026_160x240mm_0226-82690-DH_Interactif_Chapitre%201.pdf?inLanguage=fre-FR&version=1</ref> | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''<br/>[[Principato]]<br/>[[Citate-stato]]<br/>''[[:d:Q902814|border city]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q217|Q217]] | MDA | MDA | [[File:Flag of Moldova.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Moldova.svg|center|48px]] | [[Moldavia]] | [[File:Location Moldova Europe.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Chișinău]] | 33843.5 km²<ref name="ref_320523ebb83cf98848ef4bc8a90a8d71e83172da42f7fd7a46d9be6dab1189f1">https://moldova.md/en/content/geography</ref> | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''<br/>[[pais]] | pais de Europa |- | [[:d:Q1019|Q1019]] | MDG | MAD | [[File:Flag of Madagascar.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Seal of Madagascar.svg|center|48px]] | [[Madagascar]] | [[File:MDG orthographic.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Antananarivo]] | 587295 km²<ref name="ref_6f98b31dc213340ed7ea368ae286648c54dc0e5d0a6293f8f0fc74f87d768c99">https://www.instat.mg/accueil/madagascar-en-chiffre/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[stato insular]]<br/>''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q826|Q826]] | MDV | MDV | [[File:Flag of Maldives.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Emblem of Maldives.svg|center|48px]] | [[Maldivas]] | [[File:Maldives (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Malé]] | 298 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[stato insular]]<br/>[[pais]]<br/>''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]'' | pais archipelagic de Asia |- | [[:d:Q96|Q96]] | MEX<ref name="ref_48d0ce6be950795de8ca7fff8e44dbc620d6e5a7b241a75d037258726867406a">https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:MX</ref> | MEX | [[File:Flag of Mexico.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Mexico.svg|center|48px]]<ref name="ref_908cb0b705445b32704dd008e1db18a95b528c763ffcf9456df5877bed87be08">''[[:d:Q11191|The World Factbook]]''</ref> | [[Mexico]] | [[File:MEX orthographic.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Citate de Mexico]]<ref name="ref_908cb0b705445b32704dd008e1db18a95b528c763ffcf9456df5877bed87be08">''[[:d:Q11191|The World Factbook]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref> | 1972550 km²<br/>1964375 km²<ref name="ref_908cb0b705445b32704dd008e1db18a95b528c763ffcf9456df5877bed87be08">''[[:d:Q11191|The World Factbook]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q709|Q709]] | MHL | MHL | [[File:Flag of the Marshall Islands.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Seal of the Marshall Islands.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q709|Marshall Islands]]'' | [[File:Marshall Islands on the globe (small islands magnified) (Polynesia centered).svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q12919|Majuro]]'' | 181.43 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[stato insular]]<br/>''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q47863|Q47863]] | MID | | | | ''[[:d:Q47863|Midway Atoll]]'' | [[File:Midway Atoll in United States.svg|center|48px]] | UM-71 | | 6.27 km<ref name="ref_c14b15d9f3db51f113fe7ab0294a6897cb5fc7174b7d756d3f2c9fdbb26a5a2e">https://www.fws.gov/refuge/midway-atoll</ref> | ''[[:d:Q1550680|unorganized territory]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q462778|insular area of the United States]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q221|Q221]] | MKD | MKD | [[File:Flag of North Macedonia.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of North Macedonia.svg|center|48px]] | [[Macedonia del Nord|Republica del Macedonia del Nord]] | [[File:North Macedonia on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Skopje]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref> | 25713 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><br/>[[pais]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q912|Q912]] | MLI | MLI | [[File:Flag of Mali.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Mali.svg|center|48px]] | [[Mali]] | [[File:Mali (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Bamako]] | 1240192 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q233|Q233]] | MLT | MLT | [[File:Flag of Malta.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Malta.svg|center|48px]] | [[Malta]] | [[File:EU-Malta.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Valletta]] | 316 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]]<ref name="ref_b7d4225b765f9a3f3a6ee09618f7d4756f4eeed6e4278db7bd84c056a17e386e">https://www.workwithdata.com/place/malta</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q836|Q836]] | MMR | MYA | [[File:Flag of Myanmar.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:State Seal of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar.svg|center|48px]] | [[Birmania]] | [[File:Myanmar on the globe (Myanmar centered).svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q37400|Naypyidaw]]'' | 676577.2 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]]<br/>[[republica]] | |- | [[:d:Q236|Q236]] | MNE | MNE | [[File:Flag of Montenegro.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Montenegro.svg|center|48px]] | [[Montenegro]] | [[File:LocationMontenegro.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Podgorica]]<ref name="ref_658e89be6b3befa7046c7406ff2da56adc938521f3ffca5509407b379c856cbc">https://codices.coe.int/codices/documents/constitution/5375375a-83ed-4e8a-8e0a-1bba2aa41f27</ref> | 13883 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q51576574|pais mediterranee]]''<br/>[[pais]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q127693126|successor state]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q711|Q711]] | MNG | MGL | [[File:Flag of Mongolia.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:State emblem of Mongolia.svg|center|48px]] | [[Mongolia]] | [[File:Mongolia (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Ulan Bator]]<ref name="ref_7d1c754bbb9c79f4e261ec07b06c3412be495db3ef2a3f0b65778cafa7f09ce7">https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mongolia/</ref> | 1564116 km²<ref name="ref_7d1c754bbb9c79f4e261ec07b06c3412be495db3ef2a3f0b65778cafa7f09ce7">https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mongolia/</ref><ref name="ref_de0990d91ded6a2587b53be8f3625ce4ff409b396e08794112a494368df2f7f7">https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-documents/52240/52240-001-iee-en.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q16644|Q16644]] | MNP<ref name="ref_0e3eb26c7c9b8a4b2ecbae349ee1191d318db6dce17d409ca5c2c1a31aedc2b9">''[[:d:Q81661634|Gazetteer]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ab6934192ea8c6c60b949cb7f56be9c127a7421c2660ed39599b39c49ad0119c">https://www.iso.org/obp/ui#iso:code:3166:MP</ref> | | [[File:Flag of the Northern Mariana Islands.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Seal of the Northern Mariana Islands.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q16644|Northern Mariana Islands]]'' | [[File:Northern Mariana Islands in Oceania (small islands magnified).svg|center|48px]] | US-MP<ref name="ref_0e3eb26c7c9b8a4b2ecbae349ee1191d318db6dce17d409ca5c2c1a31aedc2b9">''[[:d:Q81661634|Gazetteer]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q49755159|Saipan]]'' | 464 km²<ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_908cb0b705445b32704dd008e1db18a95b528c763ffcf9456df5877bed87be08">''[[:d:Q11191|The World Factbook]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q462778|insular area of the United States]]''<ref name="ref_e2f611e48ca35a2ee76d828427ab1313b3e8e3f9874fc92a31963fc7fd56005b">https://www.doi.gov/oia/budget/authorities-public-law</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q783733|unincorporated territory of the United States]]''<ref name="ref_e2f611e48ca35a2ee76d828427ab1313b3e8e3f9874fc92a31963fc7fd56005b">https://www.doi.gov/oia/budget/authorities-public-law</ref><ref name="ref_0e3eb26c7c9b8a4b2ecbae349ee1191d318db6dce17d409ca5c2c1a31aedc2b9">''[[:d:Q81661634|Gazetteer]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q1352230|territory of the United States]]''<ref name="ref_0e3eb26c7c9b8a4b2ecbae349ee1191d318db6dce17d409ca5c2c1a31aedc2b9">''[[:d:Q81661634|Gazetteer]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q609591|commonwealth]]''<ref name="ref_908cb0b705445b32704dd008e1db18a95b528c763ffcf9456df5877bed87be08">''[[:d:Q11191|The World Factbook]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0e3eb26c7c9b8a4b2ecbae349ee1191d318db6dce17d409ca5c2c1a31aedc2b9">''[[:d:Q81661634|Gazetteer]]''</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q1029|Q1029]] | MOZ | MOZ | [[File:Flag of Mozambique.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Emblem of Mozambique.svg|center|48px]] | [[Mozambique]] | [[File:Mozambique (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Maputo]] | 801590 km² | [[republica]]<br/>''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q1025|Q1025]] | MRT | MTN | [[File:Flag of Mauritania.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:National Seal of Mauritania.svg|center|48px]] | [[Mauritania]] | [[File:LocationMauritania.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Nouakchott]] | 1030700 km² | [[Republica islamic]]<br/>''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q13353|Q13353]] | MSR | | [[File:Flag of Montserrat.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Montserrat.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q13353|Montserrat]]'' | [[File:Montserrat in its region.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q30990|Plymouth]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q31006|Brades]]'' | 102 km² | ''[[:d:Q46395|British Overseas Territories]]''<br/>[[insula]] | |- | [[:d:Q17054|Q17054]] | MTQ | | [[File:Flag-of-Martinique.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Martinica]] | [[File:Martinique-CIA WFB Map.png|center|48px]] | FR-972 | ''[[:d:Q81621|Fort-de-France]]'' | 1128 km² | [[Regiones de Francia|region de Francia]]<br/>''[[:d:Q202216|departimento de ultramar de Francia]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q161243|territorio dependente]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1027|Q1027]] | MUS | MRI | [[File:Flag of Mauritius.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Mauritius.svg|center|48px]] | [[Mauritio]] | [[File:Mauritius (orthographic projection with inset).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Port Louis]] | 2040 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[stato insular]]<br/>''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]''<br/>[[pais]]<ref name="ref_cd7c9c5c115de492113d029f3708fa8b03faa30e67fd271d607256934089be12">https://www.workwithdata.com/place/mauritius</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q1020|Q1020]] | MWI | MAW | [[File:Flag of Malawi.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Malawi.svg|center|48px]] | [[Malawi]] | [[File:Malawi (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Lilongwe]]<ref name="ref_e9d47c1ac01ff1fcbece0251f7a08c769ebd792ca695bd3a26bf7610666ff868">http://www.statoids.com/umw.html</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref> | 118484 km²<ref name="ref_023fd9e86284bb6bb15e473196c9098e8a841169db7a8bd108cfe86db9ec643f">https://dbpedia.org/page/Malawi</ref><ref name="ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47">''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''</ref> | [[republica]]<br/>''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q833|Q833]] | MYS<ref name="ref_91ced5a92c53470c76e4c318a3e14e7348c772d5741a91228cccdd5a43e6e26a">''[[:d:Q292649|AGROVOC]]''</ref> | MAS | [[File:Flag of Malaysia.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Malaysia.svg|center|48px]] | [[Malaysia]] | [[File:Malaysia (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Kuala Lumpur]] | 330803 km²<ref name="ref_0d356e1a2755f6d5be930f6bc59055a2c20ee6f0f75bdfd374f011057ad93137">https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q140892892|country sometimes considered transcontinental]]''<ref name="ref_87e6c82e5f9b0556ae953ae2489ab52303f0d0299fb57a9cf6edfcb59ff06036">https://web.archive.org/web/20230703175319/https://books.google.com/books?id=hmIDAAAAQAAJ&dq=%22Norfolk+Island+,+New+Zealand+,+and+some+smaller%22&pg=PA458</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q17063|Q17063]] | MYT | | [[File:Flag of Mayotte (Local).svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of Arms of Mayotte.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q17063|Mayotte]]'' | [[File:Mayotte (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | FR-976 | ''[[:d:Q132676|Mamoudzou]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q846048|Dzaoudzi]]'' | 374 km² | ''[[:d:Q202216|departimento de ultramar de Francia]]''<br/>[[Regiones de Francia|region de Francia]] | |- | [[:d:Q1030|Q1030]] | NAM | NAM | [[File:Flag of Namibia.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Namibia.svg|center|48px]] | [[Namibia]] | [[File:LocationNamibia.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Windhoek]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref> | 825615 km² | [[republica]]<br/>''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q33788|Q33788]] | NCL | | [[File:Flag of FLNKS.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Emblem of New Caledonia.svg|center|48px]] | [[Nove Caledonia]] | [[File:New Caledonia in France (zoomed).svg|center|48px]] | FR-NC | ''[[:d:Q9733|Nouméa]]'' | 18576 km² | ''[[:d:Q161243|territorio dependente]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q719487|collectivitate de ultramar]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1032|Q1032]] | NER | NIG | [[File:Flag of Niger.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Niger.svg|center|48px]] | [[Niger]] | [[File:LocationNiger.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Niamey]] | 1267000 km²<ref name="ref_908cb0b705445b32704dd008e1db18a95b528c763ffcf9456df5877bed87be08">''[[:d:Q11191|The World Factbook]]''</ref> | [[republica]]<br/>''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q31057|Q31057]] | NFK | | [[File:Flag of Norfolk Island.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Norfolk Island.svg|center|48px]] | [[Norfuk Ailen]] | [[File:Australia in its region (Norfolk Island special).svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q30963|Kingston]]'' | 34.6 km² | ''[[:d:Q11687019|external territory of Australia]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q14192199|territory of Australia]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1033|Q1033]] | NGA | NGR | [[File:Flag of Nigeria.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Nigeria.svg|center|48px]] | [[Nigeria]] | [[File:LocationNigeria.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Abuja]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref> | 923768 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q512187|republica federal]]''<br/>[[pais]]<ref name="ref_b8c50fa2d8e3156c148a83db2383a7989df01611ed6cdf3e2f2974120c846783">https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/nigeria</ref><ref name="ref_7c16b139c1c51716df89b9fa1b129d4c530567a8ed5b275075fd91aaa2b1a2f9">https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/nigeria.htm</ref><ref name="ref_85f1e39a5788c1aa07c69ec708f789307f51c414537a388e555de05af05c6fc5">https://photos.state.gov/libraries/nigeria/487468/pdfs/Nigeria%20overview%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf</ref><ref name="ref_76c1c3d9335871d3018c93daa405050159f0c30ae60630766a04d7d5a9c48396">https://www.forbes.com/places/nigeria/?sh=171606ed4b80</ref><ref name="ref_20e6f4914c5b7943b46d51c4f77d5302928b5e184ea5d6fa9bb5b6d4bc73b833">https://www.lonelyplanet.com/nigeria</ref><ref name="ref_ac96336048c4cbe3228acfb72a8083a12fdf9afbfeb00ef881255ae3f37b5dd7">https://www.state.gov/countries-areas/nigeria/</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q752431|Q752431]] | NHB | | [[File:Flag of New Hebrides (1969).svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of New Hebrides.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q752431|New Hebrides]]'' | [[File:LocationVanuatu.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q37806|Port Vila]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q3024240|stato preterite]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q734818|condominium]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q811|Q811]] | NIC | NCA | [[File:Flag of Nicaragua.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Nicaragua.svg|center|48px]] | [[Nicaragua]] | [[File:Nicaragua (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q131546626|Managua]]''<ref name="ref_cdb3523bd99b5a89f1295c831e1439516020c144166629c444614983905bc131">https://www.asamblea.gob.ni/assets/constitucion.pdf</ref> | 120340 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q34020|Q34020]] | NIU | | [[File:Flag of Niue.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Niue.jpg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q34020|Niue]]'' | [[File:Niue on the globe (small islands magnified) (Polynesia centered).svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q30966|Alofi]]'' | 260 km² | ''[[:d:Q1138279|associated state]]''<br/>[[stato insular]]<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q29999|Q29999]] | NLD | | [[File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Royal coat of arms of the Netherlands.svg|center|48px]] | [[Regno del Paises Basse]] | [[File:Kingdom of the Netherlands in its region (special marker).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Amsterdam]] | 42201 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q417175|regno]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q20181813|colonial power]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1250464|realm]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q20|Q20]] | NOR | NOR | [[File:Flag of Norway.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Norway.svg|center|48px]] | [[Norvegia|Norvega]] | [[File:Europe-Norway.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Oslo]]<ref name="ref_238811c00bbde06ebcef712fe55f6c4e005d6573d58ef9fc61e20136bd11c169">https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/no.html</ref> | 385207 km²<ref name="ref_f075e29ba400602608c9d0f2742b56de53a853804ebebcbdaa889a2bc9ca10eb">https://www.kartverket.no/kunnskap/Fakta-om-Norge/Arealstatistikk/Arealstatistikk-Norge/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]]<ref name="ref_238811c00bbde06ebcef712fe55f6c4e005d6573d58ef9fc61e20136bd11c169">https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/no.html</ref> | pais in Europa |- | [[:d:Q837|Q837]] | NPL | NEP | [[File:Flag of Nepal.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Emblem of Nepal.svg|center|48px]] | [[Nepal]] | [[File:Nepal (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Kathmandu]] | 147181.254346 km² | ''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[region]]<br/>[[pais]]<br/>''[[:d:Q842112|staato socialista]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q697|Q697]] | NRU | NRU | [[File:Flag of Nauru.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Nauru (2020).svg|center|48px]] | [[Nauru]] | [[File:Nauru on the globe (small islands magnified) (Polynesia centered).svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q31026|Yaren District]]'' | 21.2 km²<ref name="ref_e586657f2c0ff514737ded84aeb7d8ad805f972daf80becbe1676e05d69cdaf0">https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nauru/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[stato insular]]<br/>[[republica]]<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q664|Q664]] | NZL | NZL | [[File:Flag of New Zealand.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of New Zealand.svg|center|48px]] | [[Nove Zelanda]] | [[File:NZL orthographic.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q23661|Wellington]]'' | 268021 km² | ''[[:d:Q202686|regno del Communitate de Nationes]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<ref name="ref_c6871316bdeb1556c2cb74d8cc18cbb2d6fdef879d68bebda378e8b70461e1f2">https://www.parliament.nz/en/pb/research-papers/document/00PLLawRP07041/new-zealand-sovereignty-1857-1907-1947-or-1987</ref><br/>[[pais]]<br/>[[stato insular]] | |- | [[:d:Q842|Q842]] | OMN | OMA | [[File:Flag of Oman.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:National emblem of Oman.svg|center|48px]] | [[Oman]] | [[File:Oman (better) (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3826|Muscat]]'' | 309500 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]]<br/>[[Sultanato]] | |- | [[:d:Q843|Q843]] | PAK | PAK | [[File:Flag of Pakistan.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:State emblem of Pakistan.svg|center|48px]] | [[Pakistan]] | [[File:Pakistan on the globe (de-facto and claimed hatched) (Afro-Eurasia centered).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Islamabad]] | 881913 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q804|Q804]] | PAN | PAN | [[File:Flag of Panama.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Panama.svg|center|48px]] | [[Panama]] | [[File:PAN orthographic.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3306|Panama City]]''<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref> | 74177.3 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[republica]]<br/>[[pais]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q129237|Q129237]] | PCI | | [[File:Flag of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands seal.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q129237|Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands]]'' | [[File:TTPI-locatormap.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q51679|Saipan]]'' | 1779 km² | ''[[:d:Q985073|United Nations trust territory]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q35672|Q35672]] | PCN | | [[File:Flag of the Pitcairn Islands.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of the Pitcairn Islands.svg|center|48px]] | [[Insulas Pitcairn]] | [[File:Pitcairn Islands on the globe (French Polynesia centered).svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q48273|Adamstown]]'' | 47 km² | ''[[:d:Q46395|British Overseas Territories]]''<br/>[[archipelago]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q419|Q419]] | PER | PER | [[File:Flag of Peru.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo nacional del Perú.svg|center|48px]] | [[Peru]] | [[File:Peru (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Lima]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref> | 1285216 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]] | pais de America del Sud |- | [[:d:Q928|Q928]] | PHL | PHI | [[File:Flag of the Philippines.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of the Philippines.svg|center|48px]] | [[Philippinas]] | [[File:Philippines on the globe (Philippines centered).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Manila]]<ref name="ref_01aac3c759e861d6e11985d3182736b2bd46d01347aaabb615453532a383935e">https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1976/05/29/presidential-decree-no-940-s-1976/</ref> | 343448 km²<ref name="ref_da04ee1e5298ffc3f89a617aab5529b595ed35254e4b9b068dd84e3e3bd705d7">https://www.gov.ph/about-the-philippines</ref> | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<ref name="ref_81ccc0a78ceeb0d2999af5af7bc2806ac346781fcd398871eaf267afc8de71d0">http://www.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]''<br/>[[pais]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><br/>[[stato insular]] | |- | [[:d:Q695|Q695]] | PLW | PLW | [[File:Flag of Palau.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Seal of Palau.svg|center|48px]] | [[Palau]] | [[File:Palau on the globe (Southeast Asia centered) (small islands magnified).svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q515229|Ngerulmud]]'' | 465.550362 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[stato insular]]<br/>[[republica]]<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q691|Q691]] | PNG | PNG | [[File:Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:National emblem of Papua New Guinea.svg|center|48px]] | [[Papua Nove Guinea]] | [[File:Papua New Guinea (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Port Moresby]] | 462840 km² | ''[[:d:Q202686|regno del Communitate de Nationes]]''<br/>[[stato insular]]<br/>[[pais]]<br/>''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]''<br/>[[Monarchia constitutional]] | |- | [[:d:Q36|Q36]] | POL | POL | [[File:Flag of Poland.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Herb Polski.svg|center|48px]] | [[Polonia]] | [[File:Poland on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Varsovia]] | 312683 km²<ref name="ref_befea119af7b88a867f718383855db6d3f58746b050d5fd52e4d98760829a83e">''[[:d:Q9311474|Statistical Yearbook of Poland]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q1183|Q1183]] | PRI | PUR | [[File:Flag of Puerto Rico.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.svg|center|48px]] | [[Porto Rico]] | [[File:LocationPuertoRico.svg|center|48px]] | US-PR | ''[[:d:Q41211|San Juan]]'' | 9104 km² | ''[[:d:Q783733|unincorporated territory of the United States]]''<ref name="ref_dfc403209caf0578c8559357b9205638ab0e828262f336253dc24a8fdeb22bd0">https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6444&context=faculty_scholarship</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q462778|insular area of the United States]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q7252696|Provincial deputation in Spanish America]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3502482|region cultural]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1352230|territory of the United States]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q609591|commonwealth]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q423|Q423]] | PRK | PRK | [[File:Flag of North Korea.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Emblem of North Korea.svg|center|48px]] | [[Corea del Nord]] | [[File:LocationNorthKorea.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Pyongyang]] | 120540 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]]<br/>''[[:d:Q465613|republica popular]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1309121|hermit kingdom]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3303230|pariah state]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q45|Q45]] | PRT | POR | [[File:Flag of Portugal (official).svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Portugal.svg|center|48px]] | [[Portugal]] | [[File:Portugal on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Lisbona]]<ref name="ref_2274eec7680da6de2af360ad52dc0dcb205135a73c09adf2640233a86ab74895">https://lisbonne.net/lisbonne-pas-capitale-du-portugal</ref> | 92225 km²<ref name="ref_75175874fc4cffd6c95463ffa3b26c832005e827e7b1a3e1d02a14147ea413cd">https://www.pordata.pt/Municipios/Superf%C3%ADcie-57</ref> | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]]<ref name="ref_7dd3b4f770cc92367bf28c3810ee5f21e0cc00e546274fe622cc301b1595ad35">https://www.workwithdata.com/place/portugal</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q733|Q733]] | PRY | PAR | [[File:Flag of Paraguay.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Paraguay.svg|center|48px]] | [[Paraguay]] | [[File:PRY orthographic.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Asunción]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref> | 406756 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q219060|Q219060]] | PSE<ref name="ref_3f75e303bf4853c467c06725a05dba6eeb7112ce137fb140bdc7a80e567b6d9a">https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#search</ref> | PLE | [[File:Flag of Palestine.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Palestine.svg|center|48px]] | [[Stato de Palestina]] | [[File:State of Palestine (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q212938|East Jerusalem]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q158119|Ramallah]]''<ref name="ref_e373230b332bc8177b0098f33774f1a4492a79d7d62597005d44a4128be938d0">https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna40431737</ref> | 6020 km²<ref name="ref_266d0550f01fca36f989386d46dce4355da2265e8abd09025eb4f991b43ef0f0">https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/occupied-palestinian-territory-humanitarian-atlas-2019</ref> | [[pais]]<br/>[[region]]<br/>''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<ref name="ref_61cb9542cfec0192ac28895ad39604419ece3afcc2d24629fa49d44e66ca8713">https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-statehood-idUSBRE8AR0EG20121129</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q10711424|stato non recognoscite]]''<ref name="ref_1aa0d02a4d329d277dd84e6b641dfc97d3cea6ca9ee7087854a9c8096d827e5d">https://www.visualcapitalist.com/recognition-of-israel-and-palestine-map/</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q51576574|pais mediterranee]]'' | stato partialmente recognoscite in Asia |- | [[:d:Q407199|Q407199]] | PSE | | [[File:Flag of Palestine.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q407199|Occupied Palestinian territory]]'' | [[File:Palestinian territories (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | | 8220 km² | ''[[:d:Q2577883|occupied territory]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q30971|Q30971]] | PYF | | [[File:Flag of French Polynesia.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of French Polynesia.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q30971|French Polynesia]]'' | [[File:French Polynesia on the globe (French Polynesia centered).svg|center|48px]] | FR-PF | ''[[:d:Q130800|Papeete]]'' | 4167 km² | ''[[:d:Q719487|collectivitate de ultramar]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q846|Q846]] | QAT | QAT | [[File:Flag of Qatar.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Emblem of Qatar-2022.svg|center|48px]] | [[Qatar]] | [[File:QAT orthographic.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Doha]] | 11437 km² | ''[[:d:Q189898|emirato]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q17070|Q17070]] | REU | | [[File:Flag of France.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Armoiries Réunion.svg|center|48px]] | [[Reunion]] | [[File:Département 974 in France.svg|center|48px]] | FR-974 | ''[[:d:Q47045|Saint-Denis]]'' | 2512 km² | [[Regiones de Francia|region de Francia]]<br/>''[[:d:Q202216|departimento de ultramar de Francia]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q161243|territorio dependente]]''<br/>[[insula]] | |- | [[:d:Q218|Q218]] | ROU | ROU | [[File:Flag of Romania.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Romania.svg|center|48px]] | [[Romania]] | [[File:Romania on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Bucarest]] | 238397 km²<ref name="ref_540e176c09c27df8a6aaad20084302c1382c7ec4e715c970e1db69993d860bbc">http://www.ziare.com/stiri/eveniment/romania-si-a-marit-suprafata-la-238-397-kilometri-patrati-1470103</ref><ref name="ref_7470a15f5c308b39110d7bcaa354d77ec90926aff1f81c8c3758c255095f32e4">http://www.gandul.info/stiri/acesta-este-noul-teritoriu-al-romaniei-16481528</ref> | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]]<br/>''[[:d:Q179671|nation state]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q159|Q159]] | RUS | RUS | [[File:Flag of Russia.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of Arms of the Russian Federation.svg|center|48px]] | [[Russia]] | [[File:LocationRussia.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Moscova]] | 17075400 km²<ref name="ref_37732cd1eab02c3a98ee9629d52854ad13f32935f90a43c8dbbe19b35ecdca91">https://www.britannica.com/facts/Russia</ref> | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<ref name="ref_51cfe82ebe6b6b1410c83f0e5d300685a554345e61cbb37d2ecf3e5be2d6b1ad">''[[:d:Q11836865|Declaration of the Council of Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR No. 142-N of 26 December 1991]]''</ref><ref name="ref_f61b0d5d011a8872156b5d698bf39e3bbdc7397313a70de6d7d097c7048b5b4c">''[[:d:Q652062|Constitution of Russia]]''</ref><br/>[[stato secular]]<ref name="ref_f61b0d5d011a8872156b5d698bf39e3bbdc7397313a70de6d7d097c7048b5b4c">''[[:d:Q652062|Constitution of Russia]]''</ref><br/>[[pais]]<br/>[[pais transcontinental]]<br/>''[[:d:Q127693126|successor state]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1037|Q1037]] | RWA | RWA | [[File:Flag of Rwanda.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Rwanda.svg|center|48px]] | [[Ruanda]] | [[File:LocationRwanda.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Kigali]] | 26338 km²<ref name="ref_4490b87ae43e626fbfebfb40d49f2ef4e5297fad132ef9987ac30b16e91eeaaf">https://www.gov.rw/about</ref> | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]]<br/>[[republica]] | |- | [[:d:Q851|Q851]] | SAU | KSA | [[File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Emblem of Saudi Arabia.svg|center|48px]] | [[Arabia Saudita]] | [[File:Saudi Arabia (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3692|Riyadh]]'' | 2250000 km²<ref name="ref_1df0e6a4bf2bcc4f5e58f2cb0a2d79b91b81a809eaf31edb3dab9fad198c6fa0">http://embassies.mofa.gov.sa/sites/China/AR/Guango/AboutKingdom/Pages/default.aspx</ref> | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q417175|regno]]''<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q37024|Q37024]] | SCG<ref name="ref_a998332fc626f8b32ec1bc2e0ca26894f577cc645a6f823d717ad80c0c92bc11">https://www.iso.org/files/live/sites/isoorg/files/archive/pdf/en/iso_3166-3_newsletter_i-4.pdf</ref> | SCG | [[File:Flag of Serbia and Montenegro (1992–2006).svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Serbia and Montenegro.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q37024|Serbia and Montenegro]]'' | [[File:Serbia and Montenegro.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Belgrad]]<ref name="ref_c6a3b452b72da2c9479e14253e301b88f2b18801653f0d5b28202a5163640194">''[[:d:Q200386|sr.wikipedia.org]]''</ref> | 102350 km² | ''[[:d:Q3024240|stato preterite]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1049|Q1049]] | SDN | SUD | [[File:Flag of Sudan.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Emblem of Sudan.svg|center|48px]] | [[Sudan]] | [[File:Sudan (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Khartum]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref> | 1886068 km²<br/>1840687 km²<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref> | [[republica]]<br/>''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q1088391|rump state]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1041|Q1041]] | SEN | SEN | [[File:Flag of Senegal.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Senegal (official version).svg|center|48px]] | [[Senegal]] | [[File:LocationSenegal.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Dakar]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref> | 196722 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[republica]]<br/>''[[:d:Q4209223|stato de derecto]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q334|Q334]] | SGP | SGP | [[File:Flag of Singapore.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Singapore.svg|center|48px]] | [[Singapur]] | [[File:Singapore on the globe (Southeast Asia centered) zoom.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Singapur]] | 719.1 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[Citate-stato]]<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><br/>[[stato insular]]<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q2264924|port city]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1549591|citate grande]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q902814|border city]]''<br/>[[pais]]<br/>[[Citate global]]<br/>''[[:d:Q108178728|national capital]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q35086|Q35086]] | SGS | | [[File:Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q35086|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]]'' | [[File:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q393878|King Edward Point]]'' | 4066 km²<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q46395|British Overseas Territories]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15239622|disputed territory]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q192184|Q192184]] | SHN | | [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q192184|Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha]]'' | [[File:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha in its region.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q30970|Jamestown]]'' | 394 km² | ''[[:d:Q46395|British Overseas Territories]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q842829|Q842829]] | SJM | | No/unknown value<br/>[[File:Flag of Norway.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q842829|Svalbard and Jan Mayen]]'' | [[File:Svalbard and Jan Mayen in the world (W3).svg|center|48px]] | | | 61399 km² | ''[[:d:Q15042037|statistical territorial entity]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q685|Q685]] | SLB | SOL | [[File:Flag of the Solomon Islands.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of the Solomon Islands.svg|center|48px]] | [[Insulas Salomon]] | [[File:Solomon Islands on the globe (Oceania centered).svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q40921|Honiara]]'' | 28400 km² | ''[[:d:Q202686|regno del Communitate de Nationes]]''<br/>[[stato insular]]<br/>''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]]<br/>''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1044|Q1044]] | SLE | SLE | [[File:Flag of Sierra Leone.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Sierra Leone.svg|center|48px]] | [[Sierra Leone]] | [[File:Sierra Leone (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Freetown]] | 71740 km² | [[republica]]<br/>''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q792|Q792]] | SLV | ESA | [[File:Flag of El Salvador.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of El Salvador.svg|center|48px]] | [[El Salvador]] | [[File:Orthographic Map of El Salvador.svg|center|48px]] | | [[San Salvador]] | 21041 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q238|Q238]] | SMR | SMR | [[File:Flag of San Marino.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of San Marino.svg|center|48px]] | [[San Marino]] | [[File:Location San Marino Europe.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1848|San Marino]]'' | 61.2 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q171441|enclave]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q244381|microstate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q51576574|pais mediterranee]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q1045|Q1045]] | SOM | SOM | [[File:Flag of Somalia.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Somalia.svg|center|48px]] | [[Somalia]] | [[File:Somalia (orthographic projection)2.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Mogadiscio|Mogadishu]]<ref name="ref_e00d7da220a8570d8c21f3e5ecb549474fb0d3ca5dfb3b5481417e5a9a7fc2d0">https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/Somalia;4169147.html</ref> | 637657 km² | [[republica]]<br/>''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q512187|republica federal]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q34617|Q34617]] | SPM | | [[File:Flag of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Armoiries SaintPierreetMiquelon.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q34617|Saint Pierre and Miquelon]]'' | [[File:Saint Pierre and Miquelon in France.svg|center|48px]] | FR-PM | ''[[:d:Q185678|Saint-Pierre]]'' | 242 km² | ''[[:d:Q719487|collectivitate de ultramar]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q403|Q403]] | SRB | SRB | [[File:Flag of Serbia.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Serbia.svg|center|48px]] | [[Serbia]] | [[File:Europe-Serbia (2006–2008).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Belgrad]]<ref name="ref_c45902245eea33e4f11d3bf6ef345c5456cb8bec6ea3278dc70af18b81bc8d86">''[[:d:Q1287641|Constitution of Serbia]]''</ref> | 88499 km²<ref name="ref_5dc6c90aa11e33f2f250e2ba6c7c763c70b43d6fc03e0cab6516dfeefe6d4081">https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G2021/Pdf/G20212054.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[republica]]<br/>''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''<br/>[[pais]]<br/>''[[:d:Q127693126|successor state]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q958|Q958]] | SSD | SSD | [[File:Flag of South Sudan.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of South Sudan.svg|center|48px]] | [[Sudan del Sud]] | [[File:LocationSouthSudan.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Juba]] | 644329 km²<ref name="ref_cc69373e9bad07d4f004a5f5aab7fe52f23ef8e4664c985f68ec563caa50d0ea">https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-sudan/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q1039|Q1039]] | STP | STP | [[File:Flag of São Tomé and Príncipe.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of São Tomé and Príncipe.svg|center|48px]] | [[São Tomé e Príncipe]] | [[File:Sao Tome and Principe on the globe (Africa centered).svg|center|48px]] | | [[São Tomé]] | 1001 km² | [[republica]]<br/>''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[stato insular]]<br/>[[pais]]<br/>''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q4198907|parliamentary republic]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q158454|biosphere reserve]]''<ref name="ref_f15cce0aaf4bcc7168adeb395beefca9131e69ae44ffbb3ed154c895c8968bd8">https://www.rfi.fr/fr/environnement/20250927-l-unesco-d%C3%A9signe-26-nouvelles-r%C3%A9serves-de-biosph%C3%A8re-dont-l-%C3%AEle-de-s%C3%A3o-tom%C3%A9-et-principe</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q15180|Q15180]] | SUN | URS | [[File:Flag of the Soviet Union (1922–1923).svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of the Soviet Union (1923–1936).svg|center|48px]] | [[Union Sovietic]] | [[File:Soviet Union on the globe (Soviet Union centered).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Moscova]] | 22402200 km² | ''[[:d:Q3024240|stato preterite]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q730|Q730]] | SUR | SUR | [[File:Flag of Suriname.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Suriname.svg|center|48px]] | [[Suriname]] | [[File:SURINAME orthographic.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Paramaribo]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref> | 163270 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q116052725|national geopolitical entity]]''<ref name="ref_0e3eb26c7c9b8a4b2ecbae349ee1191d318db6dce17d409ca5c2c1a31aedc2b9">''[[:d:Q81661634|Gazetteer]]''</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q214|Q214]] | SVK | SVK | [[File:Flag of Slovakia.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Slovakia.svg|center|48px]] | [[Slovachia]] | [[File:EU-Slovakia.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Bratislava]]<ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref> | 49033.720839 km²<ref name="ref_a7a4342b94af32933ebcce2cf712c39f8a59d3736f14ec754d7242dfd4f00729">''[[:d:Q125653046|Population density of Slovakia – SR-area-region-district, cities-rural [om7015rr] : Area (square meter)]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[republica]]<br/>''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''<ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><br/>[[pais]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q127693126|successor state]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q215|Q215]] | SVN | SLO | [[File:Flag of Slovenia.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Slovenia.svg|center|48px]] | [[Slovenia]] | [[File:EU-Slovenia.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Ljubljana]] | 20271 km²<ref name="ref_492e1685a33864a8ecd1ef9ca439efcffe18d8ae23067530c37b93bde4e62e2f">https://www.stat.si/StatWeb/File/DocSysFile/10033/Spremembe_povrsine_Slovenije.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q51576574|pais mediterranee]]''<br/>[[pais]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q22909549|unitary parliamentary republic]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q34|Q34]] | SWE | SWE | [[File:Flag of Sweden.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Great coat of arms of Sweden.svg|center|48px]] | [[Svedia]] | [[File:Sweden on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Stockholm]] | 447425.16 km²<ref name="ref_1124edc9963ca21ee5771ef0570e8118e27324d5bc4bc05d7f79c63b1f77925f">https://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/sv/ssd/START__MI__MI0802/Areal2012N/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]]<br/>''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q63791824|country bordering the Baltic Sea]]''<br/>[[Monarchia constitutional]] | |- | [[:d:Q1050|Q1050]] | SWZ | SWZ | [[File:Flag of Eswatini.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Eswatini.svg|center|48px]] | [[Eswatini]] | [[File:Location Eswatini.png|center|48px]] | | [[Lobamba]]<br/>[[Mbabane]] | 17364 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q417175|regno]]''<br/>[[pais]] | pais in Africa |- | [[:d:Q26273|Q26273]] | SXM | | [[File:Flag of Sint Maarten.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Wapen van Sint Maarten.svg|center|48px]] | [[Sint Maarten]] | [[File:Sint Maarten on the globe (Americas centered).svg|center|48px]] | NL-SX | ''[[:d:Q30958|Philipsburg]]'' | 34 km² | [[stato insular]]<br/>''[[:d:Q15304003|pais del Regno del Paises Basse]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q1042|Q1042]] | SYC | SEY | [[File:Flag of Seychelles.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Seychelles.svg|center|48px]] | [[Seychelles]] | [[File:SYC orthographic.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Victoria (Seychelles)|Victoria]] | 459 km² | [[republica]]<br/>''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[stato insular]]<br/>[[pais]]<br/>''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q858|Q858]] | SYR | SYR | [[File:Flag of Syria (2025-).svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Emblem of Syria (2025–present).svg|center|48px]] | [[Syria]] | [[File:Syria (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Damasco]] | 185180 km² | [[pais]]<br/>''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q51576574|pais mediterranee]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q18221|Q18221]] | TCA | | [[File:Flag of the Turks and Caicos Islands.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of the Turks and Caicos Islands.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q18221|Turks and Caicos Islands]]'' | [[File:Turks and Caicos Islands in its region.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q34205|Cockburn Town]]'' | 417 km² | ''[[:d:Q46395|British Overseas Territories]]''<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]] | |- | [[:d:Q657|Q657]] | TCD | CHA | [[File:Flag of Chad.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Chad.svg|center|48px]] | [[Tchad]] | [[File:TCD orthographic.svg|center|48px]] | | [[N'Djamena]] | 1284000 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q945|Q945]] | TGO | TOG | [[File:Flag of Togo (3-2).svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Armoiries du Togo.svg|center|48px]]<ref name="ref_fffc7b435c279fc8e3b1f7f88e349523ca571e2226ff624cc2995bee274222ae">https://novissi.gouv.tg/en/home-new-en/</ref> | [[Togo]] | [[File:Togo on the globe (Africa centered).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Lomé]] | 56785 km² | [[republica]]<br/>''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q869|Q869]] | THA | THA | [[File:Flag of Thailand.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Emblem of Thailand.svg|center|48px]] | [[Thailanda]] | [[File:Thailand (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Bangkok]] | 513119.5 km²<ref name="ref_1b8baf50a56047936437bf57fa007e9f7a73385d6a7341a3edadc4bec269e1a6">http://web.nso.go.th/en/census/poph/data/090913_MajorFindings_10.pdf</ref> | [[Monarchia constitutional]]<br/>''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]]<br/>''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q863|Q863]] | TJK | TJK | [[File:Flag of Tajikistan.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Emblem of Tajikistan.svg|center|48px]] | [[Tajikistan]] | [[File:Tajikistan (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Dushanbe]] | 143100 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q36823|Q36823]] | TKL | | [[File:Flag of Tokelau.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Badge of Tokelau.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q36823|Tokelau]]'' | [[File:LocationTokelau.png|center|48px]] | | No/unknown value | 12.2 km²<ref name="ref_4095860ff0c949dc8ad1c215a6ad6deccf9864a06aa18c53936096a1541cd3fd">https://www.tokelau.org.nz/About+Us.html</ref> | ''[[:d:Q1402592|island group]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q161243|territorio dependente]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q874|Q874]] | TKM | TKM | [[File:Flag of Turkmenistan.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Emblem of Turkmenistan.svg|center|48px]] | [[Turkmenistan]] | [[File:Turkmenistan on the globe (Turkmenistan centered).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Ashgabat]] | 491210 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q574|Q574]] | TLS | TLS | [[File:Flag of East Timor.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of East Timor.svg|center|48px]] | [[Timor Oriental]] | [[File:Timor Leste (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q9310|Dili]]'' | 14918.72 km² | [[pais]]<br/>''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[stato insular]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q678|Q678]] | TON | TGA | [[File:Flag of Tonga.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Tonga.svg|center|48px]] | [[Tonga]] | [[File:Tonga on the globe (small islands magnified) (Polynesia centered).svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q38834|Nukuʻalofa]]'' | 748.506563 km² | [[pais]]<br/>''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[stato insular]]<br/>''[[:d:Q918240|territorial evolution of the British Empire]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q754|Q754]] | TTO | TTO | [[File:Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Trinidad and Tobago (2025).svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q754|Trinidad e Tobago]]'' | [[File:Trinidad and Tobago (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q39178|Port of Spain]]'' | 5128 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''<br/>[[stato insular]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><br/>[[pais]]<br/>''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q948|Q948]] | TUN | TUN | [[File:Flag of Tunisia.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Tunisia.svg|center|48px]] | [[Tunisia]] | [[File:Tunisia (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Tunis]]<ref name="ref_88ce9717ec72824287896e8dec4b5443f0fc722f6fbb7ede486346a09909b211">https://www.britannica.com/place/Tunisia</ref> | 163610 km²<ref name="ref_f2a564e8bc55a0e6132abb0644692ca17f2c61a6cfb59027e3d0a8b03e3a1c9b">https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ts.html</ref> | [[pais]]<br/>''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[republica]]<br/>''[[:d:Q51576574|pais mediterranee]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q43|Q43]] | TUR | TUR | [[File:Flag of Turkey.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Turchia]] | [[File:Turkey (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Ankara]]<ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref> | 783562 km²<ref name="ref_908cb0b705445b32704dd008e1db18a95b528c763ffcf9456df5877bed87be08">''[[:d:Q11191|The World Factbook]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais transcontinental]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q51576574|pais mediterranee]]''<br/>[[pais]]<ref name="ref_9e59fb0cade2e24af05b8139af1c56c8541241a8b9a620ca0b1c15c7c4c3fc35">https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tu.html</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q619610|social state]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q339834|regional power]]''<br/>[[stato secular]]<br/>''[[:d:Q127693126|successor state]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q672|Q672]] | TUV | TUV | [[File:Flag of Tuvalu.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Tuvalu.svg|center|48px]] | [[Tuvalu]] | [[File:Tuvalu in its region.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Funafuti]] | 25.63 km²<ref name="ref_80b787eb04c2fdeb3b5706cc069ac659faad6a42df59d9e7f9829bcec882fba6">https://www.citypopulation.de/en/tuvalu/</ref> | [[stato insular]]<br/>''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q202686|regno del Communitate de Nationes]]''<br/>[[pais]]<br/>''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q865|Q865]] | TWN | TPE<ref name="ref_57a0ad33f5b6f27f02f92a9efa64f01b99937ab26de151c23288f5b72c3c0fb2">https://olympics.com/en/news/paris-2024-olympics-full-list-ioc-national-olympic-committee-codes</ref> | [[File:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:National Emblem of the Republic of China.svg|center|48px]] | [[Taiwan|Republica de China]] | [[File:Locator map of the ROC Taiwan.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Taipei]] | 36197 km²<ref name="ref_39b14af3a704be5e1fd43467487c8500270c4c2a01955e29e25257a6bd719fe5">https://www.taiwan.gov.tw/about.php</ref> | [[stato insular]]<br/>''[[:d:Q6501447|local government]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10711424|stato non recognoscite]]''<ref name="ref_c905fbbcd72d58c0d5b3cbabd51cf692c8b26048dc5f0e526c86e110f12e8bc0">https://docs.un.org/en/A/RES/2758(XXVI)</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q16562419|political entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q25449457|continental country]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q924|Q924]] | TZA | TAN | [[File:Flag of Tanzania.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Tanzania.svg|center|48px]] | [[Tanzania]] | [[File:Tanzania (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Dodoma]] | 947303 km² | [[republica]]<ref name="ref_66afe8a0af55b4c72538a606d569b267b8291b8e859cb3431b45dfa5e7e740d0">https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/united-republic-tanzania</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q1036|Q1036]] | UGA | UGA | [[File:Flag of Uganda.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Uganda.svg|center|48px]] | [[Uganda]] | [[File:Uganda (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Kampala]] | 241038 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<ref name="ref_96c78443365f47d6b9190ab9c0a9f169f7cc2ed3f7942acfef00afdbabc34b44">https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/special-reports/what-uganda-has-gone-through-since-1962--4787868#story</ref><br/>[[republica]]<br/>''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q212|Q212]] | UKR | UKR | [[File:Flag of Ukraine.svg|center|48px]]<ref name="ref_5ed3251867e0b91b05961b69a825c79af31d20592aa1b6c6c02c084f36419866">''[[:d:Q127974|flag of Ukraine]]''</ref> | [[File:Coat of Arms of Ukraine (Pantone).svg|center|48px]] | [[Ukraina]] | [[File:Ukraine (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Kiovia|Kiev]]<ref name="ref_d7f3fbf911ccc5e0cabba1efbe3a7d2fe53e36a359a9eb710109378e62030924">''[[:d:Q4041526|Internetowa encyklopedia PWN]]''</ref> | 603550 km²<ref name="ref_639b4cacb792146ec143caffa6445dcd00277784997c2ed13ebef532a6ddd8c4">https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ukraine/#geography</ref> | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<ref name="ref_d04d8d7f5731ee4d65658b5b251738e4774f75263e16fe3f0e76820ea3f141d2">''[[:d:Q1549039|Constitution of Ukraine]]''</ref><br/>[[pais]]<ref name="ref_6ffc63bfb6be52fa62e52df154cb155bb3608a135ef80e4f6f72beb583682da2">https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/up.html</ref><ref name="ref_7f356e30362b34841f34d2d2aa38ba88bf15d98584825e43e49f099d271bd872">http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30096/Ukraine</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''<ref name="ref_d04d8d7f5731ee4d65658b5b251738e4774f75263e16fe3f0e76820ea3f141d2">''[[:d:Q1549039|Constitution of Ukraine]]''</ref><br/>[[republica]]<ref name="ref_d04d8d7f5731ee4d65658b5b251738e4774f75263e16fe3f0e76820ea3f141d2">''[[:d:Q1549039|Constitution of Ukraine]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q619610|social state]]''<ref name="ref_d04d8d7f5731ee4d65658b5b251738e4774f75263e16fe3f0e76820ea3f141d2">''[[:d:Q1549039|Constitution of Ukraine]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q4209223|stato de derecto]]''<ref name="ref_d04d8d7f5731ee4d65658b5b251738e4774f75263e16fe3f0e76820ea3f141d2">''[[:d:Q1549039|Constitution of Ukraine]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q4835091|territory]]''<ref name="ref_26acfc01b6c3b5a18a274ccd29ed3d723b814fc3cbec9643244ef3238ffb54cf">''[[:d:Q1048515|political world map]]''</ref> | pais de Europa oriental |- | [[:d:Q16645|Q16645]] | UMI | | [[File:Flag of the United States.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Insulas minor peripheric del Statos Unite]] | [[File:United States Minor Outlying Island in Oceania (small islands magnified).svg|center|48px]] | US-UM | | 34.2 km² | ''[[:d:Q1402592|island group]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15042037|statistical territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q462778|insular area of the United States]]''<ref name="ref_4d80a9e7ddc84c2bda41cb23318f27faf6fe7628d4c9954662c5c77f43af71a8">https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:US</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q77|Q77]] | URY | URU | [[File:Flag of Uruguay.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Uruguay.svg|center|48px]] | [[Uruguay]] | [[File:URY orthographic.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Montevideo]]<ref name="ref_3fc46b9f24a8ea483e8de2a69e4e9850b7ca55f5a20994df6ed612892cc8a304">https://www.workwithdata.com/place/uruguay</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref> | 176215 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<ref name="ref_6aab621fef4b62124bd99d03b3d27640d6e75323aa147063e7d7135c8724a7f3">https://www.state.gov/independent-states-in-the-world/</ref><br/>[[stato secular]]<br/>[[pais]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1520223|republica constitutional]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q30|Q30]] | USA<ref name="ref_4d80a9e7ddc84c2bda41cb23318f27faf6fe7628d4c9954662c5c77f43af71a8">https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:US</ref> | USA | [[File:Flag of the United States (DDD-F-416E specifications).svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Greater coat of arms of the United States.svg|center|48px]] | [[Statos Unite de America]] | [[File:United States - Location Map (2013) - USA - UNOCHA.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] | 9826675 km²<ref name="ref_158b76717a8d3648e58dc700a173d3d72f9618fe9f4fc4c9da55926b3b0d968a">https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-constitutes-united-states-what-are-official-definitions?qt-news_science_products=0#qt-news_science_products</ref> | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<ref name="ref_6aab621fef4b62124bd99d03b3d27640d6e75323aa147063e7d7135c8724a7f3">https://www.state.gov/independent-states-in-the-world/</ref><br/>[[pais]]<ref name="ref_fb44dbd8e36ba0b1337ed6b2078b4ca9e01a621aeb978bf3115574eb73965cec">https://www.britannica.com/place/United-States</ref><ref name="ref_c1dc48b76c664759133329f1e6125b7e8b014aa98e54ea77b635f7141d81ac32">https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/</ref><ref name="ref_ec56b845d70b983ce9320cbf0ed603da1d146d7a3f4277abc7d8a633a8c69bed">''[[:d:Q113012671|NCI Thesaurus OBO Edition]]''</ref><ref name="ref_b6dead0d44acfe6a7b1c36ae1c0f2eb8a2a5fab45c851d9436c852977010ee7e">''[[:d:Q199897|Medical Subject Headings]]''</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q265|Q265]] | UZB | UZB | [[File:Flag of Uzbekistan.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Emblem of Uzbekistan.svg|center|48px]] | [[Uzbekistan]] | [[File:UZB orthographic.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Tashkent]] | 448978 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q136361597|doubly landlocked country]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q237|Q237]] | VAT | | [[File:Flag of Vatican City (2023–present).svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Vatican City (2023–present).svg|center|48px]] | [[Citate Vatican]] | [[File:Location of the Vatican City in Europe.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Citate Vatican]] | 0.44 km²<ref name="ref_bbb473f84ae3432744798100636c04ce47b32b75b3e734063a4aaaa6aac2c23e">https://vaticanstate.va/en/state-and-government/general-informations/geography.html</ref> | [[Citate-stato]]<br/>''[[:d:Q171441|enclave]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''<br/>[[pais]]<br/>''[[:d:Q98116669|religious complex]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q19691007|institutional complex]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q702492|area urban]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1200957|tourist destination]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10551526|confessional state]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q7396640|sacerdotal state]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q127693126|successor state]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<ref name="ref_4946826ee9ce2d52acabe7edc229e145f75a6a1b7f524761b7b4efcba9af1c75">https://www.britannica.com/place/Vatican-City</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q757|Q757]] | VCT | VIN | [[File:Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg|center|48px]] | [[Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]] | [[File:VCT orthographic.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q41474|Kingstown]]'' | 389 km² | ''[[:d:Q202686|regno del Communitate de Nationes]]''<br/>[[stato insular]]<br/>''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]]<br/>''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q717|Q717]] | VEN | VEN | [[File:Flag of Venezuela.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Venezuela.svg|center|48px]] | [[Venezuela]] | [[File:VEN orthographic.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Caracas]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref> | 912050 km²<ref name="ref_90f6a005933e51fbb611f3aa52ceea99d3816700979d4b354ae5b28dd7e68559">https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/venezuela/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]] | pais de America del Sud |- | [[:d:Q25305|Q25305]] | VGB | IVB | [[File:Flag of the British Virgin Islands.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of the British Virgin Islands.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q25305|British Virgin Islands]]'' | [[File:British Virgin Islands on the globe (Americas centered).svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q179431|Road Town]]'' | 151 km²<ref name="ref_e77c3143946f97a1b9395ae27045f559aea6cabe773e7a9b5bc9a76e45f785d3">https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/british-virgin-islands/summaries/#geography</ref> | ''[[:d:Q46395|British Overseas Territories]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11703|Q11703]] | VIR | ISV | [[File:Flag of the United States Virgin Islands.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Seal of the United States Virgin Islands.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q11703|United States Virgin Islands]]'' | [[File:United States Virgin Islands on the globe (Americas centered).svg|center|48px]] | US-VI | ''[[:d:Q51681|Charlotte Amalie]]'' | 346.36 km² | ''[[:d:Q783733|unincorporated territory of the United States]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q462778|insular area of the United States]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1352230|territory of the United States]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q881|Q881]] | VNM | VIE | [[File:Flag of Vietnam.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Emblem of Vietnam.svg|center|48px]] | [[Vietnam]] | [[File:Vietnam on the globe (Asia centered).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Hanoi]]<ref name="ref_3aed807b6075b8ef155bd1119cddbbd8e302626d754fc0a3982652f6327246b2">''[[:d:Q16481310|2013 Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam]]''</ref> | 331690 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q849866|communist state]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q686|Q686]] | VUT | VAN | [[File:Flag of Vanuatu.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Vanuatu.svg|center|48px]] | [[Vanuatu]] | [[File:Vanuatu on the globe (Polynesia centered).svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q37806|Port Vila]]'' | 12190 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[stato insular]]<br/>[[pais]]<br/>''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q35555|Q35555]] | WLF | | [[File:Flag of Wallis and Futuna.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:BlasonWallisetFutuna.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q35555|Wallis and Futuna]]'' | [[File:Wallis and Futuna in France (zoomed).svg|center|48px]] | FR-WF | ''[[:d:Q31002|Mata-Utu]]'' | 274 km² | ''[[:d:Q719487|collectivitate de ultramar]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q683|Q683]] | WSM | SAM | [[File:Flag of Samoa.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Public Seal of Samoa.svg|center|48px]] | [[Samoa]] | [[File:Samoa on the globe (small islands magnified) (Polynesia centered).svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q36260|Apia]]'' | 2842 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[stato insular]]<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q1246|Q1246]] | XKS | KOS | [[File:Flag of Kosovo.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Emblem of the Republic of Kosovo.svg|center|48px]] | [[Kosovo]] | [[File:Europe-Republic of Kosovo.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Pristina]] | 10909 km² | ''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10711424|stato non recognoscite]]''<br/>[[pais]]<br/>''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<ref name="ref_aa458e28623f0fe17ade40df0205fb0b44f4aea39e935882d7bc0ce285236eb7">https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/kosovo/2013-04-24/kosovo-and-serbia-make-deal</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q805|Q805]] | YEM | YEM | [[File:Flag of Yemen.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Emblem of Yemen (2).svg|center|48px]] | [[Yemen]] | [[File:Yemen orthographic.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2471|Sanaa]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q131694|Aden]]'' | 455503 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q83286|Q83286]] | YUG | | [[File:Flag of Yugoslavia (1946-1992).svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Emblem of Yugoslavia (1963–1992).svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q83286|Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]'' | [[File:Yugoslavia 1956-1990.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Belgrad]] | 255804 km² | ''[[:d:Q3024240|stato preterite]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q838261|Q838261]] | YUG | | [[File:Flag of Serbia and Montenegro (1992–2006).svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Serbia and Montenegro.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q838261|Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]'' | [[File:Serbia and Montenegro.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Belgrad]] | 102350 km² | ''[[:d:Q3024240|stato preterite]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q258|Q258]] | ZAF | RSA | [[File:Flag of South Africa.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of South Africa (heraldic).svg|center|48px]] | [[Africa del Sud]] | [[File:LocationSouthAfrica.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Pretoria]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><br/>[[Bloemfontein]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><br/>[[Citate del Capo]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref> | 1221037 km² | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[pais]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q953|Q953]] | ZMB | ZAM | [[File:Flag of Zambia.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Zambia.svg|center|48px]] | [[Zambia]] | [[File:Zambia (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Lusaka]] | 752618 km²<ref name="ref_c11b0824a3f2a6707a8190c5588e3333b8214717ff23a600d9ae0410d02ff42f">http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2004/Table03.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>[[republica]]<br/>''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |- | [[:d:Q954|Q954]] | ZWE | ZIM | [[File:Flag of Zimbabwe.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Zimbabwe.svg|center|48px]] | [[Zimbabwe]] | [[File:Zimbabwe (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | | [[Harare]] | 390757 km²<ref name="ref_1dce4a8b917510d678fa50fb5300544652cf231b551806ae27c17c359782f237">https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html</ref> | [[republica]]<br/>''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''<br/>[[pais]] | |} {{Wikidata list end}} 2z2bl7dmx1h2heg95eyi9mfgqlz4qva 0 40561 705646 705644 2026-11-07T18:52:41Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 705646 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P580 ?dtstart . ?item wdt:P582 ?dtend . FILTER (?dtstart < "1941-07-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) FILTER (?dtstart > "1941-06-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) } |wdq= |columns=item,P580,P582,label,P31,description |sort=P580 |thumb=48 |links= |references=all }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! item ! data de initio ! data de fin ! label ! instantia de ! description |- | [[:d:Q83055|Q83055]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-22<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-12-05 | ''[[:d:Q83055|Operation Barbarossa]]'' | ''[[:d:Q467011|invasion]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q122100|Q122100]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-25<ref name="ref_60a85a9ad331c5d50540f7ff305fdf6c0e3d0a129437f144156f397ef2d64e6d">http://yle.fi/aihe/artikkeli/2012/11/08/valirauhan-aika</ref> | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944-09-19<ref name="ref_60a85a9ad331c5d50540f7ff305fdf6c0e3d0a129437f144156f397ef2d64e6d"/> | ''[[:d:Q122100|Continuation War]]'' | [[guerra]] | |- | [[:d:Q189266|Q189266]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-22 | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-05-07<br/>1955-01-21 | ''[[:d:Q189266|Eastern Front]]'' | ''[[:d:Q842332|war front]]''<br/>[[guerra]] | |- | [[:d:Q313442|Q313442]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-29 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-11-17<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q313442|Operation Silver Fox]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q327061|Q327061]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-22<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-03 | ''[[:d:Q327061|Battle of Białystok–Minsk]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q384680|Q384680]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-22 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-12-02 | ''[[:d:Q384680|Battle of Hanko]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q611789|Q611789]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-22 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-29 | ''[[:d:Q611789|Defense of Brest Fortress]]'' | ''[[:d:Q188055|siege]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q667890|Q667890]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-30 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-02 | ''[[:d:Q667890|Lviv pogroms]]'' | [[Pogrom]] | |- | [[:d:Q682399|Q682399]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-15 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-17 | ''[[:d:Q682399|Operation Battleaxe]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q708213|Q708213]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-23 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-30 | ''[[:d:Q708213|Battle of Brody]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q770698|Q770698]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-08 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-14 | ''[[:d:Q770698|Syria–Lebanon campaign]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q941834|Q941834]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-12 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-06 | ''[[:d:Q941834|1941 Vuelta a España]]'' | ''[[:d:Q33937|Vuelta a España]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1102584|Q1102584]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-29 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-06 | ''[[:d:Q1102584|Iași pogrom]]'' | [[Pogrom]]<br/>''[[:d:Q135010|war crime]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1528565|Q1528565]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-23 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-27 | ''[[:d:Q1528565|Battle of Rossieny]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q2083668|Q2083668]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-22 | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-01-28 | ''[[:d:Q2083668|German occupation of Lithuania during World War II]]'' | ''[[:d:Q188686|military occupation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2310242|Q2310242]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-29 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-21 | ''[[:d:Q2310242|Operation Platinum Fox]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2563727|Q2563727]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-22 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-27 | ''[[:d:Q2563727|Bombing of Minsk in World War II]]'' | ''[[:d:Q4688003|aerial bombing of a city]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2915791|Q2915791]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-29 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04 | ''[[:d:Q2915791|Liepāja Massacres]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3199915|massacre]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2953425|Q2953425]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-22 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-20 | ''[[:d:Q2953425|1941 Norrländska Mästerskapet]]'' | ''[[:d:Q27020041|sports season]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3919386|Q3919386]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-30 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-03 | ''[[:d:Q3919386|Defense of Borisov]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q4438359|Q4438359]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-22 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-23 | ''[[:d:Q4438359|Battle for Alytus]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q4538839|Q4538839]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-22 | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-05-09 | ''[[:d:Q4538839|Ярославская область в Великой Отечественной войне]]'' | | |- | [[:d:Q4671621|Q4671621]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-18 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-21 | ''[[:d:Q4671621|Battle of Damascus]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q4830610|Q4830610]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-22 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-12 | ''[[:d:Q4830610|Axis and Soviet air operations during Operation Barbarossa]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4871454|Q4871454]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-15<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-17<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q4871454|Battle of Kissoué]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q4871714|Q4871714]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-19 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-24 | ''[[:d:Q4871714|Battle of Merdjayoun]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q11322081|Q11322081]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-13 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-14 | ''[[:d:Q11322081|Operation Tracer]]'' | ''[[:d:Q113782315|naval operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q12760414|Q12760414]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-23 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-07 | ''[[:d:Q12760414|June 1941 uprising in eastern Herzegovina]]'' | ''[[:d:Q124734|rebellion]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q16931765|Q16931765]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-18 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-12 | ''[[:d:Q16931765|Convoy SL 78]]'' | ''[[:d:Q131656428|military convoy]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q17126188|Q17126188]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-28 | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944-07-03 | ''[[:d:Q17126188|German occupation of Minsk during World War II]]'' | ''[[:d:Q188686|military occupation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q18343100|Q18343100]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-25 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-12-08 | ''[[:d:Q18343100|jatkosodan hyökkäysvaihe]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2001676|offensive]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q29075700|Q29075700]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-08 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-14 | ''[[:d:Q29075700|Battle of Sidon]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q79478571|Q79478571]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-02<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">{{Cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206191658/https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf |archivedate=2019-12-06 |title=Archive copy |url=https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf |accessdate=2024-03-15}}</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-15<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | ''[[:d:Q79478571|Watercolors by J. M. D. Olmsted]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | |- | [[:d:Q79478576|Q79478576]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-06<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-12<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | ''[[:d:Q79478576|Flowers as Art - Arrangements by Museum Classes]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | |- | [[:d:Q79478579|Q79478579]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-10<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-25<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | ''[[:d:Q79478579|Paintings from "The Long Voyage Home"]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | |- | [[:d:Q79478582|Q79478582]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-12<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-06<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | ''[[:d:Q79478582|Mural Paintings and Paintings by Candido Portinari]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | |- | [[:d:Q79478585|Q79478585]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-14<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-27<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | ''[[:d:Q79478585|Eastman Kodak Photographs, Prize Winners of 1940]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | |- | [[:d:Q79478589|Q79478589]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-16<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-30<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | ''[[:d:Q79478589|Camera Club Photographs]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | |- | [[:d:Q79478591|Q79478591]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-16<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-29<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | ''[[:d:Q79478591|Prints by Charles Surendorf]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | |- | [[:d:Q79478595|Q79478595]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-17<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-06<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | ''[[:d:Q79478595|Paintings by Eleanore Bates]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | |- | [[:d:Q79478598|Q79478598]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-17<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-06<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | ''[[:d:Q79478598|Sculpture by Zygmund Sazevich]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | |- | [[:d:Q79478603|Q79478603]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-18<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-06<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | ''[[:d:Q79478603|Architecture Around San Francisco Bay]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | |- | [[:d:Q79478605|Q79478605]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-26<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-06<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | ''[[:d:Q79478605|All-American Photographic Salon]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | |- | [[:d:Q79478608|Q79478608]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-27<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-06<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | ''[[:d:Q79478608|Exhibition of 48 States Mural Designs]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | |- | [[:d:Q79478611|Q79478611]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-30<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-13<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | ''[[:d:Q79478611|Watercolors And Lithographs by B. Ullrich Prendergast]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | |- | [[:d:Q87406445|Q87406445]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-22 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-07 | ''[[:d:Q87406445|Gentsch Photosalon]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q87406446|Q87406446]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-22 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-07 | ''[[:d:Q87406446|De Kunstenaar en de Grafiek]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q96149130|Q96149130]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-22 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-30 | ''[[:d:Q96149130|Battle of Lwów]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q100342394|Q100342394]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-29<ref name="ref_30d7361782a51e43658f0b34db61911844ed6e8a75956757b65fd8940f521908">https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11840/exh1227</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-05-10<ref name="ref_30d7361782a51e43658f0b34db61911844ed6e8a75956757b65fd8940f521908"/> | ''[[:d:Q100342394|Chineesche, Japansche en Indische kunst]]'' | ''[[:d:Q29023906|temporary exhibition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q109467689|Q109467689]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-08<ref name="ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5">https://www.nationalmuseum.se/assets/Dokument/Utst%C3%A4llningar-1866-2017.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-01<ref name="ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5"/> | ''[[:d:Q109467689|Nyförvärv, teckningar och grafik 1940]]'' | ''[[:d:Q29023906|temporary exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5"/><br/>''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q109467690|Q109467690]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-27<ref name="ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5"/> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-17<ref name="ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5"/> | ''[[:d:Q109467690|Minnesutställning över Märta Måås-Fjetterström]]'' | ''[[:d:Q29023906|temporary exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5"/><br/>''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890638|Q110890638]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-03 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-18 | ''[[:d:Q110890638|New Acquisitions: European Paintings]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890640|Q110890640]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-03 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-18 | ''[[:d:Q110890640|Sculpture and Sculptor's Drawings]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890641|Q110890641]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-05 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-03 | ''[[:d:Q110890641|A History of American Movies]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890642|Q110890642]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-11 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-26 | ''[[:d:Q110890642|A History of the Modern Poster]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890643|Q110890643]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-30 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-27 | ''[[:d:Q110890643|Paul Klee]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q112685574|Q112685574]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-24 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-25 | ''[[:d:Q112685574|Raseiniai KV]]'' | ''[[:d:Q608573|KV-1]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q115019035|Q115019035]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-09 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-30 | ''[[:d:Q115019035|Index of American Design, New York City WPA Art Project]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q126046667|Q126046667]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-25 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-24<br/>1941-07-25 | ''[[:d:Q126046667|Jumada al-Thani 1360 AH]]'' | ''[[:d:Q125390868|hijri month of a given year]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q127247663|Q127247663]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-22 | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-05-15 | ''[[:d:Q127247663|National Liberation War and Socialist Revolution]]'' | [[guerra]]<br/>''[[:d:Q831663|military campaign]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q130282483|Q130282483]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-22 | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944-08-23 | ''[[:d:Q130282483|Participarea României în Campania din Est împotriva Uniunii Sovietice]]'' | ''[[:d:Q831663|military campaign]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q133040520|Q133040520]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-21 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-01 | ''[[:d:Q133040520|Tentoonstelling van schilderijen der Utrechtsche School]]'' | ''[[:d:Q29023906|temporary exhibition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q134053500|Q134053500]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-22<ref name="ref_19dd9ab706e94df6d71d90006d999cf5cde33c8563c3394a0342cb7ad646477e">https://data.library.amnh.org/archives-authorities/id/amnhc_2000422</ref><ref name="ref_9f35910f190005beee6517ec10b99b2582dd2b27e8ae47eeec6f021580ffc1b1">https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstreams/a25b306b-59b2-4c58-b80e-1769d482ee8b/download</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-31<ref name="ref_19dd9ab706e94df6d71d90006d999cf5cde33c8563c3394a0342cb7ad646477e"/><ref name="ref_9f35910f190005beee6517ec10b99b2582dd2b27e8ae47eeec6f021580ffc1b1"/> | ''[[:d:Q134053500|Alberta-British Columbia Expedition 1941]]'' | ''[[:d:Q366301|research expedition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q138773112|Q138773112]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-15<ref name="ref_a7ebdf0c26b36dd3a8c2dc80aa781af0592601ec5679db438bbe3d1c89ebf2d3">https://placesofpride.awm.gov.au/stories/239611/260576</ref> | data-sort-value="1943" | 1943-12-09<ref name="ref_a7ebdf0c26b36dd3a8c2dc80aa781af0592601ec5679db438bbe3d1c89ebf2d3"/> | ''[[:d:Q138773112|No. 2 Bombing and Gunnery School]]'' | ''[[:d:Q78634583|military training unit]]''<ref name="ref_1c1c6f38df15fa4b843c5d7842bce24111b2750830b83ab3e99351ed65edd3c6">https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/U59494</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q140638470|Q140638470]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-25 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-27 | ''[[:d:Q140638470|Vilijampole pogrom]]'' | [[Pogrom]] | |- | [[:d:Q141625179|Q141625179]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-19<ref name="ref_7ff18894614752302231d32ab602262eac5b52cbaa44181ad0c876785a554b0c">https://www.ala.org/conferencesevents/past-and-future/pastannualconferences</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-25<ref name="ref_7ff18894614752302231d32ab602262eac5b52cbaa44181ad0c876785a554b0c"/> | ''[[:d:Q141625179|American Library Association 1941 Annual Conference]]'' | ''[[:d:Q116267711|library conference]]'' | |} {{Wikidata list end}} 6v1w5qwen0vua3skje5558fy4l3cis2 0 40565 705680 705225 2026-11-08T05:23:22Z ListeriaBot 24326 Wikidata list updated [V2] 705680 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P580 ?dtstart . ?item wdt:P582 ?dtend . FILTER (?dtstart < "1941-11-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) FILTER (?dtstart > "1941-10-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) } |wdq= |columns=item,P580,P582,label,P31,description |sort=P580 |thumb=48 |links= |references=all }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! item ! data de initio ! data de fin ! label ! instantia de ! description |- | [[:d:Q154860|Q154860]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-30<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-07-04<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q154860|Siege of Sevastopol]]'' | ''[[:d:Q188055|siege]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q172068|Q172068]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-11 | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944-11-23 | ''[[:d:Q172068|World War II in Yugoslav Macedonia]]'' | [[guerra]] | |- | [[:d:Q207484|Q207484]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-03 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-13<ref name="ref_0f624b98a582f9c45c0f88b627caac71cf2d0ab6a1946f5f594ae6bf99d833b1">''[[:d:Q43269466|International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q207484|1941 Florida hurricane]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2547976|North Atlantic tropical cyclone]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q554976|Q554976]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-16 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-11-18 | ''[[:d:Q554976|Tikhvin defensive operation]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q685201|Q685201]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-20 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-21 | ''[[:d:Q685201|Kragujevac massacre]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3199915|massacre]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q6983405|Nazi crime]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q697658|Q697658]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-20 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-24 | ''[[:d:Q697658|First Battle of Kharkov]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q700937|Q700937]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-18 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-07-04 | ''[[:d:Q700937|Crimean Campaign]]'' | ''[[:d:Q831663|military campaign]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q742549|Q742549]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-05 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-06-28 | ''[[:d:Q742549|1941–42 Coppa Italia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q27020041|sports season]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q910671|Q910671]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-26 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-06-14 | ''[[:d:Q910671|1941–42 Serie A]]'' | ''[[:d:Q27020041|sports season]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1363326|Q1363326]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-26 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-07-12 | ''[[:d:Q1363326|1941–42 Serie B]]'' | ''[[:d:Q27020041|sports season]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2347743|Q2347743]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-05 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-11-30 | ''[[:d:Q2347743|1941 Croatian First League]]'' | ''[[:d:Q27020041|sports season]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4029854|Q4029854]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-20 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-28 | ''[[:d:Q4029854|2nd Sinyavino Offensive]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4316884|Q4316884]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-24 | data-sort-value="1943" | 1943-08-23 | ''[[:d:Q4316884|German occupation of Kharkiv]]'' | ''[[:d:Q188686|military occupation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4329638|Q4329638]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-12 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-17 | ''[[:d:Q4329638|Defense of Kalinin]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4332535|Q4332535]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-17 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-12-16 | ''[[:d:Q4332535|Kalinine sous l'occupation allemande]]'' | ''[[:d:Q188686|military occupation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4443810|Q4443810]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-05 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-08 | ''[[:d:Q4443810|Streltynsky Troopers]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4443812|Q4443812]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-05 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-10 | ''[[:d:Q4443812|Strelna-Peterhof Offensive Operation]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4870136|Q4870136]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-13 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-18 | ''[[:d:Q4870136|Battle at Borodino Field]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q4870577|Q4870577]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-02 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-21 | ''[[:d:Q4870577|Battle of Bryansk]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q5166663|Q5166663]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-14 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-18 | ''[[:d:Q5166663|Convoy SC 48]]'' | ''[[:d:Q131656428|military convoy]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q5723143|Q5723143]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-14 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-22 | ''[[:d:Q5723143|Battle of Vóljov]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q12170545|Q12170545]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-14 | data-sort-value="1943" | 1943-08 | ''[[:d:Q12170545|Montenegrin tragedy]]'' | ''[[:d:Q750215|mass murder]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q24935992|Q24935992]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-23 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-12-05 | ''[[:d:Q24935992|Evacuación de Hanko]]'' | ''[[:d:Q606332|evacuation]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1190554|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27998934|Q27998934]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-13 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-24 | ''[[:d:Q27998934|Siege of Rogatica]]'' | ''[[:d:Q188055|siege]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q31083490|Q31083490]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-09 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-31 | ''[[:d:Q31083490|Siege of Kraljevo]]'' | ''[[:d:Q188055|siege]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q52153713|Q52153713]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-15<ref name="ref_def278e6adbe61ab229d1a4da1bbc38a5c6dc99931c15c88fdeed9d4ee548214">https://research.annefrank.org/nl/gebeurtenissen/29a57583-5617-4185-8ee0-9c51c193ef60/</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-06 | ''[[:d:Q52153713|klas 1L2 Joods Lyceum]]'' | ''[[:d:Q18204|class]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q63823954|Q63823954]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-09<ref name="ref_3387f0bf2a78bab1483530f9c73a9b5396880b0cddb42ea995f76dacc996d87e">https://www.omroepgelderland.nl/nieuws/2144447/Eerste-Jodenrazzia-in-Gelderland-70-mannen-afgevoerd-naar-Mauthausen</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-11<ref name="ref_3387f0bf2a78bab1483530f9c73a9b5396880b0cddb42ea995f76dacc996d87e">https://www.omroepgelderland.nl/nieuws/2144447/Eerste-Jodenrazzia-in-Gelderland-70-mannen-afgevoerd-naar-Mauthausen</ref> | ''[[:d:Q63823954|Transport van Arnhem naar Mauthausen op 9 oktober 1941]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q76355107|Q76355107]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-15<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-16<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | ''[[:d:Q76355107|Transport von Wien nach Ghetto Litzmannstadt am 15.10.1941]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q76355111|Q76355111]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-16<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref><ref name="ref_9d26a36861cd78890261735edbc717bca2ca3658e0e6dcf89560722d60dae539">https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-transportu-z-protektoratu-cechy-a-morava-ktere-nesmerovaly-do-terezina/</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-17<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | ''[[:d:Q76355111|Prag to Litzmannstadt Ghetto transport]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q76356271|Q76356271]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-18<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-19<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | ''[[:d:Q76356271|Transport von Berlin nach Ghetto Litzmannstadt am 18.10.1941]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q76356275|Q76356275]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-19<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-20<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | ''[[:d:Q76356275|Transport von Wien nach Ghetto Litzmannstadt am 19.10.1941]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q76356280|Q76356280]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-20<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-21<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | ''[[:d:Q76356280|Transport von Frankfurt am Main nach Ghetto Litzmannstadt am 20.10.1941]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q76356283|Q76356283]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-21<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref><ref name="ref_9d26a36861cd78890261735edbc717bca2ca3658e0e6dcf89560722d60dae539">https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-transportu-z-protektoratu-cechy-a-morava-ktere-nesmerovaly-do-terezina/</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-22<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | ''[[:d:Q76356283|Holocaust transport from Prague to Litzmannstadt Ghetto October 21 1941]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q76356287|Q76356287]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-22<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-23<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | ''[[:d:Q76356287|Transport von Köln nach Ghetto Litzmannstadt am 22.10.1941]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q76356290|Q76356290]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-23<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-24<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | ''[[:d:Q76356290|Transport von Wien nach Ghetto Litzmannstadt am 23.10.1941]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q76356293|Q76356293]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-24<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-25<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | ''[[:d:Q76356293|Transport from Berlin to the Litzmannstadt Ghetto on October 24, 1941]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q76356296|Q76356296]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-25<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-26<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | ''[[:d:Q76356296|Transport von Hamburg nach Ghetto Litzmannstadt am 25.10.1941]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q76356300|Q76356300]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-26<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref><ref name="ref_9d26a36861cd78890261735edbc717bca2ca3658e0e6dcf89560722d60dae539">https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-transportu-z-protektoratu-cechy-a-morava-ktere-nesmerovaly-do-terezina/</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-27<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | ''[[:d:Q76356300|Transport C]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q76356305|Q76356305]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-27<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-28<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | ''[[:d:Q76356305|Transport von Düsseldorf nach Ghetto Litzmannstadt am 27.10.1941]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q76356309|Q76356309]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-28<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-29<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | ''[[:d:Q76356309|Transport von Wien nach Ghetto Litzmannstadt am 28.10.1941]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q76356315|Q76356315]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-27<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref><br/>1941-10-29<ref name="ref_55a2718ce40a51554a1d8a2041a68ffc6920f67a8e3002c6db852b0e4828966a">''[[:d:Q156591|Yad Vashem]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-30<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | ''[[:d:Q76356315|Transport von Berlin nach Ghetto Litzmannstadt am 27.10.1941 oder 29.10.1941]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q76356320|Q76356320]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-30<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-31<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | ''[[:d:Q76356320|Transport von Köln nach Ghetto Litzmannstadt am 30.10.1941]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q76356324|Q76356324]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-31<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref><ref name="ref_9d26a36861cd78890261735edbc717bca2ca3658e0e6dcf89560722d60dae539">https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-transportu-z-protektoratu-cechy-a-morava-ktere-nesmerovaly-do-terezina/</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-11-01<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | ''[[:d:Q76356324|Transport von Prag nach Ghetto Litzmannstadt am 31.10.1941]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478727|Q79478727]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-05<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-26<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478727|Paintings by Loren MacIver]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478732|Q79478732]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-06<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-19<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478732|Pastels by Geneve Rixford Sargeant]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478736|Q79478736]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-07<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-26<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478736|Paintings by Barbara Stevenson]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478742|Q79478742]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-09<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-26<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478742|The California School of Fine Arts Alumni Association Exhibition - Painting, Sculpture, Decorative Arts, Commercial Art and Illustration and Graphic Arts]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478744|Q79478744]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-10<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-14<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478744|Master Paintings from Bay Region Collections]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478750|Q79478750]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-15<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-11-05<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478750|Paintings of the Gold Rush]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478753|Q79478753]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-20<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-11-02<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478753|Gouaches by Mine Okubo]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478760|Q79478760]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-21<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-11-16<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478760|American Sculpture Today]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478764|Q79478764]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-21<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-11-05<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478764|Sculpture by Mary Erckenbrack]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478767|Q79478767]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-23<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-11-02<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478767|Illustrations by Fred Ludekens for "Ghost Town"]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478771|Q79478771]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-28<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-11-15<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478771|Artists of the Upper Mississippi]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478774|Q79478774]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-29<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-11-16<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478774|First Annual West of the Rockies Photographic Salon]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q85750587|Q85750587]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-31 | data-sort-value="1953" | 1953-11 | ''[[:d:Q85750587|Captain Marvel Adventures]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7093850|ongoing series]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q90421942|Q90421942]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-06 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-07 | ''[[:d:Q90421942|Battle of Mtsensk]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q109467691|Q109467691]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-30<ref name="ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5">https://www.nationalmuseum.se/assets/Dokument/Utst%C3%A4llningar-1866-2017.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-11-30<ref name="ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5">https://www.nationalmuseum.se/assets/Dokument/Utst%C3%A4llningar-1866-2017.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q109467691|Ellen och John Josephsons donation]]'' | ''[[:d:Q29023906|temporary exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5">https://www.nationalmuseum.se/assets/Dokument/Utst%C3%A4llningar-1866-2017.pdf</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890661|Q110890661]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-08 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-11-02 | ''[[:d:Q110890661|George Grosz]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890662|Q110890662]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-10 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-01 | ''[[:d:Q110890662|Buckminster Fuller's Dymaxion Deployment Unit]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890663|Q110890663]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-14 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-27 | ''[[:d:Q110890663|What is Modern Architecture: Tricks in Movie Making]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890664|Q110890664]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-21 | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944-04-30 | ''[[:d:Q110890664|Modern Primitives: Artists of the People]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890665|Q110890665]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-21 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-10 | ''[[:d:Q110890665|Isadora Duncan: Drawings, Photographs, Memorabilia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890666|Q110890666]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-29 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-01 | ''[[:d:Q110890666|Image of Freedom]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q115019041|Q115019041]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-02 | data-sort-value="1943" | 1943-06-05 | ''[[:d:Q115019041|Art of Australia, 1788–1941]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q115019043|Q115019043]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-16 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-11-09 | ''[[:d:Q115019043|A Special Loan Exhibition of Contemporary American Water Colors]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q126046672|Q126046672]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-21 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-11-19<br/>1941-11-20 | ''[[:d:Q126046672|Shawwal 1360 AH]]'' | ''[[:d:Q125390868|hijri month of a given year]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q133041089|Q133041089]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-04 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-19 | ''[[:d:Q133041089|Indische kunst]]'' | ''[[:d:Q29023906|temporary exhibition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q137259250|Q137259250]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-02 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-06 | ''[[:d:Q137259250|Battle of Pavlograd]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |} {{Wikidata list end}} loqst2b2duprf0nqg94h5gy8lq51390 0 44057 705650 699355 2026-11-07T19:33:25Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 705650 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/persona | name = Gavin Schmidt | image = Gavin_Schmidt.jpg | image_size = | alt = | image_caption = Gavin Schmidt; le Goddard Institute ha su oficinas in le edificio visibile trans le strata | birth_date = <!-- {{birth date|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | birth_place = | nationality = Britannic<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/blog/2009/jul/06/gavin-schmidt-climate-change|title=Gavin Schmidt: a climatologist trying to give out the right signals amid the noise|publisher=[[The Guardian]]|date=6 July 2009}}</ref> | education = BA (Oxon); PhD (London), ambe in mathematica | alma_mater = [[Jesus College, Oxford]]<br/> [[University College London]]. | employer = [[Goddard Institute for Space Studies]] | occupation = Climate modeller, Climatologist | spouse = | partner = | children = | parents = | relations = | awards = | website = [http://www.giss.nasa.gov/staff/gschmidt/ Schmidt's homepage] }} '''Gavin A. Schmidt''' es un [[climate|climatologo]], modellator de climate e Director del [[Goddard Institute for Space Studies]] (GISS) de [[NASA]] in New York City. Ille es alsi le co-fundator del premio-ganiante blog de scientia climate [[RealClimate]]<ref name=NASAGISS>{{cite web|url=http://www.giss.nasa.gov/staff/gschmidt/|title=Dr. Gavin A. Schmidt|publisher=NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies|accessdate=12 May 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260513081149/https://www.giss.nasa.gov/staff/gschmidt/|archivedate=13 May 2026}}</ref> e le co-autor del [[hypothesis Silurian]].<ref>https://arxiv.org/abs/1804.03748 abstracto e ligamine al articulo in formato pdf al sito [[arXiv]]</ref><ref>https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-astrobiology/article/silurian-hypothesis-would-it-be-possible-to-detect-an-industrial-civilization-in-the-geological-record/77818514AA6907750B8F4339F7C70EC6# abstracto e ligamines al articulo in pdf e html al pagina del ''[[Jornal International de Astrobiologia]]'' in le sito del [[Oxford University Press]] </ref> == Obra == Ille era educate a [[The Corsham School]], ganiava um BA (Hons) in mathematica a Jesus College, [[Oxford University]], e un PhD in mathematica applicate a [[University College London]].<ref name=RCAbout> {{cite web |url=http://www.realclimate.org/index.php?p=46 |title=Contributor's Biography page |work=RealClimate |accessdate=2008-03-20 }}</ref> Schmidt travaliava in le variabilitate del circulation oceanic e [[climate]], usante general climate modellos (GCMs). Ille alsi travaliava in modos pro reconciliar [[paleoclimatologia|paleo-data]] con modellos. Ille adjutava in disveloppar le GISS oceano juncte [[Global climate model|GCM]]s pro improvar le representation del climate de hodie, tum investigante lor responsa a [[fortiar climate]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/abstracts/2007/Hansen_etal_1.html |author=Hansen, J. |display-authors=etal |date=2007 |title=Dangerous human-made interference with climate: A GISS modelE study. |journal=Atmos. Chem. Phys. |volume=7 |pages=2287–2312 |doi=10.5194/acp-7-2287-2007 |arxiv=physics/0610115 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721050522/http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/abstracts/2007/Hansen_etal_1.html |date=2011-07-21 }}<br/> {{cite journal |url=http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/abstracts/2006/Koch_etal.html |author=Koch, D., G.A. Schmidt, C.V. Field |date=2006 |title=Sulfur, sea salt and radionuclide aerosols in GISS ModelE. |journal=J. Geophys. Res. |volume=111 |issue=D06206 |doi=10.1029/2004JD005550 |bibcode=2006JGRD..11106206K }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721050535/http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/abstracts/2006/Koch_etal.html |date=2011-07-21 }}<br/> {{cite journal |url=http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/abstracts/2006/Schmidt_etal_1.html |author=Schmidt, G.A. |display-authors=etal |date=2006 |title=Present day atmospheric simulations using GISS ModelE: Comparison to in-situ, satellite and reanalysis data |journal=J. Climate |volume=19 |pages=153–192 |doi=10.1175/JCLI3612.1 |bibcode=2006JCli...19..153S }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721050542/http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/abstracts/2006/Schmidt_etal_1.html |date=2011-07-21 }}</ref> NASA ha nominate Schmidt como le chef de GISS in junio de 2014. Ille era le tertie persona a occupant le position, que era vacante a causa del retiramento de [[James E. Hansen]], le director desde 1981.<ref>{{cite web|title=NASA Names Schmidt Director of the Goddard Institute for Space Studies|url=http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/june/nasa-names-schmidt-director-of-the-goddard-institute-for-space-studies/#.U5dRIPlnVJJ|website=www.nasa.gov|publisher=NASA|accessdate=2014-06-10|date=June 9, 2014}}</ref> In un intervista con ''[[Science News]]'', Schmidt ha dicte que ille voleva continuar le obra del instituto in modellar le climate e expander su obra in impactos climate e astrobiologia.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kintisch|first1=Eli|title='Unflappable' Science 'Warrior' Chosen to Lead Key NASA Climate Lab|url=http://news.sciencemag.org/climate/2014/06/unflappable-science-warrior-chosen-lead-key-nasa-climate-lab|website=news.sciencemag.org/|accessdate=2014-06-10|date=June 9, 2014}}</ref> === Research === Su interesse primari in recerca es le variabilitate del climate, e internalmente e in responder a [[fortiar climate]], investigava via ocean-atmosphera [[general circulation modello]]s. Ille alsi usa istos pro studiar [[paleoclimate]] per travaliar in methodos pro comparar paleo-data con le production del modello. Schmidt adjuta in disveloppar le [[GISS]] oceano e juncte GCMs (ModelE). Iste modello ha essite "isotopicamente habilitate" pro portar marcatores de [[oxygeno-18]], permittente le modello a simular le patrono de δ¹⁸O observate in [[cordes de glacie]], registros de cavernas, e sedimentos oceanic.<ref name=NASAGISS /> == Media e communication al publico == Schmidt apparava in varie occasiones in le media e sovente ille conferentiar o es interrogate re su sapientia experte in le discopertas de studios re le climate, e eventos currente..<ref name=NASAGISS /> Schmidt travaliava con le [[American Museum of Natural History]], le [[College de France]], e le [[New York Academy of Sciences]] pro education e communication al publico.<ref name=RCAbout /> Schmidt e octo altere collegas ha fundate in 2004 le [[RealClimate]] blog, que provide commentario critic re le scientia de climate con le scopo in communication al publico e pro jornalistas<ref name=NASAGISS /><ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2004/12/about/ |title=RealClimate: About |date=1 December 2004 |accessdate=2009-10-31 }}</ref> e sovente include commentario per convitatos qui son expertos in lor campo. Articulos e commentario presentava defensa scientific contra accusationes re le "[[graphico hockey stick|graphico ''hockey stick'']]".<ref name=SchmidtAmman2005> {{cite web |url=http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2005/02/dummies-guide-to-the-latest-hockey-stick-controversy/ |title=Dummies guide to the latest "Hockey Stick" controversy |date=18 February 2005 |first1=Gavin |last1=Schmidt |first2=Caspar |last2=Amman |publisher=realclimate.org |accessdate=12 April 2013 }}</ref> Durante le 2009-2010 [[Climatic Research Unit email controversia]] ille fortemente defendeva le scientistas involvite, includente [[Michael E. Mann]] e [[Phil Jones (climatologist)|Phil Jones]]. Jornalista [[Fred Pearce]] notava, "Schmidt scribeva que le emails simplemente monstrava como scientistas interacta in private," e que "Gravitation non es un theoria utile proque Newton era un homine amicabile."<ref>[[Fred Pearce|Pearce, Fred]], ''The Climate Files: The Battle for the Truth about Global Warming'', (2010) [[Guardian Books]], {{ISBN|978-0-85265-229-9}}, p. XII, pp. 181–182.</ref> Schmidt era ''EarthSky Science Communicator of the Year'' ("Le Communicator Scientific [[Earthsky]] del anno") in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://earthsky.org/press/gavin-schmidt-is-the-earthsky-science-communicator-of-the-the-year|title=Gavin Schmidt is the EarthSky Science Communicator of the Year|publisher=EarthSky|date=15 January 2012}}</ref> == Premios == In octobre 2011, le [[American Geophysical Union]] ha date a Schmidt le ''Inaugural Climate Communications Prize'', pro su travalio in communicar materias re le cambio del climate al publico. Le notitia official del premio notava su travalio in communicar al publico, includente co-fundar e contribuer al blog [[RealClimate]].<ref name="agu prize"> {{Cite web | title = Inaugural Climate Communications Prize Winner Announced | url =http://news.agu.org/press-release/inaugural-climate-communications-prize-winner-announced/ | publisher = [[American Geophysical Union]] | date = 18 October 2011 | accessdate = 2 December 2011 }}</ref><ref name="blogs.ei.columbia.edu"> {{Cite web | last = Krajick | first =Kevin | title = New Public Outreach Prize Goes to Earth Institute Climatologist | url = http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/10/18/new-public-outreach-prize-goes-to-earth-institute-climatologist/ | publisher =State of the Planet blog, [[The Earth Institute]], [[Columbia University]] | date =18 October 2011 | accessdate = 2 December 2011 }}</ref> Ille era un autor contribuente<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/annexessannex-ii.html|title=Annex II: Contributors to the IPCC WGI Fourth Assessment Report|author=IPCC AR4|year=2007|accessdate=2019-04-11|archivedate=2015-05-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518092728/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/annexessannex-ii.html}}</ref> del [[IPCC Fourth Assessment Report|Quarte Reporta del Assessamento]] del [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|Intergovernmental Panel re Cambio de Climate (IPCC)]]; le travalio del IPCC, includente le contributiones de multo scientistas, era recognoscite per le premiar del [[Premio Nobel del Pace]] in [[2007]]. Schmidt era nominate in novembre 2004 per ''[[Scientific American]]'' como uno del ''50 Supere Leaderes de Recerca" del anno.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/news/20041109/ |author=Goddard Institute of Space Studies |title=NASA Climatologists Named in Scientific American Top 50 Scientists |date=9 November 2004 |accessdate=2004-11-09 |archivedate=2004-11-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041112213728/http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/news/20041109/ }}</ref> == Publicationes == Un supervista de su publicationes pote ser obtenite via [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=TKPXa3UAAAAJ Google Scholar]. Ille publicava plus que 100 studios in jornales par-reviste como le ''[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]]'', ''[[Science (jornal)|Science]]'', e ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'', re varie topicos relationate a climate.<ref name=RCAbout /><ref> {{cite web |url=http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/authors/gschmidt.html |title=GISS Publications, Gavin A.Schmidt web page |accessdate=2008-04-11 }}</ref> Ille es le co-autor, con Joshua Wolfe, de ''Climate Change: Picturing the Science'' (2009), que ha un prefacio per [[Jeffrey D. Sachs]]. Le libro combina imagines del effectos del cambio del climate con explanationes scientific.<ref name=PicturingScience2009> {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wv3DNJ4YI7YC&dq=Climate+Change:+Picturing+the+Science |last1=Schmidt |first1=G.A. |first2=J. |last2=Wolfe |title=Climate Change: Picturing the Science |publisher=[[W.W. Norton]] |date=2009 |isbn=0-393-33125-3 |pages=305 }}</ref> === Publicationes seligite === *{{cite journal |author = Schmidt, G. |title = Does science progress? Glibert Plass redux |journal = [[American Scientist]] |volume = 98 |issue = 1 |pages = 64–5 |date = 2010 |doi = 10.1511/2010.82.58 |url = http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/2010/2010_Schmidt_2.pdf |format = PDF |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20111022112511/http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/2010/2010_Schmidt_2.pdf |archivedate = 2011-10-22 |df = }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022112511/http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/2010/2010_Schmidt_2.pdf |date=2011-10-22 }} *{{cite book |author1=Schmidt, G.A. |author2=J. Wolfe |title=Climate Change: Picturing the Science |publisher=W.W. Norton |date=2009 |isbn=978-0-393-33125-7 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wv3DNJ4YI7YC&dq=Climate+Change:+Picturing+the+Science}} *{{cite journal |author1=Benestad, R.E. |author2=G.A. Schmidt |title=Solar trends and global warming |journal=J. Geophys. Res. |volume=114 |pages=D14101 |date=2009 |doi=10.1029/2008JD011639 |url=http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/2009/2009_Benestad_Schmidt.pdf |format=PDF |bibcode=2009JGRD..11414101B |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021024622/http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/2009/2009_Benestad_Schmidt.pdf |archivedate=2011-10-21 |df= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021024622/http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/2009/2009_Benestad_Schmidt.pdf |date=2011-10-21 }} *{{cite journal |author=Jones, P.D., K.R. Briffa, T.J. Osborn, J.M. Lough, T.D. van Ommen, B.M. Vinther, J. Luterbacher, E.R. Wahl, F.W. Zwiers, M.E. Mann, G.A. Schmidt, C.M. Ammann, B.M. Buckley, K.M. Cobb, J. Esper, H. Goosse, N. Graham, E. Jansen, T. Kiefer, C. Kull, M. Küttel, E. Mosley-Thompson, J.T. Overpeck, N. Riedwyl, M. Schulz, A.W. Tudhope, R. Villalba, H. Wanner, E. Wolff, and E. Xoplaki |title=High-resolution palaeoclimatology of the last millennium: A review of current status and future prospects |journal=[[The Holocene]] |volume=19 |pages=3–49 |date=2009 |doi=10.1177/0959683608098952 |url=http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/2009/2009_Jones_etal_2.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021025239/http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/2009/2009_Jones_etal_2.pdf |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2011-10-21 |format=PDF |bibcode=2009Holoc..19....3J }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021025239/http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/2009/2009_Jones_etal_2.pdf |date=2011-10-21 }} *{{cite journal |author=Santer, B.D., [[Peter Thorne (climatologist)|P.W. Thorne]], L. Haimberger, K.E. Taylor, T.M.L. Wigley, J.R. Lanzante, S. Solomon, M. Free, P.J. Gleckler, P.D. Jones, T.R. Karl, S.A. Klein, C. Mears, D. Nychka, G.A. Schmidt, S.C. Sherwood, and F.J. Wentz |title=Consistency of modelled and observed temperature trends in the tropical troposphere |journal=Int. J. Climatol. |volume=28 |pages=1703–22 |date=2008 |doi=10.1002/joc.1756 |url=http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/2008/2008_Santer_etal.pdf |format=PDF |bibcode=2008IJCli..28.1703S |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022061359/http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/2008/2008_Santer_etal.pdf |archivedate=2011-10-22 |df= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022061359/http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/2008/2008_Santer_etal.pdf |date=2011-10-22 }} *{{cite journal |author=Schmidt, G.A., R. Ruedy, J.E. Hansen, I. Aleinov, N. Bell, M. Bauer, S. Bauer, B. Cairns, V. Canuto, Y. Cheng, A. Del Genio, G. Faluvegi, A.D. Friend, T.M. Hall, Y. Hu, M. Kelley, N.Y. Kiang, D. Koch, A.A. Lacis, J. Lerner, K.K. Lo, R.L. Miller, L. Nazarenko, V. Oinas, Ja. Perlwitz, Ju. Perlwitz, D. Rind, A. Romanou, G.L. Russell, Mki. Sato, D.T. Shindell, P.H. Stone, S. Sun, N. Tausnev, D. Thresher, and M.-S. Yao |title=Present day atmospheric simulations using GISS ModelE: Comparison to in-situ, satellite and reanalysis data |journal=J. Climate |volume=19 |pages=153–192 |date=2006 |doi=10.1175/JCLI3612.1 |url=http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/2006/2006_Schmidt_etal_1.pdf |format=PDF |bibcode=2006JCli...19..153S |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015003555/http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/2006/2006_Schmidt_etal_1.pdf |archivedate=2011-10-15 |df= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015003555/http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/2006/2006_Schmidt_etal_1.pdf |date=2011-10-15 }} == Ligamines externe == [https://web.archive.org/web/20260513081149/https://www.giss.nasa.gov/staff/gschmidt/ Pagina de Schmidt al sito de NASA] [http://www.twitter.com/climateofgavin Pagina de Twitter de Schmidt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516165248/https://twitter.com/ClimateOfGavin |date=2019-05-16 }} [http://www.realclimate.org Pagina del blog Realclimate] == Referentias == <references /> {{traduction|en|Gavin Schmidt}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Schmidt, Gavin}} [[Categoria:Gente britannic]] [[Categoria:Physicos]] tcbtecnr4f3oxz891xtid1n1mnu2kaw 0 44181 705648 665967 2026-11-07T18:56:01Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 705648 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Title page of A Houseful of Love.jpeg|thumb]] '''''A Houseful of Love''''' ("''Un Domo Plen de Amor''") es un romance per [[Marjorie Housepian Dobkin]], publicate in 1957 per [[Random House]], que era un bestseller in le lista de bestselleres del ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]''<ref>http://studyofgenocide.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/isg_48.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807132157/http://studyofgenocide.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/isg_48.pdf |date=2018-08-07 }} (pdf del Bulletin del Instituto pro le Estudio de Genocidio, p. 6)</ref> e del ''New York Herald Tribune''<ref>[https://newspaperarchive.com/winnipeg-free-press-jul-13-1957-p-37 Winnipeg Free Press 13/7/1957 p. 37]</ref>. Le narrator es un personage, cuje nomine nunquam es date, qui conta le historia de su familia in le anno 1929. Illa es (como le autor mesme) le filia de immigrantes armenie in [[New York]] qui era refugiatos de persecution per le [[Imperio Ottoman]], e como le patre del autor (Dr. [[Moses Housepian]]), le patre del narrator era le medico primari del communitate armenie in New York al tempore. Le historia del familia in le anno 1929 in New York es contate in parallel con illo del familia in le Imperio Ottoman in le previe generation e con illo de Levon Dai, un cosino cuje historia (nonobstante que ille es absente in le action directe del romance) es frequentemente contate per le membros del familia. Levon Dai ha fugite del Imperio Turc (cuje governamento ha assassinate su patre), ha arrivate in le SUA in 1919, e tosto se establiva in le burgo statounitese de [[Council Bluffs]], [[Iowa]], ubi ille deveniva ric ma ubi ille era le sol armenio in le citate. Un edition britannic era publicate per [[Victor Gollancz Ltd]], e il habeva traductiones in [[lingua german|germano]] (in un edition austriac con le titulo ''Ein Haus voll Liebe''<ref>Registro del copyright: https://books.google.com/books?id=MR4hAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA1235&lpg=PA1235&dq=Marjorie+Housepian+haus+voll+liebe&source=bl&ots=Yt9WVOmgVg&sig=ACfU3U3u1XggP-UKpeeCZs8RP1P-crQLeA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjaj9zd-63kAhXXQUEAHW6AAFcQ6AEwDHoECAIQAQ#v=onepage&q=Marjorie%20Housepian%20haus%20voll%20liebe&f=false</ref>) e [[lingua norvegian|norvegiano]] (con le titulo ''Et hus fullt av kjærlighet''<ref>https://http {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114075411/https://http/ |date=2016-01-14 }}://www.pepita-bokmarked.no/pdf/tilbudsliste135.pdf {{Cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202014240/http://www.pepita-bokmarked.no/pdf/tilbudsliste135.pdf |archivedate=2012-12-02 |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.pepita-bokmarked.no/pdf/tilbudsliste135.pdf |accessdate=2019-08-31}} (pdf, vide pagina 24)</ref>). [[Reader's Digest]] ha publicate versiones abbreviate e in anglese e traducite a germano, a [[lingua italian|italiano]], e a [[japonese]]. == Referentias == {{DEFAULTSORT:Houseful of Love, A}} [[Categoria:Marjorie Housepian Dobkin]] [[Categoria:Romances]] [[Categoria:Personas armenie]] [[Categoria:Armenian Writers]] [[Categoria:Scriptores armenie]] [[Categoria:Litteratura]] [[Categoria:New York City]] 4oicok1yyoetb74vkb03ozepihvlrb3 0 55773 705647 663900 2026-11-07T18:55:06Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 705647 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[File:Francesco_'Pecco'_Bagnaia_at_the_2023_Japanese_motorcycle_Grand_Prix.jpg|thumb|Francesco Bagnaia is the current Riders' Championship leader.]] The 2023 FIM MotoGP World Championship is the 75th edition of the F.I.M. Francesco Bagnaia entered the season as the reigning world champion. {| | {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%;" !Team !Constructor !Motorcycle !  !Rider !Rounds |- | rowspan="3" |{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Aprilia Racing]] ! rowspan="6" |Aprilia | rowspan="6" |RS-GP | align="center" |12 |{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Maverick Viñales]] |1–16 |- | align="center" |41 |{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Aleix Espargaró]]<ref name="Aprilia" /> |1–16 |- | style="background:#ccffcc;" align="center" |32 | style="background:#ccffcc;" |{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Lorenzo Savadori]] |6, 8, 10 |- | rowspan="3" |[[RNF Racing|CryptoData RNF MotoGP Team]] | align="center" |25 |{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Raúl Fernández (motorcyclist)|Raúl Fernández]] |1–16 |- | align="center" |88 |{{Flagicon|Portugal}} [[Miguel Oliveira]]<ref name="Aprilia-RNF" /> |1, 3–4, 6–16 |- | style="background:#ccccff;" align="center" |32 | style="background:#ccccff;" |{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Lorenzo Savadori]] |5 |- | rowspan="4" |{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Ducati Corse|Ducati Lenovo Team]] ! rowspan="12" |Ducati | rowspan="8" nowrap="" |Desmosedici GP23 | align="center" |1 |{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Francesco Bagnaia]] |1–16 |- | align="center" |23 |{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Enea Bastianini]] |1, 4, 6–11, 15–16 |- | style="background:#ccccff;" align="center" |51 | style="background:#ccccff;" |{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Michele Pirro]] |3, 13–14 |- | style="background:#ccccff;" align="center" |9 | style="background:#ccccff;" |{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Danilo Petrucci]] |5 |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Ducati Corse|Aruba.it Racing]] | style="background:#ccffcc;" align="center" |51 | style="background:#ccffcc;" |{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Michele Pirro]] |6, 12 |- | style="background:#ccffcc;" align="center" |TBA | style="background:#ccffcc;" |{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Álvaro Bautista]] |TBC |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Pramac Racing|Prima Pramac Racing]] | align="center" |5 |{{Flagicon|France}} [[Johann Zarco]] |1–16 |- | align="center" |89 |{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Jorge Martín]]<ref name="Pramac" /> |1–16 |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Gresini Racing|Gresini Racing MotoGP]] | rowspan="4" |Desmosedici GP22<ref name="Ducati2023" /> | align="center" |49 | nowrap="" |{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Fabio Di Giannantonio]] |1–16 |- | align="center" |73 |{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Álex Márquez]]<ref name="Gresini" /> |1–13, 15–16 |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[VR46 Racing Team|Mooney VR46 Racing Team]] | align="center" |10 |{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Luca Marini]] |1–13, 15–16 |- | align="center" |72 |{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Marco Bezzecchi]] |1–16 |- | rowspan="5" |[[LCR Team|LCR Honda Idemitsu]]<br /><br />LCR Honda Castrol ! rowspan="11" |Honda | rowspan="11" |RC213V | align="center" |30 |[[Takaaki Nakagami]] |1–16 |- | align="center" |42 |{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Álex Rins]] |1–6, 14–16{{Efn|Álex Rins was entered for the Friday practice sessions during round 14, before being replaced by Stefan Bradl due to injury.}} |- | style="background:#ccccff;" align="center" |6 | style="background:#ccccff;" |[[Stefan Bradl]] |8, 13–14 {{Efn|lower-alpha 1}} |- | style="background:#ccccff;" align="center" |27 | style="background:#ccccff;" |{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Iker Lecuona]] |9–11 |- | style="background:#ccccff;" align="center" |7 | style="background:#ccccff;" |[[Takumi Takahashi]] |12 |- | rowspan="5" |[[Repsol Honda|Repsol Honda Team]] | align="center" |36 |{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Joan Mir]] |1–6, 9–16 |- | style="background:#ccccff;" align="center" |27 | style="background:#ccccff;" |{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Iker Lecuona]] |8 |- | align="center" |93 |{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Marc Márquez]] |1, 5–16 |- | style="background:#ccccff;" align="center" |6 | style="background:#ccccff;" |[[Stefan Bradl]] |3 |- | style="background:#ccccff;" align="center" |27 | style="background:#ccccff;" |{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Iker Lecuona]] |4 |- |[[Honda Racing Corporation|HRC Team]] | style="background:#ccffcc;" align="center" |6 | style="background:#ccffcc;" |[Stefan Bradl]]<ref name="rsmwc" /> |4, 12 |- | rowspan="3" |{{Flagicon|France}} [[Tech3|GasGas Factory Racing Tech3]] ! rowspan="6" |KTM | rowspan="6" |RC16 | align="center" |37 |{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Augusto Fernández (motorcyclist)|Augusto Fernández]] |1–16 |- | align="center" |44 |{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Pol Espargaró]] |1, 9–16 |- | style="background:#ccccff;" align="center" |94 | style="background:#ccccff;" |[[Jonas Folger]] |3–8 |- | rowspan="3" |[[Red Bull KTM Factory Racing]] | align="center" |33 |[[Brad Binder]] |1–16 |- | align="center" |43 |[[Jack Miller (motorcyclist)|Jack Miller]] |1–16 |- | style="background:#ccffcc;" align="center" |26 | style="background:#ccffcc;" |{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Dani Pedrosa]] |4, 12 |- | rowspan="2" nowrap="" |[[Yamaha Motor Racing|Monster Energy Yamaha MotoGP]] ! rowspan="3" |Yamaha | rowspan="3" |YZR-M1 | align="center" |20 |{{Flagicon|France}} [[Fabio Quartararo]] |1–16 |- | align="center" |21 |{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Franco Morbidelli]] |1–16 |- |[[Yamaha Motor Racing|Yamalube RS4GP Racing Team]] | style="background:#ccffcc;" align="center" |35 | style="background:#ccffcc;" |[[Cal Crutchlow]] |14 |- class="sortbottom" | colspan="6" style="background-color:#EAECF0; text-align:center" align="bottom" |'''Sources:''' |} | valign="top" | {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%;" ! colspan="2" |Key |- |Regular rider |- style="background:#ccccff;" |{{Nowrap|Replacement rider}} |- style="background:#ccffcc;" |Wildcard rider |} |} === Team changes === * Suzuki withdrew from the MotoGP class at the end of the 2022 season.<ref name="Suzuki">{{Cite web|title=Suzuki and Dorna reach agreement for MotoGP exit at the end of 2022|url=https://www.autosport.com/motogp/news/suzuki-and-dorna-reach-agreement-for-motogp-exit-at-the-end-of-2022/10337539/|date=13 July 2022|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.autosport.com/motogp/news/suzuki-and-dorna-reach-agreement-for-motogp-exit-at-the-end-of-2022/10337539/ "Suzuki and Dorna reach agreement for MotoGP exit at the end of 2022"]. ''www.autosport.com''. 13 July 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221126110817/https://www.autosport.com/motogp/news/suzuki-and-dorna-reach-agreement-for-motogp-exit-at-the-end-of-2022/10337539/ Archived] from the original on 26 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> * Tech3 KTM Factory Racing were rebranded as GasGas Factory Racing Tech3.<ref name="Pole">{{Cite web|publisher=Dorna Sports|title=Pol Espargaro announced in the new GASGAS MotoGP project|url=https://www.motogp.com/en/news/2022/08/19/pol-espargaro-announced-in-the-new-gasgas-motogp-project/431475|date=19 August 2022|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.motogp.com/en/news/2022/08/19/pol-espargaro-announced-in-the-new-gasgas-motogp-project/431475 "Pol Espargaro announced in the new GASGAS MotoGP project"]. ''www.motogp.com''. Dorna Sports. 19 August 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220819105736/https://www.motogp.com/en/news/2022/08/19/pol-espargaro-announced-in-the-new-gasgas-motogp-project/431475 Archived] from the original on 19 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> The team used KTM bikes. Tech3 continued to own and operate the team.<ref name="GasGas">{{Cite web|publisher=Asphalt & Rubber|title=GasGas Will Join MotoGP in 2023, With Pol Espargaro Riding|url=https://www.asphaltandrubber.com/motogp/pol-espargaro-gasgas-motogp-2023-motomatters/|date=21 August 2022|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902020856/https://www.asphaltandrubber.com/motogp/pol-espargaro-gasgas-motogp-2023-motomatters/|archivedate=2 September 2022|accessdate=21 October 2023}}</ref> * RNF Racing switched to Aprilia after a season with Yamaha.<ref name="RNF" /> === Rider changes === * Álex Rins moved to LCR Honda from the now defunct Suzuki MotoGP team, replacing Álex Márquez.<ref name="Rins" />Jack Miller moved to the KTM factory team from the Ducati factory team, replacing Miguel Oliveira.<ref name="Miller">{{Cite web|publisher=Dorna Sports|title=Miller signs two-year deal with Red Bull KTM|url=https://www.motogp.com/en/news/2022/06/09/miller-signs-two-year-deal-with-red-bull-ktm/425071|date=9 June 2022|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.motogp.com/en/news/2022/06/09/miller-signs-two-year-deal-with-red-bull-ktm/425071 "Miller signs two-year deal with Red Bull KTM"]. ''www.motogp.com''. Dorna Sports. 9 June 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220610075806/https://www.motogp.com/en/news/2022/06/09/miller-signs-two-year-deal-with-red-bull-ktm/425071 Archived] from the original on 10 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Oliveira then moved to RNF Aprilia MotoGP Team.<ref name="Aprilia-RNF">{{Cite web|publisher=Dorna Sports|title=Aprilia RNF confirm Oliveira and Fernandez for 2023|url=https://www.motogp.com/en/news/2022/08/30/aprilia-rnf-confirm-oliveira-and-fernandez-for-2023/432890|date=30 August 2022|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.motogp.com/en/news/2022/08/30/aprilia-rnf-confirm-oliveira-and-fernandez-for-2023/432890 "Aprilia RNF confirm Oliveira and Fernandez for 2023"]. ''www.motogp.com''. Dorna Sports. 30 August 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220830110440/https://www.motogp.com/en/news/2022/08/30/aprilia-rnf-confirm-oliveira-and-fernandez-for-2023/432890 Archived] from the original on 30 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> * Álex Márquez moved to Gresini Racing MotoGP from LCR Honda, replacing Enea Bastianini.<ref name="Gresini">{{Cite web|publisher=Dorna Sports|title=Gresini Racing announce Alex Marquez for 2023 ride|url=https://www.motogp.com/en/news/2022/06/26/gresini-racing-announce-alex-marquez-for-2023-ride/428025|date=26 June 2022|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.motogp.com/en/news/2022/06/26/gresini-racing-announce-alex-marquez-for-2023-ride/428025 "Gresini Racing announce Alex Marquez for 2023 ride"]. ''www.motogp.com''. Dorna Sports. 26 June 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220626065433/https://www.motogp.com/en/news/2022/06/26/gresini-racing-announce-alex-marquez-for-2023-ride/428025 Archived] from the original on 26 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Bastianini was then promoted to the Ducati factory team, replacing Jack Miller.<ref name="Enea">{{Cite web|publisher=Dorna Sports|title=Ducati confirm Bastianini as Bagnaia's teammate for 2023|url=https://www.motogp.com/en/news/2022/08/26/ducati-confirm-bastianini-as-bagnaia-s-teammate-for-2023/432828|date=26 August 2022|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.motogp.com/en/news/2022/08/26/ducati-confirm-bastianini-as-bagnaia-s-teammate-for-2023/432828 "Ducati confirm Bastianini as Bagnaia's teammate for 2023"]. ''www.motogp.com''. Dorna Sports. 26 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> * Jack Miller moved to the KTM factory team from the Ducati factory team, replacing Miguel Oliveira.<ref name="Miller" /> Oliveira then moved to RNF Aprilia MotoGP Team.<ref name="Aprilia-RNF" /> * After being left without a place in the MotoGP grid, Darryn Binder went down to Moto2 to make his debut in that class.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.crash.net/motogp/news/1014796/1/darryn-binder-confirms-motogp-moto2-move-2023|title=Darryn Binder's MotoGP to Moto2 move confirmed for 2023|date=18 October 2022}}</ref> * Pol Espargaró moved to the newly rebranded GasGas Factory Racing team from the Honda factory team.<ref name="Pole"/> He was replaced by Joan Mir, who moved from the now defunct Suzuki MotoGP team.<ref name="Mir">{{Cite web|publisher=Dorna Sports|title=HRC confirm the signing of Joan Mir on a two-year contract|url=https://www.motogp.com/en/news/2022/08/30/hrc-confirm-the-signing-of-joan-mir-on-a-two-year-contract/432866|date=30 August 2022|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.motogp.com/en/news/2022/08/30/hrc-confirm-the-signing-of-joan-mir-on-a-two-year-contract/432866 "HRC confirm the signing of Joan Mir on a two-year contract"]. ''www.motogp.com''. Dorna Sports. 30 August 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220830070718/https://www.motogp.com/en/news/2022/08/30/hrc-confirm-the-signing-of-joan-mir-on-a-two-year-contract/432866 Archived] from the original on 30 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> * Raúl Fernández moved to RNF Aprilia MotoGP Team from Tech3 KTM Factory Racing.<ref name="Aprilia-RNF" /> * Remy Gardner left MotoGP for the Superbike World Championship.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Remy Gardner joins WorldSBK grid for 2023 with GRT Yamaha|url=https://www.worldsbk.com/en/news/2022/Remy%20Gardner%20joins%20WorldSBK%20grid%20for%202023%20with%20GRT%20Yamaha|date=15 September 2022|language=en}}</ref> He was replaced by 2022 Moto2 World Riders' Champion Augusto Fernández, who entered the MotoGP class with the rebranded GasGas Factory Racing team.<ref name="fernandez">{{Cite web|publisher=Dorna Sports|title=Augusto Fernandez signs 2023 GASGAS Factory Racing deal|url=https://www.motogp.com/en/news/2022/09/16/augusto-fernandez-signs-2023-gasgas-factory-racing-deal/435398|date=16 September 2022|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.motogp.com/en/news/2022/09/16/augusto-fernandez-signs-2023-gasgas-factory-racing-deal/435398 "Augusto Fernandez signs 2023 GASGAS Factory Racing deal"]. ''www.motogp.com''. Dorna Sports. 16 September 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220916121324/https://www.motogp.com/en/news/2022/09/16/augusto-fernandez-signs-2023-gasgas-factory-racing-deal/435398 Archived] from the original on 16 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> * Andréa Dovizodio retired after the 2022 San Marino round. He was replaced by Cal Cruchlow for the end of the season. In 2023, Cal Cruchlow returned to his position as test and replacement rider at Yamaha. ==== Mid-season changes ==== * Pol Espargaró missed seven Grands Prix starting from the Argentine round after suffering numerous injuries during P2 of the Portuguese round. He was not replaced for the Argentine round, but was replaced starting from the Americas round by Jonas Folger. * Enea Bastianini missed several races during the season. He missed the Argentine and Americas rounds after suffering a fractured right collarbone due to a collision with Luca Marini in the sprint of the Portuguese round. He was not replaced for the Argentine round, and was replaced for the Americas round by Michele Pirro. Bastianini also missed the French round after a failed return in the Spanish round which saw him withdraw from the race after P2 due to continuous shoulder pain. He was replaced by Danilo Petrucci. Bastianini also missed the San Marino, Indian, and Japanese rounds after undergoing surgery on his fractured left ankle and left hand that were sustained during the Catalan race. He was not replaced for the San Marino round, and by Pirro again for the Indian and Japanese rounds. * Marc Márquez missed several races after suffering a broken first metacarpal due to a collision with Miguel Oliveira during the main race of the Portuguese round. He was not replaced for the Argentine round, replaced by Stefan Bradl for the Americas round, and was replaced by Iker Lecuona for the Spanish round. * Miguel Oliveira missed the Argentine round due to the aforementioned collision with Márquez during the main race of the previous Portuguese round. Oliveira was declared unfit after further testing and was not replaced. Oliveira also missed the French round after he sustained a shoulder injury after a collision with Fabio Quartararo during the previous Spanish round and was replaced by Lorenzo Savadori. * Joan Mir missed the German and Dutch rounds after suffering a right hand injury during P2 of the previous Italian round. He was not replaced for the German round, but was replaced by Iker Lecuona for the Dutch round. * Álex Rins missed seven Grands Prix starting from the German round after undergoing surgery on a broken right leg that was sustained during the sprint of the Italian round. He was not replaced for the German round, by Stefan Bradl for the Dutch and Indian rounds, by Iker Lecuona for the British, Austrian, and Catalan rounds, and by Takumi Takahashi for the San Marino round. He competed during Friday practice sessions for the Japanese round, before being replaced by Bradl after he was declared unfit for the rest of the weekend. * Álex Márquez missed the Japanese round after suffering a double rib fracture during Q1 of the previous Indian round. He was not replaced. * Luca Marini missed the Japanese round after suffering a fractured left collarbone during the sprint of the previous Indian round. He was not replaced. == Calendar == {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%;" !Round !Date !Grand Prix !Circuit |- !1 |26 March |[[Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|Grande Prémio Tissot de Portugal]] |Algarve International Circuit, Portimão |- !2 |2 April |[[Argentine Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|Gran Premio Michelin de la República Argentina]] |Autódromo Termas de Río Hondo, Termas de Río Hondo |- !3 |16 April |[[Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas|Red Bull Grand Prix of the Americas]] |Circuit of the Americas, [[Austin (Texas)|Austin]] |- !4 |30 April |[[Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|Gran Premio MotoGP Guru by Gryfyn de España]] |Circuito de Jerez – Ángel Nieto, [[Jeréz de la Frontera|Jerez de la Frontera]] |- !5 |14 May |[[French motorcycle Grand Prix|Shark Grand Prix de France]] |Circuit Bugatti, Le Mans |- !6 |11 June |[[Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|Gran Premio d'Italia Oakley]] | nowrap="" |Autodromo Internazionale del Mugello, Scarperia e San Piero |- !7 |18 June |[[German motorcycle Grand Prix|Liqui Moly Motorrad Grand Prix Deutschland]] |Sachsenring, Hohenstein-Ernstthal |- !8 |25 June |[[Dutch TT|Motul TT Assen]] |TT Circuit Assen, Assen |- !9 |6 August |[[British motorcycle Grand Prix|Monster Energy British Grand Prix]] |Silverstone Circuit, Silverstone |- !10 |20 August |[[Austrian motorcycle Grand Prix|CryptoData Motorrad Grand Prix von Österreich]] |Red Bull Ring, Spielberg |- !11 |3 September |[[Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|Gran Premi Monster Energy de Catalunya]] |Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya, Montmeló |- !12 |10 September | nowrap="" |[[San Marino and Rimini Riviera motorcycle Grand Prix|Gran Premio Red Bull di San Marino e della Riviera di Rimini]] |Misano World Circuit Marco Simoncelli, [[Misano Adriatico]] |- !13 | nowrap="" |24 September |[[Indian motorcycle Grand Prix|IndianOil Grand Prix of India]] |Buddh International Circuit, Greater Noida |- !14 |1 October |[[Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|Motul Grand Prix of Japan]] |Mobility Resort Motegi, Motegi |- !15 |15 October |[[Indonesian motorcycle Grand Prix|Pertamina Grand Prix of Indonesia]] |Mandalika International Street Circuit, Central Lombok |- !16 |21 October |[[Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|MotoGP Guru by Gryfyn Australian Motorcycle Grand Prix]] |Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit, Phillip Island |- !17 |29 October |[[Thailand motorcycle Grand Prix|OR Thailand Grand Prix]] |Chang International Circuit, Buriram |- !18 |12 November |[[Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|Petronas Grand Prix of Malaysia]] |Sepang International Circuit, Sepang |- !19 |19 November |Qatar Airways Grand Prix of Qatar |Losail International Circuit, Lusail |- !20 |26 November |[[Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|Gran Premio Motul de la Comunitat Valenciana]] |Circuit Ricardo Tormo, [[Valencia]] |- ! colspan="4" |Cancelled Grand Prix |- !– |<s>9 July</s> |[[Kazakhstan motorcycle Grand Prix|Grand Prix of Kazakhstan]] |Sokol International Racetrack, [[Almaty]] |- class="sortbottom" | colspan="4" style="background-color:#EAECF0; text-align:center" align="bottom" |'''Sources:''' |} oxsu8vaf7h4nhb1d3zv01j07nonfp69 0 59580 705681 698231 2026-11-08T05:48:45Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 705681 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = ''Viola'' | fossil_range = | image = Viola reichenbachiana LC0128.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Viola reichenbachiana]]'' | domain = [[Eukaryota]] | regnum = [[Planta]]e <!--| superdivisio = [[Embryophyta]]--> | divisio = [[Tracheophyta]] <!--| subdivisio = [[Spermophyta]]--> | superclassis = [[Angiospermae]] | classis = [[Eudicotyledoneae]] | legio = [[Rosidae]] | sublegio = [[Fabidae]] | ordo = [[Malpighiale]] | familia = [[Violaceae]] | subfamilia = [[Violoideae]] | tribus = [[Violeae]] | taxon_rank = [[Genere (rango taxonomic)|Genere]] | taxon = ''Viola'' | authority = [[Carl von Linné|L.]] | type_species = ''[[Viola odorata]]'' | type_species_authority = L. | synonyms_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Viola L. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000540-2 |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=Plants of the World Online |language=en |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260915173514/https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000540-2 |archivedate=2026-09-15 |accessdate=2025-05-06}}</ref> | synonyms = {{hidden begin|title = Lista}} * ''Chrysion'' <small>Spach</small> * ''Cittaronium'' <small>Rchb.</small> * ''Crocion'' <small>Nieuwl.</small> * ''Dischidium'' <small>Rchb.</small> * ''Erpetion'' <small>DC. ex Sweet</small> * ''Grammeionium'' <small>Rchb.</small> * ''Ion'' <small>Medik.</small> * ''Jacea'' <small>Opiz</small> * ''Lophion'' <small>Spach</small> * ''Mnemion'' <small>Spach</small> * ''Oionychion'' <small>Nieuwl.</small> {{hidden end}} }} '''''Viola''''', le '''violettas''', es un [[Genere (rango taxonomic)|genere]] de [[planta]]s [[Angiospermae|floral]] del [[Familia (rango taxonomic)|familia]] [[Violaceae]]. Es le plus grande genere del familia, con plus de 680 [[specie]]s. Si multe species vive in [[temperate]] [[Nord Hemispherio]], le genere origina de [[Sud America]] e se trova in divergente areas como [[Andes]], [[Australasia]] o [[Oceania]]. Alcun ''Viola'' species son [[Planta perenne|perenne]], alteres [[Planta annual|annual]], o plus rarment parve [[arbusto]]s. In [[horticultura]], [[pensata]]s son [[cultivar]]es con grande floras multicolor, generalmente annual o biennal. ==Systematica== Le revision del classification de 2022 identifica 2 [[Subgenere (rango taxonomic)|subgeneres]], 31 [[Section (rango taxonomic)|sectionnes]] (cuje 8 de un sol specie) e 20 subsectiones:<ref>{{doi|10.3390/plants11172224}}</ref> * subgen. ''[[Neoandinium]]'' <small>Marcussen</small> ** sect. ''[[Viola nassauvioides|Confertae]]'' ** sect. ''[[Viola fluehmannii|Ericoidium]]'' ** sect. ''[[Grandiflos]]'' ** sect. ''[[Inconspicuiflos]]'' ** sect. ''[[Relictium]]'' ** sect. ''[[Rhizomandinium]]'' ** sect. ''[[Rosulatae]]'' ** sect. ''[[Sempervivum]]'' ** sect. ''[[Subandinium]]'' ** sect. ''[[Triflabellium]]'' ** sect. ''[[Viola beati|Xylobasis]]'' * subgen. ''Viola'' <small>Marcussen</small> ** sect. ''[[Abyssinium]]'' <small>Marcussen</small> Africa: equatorial high mountains ** sect. ''[[Chamaemelanium]]'' <small>Ging.</small> ''[[s.lat.]]'' N America, northeast Asia (include ''Dischidium'', ''Orbiculares'') ** sect. ''[[Chilenium]]'' <small>W.Becker</small> southern S America{{sfn|BioLib|2019}} ** sect. ''[[Viola hybanthoides|Danxiaviola]]'' <small>W. B. Liao et Q. Fan</small> (1) China{{sfn|Fan et al|2015}} ** sect. ''[[Delphiniopsis]]'' <small>W.Becker</small> west Eurasia: sud de Espania; [[Balkanes]]{{sfn|CSIC|2020}} ** sect. ''[[Erpetion]]'' <small>(Banks) W.Becker</small> eastern Australia; Tasmania ** sect. ''[[Viola kunawurensis|Himalayum]]'' <small>Marcussen</small> ** sect. ''[[Leptidium]]'' <small>Ging.</small> Sud America{{sfn|Freitas|Sosa|2002}} ** sect. ''[[Melanium]]'' <small>Ging.</small> West Eurasia (pensatas){{sfn|Yockteng et al|2003}}{{sfn|Magrini|Scoppola|2015}} ***subsect. ''Bracteolatae '' ***subsect. ''Cleistogamae '' ***subsect. ''Dispares '' ***subsect. ''Ebracteatae '' ***subsect. ''Pseudorupestres'' ** sect. ''[[Viola decumbens|Melvio]]'' <small>Marcussen</small> [[Sudafrica]] ** sect. ''[[Viola filicaulis|Nematocaulon]]'' <small>Marcussen</small> [[Nove Zelanda]] ** sect. ''[[Nosphinium]]'' <small>W.Becker</small> N, C e nord de Sud America; [[Beringia]]; [[Hawaii]]{{sfn|Marcussen|2012}} ***subsect. ''Borealiamericanae'' ***subsect. ''Clausenianae'' ***subsect. ''Langsdorffianae'' ***subsect. ''Mexicanae'' ***subsect. ''Nosphinium'' ***subsect. ''Pedatae'' ** sect. ''[[Plagiostigma]]'' <small>Godr.</small> nord hemispherio (include ''Diffusae''){{sfn|Ning|2012}}{{sfn|Zhou|2008}}{{sfn|Tikhomirov |2015}} ***subsect. ''Australasiaticae '' ***subsect. ''Bilobatae'' ***subsect. ''Bulbosae'' ***subsect. ''Diffusae'' ***subsect. ''Formosanae'' ***subsect. ''Patellares'' ***subsect. ''Stolonosae'' ** sect. ''[[Rubellium]]'' <small>W.Becker</small> Sud America: [[Chile]]{{sfn|Ballard et al|1998}} ** sect. ''Sclerosium'' <small>W.Becker</small> Nord Africa ad Sudwest Asia{{sfn|Shahrestani et al|2014}} ** sect. ''[[Spathulidium]]'''' <small>Marcussen</small> west e central Asia: del nord de Iraq ad Mongolia{{sfn|Fan et al|2015}} ** sect. ''[[Viola tridentata|Tridens]]'' <small>W.Becker</small> sud de S America ** sect. ''[[Viola (section)|Viola]]''  nord hemispherio (violettas) (include ''Repentes''){{sfn|Malobecki et al|2016}} ***subsect. ''Rostratae'' <small>Kupffer (W.Becker)</small>{{sfn|Danihelka|2010}} (dog violets) ***subsect. ''Viola'' ** sect. ''[[Xanthidium]]'' <small>Marcussen</small> [[Andes]] ** sect. ''[[Xylinosium]]'' <small>W.Becker</small> region mediterranee ==Phylogenia== Le cladogramma (non exhaustive) del differente [[Section (rango taxonomic)|sectiones]] es le sequente: {{clade |style=font-size:85%; line-height:100%; |label1='''''Viola'''''&nbsp; |1={{clade |label1=subgen.''Viola'' |1={{clade |1={{clade |label1="Melvio" gruppo |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |label1=''[[Viola (section)|Viola]]''&nbsp; |1={{clade |1=''Rostratae'' |2=''Viola'' }} |2=''Nosphinium'' }} |2={{clade |1=''Himalayum'' |2=''Xylinosium'' }} }} |2=''Melanium'' }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Spathulidium'' |2=''Abyssinium'' }} |2=''Delphiniopsis'' }} }} |label2="Cham" gruppo |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Plagiostigma'' |2={{clade |1=''Chamaemelanium 2'' |2=''Danxiaviola'' }} }} |2=''Chamaemelanium 1'' }} }} <!-- basal gruppo--> |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Lepidium'' |2=''Rubellium'' }} |2=''Chilenium'' }} }} |label2=subgen.''[[Neoandinium]]''&nbsp; |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Subandinium'' |2=''Rosulatae'' }} |2=''Sempervivum'' }} }} }} {{Refer}} ==Bibliographia== ===Articulos=== * {{cite journal |last1=Baskin |first1=Jerry M. |last2=Baskin |first2=Carol C. |title=Physiological Ecology of Germination of Viola rafinesquii |journal=[[American Journal of Botany]] |date=November 1972 |volume=59 |issue=10 |pages=981–988|doi=10.2307/2441480|jstor=2441480}}} * {{cite journal |last1=Batista |first1=Francisco |last2=Sosa| first2=Pedro A.|title=Allozyme Diversity in Natural Populations of Viola palmensis Webb & Berth. (Violaceae) from La Palma (Canary Islands): Implications for Conservation Genetics |journal=[[Annals of Botany]] |date=31 October 2002 |volume=90 |issue=6 |pages=725–733 |doi=10.1093/aob/mcf256|pmid=12451028|pmc=4240367}} * {{Cite journal|last=Beattie|first=A. J.|title=Pollination Mechanisms in Viola|date=March 1971|journal=[[New Phytologist]]|volume=70|issue=2|pages=343–360|doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.1971.tb02533.x|doi-access=}} * {{Cite journal|last1=Beattie|first1=A. J.|last2=Lyons|first2=N.|title=Seed Dispersal in Viola (Violaceae): Adaptations and Strategies|date=August 1975|journal=[[American Journal of Botany]]|volume=62|issue=7|pages=714–722|doi=10.2307/2442060|jstor=2442060}} * {{cite journal |last1=Clausen |first1=Jens |title=Cytotaxonomy and distributional ecology of western North American violets |url=https://archive.org/details/madronowest1719631964cali/page/n205/mode/2up |journal=[[Madroño (journal)|Madroño]] |date=1964 |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=173–197 |jstor=41423141 |issn=0024-9637 }}, ''also at'' [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/170319#/summary BHL] * {{cite journal |last1=Culley |first1=Theresa M. |last2=Grubb |first2=Thomas C. |title=Genetic effects of habitat fragmentation in Viola pubescens (Violaceae), a perennial herb with chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_molecular-ecology_2003-11_12_11/page/2919 |journal=Molecular Ecology |date=1 October 2003 |volume=12 |issue=11 |pages=2919–2930 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01971.x|pmid=14629373 |bibcode=2003MolEc..12.2919C |s2cid=22916831 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Culley |first1=Theresa M. |last2=Klooster |first2=Matthew R. |title=The Cleistogamous Breeding System: A Review of Its Frequency, Evolution, and Ecology in Angiosperms |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225503104 |journal=[[The Botanical Review]] |date=January 2007 |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=1–30 |doi=10.1663/0006-8101(2007)73[1:TCBSAR]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=12223087 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Culley |first1=T. M. |last2=Sbita |first2=S. J. |last3=Wick |first3=A. |title=Population Genetic Effects of Urban Habitat Fragmentation in the Perennial Herb Viola pubescens (Violaceae) using ISSR Markers |journal=[[Annals of Botany]] |date=13 March 2007 |volume=100 |issue=1 |pages=91–100 |doi=10.1093/aob/mcm077|pmid=17556381|pmc=2735295|ref={{harvid|Culley et al|2007}}}} * {{cite journal |last1=Culver |first1=David C. |last2=Beattie |first2=Andrew J. |title=Myrmecochory in Viola: Dynamics of Seed-Ant Interactions in Some West Virginia Species |journal=[[The Journal of Ecology]] |date=March 1978 |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=53–72 |doi=10.2307/2259181|jstor=2259181|bibcode=1978JEcol..66...53C }} * {{cite journal |last1=Elisafenko |first1=T. V. |title=Features of seed germination in different ecological groups of the species of the section Violidum, subgenus Nomimium, genus Viola L. (Violaceae) |journal=Contemporary Problems of Ecology |date=19 August 2015 |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=523–533 |doi=10.1134/S199542551504006X|s2cid=16291866 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Freitas |first1=L. |last2=Sosa|first2=M.|title=Floral Biology and Pollination Mechanisms in Two Viola Species-From Nectar to Pollen Flowers? |journal=[[Annals of Botany]] |date=19 December 2002 |volume=91 |issue=3 |pages=311–317 |doi=10.1093/aob/mcg025|pmid=12547683|pmc=4244963}} * {{cite journal |last1=Hildebrandt |first1=U. |last2=Kaldorf |first2=M. |last3=Bothe |first3=H. |title=The Zinc Violet and its Colonization by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi |journal=[[Journal of Plant Physiology]] |date=May 1999 |volume=154 |issue=5–6 |pages=709–717 |doi=10.1016/S0176-1617(99)80249-1|ref={{harvid|Hildebrandt et al|1999}}}} * {{cite journal |last1=Kopper |first1=Brian J. |last2=Charlton |first2=Ralph E. |last3=Margolies |first3=David C. |title=Oviposition Site Selection by the Regal Fritillary, Speyeria idalia, as Affected by Proximity of Violet Host Plants|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-insect-behavior_2000-09_13_5/page/651 |journal=Journal of Insect Behavior |date=2000 |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=651–665 |doi=10.1023/A:1007887809621|s2cid=19315345 |ref={{harvid|Kopper et al|2000}}}} * {{cite journal |last1=Łańcucka-Środoniowa |first1=Maria |title=Macroscopic plant remains from the freshwater Miocene of the Nowy Sącz Basin (West Carpathians, Poland) |journal=Acta Palaeobotanica |date=1979 |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=3–117 |url=http://bomax.botany.pl/cgi-bin/pubs/data/article_pdf?id=2798 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Lord |first1=E. M. |title=Cleistogamy: A tool for the study of floral morphogenesis, function and evolution |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_botanical-review_october-december-1981_47_4/page/421 |journal=[[The Botanical Review]] |date=October 1981 |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=421–449 |doi=10.1007/BF02860538|jstor=4353990|s2cid=19754210 }} *{{cite journal|last1=Park|first1=Sungkyu|display-authors=etal|title=Cyclotide evolution: Insights from the analyses of their precursor sequences, structures and distribution in Violets (Viola)|journal=Frontiers in Plant Science|year=2017|volume=8|pages=92–110|doi=10.3389/fpls.2017.02058|pmid=29326730|pmc=5741643|doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal|last=Saint-Hilaire|first=Augustin|author-link=Augustin Saint-Hilaire|title=Tableau monographique des plantes de la flore du Brésil méridional appartenant au groupe (classe Br.) qui comprend qui comprend les Droséracées, les Violacées, les Cistinées et les Frankenicées: Violacées|journal=Annales du museum national d'histoire naturelle|volume=72|pages=445–498|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ouJaAAAAcAAJ|year=1824|language=fr}} * {{cite journal |last1=Shuey |first1=John |last2=Jacquart |first2=Ellen |last3=Orr |first3=Stuart |last4=Becker |first4=Fiona |last5=Nyberg |first5=Alyssa |last6=Littiken |first6=Robert |last7=Anchor |first7=Ted |last8=Luchik |first8=Derek |title=Landscape-scale response to local habitat restoration in the regal fritillary butterfly (Speyeria idalia) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) |journal=Journal of Insect Conservation |date=9 September 2016 |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=773–780 |doi=10.1007/s10841-016-9908-4|s2cid=25321534 |ref={{harvid|Shuey et al|2016}}}} * {{cite journal |last1=Thiele |first1=Kevin R |last2=Prober |first2=Suzanne M |title=New species and a new hybrid in the Viola hederacea species complex, with notes on Viola hederacea Labill. |journal=[[Muelleria (journal)|Muelleria]] |date=2003 |volume=18 |pages=7–25 |doi=10.5962/p.254920 |s2cid=251005673 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268277479 |doi-access=free }} * {{cite journal |last1=Tikhomirov |first1=V. N |title=A revision of the genus Viola section Plagiostigma (Violaceae) in Republic of Belarus. |journal=Botanicheskiĭ Zhurnal |date=2015 |volume=100 |issue=5 |pages=490–500 |url=https://www.cabi.org/ISC/abstract/20153338855 |language=ru |access-date=2020-03-17 |archive-date=2020-03-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317203452/https://www.cabi.org/ISC/abstract/20153338855 |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317203452/https://www.cabi.org/ISC/abstract/20153338855 |date=2020-03-17 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Yockteng |first1=R. |last2=Jr Ballard |first2=H. E. |last3=Mansion |first3=G. |last4=Dajoz |first4=I. |last5=Nadot |first5=S. |title=Relationships among pansies ( Viola section Melanium ) investigated using ITS and ISSR markers |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225488190 |jstor=23645153 |journal=[[Plant Systematics and Evolution]] |date=1 November 2003 |volume=241 |issue=3–4 |pages=153–170 |doi=10.1007/s00606-003-0045-7 |ref={{harvid|Yockteng et al|2003}} |citeseerx=10.1.1.721.5590 |s2cid=25104565 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Wahlert |first1=Gregory A. |last2=Marcussen |first2=Thomas |last3=de Paula-Souza |first3=Juliana |last4=Feng |first4=Min |last5=Ballard |first5=Harvey E. |title=A Phylogeny of the Violaceae (Malpighiales) Inferred from Plastid DNA Sequences: Implications for Generic Diversity and Intrafamilial Classification |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256545045 |journal=[[Systematic Botany]] |date=1 March 2014 |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=239–252 |doi=10.1600/036364414X678008 |s2cid=86452033 |ref={{harvid|Wahlert et al|2014}} }} * {{cite journal |last1=Watson |first1=John M. |last2=Flores |first2=R. |title=A new name in section Andinium W.becker of the genus Viola L. (Violaceae) |journal=[[Gayana. Botánica]] |date=2003 |volume=60 |issue=2 |doi=10.4067/S0717-66432003000200009|doi-access=free }} * {{cite journal |last1=Watson |first1=John M. |last2=Flores |first2=Ana R. |last3=Arroyo-Leuenberger |first3=Silvia C. |title=A new Viola (Violaceae) from the Argentinian Andes |url=https://archive.org/details/willdenowia_2019-04_49_1/page/35 |journal=[[Willdenowia (journal)|Willdenowia]] |date=25 March 2019 |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=35 |doi=10.3372/wi.49.49105|doi-access=free|ref={{harvid|Watson et al|2019}}}} * {{cite journal |last1=Watson |first1=John |last2=Watson |first2=Anita |title=Fire and Ice: Rosulate Viola Evolution Part One – The Stage is Set |journal=North American Rock Garden Society Quarterly |date=Fall 2012 |volume=70 |issue=4 |pages=360–366 |url=https://nargs.org/sites/default/files/free-rgq-downloads/roga_70-4.pdf }} * {{cite journal |last1=Yoo |first1=Ki-Oug |last2=Jang |first2=Su-Kil |title=Infrageneric relationships of Korean Viola based on eight chloroplast markers |journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution |date=November 2010 |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=474–481 |doi=10.1111/j.1759-6831.2010.00102.x|doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal | last1=Zhou | first1=J. S. | display-authors=etal | year=2008 | title=''Viola nanlingensis'' (Violaceae), a new species from Guangdong, southern China | url=http://www.sekj.org/PDF/anb45-free/anb45-233.pdf | journal=Annales Botanici Fennici | volume=45 | issue=3 | pages=233–36 | doi=10.5735/085.045.0312 | s2cid=84616726 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220113006/http://www.sekj.org/PDF/anb45-free/anb45-233.pdf |date=2014-02-20 }} ===Websitos=== * {{cite web |title=Viola |url=https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id38844/ |website=BioLib: Biological library |access-date=28 February 2020 |date=2019 |ref={{harvid|BioLib|2019}} |accessdate=7 May 2025 |archivedate=10 August 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250810083321/https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id38844/ }} (''taxonomy'') ** {{cite web |title=Viola capillaris Pers. |url=https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id418060/ |access-date=19 March 2020 |ref={{harvid|V capillaris|2020}} |accessdate=7 May 2025 |archivedate=22 December 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222163757/https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id418060/ }} * {{cite web |title=American Violet Society |url=http://www.americanvioletsociety.org/index.htm |access-date=1 March 2020 |date=2007 |ref={{harvid|AVS|2007}} |archive-date=19 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219080019/http://www.americanvioletsociety.org/index.htm |url-status=dead |accessdate=7 May 2025 |archivedate=19 February 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219080019/http://www.americanvioletsociety.org/index.htm }} * {{cite web |title=Viola 'Little David' (Vtta) |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/83544/Viola-Little-David-(Vtta)/Details |website=Plants |publisher=[[Royal Horticultural Society]] |access-date=4 March 2020 |date=2020 |ref={{harvid|RHS Little David|2020}} }} * {{cite web |title=Viola 'Königin Charlotte' (Vt) |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/215144/Viola-Konigin-Charlotte-(Vt)/Details |website=Plants |publisher=[[Royal Horticultural Society]] |access-date=4 March 2020 |date=2020 |ref={{harvid|RHS Konigin Charlotte|2020}} }} * {{cite web |title=Violet, Common Blue (Viola papilionacea) |url=http://www.voyageurcountry.com/htmls/floweringplants/plants/violetblue.html |website=Voyageur Country: Flowering plants |access-date=6 March 2020 |date=2020 |ref={{harvid|VC|2020}} }} * {{cite web |title=Natural history and research on Viola cazorlensis |url=http://ebd06.ebd.csic.es/organisms/vcazorlensis/Vcazorlensis.html |website=Alonso-Herrera Lab |publisher=[[Spanish National Research Council]] (CSIC) |access-date=10 March 2020 |ref={{harvid|CSIC|2020}} |archive-date=5 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205175843/http://ebd06.ebd.csic.es/organisms/vcazorlensis/Vcazorlensis.html |url-status=dead |accessdate=7 May 2025 |archivedate=5 February 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205175843/http://ebd06.ebd.csic.es/organisms/vcazorlensis/Vcazorlensis.html }} * {{cite web |last1=Kelly |first1=R.O. |last2=Deng |first2=Z. |last3=Harbaugh |first3=B.K. |title=Evaluation of Viola Cultivars as Bedding Plants for Florida |url=http://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/IR/00/00/17/73/00001/EP32700.pdf |website=Electronic Data Information Source (EDIS) |publisher=Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, [[Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences]], [[University of Florida]] |access-date=25 March 2020 |date=October 2007 |ref={{harvid|Kelly et al|2007}} |accessdate=7 May 2025 |archivedate=7 March 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250307202432/http://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/IR/00/00/17/73/00001/EP32700.pdf }} * {{cite web |title=AGM Plants (Ornamental) |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf |access-date=26 March 2020 |pages=109–110 |date=November 2018 |publisher=[[Royal Horticultural Society]] |ref={{harvid|RHS|2018}} }} [[Categoria:Malpighiales]] 8np7oh870hyynd8n2wgadw7j06bfxvx 0 60769 705653 699241 2026-11-07T21:22:47Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 705653 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Scientia de bibliotheca e de information}} '''Bibliotheconomia e scientia del information''' ('''SBI''')<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Bates |first1=M. J. |title=Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences. Vol. 1–7 |last2=Maack |first2=M. N. |publisher=CRC Press |year=2010 |location=Boca Raton, US}}</ref><ref name=":3">Scientias de Bibliotheca e de Information es le nomine usate in le [[Classification Decimal de Dewey]] pro le classe 20 ab le 18ve edition (1971) usque al 22nde edition (2003).</ref> es duo disciplinas academic que studia tote le aspectos del creation, organisation, documentation, gestion, communication, e uso de information registrate. Illos sublace a un varietate de activitates professional tal como [[gestion de information]], bibliotheconomia, e [[archivistica]] e [[gestion de documentos]], educante professionales pro labor in ille areas, e realisante recerca pro meliorar le practica.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Bawden |first1=David |last2=Robinson |first2=Lyn |title=Library and Information Science |encyclopedia=The International Encyclopedia of Communication Theory and Philosophy |date=2016 |pages=1–5 |doi=10.1002/9781118766804.wbiect113 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9781118766804}}</ref><ref name=":7">Coleman, A. (2002). [https://www.dlib.org/dlib/july02/coleman/07coleman.html Interdisciplinarity: The Road Ahead for Education in Digital Libraries]. D-Lib Magazine, 8:8/9 (July/August).</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Higgins |first1=Susan |chapter=Chapter 3 – Library and Information Science as a Discipline |publisher=[[Chandos Publishing]] |title=Managing Academic Libraries: Principles and Practice |date=2017 |pages=19–28 |doi=10.1016/B978-1-84334-621-0.00003-0 |isbn=978-1-84334-621-0 }}</ref> Scientia de bibliotheca e [[scientia de information]] es duo disciplinas original; totevia, illos es intra le mesme campo de studio.<ref>Saracevic, Tefko (1992). Information science: origin, evolution and relations. In: ''Conceptions of library and information science. Historical, empirical and theoretical perspectives''. Redigite per Pertti Vakkari & Blaise Cronin. London: Taylor Graham (pp. 5–27).</ref><ref>Miksa, Francis L. (1992). Library and information science: two paradigms. In: ''Conceptions of library and information science. Historical, empirical and theoretical perspectives''. Redigite per Pertti Vakkari & Blaise Cronin. London: Taylor Graham (pp. 229–252).</ref> Scientia de bibliotheca es scientia de information applicate,<ref>Borko, H. (1968). Information science: What is it? American Documentation, 19(1), 3–5. {{doi|10.1002/asi.5090190103}}.</ref> assi como un subcampo del scientia de information. Debite al forte connexion, a vices le duo terminos es usate como synonymos. ==Definition== '''Scientia de bibliotheca''' (previemente nominate '''studios de bibliotheca''' e '''economia de bibliotheca'''){{NoteTag|Le [[Classification Decimal de Dewey]] (DDC) usava le termino "economia de bibliotheca" pro le classe 19 in su prime edition de 1876. In le secunde edition (e tote le editiones subsequente) illo esseva movite al classe 20. Le termino "economia de bibliotheca" esseva usate usque a (e includente) le 14te edition (1942). Ab le 15te edition (1951) le classe 20 esseva nominate scientia de bibliotheca, lo que esseva usate usque a (e includente) le 17te edition (1965) quando illo esseva substituite per "scientias de bibliotheca e de information" (SBI) ab le 18ve edition (1971) in avante.}} es un campo [[interdisciplinari]] o multidisciplinari que applica le practicas, perspectivas, e instrumentos de [[gestion]], [[technologia del information]], [[education]], e altere areas al [[bibliotheca|bibliothecas]]; le collection, organisation, [[Preservation (scientia de bibliotheca e archival)|preservation]], e [[dissemination]] de ressources de information; e le [[economia politic]] de information.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}} Martin [[Martin Schrettinger|Schrettinger]], un [[bibliothecario]] bavaro, creava le disciplina intra su obra (1808–1828) ''Versuch eines vollständigen Lehrbuchs der Bibliothek-Wissenschaft oder Anleitung zur vollkommenen Geschäftsführung eines Bibliothekars''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Schrettinger, Martin |url=https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz79181.html |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Deutsche Biographie |language=de}}</ref> In loco de classificar le information basate sur elementos orientate al natura, como on faceva previemente in su bibliotheca bavarese, Schrettinger organisava le libros in ordine alphabetic.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Buckland |first=Michael |title=Bibliothekswissenschaft - quo vadis? / Library Science - quo vadis ? |date=2005-12-31 |editor-last=Hauke |editor-first=Petra |chapter=Information Schools: A Monk, Library Science, and the Information Age |chapter-url= |publisher=DE GRUYTER SAUR |pages=19–32 |doi=10.1515/9783110929225.19 |isbn=978-3-598-11734-3|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/33g728qk }}</ref> Le prime schola american pro scientia de bibliotheca esseva fundate per [[Melvil Dewey]] al [[Universitate de Columbia]] in 1887.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-18 |title=Dewey Services - Resources |url=https://www.oclc.org/en/dewey/resources.html |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=OCLC |language=en}}</ref> Historicamente, le scientia de bibliotheca ha etiam includite le [[archivistica]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Elmer D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d80QAQAAMAAJ |title=History of Libraries in the Western World |last2=Harris |first2=Michael H. |date=1976 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-0949-9 |language=en}}</ref> Isto include: como le ressources de information es organisate pro servir le necessitates de gruppos de usatores selectionate; como le personas interage con le systemas de classification e le technologia; como le information es acquirite, evalutate e applicate per personas intra e extra le bibliothecas, assi como a transverso de culturas; como le personas es formate e educate pro carrieras in bibliothecas; le [[ethica]] que guida le servicio e organisation de bibliothecas; le stato legal de [[bibliotheca|bibliothecas]] e ressources de information; e le scientia applicate del technologia informatic usate in documentation e [[gestion de documentos]]. SBI non debe esser confundite con le [[theoria del information]], le studio mathematic del concepto de information. Le ''philosophia de bibliotheca'' ha essite contrastate con le ''scientia de bibliotheca'' como le studio del scopos e justificationes del bibliotheconomia in opposition al developpamento e perfectionamento de technicas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cossette |first=André |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G8CPJ7u3xJ0C |title=Humanism and Libraries: An Essay on the Philosophy of Librarianship |date=2009 |publisher=Library Juice Press, LLC |isbn=978-1-936117-31-4 |language=en}}</ref> == Education e training == {{main|Education pro bibliotheconomia}} Le corsos academic in scientia de bibliotheca include [[Librarian#Positions and duties|gestion de collectiones]], systemas e technologia de information, methodos de recerca, studios de usatores, [[alphabetisation informational]], [[Catalogo de bibliotheca|catalogation]] e [[classification de bibliotheca]], [[Preservation (bibliotheca e archivo)|preservation]], [[Librarian#Positions and duties|referentia]], [[statistica]] e [[gestion]]. Le scientia de bibliotheca evolve constantemente, incorporante nove themas como [[systema de gestion de base de datos|gestion de bases de datos]], [[architectura de information]] e [[gestion de information]], inter alteres. [[File:Cart of LCSH Schedules in the FIMS Graduate Library.jpg|thumb|Programmas de [[Library of Congress Subject Headings]] usate pro scopos educative in Canada]] Con le acceptation crescente de Wikipedia como un fonte de referentia valorose e fidel, multe bibliothecas, museos e archivos ha introducite le rolo de [[Wikipediano in residentia]]. Como resultato, alcun universitates include cursos relative a Wikipedia e Gestion del Cognoscentia in lor programmas de MLIS. Devenir un membro del personal de un bibliotheca non require sempre un diploma, e in alcun contextos le differentia inter esser un membro del personal e un bibliothecario es le nivello de education.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Librarian |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/librarian |website=Collins Dictionary}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Librarian |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/librarian |website=Cambridge dictionary}}</ref> Le majoritate del empleos professional in bibliothecas require un diploma professional in scientia de bibliotheca o equivalente. In le Statos Unite e [[Canada]], le certification proveni habitualmente de un mastro (master) concedite per un institution accreditate per le [[American Library Association|ALA]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2006-07-26 |title=ALA Accredited Programs |url=https://www.ala.org/educationcareers/accreditedprograms |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Education & Careers |language=en}}</ref> In Australia, un numero de institutiones offere diplomas acceptate per le [[Australian Library and Information Association|ALIA (Australian Library and Information Association)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ALIA Accredited Courses |url=https://alia.org.au/Web/Web/Careers/ALIA-Accredited-Courses.aspx |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=alia.org.au |language=en}}</ref> Le standardes global de accreditation o certification in bibliotheconomia ancora debe esser developpate.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Kenneth D. "Woody" |title=Librarians Need Global Credentials {{!}} Backtalk |url=https://www.libraryjournal.com/story/librarians-need-global-credentials-backtalk |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Library Journal}}</ref> === Statos Unite e Canada === Le Mastro de Scientia de Bibliotheca e de Information (MLIS) es le grado de mastro que se require pro le majoritate del positiones de bibliothecario professional in le Statos Unite e Canada. Le MLIS esseva create post que le ancian Mastro de Scientia de Bibliotheca (MLS) esseva reformate pro reflecter le necessitates de technologia e scientia de information del campo. Secundo le American Library Association (ALA), "le grados accreditate per le ALA ha [habite] varie nomines tal como Mastro de Artes, Mastro de Bibliotheconomia, Mastro de Studios de Bibliotheca e de Information, o Mastro de Scientia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ALA-Accredited Programs {{!}} ALA |url=https://www.ala.org/educationcareers/accreditedprograms/directory |access-date=2025-05-24 |website=www.ala.org |language=en}}</ref> Le nomine del grado es determinate per le programma. Le Committee de Accreditation [del ALA] evaluta le programmas basate sur lor adhesion al Standardes pro Accreditation de Programmas de Mastro in Studios de Bibliotheca e de Information, non basate sur le nomine del grado."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Accreditation Frequently Asked Questions {{!}} ALA |url=https://www.ala.org/educationcareers/accreditedprograms/faq |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=www.ala.org |language=en}}</ref> ==Typos de bibliotheconomia== ===Public=== {{Main|Bibliotheca public}} Le studio del bibliotheconomia pro [[bibliotheca public|bibliothecas public]] copre questiones tal como catalogation; [[gestion de collectiones de bibliotheca|developpamento de collectiones]] pro un communitate diverse; [[alphabetisation informational]]; [[consilio a lectores]]; standardes communitari; bibliotheconomia orientate al servicios public via programmation centrate in le communitate; servir un communitate diverse de adultos, infantes e adolescentes; [[libertate intellectual]]; [[censura]]; e questiones legal e de budget. Le bibliotheca public como un "commons" o sphera public basate sur le obra de [[Jürgen Habermas]] ha devenite un metaphora central in le 21e seculo.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McCook |first=Kathleen de la Peña |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7F4PAQAAMAAJ |title=Introduction to Public Librarianship |date=2004 |publisher=Neal-Schuman Publishers |isbn=978-1-55570-475-9 |language=en}}</ref> In le Statos Unite il ha quatro typos differente de bibliothecas public: [[Association library|bibliothecas de association]], bibliothecas public municipal, bibliothecas de districto scholar, e bibliothecas public de districto special. Cata un recipe financiation per fontes differente, cata un es stabilite per un gruppo differente de votantes, e non totes es subjecte al governantia del servicio civil municipal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Types of Public Libraries; a Comparison: Library Development: New York State Library |url=https://www.nysl.nysed.gov/libdev/libs/pltypes.htm |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=www.nysl.nysed.gov}}</ref> === Scholar === {{Main|Bibliotheca scholar}} Le studio del [[bibliotheca scholar|bibliotheconomia scholar]] copre le servicios de bibliotheca pro infantes in scholas materne, primari e secundari. In alcun regiones, le governamento local pote haber standardes plus stricte pro le education e certification de [[Professor-bibliothecario|bibliothecarios scholar]] (qui es a vices considerate un caso special de professor), que pro altere bibliothecarios, e le programma educative includera ille criterios local. Le bibliotheconomia scholar pote etiam includer questiones de [[libertate intellectual]], [[pedagogia]], [[alphabetisation informational]], e como construer un [[curriculo]] cooperative con le personal docente. ===Academic=== {{Main|Bibliotheca academic}} Le studio del [[bibliotheca academic|bibliotheconomia academic]] copre le servicios de bibliotheca pro collegios e universitates. Questiones de importantia special pro le campo pote includer [[derecto de autor]]; technologia; [[bibliotheca digital|bibliothecas digital]] e repositorios digital; [[libertate academic]]; [[accesso aperte]] a obras erudite; e cognoscentia specialisate de areas thematic importante pro le institution e le correspondente [[obra de referentia|obras de referentia]]. Le bibliothecarios divide frequentemente lor foco individualmente como ligamines con scholas particular intra un collegio o universitate. Le bibliothecarios academic pote esser [[bibliothecario thematic|bibliothecarios de materias specific]]. Alcun bibliothecarios academic es considerate [[Facultate (division)|facultate]], e tene rangos academic simile a illos del professores, durante que alteres non. In omne caso, le qualification minime es un Mastro de Artes in Studios de Bibliotheca o un Mastro de Artes in Scientia de Bibliotheca. Alcun bibliothecas academic pote solmente requirer un grado de mastro in un campo academic specific o un campo relate, tal como technologia educative. ===Archival=== {{Main|Archivo}} Le studio de archivos include le formation de [[archivista]]s, bibliothecarios specialmente formate pro mantener e construer [[archivo]]s de [[documento|registros]] destinate al [[preservation historic]]. Questiones special include preservation physic, conservation e restauration de materiales e [[deacidification de massa]]; catalogos specialisate; labor solitari; accesso; e evalutation. Multe archivistas es etiam historicos formate specialisate in le periodo coprite per le archivo. Il ha habite tentativas de reviver le concepto de [[documentation]] e de parlar de studios (o scientia) de [[Bibliotheca, information e documentation]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rayward |first=W. Boyd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v-HgAAAAMAAJ |title=Aware and Responsible: Papers of the Nordic-International Colloquium on Social and Cultural Awareness and Responsibility in Library, Information, and Documentation Studies (SCARLID) |date=2004 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-4954-9 |language=en}}</ref> Le mission archival include tres scopos major: Identificar documentos e registros con valor durabile, preservar le documentos identificate, e render le documentos disponibile a alteres.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Hunter |first=Gregory S. |url=http://archive.org/details/developingmainta0000hunt |title=Developing and maintaining practical archives : a how-to-do-it manual |date=2003 |publisher=New York : Neal-Schuman Publishers |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-1-55570-467-4}}</ref> Ben que le bibliothecas recipe articulos individualmente, le articulos archival deveni habitualmente parte del collection del archivo como un gruppo cohesive.<ref name=":0" /> Le differentia major in le collectiones es que le collectiones de bibliotheca comprende typicamente articulos publicate (libros, revistas, etc.), durante que le collectiones archival es habitualmente obras non publicate (litteras, diarios, etc.). Le collectiones de bibliotheca es create per multe individuos, proque cata autor e illustrator crea su proprie publication; in contrasto, un archivo collige habitualmente le registros de un persona, familia, institution o organisation, de modo que le articulos archival habera minus fontes de autores.<ref name=":0" /> Le comportamento in un archivo differe del comportamento in altere bibliothecas. In le majoritate del bibliothecas, le articulos es apertemente disponibile al publico. Le articulos archival quasi nunquam circula, e alcuno interessate in vider documentos debe peter los al archivista e solmente pote vider los in un sala de lectura claudite.<ref name=":0" /> ===Special=== {{Main|Bibliotheca special}} [[Bibliotheca special|Bibliothecas special]] es bibliothecas stabilite pro satisfacer le requirimentos altemente specialisate de gruppos professional o de commercio. Un bibliotheca es special dependente de si illo copre un collection specialisate, un materia special, o un gruppo particular de usatores, o mesmo le typo de organisation parente, tal como [[bibliotheca medical|bibliothecas medical]] o [[bibliotheca de derecto|bibliothecas de derecto]]. Le questiones in iste bibliothecas es specific a lor industrias ma pote includer labor solitari, financiation corporative, developpamento de collectiones specialisate, e auto-promotion extense a patronos potential. Le bibliothecarios special ha lor proprie organisation professional, le [[Special Libraries Association]] (SLA). Alcun bibliothecas special, tal como le [[Bibliotheca del CIA]], pote continer obras classificate. Illo es un ressource pro empleatos del [[Central Intelligence Agency]], continente plus de 125.000 materiales scripte, subscribe a circa 1.700 periodicos, e habeva collectiones in tres areas: Intelligentia Historic, Circulante, e Referentia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CIA Library |url=https://www.cia.gov/legacy/headquarters/cia-library/ |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=CIA }}</ref> In februario 1997, tres bibliothecarios laborante in le institution parlava con ''[[Information Outlook]]'', un publication del SLA, revelante que le bibliotheca habeva essite create in 1947, le importantia del bibliotheca in disseminar information al empleatos, mesmo con un personal parve, e como le bibliotheca organisa su materiales.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=sla_io_1997 |title=Information Outlook |date=February 1997 |publisher=Special Libraries Association |via=SJSU ScholarWorks |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922223727/https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=sla_io_1997 |archive-date= Sep 22, 2021 }}</ref> ===Preservation=== {{main|Preservation (scientia de bibliotheca e archival)}} Le bibliothecarios de preservation labora le plus frequentemente in bibliothecas academic. Lor foco es sur le gestion de activitates de preservation que cerca mantener le accesso al contento intra libros, manuscriptos, materiales archival, e altere ressources de bibliotheca. Exemplos de activitates gerite per bibliothecarios de preservation include ligatura, conservation, reformattation digital e analogic, [[preservation digital]], e monitorage ambiental. == Historia == [[File:ancientlibraryalex.jpg|thumb|262px| Le [[Bibliotheca de Alexandria]], un antique [[bibliotheca]]]] Le bibliothecas ha existite durante multe seculos ma le scientia de bibliotheca es un phenomeno plus recente, proque le prime bibliothecas esseva gerite primarimente per academicos.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Feather |first1=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JD0vL9QQT0sC |title=International Encyclopedia of Information and Library Science |last2=Sturges |first2=Paul |date=2003-09-02 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-51320-8 |language=en}}</ref> ===17e e 18e seculos=== [[File:Gabriel Naude.jpg|thumbnail|Portrait de [[Gabriel Naudé]], autor de ''Advis pour dresser une bibliothèque'' (1627), postea traducite in anglese in 1661]] Le texto le plus antique sur "operationes de bibliotheca", ''Advis pour dresser une bibliothèque'' esseva publicate in 1627 per le bibliothecario e erudito francese [[Gabriel Naudé]]. Naudé scribeva sur multe materias includente politica, religion, historia, e le supernatural. Ille poneva in practica tote le ideas presentate in su ''Advis'' quando ille recipeva le opportunitate de construer e mantener le bibliotheca del [[Cardinal Mazarin|Cardinal Jules Mazarin]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Suominen |first=Vesa |date=2019-04-01 |title=Gabriel Naudé |journal=Informaatiotutkimus |volume=38 |issue=1 |doi=10.23978/inf.79889 |issn=1797-9129 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Durante le [[Historia de bibliothecas#Bibliothecas del era del Illumination|'etate de auro del bibliothecas']] in le 17e seculo, le editores e venditores que cercava profitar del crescente commercio de libros developpava catalogos descriptive de lor mercantias pro distribution – un practica que esseva adoptate e ulteriormente extrapolate per multe bibliothecas del epoca pro coprir areas como philosophia, scientias, linguistica, e medicina.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Murray |first=Stuart A. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DdTawAEACAAJ |title=The Library: An Illustrated History |date=2012-03-01 |publisher=Skyhorse |isbn=978-1-61608-453-0 |language=en}}</ref> In 1726 [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]] scribeva ''Idea de arrangiar un bibliotheca plus stricte.''<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Schulte-Albert |first=H. G. |date=1971 |title=Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Library Classification |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25540286 |journal=The Journal of Library History |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=133–152|jstor=25540286 }}</ref> ===19e seculo=== [[File:Dewey relatv index.png|thumb|Le [[Classification Decimal de Dewey]] es usate como un medio de organisar litteratura per thema.]] [[Martin Schrettinger]] scribeva le secunde libro de texto (le prime in Germania) sur le materia ab 1808 usque a 1829. Alcun del instrumentos principal usate per SBI pro fornir accesso al ressources originava in le 19e seculo pro render le information accessibile per medio del registro, identification, e provision de controlo bibliographic del cognoscentia imprimite.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last1=Bawden |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nc5qDQAAQBAJ |title=Introduction to Information Science |last2=Robinson |first2=Lyn |date=2015-06-10 |publisher=Facet Publishing |isbn=978-1-85604-810-1 |language=en}}</ref> Le origine de alcun de iste instrumentos esseva mesmo anterior. [[Thomas Jefferson]], cuje bibliotheca in [[Monticello]] consisteva de milles de libros, concipeva un systema de classification inspirate per le [[methodo baconian]], que gruppava le libros plus o minus per materia in loco de alphabeticamente, como on faceva previemente.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Emblidge |first=David |date=2014 |title="Bibliomany Has Possessed Me" |url=https://cgscholar.com/bookstore/works/bibliomany-has-possessed-me |journal=International Journal of the Book |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=17–42 |doi=10.18848/1447-9516/CGP/v12i02/37034 |issn=1447-9516 |url-access=subscription }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260914081734/https://cgscholar.com/bookstore/works/bibliomany-has-possessed-me |date=2026-09-14 }}</ref> Le collection de Jefferson forniva le base de lo que deveniva le [[Bibliotheca del Congresso]] post que le prime collection esseva destruite in le [[Incendio de Washington]] de 1814. Le prime schola american de bibliotheconomia aperiva in New York sub le direction de [[Melvil Dewey]], notabile per su [[Classification Decimal de Dewey|classification decimal de 1876]], le 5 de januario 1887, como le [[Columbia College School of Library Economy]]. Le termino ''economia de bibliotheca'' esseva commun in le S.U. usque a 1942, con le termino ''scientia de bibliotheca'' predominante durante gran parte del 20e seculo.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Richardson |first=John |title=Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofli0001marc_3ed |publisher=CRC Press |year=2010 |editor-last=Maack |editor-first=Mary Niles |edition=3rd |location=New York |pages=3440–3448 |language=en |chapter=History of American Library Science: Its Origins and Early Development. |editor-last2=Bates |editor-first2=Marcia}}</ref> ===20e seculo=== In le mundo de lingua anglese, le termino "scientia de bibliotheca" pare haber essite usate pro le prime vice in India<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-18 |title=World Libraries: The Pioneers: Asa Don Dickinson |url=http://cybra.p.lodz.pl/Content/1175/vol01no2/anwar_v01n2.html |access-date=2023-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118162607/http://cybra.p.lodz.pl/Content/1175/vol01no2/anwar_v01n2.html |archive-date=January 18, 2015 }}</ref> in le libro de 1916 ''Punjab Library Primer'', scripte per Asa Don Dickinson e publicate per le [[Universitate del Punjab]], Lahore, Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dickinson |first=Asa Don |url=http://archive.org/details/punjablibrarypri00dickuoft |title=The Punjab library primer |date=1916 |publisher=Lahore : University of the Panjab |others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}</ref> Iste universitate esseva le prime in Asia a comenciar a inseniar "scientia de bibliotheca". Le ''Punjab Library Primer'' esseva le prime libro de texto sur scientia de bibliotheca publicate in anglese in qualcunque parte del mundo. Le prime libro de texto in le Statos Unite esseva le ''Manual of Library Economy'' per [[James Duff Brown]], publicate in 1903. Plus tarde, le termino esseva usate in le titulo de [[S. R. Ranganathan]]'s ''The Five Laws of Library Science'', publicate in 1931, que contine le [[Cinque leges del scientia de bibliotheca|theoria titular]] de Ranganathan. Ranganathan es etiam creditate con le developpamento del prime major systema de classification analytico-synthetic, le [[classification de colon]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ranganathan |first=S. R. |title=Colon Classification. Revised and expanded by M.A. Gopinath |year=1987 |edition=7th}}</ref> In le Statos Unite, Lee Pierce Butler publicate su libro de 1933 ''An Introduction to Library Science'' (University of Chicago Press), ubi ille advocava pro le recerca usante [[recerca quantitative|methodos quantitative]] e ideas in le [[scientias social]] con le scopo de usar le bibliotheconomia pro adressar le necessitates de information del societate. Ille esseva un del prime docentes al [[University of Chicago Graduate Library School]], que cambiava le structura e le foco del education pro le bibliotheconomia in le 20e seculo. Iste agenda de recerca iva contra le approche plus basate sur proceduras del "economia de bibliotheca", que esseva principalmente limitate a problemas practic in le administration de bibliothecas. In 1923, [[Charles C. Williamson]], qui esseva nominate per le Carnegie Corporation, publicava un evalutation del education in scientia de bibliotheca intitulante "The Williamson Report", que designava que le universitates deberea fornir formation in scientia de bibliotheca.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last1=Rubin |first1=Richard E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xsXGEAAAQBAJ |title=Foundations of Library and Information Science |last2=Rubin |first2=Rachel G. |date=2020-09-14 |publisher=American Library Association |isbn=978-0-8389-4757-9 |language=en}}</ref> Iste reporto habeva un impacto significante sur le formation e education in scientia de bibliotheca. Le recerca in bibliothecas e le travalio practic, in le area del scientia de information, ha remanite largemente distincte tanto in le formation como in le interesses de recerca. [[William Stetson Merrill]]'s ''A Code for Classifiers'', lanceate in plure editiones ab 1914 usque a 1939,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Merrill |first1=William Stetson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9sCdQ9JBxQQC |title=Code for Classifiers: Principles Governing the Consistent Placing of Books in a System of Classification |last2=Association |first2=American Library |date=1939 |publisher=American library association |isbn=978-0-8389-0027-7 |language=en}}</ref> es un exemplo de un approche plus pragmatic, ubi argumentos proveniente de un cognoscentia profunde sur cata campo de studio es empleate pro recommendar un systema de classification. Ben que le approche de Ranganathan esseva philosophic, illo esseva etiam ligate plus al activitate quotidian de gerer un bibliotheca. Un reformulation del leges de Ranganathan esseva publicate in 1995 que remove le constantes referentias a libros. [[Michael Gorman (bibliothecario)|Michael Gorman]]'s ''Our Enduring Values: Librarianship in the 21st Century'' presenta le octo principios necesse per le professionales de bibliotheca e incorpora le cognoscentia e le information in tote lor formas, permittente que le information digital sia considerate. ====Del scientia de bibliotheca al SBI==== Verso le fin del annos 1960, principalmente debite al augmento meteoric del potentia de computo human e le nove disciplinas academic formate ex illo, le institutiones academic comenciava a adder le termino "scientia de information" a lor nomines. Le prime schola a facer isto esseva al [[Universitate de Pittsburgh]] in 1964.<ref>{{Cite book |url= |date=2019-07-17 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-315-11614-3 |editor-last=Levine-Clark |editor2=John D. McDonald |editor-first=Michael |edition=4 |location=Boca Raton |doi=10.1081/E-ELIS4 |title=Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science}}</ref> Plus scholas sequeva durante le annos 1970 e 1980. Verso le annos 1990 quasi tote le scholas de bibliotheca in le S.U. habeva addite scientia de information a lor nomines. Ben que il ha exceptiones, developpamentos simile ha habite loco in altere partes del mundo. In [[India]], le Departimento de Scientia de Bibliotheca del [[Universitate de Madras]] (stato meridional de [[Tamil Nadu]], India) deveniva le Departimento de Scientia de Bibliotheca e de Information in 1976. In [[Danmark]], per exemplo, le "Schola Regal de Bibliotheconomia" cambiava su nomine anglese a [[Le Schola Regal de Scientia de Bibliotheca e de Information]] in 1997. ===21e seculo=== Le [[era digital]] ha transformate como le information es accedite e [[recuperation de information|recuperate]]. "Le bibliotheca es ora un parte de un infrastructura educative, recreational e informational complexe e dynamic."<ref name=":6" /> Le [[dispositivo mobile|dispositivos mobile]] e applicationes con [[rete sin filos]], computatores e retes de alta velocitate, e le [[nube informatic]] ha profundemente impactate e developpate le scientia de information e le servicios de information. Le evolution del scientias de bibliotheca mantene su mission de equitate de accesso e spatio communitari, assi como le nove medios pro le recuperation de information nominate habilitates de alphabetisation informational. Tote le catalogos, [[base de datos in linea|bases de datos]], e un numero crescente de libros es disponibile sur le [[Internet]]. In plus, le expansion del accesso libere a revistas de [[accesso aperte]] e fontes tal como [[Wikipedia]] ha fundamentalmente impactate como le information es accedite. [[Alphabetismo informational]] es le capacitate de "determinar le extension del information necesse, acceder al information necesse de maniera effective e efficiente, evaluar criticamente le information e su fontes, incorporar information seligite in le proprie base de cognoscentia, usar le information de maniera effective pro complir un proposito specific, e comprender le questiones economic, legal e social que circumfere le uso de information, e acceder e usar le information de maniera ethic e legal."<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2000-01-01 |title=Information Literacy Competency Standards for Higher Education |url=https://alair.ala.org/handle/11213/7668 |journal=American Library Association |language=en-US}}</ref> {{Vague|text=In annos recente,|date=May 2025}} le concepto de [[alphabetismo de datos]] ha emergite intra le scientia del bibliothecas e del information como un complemento al alphabetismo informational pro referer se al capacitate de trovar, interpretar, evaluar, gerer e usar de maniera ethic le datos pro appoiar le recerca, le apprentissage e le prisa de decisiones informate.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lund |first1=Brady |last2=Agbaji |first2=Daniel |last3=Teel |first3=Zoë A. |date=2023-11-03 |title=Information literacy, data literacy, privacy literacy, and ChatGPT: Technology literacies align with perspectives on emerging technology adoption within communities |url=https://ht.csr-pub.eu/index.php/ht/article/view/339 |journal=Human Technology |language=en |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=163–177 |doi=10.14254/1795-6889.2023.19-2.2 |issn=1795-6889|doi-access=free }}</ref> Al initio del annos 2000, dLIST, Digital Library for Information Sciences and Technology esseva stabilite. Illo esseva le prime archivo de [[accesso aperte]] pro le multidisciplinari 'scientias del bibliotheca e del information' construente un consortio global de communication academic e le LIS Commons pro augmentar le visibilitate del litteratura de recerca, superar le division inter le communitates de practica, de inseniamento e de recerca, e meliorar le visibilitate, le non-citation, e integrar le travalio academic in le infrastructuras critic de information de archivos, bibliothecas e museos.<ref>Coleman, A and Bracke, P. (2003). DLIST: Building An International Scholarly Communication Consortium for Library and Information Science. In Murthy, T.A.V. (Editor-in-chief) ''Mapping Technology on Libraries and People'', Proceedings of the 10th National Convention for Automation of Libraries in Education and Research Institutes, INFLIBNET, 13–15 February 2003, Ahmedabad, India. https://repository.arizona.edu/bitstream/handle/10150/105826/6.htm?sequence=14&isAllowed=y {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429003900/https://repository.arizona.edu/bitstream/handle/10150/105826/6.htm?sequence=14&isAllowed=y |date=2024-04-29 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kraft |first1=Donald |last2=Rasmussen |first2=Edie |last3=Hastings |first3=Samantha |last4=Coleman |first4=Anita |date=January 2006 |title=Competing information realities: Digital libraries, repositories, and the commons |url=https://asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/meet.14504301134 |journal=Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology |language=en |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1002/meet.14504301134 |issn=0044-7870 |via=ASIST Digital Library|hdl=10150/105213 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>Coleman, A, Bracke, P, and Karthik, S. (2004). Integration of Non-OAI Resources for Federated Searching in dLIST, an ePrints Repository. dLIST Magazine 10 (7/8), July/August. https://www.dlib.org/dlib/july04/coleman/07coleman.html</ref><ref>[https://www.dlib.org/dlib/december05/coleman/12coleman.html Coleman, A and Roback, J. (2005). Open Access Federation for Library and Information Science: dLIST and DL-Harvest. D-Lib Magazine 11 (12). December https://www.dlib.org/dlib/december05/coleman/12coleman.html]</ref> [[Justitia social]], un importante valor ethic in le bibliotheconomia e in le 21e seculo, ha devenite un importante area de recerca, si non un subdisciplina del SBI.<ref>Mehra, B., Rioux, K., and Albright, K. S. (2010). "Social Justice in Library and Information Science". In M. J. Bates and M. N. Maack (eds.), ''Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences'' (pp. 4820-4836). New York: Taylor & Francis Group.</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Biblioteconomia e scientia del information| ]] snaprht29jr6rt0599a06hitf7v643y 0 61075 705652 699174 2026-11-07T20:37:36Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 705652 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/articulo/generic}} Le natura del [[capitalismo]] es criticate per le major parte del [[anarchismo|anarchistas]], qui rejecta le hierarchia e advoca [[societates sin stato]] basate super [[associationes voluntari]] non-[[Hierarchia|hierarchic]]<ref name="iaf-ifa.org">[http://www.iaf-ifa.org/principles/english.html "Principios del International de Federationes Anarchista"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105095946/http://www.iaf-ifa.org/principles/english.html|date=5 de januario 2012}} [[International de Federationes Anarchista]]. "Le IAF - IFA lucta pro: le abolition de tote le formas de autoritate, sia economic, politic, social, religiose, cultural o sexual".</ref><ref>[[Peter Kropotkin|Kropotkin, Peter]]. [http://www.revoltlib.com/?id=110 "Anarchismo: su philosophia e ideal"]. "Es pro isto que le Anarchia, quando illo labora pro destruer le autoritate in tote su aspectos, quando illo exige le abrogation de leges e le abolition del mechanismo que servi a imponer los, quando illo recusa tote organisation hierarchic e predica le libere accordo — al mesme tempore se effortia a mantener e aggrandir le preciose nucleo de costumes social sin le quales necun societate human o animal pote exister".</ref><ref>[http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/The_Anarchist_FAQ_Editorial_Collective__An_Anarchist_FAQ__03_17_.html#toc2 "B.1 Pro que le anarchistas es contra le autoritate e le hierarchia?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615071249/http://theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/The_Anarchist_FAQ_Editorial_Collective__An_Anarchist_FAQ__03_17_.html#toc2|date=2012-06-15}}. ''Un FAQ anarchista''. "Le anarchistas se oppone al autoritate irrational (p.ex. illegitime), in altere parolas, al hierarchia — le hierarchia essente le institutionalisation del autoritate intra un societate".</ref> [[associationes voluntari]]<ref>[[George Woodcock|Woodcock, George]]. "Anarchismo". ''[[Encyclopedia de Philosophia]]''. "ANARCHISMO, un philosophia social que rejecta le governamento autoritari e mantene que le institutiones voluntari es le plus aptes pro exprimer le tendentias social natural del homine".</ref><ref>[[Peter Kropotkin|Kropotkin, Peter]]. [http://www.revoltlib.com/?id=109 "Anarchismo"]. ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. "In un societate disvolupate super iste lineas, le associationes voluntari que jam ora comencia a comprender tote le campos del activitate human prendera un extension ancora plus grande de modo a substituer se al stato in tote su functiones".</ref> [[Anarchismo]] es generalmente definite como le philosophia [[libertari]] que considera le [[Stato (politica)|stato]] como indesirabile, innecessari e nocive<ref name="definition">{{cite journal|last=Malatesta|first=Errico|author-link=Errico Malatesta|title=Verso le anarchismo|url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/malatesta/1930s/xx/toanarchy.htm|journal=Man!|location=Los Angeles|publisher=International Group of San Francisco|oclc=3930443}}</ref> {{cite journal|last=Agrell|first=Siri|date=14 de maio 2007|title=Working for The Man|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070514.wxlanarchist14/BNStory/lifeWork/home/|url-status=dead|journal=[[The Globe and Mail]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070516094548/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070514.wxlanarchist14/BNStory/lifeWork/home|archive-date=16 de maio 2007|access-date=14 de april 2008}} {{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9117285|title=Anarchism|year=2006|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061214085638/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9117285|archive-date=14 de decembre 2006|url-status=live|access-date=29 de augusto 2006}} {{cite journal|year=2005|title=Anarchism|journal=The Shorter Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy|page=14|quote=Anarchismo es le opinion que un societate sin le stato, o governamento, es e possibile e desirabile}}. Le sequente fontes cita le anarchismo como un philosophia politic: {{cite book|title=Anarchism and Authority|last=Mclaughlin|first=Paul|publisher=Ashgate|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7546-6196-2|location=Aldershot|page=59}} {{cite book|title=The Dictionary of Human Geography|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofhuma0000unse_d3i5|last=Johnston|first=R.|publisher=Blackwell Publishers|year=2000|isbn=0-631-20561-6|location=Cambridge|page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofhuma0000unse_d3i5/page/24 24]}}</ref><ref name="slevin">Slevin, Carl (2003). McLean, Aiaun; McMillan, Allistair, eds. "Anarchism". ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics''. Oxford University Press.</ref> assi como opponente se al [[authoritarismo]], al [[authoritate]] illegitime e al [[organisation hierarchic]] in le conducta de [[relationes human]].<ref name="iaf-ifa.org"/><ref>[[Emma Goldman|Goldman, Emma]]. "What it Really Stands for Anarchy". ''[[Anarchism and Other Essays]]''. "Le anarchismo, alora, representa vermente le liberation del mente human del dominio del religion; le liberation del corpore human del dominio del proprietate; le liberation del catenas e restrictiones del governamento. Le anarchismo representa un ordine social basate super le libere gruppamento de individuos con le proposito de producer ricchezza social real; un ordine que garantira a cata esser human libere accesso al terra e plen gozo del necessitates del vita, secundo le desiderios, gustos e inclinationes individual".</ref><ref>[[Benjamin Tucker|Tucker, Benjamin]]. [http://www.revoltlib.com/?id=2803 ''Individual Liberty'']. "Ili discoperiva que ili deveva turnar se o a dextra o a sinistra, — sequer o le sentiero del Authoritate o le sentiero del Libertate. Marx ibat in un direction; Warren e Proudhon in le altere. Assi nasceva le Socialismo de Stato e le Anarchismo. [...] Le Authoritate prende multe formas, sed, generalmente parlate, su inimicos se divide in tres classes: primo, illes qui la abhorre e como medio e como fin de progresso, opponente se a illa de maniera aperte, declarate, sincere, coherente e universal; secundo, illes qui professa creder in illa como medio de progresso, sed qui la accepta solmente in tanto que ili pensa que illa servira a lor proprie interesses egoistic, negante la e su benedictionas al resto del mundo; tertio, illes qui diffide de illa como medio de progresso, credente in illa solmente como un fin a esser obtenite per primo conculcar la, violar la e ultragiar la. Iste tres phases de opposition al Libertate se incontra in quasi omne sphera de pensamento e activitate human. Bon representantes del prime se vide in le Ecclesia Catholic e le autocratia russe; del secunde, in le Ecclesia Protestante e le schola de Manchester de politica e economia politic; del tertie, in le atheismo de Gambetta e le socialismo de Karl Marx".</ref><ref name="Ward 1966">{{cite web|url=http://www.panarchy.org/ward/organization.1966.html|title=Anarchism as a Theory of Organization|last=Ward|first=Colin|year=1966|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325081119/http://www.panarchy.org/ward/organization.1966.html|archive-date=25 de martio 2010<!-- Added by DASHBot. -->|access-date=1 de martio 2010}}</ref><ref>Le historico anarchista [[George Woodcock]] reporta super le anti-authoritarismo de [[Mikhail Bakunin]] e monstra opposition a formas de authoritate tanto statal como non-statal de iste modo: "Omne anarchistas nega le authoritate; multe de illes lucta contra illo". (p. 9) "[...] Bakunin non converteva le comitato central del Liga a su programma complete, sed ille les persuadeva a acceptar un recommendation remarcabilemente radical al Congresso de Berna de septembre 1868, demandante le equalitate economic e attaccante implicitamente le authoritate tanto in le Ecclesia como in le Stato".</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Politics of Individualism: Liberalism, Liberal Feminism and Anarchism|last=Brown|first=L. Susan|publisher=Black Rose Books Ltd. Publishing|year=2002|page=106|chapter=Anarchism as a Political Philosophy of Existential Individualism: Implications for Feminism}}</ref> Le capitalismo es generalmente considerate per le academicos como un [[systema economic]] que include le [[proprietate private]] del [[medios de production]], le creation de benes o servicios pro [[lucro (economia)|lucro]] o [[reddito]], le [[accumulation de capital]], [[Competition (economia)|mercatos competitive]] e le [[labor salariate]], les quales generalmente ha essite opponite per le major parte del anarchistas historicamente.<ref>Heilbroner, Robert L. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_C000053&edition=current&q=state%20capitalism&topicid=&result_number=2 ''Capitalism''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151129045909/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_C000053&edition=current&q=state%20capitalism&topicid=&result_number=2 |date=2015-11-29 }}. New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, Secunde Edition (2008).</ref><ref>Tormey, Simon. ''Anticapitalism''. One World Publications, 2004. p. 10.</ref> Puisque le capitalismo es definite de diverse manieras per le fontes e il non ha un consenso general inter le academicos super le definition ni super como le termino deberea esser usate como categoria historic, le designation es applicate a un varietate de casos historic, variante in tempore, geographia, politica e cultura.<ref name="Scott">{{cite book|title=Industrialism: A Dictionary of Sociology|author=Scott, John|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2005}}</ref> == Anarchismo e anarcho-capitalismo == === Anarcho-capitalismo === {{principal|Anarcho-capitalismo}} {{vide etiam|Questiones in anarchismo}} Le [[anarcho-capitalismo]] es un [[philosophia politic]] que propone que toto lo que es voluntari es moral, inclusive un hierarchia voluntari de empleato/empleator que le anarchistas rejecta. Le anarcho-capitalistas advoca le elimination del [[Stato (politica)|stato]] centralisate in favor del [[Individuo sovereign|auto-proprietate e soberanitate individual]], del [[proprietate private]] e del [[libere mercato]]s.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Caplan|first1=Bryan|author-link1=Bryan Caplan|editor-first=Ronald|editor-last=Hamowy|editor-link=Ronald Hamowy|encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism|chapter=Anarchism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC|year=2008|publisher=[[SAGE Publishing|SAGE]]; [[Cato Institute]]|location=Thousand Oaks, California|doi=10.4135/9781412965811.n7|isbn= 978-1-4129-6580-4|oclc=750831024|lccn=2008009151|pages=10–13|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Stringham51">Stringham, Edward (2007). ''Anarchy and the Law: The Political Economy of Choice''. Transaction Publishers. [https://books.google.com/books?id=nft4e62nicsC&dq=anarcho-capitalism+libertarian&pg=PA51 p. 51]. {{ISBN|9781412805797}}.</ref> Le anarcho-capitalismo se developpava ex le [[Libertarianismo in le Statos Unite|libertarianismo]] anti-stato radical american e le [[Anarchismo individualista in le Statos Unite|anarchismo individualista]],<ref name="Tormey">Tormey, Simon (2004). ''Anti-capitalism: A Beginner's Guide''. Oneworld. {{ISBN|9781851683420}}.</ref><ref name="Perlin">Perlin, Terry M. (1979). ''Contemporary Anarchism''. Transaction Books.</ref><ref name="Raico">Raico, Ralph (2004). ''Authentic German Liberalism of the 19th Century''. Ecole Polytechnique, Centre de Recherce en Epistemologie Appliquee, Unité associée au CNRS.</ref><ref name="Heider">Heider, Ulrike (1994). ''Anarchism:Left, Right, and Green''. City Lights. p. 3.</ref><ref name="Outhwaite">Outhwaite, William (2002). ''The Blackwell Dictionary of Modern Social Thought''. "Anarchism". p. 21.</ref><ref name="Bottomore">Bottomore, Tom. ''Dictionary of Marxist Thought'', ''Anarchism'' entry, 1991.</ref><ref name="Ostergaard2">Ostergaard, Geofrey. [http://www.ppu.org.uk/e_publications/dd-trad6.html ''Resisting the Nation State: The Pacifist and Anarchist Tradition'']. Peace Pledge Union Publications. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725025426/http://www.ppu.org.uk/e_publications/dd-trad6.html|date=25 July 2008}}. Recuperate le 20 de junio 2020.</ref> hauriente del economia del [[Schola austriac]] e del [[theoria del election public]].<ref>Stringham, Edward (2005). [http://www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?issueID=53&articleID=686 ''Anarchy, State, and Public Choice''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416083651/http://www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?issueID=53&articleID=686 |date=2020-04-16 }}. Cheltenham, England: Edward Elgar.</ref> Le anarcho-capitalistas se distingue del [[minarchista]]s, qui advoca un parve [[Democratia jeffersonian|stato-vigile nocturne jeffersonian]] limitate a proteger le individuos e lor proprietates contra aggressiones externe e interne; e del anarchistas, qui sustene le [[proprietate personal]] e se oppone al proprietate private del [[medios de production]], al [[interesse]], al [[Profito (economia)|profito]], al [[Renta|renta]] e al [[sclavitude salarial]] que illes considera como inherente al [[capitalismo]].<ref>{{cite web| last = McKay | first = Iain | year = 2008 | title = An Anarchist FAQ – section B.3 Why are anarchists against private property? | location = Edinburgh and Oakland | publisher = AK Press | url = https://anarchism.pageabode.com/book/b-3-why-are-anarchists-against-private-property/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250416072643/https://anarchism.pageabode.com/book/b-3-why-are-anarchists-against-private-property/ | archive-date = 16 April 2025 | access-date=29 June 2025 |url-status = live}}</ref> Le anarcho-capitalistas sustene que, in absentia de [[statuto]], le societate tende a autoregular se e civilisar se [[contracto|contractualmente]] per medio del disciplina spontanee e organic del libere mercato, in lo que su proponentes describe como un [[societate voluntari]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Morris|first=Andrew|title=Anarcho-Capitalism|editor-first=Ronald|editor-last=Hamowy|editor-link=Ronald Hamowy|encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC|year=2008|publisher=[[SAGE Publishing|SAGE]]; [[Cato Institute]]|location=Thousand Oaks, California|doi=10.4135/9781412965811.n8|isbn=978-1-4129-6580-4|oclc=750831024|lccn=2008009151|pages=13–14|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Stringham512">Edward Stringham. [https://books.google.com/books?id=nft4e62nicsC&dq=anarcho-capitalism+libertarian&pg=PA51 ''Anarchy and the law: the political economy of choice'']. p. 51.</ref> [[Anarcho-capitalistas]] crede que le capitalismo es le absentia de coercion e, per consequente, plenmente compatibile con le philosophia del anarchismo; illes affirma que un effortio de poner fin a lo que illes considera "hierarchia voluntari" es inconsistente con le tradition philosophic de "libertate" presente in le pensamento anarchista.<ref name="AFAQV2">{{cite book|url=https://www.amazon.com/Capitalist-Manifesto-Philosophic-Laissez-Faire-Bernstein/dp/B01182AWEM|title=The Capitalist Manifesto: The Historic, Economic and Philosophic Case for Laissez-faire|last=Bernstein|first=Andrew|publisher=University of America|year=2005|isbn=0-7618-3221-1}}</ref> Alcun personas argumenta que le anarcho-capitalismo es un forma de [[anarchismo individualista]],<ref name="marx">{{cite book|title=A Dictionary of Marxist Thought|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionarymarxis00bott|url-access=limited|last=Bottomore|first=Tom|publisher=Blackwell Reference|year=1991|isbn=0-63118082-6|location=Oxford|page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionarymarxis00bott/page/n22 21]|chapter=Anarchism}}</ref><ref name="outhwaite">Outhwaite, William (2003). ''The Blackwell Dictionary of Modern Social Thought''. "Anarchism". [[Blackwell Publishing]]. p. 13. "Le lor successores de hodie, tal como Murray Rothbard, habente abandonate le theoria del valor-labor, se describe como anarcho-capitalistas".</ref><ref name="accounts">Vide le sequente fontes: *Bullosk, Alan; Trombley, Stephen (ed.) (1999). ''The Norton Dictionary of Modern Thought''. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 30. *Barry, Norman (2000). ''Modern Political Theory''. Palgrave, p. 70. *Adams, Ian (2002). ''Political Ideology Today''. Manchester University Press. {{ISBN|0-7190-6020-6}}, p. 135. *Grant, Moyra (2003). ''Key Ideas in Politics''. Nelson Thomas. p. 91. {{ISBN|0-7487-7096-8}}. *Heider, Ulrike (1994). ''Anarchism: Left, Right, and Green''. City Lights. p. 3. *[[Paul Avrich|Avrich, Paul]] (1996). ''[[Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America]]''. Edicion de tasca abbreviate. p. 282. *Tormey, Simon (2004). ''Anti-Capitalism'', One World. pp. 118–119. *[[Ralph Raico|Raico, Ralph]] (2004). ''Authentic German Liberalism of the 19th Century''. École Polytechnique, Centre de Recherche en Épistémologie Appliquée, Unité associée au CNRS. *Busky, Donald (2000). ''Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey''. Praeger/Greenwood. p. 4. *Heywood, Andrew (2002). ''Politics: Second Edition''. Palgrave. p. 61. *Offer, John (2000). ''Herbert Spencer: Critical Assessments''. Routledge. p. 243.</ref> ben que isto ha essite contestate<ref name="Franks 2013">{{cite journal|last=Franks|first=Benjamin|date=August 2013|editor1-last=Freeden|editor1-first=Michael|editor2-last=Stears|editor2-first=Marc|title=Anarchism|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhandbookof0000unse_k5b8|journal=The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordhandbookof0000unse_k5b8/page/385 385]–404|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199585977.013.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-958597-7 }}</ref> o rejectate,<ref name="Are Libertarians 'Anarchists'">Rothbard, Murray (annos 1950). [http://archive.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard167.html "Are Libertarians 'Anarchists'?"]. Lew Rockwell.com. Recuperate le 1 de april 2020.</ref><ref>[[Wieck, David]] (1978). [https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/david-wieck-anarchist-justice "Anarchist Justice"]. In Chapman, John W.; Pennock, J. Roland Pennock, eds. ''Anarchism: Nomos XIX''. New York: New York University Press. pp. 227–228. "Foras del historia del pensamento e action anarchista, Rothbard ha extrahite un sol filo, le filo del individualismo, e defini ille individualismo de un modo alien mesmo al spirito de un Max Stirner o de un Benjamin Tucker, de qui io presume que ille reclamarea le herentia – per non dicer de quanto alien es su via al spirito de Godwin, Proudhon, Bakunin, Kropotkin, Malatesta, e le personas historicamente anonyme qui a transverso de lor pensamentos e actiones ha tentate dar al anarchismo un significato vive. Ex iste filo, Rothbard fabrica ancora un ideologia burgese." Recuperate le 7 de april 2020.</ref><ref name="Peacott 1985">Peacott, Joe (18 de april 1985). [http://flag.blackened.net/daver/anarchism/mcelroy2.html "Reply to Wendy Mc Elroy"]. ''New Libertarian'' (14). Junio 1985. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207212416/http://flag.blackened.net/daver/anarchism/mcelroy2.html|date=7 de februario 2017}}. Recuperate le 7 de april 2020. "In su articulo super le anarchismo individualista in le ''New Libertarian'' de octobre 1984, Wendy McElroy affirma erroneamente que le anarchismo individualista de nostre dies es identic al capitalismo anarchista. Illa ignora le facto que il ha ancora anarchistas individualistas qui rejecta le capitalismo tanto como le communismo, in le tradition de Warren, Spooner, Tucker, e alteres. [...] Benjamin Tucker, quando ille parlava de su ideal "societate de contracto", certemente non parlava de nihil que resimila remotemente le societate capitalista contemporanee. [...] Io non disputa le definition de McElroy de se ipse como un anarchista individualista. Nonobstante, io non ama le facto que illa tenta equiparar le termino al capitalismo anarchista. Isto simplemente non es ver. Io es un anarchista individualista e io me oppone al relationes economic capitalista, voluntari o de altere typo."</ref><ref>Baker, J. W. "Native American Anarchism". ''The Raven''. '''10''' (1): 43‒62. "Il es hora que le anarchistas recognosce le contributiones de valor del theoria anarchista individualista e profita de su ideas. Il serea tanto futile como criminal lassa lo al libertarios capitalista, de qui le pretensiones super Tucker e le alteres pote solmente facer se per ignorar le violente opposition que illes habeva al exploitation capitalista e al 'libere interprisa' monopolistic supportate per le stato." Recuperate le 7 de april 2020.</ref> includente un division individualista-socialista.<ref name="Franks 2013" /> Multe alteres [[Questiones in le anarchismo#Capitalismo|nega completemente que le anarcho-capitalismo sia un forma de anarchismo]],<ref name="Capitalism">{{cite book|title=Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism|url=https://archive.org/details/demandingimpossi00mars_633|url-access=limited|last=Marshall|first=Peter|publisher=PM Press|year=1993|isbn=978-1-60486-064-1|place=Oakland, California|page=[https://archive.org/details/demandingimpossi00mars_633/page/n581 565]|author-link=Peter Marshall (author, born 1946)}}: "In facto, pauc anarchistas acceptarea le 'anarcho-capitalistas' in le campo anarchista, post que illes non comparte un preoccupation pro le equalitate economic e le justitia social. Lor homines de mercato calculante e egoista serea incapace de practicar le cooperation voluntari e le adjuta mutue. Le anarcho-capitalistas, mesmo si illes rejecta le Stato, poterea per ille ration esser melio appellate libertarios de dextera in loco de anarchistas."; {{cite journal|last=Sabatini|first=Peter |date=1994–1995|title=Libertarianism: Bogus Anarchy|url=http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/peter-sabatini-libertarianism-bogus-anarchy|journal=[[Anarchy: A Journal of Desire Armed]]|issue=41}} "Intra le libertarianismo, Rothbard representa un perspectiva minoritari que de facto argumenta pro le elimination total del stato. Nonobstante, le pretension de Rothbard de esser un anarchista es rapidemente invalidate quando se monstra que ille solmente vole un fin al stato public. In su loco, ille permitte innumerabile statos private, con cata persona forniente su proprie fortia de policia, armea e lege, o alteremente comprante iste servicios de venditores capitalista. [...] [A]si, lo que remane es un stridule anti-statismo conjuncte a un libertate vacue in un defensa banal del capitalismo. In summa, le "anarchia" del libertarianismo se reduce a un fraude liberal."; {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/anarchism00albe|url-access=registration|title=Anarchism: Arguments for and Against|last=Meltzer|first=Albert|date=1 de januario 2000|publisher=AK Press|isbn=978-1-873176-57-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/anarchism00albe/page/50 50]|author-link=Albert Meltzer}} "Le philosophia del "anarcho-capitalismo" imaginate per le Nove Dextera "libertari" ha nihil a facer con le anarchismo cognoscite per le movimento anarchista proprie."; {{cite book|title=Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow|last=Goodway|first=David|publisher=Liverpool Press|year=2006|isbn=978-1-84631-025-6|page=4|author-link=David Goodway}}: "'Libertario' e 'libertarianismo' es frequentemente empleate per anarchistas como synonymos de 'anarchista' e 'anarchismo', in grande parte como un tentativa de distantiar se del connotationes negative de 'anarchia' e su derivatos. Le situation se ha complicate enormemente in le ultime decennios con le surgimento del anarcho-capitalismo, del 'statismo minimal' e de un philosophia de laissez-faire de extrema dextera defendite per theoreticos tal como Murray Rothbard e Robert Nozick e lor adoption del parolas 'libertario' e 'libertarianismo'. Per consequente, il ha devenite ora necessari distinguer inter lor libertarianismo de dextera e le libertarianismo de sinistra del tradition anarchista."; {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SiqBiViUsOkC&pg=PA43|title=The Politics of Postanarchism|last=Newman|first=Saul|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-7486-3495-8|pages=53|author-link=Saul Newman}}: "Il es importante distinguer inter le anarchismo e certe correntes de libertarianismo de dextera que a vices porta le mesme nomine (per exemplo, le anarcho-capitalismo de Murray Rothbard). Il existe un debato complexe intra iste tradition inter illes qui, como Robert Nozick, defende un 'stato minimal', e illes qui, como Rothbard, vole abolir le stato completemente e permitter que tote le transactiones sia governate solmente per le mercato. Desde un perspectiva anarchista, nonobstante, ambe positiones — le position del stato minimal (minarchista) e le position de absentia de stato ('anarchista') — neglige le problema del domination economic; in altere parolas, illes neglige le hierarchias, oppressiones e formas de exploitation que inevitabilemente surgerea in un 'libere' mercato de laissez-faire. [...] Le anarchismo, per consequente, non ha nihil a facer con iste libertarianismo de dextera, non solmente proque ille neglige le inequalitate e le domination economic, sed etiam proque in le practica (e in le theoria) ille es altemente inconsistente e contradictori. Le libertate individual invocate per le libertarios de dextera es solmente un stricte libertate economic intra le limites de un mercato capitalista, lo que, como le anarchistas monstra, non es de toto un libertate".</ref><ref>Vide le sequente fontes: *K, David (2005). ''What is Anarchism?''. Bastard Press. *Marshall, Peter (1992). ''Demanding the Impossible''. Capitulo 38. London: Fontana Press. {{ISBN|0-00-686245-4}}. *MacSaorsa, Iain (2009). ''Is 'Anarcho' Capitalism Against the State?''. Spunk Press. *Wells, Sam (Januario 1979). ''Anarcho-Capitalism is Not Anarchism, and Political Competition is Not Economic Competition''. Frontlines 1.</ref> o que le capitalismo es compatibile con le anarchismo,<ref name="Capitalism" /><ref>Vide le sequente fontes: *Peikoff, Leonard (1991). ''Objectivism: The Philosophy of Ayn Rand''. Capitulo "Government". Dutton Adult. *Doyle, Kevin (2002). ''Crypto Anarchy, Cyberstates, and Pirate Utopias''. New York: Lexington Books. pp. 447–448. *Sheehan, Seán M. (2003). ''Anarchism'' Reaktion Books. p. 17. *Kelsen, Hans (1988). ''The Communist Theory of Law''. Wm. S. Hein Publishing. p. 110. *Tellegen, Egbert; Wolsink, Maarten (1998). ''Society and Its Environment: an introduction''. Routledge. p. 64. *Jones, James (2004). ''The Merry Month of May''. Akashic Books. pp. 37–38. *Sparks, Chris. Isaacs, Stuart (2004). ''Political Theorists in Context''. Routledge. p. 238. *Bookchin, Murray (2004). ''Post-Scarcity Anarchism''. AK Press. p. 37. *Berkman, Alexander (2005). ''Life of an Anarchist''. Seven Stories Press. p. 268.</ref> considerante lo como un forma de [[Libertarianismo de dextera|libertarianismo]] del [[Nove Dextera]].<ref name="Capitalism" /> [[Anarcho-capitalistas]] supporta le [[travalio salariate]] e non supporta explicitemente le [[democratia in le loco de travalio]] e le [[autogestion del travaliatores]] como lo face le anarchistas, affirmante que le travalio salariate es sempre voluntari.<ref>Tormey, Simon (2004). ''Anti-capitalism: A Beginner's Guide''. Oneworld. p. 10. {{ISBN|9781851683420}}.</ref> Tamen, le anarchistas argumenta que certe transactiones capitalist, includente le travalio salariate, non es voluntari e que mantener le structura de classes de un societate capitalist require coercion, lo que viola tanto le principios anarchista como le [[principio de non-aggression]] del anarcho-capitalismo.<ref name="AFAQinfoshop">{{cite web| last = McKay | first = Iain | title = An Anarchist FAQ – Section F – Is "anarcho"-capitalism a type of anarchism? | year = 2008 | publisher = AK Press | location = Edinburgh and Oakland | url = https://www.anarchistfaq.org/afaq/sectionF.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250506011347/https://www.anarchistfaq.org/afaq/sectionF.html | archive-date = 6 May 2025 | access-date = 19 May 2025 | url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=McLaughlin|first=Paul|year=2007|title=Anarchism and Authority: A Philosophical Introduction to Classical Anarchism|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|page=48|isbn=9781138276147|quote=Thus, as David Miller puts it, capitalism is regarded by anarchists as 'both coercive [...] and exploitative – it places workers in the power of their bosses, and fails to give them a just return for their contribution to production' [...].}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Cudworth|first1=Erika|last2=Nocella|first2=Anthony J. II|last3=White|first3=Richard J.|year=2015|title=Anarchism and Animal Liberation: Essays on Complementary Elements of Total Liberation|publisher=McFarland & Co.|isbn=9780786494576|quote=Anarchism is a socio-political theory which opposes all systems of domination and oppression such as racism, ableism, sexism, anti-LGBTTQIA, ageism, sizeism, government, competition, capitalism, colonialism, imperialism and punitive justice, and promotes direct democracy, collaboration, interdependence, mutual aid, diversity, peace, transformative justice and equity}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Fiala|first=Andrew|date=3 October 2017|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/anarchism/|title=Anarchism|website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|access-date=20 June 2020}}</ref> Le autor e theoretico anarcho-capitalista [[Murray Rothbard]], qui coineava le termino ipse e disveloppava tal philosophia ab le annos 1950 usque al annos 1970, affirmava que le anarchismo individualista es differente del capitalismo perque le anarchistas individualista conserva le [[theoria del valor-labor]]<ref name="Are Libertarians 'Anarchists'" /> e le [[Economia socialista|doctrinas socialista]].<ref name="Martin, James J. 1953">Martin, James J. (1953). ''Men Against the State: the State the Expositors of Individualist Anarchism''. Dekalb, Illinois: The Adrian Allen Associates.</ref><ref name="Tucker, Benjamin 1970 p. 26">Tucker, Benjamin (1970). ''Liberty''. Greenwood Reprint Corporation. '''7–8'''. p. 26. "''Liberty'' has always insisted that Individualism and Socialism are not antithetical terms; that, on the contrary, the most ... not of Socialist Anarchism against Individualist Anarchism, but of Communist Socialism against Individualist Socialism."</ref><ref name="An Anarchist FAQ">{{cite book| last = McKay | first = Iain | title = An Anarchist FAQ Vol.II – Section G – Is Individualist Anarchism Capitalistic? | year = 2012 | publisher = AK Press | location = Edinburgh and Oakland | url = https://www.anarchistfaq.org/afaq/sectionG.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250622190200/https://www.anarchistfaq.org/afaq/sectionG.html | archive-date = 22 June 2025 | access-date = 29 June 2025 |isbn=9781849351225 |url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="Carson, Kevin 2017 p. 81">Carson, Kevin (2017). "Anarchism and Markets". In Jun, Nathan J. (2017). ''Brill's Companion to Anarchism and Philosophy''. BRILL. p. 81. {{ISBN|9789004356894}}.</ref> Commentatores anarchista non considera le anarcho-capitalismo como un forma legitime de anarchismo a causa del characteristicas coercitive percipite del capitalismo. In particular, illes argue que certe transactiones capitalista non es voluntari e que le mantenimento del structura de classes de un societate capitalista require coercion in violation de principios anarchista.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.akpress.org/2007/items/ananarchistfaqakpress|title=An Anarchist FAQ, Volume I|last=McKay|first=Iain|publisher=[[AK Press]]|year=2007|isbn=978-1-902593-90-6|chapter=Section F - Is "anarcho"-capitalism a type of anarchism|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120128135116/http://www.akpress.org/2007/items/ananarchistfaqakpress|archive-date=28 January 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="AFAQinfoshop" /> In un societate anarcho-capitalista, le [[Police|application del lege]], le [[court|tribunales]] e tote le altere servicios de securitate serea operate per [[Private defense agency|competitores financiate privatemente]] seligite per le consumatores, in loco de centralmente via un [[taxation|taxation]] confiscatori. Insimul con tote le altere benes e servicios, le [[money|moneta]] serea [[Free banking|fornite privatemente e competitivemente]] in un [[open market|mercato aperte]], e le activitates [[Privacy|personal]] e [[economic|economic]] serea regulate per organisationes de resolution de disputas basate sur le victima sub le derecto de [[tort|delicto civil]] e de [[contract|contracto]], in loco de per statuto via [[punishment|punitiones]] centralmente determinate sub [[Politics|monopolios]] [[Politics|politic]] que tende a devenir corrupte in proportion a lor monopolisation.<ref name="libertarianpapers">[http://libertarianpapers.org/articles/2011/lp-3-3.pdf "Review of Kosanke's Instead of Politics – Don Stacy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001010127/http://libertarianpapers.org/articles/2011/lp-3-3.pdf |date=2018-10-01 }} (2011). ''Libertarian Papers''. (3:) 3.</ref> Le [[Regulatory economics|regulationes]] de affaceres, tal como le [[Corporate social responsibility|standardes corporative]], le [[public relations|relationes public]], le [[Mandatory labeling|etiquetas]] de productos, le regulas de [[consumer protection|protection del consumator]], le [[Business ethics|ethica]] e le [[labor relations|relationes laboral]], serea [[Industry self-regulation|regulate voluntariamente]] via le uso de [[trade association|associationes commercial]] competitive, [[professional association|societates professional]] e [[Standards organization|organismos de standardisation]]. In theoria, isto stabilirea un recurso de mercato pro le decisiones del interprendas e permitterea al mercato [[Consumer activism|communicar efficacemente]] con le interprendas per le uso de [[Consumer organization|uniones de consumatores]] in loco de [[Financial regulation|mandatos regulatori]] centralisate pro companias [[Regulatory agency|imponite per le stato]], lo que le anarcho-capitalistas argumenta es inefficace a causa del [[regulatory capture|captura regulatori]].<ref>Yilmaz, Yesim (20 April 1998). Policy Analysis No. 303. [https://www.cato.org/publications/policy-analysis/private-regulation-real-alternative-regulatory-reform "Private Regulation: A Real Alternative for Regulatory Reform"]. Cato Institute. p. 10.</ref> Anarcho-capitalistas como [[Hans-Hermann Hoppe]] assevera que lor philosophia precede le formas socialista de anarchismo, post que secundo illes, varie theoreticos liberal ha defendite philosophias legal e politic simile al anarcho-capitalismo.<ref>[[Hans-Hermann Hoppe|Hoppe, Hans-Hermann]] (31 December 2001). [http://archive.lewrockwell.com/hoppe/hoppe5.html "Anarcho-Capitalism: An Annotated Bibliography"]. "III. Precursors of Modern Anarcho-Capitalism". Lew Rockwell.com. Retrieved 20 June 2020.</ref> Totevia, le prime persona a usar le termino ''anarcho-capitalismo'' esseva [[Murray Rothbard]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Leeseon|first=Robert|year=2017|title=Hayek: A Collaborative Biography, Part IX: The Divine Right of the 'Free' Market|publisher=Springer|page=180|isbn=9783319607085|quote=To the original 'anarchocapitalist' (Rothbard cointed the term) [...].}}</ref> qui synthetisava a medietate del seculo 20 elementos del Schola Austriac, del [[classical liberalism|liberalismo classic]] e del anarchistas individualista american del seculo 19 [[Benjamin Tucker]] e [[Lysander Spooner]], rejectante simultaneamente lor [[labor theory of value|theoria del valor-labor]] e le normas que illes derivava de illo.<ref>''Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought'' (1987). p. 290. {{ISBN|978-0-631-17944-3}}. "A student and disciple of the Austrian economist Ludwig von Mises, Rothbard combined the ''laissez-faire'' economics of his teacher with the absolutist views of human rights and rejection of the state he had absorbed from studying the individualist American anarchists of the 19th century such as Lysander Spooner and Benjamin Tucker".</ref> Un societate anarcho-capitalista rothbardian operarea sub un "codigo legal" libertari mutualmente accordate "que serea generalmente acceptate, e que le tribunales se obligarea a sequer".<ref>Rothbard, Murray. ''For a New Liberty''. [https://www.mises.org/rothbard/newliberty11.asp "12 The Public Sector, III: Police, Law, and the Courts"].</ref> Iste pacto recognoscerea le autoproprietate, le proprietate, le contractos e le derecto de delictos civil in concordantia con le universal [[non-aggression principle|principio de non-aggression]], con le anarcho-capitalistas argumentante que illo representa le unic forma pur de anarchismo.<ref>[https://www.libertarianism.org/publications/essays/rise-fall-renaissance-classical-liberalism "The Rise, Fall, and Renaissance of Classical Liberalism"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260316055604/https://www.libertarianism.org/publications/essays/rise-fall-renaissance-classical-liberalism |date=2026-03-16 }}. "Socialists attacked it for upholding the "anarchical" free-market system instead of "scientific" central planning".</ref><ref>[https://mises.org/library/are-libertarians-anarchists "Are Libertarians "Anarchists"?]. "It is the tragic irony of left-wing anarchism that, despite the hopes of its supporters, it is not really anarchism at all. It is either Communism or chaos".</ref> Rothbard argumentava que le systema capitalista non es propriemente anarcho-capitalista proque illo frequentemente collude con le stato, scribente: "Le differentia inter le capitalismo de mercato libere e le capitalismo de stato es precisemente le differentia inter, de un latere, le excambio pacific e voluntari, e del altere, le expropriation violente. Le capitalismo de stato crea inevitabilemente tote typo de problemas que deveni insolubile".<ref name="fpc">Rothbard, Murray (1973). [https://www.mises.org/article.aspx?Id=1559 "A Future of Peace and Capitalism"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016170817/http://mises.org/article.aspx?Id=1559 |date=2008-10-16 }}. In Weaver, James H. ed. ''Modern Political Economy''. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. pp. 419–430.</ref> Secundo Rothbard, "lo que Marx e scriptores posterior ha facite es amalgamar duo conceptos e actiones extrememente differente e mesmo contradictori sub le mesme termino omnibus. Iste duo conceptos contradictori es lo que io appellarea 'capitalismo de mercato libere' de un latere, e 'capitalismo de stato' del altere".<ref name="fpc"/> Totevia, malgrado le affirmationes de Rothbard, le marxistas de facto face un distinction inter le [[free-market capitalism|capitalismo de mercato libere]] e le [[state capitalism|capitalismo de stato]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Dossani|first=Sameer|date=10 February 2009|url=http://www.fpif.org/fpiftxt/5860|title=Chomsky: Understanding the Crisis — Markets, the State and Hypocrisy|website=Foreign Policy In Focus|publisher=Institute for Policy Studies|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012102636/http://www.fpif.org/fpiftxt/5860|archive-date=12 October 2009|access-date=20 June 2020|accessdate=20 July 2026|archivedate=12 October 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012102636/http://www.fpif.org/fpiftxt/5860}}</ref> Le termino ''capitalismo de stato'' esseva usate pro le prime vice per le politico marxista [[Wilhelm Liebknecht]] in 1896<ref>{{cite journal|first=Wilhelm|last=Liebknecht|date=August 1896|url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/liebknecht-w/1896/08/our-congress.htm|title=Our Recent Congress|journal=Justice|pages=4–29|access-date=20 June 2020}}</ref> e [[Friedrich Engels]], qui developpava le [[Marxist theory|theoria marxista]], parlava del capitalismo con proprietate estatal como un forma differente de capitalismo.<ref>{{cite book|last=Engels|first=Friedrich|year=1970|orig-date=1880|chapter-url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1880/soc-utop/ch03.htm|chapter=Historical Materialism|title=Socialism: Utopian and Scientific|series=Marx/Engels Selected Works|volume=3|location=Moscow|publisher=Progress Publishers|pages=95–151}}</ref> Rothbard manteneva que le anarcho-capitalismo es le unic forma ver de anarchismo — le unic forma de anarchismo que poterea possibilemente exister in le realitate, post que ille argumentava que qualcunque altere forma presuppone un imposition autoritari de ideologia politic, tal como le "redistribution del proprietate private".<ref>Rothbard, Murray (25 February 1972). [http://archive.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard103.html "Exclusive Interview With Murray Rothbard"]. ''The New Banner: A Fortnightly Libertarian Journal''. Retrieved 20 June 2020.</ref> Secundo iste argumento, le mercato libere es simplemente le situation natural que resultarea del facto que le gente es libere de autoritate, e implica le stabilimento de tote le associationes voluntari in le societate, tal como cooperativas, organisationes sin scopo lucrativ, interprendas e assi successivemente. De plus, le anarcho-capitalistas assi como le minarchistas liberal classic argumenta que le application de ideales anarchista, como propugnate per lo que illes nomina ''[[left-wing anarchists|anarchistas de sinistra]]'', requirerea un typo de organo autoritari pro imponer lo. Basate sur lor comprension del anarchismo, pro impedir per le fortia que le gente accumula capital, lo que illes crede es un objectivo de ille anarchistas, il haberea necessarimente un typo de organisation redistributive que haberea le autoritate de, in essentia, exiger un taxa e reallocar le recursos resultante a un gruppo de personas plus grande. Illes conclude que iste organo haberea inherentemente poter politic e serea nihil minus que un stato. Le differentia inter un tal arrangiamento e un systema anarcho-capitalista es lo que le anarcho-capitalistas considera como le natura voluntari del organisation intra le anarcho-capitalismo, in contrasto con un ideologia centralisate e un mechanismo de imposition associate que illes crede serea necessari sub un systema anarcho-egalitari "coercitivemente".<ref>Tame, Chris R. (October 1983). ''The Chicago School: Lessons from the Thirties for the Eighties''. Economic Affairs. p. 56.</ref> Del altere latere, le anarchistas argumenta que un stato es requirite pro mantener le proprietate private e pro permitter que le capitalismo functione.<ref name="Rocker 1938">{{cite book|last=Rocker|first=Rudolf|year=1938|title=Anarcho-Syndicalism: Theory and Practice. An Introduction to a Subject Which the Spanish War Has Brought into Overwhelming Prominence|publisher=Secker and Warburg|page=11|quote=[...] as long as within society a possessing and non-possessing group of human beings face one another in enmity, the state will be indispensable to the possessing minority for the protection for its privileges.}}</ref><ref name="Casey 2018">{{cite book|last=Casey|first=Gerard|year=2018|title=Freedom's Progress|publisher=Andrews UK Limited|page=670|isbn=978-1845409425}}</ref><ref>Black, Bob (1992). [https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/bob-black-the-libertarian-as-conservative "The Libertarian As Conservative"]. In ''The Abolition of Work and Other Essays''. p. 144. "To my mind a right-wing anarchist is just a minarchist who'd abolish the state to his own satisfaction by calling it something else. [...] Both camps call for partial or complete privatization of state functions but neither questions the functions themselves. They don't denounce what the state does, they just object to who's doing it."</ref><ref name="Morris 2006">Morris, Brian (2006). "Global Anti-Capitalism". ''Anarchist Studies''. '''14''' (2): 170–176. "[Anarcho-capitalists] simply replaced the state with private security firms, and can hardly be described as anarchists as the term is normally understood."</ref> Rothbard etiam scribeva un articulo publicate postumemente titulate "Es le libertarios 'anarchistas'?" in le qual ille traciava le radices etymologic del philosophia anarchista, arrivante finalmente al conclusion que "nos trova que tote le anarchistas actual es collectivistas irrational, e per consequente a polos opposite de nostre position. Que necun del gruppos anarchista proclamate corresponde al position libertari, que mesmo le meliores de illes ha elementos irrealista e socialista in lor doctrinas". In ultra, ille scribeva: "Nos debe per consequente concluder que nos non es anarchistas, e que illes qui nos appella anarchistas non se trova sur un firme terreno etymologic, e es completemente ahistoric. Del altere latere, il es clar que nos tampoco es archistas: nos non crede in le stabilimento de un autoritate central tyrannic que coercera tanto le non-invasives como le invasives. Fortasse, alora, nos poterea nominar nos per un nove nomine: nonarchista".<ref>Rothbard, Murray (4 January 2008). [https://mises.org/library/are-libertarians-anarchists "Are Libertarians "Anarchists"?"] ''Mises Daily''. Mises Institute. Retrieved 20 June 2020.</ref> ==== Perspectiva anarchista ==== Inversemente, multe anarchistas non crede que le anarcho-capitalismo pote esser considerate un parte del movimento anarchista debite al facto que le anarchismo ha historicamente essite un movimento anticapitalista, e illes considera le anarchismo como fundamentalmente incompatibile con le [[capitalismo]] proque le capitalismo produce un hierarchia economic.<ref>Sabatini, Peter (Autumno/Hiberno 1994–1995). [http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/peter-sabatini-libertarianism-bogus-anarchy "Libertarianism: Bogus Anarchy"]. ''[[Anarchy: A Journal of Desire Armed]]'' (41). "Intra le libertarismo, Rothbard representa un perspectiva minoritari que de facto argumenta pro le elimination total del stato. Tote via, le pretension de Rothbard de esser un anarchista es rapidamente invalidate quando on monstra que ille solmente vole un fin al stato public. In su loco, ille permitte innumerabile statos private, con cata persona forniente lor proprie fortia de policia, armea e lege, o alteremente achetante iste servicios de venditores capitalista. [...] [A]si que lo que remane es un stridule anti-statismo conjuncte a un vacue libertate in un defense banal del capitalismo. In summa, le "anarchia" del libertarismo se reduce a un fraude liberal".</ref><ref>[[Albert Meltzer|Meltzer, Albert]] (2000). [https://archive.org/details/anarchism00albe <!-- quote=Anarchism: Arguments For and Against. --> ''Anarchism: Arguments For and Against'']. AK Press. p. 50. "Le philosophia del "anarcho-capitalismo" imaginate per le Nove Dextra "libertari" ha nihil a facer con le anarchismo como cognoscite per le proprie movimento anarchista".</ref><ref>Goodway, David (2006). ''[[Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow: Left-Libertarian Thought and British Writers from William Morris to Colin Ward]]''. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. p. 4. "'Libertari' e 'libertarismo' es frequentemente empleate per anarchistas como synonymos de 'anarchista' e 'anarchismo', in grande parte como un tentativa de distantiar se del connotationes negative de 'anarchia' e su derivatos. Le situation ha devenite multo complicate in le ultime decennios con le emergentia del anarcho-capitalismo, del 'statismo minimal' e de un philosophia de laissez-faire de extrema dextra defendite per theoreticos como Murray Rothbard e [[Robert Nozick]] e lor adoption del parolas 'libertari' e 'libertarismo'. Pro lo tanto, il ha ora devenite necessari distinguer inter lor libertarismo de dextra e le libertarismo de sinistra del tradition anarchista".</ref><ref>[[Peter Marshall (author, born 1946)|Marshall, Peter]] (2008). ''[[Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism]]''. London: Harper Perennial. p. 565. "De facto, pauc anarchistas acceptarea le 'anarcho-capitalistas' in le campo anarchista, post que illes non comparte un preoccupation pro le equalitate economic e le justitia social. Lor homines de mercato calculatores e egoista serea incapace de practicar le cooperation voluntari e le adjuta mutue. Le anarcho-capitalistas, mesmo si illes de facto rejecta le Stato, poterea pro lo tanto esser melio appellate libertarios de dextra in loco de anarchistas".</ref><ref>[https://www.anarchistfaq.org/afaq/sectionF.html "Section F – Es le "anarcho"-capitalismo un typo de anarchismo?"] (2008). ''An Anarchist FAQ''. Oakland, California Edinburg, Scotland: AK Press. 558 pp. {{ISBN|978-1902593906}}. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250605071402/https://www.anarchistfaq.org/afaq/index.html Archivate]</ref><ref>[[Saul Newman|Newman, Saul]] (2010). [https://books.google.com/books?id=SiqBiViUsOkC&dq=anarcho-capitalism+right+libertarian&pg=PA43 ''The Politics of Postanarchism'']. Edinburgh University Press. p. 43. {{ISBN|0748634959}}. "Il es importante distinguer inter le anarchismo e certe correntes de libertarismo de dextra que a vices ha le mesme nomine (per exemplo, le anarcho-capitalismo de Murray Rothbard)".</ref> Durante tote su historia, le anarchismo ha essite definite per su defensores in [[Criticism of capitalism|opposition al capitalismo]], le qual, secundo illes, pote esser mantenite solmente per le violentia del stato.<ref>Fernandez, Frank (2001). ''Cuban Anarchism: The History of a Movement''. See Sharp Press. p. 6.</ref> Le anarchistas seque [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]] in opponer se al proprietate del locos de travalio per capitalistas, e illes visa a reimplacar le [[wage labor|labor salariate]] per associationes de travaliatores. Le anarchistas concorda etiam con le commentario de [[Peter Kropotkin]] que "le origine del conception anarchista del societate [jace in] le critica [...] del organisationes hierarchic e del conceptiones autoritari del societate" plus tosto que in un simple opposition al stato o al governamento.<ref>''Anarchism'', p. 158.</ref> Illes argumenta que le [[Wage slavery|systema salariate]] es hierarchic e autoritari per natura e, in consequentia, le capitalismo non pote esser anarchista.<ref>Morris, Brian, ''Anthropology and Anarchism,'' "Anarchy: A Journal of Desire Armed" (no. 45); Mckay, Iain, ''The legacy of Voltairine De Cleyre'', ''Anarcho-Syndicalist Review'', no. 44; Brown, L. Susan, ''The Politics of Individualism''.</ref> {{Referentias}} [[Categoria:Anarchismo]] [[Categoria:Capitalismo]] ptattk8opxxku6xvxld0chturh24t13 0 61886 705658 702529 2026-11-07T22:28:41Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 16 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 705658 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Consilio Superior de Sportes''' (CSD) es un [[organismo autonome]] de character administrative del [[Administration General del Stato]] de [[Espania]], per medio del qual le Stato exerce directemente su competentias in materia de [[sport]]. Le CSD es actualmente adscripte al [[Ministerio de Education, Formation Professional e Sportes]], e su presidente ha rango de [[Secretariato de Stato]]. Le base juridic principal del organismo es le [[Lege 39/2022 del Sport]] e su Statuto, approbate per le Real Decreto 460/2015. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2022-24430 |titulo=Ley 39/2022, de 30 de decembre, del Sport |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-6645 |titulo=Real Decreto 460/2015, de 5 de junio, por el que se aprueba el Estatuto del Consejo Superior de Deportes |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le CSD exerce le gestion directe del politica sportive estatal, durante que le Governo fixa le direction general e le objectivos del politica sportive del Stato. Le organismo ha personalitate juridic proprie e capacitate de ager pro le adimpletion de su fines e functiones. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2022-24430 |titulo=Ley 39/2022, de 30 de decembre, del Sport, articulos 13–15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Origine e historia == Le CSD esseva create como organismo autonome per le Real Decreto 2258/1977, de 27 de augusto, que establite le structura del nove Ministerio de Cultura. Le decreto attribueva al CSD le promotion, planification e disveloppamento del cultura physic e del activitates sportive, le coordination e auxilio al entitates sportive, le relationes con le [[Comite Olimpic Espaniol]], le gestion de centros e servicios sportive, le education e recerca concernente al sport e le inspection technic del activitates sportive. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1977-21144 |titulo=Real Decreto 2258/1977, de 27 de augusto, super le structura organic e functiones del Ministerio de Cultura |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le decreto de 1977 establi que le CSD operava in Pleno e Commission Permanente e que le Ministro de Cultura exerceva le preside del organismo. Un director con categoria de director general dirigeva le activitate del CSD. Le nove organismo assumeva le functiones anteriormente attribuite al Direction General de Education Physic e Sportes e al Centro Superior de Education Physic e Sportes. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1977-21144 |titulo=Real Decreto 2258/1977, de 27 de augusto |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le existentia del CSD como organismo autonome esseva confirmate in le normativa administrative posterior. In 1978, le BOE mentionava explicitemente le CSD como organismo autonome create per le Real Decreto 2258/1977 e establi su proprie instrumentos administrative e economic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1978-24538 |titulo=Orden de 21 de septembre 1978, super le Mesa de Contratation e Junta de Compras del Consejo Superior de Deportes |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Un nove quadro juridic del sport esseva establite con le Lege 10/1990, de 15 de octobre, del Sport, que regula le intervention del Stato in le sport e le organisation del entidades sportive. Le CSD deveniva le principal organismo del Administration General del Stato incaricate de exercitar iste competentias. Le Lege 39/2022 replaceva ulteriormente le quadro general del 1990 e defini le competentias actual del organismo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1990-25037 |titulo=Ley 10/1990, de 15 de octubre, del Deporte |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2022-24430 |titulo=Ley 39/2022, de 30 de decembre, del Sport |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Natura juridic e adscription == Le CSD es un organismo autonome de character administrative con personalitate juridic proprie. Secundo le Lege 39/2022, su structura organisation es determinate per su Statuto, approbate per Real Decreto. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2022-24430 |titulo=Ley 39/2022, de 30 de decembre, articulos 13–15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Desde le reorganisation del departamentos ministerial de 2023, le CSD es adscripte al Ministerio de Education, Formation Professional e Sportes. Le Real Decreto 274/2024 confirma que le organismo autonome es adscripte al Ministerio e que su presidente ha rango de Secretariato de Stato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de martio, structura organic del Ministerio de Education, Formation Professional e Sportes |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Ministerio exerce le direction strategic, le evaluation e le controlo del resultatos del organismo secundo le quadro general del Administration public. Le CSD conserva tamen le competentias proprie que le legislation sportive attribue al organismo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-6645 |titulo=Real Decreto 460/2015, Statuto del Consejo Superior de Deportes |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Competentias == Le Lege 39/2022 attribue al CSD un large conjunto de competentias in le ambito del sport estatal. Inter illos se trova le fixation del objectivos e criterios del politica sportive del Administration General del Stato e del representation international de Espania in materia sportive. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2022-24430 |titulo=Ley 39/2022, de 30 de decembre, articulo 14 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organismo participa in le coordination inter le Administration General del Stato, le Communitates Autonome e le entitates local, promovente programas pro le activitate physic e le sport in conditiones de equalitate e non-discrimination. Illo collabora etiam al programmation del sport escolar e universitari in le quadro del competentias del diverse administrationes. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.csd.gob.es/es/csd/organizacion/estructura-y-equipo-directivo/funciones |titulo=Functiones del Consejo Superior de Deportes |sitioweb=Consejo Superior de Deportes |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261006182009/https://www.csd.gob.es/es/csd/organizacion/estructura-y-equipo-directivo/funciones |archivedate=2026-10-06 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-06}}</ref> Le CSD ha competentias importante concernente le federationes sportive espaniol. Illo autorisa lor creation, pote ratificar lor statutos e regulamentos previde per le lege, controla certe modificationes e autorisa lor adhesion al federationes sportive international correspondente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.csd.gob.es/es/csd/organizacion/estructura-y-equipo-directivo/funciones |titulo=Functiones del Consejo Superior de Deportes |sitioweb=Consejo Superior de Deportes |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261006182009/https://www.csd.gob.es/es/csd/organizacion/estructura-y-equipo-directivo/funciones |archivedate=2026-10-06 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-06}}</ref> Le organismo establi insimul con le federationes sportive lor objectivos e programas sportive, specialmente in relation con le sport de alte nivello. Illo pote etiam conceder subvenciones al federationes e altere entitates sportive e controlar le uso del fondos concedite. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2022-24430 |titulo=Ley 39/2022, articulo 14 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sport professional == Le CSD ha competentias specific in materia de sport professional. Illo autorisa le constitution e liquidation de ligas professional e ratifica lor statutos e regulamentos in le casos previde per le lege. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.csd.gob.es/es/csd/organizacion/estructura-y-equipo-directivo/funciones |titulo=Functiones del Consejo Superior de Deportes |sitioweb=Consejo Superior de Deportes |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261006182009/https://www.csd.gob.es/es/csd/organizacion/estructura-y-equipo-directivo/funciones |archivedate=2026-10-06 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-06}}</ref> Le organismo qualifica le competitiones official de ambito estatal que debe esser considerate professional, previo le informes previde per le lege, e establi objectivos e mesuras concernente le sustenibilitate economic del competitiones professional. Illo exerce etiam competentias de controlo economic super certe entitates sportive recognoscite per le legislation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2022-24430 |titulo=Ley 39/2022, de 30 de decembre, articulo 14 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le CSD pote cognoscer le auditas e le contos annual del entitates sportive subjecte al su controlo e establi criterios general de solvabilitate applicabile al ligas professional e federationes sportive espaniol in lor respectives ambitos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.csd.gob.es/es/csd/organizacion/estructura-y-equipo-directivo/funciones |titulo=Functiones del Consejo Superior de Deportes |sitioweb=Consejo Superior de Deportes |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261006182009/https://www.csd.gob.es/es/csd/organizacion/estructura-y-equipo-directivo/funciones |archivedate=2026-10-06 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-06}}</ref> == Sport de alte nivello == Le CSD participa al development del sport de alte nivello e al preparation del athletas que representa Espania in competitiones international. Le organismo coordina con le federationes e con altere actores del systema sportive le programas destinate al sport de alte nivello. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.csd.gob.es/es/csd/organizacion/estructura-y-equipo-directivo/funciones |titulo=Functiones del Consejo Superior de Deportes |sitioweb=Consejo Superior de Deportes |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261006182009/https://www.csd.gob.es/es/csd/organizacion/estructura-y-equipo-directivo/funciones |archivedate=2026-10-06 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-06}}</ref> Le CSD ha tamben competentias in materia de centros de alte rendimento e de programs de supporto al athletas. Le organismo participa al gestion del infrastructuras sportive estatal e al disveloppamento de programs de preparation sportive e scientific. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.csd.gob.es/es/csd/organizacion |titulo=Organisation del Consejo Superior de Deportes |sitioweb=Consejo Superior de Deportes |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261006203601/https://www.csd.gob.es/es/csd/organizacion |archivedate=2026-10-06 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-06}}</ref> == Sport e infrastructure == Le CSD elabora e executa, in collaboration con le Communitates Autonome e le entitates local, planos pro le construction e melioration del equipamento e del installations sportive destinate al sport de competition. Le normativa del installations debe considerar specialmente le securitate e le accessibilitate universal. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.csd.gob.es/es/csd/organizacion/estructura-y-equipo-directivo/funciones |titulo=Functiones del Consejo Superior de Deportes |sitioweb=Consejo Superior de Deportes |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261006182009/https://www.csd.gob.es/es/csd/organizacion/estructura-y-equipo-directivo/funciones |archivedate=2026-10-06 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-06}}</ref> Le organismo gere tamben le censo estatal del installations sportive, in collaboration con le Communitates Autonome e le administrationes local. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.csd.gob.es/es/csd/organizacion/estructura-y-equipo-directivo/funciones |titulo=Functiones del Consejo Superior de Deportes |sitioweb=Consejo Superior de Deportes |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261006182009/https://www.csd.gob.es/es/csd/organizacion/estructura-y-equipo-directivo/funciones |archivedate=2026-10-06 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-06}}</ref> == Sport e salute == Le CSD participa in le promotion del activitate physic e del sport como instrumentos de salute public. Le Lege 39/2022 attribue al organismo competentias pro establir un politica de prevention del riscos associate al practica sportive e pro elaborar informes, statisticas, studios, protocollos e guidas super le beneficios del activitate physic e del sport. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2022-24430 |titulo=Ley 39/2022, articulo 14 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organismo supporta etiam le recerca scientific e le innovation in materia sportive. Iste competentia include le promotion del investigation super le phenomeno sportive e le participation de differente disciplinas scientific in le disveloppamento del politica sportive. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.csd.gob.es/es/csd/organizacion/estructura-y-equipo-directivo/funciones |titulo=Functiones del Consejo Superior de Deportes |sitioweb=Consejo Superior de Deportes |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261006182009/https://www.csd.gob.es/es/csd/organizacion/estructura-y-equipo-directivo/funciones |archivedate=2026-10-06 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-06}}</ref> == Equalitate e non-discrimination == Le Lege 39/2022 include inter le competentias del CSD le promotion de un activitate sportive sin discrimination. Le organismo participa al promotion del sport pro personas con handicap e al developpamento de politicas concernente le participation del personas LGTBI in le sport. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2022-24430 |titulo=Ley 39/2022, articulo 14 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le legislation attribue etiam al CSD le promotion del formation de personal technic sportive pro prevenir e intervenir contra conductas violent, molestation, abuso sexual e altere formas de discrimination in le ambiente sportive. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.csd.gob.es/es/csd/organizacion/estructura-y-equipo-directivo/funciones |titulo=Functiones del Consejo Superior de Deportes |sitioweb=Consejo Superior de Deportes |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261006182009/https://www.csd.gob.es/es/csd/organizacion/estructura-y-equipo-directivo/funciones |archivedate=2026-10-06 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-06}}</ref> == Lucta contra le doping == Le CSD promove e impulse mesuras de prevention e controlo del uso de substantias prohibite e methods non regulamentari destinate a augmentar artificialmente le capacitate physic del athletas o a modificar fraudulentemente le resultatos del competitiones. Iste competentias es exercite sin pregiudicio del functiones attribuite al Commissiòn Espaniol pro le Lucta contra le Doping in le Sport como agencia estatal specialisate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.csd.gob.es/es/csd/organizacion/estructura-y-equipo-directivo/funciones |titulo=Functiones del Consejo Superior de Deportes |sitioweb=Consejo Superior de Deportes |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261006182009/https://www.csd.gob.es/es/csd/organizacion/estructura-y-equipo-directivo/funciones |archivedate=2026-10-06 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-06}}</ref> Le CSD es etiam le autoritate competente pro altere materias administrative del systema sportive, includente le recours contra certe actos e resolutiones del federationes sportive espaniol e le exercitio del potestates sanctionatori attribuite al organismo per le lege. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2022-24430 |titulo=Ley 39/2022, articulo 14 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organisation == Le organos del CSD es determinate per su Statuto. Illes include le Presidente, le Commission Directiva, le Direction General de Sportes e le Subdirectiones General que constitue le organos de gestion. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-6645 |titulo=Real Decreto 460/2015, articulos 4–9 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Presidente del CSD exerce le representation e le direction superior del organismo e preside le Commission Directiva. Le Presidente ha rango de Secretariato de Stato e es nominate e separate per le Consilio de Ministros a proposition del Ministro competente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-6645 |titulo=Real Decreto 460/2015, articulos 5–7 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Commission Directiva es le organo collegial del CSD con le competentias que le Lege del Sport e le Statuto attribue a illo. Su composition include representantes del Administration General del Stato, del Communitates Autonome, del entitates local e del sport. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-6645 |titulo=Real Decreto 460/2015, articulos 6–7 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General de Sportes es le principal organo directorial del CSD. Le actual organisation del organismo include subdirectiones concernente le sport professional e controlo financiari, le alte competition, le promotion e innovation sportive, le scientias del sport, femina e sport e le regime juridic del sport. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.csd.gob.es/es/csd/organizacion/estructura-y-equipo-directivo/equipo-directivo |titulo=Equipo directivo del Consejo Superior de Deportes |sitioweb=Consejo Superior de Deportes |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261006191416/https://www.csd.gob.es/es/csd/organizacion/estructura-y-equipo-directivo/equipo-directivo |archivedate=2026-10-06 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-06}}</ref> == Commission Directiva == Le Commission Directiva participa al governamento del CSD e exerce le competentias que le legislation attribue al organismo collegial. Le Statuto establi le Commission Directiva como un del duos organos rectores del CSD, insimul con le Presidente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-6645 |titulo=Real Decreto 460/2015, articulos 4 e 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Commission Directiva tracta, inter altere materias, questiones concernente le organisation del sport de ambito estatal e le competentias attribuite al CSD in relation con le federationes e altere entitates sportive. Le Lege 39/2022 establi nove competentias del CSD que debe esser exercite secundo le quadro del Commission Directiva e del altere organos del organismo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2022-24430 |titulo=Ley 39/2022, de 30 de decembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Relation con le Ministerio de Education == Le CSD es un organismo autonome e non un organo interne del Ministerio. Su adscription significa que le Ministerio exerce le direction strategic, le evaluation e le controlo del organismo in le terminos establite per le lege. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-6645 |titulo=Real Decreto 460/2015, Statuto del Consejo Superior de Deportes |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le actual organisation ministerial distingui le CSD del Secretariato de Stato de Education, del Secretariato General de Formation Professional e del Subsecretariato de Education, Formation Professional e Sportes. Le CSD es adscripte al Ministerio, ma exerce le competentias sportive que le Lege 39/2022 e le Statuto attribue al organismo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de martio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Relationes international == Le CSD establi le objectivos del representation e participation international del Administration General del Stato in le ambito sportive e participa in le cooperation international in materia de sport. Le organismo coordina iste activitate con le Ministerios e altere administrationes competente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.csd.gob.es/es/csd/organizacion/estructura-y-equipo-directivo/funciones |titulo=Functiones del Consejo Superior de Deportes |sitioweb=Consejo Superior de Deportes |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261006182009/https://www.csd.gob.es/es/csd/organizacion/estructura-y-equipo-directivo/funciones |archivedate=2026-10-06 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-06}}</ref> Le CSD participa etiam al authorisation del competitiones sportive official international que se celebra in territorio espaniol e del participation del selectiones de ambito estatal in competitiones international, in le conditiones previde per le Lege 39/2022 e con le participation del Ministerio de Affaires Externe, Union Europee e Cooperation quando illo es requirite. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2022-24430 |titulo=Ley 39/2022, articulo 14 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sede == Le sede del CSD es al calle Martín Fierro, 5, 28040 Madrid. Iste adresse es indicate in le canales official del organismo e in su sede electronic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://sede.csd.gob.es/CanalesComunicacionSede.aspx?origen=1 |titulo=Canales de communication del CSD |sitioweb=Consejo Superior de Deportes |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260615205450/https://sede.csd.gob.es/CanalesComunicacionSede.aspx?origen=1 |archivedate=2026-06-15 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-06}}</ref> == Situation actual == In 2026, le CSD continua a esser le organismo autonome del Administration General del Stato incaricate del gestion directe del politica sportive estatal. Le organismo es adscripte al Ministerio de Education, Formation Professional e Sportes e opera secundo le Lege 39/2022 del Sport e su Statuto. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.csd.gob.es/es/csd/organizacion/estructura-y-equipo-directivo/funciones |titulo=Functiones del Consejo Superior de Deportes |sitioweb=Consejo Superior de Deportes |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261006182009/https://www.csd.gob.es/es/csd/organizacion/estructura-y-equipo-directivo/funciones |archivedate=2026-10-06 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-06}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organisation official del 2026 identifica José Manuel Rodríguez Uribes como Presidente e Fernando Molinero Revert como Director General de Sportes. Le organismo ha un reticula de Subdirectiones General que tracta le sport professional, alte competition, promotion e innovation sportive, scientias del sport, femina e sport e regime juridic del sport. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.csd.gob.es/es/csd/organizacion/estructura-y-equipo-directivo/equipo-directivo |titulo=Equipo directivo del Consejo Superior de Deportes |sitioweb=Consejo Superior de Deportes |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261006191416/https://www.csd.gob.es/es/csd/organizacion/estructura-y-equipo-directivo/equipo-directivo |archivedate=2026-10-06 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-06}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Organismos autonome de Espania]] [[Categoria:Entes rector del sport in Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] [[Categoria:Institutiones e organismos con sede in Madrid]] [[Categoria:Citate Universitari de Madrid]] [[Categoria:Medalias de Auro al Merito Social Penitentiari]] [[Categoria:Consilio Superior de Sports| ]] 2amdvybhycrp2kh7fkmfc7k8x2p4rc9 0 61895 705672 702571 2026-11-08T02:54:07Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 705672 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia''' un departamento de le [[Administration General del Stato]] de [[Espania]] incaricate de proponer e executar le politica del Governamento in materia de [[juventute]], [[infantia]] e [[adolescentia]]. Su competentias include le promotion e protection integral del derectos del infantes e adolescentes, le prevention de situationes de necessitate que pote afficer le minores e le promotion del participation del juventute in le vita politic, social, economic e cultural.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3797 |titulo=Real Decreto 211/2024, de 27 de febrero, por el que se desarrolla la estructura orgánica básica del Ministerio de Juventud e Infancia |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le ministerio es un departamento del Administration General del Stato e exerce su competentias in coordination con le altere departamentos ministerial e con le [[Communitates Autonome]] e [[Administration local]]. Su sede es al calle del Marqués del Riscal, 16, Madrid.<ref name="juventudeinfancia">{{Cita web |url=https://www.juventudeinfancia.gob.es/es/ministerio/funciones |titulo=Funciones |sitioweb=Ministerio de Juventud e Infancia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261006191129/https://www.juventudeinfancia.gob.es/es/ministerio/funciones |archivedate=2026-10-06 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-06}}</ref> == Creation == Le Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia esseva create per le Real Decreto 829/2023, de 20 de novembre, que restructured le departamentos ministerial del Governamento espaniol post le formation del Governamento in 2023. Le nove departamento recipeva le competentias estatal in materia de juventute e protection del minore. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-23537 |titulo=Real Decreto 829/2023, de 20 de noviembre, por el que se reestructuran los departamentos ministeriales |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Subsecretariato de Juventute e Infancia esseva create per le Real Decreto 837/2023, de 22 de novembre. Le Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de decembre, fixava postea le structura basic del departamento, con le Secretaria de Stato de Juventute e Infancia e le Subsecretariato de Juventute e Infancia como su principal organos superior e directivo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3797 |titulo=Real Decreto 211/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-24842 |titulo=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le structura organic del ministerio usque al nivello de subdirection general esseva developate per le Real Decreto 211/2024, de 27 de februario, entrate in vigor le 29 de februario 2024. Le texto consolidate del decreto ha essite actualisate, inter alteres, in octobre 2025. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3797 |titulo=Real Decreto 211/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Competentias == Le ministerio es responsabile del proposition e execution del politica del Governamento in materia de juventute e de protection del personas minor de etate. Le competentias debe esser exercite in le quadro del competentias constitutional del Stato e in coordination con le altere administrationes public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3797 |titulo=Real Decreto 211/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Inter le principales areas de action se trova le promotion e defense integral del derectos del infantia e del adolescentia, le protection special del infantes, le prevention de situationes de necessitate e le cooperation con le altere departamentos cuje activitates ha un effecto super iste population. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3797 |titulo=Real Decreto 211/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In materia de juventute, le ministerio promove le participation libere e efficace del juvenes in le disveloppamento politic, social, economic e cultural del pais. Illo promove etiam le cooperation con altere administrationes territorial e con associationes e organisationes del societate civil active in le areas de infantia, adolescentia e juventute. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3797 |titulo=Real Decreto 211/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le ministerio participa etiam in le relationes international e in le institutiones del [[Union Europee]] concernente su areas de competentia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3797 |titulo=Real Decreto 211/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Secretaria de Stato de Juventute e Infancia == Le Secretaria de Stato de Juventute e Infancia es le organo superior del departamento incaricate, sub le autoritate del Ministro, de impulsar, disveloppar e coordinar le politica del Governamento in materia de juventute, adolescentia e infantia. Illa se ocupa specialmente del garantia del derectos constitutional e del interesse general. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3797 |titulo=Real Decreto 211/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretaria de Stato es responsabile del planification strategic del politicas public del ministerio e del coordination institutional in iste materias. Illa dirige e coordina tamben le activitates del Direction General de Derectos del Infancia e del Adolescentia e del [[Instituto de la Juventud]] (INJUVE). <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3797 |titulo=Real Decreto 211/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretaria de Stato participa etiam in organismos international e del Union Europee e impulsa le relationes de cooperation con le Communitates Autonome, le entitates local e le organisationes del societate civil.<ref name="juventudeinfancia"/> === Direction General de Derectos del Infancia e del Adolescentia === Le Direction General de Derectos del Infancia e del Adolescentia depende directemente del Secretaria de Stato. Illa promove le derectos del infantia e adolescentia e elabora e seque planos de action concernente lor promotion e protection. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3797 |titulo=Real Decreto 211/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 3 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Inter su competentias se trova le cooperation con le entitates del Tertie Sector de Action Social in programas concernente le infantia e adolescentia, le coordination del application del legislation pro le protection de infantes e le impulso de politicas contra le violentia verso le infantes e adolescentes. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3797 |titulo=Real Decreto 211/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 3 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General ha sub su dependentia le Subdirection General de Promotion del Derectos del Infancia e del Adolescentia e le Subdirection General de Programmas del Infancia e del Adolescentia.<ref name="juventudeinfancia"/> == Instituto del Juventute == Le Instituto del Juventute (INJUVE) es un organismo autonome adscripte al Ministerio per medio del Secretaria de Stato de Juventute e Infancia. Illo ha personalitate juridic public distincte, patrimonio e tesoreria proprie e autonomia de gestion. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.juventudeinfancia.gob.es/sites/default/files/consultapub/2.%202026_04_23%20MAIN_.pdf |titulo=Memoria de análisis de impacto normativo, 23 de abril de 2026 |sitioweb=Ministerio de Juventud e Infancia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le INJUVE ha inter su objectivos le promotion del equalitate de tractamento e opportunitates del juventute, le participation libere e efficace del juvenes in le vita politic, social, economic e cultural, le cooperation con le administrationes public e le participation in programas europee concernente le juventute. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.juventudeinfancia.gob.es/sites/default/files/consultapub/2.%202026_04_23%20MAIN_.pdf |titulo=Memoria de análisis de impacto normativo, 23 de abril de 2026 |sitioweb=Ministerio de Juventud e Infancia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2025 esseva approbate un nove Statuto del Instituto del Juventute per le Real Decreto 608/2025, que actualisa su natura, organisation e competentias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2025-14318 |titulo=Real Decreto 608/2025, de 8 de julio, por el que se aprueba el Estatuto del organismo autónomo Instituto de la Juventud |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Subsecretariato de Juventute e Infancia == Le Subsecretariato de Juventute e Infancia es le organo directivo responsabile del services commun del ministerio e del coordination general de su administration. Illo exerce le competentias general previde per le legislation super le regime juridic del sector public e assiste le Ministro in le direction del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3797 |titulo=Real Decreto 211/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Subsecretariato coordina le materias relative al personal, budget, patrimonio, infrastructuras, technologies del information e communication, planification economic e controlo budgetari. Illo exerce etiam le function inspector del services e centros dependente del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3797 |titulo=Real Decreto 211/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organos que depende del Subsecretariato include le Secretariato General Technic, le Subdirection General de Personal, Inspection del Services e Coordination, le Subdirection General de Gestion Economic, Officio Budgetari e Affaires General e le Division de Technologies e Services del Information.<ref name="juventudeinfancia"/> Le Secretariato General Technic include le Vice-secretariato General Technic e le Subdirection General de Recursos, Relationes International e Publicationes. <ref name="juventudeinfancia"/> == Organos e coordination == Le ministerio es associate al Conferentia Sectorial de Infancia e Adolescentia, que exerce le functiones previde per le Lege Organic 8/2021 in materia de cooperation interadministrative e protection integral del infantia e adolescentia contra le violentia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3797 |titulo=Real Decreto 211/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Consilio Estatal de Participation del Infancia e del Adolescentia (CEPIA) es un altere organo associate al ministerio. Create in 2021, illo functiona como un organo permanente de consultation, representation e participation del infantes e adolescentes in le quadro estatal. Su regulation esseva actualisate per le Ordine JUI/80/2026, de 29 de januario. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.juventudeinfancia.gob.es/es/infancia/consejo-de-participacion-de-la-infancia-y-de-la-adolescencia |titulo=Consejo Estatal de Participación de la Infancia y de la Adolescencia |sitioweb=Ministerio de Juventud e Infancia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sede == Le sede del Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia es al calle del Marqués del Riscal, 16, 28010 Madrid. Le adresse es indicate in le directorio e in le pagina official del ministerio.<ref name="juventudeinfancia"/> == Situation actual == In 2026 le Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia continua a esser le departamento del Administration General del Stato specialisate in le politicas de juventute e protection del infantia. Su organisation combina un organo superior — le Secretaria de Stato — con le Direction General de Derectos del Infancia e del Adolescentia, un Subsecretariato incaricate del services commun, e le INJUVE como organismo autonome adscripte. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.juventudeinfancia.gob.es/es/ministerio/organizacion-institucional/organigramaMIJUI |titulo=Organigrama |sitioweb=Ministerio de Juventud e Infancia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261007092902/https://www.juventudeinfancia.gob.es/es/ministerio/organizacion-institucional/organigramaMIJUI |archivedate=2026-10-07 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-06}}</ref> Le ministerio participa etiam in le coordination inter le Administration General del Stato, le Communitates Autonome e le administrationes local, e in le cooperation international in materias concernente le derectos del infantes, adolescentes e juvenes.<ref name="juventudeinfancia"/> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Ministerios de Espania]] [[Categoria:Juventute in Espania]] [[Categoria:Infantia]] 7bp00r3p4mkvcjg67zxja6ufd5shh7f 0 61899 705671 702591 2026-11-08T02:29:50Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 705671 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Ministerio de Derectos Social, Consumo e Agenda 2030''' es un departamento del [[Administration General del Stato]] de [[Espania]] incaricate de proponer e executar le politica del [[Governamento de Espania]] in materia de derectos social e benesser social, familia e diversitate familial, cohesion social, attention al personas dependente o con discapacitate, protection del derectos e benesser del animales, consumo, protection del consumidores, regulation del joco e implementation del [[Agenda 2030]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le ministerio ha su sede in [[Madrid]]. == Historia == Le actual ministerio esseva establite in le quadro del reorganisation del departamentos ministerial approbate per le Real Decreto 829/2023, de 20 de novembre. Le nove organisation del Governamento reuniva in un mesme departamento le competentias estatal concernente al derectos social, le consumption e le Agenda 2030. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-23537 |titulo=Real Decreto 829/2023, de 20 de noviembre, por el que se reestructuran los departamentos ministeriales |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le structura organica basic esseva establite per le Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de decembre, e ulteriormente developpate per le Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de februario. Iste ultime norma precisa le distribution del competentias inter le Secretariato de Stato de Derectos Social, le Secretariato General de Consumo e Joco, le Subsecretariato e le Direction General de Agenda 2030. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/12/05/1009 |titulo=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/209 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le formation del ministerio insere se in un evolution plus longe del administration social espaniol, in le qual le competentias relative al services social, discapacitate, familia, consumo e protection del consumidores esseva repartite inter differente departamentos in diverse periodos. == Competentias == Le ministerio es responsabile del politica del Governamento in materia de derectos social e benesser social, includente le promotion del cohesion social e le attention al personas in situation de dependentia o con discapacitate. Illo es etiam competente in materias de familia e diversitate familial e in le protection del derectos e del benesser del animales. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In materia de consumo, le ministerio propone e executa le politica estatal relative al protection del personas consumidor e usator, le promotion del derectos del consumidores e le cooperation institutional con le Communitates Autonome e le altere administrationes public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le ministerio ha etiam competentias in materia de joco, includente le regulation estatal del joco e le protection del personas in relation con iste activitate. Le Secretaria General de Consumo e Joco coordina le competentias del departamento in iste campo e participa in le cooperation interterritorial, europee e international. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Un altere area es le Agenda 2030 pro le Disveloppamento Sustenibile. Le ministerio impulsa, seque e coordina le implementation in Espania del Agenda 2030 e del su Objectivos de Disveloppamento Sustenibile, e representa le Stato in le cooperation international concernente iste materias in coordination con le Ministerio del Affaires Externe, Union Europee e Cooperation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Structura == Le Ministerio se structura in quatro principal organos superior e directorial: * le Secretariato de Stato de Derectos Social; * le Secretariato General de Consumo e Joco; * le Subsecretariato de Derectos Social, Consumo e Agenda 2030; * le Direction General de Agenda 2030, que depende directemente del Ministro. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.dsca.gob.es/es/ministerio/organizacion-institucional/organigrama |titulo=Organigrama |sitioweb=Ministerio de Derechos Sociales, Consumo y Agenda 2030 |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261006202311/https://www.dsca.gob.es/es/ministerio/organizacion-institucional/organigrama |archivedate=2026-10-06 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-06}}</ref> === Secretariato de Stato de Derectos Social === Le Secretariato de Stato de Derectos Social es le organo superior incaricate del materias de derectos e benesser social, cohesion social, dependentia e discapacitate, familia e diversitate familial, assi como protection del derectos e benesser del animales. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> De illo depende tres Direction General: * le Direction General de Derectos del Personas con Discapactate; * le Direction General de Diversitate Familial e Servicios Social; * le Direction General de Derectos del Animales. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.dsca.gob.es/es/ministerio/organizacion-institucional/organigrama |titulo=Organigrama |sitioweb=Ministerio de Derechos Sociales, Consumo y Agenda 2030 |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261006202311/https://www.dsca.gob.es/es/ministerio/organizacion-institucional/organigrama |archivedate=2026-10-06 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-06}}</ref> Le Instituto de Mayores y Servicios Sociales (IMSERSO) es etiam adscripte al ministerio per medio del Secretariato de Stato de Derectos Social. Illo es un entidade gestor del Securitate Social e exerce le competentias que su statuto le attribue. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Secretariato General de Consumo e Joco === Le Secretariato General de Consumo e Joco es le organo directorial que coordina le politica del ministerio in materia de consumo, protection del consumidores e regulation del joco. De illo depende le Direction General de Consumo e le Direction General de Ordination del Joco. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.dsca.gob.es/es/ministerio/organizacion-institucional/organigrama |titulo=Organigrama |sitioweb=Ministerio de Derechos Sociales, Consumo y Agenda 2030 |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261006202311/https://www.dsca.gob.es/es/ministerio/organizacion-institucional/organigrama |archivedate=2026-10-06 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-06}}</ref> Le Direction General de Consumo es incaricate, inter altere functiones, de proponer le regulation estatal in materia de protection e promotion del derectos del consumidores e usatores, establir instrumentos efficace de protection e promover le information, formation e education del consumidores. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General de Ordination del Joco es responsabile del regulation del joco de competencia estatal e del protection del personas participante in iste activitates, secundo le quadro juridic applicabile. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Agencia Española de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición (AESAN) es etiam adscripte organicamente al ministerio per medio del Secretariato General de Consumo e Joco. Su dependentia es functionalmente compartite con le Ministerio del Affaires Interne e con le Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca e Alimentation in le terminos establite per le legislation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Subsecretariato de Derectos Social, Consumo e Agenda 2030 === Le Subsecretariato de Derectos Social, Consumo e Agenda 2030 exerce le functiones general previde per le legislation pro le subsecretariatos e coordina le services commun del ministerio e del organos public attachate. Illo representa ordinariemente le ministerio in le relationes institutional e coordina le activitate del servicios commun. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Del Subsecretariato depende le Secretariato General Technic, que provide le supporto juridic, technic e administrative necessari al functionamento del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.dsca.gob.es/es/ministerio/organizacion-institucional/organigrama |titulo=Organigrama |sitioweb=Ministerio de Derechos Sociales, Consumo y Agenda 2030 |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261006202311/https://www.dsca.gob.es/es/ministerio/organizacion-institucional/organigrama |archivedate=2026-10-06 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-06}}</ref> === Direction General de Agenda 2030 === Le Direction General de Agenda 2030 es adscripte directemente al titular del ministerio. Illo impulsa e seque le implementation del Agenda 2030 e del Objectivos de Disveloppamento Sustenibile, coordina le relationes international del departamento in su areas de competentia e participa al representation international de Espania concernente al implementation del Agenda 2030. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organismos adscripte == Inter le principal organismos adscripte al ministerio se trova le Instituto de Mayores y Servicios Sociales (IMSERSO), le Real Patronato sobre Discapacidad e le Agencia Española de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición (AESAN). <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.dsca.gob.es/es/ministerio/organizacion-institucional/organigrama |titulo=Organigrama |sitioweb=Ministerio de Derechos Sociales, Consumo y Agenda 2030 |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261006202311/https://www.dsca.gob.es/es/ministerio/organizacion-institucional/organigrama |archivedate=2026-10-06 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-06}}</ref> Le Real Patronato sobre Discapacidad es un organismo autonome adscripte al ministerio per medio del Ministro e ha le competentias que su statuto le attribue. Le titular del Secretariato de Stato de Derectos Social exerce le Secretariato General del organismo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le AESAN es un organismo autonome con competentias in materia de securitate alimentari e nutrition. Su adscription al ministerio es completate per dependentias functional con altere departamentos del Governamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Relation con le Communitates Autonome == Le competentias del ministerio debe esser exercite in coordination con le Communitates Autonome, le Ciuitates de Ceuta e Melilla e le Administrationes local, secundo le distribution de competentias previde per le Constitution e le legislation. Le cooperation interterritorial es particularmente importante in le areas de services social, consumo e protection del consumidores. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato General de Consumo e Joco participa in le cooperation institutional interterritorial in materias de su competentia, durante que le Secretariato de Stato de Derectos Social coopera con le Communitates Autonome in le disveloppamento del politicas social, familiar e de protection del animales. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Ministerio de Affaires Social]] [[Categoria:Ministerios de Espania]] 32c5x74ymzg8rpr570qbiowme4khd1q 0 62000 705660 703323 2026-11-07T22:41:26Z Tortoise0308 17411 - articulo; etiam (evitar iberismo); ligar positron; commonscat; remover categórias rubie. 705660 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Nitrogeno]] natural (₇N) consiste de duo [[isotopo]]s stabile: le vaste majoritate (99,62%) del nitrogeno que occurre naturalmente es nitrogeno-14, e le resto (0,38%) es nitrogeno-15. Dece-tres [[radioisotopo]]s es etiam cognoscite, con [[massa atomic|massas atomic]] que varia de 9 a 23, insimul con tres [[isomero nuclear|isomeros nucleari]]. Tote iste radioisotopos es de vita curte, le plus longeve essente ¹³N con un semivita de 9,965&nbsp;minutas. Tote le alteres ha semivitas de minus de dece secundas. Isotopos plus legier que le stabiles generalmente se disintegra in [[isotopos de carbon]], e le plus pesantes se disintegra per [[disintegration beta]] in [[isotopos de oxygeno]]. Nitrogeno-13 es un emissor de [[positron]]es e un del principal isotopos usate in [[PET scan|scans PET]] medic. {{commonscat|Isotopes of nitrogen}} {{traduction|en|Isotopes of nitrogen|1371484563}} [[Categoria:Isotopos de nitrogeno| ]] 53cdzrrtrky4e5491g7kovrztr07o7v 705664 705660 2026-11-07T23:58:42Z Tortoise0308 17411 Tortoise0308 ha renominate le pagina [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]] a [[Isotopos de nitrogeno]] sin lassar un redirection: Titulo mal orthographiate 705660 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Nitrogeno]] natural (₇N) consiste de duo [[isotopo]]s stabile: le vaste majoritate (99,62%) del nitrogeno que occurre naturalmente es nitrogeno-14, e le resto (0,38%) es nitrogeno-15. Dece-tres [[radioisotopo]]s es etiam cognoscite, con [[massa atomic|massas atomic]] que varia de 9 a 23, insimul con tres [[isomero nuclear|isomeros nucleari]]. Tote iste radioisotopos es de vita curte, le plus longeve essente ¹³N con un semivita de 9,965&nbsp;minutas. Tote le alteres ha semivitas de minus de dece secundas. Isotopos plus legier que le stabiles generalmente se disintegra in [[isotopos de carbon]], e le plus pesantes se disintegra per [[disintegration beta]] in [[isotopos de oxygeno]]. Nitrogeno-13 es un emissor de [[positron]]es e un del principal isotopos usate in [[PET scan|scans PET]] medic. {{commonscat|Isotopes of nitrogen}} {{traduction|en|Isotopes of nitrogen|1371484563}} [[Categoria:Isotopos de nitrogeno| ]] 53cdzrrtrky4e5491g7kovrztr07o7v 0 62116 705659 705487 2026-11-07T22:37:27Z ~2026-58775-47 61912 705659 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/articulo/persona}} '''Valeria Racu''' (le [[27 de april]] [[1995]]) es un activista soroscial e portavoce del [[Sindicato de Inquilinas e Inquilinos de Madrid]], organisation que defende le derectos del personas que vive in location in [[Espania]]. Nascite in [[Moldavia]], illa se trasladava a Espania durante su infantia e deveniva cognoscite publicamente per su activitate in le movimentos pro le derecto al vivienda e contra le augmento del precios del location. Ante su activitate sindical, Racu habeva etiam un breve carriera como actrice in series televisive espaniol. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://as.com/actualidad/politica/quien-es-valeria-racu-la-portavoz-y-activista-del-sindicato-de-inquilinas-que-lidera-la-acampada-de-sol-f202609-n/ |titulo=Quién es Valeria Racu, la portavoz y activista del Sindicato de Inquilinas que lidera la acampada de Sol |sitioweb=AS |accesso=10 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.elespanol.com/reportajes/20241023/valeria-racu-cara-sindicato-inquilinas-planta-sanchez-moncloa-no-sentamos-patronal/895410888_0.html |titulo=Valeria Racu, la cara del sindicato de inquilinas planta a Sánchez en Moncloa |sitioweb=El Español |accesso=10 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Racu ha defendite le regulation del mercato del location, le reduction del costos del allogiamento e le protection contra le evictiones. Su activitate public include le participation in mobilisationes, campanias e debates concernente le accesso al vivienda, le conditiones del contratos de location e le rolo del proprietarios e del fundos de investition in le mercato immobiliari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.elespanol.com/espana/20261004/valeria-racu-caseros-acaba-chollo-rentismo-cancer-psoe-rentista-huelga-general/1003744407539_0.amp.html |titulo=Valeria Racu: «A los caseros se les acaba el chollo» |sitioweb=El Español |accesso=10 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Infantia e education == Valeria Racu nasceva in Moldavia in 1995 e arrivava a Espania quando illa habeva cinque annos. Illa cresceva in [[Madrid]] e studiava in Espania ante de continuar su formation in altere paises. Durante su adolescientia, Racu participava in productiones televisive e obteneva parve rolos como actrice. Ulteriormente, illa studiava in [[Costa Rica]] con un borsa de studio ligate al programma de [[Colegios del Mundo Unido]] e al supporto del Fundation laCaixa. Post iste experientia educational, illa se transferiva al [[Regno Unite]] e studiava [[anthropologia social]] al [[School of Oriental and African Studies]] (SOAS), un institution universitari de [[Universitate de London]]. Su formation academic e su experientia in organisationes estudiantil precedeva su activitate public in le movimento pro le derecto al vivienda. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://as.com/actualidad/politica/quien-es-valeria-racu-la-portavoz-y-activista-del-sindicato-de-inquilinas-que-lidera-la-acampada-de-sol-f202609-n/ |titulo=Quién es Valeria Racu |sitioweb=AS |accesso=10 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Carriera como actrice == Ante de concentrar su activitate super le sindicalismo e le allogiamento, Racu participava in plure series televisive espaniol. Inter le productiones in le quales illa appareva se trova: * ''[[Doctor Mateo]]'' (2009–2010); * ''[[Hay alguien ahí]]'' (2010); * ''[[Hospital Central]]'' (2012); * ''[[El tiempo entre costuras]]'' (2013–2014). In ''Doctor Mateo'', illa interpretava le personage de Olga, durante que in ''El tiempo entre costuras'' illa interpretava Martina. Su participationes in iste series occurreva durante su adolescentia e precedeva su plus grande exposition public como activista. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3665919/ |titulo=Valeria Racu |sitioweb=IMDb |accesso=10 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Activitate estudiantil e prime experientias sindical == Durante su studos al SOAS in London, Racu participava in le activitate del sindicato de studentes. In 2019, illa se presentava al electiones estudiantil pro un position de representation ligate al benesser e al campanias. Iste experientia constitueva un del prime etapas documentate de su activitate in organisationes collective. In le Regno Unite, illa participava tamben in iniciativas concernente le conditiones de location e le derectos del studentes locatarios. Le experientia del mobilisationes estudiantil e del action sindical contribuiva al disveloppamento de su activitate posterior in le campo del allogiamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.elespanol.com/espana/politica/20260928/antropologa-moldava-formada-londres-activista-ensenar-horas-lideran-revuelta-sol/1003744398993_0.html |titulo=Una antropóloga moldava formada en Londres y una activista lideran la revuelta en Sol |sitioweb=El Español |accesso=10 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Activitate in le Sindicato de Inquilinas == Post su retorno a Espania, Racu se implica in le activitate del [[Sindicato de Inquilinas e Inquilinos de Madrid]], un organisation que representa locatarios e promova actiones collective concernente le conditiones de location e le derecto al vivienda. Desde 2022, illa figura como un del portavoces del sindicato. Le organisation participa in campanias contra le augmento del locationes, le evictiones e le difficultates de accesso al allogiamento. Su strategias include assembleas, manifestationes, negotiationes con institutiones e actiones collective de locatarios. Racu deveniva un del portavoces plus visibile del sindicato e interveniva regularmente in entrevistas e actos public. Illa ha defendite le idea que le accesso al vivienda debe esser tractate como un derecto social e que le politicas public debe intervenir in le conditiones del mercato del location. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.elespanol.com/reportajes/20241023/valeria-racu-cara-sindicato-inquilinas-planta-sanchez-moncloa-no-sentamos-patronal/895410888_0.html |titulo=Valeria Racu, la cara del sindicato de inquilinas planta a Sánchez en Moncloa |sitioweb=El Español |accesso=10 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Exopero de locationes de 2020 == In 2020, durante le crise economic associate al pandemia de COVID-19, Racu participava in le movimento que promoveva un exopero de locationes. Le initiative demandava mesuras de protection pro le locatarios que habeva difficultates a pagar le location durante le crise e reclamava un responsa public al situation economic. Le exopero esseva parte de un mobilisation plus large del movimentos de locatarios in Espania e de altere paises. Le demandas includeva le suspension de certe obligationes de pagamento, le protection contra evictiones e mesuras pro impedir que le crise sanitar e economic agravava le precarietate residential. Le participation de Racu in iste action contribuiva al evolution de su activitate sindical e al su notorietate in le movimento pro le derecto al vivienda. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://elpais.com/economia/2024-10-14/huelga-de-alquileres-que-ocurre-si-dejo-de-pagar-la-renta-me-pueden-desahuciar.html |titulo=Huelga de alquileres: ¿qué ocurre si dejo de pagar la renta? |sitioweb=El País |accesso=10 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Mobilisationes pro le derecto al vivienda == Durante le annos sequente, Racu participava in actiones public contra le augmento del costos del location e in campanias que reclamava cambios in le regulation del mercato residential. In octobre 2024, illa esseva un del portavoces del sindicato in un mobilisation que exigeva mesuras contra le augmento del locationes e contra le practicas de proprietarios e agentes immobiliari considerate prejudicial al locatarios per le organisation. Le sindicato ha promovite, inter altere demandas, le regulation del precios del location, le extension del protection contra evictiones e le augmento del allogiamento public. Racu ha defendite publicamente iste demandas e ha criticate le influentia que, secundo su interpretation, le interesses immobiliari exerce super le politicas de vivienda. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.elespanol.com/reportajes/20241023/valeria-racu-cara-sindicato-inquilinas-planta-sanchez-moncloa-no-sentamos-patronal/895410888_0.html |titulo=Valeria Racu, la cara del sindicato de inquilinas planta a Sánchez en Moncloa |sitioweb=El Español |accesso=10 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Protestas in le Puerta del Sol in 2026 == In septembre 2026, Racu deveniva un del figuras public plus visibile del protestas concernente le derecto al vivienda in Madrid. Le mobilisationes esseva organise per le Sindicato de Inquilinas e includeva un acampada in le [[Puerta del Sol]], post le desahucio de Maricarmen Abascal, un femina de 87 annos cuje caso provocava un grande reaction public. Racu, como portavoce del sindicato, explicava le demandas del organisation e reclamava actiones legislative concernente le locationes, le protection de locatarios e le accesso al allogiamento. Le protestas cercava obtener le adoption de mesuras de vivienda per le governamento e le Parlamento espaniol. Le actiones e le demandas del sindicato faceva parte de un debatte public plus large super le augmento del precios del allogiamento, le disponibilitate de viviendas accessibile e le rolo del fundos de investition in le mercato immobiliari. Le interpretationes del causas e del solutiones varia inter actores politic, organisationes de locatarios e representantes del sector immobiliari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://as.com/actualidad/politica/quien-es-valeria-racu-la-portavoz-y-activista-del-sindicato-de-inquilinas-que-lidera-la-acampada-de-sol-f202609-n/ |titulo=Quién es Valeria Racu, la portavoz y activista del Sindicato de Inquilinas que lidera la acampada de Sol |sitioweb=AS |accesso=10 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.elespanol.com/espana/politica/20260928/antropologa-moldava-formada-londres-activista-ensenar-horas-lideran-revuelta-sol/1003744398993_0.html |titulo=Una antropóloga moldava formada en Londres y una activista lideran la revuelta en Sol |sitioweb=El Español |accesso=10 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Pensamento e positiones public == Le activitate public de Racu se concentra super le derecto al vivienda e le conditiones del location. Illa ha sustenite le reduction del precios del location, le protection contra evictiones e le adoption de mesuras que, secundo le sindicato, limita le effectos del speculation immobiliari e facilita le accesso al allogiamento. Racu ha etiam criticate le governamento espaniol e altere actores politic pro lo que illa considera un responsa insufficiente al crise del vivienda. Iste positiones es parte del discurso del sindicato e debe esser distinguite del positiones de altere organisationes, del proprietarios e del partidos politic concernite al politica del allogiamento. {{Ref}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Racu, Valeria}} [[Categoria:Actrices]] [[Categoria:Anthropologos]] [[Categoria:Activistas]] [[Categoria:Allogiamento in Espania]] a9h6ovg8b2uinqirnwvu66bry29vihg 705676 705659 2026-11-08T03:20:22Z Tortoise0308 17411 Modification de [[Special:Contributions/~2026-58775-47|~2026-58775-47]] ([[User talk:~2026-58775-47|discussion]]) revertite; ultime version de [[User:Tortoise0308|Tortoise0308]] restaurate 705246 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/articulo/persona}} '''Valeria Racu''' (le [[27 de april]] [[1995]]) es un activista social e portavoce del [[Sindicato de Inquilinas e Inquilinos de Madrid]], organisation que defende le derectos del personas que vive in location in [[Espania]]. Nascite in [[Moldavia]], illa se trasladava a Espania durante su infantia e deveniva cognoscite publicamente per su activitate in le movimentos pro le derecto al vivienda e contra le augmento del precios del location. Ante su activitate sindical, Racu habeva etiam un breve carriera como actrice in series televisive espaniol. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://as.com/actualidad/politica/quien-es-valeria-racu-la-portavoz-y-activista-del-sindicato-de-inquilinas-que-lidera-la-acampada-de-sol-f202609-n/ |titulo=Quién es Valeria Racu, la portavoz y activista del Sindicato de Inquilinas que lidera la acampada de Sol |sitioweb=AS |accesso=10 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.elespanol.com/reportajes/20241023/valeria-racu-cara-sindicato-inquilinas-planta-sanchez-moncloa-no-sentamos-patronal/895410888_0.html |titulo=Valeria Racu, la cara del sindicato de inquilinas planta a Sánchez en Moncloa |sitioweb=El Español |accesso=10 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Racu ha defendite le regulation del mercato del location, le reduction del costos del allogiamento e le protection contra le evictiones. Su activitate public include le participation in mobilisationes, campanias e debates concernente le accesso al vivienda, le conditiones del contratos de location e le rolo del proprietarios e del fundos de investition in le mercato immobiliari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.elespanol.com/espana/20261004/valeria-racu-caseros-acaba-chollo-rentismo-cancer-psoe-rentista-huelga-general/1003744407539_0.amp.html |titulo=Valeria Racu: «A los caseros se les acaba el chollo» |sitioweb=El Español |accesso=10 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Infantia e education == Valeria Racu nasceva in Moldavia in 1995 e arrivava a Espania quando illa habeva cinque annos. Illa cresceva in [[Madrid]] e studiava in Espania ante de continuar su formation in altere paises. Durante su adolescientia, Racu participava in productiones televisive e obteneva parve rolos como actrice. Ulteriormente, illa studiava in [[Costa Rica]] con un borsa de studio ligate al programma de [[Colegios del Mundo Unido]] e al supporto del Fundation laCaixa. Post iste experientia educational, illa se transferiva al [[Regno Unite]] e studiava [[anthropologia social]] al [[School of Oriental and African Studies]] (SOAS), un institution universitari de [[Universitate de London]]. Su formation academic e su experientia in organisationes estudiantil precedeva su activitate public in le movimento pro le derecto al vivienda. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://as.com/actualidad/politica/quien-es-valeria-racu-la-portavoz-y-activista-del-sindicato-de-inquilinas-que-lidera-la-acampada-de-sol-f202609-n/ |titulo=Quién es Valeria Racu |sitioweb=AS |accesso=10 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Carriera como actrice == Ante de concentrar su activitate super le sindicalismo e le allogiamento, Racu participava in plure series televisive espaniol. Inter le productiones in le quales illa appareva se trova: * ''[[Doctor Mateo]]'' (2009–2010); * ''[[Hay alguien ahí]]'' (2010); * ''[[Hospital Central]]'' (2012); * ''[[El tiempo entre costuras]]'' (2013–2014). In ''Doctor Mateo'', illa interpretava le personage de Olga, durante que in ''El tiempo entre costuras'' illa interpretava Martina. Su participationes in iste series occurreva durante su adolescentia e precedeva su plus grande exposition public como activista. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3665919/ |titulo=Valeria Racu |sitioweb=IMDb |accesso=10 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Activitate estudiantil e prime experientias sindical == Durante su studos al SOAS in London, Racu participava in le activitate del sindicato de studentes. In 2019, illa se presentava al electiones estudiantil pro un position de representation ligate al benesser e al campanias. Iste experientia constitueva un del prime etapas documentate de su activitate in organisationes collective. In le Regno Unite, illa participava tamben in iniciativas concernente le conditiones de location e le derectos del studentes locatarios. Le experientia del mobilisationes estudiantil e del action sindical contribuiva al disveloppamento de su activitate posterior in le campo del allogiamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.elespanol.com/espana/politica/20260928/antropologa-moldava-formada-londres-activista-ensenar-horas-lideran-revuelta-sol/1003744398993_0.html |titulo=Una antropóloga moldava formada en Londres y una activista lideran la revuelta en Sol |sitioweb=El Español |accesso=10 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Activitate in le Sindicato de Inquilinas == Post su retorno a Espania, Racu se implica in le activitate del [[Sindicato de Inquilinas e Inquilinos de Madrid]], un organisation que representa locatarios e promova actiones collective concernente le conditiones de location e le derecto al vivienda. Desde 2022, illa figura como un del portavoces del sindicato. Le organisation participa in campanias contra le augmento del locationes, le evictiones e le difficultates de accesso al allogiamento. Su strategias include assembleas, manifestationes, negotiationes con institutiones e actiones collective de locatarios. Racu deveniva un del portavoces plus visibile del sindicato e interveniva regularmente in entrevistas e actos public. Illa ha defendite le idea que le accesso al vivienda debe esser tractate como un derecto social e que le politicas public debe intervenir in le conditiones del mercato del location. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.elespanol.com/reportajes/20241023/valeria-racu-cara-sindicato-inquilinas-planta-sanchez-moncloa-no-sentamos-patronal/895410888_0.html |titulo=Valeria Racu, la cara del sindicato de inquilinas planta a Sánchez en Moncloa |sitioweb=El Español |accesso=10 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Exopero de locationes de 2020 == In 2020, durante le crise economic associate al pandemia de COVID-19, Racu participava in le movimento que promoveva un exopero de locationes. Le initiative demandava mesuras de protection pro le locatarios que habeva difficultates a pagar le location durante le crise e reclamava un responsa public al situation economic. Le exopero esseva parte de un mobilisation plus large del movimentos de locatarios in Espania e de altere paises. Le demandas includeva le suspension de certe obligationes de pagamento, le protection contra evictiones e mesuras pro impedir que le crise sanitar e economic agravava le precarietate residential. Le participation de Racu in iste action contribuiva al evolution de su activitate sindical e al su notorietate in le movimento pro le derecto al vivienda. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://elpais.com/economia/2024-10-14/huelga-de-alquileres-que-ocurre-si-dejo-de-pagar-la-renta-me-pueden-desahuciar.html |titulo=Huelga de alquileres: ¿qué ocurre si dejo de pagar la renta? |sitioweb=El País |accesso=10 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Mobilisationes pro le derecto al vivienda == Durante le annos sequente, Racu participava in actiones public contra le augmento del costos del location e in campanias que reclamava cambios in le regulation del mercato residential. In octobre 2024, illa esseva un del portavoces del sindicato in un mobilisation que exigeva mesuras contra le augmento del locationes e contra le practicas de proprietarios e agentes immobiliari considerate prejudicial al locatarios per le organisation. Le sindicato ha promovite, inter altere demandas, le regulation del precios del location, le extension del protection contra evictiones e le augmento del allogiamento public. Racu ha defendite publicamente iste demandas e ha criticate le influentia que, secundo su interpretation, le interesses immobiliari exerce super le politicas de vivienda. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.elespanol.com/reportajes/20241023/valeria-racu-cara-sindicato-inquilinas-planta-sanchez-moncloa-no-sentamos-patronal/895410888_0.html |titulo=Valeria Racu, la cara del sindicato de inquilinas planta a Sánchez en Moncloa |sitioweb=El Español |accesso=10 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Protestas in le Puerta del Sol in 2026 == In septembre 2026, Racu deveniva un del figuras public plus visibile del protestas concernente le derecto al vivienda in Madrid. Le mobilisationes esseva organise per le Sindicato de Inquilinas e includeva un acampada in le [[Puerta del Sol]], post le desahucio de Maricarmen Abascal, un femina de 87 annos cuje caso provocava un grande reaction public. Racu, como portavoce del sindicato, explicava le demandas del organisation e reclamava actiones legislative concernente le locationes, le protection de locatarios e le accesso al allogiamento. Le protestas cercava obtener le adoption de mesuras de vivienda per le governamento e le Parlamento espaniol. Le actiones e le demandas del sindicato faceva parte de un debatte public plus large super le augmento del precios del allogiamento, le disponibilitate de viviendas accessibile e le rolo del fundos de investition in le mercato immobiliari. Le interpretationes del causas e del solutiones varia inter actores politic, organisationes de locatarios e representantes del sector immobiliari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://as.com/actualidad/politica/quien-es-valeria-racu-la-portavoz-y-activista-del-sindicato-de-inquilinas-que-lidera-la-acampada-de-sol-f202609-n/ |titulo=Quién es Valeria Racu, la portavoz y activista del Sindicato de Inquilinas que lidera la acampada de Sol |sitioweb=AS |accesso=10 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.elespanol.com/espana/politica/20260928/antropologa-moldava-formada-londres-activista-ensenar-horas-lideran-revuelta-sol/1003744398993_0.html |titulo=Una antropóloga moldava formada en Londres y una activista lideran la revuelta en Sol |sitioweb=El Español |accesso=10 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Pensamento e positiones public == Le activitate public de Racu se concentra super le derecto al vivienda e le conditiones del location. Illa ha sustenite le reduction del precios del location, le protection contra evictiones e le adoption de mesuras que, secundo le sindicato, limita le effectos del speculation immobiliari e facilita le accesso al allogiamento. Racu ha etiam criticate le governamento espaniol e altere actores politic pro lo que illa considera un responsa insufficiente al crise del vivienda. Iste positiones es parte del discurso del sindicato e debe esser distinguite del positiones de altere organisationes, del proprietarios e del partidos politic concernite al politica del allogiamento. {{Ref}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Racu, Valeria}} [[Categoria:Actrices]] [[Categoria:Anthropologos]] [[Categoria:Activistas]] [[Categoria:Allogiamento in Espania]] 8nhiw1g9g9tz1fz7cx0ftdt705jdkz7 0 62209 705668 704334 2026-11-08T00:44:40Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 705668 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Suriname''' es marcate per le evolution de societates indigena, le colonisation europee, le plantationes basate super le sclavitude, le immigration de laboratores contractate e le formation de un societate multietnic. Situate in le costa nord-oriental de America del Sud, Suriname esseva occupate per le nederlandeses in le seculo XVII e deveniva un colonia de Nederland. Le sclavitude esseva abolite formalmente in 1863, ma le ancian sclavos esseva obligate a continuar a laborar durante dece annos sub le regime de staatstoezicht. A partir del fin del seculo XIX, le immigration de personas proveniente de India, Java e China transformava le composition del population. Suriname obteneva autonomia interne in 1954 e deveniva independente le 25 de novembre 1975.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nationaalarchief.nl/onderzoeken/onafhankelijke-republiek-suriname |titulo=Onafhankelijke Republiek Suriname |sitioweb=Nationaal Archief |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/suriname |titulo=Suriname: Countries |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Post le independentia, le pais experimentava un colpo de stato militar in 1980, le homicidios politic de decembre 1982, un guerra civil durante le annos 1980 e un retorno al governamento electoral. In le seculo XXI, le politica national ha essite marcate per crises institutional, difficultates economic e le perspectiva de nove ingresos proveniente del exploitation de petroleum offshore. == Populationes indigena == Ante le arrivata del europeos, le territorio del actual Suriname esseva habitate per diverse populationes indigena. Inter illas se trovava grupos de Arawak e Caribe, con modos de vita adaptate al costa, al savannas e al foresta tropic del interior. Le communitates indigena practicava agricultura, pisca, cassa e recolta de productos forestal. Illas manteneva relationes de intercambio con altere populationes del region e disponeva de cognoscentias pronfund que concerniva le fluvios, le ambientes natural e le recursos del territorio. Le contacto con le europeos introduceva nove mercantias, maladias e conflictos territorial. Le expansion del colonisation e del plantationes provocava dislocationes e violentia contra le populationes indigena, que continuava tamen a mantener lor culturas e formas de organisation. Le populationes indigena constitue ancora parte del societate surinamese. Lor derectos territorial e le protection del ambientes in le quales illas vive continua a esser objectos de discussion public e de conflictos concernente le exploitation de recursos natural.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/information-par-pays/suriname/presentation-du-suriname |titulo=Présentation du Suriname |sitioweb=France Diplomatie |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/suriname/ |titulo=2022 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Suriname |sitioweb=U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Arrivata del europeos e colonisation == === Prime settlementes europee === Durante le seculo XVI, navigatores europee explorava le costa del actual Suriname. Le nederlandeses, le angleses e altere poteres europee tentava establir settlementes e commercio in le region. Le colonisation se intensificava durante le seculo XVII, quando le production de zuccharo, caffe, cacao e coton deveniva un elemento importante del economia colonial. Le plantationes requireva un grande quantitate de labor, que esseva obtenite principalmente per medio del deportation e sclavisation de africanos. === Conquista nederlandese de 1667 === In 1667, durante le Secunde Guerra Anglo-Nederlandese, le nederlandeses assumeva le controlo de Suriname. Le accordos de pace de Breda confirmava le possession nederlandese del colonia, durante que New Amsterdam, in America del Nord, passava al controlo anglese e deveniva New York. Suriname deveniva un colonia orientate al production agricole pro le mercato international. Le plantationes esseva establite principalmente al longo del fluvios, que facilitava le transporto de productos verso le portos e le mercatos europee. Le administration colonial esseva organisate pro proteger le interesses economic del proprietarios de plantationes e del commercio. Le labor forzate, le sclavitude e le extraction de recursos formava le base del economia colonial.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nationaalarchief.nl/beleven/onderwijs/bronnenbox/afschaffing-slavernij-in-suriname-en-het-caribisch-gebied-1863 |titulo=Afschaffing slavernij in Suriname en het Caribisch gebied (1863) |sitioweb=Nationaal Archief |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sclavitude e resistentia == === Plantationes e commercio de sclavos === Durante le periodo colonial, le economia de Suriname dependeva largemente del labor de africanos deportate per le commercio transatlantic de sclavos. Le personas sclavisate esseva obligate a laborar in plantationes de zuccharo, caffe, cacao e coton, sub conditiones de violentia e exploitation. Le proprietarios e le administration colonial imponeva un systema juridic e economic que tractava le personas sclavisate como proprietate. Le resistentia assumeva formas diverse, includente le fugas, le sabotage, le refusa de labor e le rebelliones. Le systema colonial produceva etiam un societate stratificate, in le qual le proprietarios europee e le administration exerceva le poter economic e politic, durante que le population sclavisate esseva private de libertate e de derectos fundamental. === Maroons e communitates autonome === Un numero importante de africanos sclavisate fugiva del plantationes e establiva communitates autonome in le foresta interior. Lor descendentes es cognoscite como Maroons o, in Suriname, per nomines specific de communitates como Ndyuka, Saramaccan e Saamaka. Le Maroons organisava lor proprie communitates, disveloppava formas de agricultura e manteneva traditions cultural e linguistic de origine africane. Illes resisteva militarmente al autoritates colonial e a expeditiones destinate a destruer lor settlementes. Durante le seculo XVIII, plure communitates maroon obteneva accordos de pace con le autoritates nederlandese. Iste accordos recognosceva formas de autonomia e permitteva a certe grupos viver al foras del controlo directe del plantationes. Le relationes con le autoritates colonial remaneva tamen variabile e frequentemente conflictual. Le Maroons ha un rolo central in le historia de Suriname, tanto pro lor resistentia al sclavitude como pro le conservation de identitates cultural proprie.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nationaalarchief.nl/onderzoeken/zoekhulpen/suriname-0 |titulo=Suriname: zoekhulpen en archieven |sitioweb=Nationaal Archief |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/suriname/ |titulo=2022 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Suriname |sitioweb=U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Occupation anglese e retorno al Nederland == Durante le guerras europee del fin del seculo XVIII e del initio del seculo XIX, Suriname passava temporarimente sub controlo anglese. Nederland esseva alora sub le influentia politic de Francia, e le situation international alterava le relationes inter le poteres colonial. Le angleses occupava Suriname in 1799. Post le fin del guerras napoleonian, le colonia esseva restituite al Nederland in 1816. Le plantationes continuava a depender del sclavitude. Le economia colonial remaneva vulnerabile al fluctuationes del precios international e al difficultates de production e de financiamento. Le abolition del commercio transatlantic de sclavos e le cambios del politica colonial augmentava le pression super le systema de plantationes, ma le sclavitude in Suriname non esseva abolite usque al 1863.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nationaalarchief.nl/beleven/onderwijs/bronnenbox/afschaffing-slavernij-in-suriname-en-het-caribisch-gebied-1863 |titulo=Afschaffing slavernij in Suriname en het Caribisch gebied (1863) |sitioweb=Nationaal Archief |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Abolition del sclavitude == Nederland aboliva formalmente le sclavitude in Suriname le 1 de julio 1863. Circa 34 800 personas esseva declarate libere in le colonia, ma le abolition non conduceva immediatemente a un libertate plen. Le ex-sclavos de etate laboral esseva submittite al regime de staatstoezicht, o controlo statal, durante dece annos. Inter 1863 e 1873, multe de illes esseva obligate a continuar a laborar sub contractos in le plantationes. Le libertate plen esseva recognoscite post le fin de iste periodo in 1873. Post le abolition, multe ex-sclavos discargava le plantationes e se establiva in Paramaribo o in altere settlementes. Le proprietarios de plantationes cercava nove fontes de labor, lo que conduceva al introduction de laboratores contractate proveniente de Asia. Le abolition esseva un momento fundamental in le historia del pais, ma le consequentias del sclavitude continuava a influentiar le proprietate del terra, le relationes de labor e le inegalitates social.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/achtergrond/2013/27/op-1-juli-1863-47-duizend-slaven-vrijgemaakt-in-suriname-en-op-de-antillen |titulo=Op 1 juli 1863 47 duizend slaven vrijgemaakt in Suriname en op de Antillen |sitioweb=Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nationaalarchief.nl/onderzoeken/zoekhulpen/suriname-en-de-nederlandse-antillen-vrijverklaarde-slaafgemaakten |titulo=Suriname en de Nederlandse Antillen: Vrijverklaarde slaafgemaakten |sitioweb=Nationaal Archief |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Immigration e formation del societate multietnic == === Laboratores de India === Post le abolition del sclavitude, le plantationes requireva nove laboratores. Le governamento nederlandese establiva accordos pro recrutar personas de India Britannica. Le prime grande grupo de laboratores contractate indian arrivava in Suriname le 5 de junio 1873, a bordo del nave Lalla Rookh. Inter 1873 e 1916, plus de 34 000 personas proveniente de India arrivava in le colonia pro laborar principalmente in plantationes. Lor descendentes forma le communitate hindostani de Suriname, un del componentes principal del population contemporanee. Le laboratores esseva recrutate sub contractos que definiva lor periodo de labor e le conditiones de lor empleo. In le practica, illes frequentemente faceva fronte a conditiones difficile, discrimination e restrictiones al mobilitate. === Laboratores de Java === A partir de 1890, le autoritates colonial comenciava a importar laboratores del Indias Nederlandese, specialmente de Java. Le immigration javanese continuava durante plure decennios e contribueva al formation del communitate javanese de Suriname. Le societate surinamese deveniva assi plus diverse, con populationes de origine african, indigena, nederlandese, sudasiatic e sud-estasiatic. Le diverse communitates manteneva lor linguas, traditions religiose, practicas culinar e formas de organisation familiar, durante que illas participava progressivemente al formation de un cultura national commun.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nationaalarchief.nl/onderzoeken/zoekhulpen/hindostaanse-contractarbeiders-in-suriname-1873-1916 |titulo=Hindostaanse contractarbeiders in Suriname, 1873–1916 |sitioweb=Nationaal Archief |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nationaalarchief.nl/onderzoeken/zoekhulpen/javaanse-contractarbeiders-in-suriname-1890-1930 |titulo=Javaanse contractarbeiders in Suriname, 1890–1930 |sitioweb=Nationaal Archief |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Immigrantes chinese e altere grupos === Le immigration chinese in Suriname comenciava ja ante le abolition del sclavitude e continuava durante le periodo de labor contractate. Le personas chinese laborava in plantationes e in altere sectores economic, e lor descendentes participava al disveloppamento del commercio e del vita urban. Altere grupos, includente europeos e migrantes proveniente de regiones vicin, addeva se al population. Le interaction inter iste communitates contribueva al character multietnic e multireligiose del societate surinamese contemporanee. == Autonomia e via verso le independentia == Durante le seculo XX, le demandas pro un plus grande autonomia politic augmentava in Suriname. Le organisationes politic local disveloppava programas relative al representation, al education, al labor e al gestion del recursos del colonia. In 1954, le Statuut voor het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden establiva un nove relation constitutional inter Nederland, Suriname e le Antillas Nederlandese. Suriname obteneva autonomia in multe materias interne, durante que certe competentias, como le defense e le relationes exterior, remaneva in le quadro del Regno. Le autonomisation permitteva le disveloppamento de institutiones politic local e de partidos que competeva in electiones. Le questiones concernente le independentia, le economia e le relationes con Nederland deveniva central in le debatte public.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nationaalarchief.nl/onderzoeken/onafhankelijke-republiek-suriname |titulo=Onafhankelijke Republiek Suriname |sitioweb=Nationaal Archief |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/suriname |titulo=Suriname: Countries |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Independentia in 1975 == Suriname deveniva un stato independente le 25 de novembre 1975. Le independentia esseva formalmente recognoscite per Nederland, e Johan Ferrier deveniva le prime presidente del nove republica. Le independentia esseva accompaniate per accordos concernente assistentia economic nederlandese e le transition del administration colonial verso institutiones national. Durante le annos precedente e post le independentia, multe surinameses emigrava verso Nederland, in parte pro le incertitude concernente le futuro economic e politic del nove stato. Le nove republica debeva affrontar le construction de institutiones, le organisation del administration public e le diversification de su economia. Le relationes con Nederland remaneva importante, specialmente in materia de migration, education, commercio e assistentia al disveloppamento.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nationaalarchief.nl/onderzoeken/onafhankelijke-republiek-suriname |titulo=Onafhankelijke Republiek Suriname |sitioweb=Nationaal Archief |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Colpo de stato de 1980 == Le 25 de februario 1980, un grupo de militares sub le direction de Desi Bouterse deponeva le governamento electe. Le colpo de stato marcava le initio de un periodo de dominion militar e de concentration del poter. Le nove autoritates installava un governamento civil, ma le poter effective se concentrava progressivemente in le commandamento militar. Le opposition al regime cresceva, includente protestas de sindicatos, organisationes religiose, estudiantes e actores politic. Le 8 de decembre 1982, quindec personas —inter illas advocatos, jornalistas, professores e altere criticos del regime— esseva arrestate e occidite. Le evento deveniva cognoscite como le Homicidios de Decembre e remane un del episodios plus grave del historia politic contemporanee del pais. Le homicidios provocava condemnationes international e deteriorava le relationes con Nederland, que suspendava su assistentia al disveloppamento. Le questiones de responsabilitate juridic e de memoria public continuava a esser disputate durante decennios.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://cidh.oas.org/countryrep/Suriname83eng/intro.htm |titulo=Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Suriname |sitioweb=Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, Organización de los Estados Americanos |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://apnews.com/article/06f6ec073ca947fc862af1beb35993e4 |titulo=Suriname's ex-dictator sentenced to 20 years in prison for the 1982 killings of political opponents |sitioweb=Associated Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Guerra interne e retorno al electiones == In 1986, un conflicto armate comenciava inter le forzas del exercito e le Jungle Commando, un grupo armate associate a Ronnie Brunswijk e al resistentia maroon. Le conflicto, cognoscite como le Guerra del Interior, affectava specialmente le regiones del interior e causava mortes, destruction de villas e dislocation de populationes, includente refugiatos que fugiva verso le Guiana Francese. Le guerra e le crises economic augmentava le pression pro un retorno al governamento civil. In 1987, Suriname approbava un nove constitution e organisava electiones. Le governamento civil retornava, ben que le militares continuava a exercer influentia e le transition remaneva fragile. In decembre 1990, le militares exerceva nove pression super le autoritates civil e provocava le renuncia del presidente e del vicepresidente. Electiones in 1991 conduceva a un nove governamento civil. Le accordos de pace e le negotiationes contribueva a finir le principal phase del conflicto del interior durante le initio del annos 1990.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://1997-2001.state.gov/background_notes/suriname_0398_bgn.html |titulo=Background Notes: Suriname |sitioweb=U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Politica e economia durante le annos 1990 e 2000 == Post le retorno al governamento electe, le pais cercava a stabilisar su institutiones e su economia. Le successive administrationes affrontava inflation, debita public, difficultates fiscal e variationes del precios international del materias prime. Le electiones permitteva le alternation de governamentos e le participation de plure partidos. Le relationes con Nederland e con altere paises del region remaneva importante pro le commercio, le migration e le cooperation international. Le extraction de bauxita, le production de alumina, le industria del auro e le exploitation del forestas formava partes importante del economia. Le dependentia de un numero limitate de productos exportate rendeva le pais vulnerabile al cambios del mercato international. == Presidentia de Desi Bouterse == Desi Bouterse retornava al centro del politica national per medio del Partido Democratic National (NDP). In 2010, ille esseva eligite presidente per le Assemblea National, e esseva reeligite in 2015. Su governamentos esseva marcate per programas economic e social, ma etiam per controversias concernente le Homicidios de Decembre, le responsabilitate del militares e le question del impunitate. In 2019, un corte le condemnava in absentia in relation con le occisiones de 1982; in 2023, le condemnation esseva confirmate per le corte appellate e Bouterse non se presentava pro comenciar a executar le pena. Bouterse moriva in decembre 2024, durante que ille se trovava fugitive. Le proceso juridic concernente le homicidios e le memoria del victimas continuava a haber un rolo importante in le debatte public.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://apnews.com/article/fe5300461c2239c7bbdb6b5272660ed0 |titulo=Desi Bouterse, a dictator convicted of murder who twice ruled Suriname, has died at 79 |sitioweb=Associated Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Governamento de Chan Santokhi == In 2020, Chan Santokhi, leader del Partido Reformista Progressista (VHP), deveniva presidente. Su governamento affrontava un grave crise economic, un alto debita public e difficultates concernente le inflation e le costo del vita. Le administration negotiava con le Fondo Monetari International un programma de supporto economic e promoveva mesuras de stabilisation fiscal e de reforma. Le effectos de iste politicas e le reduction de certe subsidios deveniva temas de debatte public. Le electiones general del 25 de maio 2025 produceva un Parlamento fragmentate. Le NDP obteneva le plus grande numero de sedes, ma non un majoritate absolute, e le formation de un coalition deveniva necessari pro determinar le nove governamento. Santokhi moriva le 30 de martio 2026, post le fin de su mandato presidential.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/information-par-pays/suriname/presentation-du-suriname |titulo=Présentation du Suriname |sitioweb=France Diplomatie |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Presidentia de Jennifer Geerlings-Simons == Post le electiones de maio 2025, le Assemblea National eligeva Jennifer Geerlings-Simons como presidente le 6 de julio. Illa esseva installate le 16 de julio 2025, deveniente le prime femina a occupar le presidentia de Suriname. Gregory Rusland esseva installate como vicepresidente. Le governamento de Geerlings-Simons face fronte a questiones concernente le stabilisation economic, le gestion del debita public, le reduction del povretta e le distribution del beneficios proveniente del recursos natural. Le perspectivas de production de petroleum offshore ha augmentate le importantia del debattito super le administration del ingresos futur, le protection ambiental e le investimento in servicios public.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://gov.sr/jennifer-geerling-simons-officieel-geinstalleerd-als-eerste-vrouwelijke-president-suriname/ |titulo=Jennifer Geerling-Simons officieel geïnstalleerd als eerste vrouwelijke president van Suriname |sitioweb=Government of Suriname |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/suriname-parliament-elects-simons-first-female-president-2025-07-06/ |titulo=Suriname parliament elects Simons as first female president |sitioweb=Reuters |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Societate e identitate cultural == Le societate surinamese es multietnic e multireligiose. Illa include descendentes de populationes indigena, africane, nederlandese, sudasiatic, javanese e chinese, assi como communitates de migration plus recente. Nederlandese es le lingua official, dum que Sranan Tongo es largemente usate como lingua franca. Inter le linguas de origine asiatica se trova variantes de Sarnami e de javanese surinamese. Le linguas indigena e le linguas del Maroons remane importante in le interior. Le religiones practicate include Christianismo, Hinduismo, Islam e traditiones religiose afro-surinamese como Winti. Le festivitates national e religiose reflecte le diversitate historic del population. Le cultura surinamese es etiam visibile in le musica, le gastronomia, le litteratura e le traditiones oral. Le historia del plantationes, del migration e del resistentia ha contribuite a formar un identitate national in le qual coexiste plure heritages cultural.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/information-par-pays/suriname/presentation-du-suriname |titulo=Présentation du Suriname |sitioweb=France Diplomatie |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Economia e recursos natural == Le economia de Suriname ha historicamente dependite del agricultura de plantation, del bauxita e del production de alumina, e postea del exploitation de auro e petroleum. Le exportation de recursos natural constitue un fonte important de ingresos, ma expone le pais al variationes del precios international. Le forestas tropic, le fluvios e le biodiversitate del interior es elementos importante del patrimonio natural e del economia. Le exploitation del auro, del ligno e de altere recursos pote tamen generar conflictos concernente le protection ambiental, le derectos del communitates indigena e maroon e le repartition del beneficios. Le perspectivas de production de petroleum offshore ha aperite un nove phase in le debattito economic. Le gestion del ingresos futur, le investimento in infrastructuras e education, e le protection del ambientes marin e costal figura inter le questiones que pote influentiar le evolution del pais durante le sequente decennios.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://eitisuriname.gov.sr/en/about-suriname/overview-of-the-economic-development/ |titulo=Overview of the economic development |sitioweb=EITI Suriname |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260212005440/https://eitisuriname.gov.sr/en/about-suriname/overview-of-the-economic-development/ |archivedate=2026-02-12 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-14}}</ref> == Memoria historic e reconciliation == Le memoria del sclavitude, del labor contractate, del resistentia maroon e del violentia politic del seculo XX occupa un loco central in le historia contemporanee de Suriname. Le commemoration del abolition del sclavitude le 1 de julio, cognoscite como Ketikoti, es un momento importante pro le memoria del sclavos e lor descendentes. Le Homicidios de Decembre e le guerra del interior remane temas de memoria, justitia e reconciliation. Le recognition del victimas, le accesso al archives e le discussiones super le derectos territorial del communitates indigena e maroon forma parte del debatte super le relation inter le passato e le futuro del pais. {{Ref}} {{Historia de America}} [[Categoria:Historia de Suriname| ]] 324kills8smyg3ac1yhvc1oaix5thsf 0 62237 705667 705030 2026-11-08T00:42:49Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 705667 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas''' tracta le evolution del territorio que hodie constitue iste stato insular del Antillas Minor, desde le societates indigene precolombian e le colonisation europee usque al independentia del 27 de octobre 1979 e le disveloppamento del federation contemporanee. Le pais comprende le insula principal de [[Sancte Vincente]] e un archipelago de insulas plus parve appellate [[Grenadinas]], extendite verso le sud in direction de Grenada. Su historia es marcate per le resistance del populationes indigene, le rivalitate inter Francia e Grande Britannia, le sclavitude e le economia de plantationes, le deportation del Garifuna, le evolution del movimentos de labor e le transition a un stato independente. Le heritages indigene, african, europee e caribee ha contribuite a formar le identitate cultural del pais.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/saint-vincent-grenadines |titulo=Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Populationes indigene == Ante le arrivata del europeos, Sancte Vincente esseva habitate per populationes indigene del Caribe. Le insula habeva communitates de origine arawak e karib, que viveva de agricultura, piscation, navigation e exploitation del recursos natural. Le populationes manteneva relationes con altere insulas del Antillas e utilisava lor cognoscentias del ambiente marin e tropical pro organisar le vita quotidian. Le Kalinago, appellate caribes in numerose fontes colonial, resisteva al establimento de colonias europee. Sancte Vincente deveniva un loco importante de resistance indigene proque le geographia del insula, con su montanias e vegetation dense, permitteva al habitantes defender lor territorio. Durante le seculos XVII e XVIII, le population indigene se misceva in parte con africanos qui habeva fugite del sclavitude o qui habeva naufragate in le insula. Le descendentes de iste communitates deveniva cognoscite como Garifuna, o caribes nigre, un population con un identitate cultural distincte, marcate per elementos indigene e african. Le Garifuna manteneva relationes con le Kalinago e se opponeva al expansion del plantationes europee. Lor resistance deveniva un del aspectos plus importante del historia colonial de Sancte Vincente.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://tourism.gov.vc/tourism/index.php/44-culture-department/culture-administration/212-culture |titulo=Culture |sitioweb=Ministry of Tourism, Saint Vincente and the Grenadines |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261015063427/https://tourism.gov.vc/tourism/index.php/44-culture-department/culture-administration/212-culture |archivedate=2026-10-15 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-14}}</ref> == Arrivata del europeos == Le insulas esseva cognoscite per le expeditiones europee durante le periodo del viages transatlantic del fin del seculo XV e del initio del seculo XVI. Sancte Vincente es frequentemente associate al expedition de [[Christophoro Colombo]] de 1498, durante su tertie viage, ben que le detalles del prime contacto europee e del origine del nomine del insula varia inter le traditiones historic. Le colonisation stabile esseva retardate per le resistance del populationes indigene. Durante le seculo XVII, francese e angleses tentava establir insediamentos e extender lor influentia super le insula, ma le Kalinago e le Garifuna opponeva se a iste tentativas. Le insulas del Grenadinas habeva un evolution differente secundo lor dimension e position geographic. Alcunes esseva usate pro le navigation e le commercio regional, durante que le colonisation e le occupation permanente variava de un insula al altere. == Rivalitate inter Francia e Grande Britannia == Durante le seculo XVIII, Sancte Vincente deveniva un territorio disputate inter Francia e Grande Britannia. Le francese e le britannicos cercava controlar le insula pro su position strategic in le Caribe e pro le potential de disveloppar plantationes de zuccaro e altere productos tropical. Le britannicos obteneva le insula per le Tractato de Paris de 1763, que terminava le Guerra del Septem Annos. Le autoritates britannic tentava alora establir un administration colonial plus solide e extender le occupation del terras. Le expansion britannic provocava opposition del Kalinago e del Garifuna. Le colonos cercava obtener terras pro plantationes e limitar le autonomia indigene, durante que le habitantes local tentava mantener lor territorio e lor modos de vita. Le conflictos deveniva plus intense durante le annos sequente. In 1779, durante un nove conflicto inter Francia e Grande Britannia, le francese occupava Sancte Vincente. Le dominio francese durava usque al fin del guerra, e le Tractato de Paris de 1783 confirmava le retorno del insula al controlo britannic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/saint-vincent-grenadines |titulo=Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Guerras del Caribes e resistance del Garifuna == Le conflictos inter le populationes indigene e le autoritates britannic se intensificava durante le secunde medietate del seculo XVIII. Le britannicos voleva controlar le terras e establir plantationes, durante que le Kalinago e le Garifuna se opponeva al expansion colonial. Un prime guerra importante occurreva inter 1769 e 1773. Le britannicos tentava imponer lor autoritate super le territorio, ma le resistance indigene e le difficultates del ambiente complicava le operationes militar. Le conflicto terminava con un accordo que delimitava certe terras e recognosceva temporarimente un parte del autonomia del populationes indigene. Le pace remaneva fragile. Le expansion del plantationes e le conflictos concernente le proprietate del terras provocava nove tensiones. In 1795, le Garifuna e lor alliatos initiava un rebellion contra le dominio britannic. Le resistance esseva dirigite per Joseph Chatoyer, considerate hodie le prime heroe national de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas. Chatoyer coordinava le resistance contra le forzas britannic, ma esseva occidite le 14 de martio 1795. Su morte esseva un colpo importante pro le rebellion, ben que le combattimentos continuava durante le annos sequente. In 1796, le britannicos reprimeva le resistance e decideva deportar grande parte del Garifuna capturate. Plure milles de personas esseva transportate al insula de Balliceaux, ubi multe moriva per le conditiones de detention, le maladias e le manca de alimentos. Le superstites esseva deportate al insula de Roatán, al costa del hodiernan Honduras, in 1797. Lor descendentes se establiva plus tarde in Honduras, Belize, Guatemala e Nicaragua. Le deportation del Garifuna constitue un del episodios plus significative del historia del colonisation britannic in le Caribe. Illo transformava le distribution geographic del population e contribueva al expansion del cultura Garifuna in America Central.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://tourism.gov.vc/tourism/index.php/44-culture-department/culture-administration/212-culture |titulo=Culture |sitioweb=Ministry of Tourism, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261015063427/https://tourism.gov.vc/tourism/index.php/44-culture-department/culture-administration/212-culture |archivedate=2026-10-15 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-14}}</ref> == Plantationes e sclavitude == Durante le seculos XVIII e XIX, le economia de Sancte Vincente deveniva dependente del plantationes, specialmente le production de zuccaro. Le proprietarios europee controlava le terras e le ingenios, durante que le labor esseva effectuate in grande parte per africanos deportate e reducite in sclavitude. Le plantationes transformava le paisage e le structura social del insula. Le population sclavisate esseva submittite a labor forziate, separation de familias e restrictiones juridic severe. Le ricchessas producite per le zuccaro esseva concentrate in le manos del proprietarios e del mercatores, durante que le major parte del population habeva poc accesso al proprietate e al education. Le sclavitude non impediva le resistance. Le personas enslaveate fugiva, organisava actos de opposition e manteneva practicas cultural e religiose proveniente de Africa. Le memoria del resistance del Garifuna e del altere communitates indigene forma parte del historia plus large del opposition al domination colonial. Le commercio transatlantic de sclavos esseva abolite per Grande Britannia in 1807, ma le sclavitude mesme continuava in Sancte Vincente usque al implementation del legislation abolitionista del annos 1830.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://1997-2001.state.gov/background_notes/stvincent_0600_bgn.html |titulo=Background Notes: St. Vincent & the Grenadines |sitioweb=U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Abolition del sclavitude == [[Slavery Abolition Act 1833|Slavery Abolition Act de 1833]] entrava in vigor in 1834 e aboleva formalmente le sclavitude in le colonias britannic. Tamen, le libertate non deveniva complete immediatemente, proque un periodo de apprentissage obligava multe ex-sclavos a continuar laborar pro lor ancian proprietarios. Le apprentissage terminava in 1838, quando le libertate complete esseva establite in le Antillas britannic. Le abolition transformava le relationes laboral e social, ma le ancian proprietarios manteneva grande parte del terras e del capital. Multe ex-sclavos cercava autonomia economic, accesso al terras e melior conditiones de labor. Le plantationes continuava a functionar, ma le proprietarios debeva adaptar se al labor salariate e al nove relationes social. Le societate post-emancipation se disveloppava in un contexto de inegalitate, dependentia economic e cambios progressive in le education e le vita religiose. == Administration colonial e reformas constitutional == Durante le seculo XIX, Sancte Vincente esseva administrate como un colonia britannic. Le governamento esseva exercite per un governator e per consilios legislative, con un representation limitate e un forte influentia del autoritates colonial e del proprietarios. Le administration esseva integrate in le structura regional del [[Insulas del Vento]] britannic, que coordinava le governamento de plure colonias del Antillas Minor. Le organisation administrative esseva modificate plure vices, durante que le population local reclamava un plus grande representation e participation politic. In 1925, esseva establite un Consilio Legislative que includeva membros eligite e nominate. Le suffragio universal adulte esseva introducite in 1951, permittente a un parte plus large del population participar in le electiones. Iste reforma contribueva al disveloppamento del partidos politic e del movimentos que demandava autonomia. Le disveloppamento del education e del organisationes de labor durante le prime medietate del seculo XX contribueva tamben a un conscientia politic plus forte. Le demandas pro melior salarios, derectos laboral e representation deveniva parte del movimento verso le autogovernamento.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.assembly.gov.vc/assembly/index.php/legislature-historical-perspectives |titulo=Legislature Historical Perspectives |sitioweb=House of Assembly, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261015231917/https://www.assembly.gov.vc/assembly/index.php/legislature-historical-perspectives |archivedate=2026-10-15 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-14}}</ref> == Eruption del vulcano La Soufrière in 1902 == Le 7 de maio 1902, le vulcano [[La Soufrière (Sancte Vincente)|La Soufrière]] eruptava violentemente. Le eruption occideva circa 1 500 personas, con grande damnos in le nord del insula e destruction de terras agricole. Le eruption occurreva poc ante le catastrophe del Monte Pelée in Martinica, que occideva un grande parte del population de Saint-Pierre. Le eventos demonstrava le vulnerabilitate del Antillas al activitate volcanic e al altere phenomenos natural. Le agricultura esseva gravemente affectate, e le damnos contribueva al difficultates economic del insula durante le annos sequente. Le memoria del eruption remane un elemento importante del historia natural e social de Sancte Vincente.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://1997-2001.state.gov/background_notes/stvincent_0600_bgn.html |titulo=Background Notes: St. Vincent & the Grenadines |sitioweb=U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Federation del Antillas e autonomia == Durante le annos 1950, le colonias britannic del Caribe tentava establir un structura politic regional. Sancte Vincente participava in le Federation del Antillas, create in 1958, que reuniva plure territorios britannic con le objectivo de crear un federation que poterea preparar le transition verso un independentia commun. Le federation se dissolveva in 1962, post que Jamaica e Trinidad e Tobago decideva retirar se. Le dissolution faceva que cata colonia debeva cercar su proprie camino constitutional. In 1960, le status constitutional de Sancte Vincente esseva meliorate: le chef del governamento deveniva Chief Minister e le Consilio Executive assumeva un forma plus proche al Cabinetto. Le insula obteneva ulteriormente le possibilitate de devenir un stato associate del Regno Unite secundo le West Indies Act de 1967. Le 27 de octobre 1969, Sancte Vincente deveniva un stato associate del Regno Unite. Le nove status accordava le controlo del affaires interne, durante que Grande Britannia manteneva le responsabilitate pro le defensa e le relationes exterior.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.assembly.gov.vc/assembly/index.php/legislature-historical-perspectives |titulo=Legislature Historical Perspectives |sitioweb=House of Assembly, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261015231917/https://www.assembly.gov.vc/assembly/index.php/legislature-historical-perspectives |archivedate=2026-10-15 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-14}}</ref> == Independentia in 1979 == Le movimento verso le independentia cresceva durante le annos 1970, con le supporto de sectores del population e del principal partidos politic. Le governamento initiava negotiationes con le Regno Unite pro completar le transition constitutional e establir un stato soveran. In 1979, le population participava in un referendum super le independentia. Le resultato supportava le creation de un stato independente, e le 27 de octobre 1979, Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas obteneva formalmente su independentia del Regno Unite. Le pais deveniva le ultime del Insulas del Vento a attinger le independentia. Le nove stato manteneva un monarchia constitutional e un systema parlamentar, con le monarca britannic representate per un Governator General. [[Milton Cato]], chef del Saint Vincent Labour Party, deveniva le prime prime ministro del pais independente. Le independentia permitteva al governamento definir su proprie politica exterior e participar directemente in organisationes regional e international. Le 27 de octobre es celebrate como le Die de Independentia National.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/saint-vincent-grenadines |titulo=Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Le insulas del Grenadinas == Le insulas del [[Grenadinas]] ha un historia associate al navigation, al commercio e al plantationes del Caribe. Le archipelago se extende verso le sud de Sancte Vincente usque al proximitate de Grenada e comprende insulas e insulettas de differente dimensiones. Durante le periodo colonial, le insulas plus grande esseva usate pro agricultura e ganaderia, durante que altere insulas serviva como punctos de navigation, piscation e commercio. Le administration britannic includeva le Grenadinas in le structura colonial del territorio, ben que le insulas conservava differente relationes economic e social con Sancte Vincente e con le insulas vicin. Post le independentia, le Grenadinas remaneva parte del nove stato. Le insulas contribueva al disveloppamento del turismo e al economia maritime, con un importantia crescente del navigation de recreation e del servicios associate al visitatores. == Politica post le independentia == Post 1979, le politica national esseva marcate per le alternantia inter le [[Saint Vincent Labour Party]] e le [[New Democratic Party]]. Le governamentos successive tractava le disveloppamento economic, le education, le sanitate, le infrastructuras e le relationes regional. Le pais manteneva un systema parlamentar basate super le tradition britannic. Le prime ministro es le chef del governamento, durante que le Governator General representa le Corona. Le Parlamento es unicameral e include membros eligite e, secundo le Constitution, membros nominate. Le debattes politic ha includite le question del reforma constitutional, le relationes con le Regno Unite e le possibilitate de transformar le monarchia constitutional in un republica. Iste questiones es parte del discussion plus large super le evolution del institutiones e le identitate national. == Eruption de La Soufrière in 1979 == In april 1979, La Soufrière eruptava de nove. Le eruption provocava evacuationes e damnos significative al agricultura, ma non causava le mortalitate del eruption de 1902. Le autoritates organisava le evacuation de personas ab zonas de risco e le gestion del emergentia. Le eruption occurreva in le mesme anno que le independentia national, e le eventos demonstrava le importantia del preparation contra disastres natural in un stato insular volcanic. == Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas in le seculo XXI == In le seculo XXI, Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas continua a esser un stato independente e un monarchia constitutional in le Commonwealth. Le pais es membro del [[Caribbean Community]] (CARICOM), del [[Organisation del Statos del Caribe Oriental]] (OECS) e de altere institutiones regional e international. Le economia combina agricultura, turismo, piscation, construction e servicios. Le exportation de bananas habeva historicamente un rolo importante, ma le cambios del commercio international e le competition de altere productores reduceva su importantia relative. Le turismo e le servicios maritime deveniva fontes plus significative de ingresos. Le insulas resta vulnerabile a uraganos, inondationes, erosion costal e activitate volcanic. In april 2021, La Soufrière eruptava de nove, provocante evacuationes de massa e damnos a infrastructuras e agricultura. Le eruption affectava un grande parte del population e requireva assistentia humanitari e cooperation regional. Le historia contemporanee del pais es assi marcate per le consolidation del independentia, le diversification economic e le adaptation al riscos natural, durante que le institutiones national continua a evolver in un quadro democratic e parlamentar. == Cultura e memoria historic == Le cultura de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas reflecte le heritages indigene, african, europee e caribee. Le musica, le traditiones oral, le festivitates, le religion e le cocina local es elementos importante del identitate national. Le memoria de [[Joseph Chatoyer]] occupa un position central in le historia del resistance indigene e del lucta contra le colonisation. Le 14 de martio es commemorate como Heritage Day e associa le memoria del chef Garifuna al recognition del heritages cultural del pais. Le deportation del Garifuna in 1796–1797 remane un evento importante in le memoria regional. Le communitates Garifuna in America Central conserva linguas, musicas e traditiones que liga lor historia al insulas del Antillas. {{Ref}} {{Historia de America}} [[Categoria:Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas| ]] 3yink11t6lr6afaxljlgmufw7p4iwja 0 62246 705666 704411 2026-11-08T00:18:59Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 705666 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de America del Sud''' es le historia del territorio que se extende desde Mar Caribe al nord usque al Terra del Foco al sud, e desde Oceano Atlantic al est usque al Oceano Pacific al west. Illa comprende millennios de occupation human, disveloppamento de societates indigena, formation de civilisationes complexe in region andin, conqueste e colonisation europee, deportation de africanos in sclavitude, guerras de independentia de seculo XIX, formation de statos national e transformationes politic, economic e social de seculos XX e XXI. Historia de region es marcate per su grande diversitate cultural e geographic e per interactiones inter populationes indigena, europee, africane e, plus tarde, immigrantes de altere partes de mundo.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/South-America |titulo=South America |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Historia sudamerican non es un trajectoria uniforme. Civilisationes de Andes, societates de Amazonia, populationes de region de Plata e communitates de litoral atlantic developpava formas de organisation e modos de vita distincte. Post arrivata de europeos al fin de seculo XV, region esseva progressivemente integrate in imperios colonial, specialmente Imperio Espaniol e Imperio Portugese. Independentias de prime parte de seculo XIX transformava iste territorios in nove statos, ma conflictos social, inegalitates e disputas territorial continuava influentiar lor evolution. == Prime populationes e prehistoria == Prime populationes de Sudamerica arrivava durante prehistoria, post un longe proceso de migrationes human in continente american. Data exacte de prime occupation es ancora objecto de investigation scientific, e evidentia archeologic indica que diverse regiones esseva habitate durante ultime millennios de Pleistoceno. Sito de Monte Verde, in actual Chile, es un del locos archeologic plus importante pro studio de prime populationes sudamerican. Su vestigios ha contribueva modificar interpretationes traditional de tempore e rotas de prime migrationes human in America. Altere sitios in region andin, in Brasil e in partes tropic de continente documenta occupation de ambientes multo differente. Prime habitantes viveva de cassa, piscation e collection de plantas e altere recursos natural. Adaptation al ambientes local requireva cognoscentias profunde de ecosistemas, migrationes de animales e ciclos seasonal. In region amazonian, populationes developpava modos de vita adaptate al forestas, fluvios e planuras inundabile; in Andes, altitude e varietate de climas favorava disveloppamento de formas specific de subsistentia. Durante millennios, populationes indigena developpava linguas, traditiones oral, practicas religiose e formas de organisation social que formava base de grande diversitate cultural sudamerican. Societates indigena non constitueva un grupo homogenee: illos comprendeva communitates de cassa e collection, agricultores sedentari, populationes piscatori e societates organisate in entitates politic plus grande. == Agricultura e prime civilisations == Transition verso agricultura e sedentarismo occurreva in diverse partes de Sudamerica a tempos differente. Cultivation de plantas como patata, mais, manioca e quinoa, insimul con domestication de animales como lama e alpaca in Andes, permitteva production de excessos alimentari e formation de communitates plus stabile. Region de actual Peru esseva un del centros importante de prime civilisationes de continente. In costa nord-central, civilisation de Caral-Supe, etiam cognoscite como Norte Chico, developpava centros monumental durante tertie millennio ante nostre era. Complex de Caral contineva constructiones ceremonial, plazzas e structuras architectural que indica un organisation social capable coordinar labores collective.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1269/ |titulo=Sacred City of Caral-Supe |sitioweb=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Disveloppamento de agricultura, piscation e commercio regional contribueva al formation de redes de intercambio inter costa, valles e regiones montaniose. Societates sudamerican developpava technicas de irrigation, ceramica, textile, metallurgia e construction monumental, ben que iste procesos variava multo inter regiones. == Culturas precolombian del Andes == Andes esseva spatio de un succession de culturas e civilisationes que influentiava historia de continente. Inter traditiones plus importante se trova Chavín, Moche, Nazca, Tiwanaku, Wari e Chimú. Cata un developpava formas proprie de arte, religion, organisation politic e exploitation de ambiente. Cultura Chavín, que floriva durante prime millennio ante nostre era, exerceva un influentia religiose e artistic in diverse partes de Andes central. Cultura Moche, in costa nord de actual Peru, es cognoscite pro su ceramica elaborate, su sistemas de irrigation e su centros ceremonial. Cultura Nazca, in costa sud, es celebre pro su ceramica e pro grande figuras e lineas traciate in terreno desertic. In region de lac Titicaca, Tiwanaku developpava un importante centro politic e ceremonial. Plus tarde, stato Wari contribueva al expansion de formas de administration e organisation urban in Andes central. Regno Chimú, con su capital in Chan Chan, developpava un grande centro urban e un systema de production artisanal e irrigation. Iste societates preparava parte de contexto cultural e institutional in qual plus tarde se formava Imperio Inca. Illas demonstra que historia de Andes non comenciava con Inca, ma esseva resultato de millennios de innovation e interaction inter societates. == Le Imperio Inca == Imperio Inca, cognoscite in quechua como Tawantinsuyu, se developpava durante seculos XV e initio de XVI in Andes. Su centro politic e ceremonial esseva citate de Cusco, in actual Peru. Durante su expansion, imperio incorporava territorios que corresponde hodie a partes de Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Chile, Argentina e Colombia. Inca organisava lor dominio per un rete de caminos, pontes, depositos, centros administrative e sistemas de communication. Qhapaq Ñan, grande rete vial andin, facilitava movemento de administratores, exercitos, messageros e recursos. Administration utilisava quipu, un systema de cordas e nodos que serviva registrar informationes numeric e administrative. Economia imperial dependeva in grande parte de agricultura, labor collective e redistribution de recursos. Populationes produceva mais, patatas, quinoa e altere alimentos in ambientes que variava de costa aride al altitude andin. Lama e alpaca provideva lana, transporte e altere recursos. Expansion de imperio involveva tanto accordos con potentias local como guerras e incorporationes forzate. Inca non governava tote territorio de Sudamerica, e multe populationes de Amazonia, costa atlantica e altere regiones remaneva foras de su dominio. Durante ultime annos de imperio, un conflicto de succession inter Atahualpa e Huáscar debilitava autoritate central. Rivalitate occurreva poco ante arrivata de conquistatores espaniol, in un periodo de instabilitate politic que facilitava conqueste. == Societates indigena foras del Imperio Inca == Grande majoritate de territorio sudamerican non esseva governate per Inca. In Amazonia, populationes developpava formas de organisation adaptate al forestas, fluvios e ambientes tropic. Evidentia archeologic indica que certe regiones habeva sustenite populationes importante e paisages transformate per activitate human, includente agricultura, canales, campos e terras arricchite. In actual Brasil, numerose populationes de linguas tupí, jê e altere familias linguistic occupava ambientes costal, forestal e interior. Litoral atlantica contineva communitates que practica agricultura, piscation e commercio regional. Interior de continente includeva etiam societates con formas de subsistentia adaptate al planuras e savannas. In region de actual Colombia, Muisca developpava un organisation politic regional e un economia que includeva agricultura, commercio e labor de auro. Tairona, in region de costa caribe e Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, construeva centros de habitation e sistemas de camminos e terrazas. In territorio de actual Chile e Argentina, populos Mapuche manteneva formas de organisation local e redes de relationes que plus tarde deveniva importante in resistentia al expansion colonial e estatal. In planuras de sud e in Terra del Foco viveva communitates con modos de vita adaptate al clima e recursos local. Iste diversitate monstra que historia precolombian de Sudamerica non pote esser reducite al Imperio Inca. Populationes indigena possedeva su proprie historias, linguas e formas de organisation, e multe de illos continua exister hodie. == Arrivata del europeos == Arrivata europee in Sudamerica comenciava al fin de seculo XV, in quadro de expansion maritime de regnos iberic. Post viages de Cristophoro Colombo in Caribe in 1492, exploration europee de costa sudamerican se intensificava. In 1494, Tractato de Tordesillas inter monarchias de Portugal e Castilia definiva un linea de division pro territorios que duo regnos sperava incorporar al expansion ultramarine. Linea contribueva al formation de futuro Brasil portugese, durante que major parte de altere territorios sudamerican deveniva subjecte al expansion espaniol. Tractato esseva un accordo inter potentias europee e non considerava derechos o interesses de populationes indigena que habitava territorio. Prime expeditiones europee explorava costas, estuarios e fluvios, cercante rotas commercial, metales preciose e territorios pro colonisation. Contactos initial variava: in certe locos illos includeva intercambio e cooperation temporari; in altere, conflictos, sequestration, violentia e exploitation. == Conqueste e colonisation espaniol == Durante prime medietate de seculo XVI, conquistatores espaniol establi controlo super grande parte de territorios andin e de region caribe. Expedition de Francisco Pizarro conduceva al captura de Atahualpa in 1532 e al expansion de controlo espaniol super Imperio Inca. Cusco cadeva sub controlo espaniol, e colonisatores fundava nove centros administrative e ecclesiastic. Conqueste esseva facilitate per conflictos interne de imperio, alliantias con adversarios de Inca e effectos devastante de epidemias introducite per europeos. Resistentia indigena continuava durante longe tempore. In Andes, stato neo-Inca manteneva un centro de resistentia in Vilcabamba usque al decennio de 1570. Monarchia espaniol organisava territorios conquistate in virreinatos, audientias e governationes. Virreinato de Peru, create in 1542, deveniva principal structura administrative de imperio espaniol in parte occidental e central de Sudamerica. In seculo XVIII, creation de Virreinato de Nueva Granada e Virreinato de Río de la Plata modificava organisation territorial e administration de imperio. Colonisation transformava proprietate de terra, sistemas de labor e relationes social. Institutiones colonial includiva encomienda, repartition de labor e extraction de tributos. Exploitation de minieras, specialmente de argento, deveniva un elemento central de economia colonial, con Potosí como un del principal centros de production in mundo de epocha. Ecclesia catholic habeva un rolo importante in conversion religiose, education e administration local. Missiones e parochias esseva establite in diverse regiones, durante que linguas, practicas e credentias indigena continuava influentiar vita cultural e religiose.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/archivos/difusion/mc-difusion/bicentenarios/contexto-historico/imperio-espanol/sociedad.html |titulo=La sociedad colonial |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura de España |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261014200153/https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/archivos/difusion/mc-difusion/bicentenarios/contexto-historico/imperio-espanol/sociedad.html |archivedate=2026-10-14 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-14}}</ref> == Colonisation portugese e formation del Brasil == Portugal establiva su controlo super territorio que deveniva Brasil, in conformitate con expansion maritime portugese e partition de zonas de exploration de Tractato de Tordesillas. Durante seculo XVI, colonisatores fundava centros costal e developpava plantations, specialmente de canna de zucar. Economia colonial portugese dependeva progressivemente de labor de personas enslavigate. Colonisatores inicialmente assujettava multe indigena al labor forzate, ma resistentia, mortalitate e politica de autoritates ecclesiastic e real contribueva a un expansion de importation de africanos enslavigate. Brasil deveniva un del principal destinos de commercio transatlantic de sclavos. Durante seculos XVII e XVIII, expansion verso interior accompaniava exploration de minas de auro e diamantes, creation de nove centros urban e extension de controlo portugese ultra zonas costal. Societate colonial brasilian formava se per interaction e coercition inter populationes indigena, africanos e europeos, con un structura social profundemente inegal. == Sclavitude e diaspora african == Colonisation sudamerican esseva accompagnate per deportation forzate de milliones de africanos trans Oceano Atlantic. Labor enslaveva esseva empleate in plantations, minieras, domos, portos e altere sectores economic. Brasil recipeva un parte substantial de africanos deportate al Americas e sclavitude remaneva legal in Brasil usque al 1888. Populationes africane e lor descendentes preservava e transformava linguas, musicas, religiones, gastronomia e formas de organisation comunitari. Cultura afro-sudamerican deveniva un parte fundamental de identitates de Brasil, region de Caribe sudamerican e sociedades de costa de Pacific. Sclavos resistiva per fugas, revoltas, sabotages, preservation cultural e creation de communitates autonome. In Brasil, quilombos, inter illes Palmares, deveniva symbolos de resistentia al sclavitude. Historia de sclavitude e de su abolition varia secundo pais e region, ma su effectos social e economic persistiva multo post abolition juridic. == Reformas borbonic e conflictos del seculo XVIII == Durante seculo XVIII, monarchia espaniol introduceva reformas administrative, fiscal e commercial pro reforçar controlo de imperio e augmentar revenues de corona. Creation de nove virreinatos e reorganisation de commercio modificava relationes inter colonias e metropole. Reformas provocava opposition in differente sectores, includente communitates indigena, mestizos e grupos de proprietarios creole. Rebelion de Túpac Amaru II, comenciate in 1780 in region andin, deveniva un del plus importante insurrectiones contra autoritate colonial. Rebelion combina reclamationes contra abusos de administration e de sistemas de labor con oppositiones plus general al domination colonial. Altere revoltas e motines occurreva in Andes e in region de actual Colombia e Ecuador. Insurrectiones non habeva totes mesme objectivos: certe reclamava reduction de tributos o fin de abusos specific, durante que altere contestava structura politic de imperio.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/archivos/difusion/mc-difusion/bicentenarios/contexto-historico/las-independencias-iberoamericanas/causas-antecedentes/conflictos-sociales.html |titulo=Conflictos sociales en la América colonial |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura de España |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261014184916/https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/archivos/difusion/mc-difusion/bicentenarios/contexto-historico/las-independencias-iberoamericanas/causas-antecedentes/conflictos-sociales.html |archivedate=2026-10-14 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-14}}</ref> == Guerras de independentia == Crise de monarchia espaniol post invasion napoleonica de 1808 contribueva al formation de juntas local e al ruptura progressiva de autoritate colonial. In plure citates sudamerican, elites creole, sectores popular e militares comenciava contestar governamento exercite in nomine de monarchia. Proceso de independentia non esseva un guerra uniforme. Illo includeva conflictos civil, alliantias temporari, rivalitates regional e guerras contra forzas royaliste. In nord, Simón Bolívar conduceva campanias militar que contribueva al independentia de Venezuela, Nueva Granada e Ecuador. Victoria de Boyacá in 1819 e battalia de Carabobo in 1821 esseva eventos importante in iste proceso. In sud, José de San Martín conduceva expedition de Andes, contribuente al independentia de Chile e campania in Peru. Independentia de Chile esseva consolidate post battalia de Maipú in 1818. In Peru, independentia esseva proclamate in 1821, ma guerra continuava usque al victorias patriot de Junín e Ayacucho in 1824. Battalia de Ayacucho, le 9 de decembre 1824, marca frequentemente fin de principal campanias de guerras de independentia hispanoamerican in Sudamerica. Nonobstante, consolidation de nove statos requireva ulterior conflictos e negotiationes.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://courier.unesco.org/en/articles/latin-america-150-years-independence |titulo=Latin America: 150 years of independence |sitioweb=The UNESCO Courier |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Independentia de Brasil == Proceso brasilian se distingueva de guerras de independentia hispanoamerican. In 1808, corte portugese se transferiva a Rio de Janeiro durante invasion napoleonica de Portugal. Iste decision transformava Brasil in centro politic de monarchia portugese durante plure annos. In 1821, rege João VI retornava a Portugal, lassante su filio Pedro in Brasil. Tensiones inter cortes portugese e elites brasilian conduceva a un ruptura politic. Le 7 de septembre 1822, Pedro proclamava independentia de Brasil e deveniva imperator como Pedro I. Independentia brasilian non aboleva sclavitude e manteneva monarchia. Nove Imperio de Brasil habeva dunque un evolution institutional differente de republicas formate in territorios que habeva essite governate per Espania. == Formation del statos national == Post independentia, territorios sudamerican debeva definir lor frontieras, institutiones e modelos de governamento. Nove republicas confrontava rivalitates inter centralistas e federalistas, disputas inter elites regional e difficultates economic derivate de guerra. Gran Colombia, que reuniva territorios de actual Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador e Panama, dissolveva durante annos 1830. Provincias Unidas de Río de la Plata non manteneva un unitate stabile, e formation de actual Argentina e Uruguay resultava de un longe proceso de conflictos interne e externe. Bolivia deveniva independente in 1825, e Paraguay consolidava un trajectoria politic distincte. Guerras de independentia non conduceva immediatemente a societates egalitari. Proprietate de terra e poder politic remaneva concentrate in grande parte in manos de elites. Populationes indigena e afrodescendente, assi como sectores rural e urban plus povre, continuava enfrentar barreiras social e juridic. == Guerras inter statos e frontieras == Secundo seculo XIX e initio de seculo XX esseva marcate per plure guerras inter statos sudamerican, multe de quales concerneva frontieras, accesso a recursos e controlo de rotas commercial. Guerra de la Triple Alianza (1864–1870) opponeva Paraguay a Brasil, Argentina e Uruguay. Guerra causa un enorme perdita de population in Paraguay e transformava equilibrio politic e territorial de region. Guerra del Pacific (1879–1884) opponeva Chile a Bolivia e Peru. Chile obteneva controlo de territorios costal ric in nitratos e Bolivia perdeva su accesso sovereign al Oceano Pacific. Disputas relative al conflicto continuava influentiar relationes diplomatic in seculos sequente. Guerra del Chaco (1932–1935) opponeva Bolivia e Paraguay pro controlo de region de Chaco Boreal. Conflicto causava grande perdas human e concludeva con un accordo que consolidava controlo paraguayan super major parte de territorio disputate. Frontieras sudamerican esseva etiam influentiate per negotiationes diplomatic, tractatos e arbitrages international. In certe casos, delimitation definitive occurreva solmente durante seculo XX. == Economias de exportation e transformation social == Durante seculo XIX, multe economias sudamerican deveniva plus dependente de exportation de productos primari. Argentina e Uruguay developpava exportation de carne, lana e cereales; Chile exportava nitratos e minerales; Peru exportava guano e altere recursos; e Brasil manteneva un economia importante basate super cafe e, ante abolition, labor enslave. Expansion de vias ferrate, portos e infrastructuras de communication facilitava integration de economias national in commercio mundial. Capital estranier, specialmente britannic in certe sectores e regiones, participava in construction de infrastructuras e in exploitation de recursos. Croissantia de exportationes non produceva un distribution equal de ricchessa. Proprietate de terra remaneva concentrate in latifundios in numerose regiones, e labor rural continuava esser marcate per relationes de dependentia e inegalitate. Immigration europee augmentava population de diverse paises, specialmente Argentina, Uruguay e Brasil, e transformava vita urban e composition demographic. == Industrialisation e transformation politic == Durante prime medietate de seculo XX, crises international e difficultates de commercio exterior incitava plure paises sudamerican developpar industrias national. Industrialisation per substitution de importationes deveniva un strategia importante, specialmente in Argentina, Brasil e Chile. Croissantia urban e industrial contribueva al expansion de classe operari, sindicatos e partidos de massa. In diverse paises, politica deveniva marcate per conflicto inter elites traditional, movimentos popular, militares e nove organisationes politic. Revolution de 1930 in Brasil conduceva Getúlio Vargas al poder e inaugurava un periodo de transformation de relationes inter Stato, industria e labor. In Argentina, peronismo deveniva un importante movimento politic a partir de annos 1940. In Chile e Uruguay, partidos e institutiones parlamentar habeva lor proprie trajectorias, con grados differente de stabilitate politic. == Regimes militar e autoritarismo == Durante Guerra Frie, plure paises sudamerican experimentava golpes de Stato, dictaturas militar e repression politic. Justificationes official frequentemente includeva necessitate de restaurar ordine, combatter communismo o resolver crises institutional, ma regimes autoritari limitava libertates politic e reprimeva oppositiones. In Brasil, un colpo militar in 1964 inaugurava un dictatura que durava usque al transition democratic de annos 1980. In Chile, colpo de 11 de septembre 1973 removeva governamento de Salvador Allende e establi dictatura de Augusto Pinochet. In Argentina, colpo de 1976 conduceva a un regime responsabile de detentiones clandestin, tortura, disparitiones forzate e homicidios politic. Uruguay, Paraguay e altere paises habeva etiam periodos de governamento autoritari. In quadro regional, operationes de cooperation inter servicios de securitate, includente Operation Condor, facilitava persecution transfrontalier de adversarios politic durante decennios de 1970 e 1980. Experientias de dictaturas lassava profundas marcas in societates sudamerican. Familias de victimas, organisationes de derectos human e institutiones de memoria continua reclamar information, justitia e recognoscentia de crimine committite. == Retour al democratia == Durante annos 1980, numerose paises sudamerican retornava a systemas democratic. Argentina initiava su nove periodo democratic in 1983; Brasil transitava verso un governamento civil in 1985; Uruguay retornava al governamento democratic in 1985; e Chile comenciava su transition post plebiscito de 1988 e election de 1989. Transitiones non eliminava immediatemente difficultates economic e institutional. Debita externe, inflation, inegalitate e controlo de militares super certe institutiones remaneva questiones importante. In plure paises, nove democracias establi commissiones de veritate, procesos judicial e programas de recognition pro tractar violantias de periodos autoritari. Consolididation democratic variava inter paises e esseva influentiate per fortia de institutiones, mobilisation social, reformas constitutional e relationes inter executivos, legislativos e forzas armate. == Integration regional == Integration regional deveniva un componente importante de politica sudamerican durante fin de seculo XX e initio de seculo XXI. Mercosur, fundate in 1991 per Argentina, Brasil, Paraguay e Uruguay, promoveva cooperation economic e reduction de barreiras commercial; su composition e relationes institutional evolveva posteriormente. Communitate Andin ha su origines in accordos de integration andin de 1969 e include paises que coopera in materias de commercio, mobilitate e coordination institutional. Altere iniciativas, como Union de Nationes Sudamerican (UNASUR), cercava promover cooperation politic e regional, ben que lor functionamento e participation cambiava durante annos. Integration sudamerican es marcate per interesses commun, ma etiam per differencias economic, ideologic e diplomatic inter governamentos. Cooperation regional ha variate secundo situation politic de cata epocha. == Societate indigena e derectos territorial == Populos indigena ha mantenite un rolo central in historia sudamerican, tanto como actores de resistentia como per lor contribution al agricultura, cultura e conservation de ambientes. Colonisation, expansion de frontieras agricole e extractive e formation de statos national ha transformate profundemente lor territorios e lor modos de vita. Durante seculo XX e initio de seculo XXI, movimentos indigena ha reclamate derectos territorial, recognoscentia constitutional, protection de linguas e participation politic. In paises como Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru, Brasil e Chile, relationes inter statos, industrias extractive e communitates indigena ha deveniva un thema central de debatte public. Situation varia considerabilemente inter paises e communitates. In plure regiones, protection juridic de territorios indigena coexiste con conflictos concernente minieras, exploitation forestal, agricultura commercial e construction de infrastructuras. == Sudamerica contemporanee == Durante seculo XXI, Sudamerica ha experimentate transformationes politic, economic e social importante. Expansion de education, urbanisation e accesso a nove technologias ha modificate vita quotidian, durante que inegalitate, precarietate laboral e difficultates de accesso a servicios public remane problemas in plure paises. Economias regional depende ancora in grande parte de exportation de recursos natural, includente petroleum, gas, minerales, productos agricole e materias prime. Iste dependentia expone paises a fluctuationes de precios international e crea debattes super diversification economic e protection de ambientes. Amazonia occupa un position central in debates super deforestation, biodiversitate e cambio climatic. Conservation de forestas, derechos de populos indigena e necessitates economic de communitates local constitue temas interligate e frequentemente contestate. Democracias sudamerican continua confrontar question de corruption, securitate public, inegalitate e fiducia in institutiones. Resultatos varia inter paises e periodos, e evolution politic non es uniforme in tote region. == Cultura e memoria historic == Cultura sudamerican es resultato de interactiones inter traditiones indigena, africane, europee e immigrante. Linguas espaniol e portugese es predominante, ma quechua, aimara, guarani e numerose linguas amazonian e altere linguas indigena continua esser parlate. Linguas e traditiones afrodescendente ha etiam un influentia importante in musica, religion, gastronomia e artes. Historia de region es conservate in sitios archeologic, archives, traditiones oral, museos e monumentos. UNESCO ha recognoscite numerose sitios sudamerican pro lor valor cultural e natural, includente centros ceremonial precolombian, citates colonial e paisages de grande biodiversitate.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/lac |titulo=América Latina y el Caribe |sitioweb=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Studio de historia sudamerican require dunque considerar non solmente formation de statos e guerras, ma etiam experientias de populationes indigena, africane e immigrante, transformationes de economia e evolution de relationes social. {{Ref}} {{Historia de America}} [[Categoria:Historia de America del Sud| ]] 3oj5pd64f1bn57ywnjep0kts5g9puhd 0 62306 705669 704645 2026-11-08T00:51:07Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 705669 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Ukraina''' es le historia del evolution de un territorio situate in Europa oriental, al intersection de influentias cultural, politic e economic proveniente del Europa central, del mundo del [[Mar Nere]] e del steppes eurasiatic. Le region ha essite le sede de societates prehistoric, de principatos medieval, del [[Rus de Kiev]], de formationes politic del [[Granducato de Lituania]] e del [[Commonwealth polaco-lituan]], del [[Hetmanato cosac]] e de territorios incorporate in le [[Imperio russo]] e in le [[Imperio austro-hungaric]]. Le formation del identitate national ucrainian se developpava specialmente durante le seculos XIX e XX. Le [[Revolution ucrainian de 1917–1921]] conduceva al proclamation de plure entitates statal ucrainian, includente le [[Republica Popular Ucrainian]] e le [[Republica Popular de Ukraina Occidental]]. Le major parte del territorio deveniva postea parte del [[Republica Socialista Sovietic de Ukraina]], un del republicas fundatores del [[Union Sovietic]]. Le 24 de augusto 1991, le Parlamento ucrainian proclamava le independentia, confirmate per referendum le 1 de decembre 1991.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pages/H/I/HistoryofUkraine.htm |titulo=History of Ukraine |sitioweb=Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1427-12?lang=en |titulo=On Declaration of Independence of Ukraine |sitioweb=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261018090920/https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1427-12%3Flang%3Den |archivedate=2026-10-18 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-17}}</ref> Desde 2014, le pais ha essite confrontate a un conflicto armate con Russia, comenciate con le occupation e annexion de Crimea per Russia e le guerra in le Donbas. Le 24 de februario 2022, Russia initiava un invasion a grande scala, que continua a haber consequentias territorial, humanitari, economic e international.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-9476/ |titulo=Conflict in Ukraine: A timeline (2014–eve of 2022 invasion) |sitioweb=House of Commons Library |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-9847/ |titulo=Conflict in Ukraine: A timeline (current conflict, 2022–present) |sitioweb=House of Commons Library |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Prehistoria == Le territorio del actual Ukraina ha essite habitate desde le Paleolithic. Le vestigios archeologic indica le presentia de gruppos de chassatores e collectores, qui se adaptava al ambientes del steppes, del forestas e del vallea del [[Dnieper]]. Durante le Neolithic, le agricultura e le allevamento se diffundeva in plure regiones. Inter le culturas prehistoric plus cognoscite se trova le cultura de Cucuteni–Trypillia, developpate inter le fin del quinto e le tertie millennio a.C. in partes del actual Ukraina, Moldavia e Romania. Su settlementos poteva esser extendite e comprendeva habitationes, ceramica elaborate e un agricultura organisate. Le steppes del sud deveniva un spatio de passage e de contactto inter communitates agricole e populos nomadic. Durante le seculos sequente, le region esseva associate con le Cimmerios, le Scythos e le Sarmatas, inter altere gruppos mentionate in fontes antique. == Antiquitate == Durante le prime millennio a.C., le costa septentrional del [[Mar Nere]] recipeva colonos grec qui fundava portos e citates commercial. Inter le centros plus importante se trovava [[Chersoneso]], [[Olbia]] e altere settlementos del costa crimean e del region del Bug e del Dnieper inferior. Le contactos inter le citates grec, le populos del steppes e le societates agricole interior favorava le commercio de cereales, pisces, metalles e altere productos. Le region faceva parte de un rete commercial que ligava le Mar Nere al Mediterraneo. Le [[Regno del Bosforo]] e altere entitates politic del region manteneva relationes con le mundo grec e roman. Durante le expansion del [[Imperio roman]], le partes meridional del territorio ucrainian esseva influentiate per le commercio e le politica del imperio, ben que le major parte del interior non esseva incorporate permanentemente in le administration roman. == Medievo == === Formation del communitates slavic === Durante le prime seculos del era christian, le steppes e le regiones forestal del Europa oriental esseva traversate per numerose migrationes. Inter le populos associate a iste periodo se trova le Gothos, le Hunos, le Avaros e altere confederationes nomadic. Le communitates slavic se diffundeva in grande partes del Europa oriental durante le prime medietate del prime millennio. In le territorio del actual Ukraina, le gruppos slavic developpava settlementos agricole e formas de organisation local. Le relationes con Byzantio, le populos del steppes e le routes commercial del Dnieper contribuiva al formation de nove structuras politic. Durante le seculos VIII e IX, le commerciantes e guerreros scandinave, cognoscite in multe fontes como varegos, participava al rete commercial e politic que ligava le Mar Baltic al Mar Nere. Le combination de communitates slavic, elites varege e contactos con Byzantio contribuiva al formation del Rus de Kiev. === Rus de Kiev === Le Rus de Kiev esseva un entitate politic medieval que se developpava durante le seculos IX e X e que includeva partes del actual Ukraina, Belarus e Russia occidental. Kiev deveniva un centro politic e commercial importante super le Dnieper, in un position strategic inter le Europa septentrional e Byzantio. Secundo le chronicas medieval, le prince Oleg assumeva le controlo de Kiev in 882 e faceva del citate un centro del Rus. Le historia del prime dynastias e del formation del Stato es objecto de discussion inter historicos, specialmente concernente le rolo relative del elites scandinave e del communitates slavic local.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pages/H/I/HistoryofUkraine.htm |titulo=History of Ukraine |sitioweb=Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Rus de Kiev developpava un administration principesque, un rete de citates e relationes diplomatic e commercial con Byzantio, Europa central e altere regiones. Le Dnieper deveniva un via de communication importante, e Kiev cresceva como centro politic, religiose e cultural. Un evento central del historia del Rus esseva le adoption del christianismo byzantin per le prince Vladimir le Grande. Tradicionalmente, le christianisation del Rus es datate a circa 988. Le nove religion fortificava le relationes con Byzantio e contribuiva al disveloppamento de institutiones ecclesiastic, litteratura e arte religiose. Durante le regno de Jaroslav le Sage (1019–1054), Kiev attingeva un periodo de grande influentia politic e cultural. Le prince promovava le construction de ecclesias, le legislation e le relationes dynastic con altere casas regnante europee. Le [[Catedral de Sancta Sofia de Kiev]] es un del monumentos plus importante associate a iste periodo. Post le morte de Jaroslav e de su successores, le rivalitates dynastic e le augmento del potentia de centros regional contribuiva al fragmentation del Rus in plure principatos. Kiev remaneva un centro prestigiose, ma le potentia politic esseva repartite inter differentes dynastias e citates. In le seculo XIII, le invasiones mongol devastava grande partes del Europa oriental. In 1240, le fortias mongol occupava e destruiva Kiev. Le conquestas modificava profundemente le structuras politic e economic del region. Plure principatos deveniva tributarios del [[Horda de Oro]], durante que altere territorios cercava protection o alliantias con potentias vicin. === Principato de Galicia–Volinia e Granducato de Lituania === Post le declino del potentia de Kiev, le principatos de Galicia e Volinia manteneva un rolo importante in le Europa oriental. In le fin del seculo XII e durante le seculo XIII, illos esseva reunite sub un dynastia que promoveva le consolidation politic e le relationes con Europa central. Le Principato de Galicia–Volinia manteneva relationes con Polonia, Hungaria e altere potentias regional. Durante le seculo XIV, su territorios esseva incorporate gradualmente in le structuras politic del [[Regno de Polonia]] e del [[Granducato de Lituania]]. Le Granducato de Lituania se expandiva durante le seculos XIII e XIV e incorporate grande partes del territorios del ancian Rus. Le populationes ruthenian — ancestors historic de plure populos slavic oriental contemporanee — manteneva lor linguas, traditiones religiose e practicas administrative in iste Stato multietnic. Le linguas de tradition ruthenian habeva un rolo importante in le administration del Granducato. Le structura politic permitteva un combination de traditiones lituan, ruthenian e local, ben que le relationes de poter e le conditiones del population variava inter regiones. === Commonwealth polaco-lituan e dominios regional === In 1569, le Union de Lublin reuniva le Regno de Polonia e le Granducato de Lituania in le [[Commonwealth polaco-lituan]]. Le territorios ucrainian del rive dextre del Dnieper e plure regiones del actual Ukraina central passava sub le administration directe del Corona polonese. Le cambiamento institutional favorava le disveloppamento de grande proprietates agricole e le expansion del economia cerealistic. Le nobiles polonese e ruthenian possedeva extensas terras, durante que le campesinos subiva obligationes feudal. Le relationes inter proprietarios, population rural, ecclesia orthodoxe e institutiones del Commonwealth deveniva un fonte persistente de tension. Le Union de Brest de 1596 conduceva parte del ecclesia orthodoxe local a entrar in communion con Roma, dando origine al tradition grec-catholic ucrainian. Le decision provocava conflictos religiose e institutional, specialmente inter communitates orthodoxe e grec-catholic. Le cosacos zaporogianos deveniva un importante fortia militar e social in le region del Dnieper. Illes reuniva guerreros, campesinos fugitive e altere habitantes del frontieras del Commonwealth. Lor organisation militar e lor participation in expeditiones contra le Tartares de Crimea e le Imperio Ottoman les dava un rolo central in le politica regional. Le cosacos developpava institutiones proprie e exigiva recognition de lor libertates, privilegios e autonomia. Lor relationes con le autoritates polonese variava inter cooperation, negotiation e rebellion. === Hetmanato cosac e guerra del seculo XVII === In 1648, le cosaco Bohdan Khmelnytsky initiava un grande insurrection contra le autoritate del Commonwealth polaco-lituan. Le rebellion recipeva supporto de partes importante del population rural e de sectores orthodoxe. Le conflicto provocava un guerra de grande extension e modificava le equilibrio politic del Europa oriental. Khmelnytsky establiva un formation politic e militar cosac que deveniva cognoscite como le Hetmanato cosac. Le nove entitate possedeva institutiones proprie, un administration militar e civil e un forte identitate orthodoxe. In 1654, le accordos de Pereiaslav ligava le Hetmanato al Tsarato de Russia per un arrangemento de protection e allegiance que le partes interpretava de maniera differente. Le relationes inter le cosacos e le autoritates moscovite deveniva postea un fonte de conflictos super le autonomia del Hetmanato.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pages/H/E/Hetmanate.htm |titulo=Hetmanate |sitioweb=Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra e le rivalitates inter Russia, Polonia-Lituania, le Imperio Ottoman, le Khanato de Crimea e le differente factiones cosac produceva un periodo de instabilitate cognoscite como le Ruina. Le accordo de Andrusovo de 1667 repartiva le territorios del Hetmanato inter le Commonwealth e Russia, con le rive sinistre del Dnieper principalmente sub controlo russo e le rive dextre restate in grande parte sub influentia polonese. Durante le annos sequente, le autonomia del Hetmanato se reduceva gradualmente. Le Hetman Ivan Mazepa se alliava con le rege svedese Carlo XII durante le Grande Guerra del Nord, cercante a limitar le dependentia del Hetmanato de Russia. Le derrota svedese-cosac in le battalia de Poltava in 1709 e le destruction de Baturyn per le fortias de Petro I debilitava ulteriormente le autonomia cosac. Durante le seculo XVIII, le Imperio russo incorporate gradualmente le territorios del Hetmanato. Le Hetmanato esseva abolite in 1764, e le [[Sich de Zaporozhia]] esseva dissolvite in 1775. Le administration imperial introduceva reformas que reduceva le institutiones autonome cosac e augmentava le integration del territorios in le structuras del imperio. == Etate moderne == === Partitions del Commonwealth e Imperios russo e austro-hungaric === Durante le partitions del Commonwealth polaco-lituan in 1772, 1793 e 1795, le territorios ucrainian esseva repartite inter le Imperio russo e le Monarchia habsburgic. Le major parte del Ukraina central e oriental deveniva parte del Imperio russo, durante que Galicia passava sub le administration habsburgic. Le regiones del oeste e del est evolueva assi sub sistemas administrative, juridic e cultural differente. In Galicia, le autoritates habsburgic introduceva reformas administrative e educational e permitteva certe formas de activitate cultural ruthenian. In le Imperio russo, le administration imperial cercava a integrar le territorios ucrainian e, durante plure periodos, restringeva le uso public del lingua ucrainian. == Etate contemporanee == === Nationalismo e revival cultural del seculo XIX === Durante le seculo XIX, un movimento de revival cultural ucrainian se developpava inter intellectuales, scriptores, historicos e educatores. Le studio del folklore, del historia cosac e del lingua vernacular contribuiva al formation de un identitate national moderne. Inter le figuras plus importante se trova le poeta Taras Shevchenko, cuje obras explorava le historia, le cultura e le condition social del population ucrainian. Le scriptor e historico Mykhailo Hrushevsky deveniva ulteriormente un figura importante del historiographia e del movimento politic ucrainian. Le conditiones del disveloppamento cultural variava inter le imperios. In le Imperio russo, le circular de Valuev de 1863 e le decreto de Ems de 1876 restringeva le publication e le uso public de materiales in lingua ucrainian. In Galicia, le activitate cultural ucrainian habeva plus spatio institutional, ben que illo remaneva sub le structura politic habsburgic. Le industrialisation del seculo XIX transformava le Donbas, le region del Dnieper e altere areas del Ukraina oriental. Le extraction de carbon, le metallurgia e le construction de vias ferrate attraheva laboratores e investitiones, durante que le agricultura remaneva central in multe regiones. === Revolution de 1917–1921 e prime tentativas de independentia === Le [[Revolution de februario de 1917]] in Russia provocava le disintegration del autoritate imperial e permitteva le apparition de nove institutiones politic in Ukraina. In Kiev esseva create le Rada Central Ucrainian, un organo representative que inicialmente reclamava autonomia in un Russia reformate. In novembre 1917, post le revolution bolchevic in Petrograd, le Rada proclamava le Republica Popular Ucrainian. Le conflicto con le governamento bolchevic e le guerra in le territorio conduceva al proclamation de independentia in januario 1918. Le Republica Popular Ucrainian cercava recognition international e concludeva le Tractato de Brest-Litovsk in februario 1918 con le Potentias Central. Le accordo conduceva al interventione de fortias german e austro-hungaric, ma le situation militar e politic remaneva instabile. In april 1918, le general Pavlo Skoropadsky assumeva le poter con le supporto de partes del establishment militar e del Potentias Central, proclamante le Stato ucrainian sub le forma de un Hetmanato. Su governamento tentava a restabilir le administration, le proprietate e le ordine, ma recipeva opposition de plure movimentos politic e social. Post le derrota del Potentias Central in le Prime Guerra Mundial, Skoropadsky perdeva le supporto que susteneva su regime. In decembre 1918, le Directorio restabliva le Republica Popular Ucrainian. Le annos 1918–1921 esseva marcate per guerras inter le fortias ucrainian, bolchevic, blanc-russe, polonese e altere actores regional. In novembre 1918, post le dissolution del Imperio austro-hungaric, le Republica Popular de Ukraina Occidental esseva proclamate in Galicia oriental, con Lviv como un de su centros principal. Le nove republica entrava in guerra con Polonia pro le controlo del territorio. In januario 1919, le Republica Popular Ucrainian e le Republica Popular de Ukraina Occidental proclamava un union, ma le guerra e le difficultates militar impediva le integration completemente effective del duo entitates. Le guerras de independentia terminava con le derrota del major parte del formationes statal ucrainian. Le Tractato de Riga de 1921 repartiva le territorios disputate inter Polonia e le Russia sovietic e Ukraina sovietic. Le Transcarpatia deveniva parte de Czechoslovachia, durante que Bucovina remaneva sub Romania.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://uinp.gov.ua/aktualni-temy/ukrayinska-revolyuciya-1917-1921-rokiv |titulo=Ukrainian Revolution of 1917–1921 |sitioweb=Ukrainian Institute of National Memory |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Ukraina sovietic (1921–1939) === Le major parte del territorio ucrainian deveniva parte del Republica Socialista Sovietic de Ukraina (RSSU), un republica del Union Sovietic. Le capital esseva Kyiv, ben que Kharkiv habeva servite como capital durante le prime annos del republica sovietic. Durante le annos 1920, le politica sovietic de ucrainisation promoveva le uso del lingua ucrainian in le education, le administration e le cultura. Le politica favorava un renaissance cultural, ma esseva gradualmente abandonate durante le consolidation del poter de [[Josef Stalin]]. Al fin del annos 1920 e al initio del annos 1930, le regime sovietic imponeva collectivisation del agricultura e requisitiones de productos agricole. Le opposition al collectivisation e le politicas de requisition provocava repression, deportationes e un crisi alimentari devastante. Durante 1932–1933, un famine de grande extension affectava Ukraina e altere partes del Union Sovietic. In Ukraina, le famine es cognoscite como le Holodomor. Milliones de personas moriva; le numero exacte es subjecte a variationes inter le estimationes historic. Le responsabilitate del regime stalinista e le interpretation juridic e historic del famine remane un thema de investigation e debatte.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pages/H/O/Holodomor.htm |titulo=Holodomor |sitioweb=Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le mesme periodo, le autoritates sovietic intensificava le repression contra intellectuales, clericos, dirigentes politic e altere gruppos considerate suspecte. Le collectivisation e le repression modificava profundemente le societate rural e le structuras cultural ucrainian. === Secunde Guerra Mundial e occupation (1939–1945) === In septembre 1939, post le invasion german de Polonia e le accordo germano-sovietic, le Union Sovietic occupava le regiones oriental de Polonia, includente partes de Galicia e Volinia, que esseva incorporate in le Republica Socialista Sovietic de Ukraina. In junio 1941, Germania nazista invadeva le Union Sovietic. Le territorio ucrainian deveniva un del principal teatros del guerra in Europa oriental. Le occupation german provocava destructiones massive, deportationes al labor forzate e le extermination del major parte del population judeo in numerose regiones. Le [[Holocausto in Ukraina]] involveva le asesinato de centenas de milles de judeos per le Einsatzgruppen, altere unitates german e collaboratores local. Le massacro de [[Babyn Yar]] in Kiev, in septembre 1941, deveniva un del symbolos del extermination de judeos in le territorio ucrainian. Le resistance includeva gruppos partigian sovietic e formationes national ucrainian, inter illes le [[Armata Insurgent Ucrainian]] (UPA), que habeva objectivos politic proprie e participava in conflictos con differente actores. Le relationes inter le movimentos national ucrainian, le autoritates german e le resistance sovietic variava in le curso del guerra e esseva marcate per violentia e conflicts inter gruppos. Le [[Operation Bagration]] e le offensivas sovietic del 1943–1944 conduceva al reconquista le major parte del territorio ucrainian per le Armata Rubie. Le guerra causava enormes perdas human e material, includente le destruction de citates, villages e infrastructuras. === Ukraina postguerra in le Union Sovietic === Post 1945, le Republica Socialista Sovietic de Ukraina participava al reconstruction del Union Sovietic. Le industria pesada, le metallurgia, le extraction de carbon e le production de energia deveniva elementos central del economia, specialmente in le Donbas e le region del Dnieper. Ukraina esseva un del membros fundatores del [[Organisation del Nationes Unite]] in 1945, con un sede distincte del Union Sovietic in le Assemblea General. Tamen, le politica exterior e le major parte del decisiones strategic remaneva sub le controlo del autoritates central sovietic. In 1954, le Peninsula de [[Crimea]] esseva transferite del Republica Socialista Sovietic de Russia al Republica Socialista Sovietic de Ukraina per un decision del autoritates sovietic. Le transferentia esseva effectuate intra le Union Sovietic, e le peninsula remaneva in le mesme Stato sovietic usque al dissolution del Union. === Chernobyl e le crise del systema sovietic === Le 26 de april 1986, un explosion e incendio al reactor numero 4 del Centrale Nuclear de Chernobyl, in nord-Ukraina, causava le liberation de material radioactiv. Le accidente deveniva un del plus grave disastres nuclear del historia. Le contamination affectava large areas de Ukraina, Belarus e altere partes del Europa. Le responsa initial del autoritates sovietic esseva criticata per le retardos in le communication public e le evacuation de populationes. Le disastre contribuiva al augmento del discontento social e al questionamento del administration sovietic. Durante le annos 1980, le reformas de [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] e le disveloppamento de movimentos civic e national permitteva un expansion del debattes public super le lingua, le historia, le ambiente e le autonomia politic. Le Rukh Popular de Ukraina, fundate in 1989, deveniva un movimento importante del revival national. === Souveranitate e independentia (1990–1991) === Le 16 de julio 1990, le Parlamento ucrainian adoptava un declaration de souveranitate estatal. Le documento afirmava le primatia del lege ucrainian in le territorio del republica e establiva le base juridic pro le future independentia. Le tentativa de golpe de Stato in Moscova in augusto 1991 accelerava le disintegration del Union Sovietic. Le 24 de augusto 1991, le Verkhovna Rada proclamava le independentia de Ukraina. Le decision esseva confirmate per un referendum national le 1 de decembre 1991, quando le majoritate del votantes supportava le independentia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1427-12?lang=en |titulo=On Declaration of Independence of Ukraine |sitioweb=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261018090920/https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1427-12%3Flang%3Den |archivedate=2026-10-18 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-17}}</ref> Le dissolution del Union Sovietic in decembre 1991 faceva de Ukraina un Stato independent. Le nove republica recipeva recognition international e comenciava a establir su proprie institutiones, politica exterior e systema economic. === Ukraina independente (1991–2013) === Post le independentia, Ukraina affrontava le transition de un economia planificate a un economia de mercato, le disveloppamento de institutiones democratic e le definition de su relationes con Russia, Europa e le altere Statos post-sovietic. Le prime presidente, Leonid Kravchuk, exerceva le cargo desde 1991 usque a 1994. Le Constitution adoptate in 1996 defini Ukraina como un republica e establi le structura del presidentia, del Parlamento unicameral e del judiciario. Le transformation economic esseva marcate per inflation, privatization, reduction de production e augmento del disigualitate durante le annos 1990. Durante le decennios sequente, le economia se stabilisava in parte, ma le corruption, le influentia de gruppos economic potente e le debattes super le direction geopolitic del pais continuava a marcar le politica national. Le election presidential de 2004 provocava un crise politic post accusationes de fraude e protestas massive. Le demonstrationes, cognoscite como le Revolution Orange, reclamava un nove scrutinio e le observantia del proceduras electoral. Post un decision judicial, le secunde turno esseva repetite, e Viktor Yushchenko esseva eligite presidente. Le eventos deveniva un momento importante del politica civic ucrainian e del debattes super le electiones, le corruption e le relationes con Russia e le Union Europee. === Euromaidan, Crimea e guerra in le Donbas (2013–2021) === In novembre 2013, le governamento del presidente Viktor Yanukovych decideva non signar le accordo de association con le Union Europee que habeva essite preparate. Le decision provocava demonstrationes in Kyiv e altere citates, cognoscite como Euromaidan. Le protestas se intensificava durante le inverno de 2013–2014 e deveniva violente in februario 2014. Yanukovych abandonava le capital e le Parlamento adoptava decisiones que conduceva a un cambio de governamento. Le eventos esseva interpretate de maniera differente in Ukraina e al exterior, e le crise politic aggravava le relationes con Russia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-9476/ |titulo=Conflict in Ukraine: A timeline (2014–eve of 2022 invasion) |sitioweb=House of Commons Library |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In februario e martio 2014, fortias russe prendeva le controlo de locos strategic in le Peninsula de Crimea, que esseva parte de Ukraina. Post un referendum organisate sub controlo russe, Russia incorporava Crimea in su territorio. Ukraina e le major parte del communitate international non recognosceva le annexion. Le eventos provocava sanctiones international contra Russia e alterava le relationes securitari in Europa. Le questione del statuto de Crimea remaneva un elemento central del conflicto inter Ukraina e Russia. In 2014, gruppos armate separatista prendeva le controlo de partes del regiones de Donetsk e Luhansk, con supporto russe. Le governamento ucrainian initiava operationes militar pro restabilir su controlo, e le conflicto deveniva un guerra prolongate. Le accordos de Minsk de 2014 e 2015 cercava a stabilir un cessate le foco e un quadro politic pro le resolution del conflicto, ma le implementation esseva incomplete e le combattimentos continuava. Le guerra causava mortes, displaciamento de population e damnos al infrastructuras in le Donbas.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-9476/ |titulo=Conflict in Ukraine: A timeline (2014–eve of 2022 invasion) |sitioweb=House of Commons Library |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Invasion russe a grande scala (desde 2022) === Le 24 de februario 2022, Russia initiava un invasion a grande scala de Ukraina, con offensivas desde Russia, Belarus e le territorios de Crimea sub controlo russe. Le invasion representava un expansion major del guerra comenciate in 2014. Le fortias russe tentava a avanzar verso Kyiv e altere citates, ma le resistentia ucrainian impediva le captura del capital. Durante le primavera de 2022, le fortias russe se retirava de partes del nord de Ukraina, durante que le combattimentos continuava in le sud e in le est. Le assedio e captura de Mariupol, le offensivas in le Donbas e le contraoffensivas ucrainian in le regiones de Kharkiv e Kherson marcava le prime annos del invasion. In septembre 2022, Russia proclamava le annexion de Donetsk, Luhansk, Zaporizhzhia e Kherson, territorios que illa non controllava integremente. Le annexiones non es recognoscite per Ukraina e le major parte del communitate international.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-9847/ |titulo=Conflict in Ukraine: A timeline (current conflict, 2022–present) |sitioweb=House of Commons Library |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra ha causate grande perdas human, displaciamento de milliones de personas e damnos extensive a citates, habitationes, infrastructuras energetic e services public. Le Nationes Unite ha documentate violationes del derectos human e graves effectos super le population civil.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://ukraine.ohchr.org/en/Four-years-since-the-full%E2%80%91scale-invasion-of-Ukraine-key-facts-and-findings-February-2026 |titulo=Four years since the full-scale invasion of Ukraine: key facts and findings |sitioweb=United Nations Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le annos 2022–2026, le conflicto continua a influentiar le politica exterior ucrainian, le relationes con le Union Europee e NATO, le mobilization militar e le reconstruction economic. Le negotiationes international e le efforts diplomatic pro attinger un cessate le foco e un accordo de pace ha continuate, ma le guerra non habeva terminate al data de iste articulo.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statements/2026-02-23/statement-the-secretary-general-the-occasion-of-the-fourth-anniversary-of-the-russian-federations-full-scale-invasion-of-ukraine |titulo=Statement on the fourth anniversary of the full-scale invasion of Ukraine |sitioweb=United Nations |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} {{Historia de Europa per pais}} [[Categoria:Historia de Ukraina| ]] jg9zsb58v35vxwzo9rwdcrvc8t06w4z 0 62420 705662 705214 2026-11-07T23:27:01Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 705662 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''folklore de Espania''' comprende le traditiones, le credentias, le musica, le dansas, le festas, le narrationes oral, le vestimentos, le artesanato e le practicas culinarie transmitite inter generationes in le diverse regiones del [[Espania|pais]]. Illo reflecte le historia e le diversitate cultural de Espania, includente influentias iberic, celtic, roman, germanic, judee, islamic e christian, insimul con le evolutiones social e regional del seculos sequente. Le folklore espaniol non es un tradition unic e uniforme, ma un mosaico de culturas regional e local. Le traditiones de [[Gallecia]], del [[Pais Basc]], de [[Catalonia]], de [[Andalusia]], de [[Castilia]], de Aragon, de Valencia, de Asturia e del insulas Balear e Canari differe in lor linguas, musica, dansas, costumes e calendarios festive. Le patrimonio cultural immaterial include traditiones oral, artes del spectaculo, usos social, rituales, festas, cognoscentias del natura, technicas artesanal e practicas gastronomic. Iste conception es recognoscite per le legislation espaniol super le salvaguardia del patrimonio cultural immaterial. <ref name="Ley">Rege de Espania, «Ley 10/2015, de 26 de mayo, para la salvaguardia del Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial», ''Boletín Oficial del Estado'', https://boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-5794</ref> == Musica e dansa traditional == Le musica e le dansa forma un parte central del folklore espaniol. Le instrumentos, le rhythmos e le formas de dansa varia considerabilemente inter regiones, reflectente le historia local e le influentias cultural. === Flamenco === [[File:Flamenco in Sevilla 01.jpg|thumb|197px|In le museo del dansa flamenco de Sevilla 2014.]] Le flamenco es un forma artistic associate specialmente con Andalusia, ma etiam con partes de Murcia e Extremadura. Illo combina canto ''cante''), dansa (''baile'') e musica instrumental, specialmente le guitarra (''toque''). Le palmas, le percussiones del pedes e, in certe interpretationes, le castanettas accompania le performance. Le flamenco exprime un ampla gama de sentimentos, includente dolor, gaudio, timor e passion. Le communitates gitano (romani) ha habito un rolo importante in su evolution e transmission, al latere de altere traditiones musical e cultural andaluse. Le UNESCO inscribeva le flamenco in su Lista Representative del Patrimonio Cultural Immaterial del Humanitate in 2010. <ref name="UNESCOFlamenco">UNESCO, «Flamenco», Lista Representative del Patrimonio Cultural Immaterial del Humanitate, https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/flamenco-00363</ref> === Jota === [[File:Aragón. La jota, por Joaquín Sorolla.jpg|197px|left|thumb|[[Joaquín Sorolla]], ''La jota'', 1914. Hispanic Society of America, Nova York. Scena de dansa de jota per un gruppo de personas vestite con le costume typic de [[Ansó]].]] Le jota es un familia de formas musical e choreographic presente in plure regiones espaniol. Illa es specialmente associate con Aragon, ma variantes existe etiam in Navarra, Castilia, Valencia e altere partes del pais. Le jota es frequentemente interpretate con canto e instrumentos como le guitarra, le bandurria e le lauto. Le dansatores pote portar vestimentos traditional e usar castanettas. Le rhythmo, le melodia e le coreographia varia secundo le tradition regional. === Sardana === [[File:SardanaPalauGeneralitat 9080.jpg|thumb|Sardana ante le Palatio del Generalitat]] Le sardana es un dansa collective associate con Catalonia. Le participantes forma un circulo e se tene per le manos, alternante passos curte e longe al sono de un orchestra traditional appellate ''cobla''. Le sardana ha devenite un symbolo cultural catalan e es practicate durante festas local e reuniones public. === Muiñeira === [[File:Muiñeira.jpg|197px|left|thumb|Muiñeira]] Le muiñeira es un dansa traditional de Gallecia, generalmente accompaniate per le gaita gallega, un sorta de cornamusa. Su musica es recognoscibile per rhythmos vivace e per le uso de instrumentos como le tambor e le tamboril. Formas de dansa e musica similar existe in partes de Asturia e del region occidental del pais, con variationes local in le instrumentario e le rhythmo. === Dansas del Pais Basc e Navarra === Le folklore del Pais Basc e Navarra include diverse dansas traditional, como le ''aurresku'' e le ''zortziko''. Le aurresku es sovente executate durante ceremonias official, receptiones e festas. Le zortziko es un forma rhythmic associate con le musica basc. Le instrumentos traditional include le txistu, un flauto que se sona con un mano e es frequentemente accompaniate per un tamboril. === Dansas asturian e cantabrian === In Asturia, le musica traditional include le gaita asturiana e le tambor, e le dansas include formas como le ''corri-corri''. In Cantabria, le repertorio folkloric include diverse dansas regional, accompaniate per instrumentos traditional e canto. Le repertorios e le costumes varia inter villages e communitates, e le transmission del traditiones depende tanto de familias como de gruppos cultural e associationes folkloric. == Instrumentos traditional == Le instrumentos musical varia secundo le region e le tradition: * Gaita: cornamusa traditional importante in Gallecia e Asturia, con variantes regional. * Guitarra: instrumento central del flamenco e de numerose formas de musica popular. * Bandurria e lauto: instrumentos a cordas pulsate usate in rondallas e ensembles traditional. * Txistu: flauto traditional del Pais Basc. * Tambor e tamboril: instrumentos de percussión usate in festas e dansas. * Castanettas: instrumentos de percussión manual frequentemente associate con dansas traditional. * Dolçaina: instrumento a vento de linguetta duple usate in partes del region valencian e in altere regiones mediterranee. * Timple: instrumento a cordas characteristic del insulas Canari. Le instrumentos e lor usos ha evolvite con le tempore, e lor practica contemporanee combina sovente traditiones local con adaptationes moderne. == Festas e celebrationes == Le calendario festive espaniol include festas religiose, rituales seasonal, celebrationes civic e festivitates regional. Multe de iste eventos combina musica, dansa, gastronomia e participation collective. === Fallas de Valencia === Le Fallas de Valencia es un festa celebrate principalmente in le urbe de Valencia in martio, con su culmino circum le die de Sancte Joseph, le 19 de martio. Le celebration include grande figuras artistic appellate ''fallas'', paradas, pyrotechnia, musica e actos ceremonial. Le figuras es traditionalmente comburite durante le ceremonia final appellate ''cremà''. Le festa ha un forte dimension artistic e communitari e es inscrite in le Lista Representative del Patrimonio Cultural Immaterial del Humanitate del UNESCO. <ref name="UNESCOFallas">UNESCO, «Valencia Fallas festivity», https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/valencia-fallas-festivity-00859</ref> === Feria de Abril === Le Feria de Abril es un festa popular de Sevilla, in Andalusia, que combina musica, dansa, gastronomia e reuniones social. Le celebration include tendas appellate ''casetas'', cavallos, carruages e vestimentos festive. Le sevillanas, un forma de musica e dansa andaluse, ha un rolo central in le festa. === Semana Sancte === Le Semana Sancte es celebrate in tote le pais, con processiones religiose que commemora le passion e le morte de Jesus Christo. Le formas del celebration varia regionalmente. In Sevilla, Malaga, Valladolid e Zamora, le processiones include confraternitates, sculpturas religiose, musica e vestimentos ceremonial. === Sanfermines === Le Sanfermines es le festa annual de Pamplona, in Navarra, dedicate a Sancte Firmin. Le celebration es cognoscite internationalmente pro le currita de tauros per le vias urban del urbe, ma include etiam processiones religiose, musica, dansas e altere eventos public. === Tomatina === Le Tomatina es un festa de Buñol, in le region de Valencia, in le qual le participantes se jecta tomates le unes al alteres. Illo ha devenite un evento popular international, ben que su origine es local e moderne in comparation con multe altere traditiones folkloric espaniol. === Patum de Berga === Le Patum de Berga es un celebration traditional de Berga, in Catalonia. Illo include processiones, figuras symbolic, musica, dansas e representationes ritual. Le festa combina elementos religiose e popular e esseva inscribite in 2008 in le Lista Representative del Patrimonio Cultural Immaterial del Humanitate. <ref name="Ministerio">Ministerio de Cultura de Espania, «Lista Representativa del Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial de la Humanidad», https://www.portalinmaterial.cultura.gob.es/pci-unesco/lista/</ref> === Festas del foco del solstitio de estate === In partes del Pyreneos, includente communitates de Catalonia, Aragon e Andorra, le celebrationes del foco del solstitio de estate include processiones con torches ardente que descende le montanias e illumina le villages. Iste rituales es associate con le solstitio de estate e con le transmission de traditiones communitari. Le UNESCO recognosce le festas del foco del solstitio de estate del Pyreneos como patrimonio cultural immaterial. <ref name="Ministerio" /> === Festa del Patios de Cordoba === Le Festa del Patios de Cordoba es un celebration durante le qual le habitantes aperi al publico patios traditional decorate con flores e plantas. Le patios reflecte formas historic de habitation e de socialisation in Cordoba e ha un rolo importante in le identitate cultural del urbe. <ref name="Ministerio" /> === Castells === Le castells es turres human construite per gruppos de participantes, specialmente in Catalonia. Le turres pote attinger plure nivellos, e lor construction require coordination, equilibrio e collaboration inter personas de etates e staturas differente. Le tradition es associate con festas local e ha essite inscribite in le Lista Representative del Patrimonio Cultural Immaterial del Humanitate. <ref name="Ministerio" /> == Traditiones regional == === Gallecia === Le folklore gallecian es marcate per le musica de gaita, le muiñeira, le canto traditional e le festas religiose e seasonal. Le narrationes popular include legendas concernente seres supernatural, apparitiones e locos mysteriose. Le gastronomia traditional include platos a base de pisce e fructos de mar, empanadas, caldos e productos lactee. Le traditiones rural e maritime ha contribuite al formation del identitate cultural gallecian. === Asturia === Le folklore asturian include le gaita, le dansas traditional, le canto e le cultura del sidra. Le production e le consumo del sidra ha un dimension social importante e es associate con practicas specific de servimento e convivialitate. Le cultura del sidra asturian figura inter le elementos recognoscite in le quadro del patrimonio cultural immaterial. <ref name="Ministerio" /> === Pais Basc === Le traditiones del Pais Basc include le dansas, le deportes rural, le musica de txistu e le canto polyphonic. Le deportes traditional include le pelota basca, practicate in plure variantes, e demonstrationes de fortia e habilitate ligate al labores rural. Le gastronomia basc include un cultura importante de ''pintxos'', pisce, fructos de mar e platos regional. === Catalonia === Le folklore catalan include le sardana, le castells, le figuras festive como le ''gegants'' e ''capgrossos'', e le celebrationes de Sant Jordi e de altere festas local. Le cultura popular catalan ha un forte tradition de associationes e gruppos local qui organisa representationes e eventos public. === Aragon === Le jota aragonese es un del formas musical le plus recognoscibile del region. Le folklore aragonese include etiam processiones religiose, festas patronal e traditiones rural. Le vestimentos traditional varia secundo le provincia e le occasion. === Castilia e Leon === Le regiones de Castilia e Leon conserva traditiones de canto, dansa, instrumentario traditional e festas religiose. Le repertorio include formas de jota, seguidillas, romances popular e dansas associate con le calendario agricole. Le musica traditional pote usar dulzaina, tamboril, gaita e instrumentos a cordas. Le traditiones varia considerabilemente inter provincias e villages. === Andalusia === Andalusia es un region central pro le flamenco, ma su folklore include etiam sevillanas, fandangos, romerias, processiones religiose e festas rural. Le cultura andaluse reflecte un historia complexe de contactos inter traditiones iberic, roman, islamic, judee e christian. Le feria e le romeria combina frequentemente musica, dansa, cavallos, gastronomia e vestimentos festive. === Region Valencian === Le folklore valencian include le dolçaina e le tabalet, dansas traditional, processiones religiose e festas local. Le Fallas de Valencia e le festa de la Mare de Déu de la Salut de Algemesí es exemplos de celebrationes recognoscite como patrimonio cultural immaterial. <ref name="Ministerio" /> === Insulas Balear === Le folklore balear include dansas como le ''ball pagès'' de Ibiza e formas traditional de Mallorca e Menorca. Le canto, le instrumentos e le vestimentos varia inter le insulas. Le Canto del Sibilla, un drama liturgic de origine medieval representate durante le vigilia de Nativitate, es un tradition particular de Mallorca recognoscite per le UNESCO. <ref name="Ministerio" /> === Insulas Canari === Le folklore canari combina influentias iberic, african e maritime. Le musica traditional include le isa, le folia e le malagueña canari, sovente accompaniate per le timple e altere instrumentos a cordas. Le silbo gomero es un systema de communication per sibilos practicate in le insula de La Gomera. Illo reproduce le sonos del lingua parlate, hodie principalmente le espaniol, per sibilos distinguibile in tono e continuation. Le systema permitteva communication a longe distantia inter valles e ravinas. Le UNESCO lo inscribeva in 2009 in su Lista Representative del Patrimonio Cultural Immaterial del Humanitate. <ref name="UNESCOSilbo">UNESCO, «Whistled language of the island of La Gomera, the Silbo Gomero», https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/whistled-language-of-the-island-of-la-gomera-canary-islands-the-silbo-gomero-00172</ref> == Legendas, mythos e traditiones oral == Le narrationes oral constitue un componente importante del folklore espaniol. Illos include legendas local, cuentos moral, relatos de seres supernatural, historias de sanctos e narrationes super le origine de locos e communitates. Le traditiones varia inter regiones e pote includer: * Mouras e seres del folklore gallecian: figuras mythologic associate con fontes, cavernas, ruinas e paisages rural. * Legendas de montanias e forestas: narrationes super apparitiones, spiritos e seres supernatural. * Traditiones religiose: relatos concernente miraculos, sanctos patronal e origines de santuarios. * Cuentos popular: narrationes transmitite oralmente e adaptate per generationes, sovente con temas moral o comique. Le narration oral ha essite influentiate per le traditiones linguistic regional e per le contactos historic inter communitates. Le versiones de un mesme relato pote variar de un region al altere. == Vestimentos traditional == Le vestimentos traditional espaniol varia largemente secundo le region, le occasion e le historia local. Illos es portate specialmente durante festas, dansas, processiones e representationes folkloric. Exemplos include: * Traje de flamenca: vestimento festive associate con le ferias andaluse, sovente con volantes e colores vivace. * Vestimentos de jota: variantes regional portate durante representationes de jota, con falda, chalecos, mantellas e accessorios traditional. * Vestimentos gallecian: costume traditional usate in dansas e festas, sovente accompaniate per instrumentos como le gaita. * Vestimentos del Pais Basc: costumes regional usate durante dansas traditional e celebrationes. * Trajes canarios: vestimentos characteristic de varie insulas Canari, con variationes in colores, tecidos e accessorios. Le vestimentos que se vide hodiei in representationes folkloric pote reflecter tanto traditiones historic como reconstructiones e adaptationes moderne. Illos non debe esser considerate un vestimento quotidian uniforme del population de un region. == Gastronomia e folklore == Le gastronomia es un parte importante del patrimonio cultural immaterial, proque receptas, technicas de preparation e practicas de convivialitate es transmitite inter generationes. <ref name="Ley" /> Le platos traditional varia secundo le clima, le productos local e le historia regional. Exemplos include: * Paella, originari del region valencian e preparate in diverse variantes. * Tortilla espaniol, un omelette traditional con patatas, sovente con ceba. * Gazpacho e salmorejo, sopas frigide associate con Andalusia. * Pulpo a la gallega, un preparation traditional de polpo associate con Gallecia. * Fabada asturian, un plato de fabas blanc e carne salate. * Pintxos, preparationes culinarie servite frequentemente in bares del Pais Basc. * Ensaimada, un producto de pastisseria associate con Mallorca. Le platos e le ingredientes varia inter familias e localitates. Le gastronomia festive es sovente ligate a festas religiose, mercatos, recoltas e celebrationes familiar. == Artesanato e cognoscentias traditional == Le artesanato traditional include ceramica, texitura, broderia, labor del ligno, metallurgia, cisterioplastica e technicas de construction. Le cognoscentias es transmitite per apprendissage, familias, officinas e communitates local. Le ceramica de Talavera de la Reina e de El Puente del Arzobispo es parte de un tradition artisanal recognoscite internationalmente. Le technicas de construction in petra sic include le construction de muros e structuras sin mortero, un practica usate in paisages rural e agricole. <ref name="Ministerio" /> Le traditiones artisanal non es solmente objectos material: illos include le cognoscentias, le gestos, le technicas e le formas de organisation del labor que rende possibile lor transmission. == Folklore, identitate e historia == Le folklore ha essite usate tanto pro preservar identitates local como pro construir imagines national. Durante le seculo XIX e le seculo XX, studiosos, musicologos e organisationes cultural colligeva cantos, dansas e costumes, sovente con le intention de documentar traditiones que pareva esser in risco de disparition. Durante le periodo del Secunde Republica e del dictatura franquista, le collection e le presentation del folklore esseva etiam influentiate per projectos politic e national. Le institutiones del dictatura promoveva certe representationes del dansa e del musica traditional como symbolos de un identitate national unificate. Iste representationes poteva adaptar o simplificar practicas local pro presentationes scenic e official. <ref name="BOE">Boletín Oficial del Estado, «Resolución de 13 de noviembre de 2018 ... sobre la Danza Española como manifestación representativa del Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial», https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2018-16999</ref> In le societate contemporanee, le folklore continua a esser practicate per associationes cultural, gruppos de dansa, musicos, familias e organisatores de festas. Le preservation del traditiones include tanto le documentation historic como le adaptation al contextos social moderne. == Salvaguardia e recognoscimento international == Le protection del patrimonio cultural immaterial in Espania es regite, inter altere instrumentos, per le Lege 10/2015 del 26 de maio, que include traditiones oral, artes del spectaculo, usos social, rituales, festas, cognoscentias del natura, technicas artisanal e musica e dansa traditional. <ref name="Ley" /> Le UNESCO ha inscrite numerose traditiones associate con Espania in su Lista Representative del Patrimonio Cultural Immaterial del Humanitate. Inter illos figura le flamenco, le silbo gomero, le castells, le Fallas de Valencia, le Patum de Berga, le Canto del Sibilla de Mallorca e le festas del foco del solstitio de estate del Pyreneos. <ref name="Ministerio" /><ref name="UNESCOFlamenco" /><ref name="UNESCOSilbo" /> Le recognoscimento international contribue al visibilitate del traditiones, ma lor transmission depende etiam del participation de communitates local, del education, del activitate cultural e del uso continuate in le vita quotidian. == Vide etiam == * [[Folklore]] * [[Musica traditional]] * [[Flamenco]] * [[Patrimonio cultural immaterial]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] == Referentias == <references /> == Ligamines externe == * {{Cita web |url=https://www.portalinmaterial.cultura.gob.es/pci-unesco/lista/ |titulo=Lista del Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial de la Humanidad |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura de España |accesso=29 de octobre 2026}} * {{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/areas/patrimonio/mc/patrimonio-inmaterial/presentacion.html |titulo=Presentación del patrimonio cultural inmaterial |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura de España |accesso=29 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261005220808/https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/areas/patrimonio/mc/patrimonio-inmaterial/presentacion.html |archivedate=2026-10-05 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-29}} * {{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/flamenco-00363 |titulo=Flamenco |sitioweb=UNESCO |accesso=29 de octobre 2026}} * {{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/whistled-language-of-the-island-of-la-gomera-canary-islands-the-silbo-gomero-00172 |titulo=Silbo Gomero |sitioweb=UNESCO |accesso=29 de octobre 2026}} * {{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-5794 |titulo=Ley 10/2015 para la salvaguardia del Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=29 de octobre 2026}} [[Categoria:Cultura de Espania]] [[Categoria:Folklore]] [[Categoria:Patrimonio cultural immaterial]] 2h6gzif8ehesqqr398n7t7tdkf16f8g 0 62429 705678 705268 2026-11-08T03:56:18Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 705678 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Ramcharitmanas''' (Devanagari: रामचरितमानस), etiam cognoscite como le '''Ramayana de Tulsidas''', es un poema epic hindú del seculo XVI, componite per le poeta e sancto Tulsidas in le lingua awadhi. Illo narra de novo le historia de [[Rama]], un divinitate major del religion hindú e un incarnation de [[Vishnu]], basate principalmente sur le ''[[Ramayana]]'' sanscritic attribuite a Valmiki, assi como sur altere traditiones religiose e litterari. Le titulo es communmente traducite como ''Le Laco del Actos de Rama'' o ''Le Laco del Historia de Rama''. Le obra es un del textos le plus influente del [[Movimento Bhakti]] in le nord de India e ha exercite un rolo importante in le practica devotional hindú, le litteratura, le representationes religiose e le cultura popular.<ref name="lutgendorf">{{Cite book |last=Lutgendorf |first=Philip |title=The Life of a Text: Performing the Ramcaritmanas of Tulsidas |publisher=University of California Press |year=1991 |url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-life-of-a-text-performing-the-ramcaritmanas-of-tulsidas.html}}</ref> == Composition e contexto historic == Tulsidas componeva le ''Ramcharitmanas'' durante le seculo XVI. Secundo le tradition, le composition comenciava in 1574 in Ayodhya. Le poema mentiona un data correspondente al novem die del quincena luminose del mense de Chaitra in le calendario Vikram Samvat 1631. Le tradition associa le composition con Ayodhya, [[Varanasi]] e [[Chitrakoot]]. Le obra nasceva in le contexto religiose e cultural del nord de India durante le expansion del litteratura devotional in linguas vernacular. Le Movimento Bhakti promoveva le devotion directe a Deo e le expression de ideas spiritual per medio de linguas accessibile a un publico plus vaste. Per scriber in awadhi in vice de sanscrito classic, Tulsidas rendeva le historia de Rama accessibile a audientias que non pertineva al circulos traditional de erudition sanscritic. Le poema se inspirava in le ''Ramayana'' de Valmiki, le ''Adhyatma Ramayana'', le litteratura puranic e altere narrationes anterior sur Rama.<ref name="bangha">{{Cite book |last=Bangha |first=Imre |chapter=History of a Text: The Major Manuscripts and Critical Editions of the Rāmcarit-mānas |title=Literary Cultures in Early Modern North India: Current Research |editor1-last=Bangha |editor1-first=Imre |editor2-last=Stasik |editor2-first=Danuta |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2024 |pages=63–102 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780192889348.003.0003}}</ref> == Structura == Le ''Ramcharitmanas'' es dividite in septe libros, cognoscite como ''kāṇḍas''. Insimul, illos narra le vita e le actos de Rama, ab su origine divin e nascentia usque a su retorno a Ayodhya e le establimento de su regno. Le septe libros es: # ''Bālakāṇḍ'' – Describe le origine divin de Rama, su nascentia, infantia, maritage con Sita e le eventos que precede su exilio. # ''Ayodhyākāṇḍ'' – Narra le preparationes pro le coronation de Rama, su exilio e le dolor de su familia e de su subjectos. # ''Araṇyakāṇḍ'' – Describe le vita de Rama in le foresta, le rapto de Sita per Ravana e le initio del recerca de illa. # ''Kiṣkindhākāṇḍ'' – Relata le alliantia de Rama con Sugriva e su incontro con Hanuman. # ''Sundarkāṇḍ'' – Se concentra sur le viage de Hanuman a Lanka, su discoperta de Sita e su incontro con illa. # ''Laṅkākāṇḍ'' – Describe le guerra inter Rama e Ravana, le derrota del rege demon e le liberation de Sita. # ''Uttarakāṇḍ'' – Conclude le narration con le retorno de Rama a Ayodhya, su regno e le reflexiones sur le devotion e le proposito divin. Le narration es presentate per medio de un serie de dialogos e historias includite in altere historias, inter illos un conversation de structura narrative inter Shiva e Parvati. == Forma litterari e lingua == Le ''Ramcharitmanas'' es scribite principalmente in awadhi, un lingua litterari del gruppo del hindi oriental, historicamente parlate in partes del actual stato de Uttar Pradesh. Illo combina formas poetic vernacular con versos sanscritic e un varietate de metrica traditional. Le principal formas versal include le ''chaupai'', le ''doha'' e le ''soratha''. Iste metrica crea un structura rhythmic adaptate al recitation, al memorisation e al performance musical. Le obra combina poesia narrative, expression devotional, reflexion philosophic e instruction moral. Su lingua e imagineria ha contribuite significativemente al developpamento del traditiones litterari e religiose del nord de India. == Temas religiose e philosophic == === Devotion a Rama === Le thema religiose central es le ''bhakti'', o devotion amorose a Deo. Rama es presentate non solmente como un rege e heroe ideal, ma etiam como le realitate divine supreme. Le devotion a Rama es representate como un via verso le liberation spiritual e le gratia divine. Le poema sublinea le importantia del humilitate, del fide, del compassion e del devotion sincere. Hanuman, cuje fidelitate a Rama es un elemento central del narration, servi como exemplo de devote. === Dharma e conducta ideal === Le narration explora le ''dharma'', le principios del deber moral e del conducta juste. Rama es representate como un filio, marito, governante e protector ideal, durante que Sita representa le devotion e le fortia moral. Lor experientias illustra le tensiones inter relationes personal, obligationes social e responsabilitates ethic. === Gratia divine e equalitate spiritual === Le obra insiste sur le importantia del devotion in comparation con le condition social, le ricchessa o le instruction intellectual. Illo presenta le gratia divine como accessibile per medio del fide sincere e del commitmento spiritual. Le doctrinas devotional del poema ha essite interpretate de manieras differente per communitates religiose e studiosos, specialmente in relation con le hierarchia social, le genere e le principios del autoritate religiose. == Manuscriptos e publication == Le ''Ramcharitmanas'' circulava per medio de manuscriptos manuscripte e recitation oral durante plure seculos. Su tradition manuscriptic se developpava in le nord de India, ubi copias esseva producite in differente scripts e contextos regional. Le prime edition imprimite appareva in Calcutta in 1810. Durante le seculos XIX e XX, le expansion del impression augmentava considerabilemente le circulation del texto. Numerose editiones, commentarios e traductiones contribueva a su diffusion ultra le regiones de lingua awadhi.<ref name="lutgendorf" /> Le studios contemporanee ha examinate le variationes inter manuscriptos e editiones imprimite, assi como le historia del decisiones editorial e le rolo del texto in le evolution del cultura litterari hindi.<ref name="bangha" /> == Influentia cultural == Le ''Ramcharitmanas'' ha habite un influentia profunde sur le vita religiose e cultural del nord de India. Illo es regularmente recitate in temples, domos e reuniones devotional, e su versos es ben cognoscite inter le communitates hindú. Le texto es intimemente associate con le tradition de representationes de [[Ramlila]], enactamentos dramatic del vita de Rama. Le representationes annual in [[Ramnagar (Varanasi)|Ramnagar]], apud Varanasi, es particularmente cognoscite. Illos se basa sur le narration e le lingua del obra de Tulsidas. Le poema ha etiam influentiate le musica, le artes visual, le theatro, le television e le adaptationes moderne del historia del Ramayana. Su characteres e episodios remane prominente in festivitates religiose, celebrationes public e traditiones narrative popular.<ref name="unesco">{{Cite web |title=Ramlila, the traditional performance of the Ramayana |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/ramlila-the-traditional-performance-of-the-ramayana-00110 |publisher=UNESCO |work=Intangible Cultural Heritage}}</ref> == Recognoscentia == In maio 2024, manuscriptos del ''Ramcharitmanas'' esseva includite in le Registro Regional del Committee del Memoria del Mundo pro Asia e le Pacifico (MOWCAP). Le inscription concerneva specialmente le manuscriptos illustrate del obra, recognoscente lor valor historic e cultural como testimonios del tradition litterari, poetic e narrative de India.<ref name="unindia">{{Cite web |title=From Epics to Fables: Three Indian Literary Works Enter UNESCO Registry |url=https://india.un.org/en/269475-epics-fables-three-indian-literary-works-enter-unesco-registry |publisher=United Nations in India |date=23 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="culture">{{Cite web |title=Memory of the World |url=https://culture.gov.in/memory-world |publisher=Ministry of Culture, Government of India |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251207190544/https://culture.gov.in/memory-world |archivedate=2025-12-07 |accessdate=2026-11-01}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Poemas epic in hindi]] [[Categoria:Textos hindu]] [[Categoria:Poemas indian]] [[Categoria:Obras basate super le Ramayana]] [[Categoria:Libros indian del seculo 16]] [[Categoria:Poemas del seculo 16]] 1hvivjts6qm80oeahvz0b36mcs4kj25 2 62455 705656 705592 2026-11-07T21:33:27Z Tratxan 61856 705656 wikitext text/x-wiki {{annotation initia}} {{Usator|ia-3}} {{annotation fini}} <small> * Biographias ** [[Jacques Funck]] * Argentina ** [[Historia de Argentina]] * Palestina ** [[Historia de Palestina]] * Brasil ** [[Discoperta de Brasil]] ** [[Insurrection de Pernambuco]] ** [[Colonia del Sacramento]] ** [[Ruinas del Forte Vera Cruz]] * Portugal ** [[Historia de Portugal (1640–1777)]] ** [[Litteras annunciante le discoperta del Indias]] * Alteres ** [[Attacco de Binance de 2026]] ** [[Posto de labor fantasma]] ** [[Theoria del justification del systema]] </small> 9p19sgmwdlutxarhb8o47gzfeq6xa3d 0 62515 705645 2026-11-07T14:59:13Z Pasquale Di Massa 43371 Le vello de auro 705645 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Jason being saved by Athena from the dragon, Attic red-figured kylix, attributed to Douris, 480-470 BC, inv. 16545 - Museo Gregoriano Etrusco - Vatican Museums - DSC01046 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Athena]] assiste post le victoria sur le dracon que guardava le Vello de Auro e que vomi [[Jason (mythologia)|Jason]] (kylix attic a figuras russe attribuite a Douris, 480–470 a.C., in Caere, actual Cerveteri, in Italia]] Le '''Vello de Auro''' (terminologia del [[mythologia grec|mytho grec]] latinisate) es le adaptation in interlingua del titulo latin classic ''Vellus Aureum'', proque le [[latino]] traduceva le mythico [[Chrysomallos]] del [[lingua grec|grec antique]] (in grec: ''Χρύσεον Μάκος'' o ''τὸ χρύσεον κῶας''). Iste nomine e titulo corresponde a ''Vello d'oro'' in [[lingua italian|italiano]], ''Vellón'' o ''Vellocino de Oro'' in [[lingua espaniol|espaniol]], ''Toison d'or'' in [[lingua francese|francese]], e ''Golden Fleece'' in [[lingua anglese|anglese]]. Le objecto del mytho es un [[mantello]] dorate de lana de un [[Ovis aries|ariete]] alate capace de volar. Per consequente, le titulo original non debe esser confundite con le '''Ordine del [[Tonsion de Auro]]''' (in espaniol: ''El Toisón de Oro''), essente iste ultime un ordine equestre e cavalleresc instituite in le seculo XV (1430) per le duce Philippo III de Burgundia. Le consequentia de confunder '''vello''' con '''tonsion''' o altere parolas paronyme create per calco seria un mixtura ambigue e un confusion inter le mythologia antique e le historia medieval. == Le initio del conto mythologic del Vello de Auro == [[File:Jason Pelias Louvre K127.jpg|thumb|[[Jason (mythologia)|Jason]] retro in patria con le Vello de Auro, in un vaso attic a figuras russe]] [[Athamas]] repudiava su sposa [[Nephele]] pro maritar [[Ino]]. Iste ultime odiava [[Helle]] e [[Phrixus]], le filios de Athamas e Nephele, e cercava de necar les pro permitter a su proprie filio de ascender al throno. Nephele peteva auxilio a [[Hermes]], qui inviava le ariete alate [[Chrysomallos]]. Le animal cargava le duo fratres e volava verso le [[Colchide]]. Durante le viage, Helle cadeva in le mar, nominate de tunc [[Hellesponto]]. Phrixus arrivava a destination e esseva accolligite/recepte per le rege [[Aeetes]]. Phrixus immolava le animal al deos e donava le vello a Aeetes, qui lo suspendeva a un querco in un silva sacre. === Jason e le Argonautas === Le Vello de Auro esseva postea robate per [[Jason (mythologia)|Jason]] e su companiones, le [[Argonautas]], arrivate a bordo del nave ''Argo''. Pro obtener le preciosissime vello, Jason debeva affrontar le durissime provas imponite per le rege [[Aeetes]], qui non voleva ceder lo. Inter iste obstaculos, Jason debeva yugar tauros cuje nares respirava igne e arare un campo con illes, seminar dentes de dracon de cuje terra nasceva un exercito de soldatos armate, e finalmente vincer le dracon insomne que guardava le vello sacre. In iste difficultates extreme, Jason recipeva le adjuto decisive de [[Medea]], filia de Aeetes e maga potente, le qual se habeva infatuate de ille. Gratias a su filtros magic et a su sagacitate, Medea sopiva le dracon monstruose, permittente a Jason de prender le vello e de fugir rapidemente con le Argonautas. === Critica historic al mytho === Historicamente, le mytho probabilemente reflecte le prime expeditiones de mercatores e marineros grec in cerca de auro in le region del Euxino (Mar Nigre). In le zonas montaniose del antique Colchide (hodierne Georgia), le cercatores de auro usava le pelles de ariete submergite in le rivos pro attrappar fragmentos e paleas de auro inter le fibras de lana, un technica usate usque al tempore recente. == Vide etiam == * [[Jason (mythologia)]] * [[Argonautas]] * [[Ordine del Tonsion de Auro]] [[Categoria:Mythologia grec]] [[Categoria:Le Argonauticas]] am9xunt4cc88pg92un0efd6n8e35jtw 0 62516 705654 2026-11-07T21:31:46Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “'''Theoria del justification del systema''' es un theoria in psychologia social que propone que le personas es motivate a defender, supportar e justificar le systemas social, economic e politic existente, mesmo quando iste systemas pote disavantagiar les o lor gruppos social.<ref name="Jost1994">{{cite web |last1=Jost |first1=John T. |last2=Banaji |first2=Mahzarin R. |title=The role of stereotyping in system-justification and the production of false consciousness |we...” 705654 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Theoria del justification del systema''' es un theoria in psychologia social que propone que le personas es motivate a defender, supportar e justificar le systemas social, economic e politic existente, mesmo quando iste systemas pote disavantagiar les o lor gruppos social.<ref name="Jost1994">{{cite web |last1=Jost |first1=John T. |last2=Banaji |first2=Mahzarin R. |title=The role of stereotyping in system-justification and the production of false consciousness |website=British Journal of Social Psychology |volume=33 |pages=1–27 |year=1994 |doi=10.1111/j.2044-8309.1994.tb01008.x}}</ref> Le theoria esseva introducite per le psychologos John T. Jost e Mahzarin R. Banaji in 1994. Illo suggere que le individuos ha motivos psychologic non solmente pro mantener un imagine positive de se mesme e de lor gruppos social, ma etiam pro perciper le systema social plus vaste como legitime e juste.<ref name="Jost2004">{{cite web |last1=Jost |first1=John T. |last2=Banaji |first2=Mahzarin R. |last3=Nosek |first3=Brian A. |title=A Decade of System Justification Theory: Accumulated Evidence of Conscious and Unconscious Bolstering of the Status Quo |website=Political Psychology |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=881–919 |year=2004 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9221.2004.00402.x}}</ref> == Fundamento theoric == Le theoria del justification del systema se basa sur investigationes anterior in psychologia social, specialmente sur le theorias del identitate social e del relationes inter gruppos. Tamen, illo se differe per accentuar le motivation del personas a defender le ordine social existente, in loco de concentrar se exclusivemente sur le interesses individual o del gruppo.<ref name="Jost2004"/> Secundo le theoria, le personas pote acceptar le inegalitates existente proque illes crede que le arrangiamentos social es natural, necessari, juste o inevitabile. Iste opiniones pote contribuer a mantener le legitimitate del institutiones establite e del hierarchias social.<ref name="Jost1994"/> == Principios principal == === Justification del statu quo === Le theoria propone que le individuos tende a rationalisar le arrangiamentos social existente e a considerar los legitime. Isto pote conducer le personas a resister al cambios que poterea poner in question institutiones familiar o structuras social establite.<ref name="Jost2019">{{cite web |last=Jost |first=John T. |title=A quarter century of system justification theory: Questions, answers, criticisms, and societal applications |website=British Journal of Social Psychology |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=263–314 |year=2019 |doi=10.1111/bjso.12297}}</ref> === Supporto a systemas inequal === Un aspecto importante del theoria es que individuos disavantagiate pote a vices supportar systemas que contribue a lor disavantagio. Isto pote occurrer per le internalisation de stereotypos social o de opiniones que presenta le inegalitates existente como justificate o meritate.<ref name="Jost2004"/> === Functiones psychologic === Le justification del systema pote servir a functiones psychologic per reducer le incertitude, le anxietate e le conflicto. Creder que le ordine social existente es legitime pote dar al individuos un senso de stabilitate, securitate e predictibilitate.<ref name="Jost2019"/> == Recerca e applicationes == Le theoria del justification del systema ha essite applicate a recercas sur le ideologia politic, le inegalitate social, le relationes de genere, le opiniones economic e le attitudes inter gruppos. Le investigadores ha studiate como le personas justifica le institutiones existente e como iste opiniones influentia lor reactiones al cambiamento social.<ref name="Osborne2019">{{cite web |last1=Osborne |first1=Danny |last2=Sengupta |first2=Nikhil K. |last3=Sibley |first3=Chris G. |title=System justification theory at 25: Evaluating a paradigm shift in psychology and looking towards the future |website=British Journal of Social Psychology |year=2019 |doi=10.1111/bjso.12302}}</ref> Le recerca indica etiam que le justification del systema es influentiate per circumstantias como le perception de menacias, le dependentia del institutiones existente e le opiniones concernente le stabilitate del societate.<ref name="Friesen2019">{{cite web |last1=Friesen |first1=Justin P. |last2=Laurin |first2=Kristin |last3=Shepherd |first3=Steven |last4=Gaucher |first4=Danielle |last5=Kay |first5=Aaron C. |title=System justification: Experimental evidence, its contextual nature, and implications for social change |website=British Journal of Social Psychology |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=315–339 |year=2019 |doi=10.1111/bjso.12278}}</ref> == Critica e debatto == Ben que le theoria del justification del systema ha influentiate le recerca in psychologia social e politic, alcun investigadores ha questionate si un motivation psychologic separate pro justificar le systemas social es necessari pro explicar le supporto del personas al institutiones existente. Explicationes alternative accentua le identitate social, le interesses del gruppos e le beneficios practic que le personas pote associar con le arrangiamentos social existente. Isto ha provocate un debatto academic continuante concernente le causas del attitudes que supporta le systema, specialmente inter le gruppos disavantagiate.<ref name="Owuamalam2019">{{cite web |last1=Owuamalam |first1=Chuma K. |last2=Rubin |first2=Mark |last3=Spears |first3=Russell |title=Revisiting 25 years of system motivation explanation for system justification from the perspective of social identity model of system attitudes |website=British Journal of Social Psychology |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=362–381 |year=2019 |doi=10.1111/bjso.12285}}</ref> {{ref}} == Lectura supplementari == * {{cite book |editor1-last=Jost |editor1-first=John T. |editor2-last=Major |editor2-first=Brenda |title=The Psychology of Legitimacy: Emerging Perspectives on Ideology, Justice, and Intergroup Relations |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001 |isbn=9780521781602}} * {{cite book |editor-last=Jost |editor-first=John T. |title=Social and Psychological Bases of Ideology and System Justification |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |doi=10.1093/acprof/9780195320916.001.0001}} [[Categoria:Inertia cognitive]] [[Categoria:Conformitate]] [[Categoria:Processos de gruppo]] [[Categoria:Psychologia moral]] [[Categoria:Psychologia politic]] [[Categoria:Phenomenos social]] [[Categoria:Theorias social]] [[Categoria:Barrieras al pensamento critic]] [[Categoria:Error]] [[Categoria:Gaspilio de recursos]] e7rgpb0ocyzjlozm5ye46a8rbtdlxmi 705655 705654 2026-11-07T21:32:51Z Tratxan 61856 705655 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Theoria del justification del systema''' es un theoria in psychologia social que propone que le personas es motivate a defender, supportar e justificar le systemas social, economic e politic existente, mesmo quando iste systemas pote disavantagiar les o lor gruppos social.<ref name="Jost1994">{{cite book |last1=Jost |first1=John T. |last2=Banaji |first2=Mahzarin R. |title=The role of stereotyping in system-justification and the production of false consciousness |website=British Journal of Social Psychology |volume=33 |pages=1–27 |year=1994 |doi=10.1111/j.2044-8309.1994.tb01008.x}}</ref> Le theoria esseva introducite per le psychologos John T. Jost e Mahzarin R. Banaji in 1994. Illo suggere que le individuos ha motivos psychologic non solmente pro mantener un imagine positive de se mesme e de lor gruppos social, ma etiam pro perciper le systema social plus vaste como legitime e juste.<ref name="Jost2004">{{cite book |last1=Jost |first1=John T. |last2=Banaji |first2=Mahzarin R. |last3=Nosek |first3=Brian A. |title=A Decade of System Justification Theory: Accumulated Evidence of Conscious and Unconscious Bolstering of the Status Quo |website=Political Psychology |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=881–919 |year=2004 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9221.2004.00402.x}}</ref> == Fundamento theoric == Le theoria del justification del systema se basa sur investigationes anterior in psychologia social, specialmente sur le theorias del identitate social e del relationes inter gruppos. Tamen, illo se differe per accentuar le motivation del personas a defender le ordine social existente, in loco de concentrar se exclusivemente sur le interesses individual o del gruppo.<ref name="Jost2004"/> Secundo le theoria, le personas pote acceptar le inegalitates existente proque illes crede que le arrangiamentos social es natural, necessari, juste o inevitabile. Iste opiniones pote contribuer a mantener le legitimitate del institutiones establite e del hierarchias social.<ref name="Jost1994"/> == Principios principal == === Justification del statu quo === Le theoria propone que le individuos tende a rationalisar le arrangiamentos social existente e a considerar los legitime. Isto pote conducer le personas a resister al cambios que poterea poner in question institutiones familiar o structuras social establite.<ref name="Jost2019">{{cite book |last=Jost |first=John T. |title=A quarter century of system justification theory: Questions, answers, criticisms, and societal applications |website=British Journal of Social Psychology |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=263–314 |year=2019 |doi=10.1111/bjso.12297}}</ref> === Supporto a systemas inequal === Un aspecto importante del theoria es que individuos disavantagiate pote a vices supportar systemas que contribue a lor disavantagio. Isto pote occurrer per le internalisation de stereotypos social o de opiniones que presenta le inegalitates existente como justificate o meritate.<ref name="Jost2004"/> === Functiones psychologic === Le justification del systema pote servir a functiones psychologic per reducer le incertitude, le anxietate e le conflicto. Creder que le ordine social existente es legitime pote dar al individuos un senso de stabilitate, securitate e predictibilitate.<ref name="Jost2019"/> == Recerca e applicationes == Le theoria del justification del systema ha essite applicate a recercas sur le ideologia politic, le inegalitate social, le relationes de genere, le opiniones economic e le attitudes inter gruppos. Le investigadores ha studiate como le personas justifica le institutiones existente e como iste opiniones influentia lor reactiones al cambiamento social.<ref name="Osborne2019">{{cite book |last1=Osborne |first1=Danny |last2=Sengupta |first2=Nikhil K. |last3=Sibley |first3=Chris G. |title=System justification theory at 25: Evaluating a paradigm shift in psychology and looking towards the future |website=British Journal of Social Psychology |year=2019 |doi=10.1111/bjso.12302}}</ref> Le recerca indica etiam que le justification del systema es influentiate per circumstantias como le perception de menacias, le dependentia del institutiones existente e le opiniones concernente le stabilitate del societate.<ref name="Friesen2019">{{cite book |last1=Friesen |first1=Justin P. |last2=Laurin |first2=Kristin |last3=Shepherd |first3=Steven |last4=Gaucher |first4=Danielle |last5=Kay |first5=Aaron C. |title=System justification: Experimental evidence, its contextual nature, and implications for social change |website=British Journal of Social Psychology |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=315–339 |year=2019 |doi=10.1111/bjso.12278}}</ref> == Critica e debatto == Ben que le theoria del justification del systema ha influentiate le recerca in psychologia social e politic, alcun investigadores ha questionate si un motivation psychologic separate pro justificar le systemas social es necessari pro explicar le supporto del personas al institutiones existente. Explicationes alternative accentua le identitate social, le interesses del gruppos e le beneficios practic que le personas pote associar con le arrangiamentos social existente. Isto ha provocate un debatto academic continuante concernente le causas del attitudes que supporta le systema, specialmente inter le gruppos disavantagiate.<ref name="Owuamalam2019">{{cite book |last1=Owuamalam |first1=Chuma K. |last2=Rubin |first2=Mark |last3=Spears |first3=Russell |title=Revisiting 25 years of system motivation explanation for system justification from the perspective of social identity model of system attitudes |website=British Journal of Social Psychology |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=362–381 |year=2019 |doi=10.1111/bjso.12285}}</ref> {{ref}} == Lectura supplementari == * {{cite book |editor1-last=Jost |editor1-first=John T. |editor2-last=Major |editor2-first=Brenda |title=The Psychology of Legitimacy: Emerging Perspectives on Ideology, Justice, and Intergroup Relations |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001 |isbn=9780521781602}} * {{cite book |editor-last=Jost |editor-first=John T. |title=Social and Psychological Bases of Ideology and System Justification |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |doi=10.1093/acprof/9780195320916.001.0001}} [[Categoria:Inertia cognitive]] [[Categoria:Conformitate]] [[Categoria:Processos de gruppo]] [[Categoria:Psychologia moral]] [[Categoria:Psychologia politic]] [[Categoria:Phenomenos social]] [[Categoria:Theorias social]] [[Categoria:Barrieras al pensamento critic]] [[Categoria:Error]] [[Categoria:Gaspilio de recursos]] t32gci5u7ze6cnt677j3yy93p9hlp82 705657 705655 2026-11-07T21:40:45Z Tratxan 61856 705657 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} '''Theoria del justification del systema''' es un theoria in psychologia social que propone que le personas es motivate a defender, supportar e justificar le systemas social, economic e politic existente, mesmo quando iste systemas pote disavantagiar les o lor gruppos social.<ref name="Jost1994">{{cite book |last1=Jost |first1=John T. |last2=Banaji |first2=Mahzarin R. |title=The role of stereotyping in system-justification and the production of false consciousness |website=British Journal of Social Psychology |volume=33 |pages=1–27 |year=1994 |doi=10.1111/j.2044-8309.1994.tb01008.x}}</ref> Le theoria esseva introducite per le psychologos John T. Jost e Mahzarin R. Banaji in 1994. Illo suggere que le individuos ha motivos psychologic non solmente pro mantener un imagine positive de se mesme e de lor gruppos social, ma etiam pro perciper le systema social plus vaste como legitime e juste.<ref name="Jost2004">{{cite book |last1=Jost |first1=John T. |last2=Banaji |first2=Mahzarin R. |last3=Nosek |first3=Brian A. |title=A Decade of System Justification Theory: Accumulated Evidence of Conscious and Unconscious Bolstering of the Status Quo |website=Political Psychology |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=881–919 |year=2004 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9221.2004.00402.x}}</ref> == Fundamento theoric == Le theoria del justification del systema se basa sur investigationes anterior in psychologia social, specialmente sur le theorias del identitate social e del relationes inter gruppos. Tamen, illo se differe per accentuar le motivation del personas a defender le ordine social existente, in loco de concentrar se exclusivemente sur le interesses individual o del gruppo.<ref name="Jost2004"/> Secundo le theoria, le personas pote acceptar le inegalitates existente proque illes crede que le arrangiamentos social es natural, necessari, juste o inevitabile. Iste opiniones pote contribuer a mantener le legitimitate del institutiones establite e del hierarchias social.<ref name="Jost1994"/> == Principios principal == === Justification del statu quo === Le theoria propone que le individuos tende a rationalisar le arrangiamentos social existente e a considerar los legitime. Isto pote conducer le personas a resister al cambios que poterea poner in question institutiones familiar o structuras social establite.<ref name="Jost2019">{{cite book |last=Jost |first=John T. |title=A quarter century of system justification theory: Questions, answers, criticisms, and societal applications |website=British Journal of Social Psychology |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=263–314 |year=2019 |doi=10.1111/bjso.12297}}</ref> === Supporto a systemas inequal === Un aspecto importante del theoria es que individuos disavantagiate pote a vices supportar systemas que contribue a lor disavantagio. Isto pote occurrer per le internalisation de stereotypos social o de opiniones que presenta le inegalitates existente como justificate o meritate.<ref name="Jost2004"/> === Functiones psychologic === Le justification del systema pote servir a functiones psychologic per reducer le incertitude, le anxietate e le conflicto. Creder que le ordine social existente es legitime pote dar al individuos un senso de stabilitate, securitate e predictibilitate.<ref name="Jost2019"/> == Recerca e applicationes == Le theoria del justification del systema ha essite applicate a recercas sur le ideologia politic, le inegalitate social, le relationes de genere, le opiniones economic e le attitudes inter gruppos. Le investigadores ha studiate como le personas justifica le institutiones existente e como iste opiniones influentia lor reactiones al cambiamento social.<ref name="Osborne2019">{{cite book |last1=Osborne |first1=Danny |last2=Sengupta |first2=Nikhil K. |last3=Sibley |first3=Chris G. |title=System justification theory at 25: Evaluating a paradigm shift in psychology and looking towards the future |website=British Journal of Social Psychology |year=2019 |doi=10.1111/bjso.12302}}</ref> Le recerca indica etiam que le justification del systema es influentiate per circumstantias como le perception de menacias, le dependentia del institutiones existente e le opiniones concernente le stabilitate del societate.<ref name="Friesen2019">{{cite book |last1=Friesen |first1=Justin P. |last2=Laurin |first2=Kristin |last3=Shepherd |first3=Steven |last4=Gaucher |first4=Danielle |last5=Kay |first5=Aaron C. |title=System justification: Experimental evidence, its contextual nature, and implications for social change |website=British Journal of Social Psychology |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=315–339 |year=2019 |doi=10.1111/bjso.12278}}</ref> == Critica e debatto == Ben que le theoria del justification del systema ha influentiate le recerca in psychologia social e politic, alcun investigadores ha questionate si un motivation psychologic separate pro justificar le systemas social es necessari pro explicar le supporto del personas al institutiones existente. Explicationes alternative accentua le identitate social, le interesses del gruppos e le beneficios practic que le personas pote associar con le arrangiamentos social existente. Isto ha provocate un debatto academic continuante concernente le causas del attitudes que supporta le systema, specialmente inter le gruppos disavantagiate.<ref name="Owuamalam2019">{{cite book |last1=Owuamalam |first1=Chuma K. |last2=Rubin |first2=Mark |last3=Spears |first3=Russell |title=Revisiting 25 years of system motivation explanation for system justification from the perspective of social identity model of system attitudes |website=British Journal of Social Psychology |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=362–381 |year=2019 |doi=10.1111/bjso.12285}}</ref> {{ref}} == Lectura supplementari == * {{cite book |editor1-last=Jost |editor1-first=John T. |editor2-last=Major |editor2-first=Brenda |title=The Psychology of Legitimacy: Emerging Perspectives on Ideology, Justice, and Intergroup Relations |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001 |isbn=9780521781602}} * {{cite book |editor-last=Jost |editor-first=John T. |title=Social and Psychological Bases of Ideology and System Justification |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |doi=10.1093/acprof/9780195320916.001.0001}} [[Categoria:Inertia cognitive]] [[Categoria:Conformitate]] [[Categoria:Processos de gruppo]] [[Categoria:Psychologia moral]] [[Categoria:Psychologia politic]] [[Categoria:Phenomenos social]] [[Categoria:Theorias social]] [[Categoria:Barrieras al pensamento critic]] [[Categoria:Error]] [[Categoria:Gaspilio de recursos]] suymp985l3q8ooknzfg09s0voejkann 14 62517 705663 2026-11-07T23:48:15Z Tortoise0308 17411 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Isotopos]]” 705663 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Isotopos]] 3v25hbcpwppkyvl3luy66n810vodq08 705665 705663 2026-11-08T00:02:52Z Tortoise0308 17411 catmore; commonscat. 705665 wikitext text/x-wiki {{catmore|Isotopos de nitrogeno}} {{commonscat|Isotopes of nitrogen}} [[Categoria:Isotopos]] krfbabvxj7mzmjz2hvm5kc4kc5oa3ur