Wikipedia iawiki https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagina_principal MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.3 first-letter Multimedia Special Discussion Usator Discussion Usator Wikipedia Discussion Wikipedia File Discussion File MediaWiki Discussion MediaWiki Patrono Discussion Patrono Adjuta Discussion Adjuta Categoria Discussion Categoria Portal Discussion Portal Appendice Discussion Appendice TimedText TimedText talk Modulo Discussion Modulo Evento Discussion Evento 0 17787 705715 700770 2026-11-10T20:36:04Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 705715 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Kick checking diagram.svg|170px|right|thumb|Absorption de un [[colpo de pede basse]] [[colpo de pede circular|circular]] (''low kick'') in [[boxa burman]].]] In [[boxa]] e altere typos de combatto, le '''absorption de colpo''' es un action defensive que consiste in accompaniar le colpo del adversario pro attenuar su effecto. Alcun athletas usa iste modalitate de defensa pro lancear contemporaneemente un [[contraattacco (sport de combatto)|contraattacco]] post haber provocate le attacco del adversario. Absorber un colpo es distincte a incassar lo. <gallery> Image:bloc_épaule1.jpg|''Absorption de un [[colpo de pugno directe a grande curso|directe]] longe del bracio posterior per un inclination del trunco a detra'' Image:Contre_plongeant_lethwei.jpg|''Absorption de un [[colpo de pede basse]] (''low kick'') associate a un [[colpo de contra (in sportes de combatto)|contra]] in directe mergente'' </gallery> == Fontes == * Georges Blanchet, ''Boxe et sports de combat en éducation physique'', Ed. Chiron, Paris, 1947 * Alain Delmas, 1. ''Lexique de la boxe et des autres boxes'' (Document fédéral de formation d’entraîneur), Aix-en-Provence, 1981-2005 - 2. ''Lexique de combatique'' (Document fédéral de formation d’entraîneur), Toulouse, 1975-1980. * [[Jack Dempsey]], ''Championship fighting'', Ed. Jack Cuddy, 1950 * Gabrielle & Roland Habersetzer, ''Encyclopédie des arts martiaux de l'Extrême-Orient'', Ed. Amphora, Paris, 2000 * Louis Lerda, J.C. Casteyre, ''Sachons boxer'', Ed. Vigot, Paris, 1944 * Marcel Petit, ''Boxe: technique et entraînement'', Paris, Ed. Amphora, Paris, 1972 == Ligamines externe == * {{fr}} [http://www.wka-france.fr Antenna WKA-Francia] - Lexico del ''[[boxe pieds-poings|boxes pieds-poings]]'' (Rubrica "Formations", onglet "Ceinture noire") * {{fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20081219092244/http://www.netboxe.com/rep1/lexique.php Lexico de Netboxe.com] * {{fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20090122084337/http://netboxe.com/rep1/pratique.php Folios practic de Netboxe.com] * {{en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20120729120642/http://boxrec.com/media/index.php/Main_Page BoxRec Boxing Encyclopaedia] [[Categoria:Technicas de defensa]] fwsgem5mwdh4a66ajh72vn3r27na9r4 0 17902 705723 700782 2026-11-11T00:41:19Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 705723 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File: protection_passive1color.jpg|110px|right|thumb|Copertura durante un [[colpo de pugno directe a parve curso|jab]] in [[Boxa burman]] ]] In [[sport de combatto|sportes de combatto]] como [[scherma]], [[boxa]], [[karate]], etc., le '''copertura''' es un movimento defensive permittente de se proteger contra colpos per placiar un arma o qualcunque parte del corpore como le pugno, antebracio, cubito, bracio o spatula ante le scopo mirate per attacco. Iste forma de defensa, si-nominate "passive", differentia se del [[blocage (technica de combatto)|blocage]] o [[parata (technica de combatto)|parata]] que son considerate como "active". Le copertura es synonymic a "protection" in particular in [[boxa]] quando un combattente leva su bracio pro proteger su facie o testa contra un eventual attacco. On utilisa copertura: :* de maniera anticipante in caso de attacco del adversario, in particular pro proteger su proprie avantiamento (exemplo: levar le spatula ante le maxilla, se coperir con le bracio e le guanto) :* de maniera instantanee quando le attacco del adversario es lanceate. == In boxa e [[boxe pieds-poings]] == Le copertura in boxa es un forma de defensa communmente usate in le situationes de corpore a corpore e quando le combattente suffre per un multitude de colpos. <gallery> Image:couverture_high.jpg|''Copertura lateral per le guanto durante un attacco de [[colpo de pede circular]] '' Image:Outside Crescent kick.jpg|''Copertura lateral per le bracio e le guanto durante un attacco de [[colpo de pede in crescente]] '' Image:Drop0.jpg|'' Copertura si-nominate "tecto del casa" durante un attacco de [[colpo de pugno descendente|overcut]] '' Image:bloc_épaule1.jpg|''Copertura per le spatula sur un attacco de [[colpo de pugno directe a grande curso|cross]] del bracio posterior '' </gallery> == Fontes == * Georges Blanchet, ''Boxe et sports de combat en éducation physique'', Ed. Chiron, Paris, 1947 * Alain Delmas, 1. ''Lexique de la boxe et des autres boxes'' (Document fédéral de formation d’entraîneur), Aix-en-Provence, 1981-2005 - 2. ''Lexique de combatique'' (Document fédéral de formation d’entraîneur), Toulouse, 1975-1980. * [[Jack Dempsey]], ''Championship fighting'', Ed. Jack Cuddy, 1950 * Gabrielle & Roland Habersetzer, ''Encyclopédie des arts martiaux de l'Extrême-Orient'', Ed. Amphora, Paris, 2000 * Louis Lerda, J.C. Casteyre, ''Sachons boxer'', Ed. Vigot, Paris, 1944 * Marcel Petit, ''Boxe: technique et entraînement'', Paris, Ed. Amphora, Paris, 1972 {{Commons|Category: boxing|Boxing}} == Ligamines externe == * {{fr}} [http://www.wka-france.fr Antenna WKA-Francia] - Lexico del ''[[boxe pieds-poings|boxes pieds-poings]]'' (Rubrica "Formations", onglet "Ceinture noire") * {{fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20081219092244/http://www.netboxe.com/rep1/lexique.php Lexico de Netboxe.com] * {{fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20090122084337/http://netboxe.com/rep1/pratique.php Folios practic de Netboxe.com] * {{en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20120729120642/http://boxrec.com/media/index.php/Main_Page BoxRec Boxing Encyclopaedia] [[Categoria:Technicas de defensa]] iehsbggifoblg5v7j1xfvbu6ejlvv3c 0 17937 705743 700798 2026-11-11T06:58:35Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 705743 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:directlong0.jpg|100px|right|thumb|Typo de attitude (lateral e inclinate) durante un [[jab]], aqui in [[Boxa burman]] ]] Un '''postura''', in le [[sportes de combatto]], es le maniera de esser positionate, de se tener, de se orientar, de esser protegite o in "[[Guarda (position de combatto)|guarda]]", etc., in le combatto. On parla plus currentemente de guarda, de attitude o de position de combatto. == Exemplo de postura, le guarda in [[boxa]] == In boxa, le anglophonos parla plus tosto de "position" que de "guarda" a propriemente parlar (exemplo: ''sidestep'' pro le guarda lateral). Le guarda pro iste primes es le alto del corpore e equalmente le appoios sur le solo, assi illes usa le termino ''upright stance'' pro un position vertical de busto e ''full crouch'' pro un attitude contrahite. In [[Francia]], on usa le termino de attitude de combatto quando on indica le totalitate del corpore. Dunque quando on parla de "guarda" in le schola francese, on pensa frequentemente al position del bracios in particular pro se proteger. Ma multo plus, illo designa un organisation de corpore permittente al combattente de se preparar a defender e de altere parte a passar al offensiva, illo in un configuration que offere un maximo de securitate e de efficacia. Differente positiones permitte de affrontar un adversario ante e durante le scaramucia e son appellate a manco "guarda". Como su nomine indica, "esser sur su guardas" - isto es se mitter in alerta permanente e adoptar un position favorabile pro reager. Numerose attitudes de guarda existe: guarda de tres quartos de facie, de profilo, mixte, alte, basse, avantiate, etc. Il es certe que multo importante "de esser guardate" (hermetic), ma on debe equalmente adoptar un attitude que permitter de ager e de reager rapidemente e con efficacia (dunque adoptar un postura efficace). Al contrario un boxator non adoptante de attitude definite o habente le bracio "in basso" es si-nominate "non guardate". Del resto, alcun boxatores face iste preferentia in le perspectiva de construer lor joco sur le base de contrainformationes ([[fraude (technica de combatto)|fraudes]]). <gallery> Image:garde_basse02.jpg|''Guarda de profilo mixte (bracio de avante in basso)'' Image:garde_avancée1.jpg|''Guarda de profilo mixte (bracio de avante in supra)'' Image:garde_rentrée1.jpg|''Guarda de tres quartos de facie'' Image:garde_mixte1.jpg|''Guarda de tres quartos de facie mixte'' </gallery> On conta differente attitudes de combatto in boxa: guarda de tres quartos de facie, de profilo, in ''crouch'', basse, peso sur gamba de avante, peso sur gamba posterior, in appoios multo distante, etc. De tempore in tempore, le position del corpore pote indicar le intentiones de un combattente in relation a su adversario. Exemplo: un attitude de profilo pote esser le signo de un travalio de [[evitation]] e [[contraattacco (sport de combatto)|contraattacco]] del bracio de avante assi que de [[Colpo de contra|contra]]. <gallery> Image:attitude_droite1.jpg|''Attitude recte'' Image:attitude_semi-enroulée1.jpg|''Attitude semi-inrolate '' Image:attitude_enroulée1.jpg|''Attitude dorso inrolate'' </gallery> == Fontes == * Georges Blanchet, ''Boxe et sports de combat en éducation physique'', Ed. Chiron, Paris, 1947 * Alain Delmas, 1. ''Lexique de la boxe et des autres boxes (Document fédéral de formation d’entraîneur)'', Aix-en-Provence, 1981-2005 - 2. ''Lexique de combatique (Document fédéral de formation d’entraîneur)'', Toulouse, 1975-1980. * [[Jack Dempsey]], ''Championship fighting'', Ed. Jack Cuddy, 1950 * Fédération française de escrime, ''Les cahiers de la commission pédagogique nationale d’escrime'', INSEP, Paris, 1981 * Gabrielle & Roland Habersetzer, ''Encyclopédie des arts martiaux de l'Extrême-Orient'', Ed. Amphora, Paris, 2000 * M. Imhauss, R. Chapelot, ''Langage de l’escrime'', Ministère de la Guerre, 1908 * Louis Lerda, J.C. Casteyre, ''Sachons boxer'', Ed. Vigot, Paris, 1944 {{Commons|Category: boxing|Boxing}} == Ligamines externe == * {{fr}} [http://www.wka-france.fr Antenna WKA-Francia] - Lexico del ''[[boxe pieds-poings|boxes pieds-poings]]'' (Rubrica "Formations", onglet "Ceinture noire") * {{fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20081219092244/http://www.netboxe.com/rep1/lexique.php Lexico de Netboxe.com] * {{fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20090122084337/http://netboxe.com/rep1/pratique.php Folios practic de Netboxe.com] * {{en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20120729120642/http://boxrec.com/media/index.php/Main_Page BoxRec Boxing Encyclopaedia] [[Categoria:Technicas de combatto corpore a corpore]] dyn881g9m7fjwtaay947tx1wafjzrqj 0 17998 705724 700784 2026-11-11T01:29:22Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 705724 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:contre_bolo1.jpg|110px|right|thumb| "B" porta un [[contra]] in [[bolo-punch]] con inclination de avante e lateral del busto (aqui in [[Boxa burman]]) ]] Le '''evasion al latere''' (in [[lingua francese|francese]] ''désaxage'') in [[sport]] es un sortita del linea principal de action. Illo es realisate de maniera partial o total (in altere parolas con un portion o le totalitate del corpore). In sport de opposition, le evasion al latere es un action offensive o defensive que basa sur le discentrar se del linea directe de affrontamento (axe directe essentialmente indirecte). Illo pote esser realisate: :- sin displaciamento del appoios sur le solo illo a fortia de un movimento lateral de busto ([[retiro de busto (technica de combatto)|retiro de busto]]). :- con un displaciamento del appoios sur le solo. On parlara aqui plus precisemente de [[displaciamento (technica de combatto)|displaciamento]]. Exemplo in [[boxa]]: displaciamento pro trovar un angulo de [[attacco (sport de combatto)|attacco]] sur le scopos del adversario. == In [[sport de combatto|sportes de combatto]] == In sportes de combatto como activitates pugilistic o scherma, illo basa sur le realisar un discentration del busto del axe directe de affrontamento sin displaciamento del appoios sur le solo. Illo realisa se in situation defensive como offensive. Iste activitate es necessari pro evitar de esser attingite in le axe directe per le adversario in tres casos: :- in le [[offensiva]] del adversario in le axe directe ([[defensa (sport de combatto)|defensa]] per [[evitation]] lateral del trunco); :- in un [[contraoffensiva (sport de combatto)|contraoffensiva]] personal (controlo, [[arresto (boxa)|colpo de arresto]], [[colpo de contra]] o [[contraattacco (sport de combatto)|contraattacco]]); :- in un offensiva personal. Il existe differente manieras de inclinar se lateralmente: :- in guardante le trunco affrontante al opponente; :- in procedente a un torsion del busto de un quarto de torno (environ), le sterno o le dorso levemente orientate verso axe directe de affrontamento. == Illustration in [[boxa]] == <gallery> Image: drop3.jpg|''Attacco de [[colpo de pugno directe longe|cross]] con inclination lateral'' Image: bolo1.jpg |''[[Colpo de contra]] in [[bolo-punch]] del bracio de avante con deportar del trunco in un attacco de [[jab]] al facie'' Image: direct_corps1.jpg|'' [[Colpo de contra]] in [[directe (boxa)]] al corpore con un inclination lateral in un attacco de [[colpo de pugno directe longe|cross]] al facie'' </gallery> == Fontes == {{Commons|Category:Kickboxing|Kickboxing}} * Alain Delmas, 1. ''Lexique de la boxe et des autres boxes'' (Document fédéral de formation d’entraîneur), Aix-en-Provence, 1981-2005 - 2. ''Lexique de combatique'' (Document fédéral de formation d’entraîneur), Toulouse, 1975-1980. * [[Jack Dempsey]], ''Championship fighting'', Ed. Jack Cuddy, 1950 * Gabrielle & Roland Habersetzer, ''Encyclopédie des arts martiaux de l'Extrême-Orient'', Ed. Amphora, Paris, 2000 * Louis Lerda, J.C. Casteyre, ''Sachons boxer'', Ed. Vigot, Paris, 1944 == Ligamines externe == * {{fr}} [http://www.wka-france.fr WKA-Francia] - Lexico del [[boxes pieds-poings]] (onglet "formations", preparation CN1°) * {{fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20081219092244/http://www.netboxe.com/rep1/lexique.php Netboxe] - Lexico del [[boxa]] * {{fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20090122084337/http://netboxe.com/rep1/pratique.php Netboxe] - Folios practic del boxa * {{en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20120729120642/http://boxrec.com/media/index.php/Main_Page BoxRec] - Boxing Encyclopedia [[Categoria:Technicas de combatto corpore a corpore]] [[Categoria:Technicas de defensa]] 25jbku7zcywxv0v7jz33k86rn9c0rbc 0 18069 705716 700777 2026-11-10T21:36:02Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 705716 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File: circulaire16color.jpg|130px|right|thumb|Blocage sur un [[colpo de pede circular]] in [[Boxa burman]] ]] In [[sport de combatto|sports de combatto]], le '''blocage''' o '''blocamento''' es un movimento defensive permittente de attenuar le colpo del adversario. Iste movimento defensive se basa sur le arresto de un colpo, interponente un parte del corpore (o le guanto) inter le scopo mirate e le arma del adversario. Illo pote esser effectuate con numerose partes del corpore: manos, tibia, antebracio, planta del pedes, etc. On distingue tres formas principal: * le blocage si-nominate "neutre" que incassa le colpo, * le blocage que va contra le colpo (con un effecto nominate le "telescopar" del arma), * e le blocage que accompania le choc del adversario (absorption del arma del adversario). Illo es executate le plus frequentemente con le antebracio o le bracio. Vide equalmente [[absorption de colpo|absorption]], [[copertura (technica de combatto)|copertura]] e [[parata (technica de combatto)|parata]]. Pro alcun formas de blocage, on parla equalmente de parata blocante (vocabulario originate in [[scherma]]). <gallery> Image:blocage1.jpg|''Blocage frontal del duo antebracios durante un attacco de [[jab]] al corpore'' Image:stick-kick3.jpg|''Blocage lateral par un bracio durante un attacco de [[colpo de pede in baston]]'' Image:circulaire15.jpg|''Blocage lateral par le tibia durante un attacco de [[colpo de pede circular]]'' </gallery> == Le factores de successo de un blocage == # Le movimento debe esser perfectemente automatisate pro evitar un choc in combatto (on se arresta pro essayar de reflecter al technica). Illo debe esser tamben perfectemente maestrate. Nulle question de lancear se in un combatto sin maestrar su subjecto. Le mediocritate del maestria solmente poterea resultar al perdita del combatto. # Le realisation debe preferibilemente esser accompaniate de un activitate de displaciamento (accompaniamento, absorption del choc...) dunque nulle question de restar glaciate (particularmente pro le sports de [[plen contacto]] sin protectiones). Le displaciamento debe esser fluide e rapide, un rigiditate pote traher un disequilibrar (un colpo potente trahe necessarimente un disequilibrar) e assi le possibilitates de contraattacco essera violate. # Le induramento del differente partes del corpore susceptibile de blocar debe esser un prioritate pro le combatto, sub pena de se retrovar con un tibia o antebracio rumpite durante le realisation del movimento de parata. == Fontes == * Georges Blanchet, ''Boxe et sports de combat en éducation physique'', Ed. Chiron, Paris, 1947 * Alain Delmas, 1. ''Lexique de la boxe et des autres boxes'' (Document fédéral de formation d’entraîneur), Aix-en-Provence, 1981-2005 - 2. ''Lexique de combatique'' (Document fédéral de formation d’entraîneur), Toulouse, 1975-1980. * [[Jack Dempsey]], ''Championship fighting'', Ed. Jack Cuddy, 1950 * Gabrielle & Roland Habersetzer, ''Encyclopédie des arts martiaux de l'Extrême-Orient'', Ed. Amphora, Paris, 2000 * Louis Lerda, J.C. Casteyre, ''Sachons boxer'', Ed. Vigot, Paris, 1944 * Marcel Petit, ''Boxe: technique et entraînement'', Paris, Ed. Amphora, Paris, 1972 {{Commons|Category: boxing|Boxing}} == Ligamines externe == * {{fr}} [http://www.wka-france.fr Antenna WKA-Francia] - Lexico del ''[[boxe pieds-poings|boxes pieds-poings]]'' (Rubrica "Formations", onglet "Ceinture noire") * {{fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20081219092244/http://www.netboxe.com/rep1/lexique.php Lexico de Netboxe.com] * {{fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20090122084337/http://netboxe.com/rep1/pratique.php Folios practic de Netboxe.com] * {{en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20120729120642/http://boxrec.com/media/index.php/Main_Page BoxRec Boxing Encyclopaedia] [[Categoria:Technicas de defensa]] 4qwjwevnjrss6jwirdzm5d1r6w3hoyz 0 23467 705741 663921 2026-11-11T04:35:33Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 705741 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/typo/languoid}} Le '''lingua asturian''' o '''asturiano''' es un lingua ibero-romanic del subgruppo astur-leonese parlate in [[Asturias]], Espania. == Historia == Le lingua asturian es le resultato del developpamento del latino portate per le [[Imperio Roman]] in le territorio del asturianos e cantabros jam ab le [[seculo 1]]. Del lingua asturian o le linguas que parlava le populos preroman pauco es cognoscite, sed esseva le apprentissage del latino con characteristicas linguistic del lingua asturian que lo dava su characteristica proprie trans un processo de formation progressive. Malgrado documentation precoce, super toto in le ''fueros'' (Avilés 1155, Uviéu 1295, Campumanes 1247), le normalisation linguistic del asturiano es un facto recente. Como altere linguas minoritari del Peninsula Iberic, post le [[seculo 14]] le asturiano comenciava perder parlatores a causa del [[espaniol]], que esseva le lingua del classes alte e le administration. Il non es usque le [[seculo 16]] que appare le prime autor moderne con nomine e opera cognoscite, Antón de Marirreguera. Post ille seque Francisco Bernaldo de Quirós, de qui es conservate le poema ''El Caballu''. In le seculo 19 comenciava le renascentia del asturiano gratias a Gaspar Melchor de Xovellanos qui recognosceva le "vitalitate del dialecto de Asturias" e comenciava, inter altere projectos, un dictionario. In 1839 su grande amico Xosé Caveda y Nava (1796-1882) remontava su ''Colección de Poesías en Dialecto Asturiano'' que esseva le prime libro editate in iste lingua. In le seculo 19 es registrate le prime tentativas de scriber in asturiano codificate: in 1869 Xuan Junquera Huergo finiva un ''Gramática Asturiana'' que non esseva editate. In 1891 Apolinar Rato y Hevia publicava le ''Vocabulario de palabras y frases bables que se hablaron antiguamente y de las que hoy se hablan en el Principado de Asturias''. Nonobstante, in le seculo 20 le asturiano esseva considerate un dialecto o un conjuncto de linguages. Le recognoscentia del existentia del lingua asturian veniva in 1974 con le creation del Conceyu Bable e in 1981 con le creation del Academia de la Llingua Asturiana. == Dialectos == Le linguas asturian ha tres dialectos: * Asturiano occidental: Illo se trova inter le rivieras Navia e Nalon, in le occidente del provincias de Leon, Zamora e Salamanca. * Asturiano central: Illo se trova inter le riviera Seya e un linea que va desde Ḷḷena usque le Nalon e in le nord de Leon. * Asturiano oriental: Parlate inter le riviera Seya e le linea que marca le riviera Miera con variante in le nord de Caceres e sud de Salamanca. Il ha anque un variation de transition nominate "Eonaviego". == Grammatica == === Phonologia === ==== <u>Vocales</u> ==== {| class="IPA" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding=0 style="text-align:center; background:transparent;" |- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;" |style="padding-bottom:3px;"| <span style="align:left; font-size:90%;" class="editlink noprint plainlinksneverexpand"></span> | style="width: 60px;" | '''Anterior''' | style="width: 60px; word-spacing: -.3em;" | | style="width: 60px;" | '''Central''' | style="width: 60px;word-spacing: -.3em;" | | style="width: 60px;" | '''Posterior''' |- | style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Clause''' | style="height: 210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position: relative;">[[File:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px]]<div style="background: transparent; position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px;"> {| style="position: relative; width: 300px; height: 210px; text-align: center; background: transparent;" |- | style="width: 300px; height: 210px; text-align: center; background: transparent; font-size: 120%;" | <!-- CLOSE VOWELS --> <div style="position: absolute; left: 5%; width: 2.3em; top: 2%; background: white;"> ''i''&nbsp;{{IPA|/i/}}</div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 84%; width: 3em; top: 2%; background: white;"> ''u''&nbsp;{{IPA|/u/}}</div> <!-- MID VOWELS --> <div style="position: absolute; left: 23%; width: 2.7em; top: 45%; background: white;"> ''e''&nbsp;{{IPA|/e/}}</div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 84%; width: 2.7em; top: 45%; background: white;"> ''o''&nbsp;{{IPA|/o/}}</div> <!-- OPEN VOWELS --> <div style="position: absolute; left: 60%; width: 3em; top: 86%; background: white;"> ''a''&nbsp;{{IPA|/a/}}</div> |} </div></div> |- | style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | |- | style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | |- | style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Medie''' |- | style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | |- | style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | |- | style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Aperte''' |} <noinclude> ==== <u>Consonantes</u> ==== {| {{tablabonita}} |----- | ||'''labiales''' || '''dentales''' ||'''alveolares'''||'''palatales'''|| '''velares''' |----- align="center" |'''occlusive surde'''||p||t||-||t͡ʃ||k |----- align="center" |'''occlusive sonor'''||b||d||-||ʝ||g |----- align="center" |'''fricatives'''||f||θ||s||ʃ||- |----- align="center" |'''nasales'''||m||-||n||ɲ||- |----- align="center" |'''laterales'''||-||-||l||(ʎ)||- |----- align="center" |'''vibrantes'''||-||-||ɾ/r||-||- |} === Morphologia === ==== Genere e numero ==== Le substantivos in asturiano ha duo generes: masculino e feminino. Existe anque le genere neutre, le qual appare in le articulo, le adjectivos, in le referentias e in le pronomines personal concordate con substantivos non contabile e con altere elementos de characteristicas simile. Le neutro nunquam ha concordantia in plural, e on pote vider isto in le verbo. Per le existentia del neutro, le adjectivo in asturiano pote haber tres terminationes: masculin, feminin e neutre. Per exemplo: ''malu, mala, malo''. === Syntaxe === ==== Le gruppo nominal ==== Gruppo nominal es le union de duo o plus syntagmas que functiona como un conjucto unite con functiones nominal. Illo es constituite per substantivos, adjectivos e adverbios. In asturiano, on pote vider subordination in le gruppo nominal: * Del substantivo depende un adjectivo: ''home reutu'' * Del adjectivo depende un adverbio: ''bien llimpies'' * Del adverbio depende un altere adverbio: ''muncho apriesa'' == Vocabulario == Le lingua asturian es le resultato del developppamento del latino parlate in le territorio del antique asturianos e cantabros. Le majoritate del parolas del asturiano proveni del latino: ''ablana, agua, falar, güeyu, home, llibru, muyer, pesllar, pexe, práu, suañar....'' === Substrato === Del lingua del asturianos e cantabros non se sape multo. On pensa que illo pote esser proxme a altere linguas indoeuropee como le lingua celtic e le lusitano. Illo se aggruppa con le nomine de ''substrato prelatino'' al parolas del lingua del asturianos. Alicun exemplos: ''Bedul, boroña, brincar, bruxa, cándanu, cantu, carrascu, comba, cuetu, güelga, llamuerga, llastra, llócara, matu, peñera, riega, tapín, zucar...'' === Superstrato === Con le nomine de superstrato se cognosce le influentia de altere linguas posterior al latino. ==== Germanismos ==== Illos es le parolas que proveni del linguas del populos germanic que conquireva le Peninsula Iberic post le cadita del Imperio Roman. Alicun exemplos es: ''Blancu, esquila, estaca, mofu, serón, espetar, gadañu o tosquilar.''' ==== Arabismos ==== Le arabismos entra in le asturiano directemente o trans altere linguas del Peninsula Iberic como le espaniol. Alicun exemplo es: ''Acebache, alfaya, altafarra, bañal, ferre, galbana, mandil, safase, xabalín, zuna, zucre''. ==== Prestos ==== Le asturiano ha prestos de altere linguas como: * le espaniol * le francese * le occitano * le galleciano == Orthographia == Desde le prime textos, le asturiano utilisa le alphabeto latin. In 1981, le Academia de la Llingua Asturiana editava un norma orthographic. Nonobstante, in le Terra de Miranda (Portugal), le mirandese (del mesmo gruppo linguistic que le asturiano) utilisa un altere graphia. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align="center"; |+ align="center" style="background:Black; color:white;"|<big>'''Graphemas'''</big> |----- style="text-align:center" | style="background:#cccccc; color:Black; text-align:left"| '''Majuscule''' | style="width:30px;text-align:center"| A | style="width:30px;text-align:center"| B | style="width:30px;text-align:center"| C | style="width:30px;text-align:center"| D | style="width:30px;text-align:center"| E | style="width:30px;text-align:center"| F | style="width:30px;text-align:center"| G | style="width:30px;text-align:center"| H | style="width:30px;text-align:center"| I | style="width:30px;text-align:center"| L | style="width:30px;text-align:center"| M | style="width:30px;text-align:center"| N | style="width:30px;text-align:center"| Ñ | style="width:30px;text-align:center"| O | style="width:30px;text-align:center"| P | style="width:30px;text-align:center"| R | style="width:30px;text-align:center"| S | style="width:30px;text-align:center"| T | style="width:30px;text-align:center"| U | style="width:30px;text-align:center"| V | style="width:30px;text-align:center"| X | style="width:30px;text-align:center"| Y | style="width:30px;text-align:center"| Z |----- style="text-align:center" | style="background:#cccccc; color:Black;text-align:left"| '''Minuscule''' |a || b || c || d || e | f || g || h || i || l || m | n || ñ|| o | p || r || s || t || u || v || x | y || z |----- style="text-align:center" | style="background:#cccccc; color:Black; text-align:left"| '''Nomine'''||a || be || ce || de || e | efe || gue || hache|| i || ele || eme | ene || eñe || o | pe || erre || ese || te || u || uve || xe | ye || zeda |----- style="text-align:center" | style="background:#cccccc; color:Black; text-align:left"| '''Phonema'''||a || b || θ / k || d || e | f || g || - || i || l || m | n ||ɲ ||o | p || ɾ/r || s || t || u || b | ʃ || ʝ || θ |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align="center"; |+ align="center" style="background:Black; color:white;"|<big>'''Digraphos'''</big> |----- | style="background:#cccccc; color:Black; text-align:left"| '''Majuscule''' ||CH || GU + E I ||LL ||QU + E I ||RR (entre vocales) |----- | style="background:#cccccc; color:Black; text-align:left"| '''Minuscule''' ||ch || gu + e i ||ll ||qu + e i || rr (entre vocales) |----- | style="background:#cccccc; color:Black; text-align:left"| '''Nomine'''||che || - || elle || cu || erre doble |----- | style="background:#cccccc; color:Black; text-align:left"| '''Phonema''' ||t͡ʃ || g ||ʎ~ʝ || k || r |} == Exemplos de textos in alicun dialectos == <center> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align="center"; |+ align="center" style="background:Black; color:white;"|<big>'''Articulo 1 del Declaration Universal del Derectos Human'''</big> |- ! style="background:#cccccc; color:Black;width:155px"| ! style="background:#cccccc; color:Black;width:150px"| '''Location''' ! style="background:#cccccc; color:Black;width:150px"| '''Bloco linguistic''' ! style="background:#cccccc; color:Black"| '''Texto''' |- | style="background:#efefef; color:Black;" colspan=4|'''Dialectos asturleonese''' |- align="center" | style="background:#d2dfed; color:Black"|''Habla de [[Carreño]]'' | style="background:#d2dfed;"| Asturias | style="background:#93a7bb;"| ''Asturleonese Central'' | style="background:#d2dfed;"| ''Tolos seres humanos nacen llibres y iguales en dignidá y drechos y, pola mor de la razón y la conciencia de so, han comportase fraternalmente los unos colos otros.''<ref>{{cita web|url = http://www.omniglot.com/udhr/italic.htm| título = Writing systems & languages of the world| fechaacceso = 27 de enero | añoacceso = 2011 | idioma = inglés | autor = Omniglot}}</ref> |- align="center" | style="background:#d2dfed; color:Black"| ''Habla de [[Somiedo]]'' | style="background:#d2dfed;"| Asturias | style="background:#9FB6CD;"| ''Asturleonese Occidental'' | style="background:#d2dfed;"| ''Tódolos seres humanos nacen ḷḷibres ya iguales en dignidá ya dreitos ya, dotaos cumo tán de razón ya conciencia, han portase fraternalmente los unos conos outros.''<ref name="PALACIOS">{{cita web|url =http://books.google.es/books?id=beyisY4eBT0C&pg=PP1&dq=la+fala+de+palacios+del+sil#v=onepage&q=&f=false |título = La Fala de Palacios del Sil | fechaacceso = 27 de enero | añoacceso = 2011 | idioma = asturleonés | autor = [[Google|Google Libros]]}}</ref> |- align="center" | style="background:#efefef; color:Black"| ''Paḷḷuezu'' | Leon | style="background:#9FB6CD;"| ''Asturleonese Occidental'' |''Tódolos seres humanos nacen ḷḷibres ya iguales en dignidá ya dreitos ya, dotaos cumo tán de razón ya conciencia, han portase fraternalmente los unos conos outros.''<ref name="PALACIOS"/> |- align="center" | style="background:#efefef; color:Black"| ''Cabreirés'' | Leon | style="background:#9FB6CD;"| ''Asturleonese Occidental'' | ''Tódolos seres humanos ñacen llibres y iguales en dignidá y dreitos y, dotaos cumo están de razón y concéncia, han portase fraternalmente los unos pa coños outros.''<ref>{{cita web|url =http://books.google.es/books?id=y_DSCqClzT4C&pg=PA25&lpg=PA25&dq=habla+de+cabrera&source=bl&ots=77gZu50t-7&sig=UDMQfcpd0SrvckwCrAfTS52UV6E&hl=es&ei=1zz5SoqgH9SA_QbdnvnKDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CA8Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=&f=false |título = El habla de La Cabrera Alta| fechaacceso = 2 de febrero | añoacceso = 2011 | idioma = español y asturleonés | autor = [[Google|Google Libros]]}}</ref> |- align="center" | style="background:#efefef; color:Black"| ''Mirandés'' | [[Trás-os-Montes]] (Portugal) | style="background:#9FB6CD;"| ''Asturleonese Occidental'' | ''Todos ls seres houmanos nácen lhibres i eiguales an denidade i an dreitos. Custuituídos de rezon i de cuncéncia, dében portar-se uns culs outros an sprito de armandade.''<ref>{{cita libro| apellidos = Frías Conde| nombre = Francisco Xavier| editorial = VTP Editorial| título = Notes de lingüística asturlleonesa: asturiano y mirandes | año = 2001| id = ISBN 978-84-89880-48-1}}</ref> |- | style="background:#efefef; color:Black;" colspan=4|'''Linguas de transition''' |- align="center" | style="background:#efefef; color:Black"| ''Extremeño'' | Extremadura y Salamanca | style="background:#e7e7ed;" rowspan=2| ''Linguages de transition inter le asturleonese e le espaniol'' | ''Tolos hombris nacin libris i egualis en digniá i derechus i, comu gastan razon i concéncia, ebin comportal-se comu hermanus los unus conos otrus.''<ref>{{cita web|url = http://www.archive.org/details/Morfologia_del_extremeo|título = Morfologia del extremeño| fechaacceso = 7 de febrero | añoacceso = 2011 | idioma = español | autor = Ismael Carmona García}}</ref> |- align="center" | style="background:#efefef; color:Black"| ''Cantabro o Montañés'' | Cantabria | ''Tolos seris humanos nacin libris y eguales en dignidá y drechos y, dotaos comu están de razón y conciencia, tién de comportase comu hermanos los unos conos otros.''<ref>{{Cita publicación| autor = Asociación ReDe| título = Daque custiones alredor de la sintaxis del cántabru occidental| año = 2005| revista = Alcuentros. Revista cántabra de lenguas minoritarias | número = 5| id = }}</ref> |- | style="background:#efefef; color:Black;" colspan=4|'''Altere linguas romanic''' |- align="center" | style="background:#efefef; color:Black"| ''Portugese'' | Portugal | ''Portugués'' | ''Todos os seres humanos nascem livres e iguais em dignidade e em direitos. Dotados de razão e de consciência, devem agir uns para com os outros em espírito de fraternidade.'' |- align="center" | style="background:#efefef; color:Black"| ''Galleciano'' | Gallecia | ''Gallego'' | ''Tódolos seres humáns nacen ceibes e iguais en dinidade e dereitos e, dotados como están de razón e concienza, dében de se comportar fraternalmente uns cos outros.'' |- align="center" | style="background:#efefef; color:Black"| ''Espaniol'' | Castilla | ''Castellano'' | Todos los seres humanos nacen libres e iguales en dignidad y derechos y, dotados como están de razón y conciencia, deben comportarse fraternalmente los unos con los otros. |} </center> == Referentias == <references/> == Ligamines externe == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100417080702/http://www.academiadelallingua.com/ Academia de la Llingua Asturiana] {{Linguas romanic}} [[Categoria:Linguas de Espania]] [[Categoria:Linguas ibero-romanic|Asturiano]] cmbbxdq1rcm9i2yanxeuw9abob9ipzh 0 30098 705794 698539 2026-11-11T09:24:46Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 705794 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Un '''telephono intelligente''' (maxime note{{linfo}} per su nomine in [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]: '''''smartphone''''',<ref>pron. [[Alphabeto phonetic international|/ˈsmɑɹtfoʊn/]]</ref> traducibile etiam per le [[Calco|calco linguistic]] '''intel<u>e</u>phono'''<ref>''intelligente ''+'' telephono''</ref> o per le [[Neologismo|neologismos]] [[Lingua latin|latin]] '''soph<u>o</u>phono'''<ref>''sophia ''+'' tēlephōnum''</ref> e '''omn<u>i</u>phono'''<ref>''omnis ''+'' tēlephōnum''</ref>) es un [[ordinator de tasca]] que integra le functiones de [[telephono mobile]], [[organisator personal]] e sovente altere functiones de connectivitate mobile. Sovente se conseque appendente a un ordinator de tasca le functiones de un telephono mobile. Un characteristica essential es le possibilitate de installar applicationes, per le qual cosa on debe disponer de un [[systema de operation]]. Le applicationes pote esser disveloppate per le proprie fabricante del ordinator, per le operator de telephonia, o per terties. == Definition e historia == [[File:Samsung Galaxy Z Fold.jpg|thumb|Samsung Galaxy Z Fold]] [[File:Samsung Galaxy Z Flip.jpg|thumb|Samsung Galaxy Z Flip]] [[File:All9xxx.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Alcunes del prime telephonos intelligente de Nokia, le serie Communicator 9000.]] Le majoritate del nove telephonos mobile habe alcun functiones de [[organisator personal]], como libretto de adresses, diario, e lista de cargas. Ancora on non considera sophophonos le telephonos [[BREW]] e [[Java ME]], ben que illos permitte installar applicationes. Multe apparatos BREW habe functiones de organisator personal, permitte installar applicationes de terties e include schermos de 240x320 [[pixel]]s, ma non es considerate sophophonos. Le definition sembla esser ligate a alcun systemas de operation. Le characteristicas fundamental poterea esser le sequentes: le sophophono es centrate in le voce (in altere parolas su functiones principal es les de voce, le datos es secundari) e habe characteristicas proprie del organisatores personal; durante que le [[communicator personal|communicatores personal]], (como le [[BlackBerry]]) ancora offerente functiones de voce, es centrate in le datos. On pote usar le sophophonos con un sol mano, durante que le duo manos usualmente es necessari pro usar un organisator personal. === Le augmento del iPhone e Android === [[File:Galaxy Nexus smartphone.jpg|thumb|[[Galaxy Nexus]].]] A finales de 2007 [[Apple Computer]] introduceva su prime sophophono le [[iPhone]]. Esseva un del primes in utilisar fundamentalmente le [[schermo tactile]] pro tote su usos e distacca pro esser le prime telephono mobile in facer uso de un interface multi-tactile. Un altere avantage decisive esseva le qualitate de su navigator web in comparation con le alternativas existente (in le web de expertos ''Ars Technica'' on lo estima como "multo superior a alcun que ha usate anteriormente".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arstechnica.com/apple/reviews/2007/07/iphone-review.ars/6|title=iPhone in depth: the Ars review|page=6|work=[[ArsTechnica]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast Publications|Condé Nast]]|date=9 de julio 2007|accessdate=8 de junio 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415221916/http://arstechnica.com/apple/reviews/2007/07/iphone-review.ars/6|archivedate=2012-04-15}}</ref>). Le julio de 2008 Apple tirava un nove modello con un precio minor e supporto [[3G]]. Anque on creava le [[App Store]] con applicationes tanto gratuite como de pagamento, permittente installar applicationes disveloppate per terties. Iste tenta de applicationes ha tenite un grande successo assi per exemplo in le april de 2010 jam on offereva plus que {{formatnum|185000}} applicationes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pcworld.com/appguide/index.html|title=iPhone App Reviews by Experts at PCWorld - PCWorld|publisher=PCWorld|accessdate=8 de junio 2010|archivedate=2010-02-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100225102117/http://www.pcworld.com/appguide/index.html}}</ref> [[File:Htc-desire-2.jpg|thumb|left|Navigante per le wikipedia in le smartphono con Android HTC Desire.]] Le systema de operation [[Android]], disveloppate per [[Google]], appareva pro sophophonos in le anno 2008. Se tracta de un systema de operation de [[codice aperte]] basate super [[Linux]] e supportate per le Open Handset Alliance (que a parte de Google es formate per [[Intel]], [[HTC]], [[Motorola]] e [[Samsung]] inter alteres <ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.openhandsetalliance.com/oha_members.html |title=Membres del Open Handset Alliance | language=anglese|accessdate=8 de junio 2011}}</ref>). Le prime sophophono in uso esseva le HTC Dream, nominate G1 per le operator american [[T-Mobile]] que lo distribueva. Le [[software]] includite in le systema de operation integra le servicios proprie de Google como calendario, navigation, etc. Le applicationes de terties es disponibile al [[Android Market]].<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.engadget.com/2008/12/31/paid-apps-still-coming-to-android-market-in-q1-09-us-and-uk-ro |title=''Paid apps still coming to Android Market in Q1 '09, US and UK rollout first'' |language=anglese|data=31 de decembre de 2008|accessdate= 8 de junio 2011|surname=Miller |name=Ross}}</ref> == Systemas de operation == Le systemas de operation plus frequente usate per le sophophonos es [[Symbian OS|Symbian]], RIM (BlackBerry), [[Android]], iOS (Apple) e [[Windows Phone]]. Altere systemas de operation pro sophophonos es [[Bada]] - de Samsung - o [[MeeGo]] (ancora in disveloppamento). == Tendentias == Le tendentia sembla indicar que le sophophonos include accesso al [[internet|interrete]], calendario, [[camera photographic]], agenda de contactos, connexion per [[Norma IRDA|infrarroigs]] e [[Bluetooth]], navigation [[GPS]], e a vices possibilitate de leger documentos de differente formatos, como [[PDF]] e [[Microsoft Office]]. Illos include anque [[videocamera]] e receptor de [[television]] per fluxo de datos. == Referentias == {{Reflist}} {{Traduction a completar|ca|Telèfon intel·ligent}} {{Revision}} [[Categoria:Telephonos intelligente| ]] pemngxrr5blyzznmw0f523qeu44fwot 0 30304 705729 581541 2026-11-11T02:23:10Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 705729 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/articulo}} '''Gazuyi''' es un [[revista]] de internet redigite per [[Lenadi Moucina]] in [[Francia]]. Le revista esseva fundate in [[2011]]. Le nomine del revista es un notation phonetic in [[ido]] del parola [[lingua francese|francese]] ''gazouillis'' que es le canto de [[ave]]s. Le revista presenta articulos super [[cultura]], [[lingua]]s, e [[historia]]. == Ligamines externe == * {{io}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20110725111744/http://panglosa.chez.com/gazuyi/gazuyi.html Le pagina official] {{Traduction a completar|io|Gazuyi}} [[Categoria:Revistas in ido]] qxp23tu24nxgskmks47jo9kzec5ilg2 0 35021 705720 703326 2026-11-10T23:01:21Z Tortoise0308 17411 actualisar redirection; categoria. 705720 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Isotopos de nitrogeno]] [[Categoria:Isotopos de nitrogeno]] 0xs2ac1lixe8r3s428sxd0r1tzapb8h 0 35022 705730 703327 2026-11-11T02:37:52Z Tortoise0308 17411 actualisar redirection; categoria. 705730 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Isotopos de nitrogeno]] [[Categoria:Isotopos de nitrogeno]] 0xs2ac1lixe8r3s428sxd0r1tzapb8h 0 35023 705731 703328 2026-11-11T02:40:58Z Tortoise0308 17411 actualisar redirection; categoria. 705731 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Isotopos de nitrogeno]] [[Categoria:Isotopos de nitrogeno]] 0xs2ac1lixe8r3s428sxd0r1tzapb8h 0 35024 705732 703329 2026-11-11T02:43:19Z Tortoise0308 17411 actualisar redirection; categoria. 705732 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Isotopos de nitrogeno]] [[Categoria:Isotopos de nitrogeno]] 0xs2ac1lixe8r3s428sxd0r1tzapb8h 0 35025 705733 703330 2026-11-11T02:45:04Z Tortoise0308 17411 actualisar redirection; categoria. 705733 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Isotopos de nitrogeno]] [[Categoria:Isotopos de nitrogeno]] 0xs2ac1lixe8r3s428sxd0r1tzapb8h 0 35026 705734 703331 2026-11-11T02:47:40Z Tortoise0308 17411 actualisar redirection; categoria. 705734 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Isotopos de nitrogeno]] [[Categoria:Isotopos de nitrogeno]] 0xs2ac1lixe8r3s428sxd0r1tzapb8h 0 35027 705735 703332 2026-11-11T02:52:00Z Tortoise0308 17411 actualisar redirection; categoria. 705735 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Isotopos de nitrogeno]] [[Categoria:Isotopos de nitrogeno]] 0xs2ac1lixe8r3s428sxd0r1tzapb8h 0 35028 705736 703333 2026-11-11T02:53:51Z Tortoise0308 17411 actualisar redirection; categoria. 705736 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Isotopos de nitrogeno]] [[Categoria:Isotopos de nitrogeno]] 0xs2ac1lixe8r3s428sxd0r1tzapb8h 0 35029 705737 703334 2026-11-11T02:56:00Z Tortoise0308 17411 actualisar redirection; categoria. 705737 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Isotopos de nitrogeno]] [[Categoria:Isotopos de nitrogeno]] 0xs2ac1lixe8r3s428sxd0r1tzapb8h 0 35030 705717 703335 2026-11-10T21:46:38Z Tortoise0308 17411 actualisar redirection; categoria. 705717 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Isotopos de nitrogeno]] [[Categoria:Isotopos de nitrogeno]] 0xs2ac1lixe8r3s428sxd0r1tzapb8h 0 40561 705740 705646 2026-11-11T04:35:01Z ListeriaBot 24326 Wikidata list updated [V2] 705740 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P580 ?dtstart . ?item wdt:P582 ?dtend . FILTER (?dtstart < "1941-07-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) FILTER (?dtstart > "1941-06-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) } |wdq= |columns=item,P580,P582,label,P31,description |sort=P580 |thumb=48 |links= |references=all }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! item ! data de initio ! data de fin ! label ! instantia de ! description |- | [[:d:Q83055|Q83055]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-22<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-12-05 | ''[[:d:Q83055|Operation Barbarossa]]'' | ''[[:d:Q467011|invasion]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q122100|Q122100]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-25<ref name="ref_60a85a9ad331c5d50540f7ff305fdf6c0e3d0a129437f144156f397ef2d64e6d">http://yle.fi/aihe/artikkeli/2012/11/08/valirauhan-aika</ref> | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944-09-19<ref name="ref_60a85a9ad331c5d50540f7ff305fdf6c0e3d0a129437f144156f397ef2d64e6d">http://yle.fi/aihe/artikkeli/2012/11/08/valirauhan-aika</ref> | ''[[:d:Q122100|Continuation War]]'' | [[guerra]] | |- | [[:d:Q189266|Q189266]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-22 | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-05-07<br/>1955-01-21 | ''[[:d:Q189266|Eastern Front]]'' | ''[[:d:Q842332|war front]]''<br/>[[guerra]] | |- | [[:d:Q313442|Q313442]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-29 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-11-17<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q313442|Operation Silver Fox]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q327061|Q327061]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-22<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-03 | ''[[:d:Q327061|Battle of Białystok–Minsk]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q384680|Q384680]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-22 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-12-02 | ''[[:d:Q384680|Battle of Hanko]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q611789|Q611789]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-22 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-29 | ''[[:d:Q611789|Defense of Brest Fortress]]'' | ''[[:d:Q188055|siege]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q667890|Q667890]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-30 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-02 | ''[[:d:Q667890|Lviv pogroms]]'' | [[Pogrom]] | |- | [[:d:Q682399|Q682399]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-15 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-17 | ''[[:d:Q682399|Operation Battleaxe]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q708213|Q708213]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-23 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-30 | ''[[:d:Q708213|Battle of Brody]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q770698|Q770698]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-08 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-14 | ''[[:d:Q770698|Syria–Lebanon campaign]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q941834|Q941834]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-12 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-06 | ''[[:d:Q941834|1941 Vuelta a España]]'' | ''[[:d:Q33937|Vuelta a España]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1102584|Q1102584]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-29 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-06 | ''[[:d:Q1102584|Iași pogrom]]'' | [[Pogrom]]<br/>''[[:d:Q135010|war crime]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1528565|Q1528565]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-23 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-27 | ''[[:d:Q1528565|Battle of Rossieny]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q2083668|Q2083668]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-22 | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-01-28 | ''[[:d:Q2083668|German occupation of Lithuania during World War II]]'' | ''[[:d:Q188686|military occupation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2310242|Q2310242]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-29 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-21 | ''[[:d:Q2310242|Operation Platinum Fox]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2563727|Q2563727]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-22 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-27 | ''[[:d:Q2563727|Bombing of Minsk in World War II]]'' | ''[[:d:Q4688003|aerial bombing of a city]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2915791|Q2915791]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-29 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04 | ''[[:d:Q2915791|Liepāja Massacres]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3199915|massacre]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2953425|Q2953425]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-22 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-20 | ''[[:d:Q2953425|1941 Norrländska Mästerskapet]]'' | ''[[:d:Q27020041|sports season]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3919386|Q3919386]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-30 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-03 | ''[[:d:Q3919386|Defense of Borisov]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q4438359|Q4438359]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-22 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-23 | ''[[:d:Q4438359|Battle for Alytus]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q4538839|Q4538839]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-22 | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-05-09 | ''[[:d:Q4538839|Ярославская область в Великой Отечественной войне]]'' | | |- | [[:d:Q4671621|Q4671621]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-18 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-21 | ''[[:d:Q4671621|Battle of Damascus]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q4830610|Q4830610]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-22 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-12 | ''[[:d:Q4830610|Axis and Soviet air operations during Operation Barbarossa]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4871454|Q4871454]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-15<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-17<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q4871454|Battle of Kissoué]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q4871714|Q4871714]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-19 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-24 | ''[[:d:Q4871714|Battle of Merdjayoun]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q11322081|Q11322081]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-13 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-14 | ''[[:d:Q11322081|Operation Tracer]]'' | ''[[:d:Q113782315|naval operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q12760414|Q12760414]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-23 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-07 | ''[[:d:Q12760414|June 1941 uprising in eastern Herzegovina]]'' | ''[[:d:Q124734|rebellion]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q16931765|Q16931765]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-18 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-12 | ''[[:d:Q16931765|Convoy SL 78]]'' | ''[[:d:Q131656428|military convoy]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q17126188|Q17126188]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-28 | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944-07-03 | ''[[:d:Q17126188|German occupation of Minsk during World War II]]'' | ''[[:d:Q188686|military occupation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q18343100|Q18343100]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-25 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-12-08 | ''[[:d:Q18343100|jatkosodan hyökkäysvaihe]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2001676|offensive]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q29075700|Q29075700]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-08 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-14 | ''[[:d:Q29075700|Battle of Sidon]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q79478571|Q79478571]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-02<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-15<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478571|Watercolors by J. M. D. Olmsted]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478576|Q79478576]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-06<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-12<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478576|Flowers as Art - Arrangements by Museum Classes]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478579|Q79478579]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-10<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-25<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478579|Paintings from "The Long Voyage Home"]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478582|Q79478582]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-12<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-06<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478582|Mural Paintings and Paintings by Candido Portinari]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478585|Q79478585]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-14<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-27<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478585|Eastman Kodak Photographs, Prize Winners of 1940]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478589|Q79478589]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-16<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-30<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478589|Camera Club Photographs]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478591|Q79478591]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-16<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-29<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478591|Prints by Charles Surendorf]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478595|Q79478595]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-17<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-06<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478595|Paintings by Eleanore Bates]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478598|Q79478598]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-17<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-06<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478598|Sculpture by Zygmund Sazevich]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478603|Q79478603]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-18<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-06<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478603|Architecture Around San Francisco Bay]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478605|Q79478605]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-26<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-06<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478605|All-American Photographic Salon]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478608|Q79478608]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-27<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-06<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478608|Exhibition of 48 States Mural Designs]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478611|Q79478611]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-30<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-13<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478611|Watercolors And Lithographs by B. Ullrich Prendergast]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q87406445|Q87406445]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-22 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-07 | ''[[:d:Q87406445|Gentsch Photosalon]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q87406446|Q87406446]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-22 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-07 | ''[[:d:Q87406446|De Kunstenaar en de Grafiek]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q96149130|Q96149130]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-22 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-30 | ''[[:d:Q96149130|Battle of Lwów]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q100342394|Q100342394]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-29<ref name="ref_30d7361782a51e43658f0b34db61911844ed6e8a75956757b65fd8940f521908">https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11840/exh1227</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-05-10<ref name="ref_30d7361782a51e43658f0b34db61911844ed6e8a75956757b65fd8940f521908">https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11840/exh1227</ref> | ''[[:d:Q100342394|Chineesche, Japansche en Indische kunst]]'' | ''[[:d:Q29023906|temporary exhibition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q109467689|Q109467689]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-08<ref name="ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5">https://www.nationalmuseum.se/assets/Dokument/Utst%C3%A4llningar-1866-2017.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-01<ref name="ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5">https://www.nationalmuseum.se/assets/Dokument/Utst%C3%A4llningar-1866-2017.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q109467689|Nyförvärv, teckningar och grafik 1940]]'' | ''[[:d:Q29023906|temporary exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5">https://www.nationalmuseum.se/assets/Dokument/Utst%C3%A4llningar-1866-2017.pdf</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q109467690|Q109467690]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-27<ref name="ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5">https://www.nationalmuseum.se/assets/Dokument/Utst%C3%A4llningar-1866-2017.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-17<ref name="ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5">https://www.nationalmuseum.se/assets/Dokument/Utst%C3%A4llningar-1866-2017.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q109467690|Minnesutställning över Märta Måås-Fjetterström]]'' | ''[[:d:Q29023906|temporary exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5">https://www.nationalmuseum.se/assets/Dokument/Utst%C3%A4llningar-1866-2017.pdf</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890638|Q110890638]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-03 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-18 | ''[[:d:Q110890638|New Acquisitions: European Paintings]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890640|Q110890640]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-03 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-18 | ''[[:d:Q110890640|Sculpture and Sculptor's Drawings]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890641|Q110890641]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-05 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-03 | ''[[:d:Q110890641|A History of American Movies]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890642|Q110890642]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-11 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-26 | ''[[:d:Q110890642|A History of the Modern Poster]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890643|Q110890643]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-30 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-27 | ''[[:d:Q110890643|Paul Klee]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q112685574|Q112685574]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-24 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-25 | ''[[:d:Q112685574|Raseiniai KV]]'' | ''[[:d:Q608573|KV-1]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q115019035|Q115019035]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-09 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-30 | ''[[:d:Q115019035|Index of American Design, New York City WPA Art Project]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q126046667|Q126046667]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-25 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-24<br/>1941-07-25 | ''[[:d:Q126046667|Jumada al-Thani 1360 AH]]'' | ''[[:d:Q125390868|hijri month of a given year]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q127247663|Q127247663]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-22 | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-05-15 | ''[[:d:Q127247663|National Liberation War and Socialist Revolution]]'' | [[guerra]]<br/>''[[:d:Q831663|military campaign]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q130282483|Q130282483]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-22 | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944-08-23 | ''[[:d:Q130282483|Participarea României în Campania din Est împotriva Uniunii Sovietice]]'' | ''[[:d:Q831663|military campaign]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q133040520|Q133040520]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-21 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-01 | ''[[:d:Q133040520|Tentoonstelling van schilderijen der Utrechtsche School]]'' | ''[[:d:Q29023906|temporary exhibition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q134053500|Q134053500]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-22<ref name="ref_19dd9ab706e94df6d71d90006d999cf5cde33c8563c3394a0342cb7ad646477e">https://data.library.amnh.org/archives-authorities/id/amnhc_2000422</ref><ref name="ref_9f35910f190005beee6517ec10b99b2582dd2b27e8ae47eeec6f021580ffc1b1">https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstreams/a25b306b-59b2-4c58-b80e-1769d482ee8b/download</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-31<ref name="ref_19dd9ab706e94df6d71d90006d999cf5cde33c8563c3394a0342cb7ad646477e">https://data.library.amnh.org/archives-authorities/id/amnhc_2000422</ref><ref name="ref_9f35910f190005beee6517ec10b99b2582dd2b27e8ae47eeec6f021580ffc1b1">https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstreams/a25b306b-59b2-4c58-b80e-1769d482ee8b/download</ref> | ''[[:d:Q134053500|Alberta-British Columbia Expedition 1941]]'' | ''[[:d:Q366301|research expedition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q138773112|Q138773112]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-15<ref name="ref_a7ebdf0c26b36dd3a8c2dc80aa781af0592601ec5679db438bbe3d1c89ebf2d3">https://placesofpride.awm.gov.au/stories/239611/260576</ref> | data-sort-value="1943" | 1943-12-09<ref name="ref_a7ebdf0c26b36dd3a8c2dc80aa781af0592601ec5679db438bbe3d1c89ebf2d3">https://placesofpride.awm.gov.au/stories/239611/260576</ref> | ''[[:d:Q138773112|No. 2 Bombing and Gunnery School]]'' | ''[[:d:Q78634583|military training unit]]''<ref name="ref_1c1c6f38df15fa4b843c5d7842bce24111b2750830b83ab3e99351ed65edd3c6">https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/U59494</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q140638470|Q140638470]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-25 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-27 | ''[[:d:Q140638470|Vilijampole pogrom]]'' | [[Pogrom]] | |- | [[:d:Q141625179|Q141625179]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-19<ref name="ref_7ff18894614752302231d32ab602262eac5b52cbaa44181ad0c876785a554b0c">https://www.ala.org/conferencesevents/past-and-future/pastannualconferences</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-25<ref name="ref_7ff18894614752302231d32ab602262eac5b52cbaa44181ad0c876785a554b0c">https://www.ala.org/conferencesevents/past-and-future/pastannualconferences</ref> | ''[[:d:Q141625179|American Library Association 1941 Annual Conference]]'' | ''[[:d:Q116267711|library conference]]'' | |} {{Wikidata list end}} kkj6qz3dgk6yryaqu2dg972190yl2kc 0 40563 705711 705599 2026-11-10T16:57:47Z ListeriaBot 24326 Wikidata list updated [V2] 705711 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P580 ?dtstart . ?item wdt:P582 ?dtend . FILTER (?dtstart < "1941-09-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) FILTER (?dtstart > "1941-08-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) } |wdq= |columns=item,P580,P582,label,P31,description |sort=P580 |thumb=48 |links= |references=all }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! item ! data de initio ! data de fin ! label ! instantia de ! description |- | [[:d:Q162284|Q162284]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-07 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-26 | ''[[:d:Q162284|Battle of Kiev]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q499839|Q499839]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-31 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-06-22 | ''[[:d:Q499839|1941–42 Nationalliga]]'' | ''[[:d:Q27020041|sports season]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q520930|Q520930]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-06 | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-01-04 | ''[[:d:Q520930|Star-Spangled Comics]]'' | ''[[:d:Q14406742|comic book series]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q541369|Q541369]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-25 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-17 | ''[[:d:Q541369|Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran]]'' | ''[[:d:Q467011|invasion]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q682409|Q682409]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-08 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-16 | ''[[:d:Q682409|Siege of Odesa 1941]]'' | ''[[:d:Q188055|siege]]''<br/>[[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q714211|Q714211]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-30 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-08 | ''[[:d:Q714211|Yelnya Offensive]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2001676|offensive]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1269440|Q1269440]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-31<ref name="ref_40d9d1b5bd64d80b6b97ddbc039a34b052d288e84dcd239d7fcc42ac056246a5">https://prensacr.info/data/5d83561d0ddacf4070844fc3</ref><ref name="ref_c6401b25e20eeb2dcf4d2573ec427f07da0415b9f483bc2edae321d6e675dd39">https://prensacr.info/data/5da9d88a0ddacf73098bebd1</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-11-30<ref name="ref_60b6052f430c6ac0faf427862f0ce378a26d14f065876987ad1658429002e144">https://prensacr.info/data/5da9f9270ddacf73098befe5</ref><ref name="ref_e8a5f178199051bbf28ad499d7e8f83b8c85ac246b83a1610744f8ce47db3264">https://prensacr.info/data/611f34da445c2c6addcd0355</ref><ref name="ref_896b284a6f57035d45fbcd96c40248a170308f63543958a68e3213e6f6857e3e">https://www.sinabi.go.cr/biblioteca%20digital/periodicos/Novedades/Novedades%201941/la-1%20de%20diciembre.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q1269440|Primera División de Costa Rica 1941]]'' | ''[[:d:Q27020041|sports season]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1324220|Q1324220]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-25<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-03<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q1324220|Operation Gauntlet]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1406017|Q1406017]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-07 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-05 | ''[[:d:Q1406017|Soviet air strikes on Berlin]]'' | ''[[:d:Q17524420|aspect of history]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q4688003|aerial bombing of a city]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2409886|Q2409886]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-18 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-02 | ''[[:d:Q2409886|1941 U.S. National Championships]]'' | ''[[:d:Q123577|US Open]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q47345468|tennis tournament edition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2992881|Q2992881]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-09 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-12 | ''[[:d:Q2992881|Conférence de l'Atlantique]]'' | ''[[:d:Q18564543|international conference]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3091179|Q3091179]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-29 | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944-08-11 | ''[[:d:Q3091179|executed at Mont Valérien]]'' | ''[[:d:Q12139612|list]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15747939|execution by shooting]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3636413|Q3636413]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-06 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-11-21 | ''[[:d:Q3636413|Battle of Culqualber]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q3996094|Q3996094]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-23 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-24 | ''[[:d:Q3996094|1941 Tour de Suisse]]'' | ''[[:d:Q83261|Tour de Suisse]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4231751|Q4231751]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-12 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-15 | ''[[:d:Q4231751|Staraya Russa counter-offensive]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4450513|Q4450513]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-05 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-28 | ''[[:d:Q4450513|Tallinn Defensive]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q5841688|Q5841688]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-29 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-31 | ''[[:d:Q5841688|Segundo Congreso Nacional Campesino]]'' | | |- | [[:d:Q11543646|Q11543646]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-30 | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946 | ''[[:d:Q11543646|Saka Medical College]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11510984|medical specialized school in Japan]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11897194|Q11897194]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-31 | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958 | ''[[:d:Q11897194|The Great Gildersleeve]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1555508|radio program]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q13475356|Q13475356]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-09 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-12 | ''[[:d:Q13475356|Conference of Placentia Bay]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2761147|meeting]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q16681155|Q16681155]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-10 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-21 | ''[[:d:Q16681155|Novgorod-Chudovskaya Defensive]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q16934384|Q16934384]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-13 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-25 | ''[[:d:Q16934384|Convoy OG 71]]'' | ''[[:d:Q131656428|military convoy]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q30889810|Q30889810]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-11 | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-10-14 | ''[[:d:Q30889810|Special purpose company of the Baltic Fleet]]'' | [[Unitate militar]] | |- | [[:d:Q43080121|Q43080121]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-30 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-12 | ''[[:d:Q43080121|Roslavl–Novozybkov Offensive]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2001676|offensive]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q65303359|Q65303359]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-18 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-16 | ''[[:d:Q65303359|massacre dans le district de Srebrenica]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3199915|massacre]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q79478665|Q79478665]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-05<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-17<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478665|Stanley Wood Watercolors]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478669|Q79478669]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-05<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-03<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478669|They Taught Themselves]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478672|Q79478672]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-06<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-08<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478672|Drawings by Henri Gaudier-Brzeska]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478677|Q79478677]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-07<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-24<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478677|Students of the California School of Fine Arts]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478681|Q79478681]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-09<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-24<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478681|Paintings by Arshile Gorky]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478684|Q79478684]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-11<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-24<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478684|Paintings by Mine Okubo]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478689|Q79478689]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-12<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-07<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478689|Paintings by Fernand Leger]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478692|Q79478692]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-19<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-08<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478692|Sculpture by Jan Sabre]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478696|Q79478696]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-25<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-07<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478696|Drawings by Dorr Bothwell]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478699|Q79478699]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-28<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-09<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478699|Recent Museum Acquisitions: Gifts of William L. Gerstle]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q110890651|Q110890651]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-04 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-15 | ''[[:d:Q110890651|Techniques of Painting]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890652|Q110890652]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-04 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-08 | ''[[:d:Q110890652|Stockholm Builds]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890654|Q110890654]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-12 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-25 | ''[[:d:Q110890654|American Watercolors; Lettering and Arrangements in Poster Design]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890655|Q110890655]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-26 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-15 | ''[[:d:Q110890655|Ancestral Sources of Modern Painting]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q126046669|Q126046669]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-23 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-21<br/>1941-09-22 | ''[[:d:Q126046669|Sha'ban 1360 AH]]'' | ''[[:d:Q125390868|hijri month of a given year]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q136313346|Q136313346]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-07 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-09 | ''[[:d:Q136313346|Operation Kosmaj]]'' | [[Conflicto]] | |} {{Wikidata list end}} rdrw8cybsimce77muuzga1i5g2oishi 0 40569 705796 705600 2026-11-11T10:21:46Z ListeriaBot 24326 Wikidata list updated [V2] 705796 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P580 ?dtstart . ?item wdt:P582 ?dtend . FILTER (?dtstart < "1942-03-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) FILTER (?dtstart > "1942-02-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) } |wdq= |columns=item,P580,P582,label,P31,description |sort=P580 |thumb=48 |links= |references=all }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! item ! data de initio ! data de fin ! label ! instantia de ! description |- | [[:d:Q176557|Q176557]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-19 | data-sort-value="1943" | 1943-11-12 | ''[[:d:Q176557|Air raids on Australia, 1942–43]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2380335|airstrike]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q296754|Q296754]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-08 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-15 | ''[[:d:Q296754|Battle of Singapore]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q301300|Q301300]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-28 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-03-12 | ''[[:d:Q301300|Battle of Java]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q304403|Q304403]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-27 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-28 | ''[[:d:Q304403|Operation Biting]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2727213|furto]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q632926|Q632926]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-09 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-10 | ''[[:d:Q632926|Battle of Kranji]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q663277|Q663277]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-14 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-03-28 | ''[[:d:Q663277|Invasion of Sumatra]]'' | ''[[:d:Q467011|invasion]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q716144|Q716144]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-18 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-03-04 | ''[[:d:Q716144|Sook Ching]]'' | ''[[:d:Q135010|war crime]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3199915|massacre]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1262732|purge]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q4817637|atrocity]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q936604|Q936604]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-19 | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-03-20 | ''[[:d:Q936604|internment of Japanese Americans]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1668049|internment]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q967623|Q967623]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-18 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-27 | ''[[:d:Q967623|Operation Prijedor]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q582956|punitive expedition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1440764|Q1440764]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-19 | data-sort-value="1943" | 1943-02-10 | ''[[:d:Q1440764|Battle of Timor]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q1536686|Q1536686]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-28<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-03-01 | ''[[:d:Q1536686|Battle of Sunda Strait]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1261499|naval battle]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2117492|Q2117492]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-18 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-20 | ''[[:d:Q2117492|Battle of Badung Strait]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1261499|naval battle]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2546643|Q2546643]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-08 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-03-13 | ''[[:d:Q2546643|1942 Swedish Ice Hockey Championship]]'' | ''[[:d:Q27020041|sports season]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2583233|Q2583233]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-13 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-15 | ''[[:d:Q2583233|Battle of Palembang]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q3883953|Q3883953]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-11 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-12 | ''[[:d:Q3883953|Operation Donnerkeil]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4208426|Q4208426]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-13 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-14 | ''[[:d:Q4208426|Battle of Pasir Panjang]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q4870587|Q4870587]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-10 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-12 | ''[[:d:Q4870587|Battle of Bukit Timah]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q4872083|Q4872083]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-03<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1943" | 1943-08-17<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q4872083|Battle of Port Moresby]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q4872320|Q4872320]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-08 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-09 | ''[[:d:Q4872320|Battle of Sarimbun Beach]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q7057343|Q7057343]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-19<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q7057343|North Western Area Campaign]]'' | ''[[:d:Q831663|military campaign]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q15901659|Q15901659]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-04 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-21 | ''[[:d:Q15901659|Chiang Kai-shek visit to India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2324916|state visit]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q16205847|Q16205847]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-14 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-07-04 | ''[[:d:Q16205847|1942 Palestine Cup]]'' | ''[[:d:Q27020041|sports season]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q16642815|Q16642815]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-18 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-14 | ''[[:d:Q16642815|Демянская десантная операция]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q22124210|Q22124210]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-15 | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945 | ''[[:d:Q22124210|Outram torture and prisoner abuse]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7245805|prisoner abuse (abus de prisonnier)]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q76356437|Q76356437]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-06<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-10<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | ''[[:d:Q76356437|Transport von Wien nach Ghetto Riga am 06.02.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478891|Q79478891]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-03<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-17<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478891|Exhibitions for Art Understanding: British War Posters]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478895|Q79478895]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-03<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-24<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478895|Fifteen American Sculptors]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478900|Q79478900]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-05<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-22<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478900|Art of Latin American Countries: Contemporary Prints of Latin America, Section II]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478905|Q79478905]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-09<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-22<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478905|William Campbell]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478910|Q79478910]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-10<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-03-10<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478910|Retrospective Exhibition of Eugene Berman]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478913|Q79478913]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-11<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-03-01<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478913|San Francisco Art Association Exhibition of Drawings and Prints]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478917|Q79478917]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-14<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-03-07<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478917|Roxburghe Printing Exhibition: 16th Century Books]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478920|Q79478920]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-15<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-28<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478920|Exhibitions for Art Understanding: Line, Drawing, and Perspective]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478925|Q79478925]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-21<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-03-14<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478925|Exhibitions for Art Understanding: Seated Man by Picasso]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478931|Q79478931]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-23<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-03-08<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478931|Alexander Nepote]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478936|Q79478936]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-28<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-03-08<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478936|Children's Symphony Exhibition]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q100527516|Q100527516]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-07 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-07<ref name="ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d">https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-vsech-transportu-do-terezina-razeno-podle-data-odjezdu/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q100527516|Transport von Prag in das Ghetto Theresienstadt am 07.02.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q100527696|Q100527696]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-08 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-08<ref name="ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d">https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-vsech-transportu-do-terezina-razeno-podle-data-odjezdu/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q100527696|Transport von Prag in das Ghetto Theresienstadt am 08.02.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q100529562|Q100529562]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-12 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-12<ref name="ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d">https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-vsech-transportu-do-terezina-razeno-podle-data-odjezdu/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q100529562|Transport X from Prague to the Ghetto Theresienstadt on 12/02/1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q100529627|Q100529627]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-22 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-22<ref name="ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d">https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-vsech-transportu-do-terezina-razeno-podle-data-odjezdu/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q100529627|Transport from Kladno to the Theresienstadt Ghetto on 22 Feb 1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q100529761|Q100529761]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-26 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-26<ref name="ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d">https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-vsech-transportu-do-terezina-razeno-podle-data-odjezdu/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q100529761|Transport von Kladno in das Ghetto Theresienstadt am 26.02.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q100529910|Q100529910]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-26 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-26<ref name="ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d">https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-vsech-transportu-do-terezina-razeno-podle-data-odjezdu/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q100529910|Transport von Prag in das Ghetto Theresienstadt am 26.02.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q104055171|Q104055171]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-19 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-19<ref name="ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d">https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-vsech-transportu-do-terezina-razeno-podle-data-odjezdu/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q104055171|Transport Ez-St 04]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q104632765|Q104632765]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-24 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-03-08 | ''[[:d:Q104632765|Het Duitsche boek van heden]]'' | ''[[:d:Q29023906|temporary exhibition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q108878050|Q108878050]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-19<ref name="ref_4a71d661f27195c57e47146aaa53bb2b788e5fb2cedae98c6355392496ec40e8">''[[:d:Q2159918|Executive Order 9066]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-03-20<ref name="ref_7bcfe7424a1c85afd799b99747f60f6b4251ab1297c385265a5ae4145486e0c1">https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/anthropology74/ce3o.htm</ref><ref name="ref_e9056a703aa62cd694140ce40a8b9e298210146a6fc8a9cd1b79a2a89ff4b414">https://encyclopedia.densho.org/Tule_Lake/</ref><ref name="ref_28637afcf9c4ff12d63c017a5360ed4bb7facf74182f0e312303f2a2a75f292a">https://catalog.archives.gov/id/198243297</ref> | ''[[:d:Q108878050|Japanese American removal, 1942-1945]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1573035|domestic policy]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q837556|forced displacement]]''<ref name="ref_7c15fbde4657e31a492c6035a18de554202441b9da5a999966fd642417bf580b">https://www.congress.gov/congressional-record/2017/05/17/extensions-of-remarks-section/article/E649-1</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q110890683|Q110890683]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-04 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-03-10 | ''[[:d:Q110890683|U.S. Army Illustrators of Fort Custer, Michigan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890684|Q110890684]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-18 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-05 | ''[[:d:Q110890684|New Acquisitions: American Drawings]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q114321849|Q114321849]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-28 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-03-07 | ''[[:d:Q114321849|Operation Caesar]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q115019045|Q115019045]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-04 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-03 | ''[[:d:Q115019045|Loan Exhibition of Percussion Colt Revolvers and Conversions 1836–1873]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q115019046|Q115019046]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-09 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-03-15 | ''[[:d:Q115019046|On the Bright Side: A Loan Exhibition of Contemporary American Painting and Sculpture]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q126046680|Q126046680]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-17<br/>1942-02-16 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-03-18<br/>1942-03-17 | ''[[:d:Q126046680|Safar 1361 AH]]'' | ''[[:d:Q125390868|hijri month of a given year]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q130305708|Q130305708]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-20 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05 | ''[[:d:Q130305708|Chetnik coups in Bosnia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3449092|military coup]]'' | |} {{Wikidata list end}} 5toraj6hb98qo506stq73zpmbk02hft 0 42607 705742 698461 2026-11-11T06:49:05Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 705742 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/lingua}} Le '''Pandunia''' es un [[lingua artificial]] mundial create per [[Risto Kupsala]] (in [[Oulu]], [[Finlandia]]). Illo fungerea como lingua franca del mundo. Le lingua se basa super le [[Lingua chinese|chinese]], le [[Lingua anglese|anglese]], le [[Lingua espaniol|espaniol]], le [[Lingua hindi|hindi]], le [[Lingua arabe|arabe]] e altere linguas del mundo. Illo se pronuncia [[phonetica]]mente, e se scribe con 24 [[littera]]s del [[alphabeto latin]]. Su [[grammatica]] es le de un [[creollo]], multo simplificate. == Orthographia == Pandunia se scribe con le [[alphabeto roman]], minus le litteras ''q'' e ''v'': <center>'''<code>a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p r s t u w x y z</code>'''</center> Le litteras ha valores assatis equivalente al [[alphabeto phonetic international]], salvo que ''c'' = /tʃ/, ''j'' = /dʒ/, ''x'' = /ʃ/, e ''y'' = /j/. == Phonologia == === Vocales === Pandunia usa le cinque vocales "classic" del [[latino]], que es etiam usate per [[Lingua swahili|swahili]], [[lingua japonese|japonese]] e [[italiano]]. {| cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" ! ! bgcolor="#8fb3bf" | '''anterior''' ! bgcolor="#8fb3bf" | '''posterior''' |- ! bgcolor="lightblue" align="center" | '''cerrate''' | align="center" | i | align="center" | u |- ! bgcolor="lightblue" align="center" | '''medial''' | align="center" | e | align="center" | o |- ! bgcolor="lightblue" align="center" | '''aperte''' | colspan=2 align="center" | a |} ===Consonantes=== {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" style="text-align:center; font-size: larger; border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #f9f9f9; border-color: #aaaaaa;" |- style="font-size: x-small; vertical-align: top;" ! ! colspan="2" | bilabial ! colspan="2" | labio-<br />dental ! colspan="2" | apico-<br />alveolar ! colspan="2" | post-<br />alveolar ! colspan="2" | palatal ! colspan="2" | dorso-<br />velar ! colspan="2" | glottal |- ! style="font-size: x-small" | plosive | {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}} | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|g}} | colspan="2" | &nbsp; |- ! style="font-size: x-small" | nasal | &nbsp; || {{IPA|m}} | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | &nbsp; || {{IPA|n}} | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | &nbsp; || {{IPA|ŋ}} | colspan="2" | &nbsp; |- ! style="font-size: x-small" | tremulante | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | &nbsp; || {{IPA|r}} | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; |- ! style="font-size: x-small" | fricative | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | {{IPA|f}} || &nbsp; | {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|z}} | {{IPA|&#643;}} || | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | {{IPA|h}} || &nbsp; |- ! style="font-size: x-small" | affricate | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; |{{IPA|t&#643;}} |{{IPA|d&#658;}} | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; |- ! style="font-size: x-small" | lateral | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | &nbsp; || {{IPA|l}} | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; |- ! style="font-size: x-small" | semivocal | &nbsp; || {{IPA|w}} | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | &nbsp; || {{IPA|j}} | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; |- |} == Ligamines externe == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180215220433/http://www.pandunia.info/ Pandunia] [[Categoria:Linguas artificial]] 3pc926vw9jmojokoohb8borv63jdyzr 0 44443 705728 627018 2026-11-11T02:22:41Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 705728 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|31|47|28.16|N|35|14|29.45|E|region:IL_type:mountain|display=title}} [[File:הגן הלאומי והאוניברסיטאי ע"ש טבצ'ניק - הר הצופים 1.jpg|thumb|500px|right|]] '''Gan Tabachnik''' es un parco national situate in [[Monte Scopus]] in [[Jerusalem]]. '''Galeria''' <gallery> בית הקברות של המושבה המאמריקאית בירושלים - הר הצופים 1.jpg| בית הקברות של משפחת בנטוויץ' - הר הצופים.jpg| Mount Skopus BW 3.jpg| </gallery> {{Traducite|lad|Gan Tabachnik}} == Ligamines externe == {{Commonscat|Tabachnik Park}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200813045854/https://photobucket.com/images/tabachnik%2520park%2520cemetary Tabachnik park cemetary pictures] [[Categoria:Monte Scopus]] [[Categoria:Universitate Hebree de Jerusalem]] [[Categoria:Parcos national]] flgzn7qx1a6hmdv1oafihg709x3cmjy 0 46613 705704 705695 2026-11-10T13:02:17Z Tratxan 61856 /* Litteratura */ 705704 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/articulo/persona}} '''Vicente Costalago''' es un scriptor, philologo, e [[Interlinguistica|interlinguista]]. Ille nasceva in [[Espania]] e studiava linguas moderne, traduction, e interpretation in le universitate. Ille comenciava editar in Wikipedia in julio 2006, in le version in espaniol. Ille etiam auxiliava in le versiones in [[esperanto]], [[Lingua asturian|asturiano]], [[Lingua gallecian|galleciano]], [[Lingua catalan|catalano]], [[extremadurano]] e occitano. Etiam, le version in creolo jamaican esseva create gratias a su auxilio (ille habeva le idea haber un Wikipedia in ille lingua e ille etiam adjungeva imagines e categorias e consiliava le editores principal). Ille collaborava con le Nashanal Kriol Kongsl pro disveloppar un version in creolo belizean, e con altere wikipedistas ille creava le Wikipedia in creolo guyanan francese. Administrator del Wikipedias in creolo jamaican, [[interlingue]] e [[Lingua judeo-espaniol|judeo-hispan]], in ille ultime ille creava articulos re le lingua, su litteratura, dialectos, grammatica, e un bibliographia. Ille etiam auxiliava in altere versiones: in liguriano, in oromo, in xitsonga, in luganda, in hawaiano, in tahitiano, in hakka, in novial, adjungente imagines, avisos, e categorias. Ille etiam creava articulos in [[ido]] e in [[interlingua]]. == Obra == === Litteratura === Le prime lingua planificate que ille cognosceva esseva esperanto, quando ille legeva un vetule libro que ille trovava in le casa de su ava. Ille oblidava lo usque quando ille discoperiva que existeva un Wikipedia in ille lingua. Ille comenciava apprender lo, sed ille deveniva plus interessate per ido, e ille cambiava ad ille lingua. Post plure annos, dum le quales ille dubitava inter ido e interlingua, ille transiva verso interlingua, sed tosto ille trovava lingua franca nova. Ille abandonava omne projectos pro laborar con ille lingua, sed post alicun tempore, ille videva que le lingua non pote servir in scientia, e pro isto, ille cambiava ad interlingue in 2020 post un breve periodo in interlingua. Ille esseva un membro del Asosia per Lingua Franca Nova desde le 31 julio 2019 usque le 11 julio 2020. Ille publicava plure obras in lingua franca nova, principalmente traductiones de obras litterari e del Biblia, e ille scribeva multe libros de texto e pro infantes. Ille etiam coadjuvava in le amelioration del syntaxe del lingua, creava un terminologia, principalmente re theologia, religion, mathematica e scientias natural, e comenciava le creation de proverbios. Ille auxiliava in le creation del grammatica de lingua franca nova in espaniol e del dictionario lingua franca nova-espaniol. In maio 2020, ille publicava le prime novella scribite in le lingua, titulate [[La xerca per Pahoa]]. Postea, ille comenciava publicar in Occidental. In iste caso, illo esseva anque un texto original, ''Li sercha in li castelle Dewahl e altri racontas''. Postea veniva ''Antologie hispan'', un recompilation de extractos del principal texto del litteratura espaniol ab su comencio usque hodie. Illo esseva sequite de un altere traduction: ''Fabules, racontas e mites'', e un obra original, ''Li tresor de Fluvglant''. Ille publicava ''La marcia nonconoseda'', le secunde reconto original publicate in Lingua Franca Nova. Su secunde libro publicate in interlingua, ''Juliade'', appareve in martio 2022. Depost, ille publicava ''Antolojia espaniol'', in lingua franca nova, e ''Antologie de poesie europan'' in Occidental. Le sequente libro esseva ''Mikri Antologie'', scribite in Novial. In augusto 2022, ille publicava ''Subuqti'', un reconto original in Interlingue, influite del realismo de Leo Tolstoy, specialmente de su obra Anna Karenina. In octobre 2022, ille publicava le poemario ''Verses escapat de mi mente'', con poemas original in interlingue. Ille anque publicava in le mesme mense ''Denova en la marcia'' in lingua franca nova. Postea, ille publicava ''Anidros'' in Occidental e ''Poemas'' in Interlingua in decembre 2022. In le mesme mense, ille publicava le tertie parte del serie "La Club de la Marcia", titulate ''La Club de la Marcia en peril'' e su prime libro in Esperanto, ''La trezoro de Erokeriherria''. In 2023 ille publicava le poemario in Occidental ''Yo have ancor alquó a dir'' e, in maio, altere poemario original in Interlingue, con le titulo ''Exea!''. Ille anque publicava altere poemario in Lingua Franca Nova con le nomine ''Pensas rimada'' in maio 2023. Le 16 de julio 2023 ille publicava ''Kilglan'', altere libro original in Interlingua. Ille publicava le poemario original in interlingue ''Nov Vive'' in augusto 2023. In octobre 2023, ille publicava ''Rancur'', un reconto original in lingua franca nova. In novembre 2023, appareva su libro de texto in Glosa ''Brevi historia de plu internatio auxi-lingua''. In martio 2024 ille publicava un libro de recontos original in Interlingue: ''Heroicitás'', que narra quatro eventos heroic del historia de Espania: Numantia, le miraculo de Empel, le victoria de Blas de Lezo in Cartagena de Indias e le resistentia del heroes espaniol in Baler (Philippinas). In junio 2024 ille publicava ''Poesies de amore e desamore'', que esseva inspirate del lyrica del flamenco espaniol. In augusto 2024 ille publicava le parve poemario ''Senas'' in lingua franca nova, inspirate del viages que ille faceva durante un septimana in le nord de Italia, e anque su prime poemario in ido, ''Poemeti''. Le 11 de septembre 2024 ille publicava su ultime libro in Interlingue: ''Reminiscenties'', in le qual ille includeva su prime obra de teatro in verso (e le prime in le historia del lingua), nominate "Amore libertator". Le 13 de septembre 2024 ille publicava su secunde libro in Ido, ''La predicajo di Hakum''. Su prime obra de litteratura publicate in un lingua natural esseva ''El Viriatu'', in [[Lingua extremenie|extremenio]], que appareva le 19 de novembre. Illo narra in verso le vita del general lusitan qui luctava contra Roma in le Antiquitate. Illo esseva includite in le libro ''Euris estremeñus i sotras poemas'', publicate in april 2025<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago/euris-estreme%C3%B1us-i-sotras-poemas/paperback/product-gjqemyn.html?q=euris+estreme%C3%B1us&page=1&pageSize=4 Euris estremeñus i sotras poemas]</ref>. Le 22 de mayo de 2025, ille publicava un poema in murciano, le dialecto del espaniol parlate in [[Region de Murcia|Murcia]] titulate ''Püema en murciano''<ref>[https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/05/22/puema-en-murciano/ Püema en murciano]</ref>. Le 2 de novembre de 2025 ille publicava su seconde libro in extremaduran, ''Estórias estremeñas''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago/est%C3%B3rias-estreme%C3%B1as/paperback/product-nvjwvwn.html?q=vicente+costalago&page=1&pageSize=4 Estórias estremeñas]</ref>. In le mes sequente, appariva le traduction de ''Subuqti'' a Interlingua, facite per ille mesme<ref name="SubuqtiInterlingua">[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago/subuqti/paperback/product-yv9dzwr.html?q=subuqti&page=1&pageSize=4 Subuqti]</ref>. Le libro esseva promovite in YouTube per Martin Lavallée.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/shorts/nmZCBpQiF2k Marinero russe e femina native de Subuqti: an celle amor supervivera criticas del societate russe?]</ref> In januario 2026 ille publicava le libro original in Lingua Franca Nova ''La Asosia de Galduherri'', su ultime obra in ille lingua<ref name="galduherri">[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/la-asosia-de-galduherri/paperback/product-m26ew56.html?q=la+asosia+de+galduherri&page=1&pageSize=4 La Asosia de Galduherri]</ref>. In marto, ille publicava un libro de poesia original in fala, con le titulo ''Vérsus sóltus''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago/v%C3%A9rsus-s%C3%B3ltus/paperback/product-zmz6qpm.html?q=V%C3%A9rsus+s%C3%B3ltus&page=1&pageSize=4 Vérsus sóltus]</ref>. In junio ille publicava le quarte libro del serie ''La Club de la Marcia'', con le titulo ''La Club de la Marcia en la Lago Negra''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/la-club-de-la-marcia-en-la-lago-negra/paperback/product-2mnqejy.html?q=La+Club+de+la+Marcia+en+la+Lago+Negra&page=1&pageSize=4 La Club de la Marcia en la Lago Negra]</ref>. In julio ille publicava in Occidental le libro de poesia ''Cris de Silentie'', que tracta de themas como le mundo in crisis, guerra, fame; e il es etiam poemas religiose, con referentias a alicun versos del Biblia.<ref name="cris">[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/cris-de-silentie/paperback/product-yveynrz.html?q=cris+de+silentie&page=1&pageSize=4 Cris de Silentie]</ref>. Etiam in julio ille publicava le traduction de ''Subuqti'' al basco<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/subuqti/paperback/product-gjzymjz.html?q=Subuqti&page=1&pageSize=4 Subuqti]</ref>. In agosto ille publicava le traduction de ''Anidros'' a interlingua<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/anidros/paperback/product-kvge78p.html?page=1&pageSize=4 Anidros]</ref> e a esperanto<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/anidros/paperback/product-45474rn.html?q=Anidros&page=1&pageSize=4 Anidros]</ref>. === Magazines === Ille colabora con le magazine in interligue nominate ''[[Cosmoglotta]]'' ab 2020.<ref>[https://archive.org/search?query=creator%3A%22Interlingue+Union%22 Interlingue-Union in archive.org]</ref> Etiam ille ha publicate in ''[[Ido-Saluto!]]'' ab 2024. In 2025, ille creava le magazine mensual ''[[U Glosa Jurnali]]'',<ref>[https://archive.org/details/@vicentecv?and%5B%5D=subject%3A%22Glosa%22 U Glosa Jurnali]</ref> in Glosa. Ab 2026, ille publica in le ''Revista Grada'', un magazine extremaduran, in le columna reservate per le [[OSCEC]]. === Manuales === Ille ha publicate manuales in Interlingua<ref>[https://www.interlingua.com/e-libros/cultura-classic/ Cultura classic (Vicente Costalago)]</ref><ref>[https://www.interlingua.com/e-libros/historiadeeuropa/ Historia de Europa e interlingua (Vicente Costalago)]</ref><ref>[https://www.interlingua.com/e-libros/litteraturaromanic/ Litteratura romanic e interlingua (Vicente Costalago)]</ref><ref>[https://www.interlingua.com/e-libros/le-medievo/ Le Medievo (Vicente Costalago)]</ref>, Lingua Franca Nova<ref>[https://elefen.org/fixador/pdf/cultur-clasica-a5.pdf Cultur e tradision clasica]</ref><ref>[https://elefen.org/fixador/pdf/istoria-de-europa-a5.pdf Istoria de Europa]</ref><ref>[https://elefen.org/fixador/pdf/istoria-de-espania-a5.pdf Istoria de Espania]</ref><ref>[https://elefen.org/fixador/pdf/leteratur-romanica-e-elefen-a4.pdf Leteratur romanica e elefen]</ref>, Occidental<ref>[https://occidental-lang.com/resources/Cultura_classic.pdf Cultura classic]</ref><ref>[https://occidental-lang.com/resources/Historie.pdf Historie]</ref><ref>[https://occidental-lang.com/resources/Geografie.pdf Geografie]</ref><ref>[https://occidental-lang.com/resources/Mathematica.pdf Mathematica]</ref> e Ido<ref name="antiqueso">[https://ia601405.us.archive.org/31/items/klasik-antiqueso-a-4/Klasik_Antiqueso_A4.pdf Klasik Antiqueso]</ref>. === YouTube === In januario 2023 ille creava su prime canal de YouTube, nominate ''Plu Artificia Lingua'' ("linguas artificial" in Glosa), ubi ille incarga videos de diverse linguas artificial parlante in le lingua re le qual ille parla in le video.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/@pluartificialingua Plu Artificia Lingua]</ref> In novembre 2026, le canal habeva 20 videos re linguas como [[Volapük]], [[Interlingua]], [[Esperanto]], [[Interlingue|Occidental]], [[Ido]], [[Novial]], [[Kotava]], [[Sambahsa]], [[Lojban]] e [[Toki pona|Toki Pona]]. Le 8 martio 2025, ille creava su secunde canal de YouTube, nominate ''MiSimpliBio'', ubi ille incarga videos in Glosa.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/@MiSimplibio MiSimpliBio]</ref>. == Bibliographia == [[File:Leteratur_romanica_e_elefen.png|197px|right]] [[File:Istoria_de_Europa.png|197px|right]] [[File:Cultur_e_tradision_clasica.png|197px|right]] [[File:Historie_(Interlingue).png|197px|right]] [[File:Cultura_classic.png|197px|right]] [[File:Geografie_(Interlingue).png|197px|right]] [[File:Mathematica.png|197px|right]] === In interlingua === * Libros ** 2022: ''Juliade''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago/juliade/paperback/product-qm8ez5.html?page=1&pageSize=4 Juliade]</ref> ** 2022: ''Poemas''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/poemas/paperback/product-4p6ppd.html?q=&page=1&pageSize=4 Poemas]</ref> ** 2023: ''Kilglan''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/kilglan/paperback/product-wjgq65.html?q=kilglan&page=1&pageSize=4 Kilglan]</ref> ** 2025: ''Subuqti''<ref name="SubuqtiInterlingua"/> ** 2026: ''Anidros''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/anidros/paperback/product-kvge78p.html?page=1&pageSize=4 Anidros]</ref> * Libros de texto: ** 2020: [https://www.interlingua.com/e-libros/heracles/ Le dece-duo travalios de Heracles] ** 2020: [https://www.interlingua.com/e-libros/litteraturaromanic/ Litteratura romanic e interlingua] ** 2020: [https://www.interlingua.com/archivos/Historia%20de%20Europa.pdf Historia de Europa] ** 2020: [https://www.interlingua.com/e-libros/concisedescriptiondellinguavalencian/ Concise description del lingua valencian] ** 2025: [https://www.interlingua.com/archivos/Cultura%20classic.pdf Cultura classic] ** 2026: [https://www.interlingua.com/archivos/Le%20Medievo.pdf Le Medievo] === In lingua franca nova === * Libros ** 2020: ''[[La xerca per Pahoa]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Libro |url=https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/la-xerca-per-pahoa/paperback/product-gpdq4k.html?page=1&pageSize=4 |accessdate=2021-08-12 |archivedate=2021-08-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811131944/https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/la-xerca-per-pahoa/paperback/product-gpdq4k.html?page=1&pageSize=4 }}</ref> ** 2022: ''La marcia nonconoseda''<ref>{{Cite web |title=La marcia nonconoseda |url=https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago/la-marcia-nonconoseda/paperback/product-qm5g6n.html?page=1&pageSize=4 |accessdate=2022-03-02 |archivedate=2022-02-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221073534/https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago/la-marcia-nonconoseda/paperback/product-qm5g6n.html?page=1&pageSize=4 }}</ref> ** 2022: ''Antolojia espaniol''<ref name="Antolojia">{{Cite web |title=Antolojia espaniol |url=https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/antolojia-espaniol/paperback/product-qmmpmq.html?page=1&pageSize=4 |accessdate=2022-06-30 |archivedate=2022-05-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511114904/https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/antolojia-espaniol/paperback/product-qmmpmq.html?page=1&pageSize=4 }}</ref> ** 2022: ''Denova en la marcia''<ref name ="denova">[https://elefen.org/vici/leteratur/denova_en_la_marcia/xef Denova en la marcia]</ref> ** 2022: ''La Club de la Marcia en peril''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/la-club-de-la-marcia-en-peril/paperback/product-zgdv7z.html?q=La+Club+de+la+Marcia+en+peril&page=1&pageSize=4 La Club de la Marcia en peril], publicat li 27 decembre 2022</ref>. ** 2023: ''Naras nonfisada''<ref>[https://elefen.org/vici/leteratur/naras_nonfisada/xef Naras nonfisada]</ref> ** 2023: ''Pensas rimada''<ref>[https://payhip.com/b/VEGum Pensas rimada]</ref> ** 2023: ''Un contia de libria''<ref>[https://elefen.org/vici/leteratur/un_contia_de_libria/xef Un contia de libria]</ref> ** 2023: ''Rancur''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago/rancur/paperback/product-v8r7mqy.html?page=1&pageSize=4 Rancur]</ref> ** 2024: ''Senas''<ref>[https://elefen.org/vici/leteratur/senas/xef Senas]</ref> ** 2026: ''La Asosia de Galduherri''<ref name="galduherri"/> ** 2026: ''La Club de la Marcia en la Lago Negra''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/la-club-de-la-marcia-en-la-lago-negra/paperback/product-2mnqejy.html?q=La+Club+de+la+Marcia+en+la+Lago+Negra&page=1&pageSize=4 La Club de la Marcia en la Lago Negra]</ref> * Libros de texto: ** [http://elefen.org/disionario/leteratur-romanica-e-elefen.pdf Leteratur romanica e lingua franca nova] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327163452/http://elefen.org/disionario/leteratur-romanica-e-elefen.pdf |date=2020-03-27 }} ** [http://elefen.org/disionario/istoria-de-europa-a4.pdf Istoria de Europa] ** [http://elefen.org/disionario/cultur-clasica-a4.pdf Cultur clasica] ** [https://elefen.org/vici/istoria_de_espania/xef Istoria de Espania] * Libros pro infantes: ** [http://elefen.org/pdf/desinias-per-colori.pdf Desinias per colori] ** [http://elefen.org/pdf/la-crea-de-la-mundo.pdf La crea de la mundo] ** [http://elefen.org/pdf/nos-conose-la-mundo-espania.pdf Nos conose la mundo: Espania] ** [http://elefen.org/pdf/naras-per-enfantes.pdf Naras per enfantes], traducite con Jean-Claude Caraco. ** [http://elefen.org/pdf/ci-es-ci.pdf Ci es ci?] ** [http://elefen.org/pdf/on-conose-la-animales.pdf On conose la animales] * Essayos ** [http://elefen.org/vici/leteratur/siensa_en_lingua_franca_nova Siensa en lingua franca nova] * Altere ** [http://elefen.org/pdf/libros-de-biblia.pdf La libros de la Biblia] ** [http://elefen.org/disionario/mitolojia-clasica.pdf Disionario de mitolojia clasica] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327145742/http://elefen.org/disionario/mitolojia-clasica.pdf |date=2020-03-27 }}. ** Collaboration in le creation del dictionario lingua franca nova-hispan * Traductiones ** Le Quatro Evangelios<ref>[https://elefen.org/vici/relijio/biblia/mateo/xef Evanjelio de San Mateo]</ref><ref>[https://elefen.org/vici/relijio/biblia/evanjelio_de_san_marco/xef Evanjelio de San Marco]</ref><ref>[https://elefen.org/vici/relijio/biblia/evanjelio_de_san_lucas/xef Evanjelio de San Lucas]</ref><ref name="evanjeliosanjoan">[https://elefen.org/vici/relijio/biblia/evanjelio_de_san_joan/xef Evanjelio de San Joan]</ref> ** Capitulo prima de [[Don Quixote de La Mancha]]<ref>[https://elefen.org/vici/leteratur/la_nobil_injeniosa_don_quijote_de_la_mancha/xef La nobil injeniosa Don Quijote de La Mancha]</ref> === In interlingue === * Libros ** 2021: ''Li sercha in li castelle Dewahl e altri racontas''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Li sercha in li castelle Dewahl e altri racontas |url=https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/li-sercha-in-li-castelle-dewahl-e-altri-racontas/paperback/product-j2775p.html?page=1&pageSize=4 |accessdate=2021-07-27 |archivedate=2022-04-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409004527/https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/li-sercha-in-li-castelle-dewahl-e-altri-racontas/paperback/product-j2775p.html?page=1&pageSize=4 }}</ref> ** 2021: ''Antologie hispan''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Antologie hispan |url=https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/antologie-hispan/paperback/product-pmknpz.html?page=1&pageSize=4 |accessdate=2021-09-07 |archivedate=2022-04-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409004527/https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/antologie-hispan/paperback/product-pmknpz.html?page=1&pageSize=4 }}</ref>. ** 2021: ''Fabules, racontas e mites''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fabules, racontas e mites |url=https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/fabules-contes-e-mites/paperback/product-4g6ezk.html?page=1&pageSize=4 |accessdate=2022-03-07 |archivedate=2022-04-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409004527/https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/fabules-contes-e-mites/paperback/product-4g6ezk.html?page=1&pageSize=4 }}</ref>. ** 2022: ''Li tresor de Fluvglant''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Li tresor de Fluvglant |url=https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/li-tresor-de-fluvglant/paperback/product-8grj8y.html?page=1&pageSize=4 |accessdate=2022-03-07 |archivedate=2022-02-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222181751/https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/li-tresor-de-fluvglant/paperback/product-8grj8y.html?page=1&pageSize=4 }}</ref> ** 2022: ''Antologie de poesie europan''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/antologie-de-poesie-europan/paperback/product-zj6dd5.html?q=Antologie+de+poesie+europan&page=1&pageSize=4 Antologie de poesie europan]</ref> ** 2022: ''Subuqti''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/subuqti/paperback/product-r922ev.html?q=&page=1&pageSize=4 Subuqti]</ref> ** 2022: ''Verses escapat de mi mente''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zuqez/verses-escapat-de-mi-mente/paperback/product-8p4zzq.html?q=verses+escapat+de+mi+mente&page=1&pageSize=4 Verses escapat de mi mente]</ref> ** 2022: ''Anidros''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/anidros/paperback/product-4p69v7.html?q=&page=1&pageSize=4 Anidros]</ref> ** 2022: ''Li Crímines de Cnocorran''<ref>[https://occidental-lang.com/resources/Li_crimines_de_Cnocorran.pdf Li Crímines de Cnocorran]</ref> ** 2023: ''Yo have ancor alquó a dir''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/yo-have-ancor-alqu%C3%B3-a-dir/paperback/product-eyedmr.html?page=1&pageSize=4 Yo have ancor alquó a dir]</ref> ** 2023: ''Exea!''<ref name="exea">[https://payhip.com/b/IUw5s Exea!]</ref> ** 2023: ''Nov Vive''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/nov-vive/paperback/product-qr9p5v.html?page=1&pageSize=4 Nov Vive]</ref> ** 2024: ''Heroicitás''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago/heroicit%C3%A1s/paperback/product-655ppyz.html?q=&page=1&pageSize=4 Heroicitás]</ref> ** 2024: ''Poesies de amore e desamore''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago/poesies-de-amore-e-desamore/paperback/product-dym6dg7.html?page=1&pageSize=4 Poesies de amore e desamore]</ref> ** 2024: ''Reminiscenties''<ref name="reminiscenties">[https://archive.org/details/Reminiscenties Reminiscenties]</ref> ** 2026: ''Cris de silentie''<ref name="cris"/> * Libros de texto ** [https://occidental-lang.com/resources/Historie.pdf Historie] ** [https://occidental-lang.com/resources/Cultura_classic.pdf Cultura classic] ** [https://occidental-lang.com/resources/Geografie.pdf Geografie] ** [https://occidental-lang.com/resources/Mathematica.pdf Mathematica] * Traductiones ** Le poema "Si", par [[Rudyard Kipling]] (25 novembre 2020). * Articulos in Cosmoglotta ** 2020: ''Li casu del hebreic quam exemple por Occidental'' in Cosmoglotta 326. ** 2020: ''Mi unesim visita in li biblioteca de La-Chaux-de-Fonds'' in Cosmoglotta 326. ** 2022: ''Litteratura in Occidental'' con un ''Bibliografie de ovres e textus litterari in Occidental'', en Cosmoglotta 329<ref>[https://archive.org/details/cg-329-2022/page/2/mode/2up Cosmoglotta 329]</ref>. ** 2022: Poesia ''Al lingue'', in Cosmoglotta 330<ref>[https://archive.org/details/cg-330-2022-el/mode/2up Cosmoglotta 330]</ref>. ** 2023: ''Situation actual de nor lingue: Esque it es plu bon o plu mal?'', in Cosmoglotta 331<ref>[https://archive.org/details/cosmoglotta_331.20023 Cosmoglotta 331]</ref> ** 2024: ''Ultim adío a Claude Gacond'', in Cosmoglotta 334<ref name="Cosmoglotta334">[https://archive.org/details/cosmoglotta-334-2024/mode/2up Cosmoglotta 334]</ref> ** 2024: ''Li beson del viage del heróe in nor vives'', in Cosmoglotta 334<ref name="Cosmoglotta334"/> ** 2025: ''Un lingue es un dialecte con un armé e un marine'', in Cosmoglotta 336<ref name="Cosmoglotta336">[https://archive.org/details/cg-336-2025-2 Cosmoglotta 336]</ref> ** 2025: ''On ne save quo on have til quande on perdi it'', in Cosmoglotta 336<ref name="Cosmoglotta336"/> ** 2026: ''Li chimere de atinger pace per un lingue universal neutral'', in Cosmoglotta 337<ref>[https://archive.org/details/cg-337-2026-1/page/6/mode/2up Cosmoglotta 337]</ref> * Dictionarios ** [https://occidental-lang.com/dictionaries/?d=es Dictionarium interlingue-hispan] ** [https://occidental-lang.com/dictionaries/?d=val Dictionarium interlingue-valencian] ** [https://occidental-lang.com/dictionaries/?d=bal Dictionarium interlingue-baleari] ** [https://occidental-lang.com/dictionaries/?d=an Dictionarium interlingue-aragonesi] ** [https://occidental-lang.com/dictionaries/?d=gl Dictionarium interlingue-galician] ** [https://occidental-lang.com/dictionaries/?d=pt Dictionarium interlingue-portugalesi] === In esperanto === * 2022: ''La trezoro de Erokeriherria'', publicate le 27 de decembre 2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=La trezoro de Erikoriherria |url=https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/la-trezoro-de-erokeriherria/paperback/product-pv8p9e.html?q=La+trezoro+de+Erokeriherria&page=1&pageSize=4 |accessdate=2022-12-27 |archivedate=2022-12-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227144201/https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/la-trezoro-de-erokeriherria/paperback/product-pv8p9e.html?q=La+trezoro+de+Erokeriherria&page=1&pageSize=4 }}</ref> * 2026: ''Anidros'' === In Ido === * Libros ** 2024: ''Poemeti'', publicate le 28 augusto 2024<ref name="poemeti">[https://archive.org/details/Poemeti Poemeti]</ref><ref name="Ido-Saluto">Ido-Saluto! 3/2024</ref><ref name="labluamuzo">[https://labluamuzo.blogspot.com/2025/01/2024-ka-diskreta-yaro-en-la-ido.html 2024: Ka diskreta yaro en la Ido-literaturo?]</ref> ** 2024: ''La predicajo di Hakum'', publicate le 13 septembre 2024<ref name="Ido-Saluto"/><ref name="labluamuzo"/> * Manuales ** 2026: ''Klasik Antiqueso''<ref name="antiqueso"/> * Articulos pro magazines ** 2024: ''Originala poemi'' publicate in Ido-Saluto 2024/3. ** 2025: ''La Hispana vacinizad-expediciono ad Amerika'', publicate in Ido-Saluto 2025/1. ** 2025: ''La Miraklo di Empel: Kande la cielo chanjis la kuro di historio'', publicate in Ido-Saluto 2025/2. ** 2025: ''L’Ultimi di Filipini: La heroala siejo qua markis la fino dil Hispana Imperio en Asia'', publicate in Ido-Saluto 2025/3.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/ido-saluto-3-2025/mode/2up Ido-Saluto 2025/3]</ref> ** 2025: ''Numantia: La nedomtebla spirito di libera populo'', publicate in Ido-Saluto 2025/4.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/ido-saluto-4-2025/page/18/mode/2up Ido-Saluto 2025/4]</ref> ** 2026: ''Blas de Lezo e la heroala defenso di Cartagena de Indias: La brava rezistado qua protektis la Hispana Imperio en Amerika'', Ido-Saluto 2026/1.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/ido-saluto-1-2026/page/n19/mode/2up Ido-Saluto 2026/1]</ref> === In mini === * 2022: ''Pensa'', publicate le 21 februario 2022 in [https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/pensa/paperback/product-kqnz4e.html?page=1&pageSize=4 Lulu.com]. Illo es le prime obra original publicate in iste lingua. === In mundeze === * Libros ** 2020: ''latina peleye en mundeze'', prime libro in mundeze<ref>{{Cite web |title=latina peleye |url=https://www.mundezo.com/files/latina_peleye.pdf |accessdate=2020-12-31 |archivedate=2020-10-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018095642/https://www.mundezo.com/files/latina_peleye.pdf }}</ref> ** 2021: ''kitceyara partey o mundeze'', con Djuna de Lannoy<ref>{{Cite web |title=4 april 2021 |url=https://www.mundezo.com/files/kitceyara_parte.pdf |accessdate=6 January 2024 |archivedate=4 December 2022 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204151010/https://www.mundezo.com/files/kitceyara_parte.pdf }}</ref> ** 2021: ''filma tsitseye'', con Djuna de Lannoy<ref>{{Cite web |title=11 novembre 2021 |url=https://www.mundezo.com/files/filma_tsiteye.pdf |accessdate=2024-01-06 |archivedate=2022-12-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204151007/https://www.mundezo.com/files/filma_tsiteye.pdf }}</ref> * Alteres ** 2020: Creator del [https://mundeze.fandom.com/wiki/Mundeze_Wiki Wiki in mundeze] ** 2023: Creator del traductor esperanto-mundeze<ref>[https://lingojam.com/Esperanto-Mundezetranslator Traductor Esperanto-Mundeze]</ref> === In novial === * ''Mikri Antologie''<ref name="novial">[https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/mikri-antologie/paperback/product-vdj8gy.html?q=Mikri+Antologie Mikri Antologie]</ref> === In glosa === * Libros e poemas ** 2022/2023<ref>Publicate in interrete in 2022 e como libro in 2023</ref>: ''Histori''<ref>[https://glosa.fandom.com/wiki/Histori_(bibli) Histori]</ref><ref>[https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/histori/paperback/product-yvvv7rn.html?page=1&pageSize=4 Histori]</ref> ** 2023: ''Si'', de Rudyard Kipling<ref>[https://glosa.fandom.com/wiki/Literatura:Si Si]</ref> ** 2023: ''Plu buno homo plu leuko elefa'', de Ernest Hemingway<ref>[https://glosa.fandom.com/wiki/Literatura:Plu_buno_homo_plu_leuko_elefa Plu buno homo plu leuko elefa]</ref> ** 2023: ''Brevi historia de plu internatio auxi-lingua''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/brevi-historia-de-plu-internatio-auxi-lingua/paperback/product-yv7wdwm.html?page=1&pageSize=4 Brevi historia de plu internatio auxi-lingua in Lulu]</ref> ** 2023: ''Mi promise a tu, mi landa''<ref>[https://glosa.fandom.com/wiki/Mi_promise_a_tu,_mi_landa Mi promise a tu, mi landa]</ref> ** 2023: ''Mi pa cerka u simpli bio''<ref>[https://glosa.fandom.com/wiki/Mi_pa_cerka_u_simpli_bio Mi pa cerka u simpli bio]</ref> ** 2025: ''Ultima spira''<ref>[https://glosa.fandom.com/wiki/Ultima_spira Ultima spira]</ref> ** 2025: ''E so pa gresi plu pedi de antiqi tem''<ref>[https://glosa.fandom.com/wiki/And_did_those_feet And did those feet]</ref> * Magazines ** 2025: ''U Glosa jurnali'' === In baleari === Benque ille non parla baleari, ille ha coordinate le traduction del libro [https://prexins.files.wordpress.com/2021/04/historis-de-la-bibblia-final.pdf Històris de la Bibblia]. In iste lingua, ille es le creator del ''Wiki en llengo baléà''<ref>[https://prexins.wordpress.com/2021/04/20/el-balear/ El balear]</ref> e de un repositorio de textos, le ''Baleateca''<ref>[https://baleateca.miraheze.org/wiki/P%C3%A1gina_principal Baleateca]</ref>. * 2022: ''Es cò acuadó''<ref>[https://prexins.files.wordpress.com/2022/01/es-co-acuado.pdf Es cò acuadó]</ref>, con Mikèl Garau. * 2022: ''Es retrato oual''<ref>[https://prexins.wordpress.com/2022/02/19/es-retrato-oual/ Es retrato oual]</ref>, con Mikèl Garau. * 2022: ''Es móx negre''<ref>[https://prexins.wordpress.com/2022/04/19/es-mox-negre/ Es móx negre]</ref>, con Mikèl Garau. * 2022: ''Manuscrit trobad dins una botélla''<ref>[https://prexins.wordpress.com/2022/05/24/326/ Manuscrit trobat dins una botélla]</ref>, con Mikèl Garau. * 2022: ''S'esfinge'', <ref>[https://prexins.wordpress.com/2022/06/13/sesfinge/ S'esfinge]</ref>, con Mikèl Garau. * 2022: ''Berenice'', <ref>[https://prexins.wordpress.com/2022/08/07/berenice/ Berenice]</ref>, con Mikèl Garau. === In espaniol === * Poemas ** 2024: ''Pensamientos tras la riada de Valencia''.<ref>Scribite le 31 octobre 2024, postea le catastrophe que occurreva in Valencia post le DANA. Publicate in le blog del autor.</ref> * Revistas: ** I.2026: ''Que se alce la voz'' in ''Grada''<ref>[https://www.grada.es/que-se-alce-la-voz/blogueros/oscec/ Que se alce la voz]</ref> ** II.2026: ''Mi relación con el extremeño''<ref>[https://www.grada.es/mi-relacion-con-el-extremeno/revista-grada/colaboradores/ Mi relación con el extremeño]</ref> ** III.2026: ''Una joya lingüística extremeña''<ref>[https://www.grada.es/una-joya-linguistica-extremena/blogueros/oscec/ Una joya lingüística extremeña]</ref> ** VI.2026: ''Cuando lo urgente silencia lo importante''<ref>[https://www.grada.es/cuando-lo-urgente-silencia-lo-importante/blogueros/oscec/ Cuando lo urgente silencia lo importante]</ref> === In extremadurano === * Libros: ** 2025: ''Euris estremeñus i sotras poemas''. ** 2025: ''Estórias estremeñas''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago/est%C3%B3rias-estreme%C3%B1as/paperback/product-nvjwvwn.html?q=vicente+costalago&page=1&pageSize=4 Estórias estremeñas]</ref> === In fala === * Libros: ** 2026: ''Vérsus sóltus'' === Bibliographias === * {{lad}} [https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedya:Bibliografia_del_djudeo-espanyol Vikipedya:Bibliografia del djudeo-espanyol] * {{bal}} [https://llengobalear.miraheze.org/wiki/Bibbliografia_de_sa_llengo_bal%C3%A9%C3%A0 Bibbliografia de sa llengo baléà] * {{ie}} [https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingue#Ovres Liste de ovres litterari in Occidental] * {{ie}} [https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_de_ovres_in_occidental_in_li_CDELI Liste de ovres in occidental in li CDELI] * {{vlc}} [https://www.lenciclopedia.org/wiki/Anex:Bibliografia_del_valenci%C3%A0 Anex:Bibliografia del valencià] * {{lfn}} [https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliografia_sur_Provinse_Soria Bibliografia sur Provinse Soria] * {{mt}} [https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibljografija_tal-lingwa_Maltija Bibljografija tal-lingwa Maltija] * {{ie}} [[:ie:Bibliografie de Interlingue]] * [https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fino%27_Chamoru#Bibliografia Bibliografie del lingue chamoru] * {{ext}} [https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliografia_d%27Estrema%C3%BAra Bibliografia d'Estremaúra] <gallery> Leteratur_romanica_e_elefen.png Istoria_de_Europa.png Cultur_e_tradision_clasica.png Historie_(Interlingue).png Cultura_classic.png Geografie_(Interlingue).png </gallery> === Alteres === * 2016: Creator del [https://jam.wikipedia.org Wikipedia in jamaican] con le adjuta de Larry Chang. * 2016: Creator del [https://web.archive.org/web/20220706080603/https://frenkisch.fandom.com/wiki/Frenkisch_Wikia Wiki in Frenkisch] * 2017: Creator del [https://aragonesoriental.fandom.com/es/wiki/P%C3%A1gina_principal Wiki in aragones oriental]. * 2018: Creator del [https://bzj.miraheze.org/wiki/Main_Page enciclopedie] in creol belizean<ref>Le projecto es stoppate desde le 7 april de 2021.</ref><ref>[https://www.belmopanonline.com/belizean-kriol-language-detail/bileez-kriol-wiki-chek-owt-tudeh Bileez Kriol Wiki…Chek Owt Tudeh!]</ref>. * 2020: Creator S'Enciclopèdi, un [https://llengobalea.fandom.com/es/wiki/Wiki_Llengo_Bal%C3%A9%C3%A0 enciclopedie] in [[baleari]]. * 2020: Creator de li [https://baleateca.miraheze.org/wiki/P%C3%A1gina_principal Baleateca], un compilation de textos in baleari. * 2020: Creator del [https://pandunia.fandom.com/wiki/Xefi_varkolate Wiki in pandunia]. ** Traductor de "[https://pandunia.fandom.com/wiki/Tortuge_e_tuze tortuge e tuze]" a pandunia * 2021: Creator del [https://glosa.fandom.com/wiki/Glosa_Wiki Wiki in Glosa] * 2020: ''[https://prexins.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/diccionario-de-verbos-criollo-beliceno-espanol-1.pdf Diccionario de verbos Criollo beliceño - español]'' (publicate in linea)<ref>Inviat li 21 may 2020</ref> * 2021: ''Diccionario de aragonés oriental''<ref>Finit li 5 marto 2021</ref> (impublicate) * 2021: ''Latn adij ina Jumiekan'', con Larry Chang<ref>Publicat li 11 marte 2021 en [https://www.jumieka.com/pachiz.html LanguiJumieka]</ref> * 2021: Creator del [https://web.archive.org/web/20210430021912/https://proyo.fandom.com/wiki/Proyo_Wiki Wiki in Proyo]<ref>Creat li 25 may 2021</ref> * 2021: ''Històris de la Bibblia''<ref>[https://prexins.files.wordpress.com/2021/04/historis-de-la-bibblia-final.pdf 20 april 2021]</ref> (coordinator) * 2021: Creator del [https://lingwa-de-planeta-ldp.fandom.com/wiki/Lingwa_de_Planeta_LDP_Wiki Wiki in Lingwa de Planeta]<ref name="Unnamed_2-20230318120755">Creat li 23 may 2021</ref> * 2021: Creator del Reformad Novial, un reforma del [[Novial]]. * 2021: Creator del [https://minilang.fandom.com/wiki/Mini_Wiki Wiki in Mini]<ref>Creat li 17 julí 2021</ref> * 2021: Creator del [https://novlingue.fandom.com/wiki/Novlingue_Wiki Wiki in Novlingue]<ref>Creat li 20 octobre 2021</ref> * 2022: Creator del [https://web.archive.org/web/20240223131000/https://yola.fandom.com/wiki/Yola_Wiki Wiki in Yola]<ref>Unesim articul de marte 2022.</ref> * 2022: Creator del [https://negerhollands.fandom.com/wiki/Negerhollands_Wiki Wiki in Negerhollands]<ref>Creat li 21 juní 2022</ref> * 2022: Creator del [https://web.archive.org/web/20230413101504/https://plu-artificia-lingua.fandom.com/wiki/Plu_Artificia_Lingua_Wiki Plu Artificia Lingua Wiki]<ref>Creat li 13 april 2023</ref> * 2023: Creator del [https://naffarrera.fandom.com/es/wiki/Wiki_Naffarrera Wiki in Naffarrera]<ref>Creat li 25 may 2023</ref> * 2023: Creator del [https://guosa.fandom.com/wiki/Guosa_Wiki Wiki in Guosa]<ref>Creat li 30 julí 2023</ref> * 2023: Creator del [https://jitasama.fandom.com/wiki/Jitasama_Wiki Wiki in Jitasama] * 2023: Creator del [https://latinosineflexione.fandom.com/wiki/Latino_Sine_Flexione_Wiki Wiki in Latino sine Flexione]<ref>Creat li 11 decembre 2023</ref> * 2024: Creator del [https://papia-tugu.fandom.com/wiki/Papia_Tugu_Wiki Papia Tugu Wiki]<ref>Creat li 18 januar 2024</ref> * 2024: Creator del [https://prouvencau.fandom.com/fr/wiki/Wiki_Prouven%C3%A7au Wiki Prouvençau]<ref>Creat li 25 februar 2024</ref> * 2024: Creator del [https://tami-lobo.fandom.com/wiki/Tami_lobo_Wiki Wiki in Suma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517135312/https://tami-lobo.fandom.com/wiki/Tami_lobo_Wiki |date=2024-05-17 }}<ref>Creat li 17 may 2024</ref> * 2024: Creator del [https://web.archive.org/web/20240524094437/https://sona-lasin.fandom.com/wiki/Sona_lasin_Wiki Wiki in Sona]<ref>Creat li 19 may 2024</ref> * 2024: Creator del [https://etoibuk.fandom.com/wiki/Etoibuk_Wiki Wiki in Uni] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524094433/https://etoibuk.fandom.com/wiki/Etoibuk_Wiki |date=2024-05-24 }}<ref>Creat li 24 may 2024</ref> * 2024: Creator del [https://dasopya.fandom.com/wiki/Dasopya_Wiki Wiki in Dasopya]<ref>Creat li 10 decembre 2024</ref> * 2025: Creator del [https://frater.fandom.com/wiki/Frater_Wiki Frater Wiki]<ref>Creat li 31 de januar 2025</ref> === YouTube === * [https://www.youtube.com/@pluartificialingua Plu Artificia Lingua] * [https://www.youtube.com/@MiSimplibio MiSimpliBio] {{Ref}} == Ligamines externe == * [https://www.interlingua.com/novas/2020-08-02-tres-nove-libros-gratuite/ Presentation de alcun obras in Interlingua] * [https://prexins.wordpress.com/ Blog] * [https://www.instagram.com/cdeli_lcdf/ Conto de Instagram] * [https://novlingue.wixsite.com/my-site Pagina web oficial de Novlingue] * [https://lingojam.com/English-Novlingue Traductor de Novlingue] * [https://mithradates.substack.com/p/un-felici-decovrition-del-annu-1957?sd=pf Un felici decovrition del annu 1957] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=soSy1lD2irk&ab_channel=MartinLavallee Litteratura in interlingua: Kilglan, per Vicente Costalago, romance amorose e militar] * [https://www.canalextremadura.es/a-la-carta/la-corrobra/audios/la-corrobra-090124 Interview in La Corrobra (09/01/24)] === MiSimpliBio === * [https://x.com/MiSimpliBio Conte de X] * [https://www.instagram.com/misimplibio/ Conte de Instagram] {{Vicente Costalago}}{{Interlingua}}{{Glosa}} [[Categoria:Vicente Costalago| ]] 5mbk1nch38q2rb3ceh97y2wki7t99kg 705718 705704 2026-11-10T22:29:20Z Tratxan 61856 /* Litteratura */ 705718 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/articulo/persona}} '''Vicente Costalago''' es un scriptor, philologo, e [[Interlinguistica|interlinguista]]. Ille nasceva in [[Espania]] e studiava linguas moderne, traduction, e interpretation in le universitate. Ille comenciava editar in Wikipedia in julio 2006, in le version in espaniol. Ille etiam auxiliava in le versiones in [[esperanto]], [[Lingua asturian|asturiano]], [[Lingua gallecian|galleciano]], [[Lingua catalan|catalano]], [[extremadurano]] e occitano. Etiam, le version in creolo jamaican esseva create gratias a su auxilio (ille habeva le idea haber un Wikipedia in ille lingua e ille etiam adjungeva imagines e categorias e consiliava le editores principal). Ille collaborava con le Nashanal Kriol Kongsl pro disveloppar un version in creolo belizean, e con altere wikipedistas ille creava le Wikipedia in creolo guyanan francese. Administrator del Wikipedias in creolo jamaican, [[interlingue]] e [[Lingua judeo-espaniol|judeo-hispan]], in ille ultime ille creava articulos re le lingua, su litteratura, dialectos, grammatica, e un bibliographia. Ille etiam auxiliava in altere versiones: in liguriano, in oromo, in xitsonga, in luganda, in hawaiano, in tahitiano, in hakka, in novial, adjungente imagines, avisos, e categorias. Ille etiam creava articulos in [[ido]] e in [[interlingua]]. == Obra == === Litteratura === Le prime lingua planificate que ille cognosceva esseva esperanto, quando ille legeva un vetule libro que ille trovava in le casa de su ava. Ille oblidava lo usque quando ille discoperiva que existeva un Wikipedia in ille lingua. Ille comenciava apprender lo, sed ille deveniva plus interessate per ido, e ille cambiava ad ille lingua. Post plure annos, dum le quales ille dubitava inter ido e interlingua, ille transiva verso interlingua, sed tosto ille trovava lingua franca nova. Ille abandonava omne projectos pro laborar con ille lingua, sed post alicun tempore, ille videva que le lingua non pote servir in scientia, e pro isto, ille cambiava ad interlingue in 2020 post un breve periodo in interlingua. Ille esseva un membro del Asosia per Lingua Franca Nova desde le 31 julio 2019 usque le 11 julio 2020. Ille publicava plure obras in lingua franca nova, principalmente traductiones de obras litterari e del Biblia, e ille scribeva multe libros de texto e pro infantes. Ille etiam coadjuvava in le amelioration del syntaxe del lingua, creava un terminologia, principalmente re theologia, religion, mathematica e scientias natural, e comenciava le creation de proverbios. Ille auxiliava in le creation del grammatica de lingua franca nova in espaniol e del dictionario lingua franca nova-espaniol. In maio 2020, ille publicava le prime novella scribite in le lingua, titulate [[La xerca per Pahoa]]. Postea, ille comenciava publicar in Occidental. In iste caso, illo esseva anque un texto original, ''Li sercha in li castelle Dewahl e altri racontas''. Postea veniva ''Antologie hispan'', un recompilation de extractos del principal texto del litteratura espaniol ab su comencio usque hodie. Illo esseva sequite de un altere traduction: ''Fabules, racontas e mites'', e un obra original, ''Li tresor de Fluvglant''. Ille publicava ''La marcia nonconoseda'', le secunde reconto original publicate in Lingua Franca Nova. Su secunde libro publicate in interlingua, ''Juliade'', appareve in martio 2022. Depost, ille publicava ''Antolojia espaniol'', in lingua franca nova, e ''Antologie de poesie europan'' in Occidental. Le sequente libro esseva ''Mikri Antologie'', scribite in Novial. In augusto 2022, ille publicava ''Subuqti'', un reconto original in Interlingue, influite del realismo de Leo Tolstoy, specialmente de su obra Anna Karenina. In octobre 2022, ille publicava le poemario ''Verses escapat de mi mente'', con poemas original in interlingue. Ille anque publicava in le mesme mense ''Denova en la marcia'' in lingua franca nova. Postea, ille publicava ''Anidros'' in Occidental e ''Poemas'' in Interlingua in decembre 2022. In le mesme mense, ille publicava le tertie parte del serie "La Club de la Marcia", titulate ''La Club de la Marcia en peril'' e su prime libro in Esperanto, ''La trezoro de Erokeriherria''. In 2023 ille publicava le poemario in Occidental ''Yo have ancor alquó a dir'' e, in maio, altere poemario original in Interlingue, con le titulo ''Exea!''. Ille anque publicava altere poemario in Lingua Franca Nova con le nomine ''Pensas rimada'' in maio 2023. Le 16 de julio 2023 ille publicava ''Kilglan'', altere libro original in Interlingua. Ille publicava le poemario original in interlingue ''Nov Vive'' in augusto 2023. In octobre 2023, ille publicava ''Rancur'', un reconto original in lingua franca nova. In novembre 2023, appareva su libro de texto in Glosa ''Brevi historia de plu internatio auxi-lingua''. In martio 2024 ille publicava un libro de recontos original in Interlingue: ''Heroicitás'', que narra quatro eventos heroic del historia de Espania: Numantia, le miraculo de Empel, le victoria de Blas de Lezo in Cartagena de Indias e le resistentia del heroes espaniol in Baler (Philippinas). In junio 2024 ille publicava ''Poesies de amore e desamore'', que esseva inspirate del lyrica del flamenco espaniol. In augusto 2024 ille publicava le parve poemario ''Senas'' in lingua franca nova, inspirate del viages que ille faceva durante un septimana in le nord de Italia, e anque su prime poemario in ido, ''Poemeti''. Le 11 de septembre 2024 ille publicava su ultime libro in Interlingue: ''Reminiscenties'', in le qual ille includeva su prime obra de teatro in verso (e le prime in le historia del lingua), nominate "Amore libertator". Le 13 de septembre 2024 ille publicava su secunde libro in Ido, ''La predicajo di Hakum''. Su prime obra de litteratura publicate in un lingua natural esseva ''El Viriatu'', in [[Lingua extremenie|extremenio]], que appareva le 19 de novembre. Illo narra in verso le vita del general lusitan qui luctava contra Roma in le Antiquitate. Illo esseva includite in le libro ''Euris estremeñus i sotras poemas'', publicate in april 2025<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago/euris-estreme%C3%B1us-i-sotras-poemas/paperback/product-gjqemyn.html?q=euris+estreme%C3%B1us&page=1&pageSize=4 Euris estremeñus i sotras poemas]</ref>. Le 22 de mayo de 2025, ille publicava un poema in murciano, le dialecto del espaniol parlate in [[Region de Murcia|Murcia]] titulate ''Püema en murciano''<ref>[https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/05/22/puema-en-murciano/ Püema en murciano]</ref>. Le 2 de novembre de 2025 ille publicava su seconde libro in extremaduran, ''Estórias estremeñas''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago/est%C3%B3rias-estreme%C3%B1as/paperback/product-nvjwvwn.html?q=vicente+costalago&page=1&pageSize=4 Estórias estremeñas]</ref>. In le mes sequente, appariva le traduction de ''Subuqti'' a Interlingua, facite per ille mesme<ref name="SubuqtiInterlingua">[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago/subuqti/paperback/product-yv9dzwr.html?q=subuqti&page=1&pageSize=4 Subuqti]</ref>. Le libro esseva promovite in YouTube per Martin Lavallée.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/shorts/nmZCBpQiF2k Marinero russe e femina native de Subuqti: an celle amor supervivera criticas del societate russe?]</ref> In januario 2026 ille publicava le libro original in Lingua Franca Nova ''La Asosia de Galduherri'', su ultime obra in ille lingua<ref name="galduherri">[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/la-asosia-de-galduherri/paperback/product-m26ew56.html?q=la+asosia+de+galduherri&page=1&pageSize=4 La Asosia de Galduherri]</ref>. In marto, ille publicava un libro de poesia original in fala, con le titulo ''Vérsus sóltus''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago/v%C3%A9rsus-s%C3%B3ltus/paperback/product-zmz6qpm.html?q=V%C3%A9rsus+s%C3%B3ltus&page=1&pageSize=4 Vérsus sóltus]</ref>. In junio ille publicava le quarte libro del serie ''La Club de la Marcia'', con le titulo ''La Club de la Marcia en la Lago Negra''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/la-club-de-la-marcia-en-la-lago-negra/paperback/product-2mnqejy.html?q=La+Club+de+la+Marcia+en+la+Lago+Negra&page=1&pageSize=4 La Club de la Marcia en la Lago Negra]</ref>. In julio ille publicava in Occidental le libro de poesia ''Cris de Silentie'', que tracta de themas como le mundo in crisis, guerra, fame; e il es etiam poemas religiose, con referentias a alicun versos del Biblia.<ref name="cris">[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/cris-de-silentie/paperback/product-yveynrz.html?q=cris+de+silentie&page=1&pageSize=4 Cris de Silentie]</ref>. Etiam in julio ille publicava le traduction de ''Subuqti'' al basco<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/subuqti/paperback/product-gjzymjz.html?q=Subuqti&page=1&pageSize=4 Subuqti]</ref>. In agosto ille publicava le traduction de ''Anidros'' a interlingua<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/anidros/paperback/product-kvge78p.html?page=1&pageSize=4 Anidros]</ref> e a esperanto<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/anidros/paperback/product-45474rn.html?q=Anidros&page=1&pageSize=4 Anidros]</ref>. In novembre ille publicava le traduction de ''Anidros'' al [[sambahsa]]<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago/anidros/paperback/product-gjkyj7d.html?q=anidros&page=1&pageSize=4 Anidros]</ref>. === Magazines === Ille colabora con le magazine in interligue nominate ''[[Cosmoglotta]]'' ab 2020.<ref>[https://archive.org/search?query=creator%3A%22Interlingue+Union%22 Interlingue-Union in archive.org]</ref> Etiam ille ha publicate in ''[[Ido-Saluto!]]'' ab 2024. In 2025, ille creava le magazine mensual ''[[U Glosa Jurnali]]'',<ref>[https://archive.org/details/@vicentecv?and%5B%5D=subject%3A%22Glosa%22 U Glosa Jurnali]</ref> in Glosa. Ab 2026, ille publica in le ''Revista Grada'', un magazine extremaduran, in le columna reservate per le [[OSCEC]]. === Manuales === Ille ha publicate manuales in Interlingua<ref>[https://www.interlingua.com/e-libros/cultura-classic/ Cultura classic (Vicente Costalago)]</ref><ref>[https://www.interlingua.com/e-libros/historiadeeuropa/ Historia de Europa e interlingua (Vicente Costalago)]</ref><ref>[https://www.interlingua.com/e-libros/litteraturaromanic/ Litteratura romanic e interlingua (Vicente Costalago)]</ref><ref>[https://www.interlingua.com/e-libros/le-medievo/ Le Medievo (Vicente Costalago)]</ref>, Lingua Franca Nova<ref>[https://elefen.org/fixador/pdf/cultur-clasica-a5.pdf Cultur e tradision clasica]</ref><ref>[https://elefen.org/fixador/pdf/istoria-de-europa-a5.pdf Istoria de Europa]</ref><ref>[https://elefen.org/fixador/pdf/istoria-de-espania-a5.pdf Istoria de Espania]</ref><ref>[https://elefen.org/fixador/pdf/leteratur-romanica-e-elefen-a4.pdf Leteratur romanica e elefen]</ref>, Occidental<ref>[https://occidental-lang.com/resources/Cultura_classic.pdf Cultura classic]</ref><ref>[https://occidental-lang.com/resources/Historie.pdf Historie]</ref><ref>[https://occidental-lang.com/resources/Geografie.pdf Geografie]</ref><ref>[https://occidental-lang.com/resources/Mathematica.pdf Mathematica]</ref> e Ido<ref name="antiqueso">[https://ia601405.us.archive.org/31/items/klasik-antiqueso-a-4/Klasik_Antiqueso_A4.pdf Klasik Antiqueso]</ref>. === YouTube === In januario 2023 ille creava su prime canal de YouTube, nominate ''Plu Artificia Lingua'' ("linguas artificial" in Glosa), ubi ille incarga videos de diverse linguas artificial parlante in le lingua re le qual ille parla in le video.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/@pluartificialingua Plu Artificia Lingua]</ref> In novembre 2026, le canal habeva 20 videos re linguas como [[Volapük]], [[Interlingua]], [[Esperanto]], [[Interlingue|Occidental]], [[Ido]], [[Novial]], [[Kotava]], [[Sambahsa]], [[Lojban]] e [[Toki pona|Toki Pona]]. Le 8 martio 2025, ille creava su secunde canal de YouTube, nominate ''MiSimpliBio'', ubi ille incarga videos in Glosa.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/@MiSimplibio MiSimpliBio]</ref>. == Bibliographia == [[File:Leteratur_romanica_e_elefen.png|197px|right]] [[File:Istoria_de_Europa.png|197px|right]] [[File:Cultur_e_tradision_clasica.png|197px|right]] [[File:Historie_(Interlingue).png|197px|right]] [[File:Cultura_classic.png|197px|right]] [[File:Geografie_(Interlingue).png|197px|right]] [[File:Mathematica.png|197px|right]] === In interlingua === * Libros ** 2022: ''Juliade''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago/juliade/paperback/product-qm8ez5.html?page=1&pageSize=4 Juliade]</ref> ** 2022: ''Poemas''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/poemas/paperback/product-4p6ppd.html?q=&page=1&pageSize=4 Poemas]</ref> ** 2023: ''Kilglan''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/kilglan/paperback/product-wjgq65.html?q=kilglan&page=1&pageSize=4 Kilglan]</ref> ** 2025: ''Subuqti''<ref name="SubuqtiInterlingua"/> ** 2026: ''Anidros''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/anidros/paperback/product-kvge78p.html?page=1&pageSize=4 Anidros]</ref> * Libros de texto: ** 2020: [https://www.interlingua.com/e-libros/heracles/ Le dece-duo travalios de Heracles] ** 2020: [https://www.interlingua.com/e-libros/litteraturaromanic/ Litteratura romanic e interlingua] ** 2020: [https://www.interlingua.com/archivos/Historia%20de%20Europa.pdf Historia de Europa] ** 2020: [https://www.interlingua.com/e-libros/concisedescriptiondellinguavalencian/ Concise description del lingua valencian] ** 2025: [https://www.interlingua.com/archivos/Cultura%20classic.pdf Cultura classic] ** 2026: [https://www.interlingua.com/archivos/Le%20Medievo.pdf Le Medievo] === In lingua franca nova === * Libros ** 2020: ''[[La xerca per Pahoa]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Libro |url=https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/la-xerca-per-pahoa/paperback/product-gpdq4k.html?page=1&pageSize=4 |accessdate=2021-08-12 |archivedate=2021-08-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811131944/https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/la-xerca-per-pahoa/paperback/product-gpdq4k.html?page=1&pageSize=4 }}</ref> ** 2022: ''La marcia nonconoseda''<ref>{{Cite web |title=La marcia nonconoseda |url=https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago/la-marcia-nonconoseda/paperback/product-qm5g6n.html?page=1&pageSize=4 |accessdate=2022-03-02 |archivedate=2022-02-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221073534/https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago/la-marcia-nonconoseda/paperback/product-qm5g6n.html?page=1&pageSize=4 }}</ref> ** 2022: ''Antolojia espaniol''<ref name="Antolojia">{{Cite web |title=Antolojia espaniol |url=https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/antolojia-espaniol/paperback/product-qmmpmq.html?page=1&pageSize=4 |accessdate=2022-06-30 |archivedate=2022-05-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511114904/https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/antolojia-espaniol/paperback/product-qmmpmq.html?page=1&pageSize=4 }}</ref> ** 2022: ''Denova en la marcia''<ref name ="denova">[https://elefen.org/vici/leteratur/denova_en_la_marcia/xef Denova en la marcia]</ref> ** 2022: ''La Club de la Marcia en peril''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/la-club-de-la-marcia-en-peril/paperback/product-zgdv7z.html?q=La+Club+de+la+Marcia+en+peril&page=1&pageSize=4 La Club de la Marcia en peril], publicat li 27 decembre 2022</ref>. ** 2023: ''Naras nonfisada''<ref>[https://elefen.org/vici/leteratur/naras_nonfisada/xef Naras nonfisada]</ref> ** 2023: ''Pensas rimada''<ref>[https://payhip.com/b/VEGum Pensas rimada]</ref> ** 2023: ''Un contia de libria''<ref>[https://elefen.org/vici/leteratur/un_contia_de_libria/xef Un contia de libria]</ref> ** 2023: ''Rancur''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago/rancur/paperback/product-v8r7mqy.html?page=1&pageSize=4 Rancur]</ref> ** 2024: ''Senas''<ref>[https://elefen.org/vici/leteratur/senas/xef Senas]</ref> ** 2026: ''La Asosia de Galduherri''<ref name="galduherri"/> ** 2026: ''La Club de la Marcia en la Lago Negra''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/la-club-de-la-marcia-en-la-lago-negra/paperback/product-2mnqejy.html?q=La+Club+de+la+Marcia+en+la+Lago+Negra&page=1&pageSize=4 La Club de la Marcia en la Lago Negra]</ref> * Libros de texto: ** [http://elefen.org/disionario/leteratur-romanica-e-elefen.pdf Leteratur romanica e lingua franca nova] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327163452/http://elefen.org/disionario/leteratur-romanica-e-elefen.pdf |date=2020-03-27 }} ** [http://elefen.org/disionario/istoria-de-europa-a4.pdf Istoria de Europa] ** [http://elefen.org/disionario/cultur-clasica-a4.pdf Cultur clasica] ** [https://elefen.org/vici/istoria_de_espania/xef Istoria de Espania] * Libros pro infantes: ** [http://elefen.org/pdf/desinias-per-colori.pdf Desinias per colori] ** [http://elefen.org/pdf/la-crea-de-la-mundo.pdf La crea de la mundo] ** [http://elefen.org/pdf/nos-conose-la-mundo-espania.pdf Nos conose la mundo: Espania] ** [http://elefen.org/pdf/naras-per-enfantes.pdf Naras per enfantes], traducite con Jean-Claude Caraco. ** [http://elefen.org/pdf/ci-es-ci.pdf Ci es ci?] ** [http://elefen.org/pdf/on-conose-la-animales.pdf On conose la animales] * Essayos ** [http://elefen.org/vici/leteratur/siensa_en_lingua_franca_nova Siensa en lingua franca nova] * Altere ** [http://elefen.org/pdf/libros-de-biblia.pdf La libros de la Biblia] ** [http://elefen.org/disionario/mitolojia-clasica.pdf Disionario de mitolojia clasica] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327145742/http://elefen.org/disionario/mitolojia-clasica.pdf |date=2020-03-27 }}. ** Collaboration in le creation del dictionario lingua franca nova-hispan * Traductiones ** Le Quatro Evangelios<ref>[https://elefen.org/vici/relijio/biblia/mateo/xef Evanjelio de San Mateo]</ref><ref>[https://elefen.org/vici/relijio/biblia/evanjelio_de_san_marco/xef Evanjelio de San Marco]</ref><ref>[https://elefen.org/vici/relijio/biblia/evanjelio_de_san_lucas/xef Evanjelio de San Lucas]</ref><ref name="evanjeliosanjoan">[https://elefen.org/vici/relijio/biblia/evanjelio_de_san_joan/xef Evanjelio de San Joan]</ref> ** Capitulo prima de [[Don Quixote de La Mancha]]<ref>[https://elefen.org/vici/leteratur/la_nobil_injeniosa_don_quijote_de_la_mancha/xef La nobil injeniosa Don Quijote de La Mancha]</ref> === In interlingue === * Libros ** 2021: ''Li sercha in li castelle Dewahl e altri racontas''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Li sercha in li castelle Dewahl e altri racontas |url=https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/li-sercha-in-li-castelle-dewahl-e-altri-racontas/paperback/product-j2775p.html?page=1&pageSize=4 |accessdate=2021-07-27 |archivedate=2022-04-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409004527/https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/li-sercha-in-li-castelle-dewahl-e-altri-racontas/paperback/product-j2775p.html?page=1&pageSize=4 }}</ref> ** 2021: ''Antologie hispan''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Antologie hispan |url=https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/antologie-hispan/paperback/product-pmknpz.html?page=1&pageSize=4 |accessdate=2021-09-07 |archivedate=2022-04-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409004527/https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/antologie-hispan/paperback/product-pmknpz.html?page=1&pageSize=4 }}</ref>. ** 2021: ''Fabules, racontas e mites''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fabules, racontas e mites |url=https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/fabules-contes-e-mites/paperback/product-4g6ezk.html?page=1&pageSize=4 |accessdate=2022-03-07 |archivedate=2022-04-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409004527/https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/fabules-contes-e-mites/paperback/product-4g6ezk.html?page=1&pageSize=4 }}</ref>. ** 2022: ''Li tresor de Fluvglant''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Li tresor de Fluvglant |url=https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/li-tresor-de-fluvglant/paperback/product-8grj8y.html?page=1&pageSize=4 |accessdate=2022-03-07 |archivedate=2022-02-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222181751/https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/li-tresor-de-fluvglant/paperback/product-8grj8y.html?page=1&pageSize=4 }}</ref> ** 2022: ''Antologie de poesie europan''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/antologie-de-poesie-europan/paperback/product-zj6dd5.html?q=Antologie+de+poesie+europan&page=1&pageSize=4 Antologie de poesie europan]</ref> ** 2022: ''Subuqti''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/subuqti/paperback/product-r922ev.html?q=&page=1&pageSize=4 Subuqti]</ref> ** 2022: ''Verses escapat de mi mente''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zuqez/verses-escapat-de-mi-mente/paperback/product-8p4zzq.html?q=verses+escapat+de+mi+mente&page=1&pageSize=4 Verses escapat de mi mente]</ref> ** 2022: ''Anidros''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/anidros/paperback/product-4p69v7.html?q=&page=1&pageSize=4 Anidros]</ref> ** 2022: ''Li Crímines de Cnocorran''<ref>[https://occidental-lang.com/resources/Li_crimines_de_Cnocorran.pdf Li Crímines de Cnocorran]</ref> ** 2023: ''Yo have ancor alquó a dir''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/yo-have-ancor-alqu%C3%B3-a-dir/paperback/product-eyedmr.html?page=1&pageSize=4 Yo have ancor alquó a dir]</ref> ** 2023: ''Exea!''<ref name="exea">[https://payhip.com/b/IUw5s Exea!]</ref> ** 2023: ''Nov Vive''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/nov-vive/paperback/product-qr9p5v.html?page=1&pageSize=4 Nov Vive]</ref> ** 2024: ''Heroicitás''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago/heroicit%C3%A1s/paperback/product-655ppyz.html?q=&page=1&pageSize=4 Heroicitás]</ref> ** 2024: ''Poesies de amore e desamore''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago/poesies-de-amore-e-desamore/paperback/product-dym6dg7.html?page=1&pageSize=4 Poesies de amore e desamore]</ref> ** 2024: ''Reminiscenties''<ref name="reminiscenties">[https://archive.org/details/Reminiscenties Reminiscenties]</ref> ** 2026: ''Cris de silentie''<ref name="cris"/> * Libros de texto ** [https://occidental-lang.com/resources/Historie.pdf Historie] ** [https://occidental-lang.com/resources/Cultura_classic.pdf Cultura classic] ** [https://occidental-lang.com/resources/Geografie.pdf Geografie] ** [https://occidental-lang.com/resources/Mathematica.pdf Mathematica] * Traductiones ** Le poema "Si", par [[Rudyard Kipling]] (25 novembre 2020). * Articulos in Cosmoglotta ** 2020: ''Li casu del hebreic quam exemple por Occidental'' in Cosmoglotta 326. ** 2020: ''Mi unesim visita in li biblioteca de La-Chaux-de-Fonds'' in Cosmoglotta 326. ** 2022: ''Litteratura in Occidental'' con un ''Bibliografie de ovres e textus litterari in Occidental'', en Cosmoglotta 329<ref>[https://archive.org/details/cg-329-2022/page/2/mode/2up Cosmoglotta 329]</ref>. ** 2022: Poesia ''Al lingue'', in Cosmoglotta 330<ref>[https://archive.org/details/cg-330-2022-el/mode/2up Cosmoglotta 330]</ref>. ** 2023: ''Situation actual de nor lingue: Esque it es plu bon o plu mal?'', in Cosmoglotta 331<ref>[https://archive.org/details/cosmoglotta_331.20023 Cosmoglotta 331]</ref> ** 2024: ''Ultim adío a Claude Gacond'', in Cosmoglotta 334<ref name="Cosmoglotta334">[https://archive.org/details/cosmoglotta-334-2024/mode/2up Cosmoglotta 334]</ref> ** 2024: ''Li beson del viage del heróe in nor vives'', in Cosmoglotta 334<ref name="Cosmoglotta334"/> ** 2025: ''Un lingue es un dialecte con un armé e un marine'', in Cosmoglotta 336<ref name="Cosmoglotta336">[https://archive.org/details/cg-336-2025-2 Cosmoglotta 336]</ref> ** 2025: ''On ne save quo on have til quande on perdi it'', in Cosmoglotta 336<ref name="Cosmoglotta336"/> ** 2026: ''Li chimere de atinger pace per un lingue universal neutral'', in Cosmoglotta 337<ref>[https://archive.org/details/cg-337-2026-1/page/6/mode/2up Cosmoglotta 337]</ref> * Dictionarios ** [https://occidental-lang.com/dictionaries/?d=es Dictionarium interlingue-hispan] ** [https://occidental-lang.com/dictionaries/?d=val Dictionarium interlingue-valencian] ** [https://occidental-lang.com/dictionaries/?d=bal Dictionarium interlingue-baleari] ** [https://occidental-lang.com/dictionaries/?d=an Dictionarium interlingue-aragonesi] ** [https://occidental-lang.com/dictionaries/?d=gl Dictionarium interlingue-galician] ** [https://occidental-lang.com/dictionaries/?d=pt Dictionarium interlingue-portugalesi] === In esperanto === * 2022: ''La trezoro de Erokeriherria'', publicate le 27 de decembre 2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=La trezoro de Erikoriherria |url=https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/la-trezoro-de-erokeriherria/paperback/product-pv8p9e.html?q=La+trezoro+de+Erokeriherria&page=1&pageSize=4 |accessdate=2022-12-27 |archivedate=2022-12-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227144201/https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/la-trezoro-de-erokeriherria/paperback/product-pv8p9e.html?q=La+trezoro+de+Erokeriherria&page=1&pageSize=4 }}</ref> * 2026: ''Anidros'' === In Ido === * Libros ** 2024: ''Poemeti'', publicate le 28 augusto 2024<ref name="poemeti">[https://archive.org/details/Poemeti Poemeti]</ref><ref name="Ido-Saluto">Ido-Saluto! 3/2024</ref><ref name="labluamuzo">[https://labluamuzo.blogspot.com/2025/01/2024-ka-diskreta-yaro-en-la-ido.html 2024: Ka diskreta yaro en la Ido-literaturo?]</ref> ** 2024: ''La predicajo di Hakum'', publicate le 13 septembre 2024<ref name="Ido-Saluto"/><ref name="labluamuzo"/> * Manuales ** 2026: ''Klasik Antiqueso''<ref name="antiqueso"/> * Articulos pro magazines ** 2024: ''Originala poemi'' publicate in Ido-Saluto 2024/3. ** 2025: ''La Hispana vacinizad-expediciono ad Amerika'', publicate in Ido-Saluto 2025/1. ** 2025: ''La Miraklo di Empel: Kande la cielo chanjis la kuro di historio'', publicate in Ido-Saluto 2025/2. ** 2025: ''L’Ultimi di Filipini: La heroala siejo qua markis la fino dil Hispana Imperio en Asia'', publicate in Ido-Saluto 2025/3.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/ido-saluto-3-2025/mode/2up Ido-Saluto 2025/3]</ref> ** 2025: ''Numantia: La nedomtebla spirito di libera populo'', publicate in Ido-Saluto 2025/4.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/ido-saluto-4-2025/page/18/mode/2up Ido-Saluto 2025/4]</ref> ** 2026: ''Blas de Lezo e la heroala defenso di Cartagena de Indias: La brava rezistado qua protektis la Hispana Imperio en Amerika'', Ido-Saluto 2026/1.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/ido-saluto-1-2026/page/n19/mode/2up Ido-Saluto 2026/1]</ref> === In mini === * 2022: ''Pensa'', publicate le 21 februario 2022 in [https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/pensa/paperback/product-kqnz4e.html?page=1&pageSize=4 Lulu.com]. Illo es le prime obra original publicate in iste lingua. === In mundeze === * Libros ** 2020: ''latina peleye en mundeze'', prime libro in mundeze<ref>{{Cite web |title=latina peleye |url=https://www.mundezo.com/files/latina_peleye.pdf |accessdate=2020-12-31 |archivedate=2020-10-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018095642/https://www.mundezo.com/files/latina_peleye.pdf }}</ref> ** 2021: ''kitceyara partey o mundeze'', con Djuna de Lannoy<ref>{{Cite web |title=4 april 2021 |url=https://www.mundezo.com/files/kitceyara_parte.pdf |accessdate=6 January 2024 |archivedate=4 December 2022 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204151010/https://www.mundezo.com/files/kitceyara_parte.pdf }}</ref> ** 2021: ''filma tsitseye'', con Djuna de Lannoy<ref>{{Cite web |title=11 novembre 2021 |url=https://www.mundezo.com/files/filma_tsiteye.pdf |accessdate=2024-01-06 |archivedate=2022-12-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204151007/https://www.mundezo.com/files/filma_tsiteye.pdf }}</ref> * Alteres ** 2020: Creator del [https://mundeze.fandom.com/wiki/Mundeze_Wiki Wiki in mundeze] ** 2023: Creator del traductor esperanto-mundeze<ref>[https://lingojam.com/Esperanto-Mundezetranslator Traductor Esperanto-Mundeze]</ref> === In novial === * ''Mikri Antologie''<ref name="novial">[https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/mikri-antologie/paperback/product-vdj8gy.html?q=Mikri+Antologie Mikri Antologie]</ref> === In glosa === * Libros e poemas ** 2022/2023<ref>Publicate in interrete in 2022 e como libro in 2023</ref>: ''Histori''<ref>[https://glosa.fandom.com/wiki/Histori_(bibli) Histori]</ref><ref>[https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/histori/paperback/product-yvvv7rn.html?page=1&pageSize=4 Histori]</ref> ** 2023: ''Si'', de Rudyard Kipling<ref>[https://glosa.fandom.com/wiki/Literatura:Si Si]</ref> ** 2023: ''Plu buno homo plu leuko elefa'', de Ernest Hemingway<ref>[https://glosa.fandom.com/wiki/Literatura:Plu_buno_homo_plu_leuko_elefa Plu buno homo plu leuko elefa]</ref> ** 2023: ''Brevi historia de plu internatio auxi-lingua''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/brevi-historia-de-plu-internatio-auxi-lingua/paperback/product-yv7wdwm.html?page=1&pageSize=4 Brevi historia de plu internatio auxi-lingua in Lulu]</ref> ** 2023: ''Mi promise a tu, mi landa''<ref>[https://glosa.fandom.com/wiki/Mi_promise_a_tu,_mi_landa Mi promise a tu, mi landa]</ref> ** 2023: ''Mi pa cerka u simpli bio''<ref>[https://glosa.fandom.com/wiki/Mi_pa_cerka_u_simpli_bio Mi pa cerka u simpli bio]</ref> ** 2025: ''Ultima spira''<ref>[https://glosa.fandom.com/wiki/Ultima_spira Ultima spira]</ref> ** 2025: ''E so pa gresi plu pedi de antiqi tem''<ref>[https://glosa.fandom.com/wiki/And_did_those_feet And did those feet]</ref> * Magazines ** 2025: ''U Glosa jurnali'' === In baleari === Benque ille non parla baleari, ille ha coordinate le traduction del libro [https://prexins.files.wordpress.com/2021/04/historis-de-la-bibblia-final.pdf Històris de la Bibblia]. In iste lingua, ille es le creator del ''Wiki en llengo baléà''<ref>[https://prexins.wordpress.com/2021/04/20/el-balear/ El balear]</ref> e de un repositorio de textos, le ''Baleateca''<ref>[https://baleateca.miraheze.org/wiki/P%C3%A1gina_principal Baleateca]</ref>. * 2022: ''Es cò acuadó''<ref>[https://prexins.files.wordpress.com/2022/01/es-co-acuado.pdf Es cò acuadó]</ref>, con Mikèl Garau. * 2022: ''Es retrato oual''<ref>[https://prexins.wordpress.com/2022/02/19/es-retrato-oual/ Es retrato oual]</ref>, con Mikèl Garau. * 2022: ''Es móx negre''<ref>[https://prexins.wordpress.com/2022/04/19/es-mox-negre/ Es móx negre]</ref>, con Mikèl Garau. * 2022: ''Manuscrit trobad dins una botélla''<ref>[https://prexins.wordpress.com/2022/05/24/326/ Manuscrit trobat dins una botélla]</ref>, con Mikèl Garau. * 2022: ''S'esfinge'', <ref>[https://prexins.wordpress.com/2022/06/13/sesfinge/ S'esfinge]</ref>, con Mikèl Garau. * 2022: ''Berenice'', <ref>[https://prexins.wordpress.com/2022/08/07/berenice/ Berenice]</ref>, con Mikèl Garau. === In espaniol === * Poemas ** 2024: ''Pensamientos tras la riada de Valencia''.<ref>Scribite le 31 octobre 2024, postea le catastrophe que occurreva in Valencia post le DANA. Publicate in le blog del autor.</ref> * Revistas: ** I.2026: ''Que se alce la voz'' in ''Grada''<ref>[https://www.grada.es/que-se-alce-la-voz/blogueros/oscec/ Que se alce la voz]</ref> ** II.2026: ''Mi relación con el extremeño''<ref>[https://www.grada.es/mi-relacion-con-el-extremeno/revista-grada/colaboradores/ Mi relación con el extremeño]</ref> ** III.2026: ''Una joya lingüística extremeña''<ref>[https://www.grada.es/una-joya-linguistica-extremena/blogueros/oscec/ Una joya lingüística extremeña]</ref> ** VI.2026: ''Cuando lo urgente silencia lo importante''<ref>[https://www.grada.es/cuando-lo-urgente-silencia-lo-importante/blogueros/oscec/ Cuando lo urgente silencia lo importante]</ref> === In extremadurano === * Libros: ** 2025: ''Euris estremeñus i sotras poemas''. ** 2025: ''Estórias estremeñas''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago/est%C3%B3rias-estreme%C3%B1as/paperback/product-nvjwvwn.html?q=vicente+costalago&page=1&pageSize=4 Estórias estremeñas]</ref> === In fala === * Libros: ** 2026: ''Vérsus sóltus'' === Bibliographias === * {{lad}} [https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedya:Bibliografia_del_djudeo-espanyol Vikipedya:Bibliografia del djudeo-espanyol] * {{bal}} [https://llengobalear.miraheze.org/wiki/Bibbliografia_de_sa_llengo_bal%C3%A9%C3%A0 Bibbliografia de sa llengo baléà] * {{ie}} [https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingue#Ovres Liste de ovres litterari in Occidental] * {{ie}} [https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_de_ovres_in_occidental_in_li_CDELI Liste de ovres in occidental in li CDELI] * {{vlc}} [https://www.lenciclopedia.org/wiki/Anex:Bibliografia_del_valenci%C3%A0 Anex:Bibliografia del valencià] * {{lfn}} [https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliografia_sur_Provinse_Soria Bibliografia sur Provinse Soria] * {{mt}} [https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibljografija_tal-lingwa_Maltija Bibljografija tal-lingwa Maltija] * {{ie}} [[:ie:Bibliografie de Interlingue]] * [https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fino%27_Chamoru#Bibliografia Bibliografie del lingue chamoru] * {{ext}} [https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliografia_d%27Estrema%C3%BAra Bibliografia d'Estremaúra] <gallery> Leteratur_romanica_e_elefen.png Istoria_de_Europa.png Cultur_e_tradision_clasica.png Historie_(Interlingue).png Cultura_classic.png Geografie_(Interlingue).png </gallery> === Alteres === * 2016: Creator del [https://jam.wikipedia.org Wikipedia in jamaican] con le adjuta de Larry Chang. * 2016: Creator del [https://web.archive.org/web/20220706080603/https://frenkisch.fandom.com/wiki/Frenkisch_Wikia Wiki in Frenkisch] * 2017: Creator del [https://aragonesoriental.fandom.com/es/wiki/P%C3%A1gina_principal Wiki in aragones oriental]. * 2018: Creator del [https://bzj.miraheze.org/wiki/Main_Page enciclopedie] in creol belizean<ref>Le projecto es stoppate desde le 7 april de 2021.</ref><ref>[https://www.belmopanonline.com/belizean-kriol-language-detail/bileez-kriol-wiki-chek-owt-tudeh Bileez Kriol Wiki…Chek Owt Tudeh!]</ref>. * 2020: Creator S'Enciclopèdi, un [https://llengobalea.fandom.com/es/wiki/Wiki_Llengo_Bal%C3%A9%C3%A0 enciclopedie] in [[baleari]]. * 2020: Creator de li [https://baleateca.miraheze.org/wiki/P%C3%A1gina_principal Baleateca], un compilation de textos in baleari. * 2020: Creator del [https://pandunia.fandom.com/wiki/Xefi_varkolate Wiki in pandunia]. ** Traductor de "[https://pandunia.fandom.com/wiki/Tortuge_e_tuze tortuge e tuze]" a pandunia * 2021: Creator del [https://glosa.fandom.com/wiki/Glosa_Wiki Wiki in Glosa] * 2020: ''[https://prexins.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/diccionario-de-verbos-criollo-beliceno-espanol-1.pdf Diccionario de verbos Criollo beliceño - español]'' (publicate in linea)<ref>Inviat li 21 may 2020</ref> * 2021: ''Diccionario de aragonés oriental''<ref>Finit li 5 marto 2021</ref> (impublicate) * 2021: ''Latn adij ina Jumiekan'', con Larry Chang<ref>Publicat li 11 marte 2021 en [https://www.jumieka.com/pachiz.html LanguiJumieka]</ref> * 2021: Creator del [https://web.archive.org/web/20210430021912/https://proyo.fandom.com/wiki/Proyo_Wiki Wiki in Proyo]<ref>Creat li 25 may 2021</ref> * 2021: ''Històris de la Bibblia''<ref>[https://prexins.files.wordpress.com/2021/04/historis-de-la-bibblia-final.pdf 20 april 2021]</ref> (coordinator) * 2021: Creator del [https://lingwa-de-planeta-ldp.fandom.com/wiki/Lingwa_de_Planeta_LDP_Wiki Wiki in Lingwa de Planeta]<ref name="Unnamed_2-20230318120755">Creat li 23 may 2021</ref> * 2021: Creator del Reformad Novial, un reforma del [[Novial]]. * 2021: Creator del [https://minilang.fandom.com/wiki/Mini_Wiki Wiki in Mini]<ref>Creat li 17 julí 2021</ref> * 2021: Creator del [https://novlingue.fandom.com/wiki/Novlingue_Wiki Wiki in Novlingue]<ref>Creat li 20 octobre 2021</ref> * 2022: Creator del [https://web.archive.org/web/20240223131000/https://yola.fandom.com/wiki/Yola_Wiki Wiki in Yola]<ref>Unesim articul de marte 2022.</ref> * 2022: Creator del [https://negerhollands.fandom.com/wiki/Negerhollands_Wiki Wiki in Negerhollands]<ref>Creat li 21 juní 2022</ref> * 2022: Creator del [https://web.archive.org/web/20230413101504/https://plu-artificia-lingua.fandom.com/wiki/Plu_Artificia_Lingua_Wiki Plu Artificia Lingua Wiki]<ref>Creat li 13 april 2023</ref> * 2023: Creator del [https://naffarrera.fandom.com/es/wiki/Wiki_Naffarrera Wiki in Naffarrera]<ref>Creat li 25 may 2023</ref> * 2023: Creator del [https://guosa.fandom.com/wiki/Guosa_Wiki Wiki in Guosa]<ref>Creat li 30 julí 2023</ref> * 2023: Creator del [https://jitasama.fandom.com/wiki/Jitasama_Wiki Wiki in Jitasama] * 2023: Creator del [https://latinosineflexione.fandom.com/wiki/Latino_Sine_Flexione_Wiki Wiki in Latino sine Flexione]<ref>Creat li 11 decembre 2023</ref> * 2024: Creator del [https://papia-tugu.fandom.com/wiki/Papia_Tugu_Wiki Papia Tugu Wiki]<ref>Creat li 18 januar 2024</ref> * 2024: Creator del [https://prouvencau.fandom.com/fr/wiki/Wiki_Prouven%C3%A7au Wiki Prouvençau]<ref>Creat li 25 februar 2024</ref> * 2024: Creator del [https://tami-lobo.fandom.com/wiki/Tami_lobo_Wiki Wiki in Suma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517135312/https://tami-lobo.fandom.com/wiki/Tami_lobo_Wiki |date=2024-05-17 }}<ref>Creat li 17 may 2024</ref> * 2024: Creator del [https://web.archive.org/web/20240524094437/https://sona-lasin.fandom.com/wiki/Sona_lasin_Wiki Wiki in Sona]<ref>Creat li 19 may 2024</ref> * 2024: Creator del [https://etoibuk.fandom.com/wiki/Etoibuk_Wiki Wiki in Uni] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524094433/https://etoibuk.fandom.com/wiki/Etoibuk_Wiki |date=2024-05-24 }}<ref>Creat li 24 may 2024</ref> * 2024: Creator del [https://dasopya.fandom.com/wiki/Dasopya_Wiki Wiki in Dasopya]<ref>Creat li 10 decembre 2024</ref> * 2025: Creator del [https://frater.fandom.com/wiki/Frater_Wiki Frater Wiki]<ref>Creat li 31 de januar 2025</ref> === YouTube === * [https://www.youtube.com/@pluartificialingua Plu Artificia Lingua] * [https://www.youtube.com/@MiSimplibio MiSimpliBio] {{Ref}} == Ligamines externe == * [https://www.interlingua.com/novas/2020-08-02-tres-nove-libros-gratuite/ Presentation de alcun obras in Interlingua] * [https://prexins.wordpress.com/ Blog] * [https://www.instagram.com/cdeli_lcdf/ Conto de Instagram] * [https://novlingue.wixsite.com/my-site Pagina web oficial de Novlingue] * [https://lingojam.com/English-Novlingue Traductor de Novlingue] * [https://mithradates.substack.com/p/un-felici-decovrition-del-annu-1957?sd=pf Un felici decovrition del annu 1957] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=soSy1lD2irk&ab_channel=MartinLavallee Litteratura in interlingua: Kilglan, per Vicente Costalago, romance amorose e militar] * [https://www.canalextremadura.es/a-la-carta/la-corrobra/audios/la-corrobra-090124 Interview in La Corrobra (09/01/24)] === MiSimpliBio === * [https://x.com/MiSimpliBio Conte de X] * [https://www.instagram.com/misimplibio/ Conte de Instagram] {{Vicente Costalago}}{{Interlingua}}{{Glosa}} [[Categoria:Vicente Costalago| ]] 48edsoweszo9m54l6s2nyhg1pue70o4 705719 705718 2026-11-10T22:29:49Z Tratxan 61856 /* In glosa */ 705719 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/articulo/persona}} '''Vicente Costalago''' es un scriptor, philologo, e [[Interlinguistica|interlinguista]]. Ille nasceva in [[Espania]] e studiava linguas moderne, traduction, e interpretation in le universitate. Ille comenciava editar in Wikipedia in julio 2006, in le version in espaniol. Ille etiam auxiliava in le versiones in [[esperanto]], [[Lingua asturian|asturiano]], [[Lingua gallecian|galleciano]], [[Lingua catalan|catalano]], [[extremadurano]] e occitano. Etiam, le version in creolo jamaican esseva create gratias a su auxilio (ille habeva le idea haber un Wikipedia in ille lingua e ille etiam adjungeva imagines e categorias e consiliava le editores principal). Ille collaborava con le Nashanal Kriol Kongsl pro disveloppar un version in creolo belizean, e con altere wikipedistas ille creava le Wikipedia in creolo guyanan francese. Administrator del Wikipedias in creolo jamaican, [[interlingue]] e [[Lingua judeo-espaniol|judeo-hispan]], in ille ultime ille creava articulos re le lingua, su litteratura, dialectos, grammatica, e un bibliographia. Ille etiam auxiliava in altere versiones: in liguriano, in oromo, in xitsonga, in luganda, in hawaiano, in tahitiano, in hakka, in novial, adjungente imagines, avisos, e categorias. Ille etiam creava articulos in [[ido]] e in [[interlingua]]. == Obra == === Litteratura === Le prime lingua planificate que ille cognosceva esseva esperanto, quando ille legeva un vetule libro que ille trovava in le casa de su ava. Ille oblidava lo usque quando ille discoperiva que existeva un Wikipedia in ille lingua. Ille comenciava apprender lo, sed ille deveniva plus interessate per ido, e ille cambiava ad ille lingua. Post plure annos, dum le quales ille dubitava inter ido e interlingua, ille transiva verso interlingua, sed tosto ille trovava lingua franca nova. Ille abandonava omne projectos pro laborar con ille lingua, sed post alicun tempore, ille videva que le lingua non pote servir in scientia, e pro isto, ille cambiava ad interlingue in 2020 post un breve periodo in interlingua. Ille esseva un membro del Asosia per Lingua Franca Nova desde le 31 julio 2019 usque le 11 julio 2020. Ille publicava plure obras in lingua franca nova, principalmente traductiones de obras litterari e del Biblia, e ille scribeva multe libros de texto e pro infantes. Ille etiam coadjuvava in le amelioration del syntaxe del lingua, creava un terminologia, principalmente re theologia, religion, mathematica e scientias natural, e comenciava le creation de proverbios. Ille auxiliava in le creation del grammatica de lingua franca nova in espaniol e del dictionario lingua franca nova-espaniol. In maio 2020, ille publicava le prime novella scribite in le lingua, titulate [[La xerca per Pahoa]]. Postea, ille comenciava publicar in Occidental. In iste caso, illo esseva anque un texto original, ''Li sercha in li castelle Dewahl e altri racontas''. Postea veniva ''Antologie hispan'', un recompilation de extractos del principal texto del litteratura espaniol ab su comencio usque hodie. Illo esseva sequite de un altere traduction: ''Fabules, racontas e mites'', e un obra original, ''Li tresor de Fluvglant''. Ille publicava ''La marcia nonconoseda'', le secunde reconto original publicate in Lingua Franca Nova. Su secunde libro publicate in interlingua, ''Juliade'', appareve in martio 2022. Depost, ille publicava ''Antolojia espaniol'', in lingua franca nova, e ''Antologie de poesie europan'' in Occidental. Le sequente libro esseva ''Mikri Antologie'', scribite in Novial. In augusto 2022, ille publicava ''Subuqti'', un reconto original in Interlingue, influite del realismo de Leo Tolstoy, specialmente de su obra Anna Karenina. In octobre 2022, ille publicava le poemario ''Verses escapat de mi mente'', con poemas original in interlingue. Ille anque publicava in le mesme mense ''Denova en la marcia'' in lingua franca nova. Postea, ille publicava ''Anidros'' in Occidental e ''Poemas'' in Interlingua in decembre 2022. In le mesme mense, ille publicava le tertie parte del serie "La Club de la Marcia", titulate ''La Club de la Marcia en peril'' e su prime libro in Esperanto, ''La trezoro de Erokeriherria''. In 2023 ille publicava le poemario in Occidental ''Yo have ancor alquó a dir'' e, in maio, altere poemario original in Interlingue, con le titulo ''Exea!''. Ille anque publicava altere poemario in Lingua Franca Nova con le nomine ''Pensas rimada'' in maio 2023. Le 16 de julio 2023 ille publicava ''Kilglan'', altere libro original in Interlingua. Ille publicava le poemario original in interlingue ''Nov Vive'' in augusto 2023. In octobre 2023, ille publicava ''Rancur'', un reconto original in lingua franca nova. In novembre 2023, appareva su libro de texto in Glosa ''Brevi historia de plu internatio auxi-lingua''. In martio 2024 ille publicava un libro de recontos original in Interlingue: ''Heroicitás'', que narra quatro eventos heroic del historia de Espania: Numantia, le miraculo de Empel, le victoria de Blas de Lezo in Cartagena de Indias e le resistentia del heroes espaniol in Baler (Philippinas). In junio 2024 ille publicava ''Poesies de amore e desamore'', que esseva inspirate del lyrica del flamenco espaniol. In augusto 2024 ille publicava le parve poemario ''Senas'' in lingua franca nova, inspirate del viages que ille faceva durante un septimana in le nord de Italia, e anque su prime poemario in ido, ''Poemeti''. Le 11 de septembre 2024 ille publicava su ultime libro in Interlingue: ''Reminiscenties'', in le qual ille includeva su prime obra de teatro in verso (e le prime in le historia del lingua), nominate "Amore libertator". Le 13 de septembre 2024 ille publicava su secunde libro in Ido, ''La predicajo di Hakum''. Su prime obra de litteratura publicate in un lingua natural esseva ''El Viriatu'', in [[Lingua extremenie|extremenio]], que appareva le 19 de novembre. Illo narra in verso le vita del general lusitan qui luctava contra Roma in le Antiquitate. Illo esseva includite in le libro ''Euris estremeñus i sotras poemas'', publicate in april 2025<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago/euris-estreme%C3%B1us-i-sotras-poemas/paperback/product-gjqemyn.html?q=euris+estreme%C3%B1us&page=1&pageSize=4 Euris estremeñus i sotras poemas]</ref>. Le 22 de mayo de 2025, ille publicava un poema in murciano, le dialecto del espaniol parlate in [[Region de Murcia|Murcia]] titulate ''Püema en murciano''<ref>[https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/05/22/puema-en-murciano/ Püema en murciano]</ref>. Le 2 de novembre de 2025 ille publicava su seconde libro in extremaduran, ''Estórias estremeñas''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago/est%C3%B3rias-estreme%C3%B1as/paperback/product-nvjwvwn.html?q=vicente+costalago&page=1&pageSize=4 Estórias estremeñas]</ref>. In le mes sequente, appariva le traduction de ''Subuqti'' a Interlingua, facite per ille mesme<ref name="SubuqtiInterlingua">[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago/subuqti/paperback/product-yv9dzwr.html?q=subuqti&page=1&pageSize=4 Subuqti]</ref>. Le libro esseva promovite in YouTube per Martin Lavallée.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/shorts/nmZCBpQiF2k Marinero russe e femina native de Subuqti: an celle amor supervivera criticas del societate russe?]</ref> In januario 2026 ille publicava le libro original in Lingua Franca Nova ''La Asosia de Galduherri'', su ultime obra in ille lingua<ref name="galduherri">[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/la-asosia-de-galduherri/paperback/product-m26ew56.html?q=la+asosia+de+galduherri&page=1&pageSize=4 La Asosia de Galduherri]</ref>. In marto, ille publicava un libro de poesia original in fala, con le titulo ''Vérsus sóltus''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago/v%C3%A9rsus-s%C3%B3ltus/paperback/product-zmz6qpm.html?q=V%C3%A9rsus+s%C3%B3ltus&page=1&pageSize=4 Vérsus sóltus]</ref>. In junio ille publicava le quarte libro del serie ''La Club de la Marcia'', con le titulo ''La Club de la Marcia en la Lago Negra''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/la-club-de-la-marcia-en-la-lago-negra/paperback/product-2mnqejy.html?q=La+Club+de+la+Marcia+en+la+Lago+Negra&page=1&pageSize=4 La Club de la Marcia en la Lago Negra]</ref>. In julio ille publicava in Occidental le libro de poesia ''Cris de Silentie'', que tracta de themas como le mundo in crisis, guerra, fame; e il es etiam poemas religiose, con referentias a alicun versos del Biblia.<ref name="cris">[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/cris-de-silentie/paperback/product-yveynrz.html?q=cris+de+silentie&page=1&pageSize=4 Cris de Silentie]</ref>. Etiam in julio ille publicava le traduction de ''Subuqti'' al basco<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/subuqti/paperback/product-gjzymjz.html?q=Subuqti&page=1&pageSize=4 Subuqti]</ref>. In agosto ille publicava le traduction de ''Anidros'' a interlingua<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/anidros/paperback/product-kvge78p.html?page=1&pageSize=4 Anidros]</ref> e a esperanto<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/anidros/paperback/product-45474rn.html?q=Anidros&page=1&pageSize=4 Anidros]</ref>. In novembre ille publicava le traduction de ''Anidros'' al [[sambahsa]]<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago/anidros/paperback/product-gjkyj7d.html?q=anidros&page=1&pageSize=4 Anidros]</ref>. === Magazines === Ille colabora con le magazine in interligue nominate ''[[Cosmoglotta]]'' ab 2020.<ref>[https://archive.org/search?query=creator%3A%22Interlingue+Union%22 Interlingue-Union in archive.org]</ref> Etiam ille ha publicate in ''[[Ido-Saluto!]]'' ab 2024. In 2025, ille creava le magazine mensual ''[[U Glosa Jurnali]]'',<ref>[https://archive.org/details/@vicentecv?and%5B%5D=subject%3A%22Glosa%22 U Glosa Jurnali]</ref> in Glosa. Ab 2026, ille publica in le ''Revista Grada'', un magazine extremaduran, in le columna reservate per le [[OSCEC]]. === Manuales === Ille ha publicate manuales in Interlingua<ref>[https://www.interlingua.com/e-libros/cultura-classic/ Cultura classic (Vicente Costalago)]</ref><ref>[https://www.interlingua.com/e-libros/historiadeeuropa/ Historia de Europa e interlingua (Vicente Costalago)]</ref><ref>[https://www.interlingua.com/e-libros/litteraturaromanic/ Litteratura romanic e interlingua (Vicente Costalago)]</ref><ref>[https://www.interlingua.com/e-libros/le-medievo/ Le Medievo (Vicente Costalago)]</ref>, Lingua Franca Nova<ref>[https://elefen.org/fixador/pdf/cultur-clasica-a5.pdf Cultur e tradision clasica]</ref><ref>[https://elefen.org/fixador/pdf/istoria-de-europa-a5.pdf Istoria de Europa]</ref><ref>[https://elefen.org/fixador/pdf/istoria-de-espania-a5.pdf Istoria de Espania]</ref><ref>[https://elefen.org/fixador/pdf/leteratur-romanica-e-elefen-a4.pdf Leteratur romanica e elefen]</ref>, Occidental<ref>[https://occidental-lang.com/resources/Cultura_classic.pdf Cultura classic]</ref><ref>[https://occidental-lang.com/resources/Historie.pdf Historie]</ref><ref>[https://occidental-lang.com/resources/Geografie.pdf Geografie]</ref><ref>[https://occidental-lang.com/resources/Mathematica.pdf Mathematica]</ref> e Ido<ref name="antiqueso">[https://ia601405.us.archive.org/31/items/klasik-antiqueso-a-4/Klasik_Antiqueso_A4.pdf Klasik Antiqueso]</ref>. === YouTube === In januario 2023 ille creava su prime canal de YouTube, nominate ''Plu Artificia Lingua'' ("linguas artificial" in Glosa), ubi ille incarga videos de diverse linguas artificial parlante in le lingua re le qual ille parla in le video.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/@pluartificialingua Plu Artificia Lingua]</ref> In novembre 2026, le canal habeva 20 videos re linguas como [[Volapük]], [[Interlingua]], [[Esperanto]], [[Interlingue|Occidental]], [[Ido]], [[Novial]], [[Kotava]], [[Sambahsa]], [[Lojban]] e [[Toki pona|Toki Pona]]. Le 8 martio 2025, ille creava su secunde canal de YouTube, nominate ''MiSimpliBio'', ubi ille incarga videos in Glosa.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/@MiSimplibio MiSimpliBio]</ref>. == Bibliographia == [[File:Leteratur_romanica_e_elefen.png|197px|right]] [[File:Istoria_de_Europa.png|197px|right]] [[File:Cultur_e_tradision_clasica.png|197px|right]] [[File:Historie_(Interlingue).png|197px|right]] [[File:Cultura_classic.png|197px|right]] [[File:Geografie_(Interlingue).png|197px|right]] [[File:Mathematica.png|197px|right]] === In interlingua === * Libros ** 2022: ''Juliade''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago/juliade/paperback/product-qm8ez5.html?page=1&pageSize=4 Juliade]</ref> ** 2022: ''Poemas''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/poemas/paperback/product-4p6ppd.html?q=&page=1&pageSize=4 Poemas]</ref> ** 2023: ''Kilglan''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/kilglan/paperback/product-wjgq65.html?q=kilglan&page=1&pageSize=4 Kilglan]</ref> ** 2025: ''Subuqti''<ref name="SubuqtiInterlingua"/> ** 2026: ''Anidros''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/anidros/paperback/product-kvge78p.html?page=1&pageSize=4 Anidros]</ref> * Libros de texto: ** 2020: [https://www.interlingua.com/e-libros/heracles/ Le dece-duo travalios de Heracles] ** 2020: [https://www.interlingua.com/e-libros/litteraturaromanic/ Litteratura romanic e interlingua] ** 2020: [https://www.interlingua.com/archivos/Historia%20de%20Europa.pdf Historia de Europa] ** 2020: [https://www.interlingua.com/e-libros/concisedescriptiondellinguavalencian/ Concise description del lingua valencian] ** 2025: [https://www.interlingua.com/archivos/Cultura%20classic.pdf Cultura classic] ** 2026: [https://www.interlingua.com/archivos/Le%20Medievo.pdf Le Medievo] === In lingua franca nova === * Libros ** 2020: ''[[La xerca per Pahoa]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Libro |url=https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/la-xerca-per-pahoa/paperback/product-gpdq4k.html?page=1&pageSize=4 |accessdate=2021-08-12 |archivedate=2021-08-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811131944/https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/la-xerca-per-pahoa/paperback/product-gpdq4k.html?page=1&pageSize=4 }}</ref> ** 2022: ''La marcia nonconoseda''<ref>{{Cite web |title=La marcia nonconoseda |url=https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago/la-marcia-nonconoseda/paperback/product-qm5g6n.html?page=1&pageSize=4 |accessdate=2022-03-02 |archivedate=2022-02-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221073534/https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago/la-marcia-nonconoseda/paperback/product-qm5g6n.html?page=1&pageSize=4 }}</ref> ** 2022: ''Antolojia espaniol''<ref name="Antolojia">{{Cite web |title=Antolojia espaniol |url=https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/antolojia-espaniol/paperback/product-qmmpmq.html?page=1&pageSize=4 |accessdate=2022-06-30 |archivedate=2022-05-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511114904/https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/antolojia-espaniol/paperback/product-qmmpmq.html?page=1&pageSize=4 }}</ref> ** 2022: ''Denova en la marcia''<ref name ="denova">[https://elefen.org/vici/leteratur/denova_en_la_marcia/xef Denova en la marcia]</ref> ** 2022: ''La Club de la Marcia en peril''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/la-club-de-la-marcia-en-peril/paperback/product-zgdv7z.html?q=La+Club+de+la+Marcia+en+peril&page=1&pageSize=4 La Club de la Marcia en peril], publicat li 27 decembre 2022</ref>. ** 2023: ''Naras nonfisada''<ref>[https://elefen.org/vici/leteratur/naras_nonfisada/xef Naras nonfisada]</ref> ** 2023: ''Pensas rimada''<ref>[https://payhip.com/b/VEGum Pensas rimada]</ref> ** 2023: ''Un contia de libria''<ref>[https://elefen.org/vici/leteratur/un_contia_de_libria/xef Un contia de libria]</ref> ** 2023: ''Rancur''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago/rancur/paperback/product-v8r7mqy.html?page=1&pageSize=4 Rancur]</ref> ** 2024: ''Senas''<ref>[https://elefen.org/vici/leteratur/senas/xef Senas]</ref> ** 2026: ''La Asosia de Galduherri''<ref name="galduherri"/> ** 2026: ''La Club de la Marcia en la Lago Negra''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/la-club-de-la-marcia-en-la-lago-negra/paperback/product-2mnqejy.html?q=La+Club+de+la+Marcia+en+la+Lago+Negra&page=1&pageSize=4 La Club de la Marcia en la Lago Negra]</ref> * Libros de texto: ** [http://elefen.org/disionario/leteratur-romanica-e-elefen.pdf Leteratur romanica e lingua franca nova] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327163452/http://elefen.org/disionario/leteratur-romanica-e-elefen.pdf |date=2020-03-27 }} ** [http://elefen.org/disionario/istoria-de-europa-a4.pdf Istoria de Europa] ** [http://elefen.org/disionario/cultur-clasica-a4.pdf Cultur clasica] ** [https://elefen.org/vici/istoria_de_espania/xef Istoria de Espania] * Libros pro infantes: ** [http://elefen.org/pdf/desinias-per-colori.pdf Desinias per colori] ** [http://elefen.org/pdf/la-crea-de-la-mundo.pdf La crea de la mundo] ** [http://elefen.org/pdf/nos-conose-la-mundo-espania.pdf Nos conose la mundo: Espania] ** [http://elefen.org/pdf/naras-per-enfantes.pdf Naras per enfantes], traducite con Jean-Claude Caraco. ** [http://elefen.org/pdf/ci-es-ci.pdf Ci es ci?] ** [http://elefen.org/pdf/on-conose-la-animales.pdf On conose la animales] * Essayos ** [http://elefen.org/vici/leteratur/siensa_en_lingua_franca_nova Siensa en lingua franca nova] * Altere ** [http://elefen.org/pdf/libros-de-biblia.pdf La libros de la Biblia] ** [http://elefen.org/disionario/mitolojia-clasica.pdf Disionario de mitolojia clasica] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327145742/http://elefen.org/disionario/mitolojia-clasica.pdf |date=2020-03-27 }}. ** Collaboration in le creation del dictionario lingua franca nova-hispan * Traductiones ** Le Quatro Evangelios<ref>[https://elefen.org/vici/relijio/biblia/mateo/xef Evanjelio de San Mateo]</ref><ref>[https://elefen.org/vici/relijio/biblia/evanjelio_de_san_marco/xef Evanjelio de San Marco]</ref><ref>[https://elefen.org/vici/relijio/biblia/evanjelio_de_san_lucas/xef Evanjelio de San Lucas]</ref><ref name="evanjeliosanjoan">[https://elefen.org/vici/relijio/biblia/evanjelio_de_san_joan/xef Evanjelio de San Joan]</ref> ** Capitulo prima de [[Don Quixote de La Mancha]]<ref>[https://elefen.org/vici/leteratur/la_nobil_injeniosa_don_quijote_de_la_mancha/xef La nobil injeniosa Don Quijote de La Mancha]</ref> === In interlingue === * Libros ** 2021: ''Li sercha in li castelle Dewahl e altri racontas''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Li sercha in li castelle Dewahl e altri racontas |url=https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/li-sercha-in-li-castelle-dewahl-e-altri-racontas/paperback/product-j2775p.html?page=1&pageSize=4 |accessdate=2021-07-27 |archivedate=2022-04-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409004527/https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/li-sercha-in-li-castelle-dewahl-e-altri-racontas/paperback/product-j2775p.html?page=1&pageSize=4 }}</ref> ** 2021: ''Antologie hispan''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Antologie hispan |url=https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/antologie-hispan/paperback/product-pmknpz.html?page=1&pageSize=4 |accessdate=2021-09-07 |archivedate=2022-04-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409004527/https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/antologie-hispan/paperback/product-pmknpz.html?page=1&pageSize=4 }}</ref>. ** 2021: ''Fabules, racontas e mites''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fabules, racontas e mites |url=https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/fabules-contes-e-mites/paperback/product-4g6ezk.html?page=1&pageSize=4 |accessdate=2022-03-07 |archivedate=2022-04-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409004527/https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/fabules-contes-e-mites/paperback/product-4g6ezk.html?page=1&pageSize=4 }}</ref>. ** 2022: ''Li tresor de Fluvglant''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Li tresor de Fluvglant |url=https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/li-tresor-de-fluvglant/paperback/product-8grj8y.html?page=1&pageSize=4 |accessdate=2022-03-07 |archivedate=2022-02-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222181751/https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/li-tresor-de-fluvglant/paperback/product-8grj8y.html?page=1&pageSize=4 }}</ref> ** 2022: ''Antologie de poesie europan''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/antologie-de-poesie-europan/paperback/product-zj6dd5.html?q=Antologie+de+poesie+europan&page=1&pageSize=4 Antologie de poesie europan]</ref> ** 2022: ''Subuqti''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/subuqti/paperback/product-r922ev.html?q=&page=1&pageSize=4 Subuqti]</ref> ** 2022: ''Verses escapat de mi mente''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zuqez/verses-escapat-de-mi-mente/paperback/product-8p4zzq.html?q=verses+escapat+de+mi+mente&page=1&pageSize=4 Verses escapat de mi mente]</ref> ** 2022: ''Anidros''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/anidros/paperback/product-4p69v7.html?q=&page=1&pageSize=4 Anidros]</ref> ** 2022: ''Li Crímines de Cnocorran''<ref>[https://occidental-lang.com/resources/Li_crimines_de_Cnocorran.pdf Li Crímines de Cnocorran]</ref> ** 2023: ''Yo have ancor alquó a dir''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/yo-have-ancor-alqu%C3%B3-a-dir/paperback/product-eyedmr.html?page=1&pageSize=4 Yo have ancor alquó a dir]</ref> ** 2023: ''Exea!''<ref name="exea">[https://payhip.com/b/IUw5s Exea!]</ref> ** 2023: ''Nov Vive''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/nov-vive/paperback/product-qr9p5v.html?page=1&pageSize=4 Nov Vive]</ref> ** 2024: ''Heroicitás''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago/heroicit%C3%A1s/paperback/product-655ppyz.html?q=&page=1&pageSize=4 Heroicitás]</ref> ** 2024: ''Poesies de amore e desamore''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago/poesies-de-amore-e-desamore/paperback/product-dym6dg7.html?page=1&pageSize=4 Poesies de amore e desamore]</ref> ** 2024: ''Reminiscenties''<ref name="reminiscenties">[https://archive.org/details/Reminiscenties Reminiscenties]</ref> ** 2026: ''Cris de silentie''<ref name="cris"/> * Libros de texto ** [https://occidental-lang.com/resources/Historie.pdf Historie] ** [https://occidental-lang.com/resources/Cultura_classic.pdf Cultura classic] ** [https://occidental-lang.com/resources/Geografie.pdf Geografie] ** [https://occidental-lang.com/resources/Mathematica.pdf Mathematica] * Traductiones ** Le poema "Si", par [[Rudyard Kipling]] (25 novembre 2020). * Articulos in Cosmoglotta ** 2020: ''Li casu del hebreic quam exemple por Occidental'' in Cosmoglotta 326. ** 2020: ''Mi unesim visita in li biblioteca de La-Chaux-de-Fonds'' in Cosmoglotta 326. ** 2022: ''Litteratura in Occidental'' con un ''Bibliografie de ovres e textus litterari in Occidental'', en Cosmoglotta 329<ref>[https://archive.org/details/cg-329-2022/page/2/mode/2up Cosmoglotta 329]</ref>. ** 2022: Poesia ''Al lingue'', in Cosmoglotta 330<ref>[https://archive.org/details/cg-330-2022-el/mode/2up Cosmoglotta 330]</ref>. ** 2023: ''Situation actual de nor lingue: Esque it es plu bon o plu mal?'', in Cosmoglotta 331<ref>[https://archive.org/details/cosmoglotta_331.20023 Cosmoglotta 331]</ref> ** 2024: ''Ultim adío a Claude Gacond'', in Cosmoglotta 334<ref name="Cosmoglotta334">[https://archive.org/details/cosmoglotta-334-2024/mode/2up Cosmoglotta 334]</ref> ** 2024: ''Li beson del viage del heróe in nor vives'', in Cosmoglotta 334<ref name="Cosmoglotta334"/> ** 2025: ''Un lingue es un dialecte con un armé e un marine'', in Cosmoglotta 336<ref name="Cosmoglotta336">[https://archive.org/details/cg-336-2025-2 Cosmoglotta 336]</ref> ** 2025: ''On ne save quo on have til quande on perdi it'', in Cosmoglotta 336<ref name="Cosmoglotta336"/> ** 2026: ''Li chimere de atinger pace per un lingue universal neutral'', in Cosmoglotta 337<ref>[https://archive.org/details/cg-337-2026-1/page/6/mode/2up Cosmoglotta 337]</ref> * Dictionarios ** [https://occidental-lang.com/dictionaries/?d=es Dictionarium interlingue-hispan] ** [https://occidental-lang.com/dictionaries/?d=val Dictionarium interlingue-valencian] ** [https://occidental-lang.com/dictionaries/?d=bal Dictionarium interlingue-baleari] ** [https://occidental-lang.com/dictionaries/?d=an Dictionarium interlingue-aragonesi] ** [https://occidental-lang.com/dictionaries/?d=gl Dictionarium interlingue-galician] ** [https://occidental-lang.com/dictionaries/?d=pt Dictionarium interlingue-portugalesi] === In esperanto === * 2022: ''La trezoro de Erokeriherria'', publicate le 27 de decembre 2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=La trezoro de Erikoriherria |url=https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/la-trezoro-de-erokeriherria/paperback/product-pv8p9e.html?q=La+trezoro+de+Erokeriherria&page=1&pageSize=4 |accessdate=2022-12-27 |archivedate=2022-12-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227144201/https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/la-trezoro-de-erokeriherria/paperback/product-pv8p9e.html?q=La+trezoro+de+Erokeriherria&page=1&pageSize=4 }}</ref> * 2026: ''Anidros'' === In Ido === * Libros ** 2024: ''Poemeti'', publicate le 28 augusto 2024<ref name="poemeti">[https://archive.org/details/Poemeti Poemeti]</ref><ref name="Ido-Saluto">Ido-Saluto! 3/2024</ref><ref name="labluamuzo">[https://labluamuzo.blogspot.com/2025/01/2024-ka-diskreta-yaro-en-la-ido.html 2024: Ka diskreta yaro en la Ido-literaturo?]</ref> ** 2024: ''La predicajo di Hakum'', publicate le 13 septembre 2024<ref name="Ido-Saluto"/><ref name="labluamuzo"/> * Manuales ** 2026: ''Klasik Antiqueso''<ref name="antiqueso"/> * Articulos pro magazines ** 2024: ''Originala poemi'' publicate in Ido-Saluto 2024/3. ** 2025: ''La Hispana vacinizad-expediciono ad Amerika'', publicate in Ido-Saluto 2025/1. ** 2025: ''La Miraklo di Empel: Kande la cielo chanjis la kuro di historio'', publicate in Ido-Saluto 2025/2. ** 2025: ''L’Ultimi di Filipini: La heroala siejo qua markis la fino dil Hispana Imperio en Asia'', publicate in Ido-Saluto 2025/3.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/ido-saluto-3-2025/mode/2up Ido-Saluto 2025/3]</ref> ** 2025: ''Numantia: La nedomtebla spirito di libera populo'', publicate in Ido-Saluto 2025/4.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/ido-saluto-4-2025/page/18/mode/2up Ido-Saluto 2025/4]</ref> ** 2026: ''Blas de Lezo e la heroala defenso di Cartagena de Indias: La brava rezistado qua protektis la Hispana Imperio en Amerika'', Ido-Saluto 2026/1.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/ido-saluto-1-2026/page/n19/mode/2up Ido-Saluto 2026/1]</ref> === In mini === * 2022: ''Pensa'', publicate le 21 februario 2022 in [https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/pensa/paperback/product-kqnz4e.html?page=1&pageSize=4 Lulu.com]. Illo es le prime obra original publicate in iste lingua. === In mundeze === * Libros ** 2020: ''latina peleye en mundeze'', prime libro in mundeze<ref>{{Cite web |title=latina peleye |url=https://www.mundezo.com/files/latina_peleye.pdf |accessdate=2020-12-31 |archivedate=2020-10-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018095642/https://www.mundezo.com/files/latina_peleye.pdf }}</ref> ** 2021: ''kitceyara partey o mundeze'', con Djuna de Lannoy<ref>{{Cite web |title=4 april 2021 |url=https://www.mundezo.com/files/kitceyara_parte.pdf |accessdate=6 January 2024 |archivedate=4 December 2022 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204151010/https://www.mundezo.com/files/kitceyara_parte.pdf }}</ref> ** 2021: ''filma tsitseye'', con Djuna de Lannoy<ref>{{Cite web |title=11 novembre 2021 |url=https://www.mundezo.com/files/filma_tsiteye.pdf |accessdate=2024-01-06 |archivedate=2022-12-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204151007/https://www.mundezo.com/files/filma_tsiteye.pdf }}</ref> * Alteres ** 2020: Creator del [https://mundeze.fandom.com/wiki/Mundeze_Wiki Wiki in mundeze] ** 2023: Creator del traductor esperanto-mundeze<ref>[https://lingojam.com/Esperanto-Mundezetranslator Traductor Esperanto-Mundeze]</ref> === In novial === * ''Mikri Antologie''<ref name="novial">[https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/mikri-antologie/paperback/product-vdj8gy.html?q=Mikri+Antologie Mikri Antologie]</ref> === In glosa === * Libros e poemas ** 2022/2023<ref>Publicate in interrete in 2022 e como libro in 2023</ref>: ''Histori''<ref>[https://glosa.fandom.com/wiki/Histori_(bibli) Histori]</ref><ref>[https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/histori/paperback/product-yvvv7rn.html?page=1&pageSize=4 Histori]</ref> ** 2023: ''Si'', de Rudyard Kipling<ref>[https://glosa.fandom.com/wiki/Literatura:Si Si]</ref> ** 2023: ''Plu buno homo plu leuko elefa'', de Ernest Hemingway<ref>[https://glosa.fandom.com/wiki/Literatura:Plu_buno_homo_plu_leuko_elefa Plu buno homo plu leuko elefa]</ref> ** 2023: ''Brevi historia de plu internatio auxi-lingua''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/brevi-historia-de-plu-internatio-auxi-lingua/paperback/product-yv7wdwm.html?page=1&pageSize=4 Brevi historia de plu internatio auxi-lingua in Lulu]</ref> ** 2023: ''Mi promise a tu, mi landa''<ref>[https://glosa.fandom.com/wiki/Mi_promise_a_tu,_mi_landa Mi promise a tu, mi landa]</ref> ** 2023: ''Mi pa cerka u simpli bio''<ref>[https://glosa.fandom.com/wiki/Mi_pa_cerka_u_simpli_bio Mi pa cerka u simpli bio]</ref> ** 2025: ''Ultima spira''<ref>[https://glosa.fandom.com/wiki/Ultima_spira Ultima spira]</ref> ** 2025: ''E so pa gresi plu pedi de antiqi tem''<ref>[https://glosa.fandom.com/wiki/And_did_those_feet And did those feet]</ref> * Magazines ** 2025: ''U Glosa jurnali'' === In sambahsa === * 2026: ''Anidros'' === In baleari === Benque ille non parla baleari, ille ha coordinate le traduction del libro [https://prexins.files.wordpress.com/2021/04/historis-de-la-bibblia-final.pdf Històris de la Bibblia]. In iste lingua, ille es le creator del ''Wiki en llengo baléà''<ref>[https://prexins.wordpress.com/2021/04/20/el-balear/ El balear]</ref> e de un repositorio de textos, le ''Baleateca''<ref>[https://baleateca.miraheze.org/wiki/P%C3%A1gina_principal Baleateca]</ref>. * 2022: ''Es cò acuadó''<ref>[https://prexins.files.wordpress.com/2022/01/es-co-acuado.pdf Es cò acuadó]</ref>, con Mikèl Garau. * 2022: ''Es retrato oual''<ref>[https://prexins.wordpress.com/2022/02/19/es-retrato-oual/ Es retrato oual]</ref>, con Mikèl Garau. * 2022: ''Es móx negre''<ref>[https://prexins.wordpress.com/2022/04/19/es-mox-negre/ Es móx negre]</ref>, con Mikèl Garau. * 2022: ''Manuscrit trobad dins una botélla''<ref>[https://prexins.wordpress.com/2022/05/24/326/ Manuscrit trobat dins una botélla]</ref>, con Mikèl Garau. * 2022: ''S'esfinge'', <ref>[https://prexins.wordpress.com/2022/06/13/sesfinge/ S'esfinge]</ref>, con Mikèl Garau. * 2022: ''Berenice'', <ref>[https://prexins.wordpress.com/2022/08/07/berenice/ Berenice]</ref>, con Mikèl Garau. === In espaniol === * Poemas ** 2024: ''Pensamientos tras la riada de Valencia''.<ref>Scribite le 31 octobre 2024, postea le catastrophe que occurreva in Valencia post le DANA. Publicate in le blog del autor.</ref> * Revistas: ** I.2026: ''Que se alce la voz'' in ''Grada''<ref>[https://www.grada.es/que-se-alce-la-voz/blogueros/oscec/ Que se alce la voz]</ref> ** II.2026: ''Mi relación con el extremeño''<ref>[https://www.grada.es/mi-relacion-con-el-extremeno/revista-grada/colaboradores/ Mi relación con el extremeño]</ref> ** III.2026: ''Una joya lingüística extremeña''<ref>[https://www.grada.es/una-joya-linguistica-extremena/blogueros/oscec/ Una joya lingüística extremeña]</ref> ** VI.2026: ''Cuando lo urgente silencia lo importante''<ref>[https://www.grada.es/cuando-lo-urgente-silencia-lo-importante/blogueros/oscec/ Cuando lo urgente silencia lo importante]</ref> === In extremadurano === * Libros: ** 2025: ''Euris estremeñus i sotras poemas''. ** 2025: ''Estórias estremeñas''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago/est%C3%B3rias-estreme%C3%B1as/paperback/product-nvjwvwn.html?q=vicente+costalago&page=1&pageSize=4 Estórias estremeñas]</ref> === In fala === * Libros: ** 2026: ''Vérsus sóltus'' === Bibliographias === * {{lad}} [https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedya:Bibliografia_del_djudeo-espanyol Vikipedya:Bibliografia del djudeo-espanyol] * {{bal}} [https://llengobalear.miraheze.org/wiki/Bibbliografia_de_sa_llengo_bal%C3%A9%C3%A0 Bibbliografia de sa llengo baléà] * {{ie}} [https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingue#Ovres Liste de ovres litterari in Occidental] * {{ie}} [https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_de_ovres_in_occidental_in_li_CDELI Liste de ovres in occidental in li CDELI] * {{vlc}} [https://www.lenciclopedia.org/wiki/Anex:Bibliografia_del_valenci%C3%A0 Anex:Bibliografia del valencià] * {{lfn}} [https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliografia_sur_Provinse_Soria Bibliografia sur Provinse Soria] * {{mt}} [https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibljografija_tal-lingwa_Maltija Bibljografija tal-lingwa Maltija] * {{ie}} [[:ie:Bibliografie de Interlingue]] * [https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fino%27_Chamoru#Bibliografia Bibliografie del lingue chamoru] * {{ext}} [https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliografia_d%27Estrema%C3%BAra Bibliografia d'Estremaúra] <gallery> Leteratur_romanica_e_elefen.png Istoria_de_Europa.png Cultur_e_tradision_clasica.png Historie_(Interlingue).png Cultura_classic.png Geografie_(Interlingue).png </gallery> === Alteres === * 2016: Creator del [https://jam.wikipedia.org Wikipedia in jamaican] con le adjuta de Larry Chang. * 2016: Creator del [https://web.archive.org/web/20220706080603/https://frenkisch.fandom.com/wiki/Frenkisch_Wikia Wiki in Frenkisch] * 2017: Creator del [https://aragonesoriental.fandom.com/es/wiki/P%C3%A1gina_principal Wiki in aragones oriental]. * 2018: Creator del [https://bzj.miraheze.org/wiki/Main_Page enciclopedie] in creol belizean<ref>Le projecto es stoppate desde le 7 april de 2021.</ref><ref>[https://www.belmopanonline.com/belizean-kriol-language-detail/bileez-kriol-wiki-chek-owt-tudeh Bileez Kriol Wiki…Chek Owt Tudeh!]</ref>. * 2020: Creator S'Enciclopèdi, un [https://llengobalea.fandom.com/es/wiki/Wiki_Llengo_Bal%C3%A9%C3%A0 enciclopedie] in [[baleari]]. * 2020: Creator de li [https://baleateca.miraheze.org/wiki/P%C3%A1gina_principal Baleateca], un compilation de textos in baleari. * 2020: Creator del [https://pandunia.fandom.com/wiki/Xefi_varkolate Wiki in pandunia]. ** Traductor de "[https://pandunia.fandom.com/wiki/Tortuge_e_tuze tortuge e tuze]" a pandunia * 2021: Creator del [https://glosa.fandom.com/wiki/Glosa_Wiki Wiki in Glosa] * 2020: ''[https://prexins.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/diccionario-de-verbos-criollo-beliceno-espanol-1.pdf Diccionario de verbos Criollo beliceño - español]'' (publicate in linea)<ref>Inviat li 21 may 2020</ref> * 2021: ''Diccionario de aragonés oriental''<ref>Finit li 5 marto 2021</ref> (impublicate) * 2021: ''Latn adij ina Jumiekan'', con Larry Chang<ref>Publicat li 11 marte 2021 en [https://www.jumieka.com/pachiz.html LanguiJumieka]</ref> * 2021: Creator del [https://web.archive.org/web/20210430021912/https://proyo.fandom.com/wiki/Proyo_Wiki Wiki in Proyo]<ref>Creat li 25 may 2021</ref> * 2021: ''Històris de la Bibblia''<ref>[https://prexins.files.wordpress.com/2021/04/historis-de-la-bibblia-final.pdf 20 april 2021]</ref> (coordinator) * 2021: Creator del [https://lingwa-de-planeta-ldp.fandom.com/wiki/Lingwa_de_Planeta_LDP_Wiki Wiki in Lingwa de Planeta]<ref name="Unnamed_2-20230318120755">Creat li 23 may 2021</ref> * 2021: Creator del Reformad Novial, un reforma del [[Novial]]. * 2021: Creator del [https://minilang.fandom.com/wiki/Mini_Wiki Wiki in Mini]<ref>Creat li 17 julí 2021</ref> * 2021: Creator del [https://novlingue.fandom.com/wiki/Novlingue_Wiki Wiki in Novlingue]<ref>Creat li 20 octobre 2021</ref> * 2022: Creator del [https://web.archive.org/web/20240223131000/https://yola.fandom.com/wiki/Yola_Wiki Wiki in Yola]<ref>Unesim articul de marte 2022.</ref> * 2022: Creator del [https://negerhollands.fandom.com/wiki/Negerhollands_Wiki Wiki in Negerhollands]<ref>Creat li 21 juní 2022</ref> * 2022: Creator del [https://web.archive.org/web/20230413101504/https://plu-artificia-lingua.fandom.com/wiki/Plu_Artificia_Lingua_Wiki Plu Artificia Lingua Wiki]<ref>Creat li 13 april 2023</ref> * 2023: Creator del [https://naffarrera.fandom.com/es/wiki/Wiki_Naffarrera Wiki in Naffarrera]<ref>Creat li 25 may 2023</ref> * 2023: Creator del [https://guosa.fandom.com/wiki/Guosa_Wiki Wiki in Guosa]<ref>Creat li 30 julí 2023</ref> * 2023: Creator del [https://jitasama.fandom.com/wiki/Jitasama_Wiki Wiki in Jitasama] * 2023: Creator del [https://latinosineflexione.fandom.com/wiki/Latino_Sine_Flexione_Wiki Wiki in Latino sine Flexione]<ref>Creat li 11 decembre 2023</ref> * 2024: Creator del [https://papia-tugu.fandom.com/wiki/Papia_Tugu_Wiki Papia Tugu Wiki]<ref>Creat li 18 januar 2024</ref> * 2024: Creator del [https://prouvencau.fandom.com/fr/wiki/Wiki_Prouven%C3%A7au Wiki Prouvençau]<ref>Creat li 25 februar 2024</ref> * 2024: Creator del [https://tami-lobo.fandom.com/wiki/Tami_lobo_Wiki Wiki in Suma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517135312/https://tami-lobo.fandom.com/wiki/Tami_lobo_Wiki |date=2024-05-17 }}<ref>Creat li 17 may 2024</ref> * 2024: Creator del [https://web.archive.org/web/20240524094437/https://sona-lasin.fandom.com/wiki/Sona_lasin_Wiki Wiki in Sona]<ref>Creat li 19 may 2024</ref> * 2024: Creator del [https://etoibuk.fandom.com/wiki/Etoibuk_Wiki Wiki in Uni] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524094433/https://etoibuk.fandom.com/wiki/Etoibuk_Wiki |date=2024-05-24 }}<ref>Creat li 24 may 2024</ref> * 2024: Creator del [https://dasopya.fandom.com/wiki/Dasopya_Wiki Wiki in Dasopya]<ref>Creat li 10 decembre 2024</ref> * 2025: Creator del [https://frater.fandom.com/wiki/Frater_Wiki Frater Wiki]<ref>Creat li 31 de januar 2025</ref> === YouTube === * [https://www.youtube.com/@pluartificialingua Plu Artificia Lingua] * [https://www.youtube.com/@MiSimplibio MiSimpliBio] {{Ref}} == Ligamines externe == * [https://www.interlingua.com/novas/2020-08-02-tres-nove-libros-gratuite/ Presentation de alcun obras in Interlingua] * [https://prexins.wordpress.com/ Blog] * [https://www.instagram.com/cdeli_lcdf/ Conto de Instagram] * [https://novlingue.wixsite.com/my-site Pagina web oficial de Novlingue] * [https://lingojam.com/English-Novlingue Traductor de Novlingue] * [https://mithradates.substack.com/p/un-felici-decovrition-del-annu-1957?sd=pf Un felici decovrition del annu 1957] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=soSy1lD2irk&ab_channel=MartinLavallee Litteratura in interlingua: Kilglan, per Vicente Costalago, romance amorose e militar] * [https://www.canalextremadura.es/a-la-carta/la-corrobra/audios/la-corrobra-090124 Interview in La Corrobra (09/01/24)] === MiSimpliBio === * [https://x.com/MiSimpliBio Conte de X] * [https://www.instagram.com/misimplibio/ Conte de Instagram] {{Vicente Costalago}}{{Interlingua}}{{Glosa}} [[Categoria:Vicente Costalago| ]] ayp902u4hl547tuvl6dpkcocm3jqmkf 0 59315 705725 676138 2026-11-11T01:38:50Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 705725 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Fagaceae | fossil_range = | image = Fagus sylvatica 020-2.jpg | image_caption = Le [[fago]] [[Europa|europee]], ''Fagus sylvatica'' | domain = [[Eukaryota]] | regnum = [[Planta]]e | superdivisio = [[Embryophyta]] | divisio = [[Tracheophyta]] | subdivisio = [[Spermophyta]] | superclassis = [[Angiospermae]] | classis = [[Eudicotyledoneae]] <!--| superlegio = [[Pentapetalae]]--> | legio = [[Rosidae]] <!--| sublegio = [[Fabidae]]--> | ordo = [[Fagales]] | taxon = Fagaceae | taxon_rank = [[Familia (rango taxonomic)|Familia]] | authority = [[Barthélemy Charles Joseph du Mortier|Dumort.]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x |doi-access=free |hdl=10654/18083 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> | type_genus = ''[[Fagus]]'' | type_genus_authority = [[Carl von Linné|L.]] | synonyms = * Castaneaceae <small>Brenner</small> * Quercaceae <small>Martinov</small> | subdivision_ranks = [[Genere (rango taxonomic)|Generes]] | subdivision =<small>vider [[#Classification|infra]].</small> }} '''Fagaceae''' es un [[Familia (rango taxonomic)|familia]] de [[planta]]s [[flor]]al [[eudicotyledoneae|dicotelydon]] del [[Ordine (rango taxonomic)|ordine]] del [[Fagales]]. Su nomine es basate sur isto del [[fago]]. == Classification == Se distingue duo [[Subfamilia (rango taxonomic)|subfamilia]]s: * [[Fagoideae]] <small>[[Karl Koch|K. Koch]] (monotypic)</small> ** ''[[Fagus]]'' <small>[[Carl von Linnée|L.]]</small> * [[Quercoideae]] <small>[[Anders Sandøe Ørsted|Oerst.]]</small> ** ''[[Castanea]]'' <small>[[Philip Miller|Mill.]] 1754</small> ** ''[[Castanopsis]]'' <small>(D. Don) Spach 1841</small> ** ''[[Chrysolepis]]'' <small>Hjelmq. 1948</small> ** ''[[Lithocarpus]]'' <small>Blume 1826</small> ** ''[[Notholithocarpus]]'' <small>P. S. Manos, C. H. Cannon & S.H. Oh 2008 [2009]</small> (ex ''[[Lithocarpus densiflorus]]''), endemic al [[California]] e sudwest [[Oregon]] ** ''[[Quercus]]'' <small>L. 1753</small> ** ''[[Trigonobalanus]]'' <small>Forman 1962</small> Le genere ''[[Nothofagus]]'' es ora placiate in le monotypic familia [[Nothofagaceae]].<ref>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A77126821-1 POWO] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114004735/https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77126821-1 |date=2025-01-14 }} Nothofagaceae</ref> == Phylogenia == Studios de [[phylogenia]] molecular suggere le [[arborescentia]] sequente:<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Manos PS, Cannon CH, ((Oh S-H)) | year = 2008 | title = Phylogenetic relationships and taxonomic status of the paleoendemic Fagaceae of Western North America: recognition of a new genus, ''Notholithocarpus'' | journal = [[Madroño (journal)|Madroño]] | volume = 55 | issue = 3 | pages = 181–190 | url = http://www.ecologicalevolution.org/content/pdf/Manos09_Notholithocarpus.pdf | doi = 10.3120/0024-9637-55.3.181 | s2cid = 85671229 | access-date = 2017-03-19 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052317/http://www.ecologicalevolution.org/content/pdf/Manos09_Notholithocarpus.pdf | archive-date = 2017-03-20 | url-status = dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052317/http://www.ecologicalevolution.org/content/pdf/Manos09_Notholithocarpus.pdf |date=2017-03-20 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = ((Xiang X-G)), Wang W, ((Li R-Q)), Lin L, Liu Y, ((Zhou Z-K)), ((Li Z-Y)), ((Chen Z-D)) | year = 2014 | title = Large-scale phylogenetic analyses reveal fagalean diversification promoted by the interplay of diaspores and environments in the Paleogene | journal = Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics | volume = 16 | issue = 3 | pages = 101–110 | doi = 10.1016/j.ppees.2014.03.001| bibcode = 2014PPEES..16..101X }}</ref> {{Clade| style= style=font-size:85%;line-height:75%; |label1=[[Fagales]] |1={{clade |1=[[Nothofagaceae]]&nbsp;([[extragruppo]]) |2={{clade |label1=&nbsp;'''Fagaceae'''&nbsp; |1={{clade |label1=&nbsp;Fagoideae&nbsp; |1=''[[Fagus]]'' |label2=&nbsp;Quercoideae&nbsp; |2={{clade |1=''[[Trigonobalanus]]'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Lithocarpus]]'' |2=''[[Chrysolepis]]'' }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Quercus]]''&nbsp;(''Quercus'') |2={{clade |1=''[[Notholithocarpus]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Quercus]]''&nbsp;(''Cerris'') |2={{clade |1=''[[Castanopsis]]'' |2=''[[Castanea]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} |2=&nbsp;(...) }} }} }} {{Refer}} [[Categoria:Fagales]] 1izbq0k5jb6cxu9849nzlwjltizo9qc 0 59346 705753 678723 2026-11-11T07:15:52Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 705753 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = ''Quercus cerris'' | fossil_range = | image = Quercus cerris.JPG | image_caption = ''[[Quercus cerris]]''. | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status">{{cite iucn |author=Gorener, V.|date=2017 |title=''Quercus cerris'' |volume=2017 |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/194074/2296302 |access-date=March 21, 2023}}</ref> | domain = [[Eukaryota]] | regnum = [[Planta]]e <!--| superdivisio = [[Embryophyta]]--> | divisio = [[Tracheophyta]] <!--| subdivisio = [[Spermophyta]]--> | superclassis = [[Angiospermae]] | classis = [[Eudicotyledoneae]] <!--| superlegio = [[Pentapetalae]]--> | legio = [[Rosidae]] <!--| sublegio = [[Fabidae]]--> | ordo = [[Fagales]] | familia = [[Fagaceae]] | subfamilia = [[Quercoideae]] | genus = ''[[Quercus]]'' | subgenus = ''[[Cerris]]'' | sectio= ''[[Cerris (section)|Cerris]]'' | taxon_rank = [[Specie]] | taxon = ''Quercus cerris'' | authority = [[Carl von Linné|L.]] | subdivision_ranks = Subspecies | subdivision = | range_map = Quercus cerris range.svg | range_map_caption = Geographic repartition:<br>native (verde) e naturalisate (auree) | synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:295941-1 |title=''Quercus cerris'' L. |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2017 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=24 August 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208042425/https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:295941-1 |archivedate=8 December 2024 |accessdate=5 November 2026 }}</ref> | synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets = true |''Cerris australis'' <small>Raf.</small> |''Cerris austriaca'' <small>(Willd.) Raf.</small> |''Cerris crinita'' <small>(Lam.) Raf.</small> |''Cerris paliphleos'' <small>Raf.</small> |''Quercus aegilops'' <small>Scop.</small> |''Quercus ambrozyana'' <small>Simonk.</small> |''Quercus asplenifolia'' <small>A.DC.</small> |''Quercus austriaca'' <small>Willd.</small> |''Quercus cana'' <small>Steud.</small> |''Quercus cerris'' subf. ''acutiloba'' <small>Mátyás</small> |''Quercus cerris'' subf. ''acutilobata'' <small>Mátyás</small> |''Quercus cerris'' subf. ''acutobipinnata'' <small>Mátyás</small> |''Quercus cerris'' subf. ''acutodentata'' <small>Mátyás</small> |''Quercus cerris'' subf. ''acutolaciniata'' <small>Mátyás</small> |''Quercus cerris'' subf. ''acutomucronata'' <small>Mátyás</small> |''Quercus cerris'' f. ''balatae'' <small>Boros ex Mátyás</small> |''Quercus cerris'' f. ''basi-cuneata'' <small>Mátyás</small> |''Quercus cerris'' subf. ''basicordata'' <small>Mátyás</small> |''Quercus cerris'' subf. ''dentatolaciniata'' <small>Mátyás</small> |''Quercus cerris'' f. ''laciniatolyrata'' <small>Mátyás</small> |''Quercus cerris'' f. ''leviterlobata'' <small>Mátyás</small> |''Quercus cerris'' subf. ''lobatolaciniata'' <small>Mátyás</small> |''Quercus cerris'' subf. ''mucronata'' <small>Mátyás</small> |''Quercus cerris'' subf. ''mucronatobipinnata'' <small>Mátyás</small> |''Quercus cerris'' subf. ''mucronatopinnata'' <small>Mátyás</small> |''Quercus cerris'' subf. ''pinnatilobata'' <small>Mátyás</small> |''Quercus cerris'' f. ''roborilobata'' <small>Mátyás</small> |''Quercus cerris'' subf. ''rotundatolaciniata'' <small>Mátyás</small> |''Quercus cerris'' subf. ''rotundatolobata'' <small>Mátyás</small> |''Quercus cerris'' subf. ''rotundilobata'' <small>Mátyás</small> |''Quercus cerris'' f. ''sinuatolobata'' <small>Mátyás</small> |''Quercus cerris'' subf. ''sublobata'' <small>Mátyás</small> |''Quercus cerris'' subf. ''submucronata'' <small>Mátyás</small> |''Quercus cerris'' f. ''verae-csapodyae'' <small>Mátyás</small> |''Quercus crinita'' <small>Lam.</small> |''Quercus crispa'' <small>Steud.</small> |''Quercus echinata'' <small>Salisb.</small> |''Quercus frondosa'' <small>Steud.</small> |''Quercus haliphlaeos'' <small>Lam.</small> |''Quercus heterophylla'' <small>A.DC.</small> |''Quercus lanuginosa'' <small>Lam.</small> |''Quercus nicotrae'' <small>Lojac.</small> |''Quercus pseudocerris'' <small>Boiss.</small> |''Quercus ragnal'' <small>Lodd. ex Loudon</small> |''Quercus raynal'' <small>K.Koch</small> |''Quercus secondatii'' <small>Steud.</small> |''Quercus thracica'' <small>Stef. & Nedjalkov</small> |''Quercus tournefortii'' <small>Willd.</small> |''Quercus tukhtensis'' <small>Czeczott</small> |''Quercus variegata'' <small>Lodd. ex Steud.</small> }} }} Le '''querco cerre''' ([[Lingua latin|nomine scientific]]: ''Quercus cerris'', [[Carl von Linné|Linneo]] [[1753]]) es un [[arbore]] con [[folio]]s [[caduc]] e [[cupula]]s con [[scalia]]s hirsute, pertinente al [[Cerris|(sub)genere ''Cerris'']] del familia [[Fagaceae|Fagacee]]. Illo cresce spontanee de [[Italia]] al [[Oriente Medie]] e ha essite naturalisate in [[Europa]] central. {{Refer}} [[Categoria:Fagales]] m10x9rou34o45werhedukgrmstb7biz 0 59360 705757 676222 2026-11-11T07:19:02Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 705757 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Italic title}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Quercus faginea'' | fossil_range = | image = Quejigo de la Molinera.JPG | image_caption = Un caixico o querco portugese. | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Jerome, D. |author2=Vazquez, F. |date=2018 |title=''Quercus faginea'' |volume=2018 |page=e.T78916251A78916554 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T78916251A78916554.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> | domain = [[Eukaryota]] | regnum = [[Planta]]e <!--| superdivisio = [[Embryophyta]]--> | divisio = [[Tracheophyta]] <!--| subdivisio = [[Spermophyta]]--> | superclassis = [[Angiospermae]] | classis = [[Eudicotyledoneae]] <!--| superlegio = [[Pentapetalae]]--> | legio = [[Rosidae]] <!--| sublegio = [[Fabidae]]--> | ordo = [[Fagales]] | familia = [[Fagaceae]] | subfamilia = [[Quercoideae]] <!--| genus = ''[[Quercus]]'' (polyphyletic)--> | subgenus = ''[[Quercus]]'' | sectio = ''[[Quercus (section)|Quercus]]'' | subsectio = ''Quercus'' | species_group = ''[[Roburoidea]]'' | taxon_rank = [[Specie]] | taxon = ''[[Quercus faginea]]'' | authority = [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lam.]] |synonyms = {{collapsible list | * ''Quercus alpestris'' Boiss. (1838) * ''Quercus faginea'' ssp. ''alpestris'' (Boiss.) Maire (1961) * ''Quercus lusitanica'' ssp. ''alpestris'' (Boiss.) Nyman (1881) * ''Quercus lusitanica'' ssp. ''faginea'' (Lam.) A.DC.</small><ref>https://www.floravascular.com/index.php?spp=Quercus%20faginea</ref> * ''Quercus villariana'' <small>A.Camus</small> }} | subdivision_ranks = [[Subspecie]]s<ref>GBIF [https://www.gbif.org/species/2881480 ''Quercus faginea'' Lam.] GBIF</ref> | subdivision = {{collapsible list | * ''Q. f.'' ssp. ''faginea'' * ''Q. f.'' ssp. ''maroccana'' <small>(Braun-Blanq. & Maire) F.M.Vázquez & Coombes</small> * ''Q. f.'' ssp. ''oscensis '' <small>(P.Monts.) F.M.Vázquez</small> }} | range_map = Quercus faginea range.svg | range_map_caption = Geographic repartition. }} Le '''caixico''', '''querco faginee''' o '''querco portugese''' ('''''Quercus faginea''''') es un [[specie]] de [[querco]]s del [[Peninsula Iberic]] et Nord de Africa. Es un arbusto o [[arbore]] caducifoliate o semisemperverde. == Etymologia == Le [[epitheto]] ''faginea'' indica un similaritate con le folios del [[fagus|fago]]. Le nomine caixico [kajʃiko] ([[Lingua aragonese|aragonese]] ''caixico'', [[Asturianos|asturian]] ''caxigu'', [[espaniol]] ''quejigo'') es basate sur un radice preroman explicante alsi le [[Gascones|gascon]] ''casse'', [[Lingua picarde|picarde]] ''quesne'', [[Lingua francese|francese]] ''chêne'' de un [[Etymologia|etymon]] supponite *''cassano''. == Classification == Le ''Quercus faginea'' es geneticamente proxime del ''[[Quercus pubescens]]'', ''vulcanica'', ''kotschyana'', ''cedrorum'', ''infectoria'', ''boissieri''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hipp |first1=Andrew L. |last2=Manos |first2=Paul S. |last3=Hahn |first3=Marlene |last4=Avishai |first4=Michael |last5=Bodénès |first5=Cathérine |last6=Cavender-Bares |first6=Jeannine|last7=Crowl |first7=Andrew A. |last8=Deng |first8=Min |last9=Denk |first9=Thomas |last10=Fitz-Gibbon |first10=Sorel |last11=Gailing |first11=Oliver |display-authors=3 |date=2019-10-14 |title=Genomic landscape of the global oak phylogeny |journal=New Phytologist |volume=226 |issue=4 |pages=1198–1212 |doi=10.1111/nph.16162 |pmid=31609470 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Le ''Quercus x tlemcenensis'' es considerate como un hybrida de ''Q. canariensis'' e ''Q. faginea''.<ref>{{Cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241111235451/https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:296826-1 |archivedate=2024-11-11 |title=Archive copy |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:296826-1 |accessdate=2025-02-01}}</ref> Le subspecie ''Q. f. broteroi'' serea un synonymo de ''Q. f. faginea''.<ref>https://www.gbif.org/fr/species/5939311</ref> <gallery> Quercus faginea Archidona.jpg|''Quercus faginea'' in hiberno. Quercus faginea e bugalho.JPG|Folios e glande. </gallery> {{refer}} [[Categoria:Fagales]] qxz3tffo4prv8rzf9pqvjpav58n1bki 0 59361 705755 678721 2026-11-11T07:17:24Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 705755 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = ''Quercus coccifera'' | fossil_range = | image = Quercus coccifera coccifera, Bot.jpg | image_caption = Un carrasco. | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |title=''Quercus coccifera'' |last1=Gorener |first1=V. |last2=Barstow |first2=M. |last3=Harvey-Brown |first3=Y. |name-list-style=amp |page=e.T194078A2296598 |date=2018 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T194078A2296598.en |access-date=25 January 2024 }}</ref> | domain = [[Eukaryota]] | regnum = [[Planta]]e <!--| superdivisio = [[Embryophyta]]--> | divisio = [[Tracheophyta]] <!--| subdivisio = [[Spermophyta]]--> | superclassis = [[Angiospermae]] | classis = [[Eudicotyledoneae]] <!--| superlegio = [[Pentapetalae]]--> | legio = [[Rosidae]] <!--| sublegio = [[Fabidae]]--> | ordo = [[Fagales]] | familia = [[Fagaceae]] | subfamilia = [[Quercoideae]] | genus = ''[[Quercus]]'' | subgenus = ''[[Cerris]]'' | sectio= ''[[Ilex (section)|Ilex]]'' | taxon_rank = [[Specie]] | taxon = ''Quercus coccifera'' | authority = [[Carl von Linné|L.]] | subdivision_ranks = Subspecies | subdivision = | range_map = Quercus coccifera range.svg | range_map_caption = Geographic repartition. | synonyms_ref = <ref name=POWO_295963-1>{{cite web |title=''Quercus coccifera'' L.. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |url=http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:295963-1 |access-date=2023-02-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029070305/http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:295963-1 |archivedate=2021-10-29 |accessdate=2025-02-02 }}</ref> | synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets = true |''Ilex aculeata'' <small>Garsault</small> |''Quercus aquifolia'' <small>Kotschy ex A.DC., nom. subnud.</small> |''Quercus arcuata'' <small>Kotschy ex A.DC.</small> |''Quercus brachybalanos'' <small>Kotschy ex A.DC.</small> |''Quercus calliprinos'' <small>Webb</small> |''Quercus chainolepis'' <small>Kotschy ex A.DC.</small> |''Quercus coccifera'' subsp. ''calliprinos'' <small>(Webb) Holmboe</small> |''Quercus coccifera'' subsp. ''cryptocarpa'' <small>Svent. & Marcet</small> |''Quercus coccifera'' subsp. ''kryptocarpa'' <small>Svent. & Marcet</small> |''Quercus coccifera'' subsp. ''palaestina'' <small>(Kotschy) Holmboe</small> |''Quercus consobrina'' <small>Kotschy ex A.DC.</small> |''Quercus cretica'' <small>Raulin ex A.DC., pro syn.</small> |''Quercus dipsacina'' <small>Kotschy ex A.DC.</small> |''Quercus dispar'' <small>Kotschy ex A.DC., nom. illeg.</small> |''Quercus echinata'' <small>Kotschy ex A.DC., not validly publ.</small> |''Quercus fenzlii'' <small>Kotschy</small> |''Quercus inops'' <small>Kotschy ex A.DC., not validly publ.</small> |''Quercus mesto'' <small>Boiss.</small> |''Quercus obtecta'' <small>Poir.</small> |''Quercus palaestina'' <small>Kotschy</small> |''Quercus pentadactyla'' <small>Bosc</small> |''Quercus pseudorigida'' <small>Kotschy ex A.Camus</small> |''Quercus recurvans'' <small>Kotschy ex A.DC.</small> |''Quercus rigida'' <small>Willd.</small> |''Quercus sibthorpii'' <small>Kotschy ex Boiss.</small> |''Quercus valida'' <small>Kotschy ex A.DC. </small> |''Scolodrys rigida'' <small>(Willd.) Raf.</small> }} }} Le '''carrasco''', '''coscolio''', '''querco cerro''', '''garrico''', '''querco spinofoliate''' o '''querco kermes''' ([[Lingua latin|nomine scientific]]: '''''Quercus coccifera''''', [[Carl von Linné|Linneo]] [[1753]]) es un [[specie]] de [[Quercus|querco]]s pertine al [[Ilex (section)|section Ilex]] del [[Cerris|(sub)genere ''Cerris'']] del [[Familia (rango taxonomic)|familia]] [[Fagaceae]]. Es un arbusto de [[virgulto]] [[semperverde]] con [[folio]]s spinose, diffundite in le paises del bassino [[Mar Mediterranee|mediterranee]]. Es geneticamente proxime de ''{{Ill|d|Quercus aucheri|Q4673817}}'' e ''{{Ill|d|Q. calliprinos|Q2666806}}''. == Etymologia == Carrasco e garrico deriva de un [[Radice (linguistica)|radice]] prelatin ''karr'' 'querco'. Cerro corresponde al latin ''cerrus'' del mesme radice ''karr''. Coscolio, del latin ''cusculium'' 'galla', ''coccifera'', del grec κόκκος '[[cochinilia]]' e latin ''-fer'' 'portar', e kermes, del [[arabe]] ''qirmiz'', refere al [[galla]]s causate sul arbusto per cochinilias e al [[tinctura]] facite con illos. <gallery> File:Quercus coccifera (14).JPG|[[Trunco]] File:Quercus coccifera (9).JPG|[[Folio]]s File:Quercus coccifera (10).JPG|Disposition sul [[ramo]] File:Quercus coccifera MHNT.BOT.2008.1.15.jpg|[[Glande]]s </gallery> {{Refer}} [[Categoria:Fagales]] 4lt6cacpkks1ijsc6cdbj1ay0qir0qc 0 59363 705739 689838 2026-11-11T04:19:25Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 705739 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/articulo/entitate territorial}} '''Krasnodar''', anteriormente '''Yekaterinodar''' (usque 1920), es le maxime grande urbe e le centro administrative de Krasnodar Krai, Russia. Le urbe es situate super le fluvio Kuban in le sud de Russia,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://krd.ru/o-krasnodare/istoriya-goroda/|title=История города|work=krd.ru|accessdate=2025-12-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214171752/https://krd.ru/o-krasnodare/istoriya-goroda/|archivedate=2024-12-14|language=ru}}</ref> con un population de 1,154,885 residentes, e usque 1.263 milliones de residentes in le Urban Okrug.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/%D0%A1hisl_MO_01-01-2025.xlsx|title=Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2025 года|accessdate=2025-12-09|work=rosstat.gov.ru|language=ru|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250505020344/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/%D0%A1hisl_MO_01-01-2025.xlsx|archivedate=2025-05-05}}</ref> In le ultime decennio, Krasnodar ha experientiate un rapide crescentia del population, deveniente le decime urbe le maxime grande in Russia, e le urbe le maxime grande in le sud de Russia, assi como in le Districto Federal del Sud. Le urbe ha su origine in 1793 como un fortalessa construite per le Cosacos, e ha devenite un centro de commercio pro le sud de Russia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://krasnodar.ru/content/40/show/34743/|title=Krasnodar|work=krasnodar.ru|accessdate=2025-12-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804204606/https://krasnodar.ru/content/40/show/34743/|archivedate=2018-08-04|language=ru}}</ref> Le urbe ha suffrite grave damnos dum le Secunde Guerra Mundial, ma ha essite reconstruite e renovellate post le bello. Krasnodar es un importante centro economic in le sud de Russia; In 2012, Forbes ha nominate Krasnodar como le melior urbe pro le negocios in Russia. Krasnodar es le domicilio de numerose attractiones, includente le Stadio de Krasnodar. Su principal aeroporto es le Aeroporto International de Krasnodar. {{refer}} == Ligamines externe == * {{cite web|url=https://hedclub.com/en/publication/krasnodarskij_kraj_zhemchuzhina_yuga_rossii_784|title=Krasnodar Territory. Pearl of the South of Russia|date=2024-12-27|work=hedclub.com|accessdate=2025-12-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250621043553/https://hedclub.com/en/publication/krasnodarskij_kraj_zhemchuzhina_yuga_rossii_784|archivedate=2025-06-21|language=en}} [[Categoria:Citates in Russia]] oqy78s2je1ctlehp79k5aft338wr7pb 0 60788 705722 699423 2026-11-10T23:51:53Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 705722 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commercio international}} On defini como '''commercio exterior''' o '''commercio international''' le movimento que ha le [[benes e servicios|benes e servicios, ressources, ideas e technologias]] a transverso del distinte paises e lor mercatos, sia interne sia externe. Illo se realisa utilisante divisas e es subjecte a regulationes additional que le participantes in le intercambio e le governamentos de lor paises de origine stabilite. Al realisar operationes commercial international, le paises implicate se beneficia mutualmente al positionar melior lor productos e entrar in mercatos estranier.<ref>{{cita libro|apellidos1=Ballesteros Román|nombre1=Alfonso J.|título=Comercio Exterior: teoría y práctica|fecha=1998|editorial=Universidad de Murcia.Servicio de Publicaciones|ubicación=España|isbn=84-8371-061-7|página=11|edición=1°|url=https://books.google.com.mx/books?id=aPnsvU2CMVIC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|fechaacceso=23 de mayo de 2015|}}</ref> Le economias del commercio exterior se denomina ''economias aperte''. Iste processo de apertura externe se initiava fundamentalmente in le secunde medietate del 20e seculo, e de forma spectacular in le decennio de 1990, al incorporar se le economias [[latinoamerican]], de [[Europa del Est]] e le [[oriente asiatic]]. Cata vice existe major interrelation inter lo que occurre in le mercatos international e lo que succede in le economia de un pais determinate. == Theorias del commercio international == Le differente theorias que explica le processo de functionamento del commercio international tenta trovar qual es le causas de iste commercio, pro quare le paises commercia, e studia le effectos del '''commercio international''' super le production e le consumo del paises o regiones economic.<ref name=ice858>{{cita publicación |apellidos=González Blanco |nombre=Raquel |año=2011 |título=Diferentes teorías del comercio internacional |títulotrad= |url=http://www.revistasice.com/CachePDF/ICE_858_103-118__9F7A85DC90A777675E3E806341418974.pdf |publicación=Información Comercial Española, Revista de economía |número=858 |9= |páginas=103-117 |editorial=Secretaría de Estado de Comercio Exterior, Gobierno de España |fechaacceso=4 de junio de 2011 |fechaarchivo=14 de diciembre de 2013 |urlarchivo=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214084727/http://www.revistasice.com/CachePDF/ICE_858_103-118__9F7A85DC90A777675E3E806341418974.pdf |deadurl=yes }}</ref> === Mercantilismo === Le [[mercantilismo]] non es un theoria, es un practica commercial. In Anglaterra a medietate del 16e seculo, illo esseva utilisate como un systema economic, le qual esseva adoptate per altere economias europee. Iste systema se characterisava in que le paises plus ric esseva illos que conservava major quantitates de metallos preciose, auro e argento; ante isto, le paises possedeva un alte interesse pro preservar un superavit commercial (exportar plus que importar) pro incrementar le ricchessa national.<ref>{{Cita libro|apellidos=Hill|nombre=Charles|título=ISE international business: Competing in the global marketplace|año=2022|editorial=McGraw Hill|edición=14}}</ref> Le [[economista]] e scriptor anglese, [[Thomas Mun]], explica: <blockquote>Le medios ordinari pro augmentar nostre ricchessa e tresor es per le commercio exterior, pro lo que nos debe semper observar iste regula: vender plus annualmente al estranieros in valor de lo que nos consume de illes.<ref>{{Cita publicación|url=https://www.haciendoescuela.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/material/APTUS-08-HIST-07.pdf|título=Transformaciones económicas: mercantilismo|apellidos=Mun|nombre=Thomas|fecha=1621|publicación=La riqueza de Inglaterra por el comercio exterior.|fechaacceso=13-04-2023}}</ref></blockquote>Iste systema requireva le intervention del governamento pro disvelopper politicas que fomentava le exportation a transverso del subsidio; in plus, con le creation de tariffas e quotas on cercava minimisar le importationes. Le mercantilismo sequeva 9 principios base:<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://concepto.de/mercantilismo/|título=Mercantilismo - Concepto, origen, pilares y críticas|fechaacceso=2023-04-13|sitioweb=Concepto|idioma=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.elhistoriador.com.ar/el-mercantilismo/|título=El mercantilismo|fechaacceso=2023-04-13|apellido=Pigna|nombre=Felipe|fecha=2018-02-06|sitioweb=El Historiador|idioma=es}}</ref> # Utilisar le territorio pro le agricultura, mineria e manufactura. # Utilisar le materia prima del pais pro le manufactura national. Un ben finite vale plus que le materia prima. # Fomentar le travalio in un population abundante. # Prohibir tote le exportationes de auro e argento, in plus de mantener in circulation tote le moneta national. # Obstaculisar le importationes de benes estranier. # Si determinate importationes es requirite, obtener los in cambio de altere benes, sed non utilisar metallos preciose como pagamento. # Limitar le importationes a productos escasse in le pais. # Cercar opportunitates de exportar le excedente de manufacturas, specialmente in cambio de auro e argento. # Prohibir le importation de productos disponibile in le pais. Alcun economistas classic como [[David Hume]], [[Adam Smith]] e [[David Ricardo]] criticava iste systema economic, post que, in un periodo prolongate non existe pais apte pro mantener un superavit commercial con le auro e argento como divisa. Alcun altere economistas que apportava al mercantilismo esseva: ==== Edward Misselden ==== Ille esseva un commerciante cuje rolo principal se developpava a transverso del pensamento economic del mercantilismo. Su apportos es principalmente re le [[balancia commercial]], post que ille esseva le prime a parlar super iste thema. Dicte concepto esseva symbolisate in terminos de credito e debito. De equal maniera ille apportava le “balancia de commercio multilateral” le qual in le actualitate es le [[balancia de pagamentos]].<ref>{{Cita publicación|url=https://ideas.repec.org//b/elg/eebook/635.html|título=The Early Mercantilists: Thomas Mun (1571–1641), Edward Misselden (1608–1634) and Gerard de Malynes (1586–1623)|apellidos=Blaug|nombre=Mark|fecha=1991|publicación=Books|fechaacceso=2023-04-13|idioma=en}}</ref> ===== Juan Bodino ===== Ille esseva un philosopho, cuje attributo al mercantilismo esseva un tractato del moneta, ubi ille exprimeva que le costos montava debite al existentia del auro, le argento e le monopolios.<ref>{{Cita publicación|url=http://ri.uaemex.mx/bitstream/handle/20.500.11799/63018/secme-37695.pdf;jsessionid=FEF870A62D5C5C28E0C8C16A9424166F?sequence=1|título=Teorías del Pensamiento Económico. Estudiando el pasado, entendiendo el presente|apellidos=VALENCIA SANDOVAL|nombre=KARINA|fecha=Septiembre, 2016|publicación=Teorías del Pensamiento Económico. Estudiando el pasado, entendiendo el presente|fechaacceso=13-04-2023}}</ref> ====== Jean Bapstiste Colbert ====== Ille esseva un del principal ministros de Francia in le regno de [[Luis XIV de Francia|Luis XIV]]. Baptiste creava un systema economic que se basava in accumular le ricchessa. Pro ducer a cabo isto on realisava diverse restrictiones al commercio, defensa al industria inter alteres.<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://economipedia.com/definiciones/colbertismo.html|título=Colbertismo - Definición, qué es y concepto|fechaacceso=2023-04-13|apellido=Roldán|nombre=Paula Nicole|sitioweb=Economipedia|idioma=es}}</ref> ====== Antonio Serra ====== Ille esseva un economista, qui explicava como le typos de cambio del divisas es effecto e indice del balancia de pagamentos, e analysa le benes que lo compone, superante le analyse traditional que se face in terminos de exportationes e importationes.<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/|título=Antonio Serra: A Neglected Herald of the Acquisitive System|apellido=Sumberg|nombre=Theodore A|fecha=1991|sitioweb=American Journal of Economics and Sociology|páginas=365-373.}}</ref> == Theoria del superavit commercial == Le theoria del superavit commercial remonta a finales del 14e seculo, habente su major apogeo in le 16e, 17e e parte del 18e seculos. Illo stabiliva que le unic forma de augmentar le possession de metallos preciose esseva a transverso del augmento del exportation de benes in relation con le importationes.<ref>{{Cita web|url=http://webs.ucm.es/BUCM/cee/doc/03010003.htm|título=Sinopsis de la historia del pensamiento dobre economía internacional|fechaacceso=2023-04-13|sitioweb=webs.ucm.es|title=Archive copy|accessdate=2026-03-03|archivedate=2023-04-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418065750/http://webs.ucm.es/BUCM/cee/doc/03010003.htm}}</ref> Pro le nationes que contava con un systema economic mercantilista, on considerava indispensabile mantener un superavit intra le balancia commercial, pro haber major ricchessa intra le nation e proteger le inricchimento del prime Statos Nation (Espania, Anglaterra, Francia e Hollanda). Iste theoria considerava que le barrieras al commercio international esseva requirite pro proteger e mantener lor ricchessas intra le nation.<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://economipedia.com/definiciones/superavit-comercial.html|título=Superávit comercial - Definición, qué es y concepto|fechaacceso=2023-04-13|apellido=Arias|nombre=Andrés Sevilla|sitioweb=Economipedia|idioma=es}}</ref> Le balancia commercial es un indicador in le commercio international, se calcula a transverso del differentia inter le exportationes e le importationes de un pais in un tempore determinate. Dicte balancia pote esser superavitari o deficitari. == Theorias heterodoxe == On recognosce como theorias heterodoxe un conjuncto de theorias e modellos, tales como: Marxismo, keynesianismo, economia Institutional e le theoria del complexitate; que critica le vision classic del economia, intentante explicar le difficultates que ha alcun paises pro attinger lor disveloppamento economic, enfocante lor attention in le inequalitates originate per le commercio international.<ref>{{Cita publicación|título=Aproximación a las teorías heterodoxas del comercio internacional|apellidos=Oñativia|nombre=Octavio|publicación=Grupo de estudios internacionales contemporáneos|fechaacceso=13-04-2023|issn=1853 1873}}</ref> Iste theorias ha un characteristica in commun, post que illos sustene que le commercio international non beneficia equitativemente a tote le paises. Inter le theorias heterodoxe plus conite se trova: * [[Marxismo]]''':''' Iste currente se basa in le obra de [[Karl Marx]] e [[Friedrich Engels|Engels]], e sustene que le lucta de classes es le motor del historia e le economia. Le marxismo critica le capitalismo e propone le abolition del proprietate private pro stabilir un societate socialista.<ref>{{Cita publicación|url=|título=Los marxistas pensando el marxismo: entre la teoría y la práctica|apellidos=Pérez Soto,|nombre=Olga|fecha=2021|publicación=Los marxistas pensando el marxismo: entre la teoría y la práctica.|volumen=Economía y Desarrollo, 165|fechaacceso=2023-04-13|issn=2040-3364|doi=}}</ref> * [[Keynesianismo]]: Iste theoria surgeva a partir del ideas de [[John Maynard Keynes]], qui proponeva politicas economic que fomenta le demanda aggregate pro superar le crises economic. Le keynesianismo sustene que le Stato ha un rolo importante in le regulation del economia, a transverso de politicas fiscal e monetari.<ref>{{Cita libro|título=Keynesianism|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-349-21315-3_46|editorial=Palgrave Macmillan UK|fecha=1991|fechaacceso=2023-04-13|isbn=978-0-333-55177-6|páginas=367–370|doi=10.1007/978-1-349-21315-3_46|idioma=en|nombre=John|apellidos=Eatwell|nombre-editor=John|apellido-editor=Eatwell}}</ref> * [[Economia institutional]]: Iste theoria se centra in le analyse del institutiones que influe in le comportamento economic del individuos e le organisationes. Le economia institutional considera que le institutiones, como le normas social e le regulationes, es fundamental pro comprender le economia.<ref>{{Cita publicación|url=https://www.revistas.una.ac.cr/index.php/economia/article/view/10569|título=La Economía Institucional y su relación con los sectores productivos|apellidos=Jiménez|nombre=María Leonela Artavia|apellidos2=Vindas|nombre2=Shirley Benavides|fecha=2018-06-15|publicación=Economía y Sociedad|volumen=23|número=53|páginas=84–102|fechaacceso=2023-04-13|idioma=ES|issn=2215-3403|doi=10.15359/eys.23-53.5|apellidos3=Gómez|nombre3=Álvaro Martín Parada}}</ref> * Theoria del complexitate: Iste currente se basa in le theoria de systemas complexe e sustene que le economia es un systema complexe composite per multiple factores interconnectite. Le theoria del complexitate se enfoca in comprender le dynamica e le interactiones inter le differente elementos del systema economic.<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.exploring-economics.org/es/orientacion/complexity-economics/|título=Economía de la complejidad {{!}} Exploring Economics|fechaacceso=2023-04-13|sitioweb=www.exploring-economics.org|idioma=es}}</ref> Iste theorias heterodoxe, inter alteres, plantea perspectivas alternative al currentes dominante in le economia e altere disciplinas, e pote esser utile pro comprender o abordar problemas complexe ab approches diverse. == Le these Singer Prebisch == Le these Singer-Prebisch sustene que existe un tendentia historic a lunge termino de deterioramento del terminos de intercambio inter le paises productores de materias primas e le paises industrialisate in le sectores de benes manufacturate. De iste forma, iste ideas se considera que appoia le principios protectionista del commercio international. Iste these esseva proponite in le decennio de 1950 per le economistas Hans Singer e [[Raúl Prébisch|Raúl Prebisch]], e se basa in le observation de que le precios del materias primas, como le caffe, le cacao, le petroleo e le cupro, ha tendite a cader in terminos real in relation con le precios del productos manufacturate, como le automobiles e le apparatos electrodomestic. Secundo le these Singer-Prebisch, iste tendentia se debe a que le paises disveloppate ha avantages tanto technologic como de capital, que les permitte producer benes manufacturate plus efficientemente e con un minor costo in comparation con le paises in disveloppamento, le quales tende a specialisar se in le production de materias primas. In plus, le these sustene que le paises disveloppate ha utilisate lor poter economic e politic pro mantener le precios basse del materias primas, cercante obtener beneficios in le commercio international.<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.exploring-economics.org/es/descubrir/tesis-prebisch-singer-caida-de-los-terminos-de-/|título=Tesis Prebisch-Singer Caída de los términos de intercambio {{!}} Exploring Economics|fechaacceso=2023-04-13|sitioweb=www.exploring-economics.org|idioma=es}}</ref> Como responsa a iste situation, le defensores del these Singer-Prebisch ha proponite diverse politicas economic pro reducer le dependentia del paises in disveloppamento del exportation de materias primas, dum fomenta le disveloppamento de industrias manufacturere national. Inter iste politicas se include le nationalisation de ressources natural, le investition in education e technologia, le regulation del precios del materias primas e le promotion del commercio regional inter paises in disveloppamento. Existe exemplos de paises in disveloppamento que ha luate a meliorar lor position in le commercio international a transverso del production e exportation de benes manufacturate de alte qualitate. Tamen, isto continua esser relevante pro comprender le inequalitates economic global e le politicas necesse pro abordar los.<ref>{{Cita libro|título=Teoría del comercio internacional|url=https://books.google.com.pe/books?id=vWAEfcJWwqwC&printsec=frontcover&hl=es#v=onepage&q&f=false|editorial=Siglo XXI|fecha=2005|fechaacceso=2023-04-13|isbn=978-968-23-1666-1|idioma=es|nombre=Ricardo Torres|apellidos=Gaytán}}</ref> == Theorias classic == Le theoria classic gira circa le interaction que occurre inter le commercio e le [[crescentia economic]], basante se sur duo brancas como lo es le theoria del avantage absolute e le theoria del avantage comparative. === Theoria de avantage absolute === Iste theoria destaca le importantia que ha le libere commercio pro incrementar le ricchessa del nationes.<ref>{{Cita web|url=http://www.economia.unam.mx/assets/pdfs/econinfo/397/03DarioIbarra.pdf|título=Crítica a la Teoría Clásica del Comercio Internacional, un enfoque de equilibrio general entre país grande y país pequeño.|fechaacceso=09 de marzo de 2023|apellido=Ibarra Zavala|nombre=Darío|fecha=2016|title=Archive copy|accessdate=2026-03-03|archivedate=2026-05-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260501034943/https://www.economia.unam.mx/assets/pdfs/econinfo/397/03DarioIbarra.pdf}}</ref> Assi mesme, on face emphase in le importantia de reconoscer le scarsitate de recursos e le necessitate de stabilir un systema de distribution de benes; de iste modo, le paises pote esser capace de producer e exportar productos que require un recurso abundante de maniera local, e importar los que demanda un recurso scarse.<ref>{{Cita libro|apellidos=Cardozo|nombre=Pedro Pablo|título=Teoría de internacionalización|url=https://ezproxy.upaep.mx2169/servlet/articulo?codigo=4780130|fechaacceso=06 de marzo de 2023|año=2007|editorial=Panorama|isbn=|páginas=54-82|capítulo=12}}</ref> Le theoria del avantage absolute sustene que le commercio international pote esser mutualmente benefic pro le paises que se trova realisante un intercambio de benes e servicios. Pro iste ration, le paises utilisa iste theoria como un methodo de comparation de costos; isto les permitte medir le competitivitate con le qual illos conta ante le mercato international.<ref name=":0">{{Cita web|url=https://unade.edu.mx/ventaja-absoluta-y-comparativa/|título=Ventaja absoluta y comparativa|fechaacceso=2023-04-13|apellido=UNADE|nombre=Universidad|fecha=2022-04-21|sitioweb=Universidad Americana de Europa|idioma=es-MX}}</ref> Con lo mentionate in le paragraphos anterior, on pote definir le avantage absolute como: le capacitate de producer un ben a un costo minor. Dante como resultato, que un pais pote beneficiar se economic- e commercialmente producente e exportante benes de quales le materia prima abunda in le territorio national e importante mercantias de quales illos non poterea considerar se ric. Un exemplo de isto serea: si un persona conta con melior technologia, plus tempore, plus capital o melior habilitates que un altere pro producer alcun producto, isto significa que illo ha le avantage absolute de dicte producto. Le beneficios in le commercio surge a partir del avantages comparative, assi que le personas pote obtener beneficios commercial gratias al avantage comparative.<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://economipedia.com/definiciones/ventaja-absoluta.html|título=Ventaja absoluta - Definición, qué es y concepto|fechaacceso=2023-04-13|apellido=Galán|nombre=Javier Sánchez|sitioweb=Economipedia|idioma=es}}</ref> Le instrumentos que constitue le superioritate competitive del avantage absolute es:<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.esic.edu/rethink/comercial-y-ventas/que-es-ventaja-absoluta|título=¿Qué es la ventaja absoluta? {{!}} ESIC|fechaacceso=2023-04-13|sitioweb=www.esic.edu|idioma=es}}</ref> * Recursos technologic, ja que le evolution del technologia es clave pro optimisar le processos productive e reducer costos approfitante le medios existente. * Tempore, pois quanto minus tempore se emplea in le production de un ben, plus productos on potera mitter al mercato, in un periodo minor. * Investimento, pro poter analisar differente fatias de processos de production e destinar le recursos necessari a cata un de illos. * Labor, accelerante le processo de production del benes. Le characteristicas que forni le theoria del avantage absolute es:<ref>{{Cita web|url=http://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/eserv/bibliuned:BFD-1994-7-14428D99/PD|título=La hipótesis de la ventaja absoluta y la nueva teoría del comercio internacional|apellido=Prado|nombre=Javier|año=1994|páginas=217-224}}</ref> * On ha le credentia que un pais habera le capacitate de exportar un producto solmente si illo ha le costo plus basse. * On prende como referentia le relation inter le valor del producto e le quantitate que on pote producer per hora de labor. * On destaca le importantia del libere commercio como forma in que le ricchessas del paises pote incrementar se. * On emphase le recursos interne e proprie del paises. Tamen, se trova alcun limitationes in iste theoria: * In le theoria non se includeva le costo de transportation ni le mobilitate del travaliatores, per lo que se difficulta le processo de inferer que un pais pote esser plus productive con minus recursos. * Le regulationes que favori un industria a transverso del costos de opportunitate arriva a quitar le mesme recursos a un altere; lo que impedi que existe formas con major avantage.<ref name=":0" /> * Debite a iste limitationes presentate, existe un theoria que contradice le del avantage absolute; a isto on lo cognosce como: Theoria del avantage comparative. Dum que le avantage absolute implica que un del paises es melior in le production de un ben, assi le avantage comparative face referentia al costo de opportunitate que existe pro un pais in le qual su production de un determinate ben non habera le necessitate de producer un altere.<ref>{{Cita publicación|url=http://revistas.bancomext.gob.mx/rce/magazines/315/7/RCE7.pdf|título=La técnica, los costos, la ventaja absoluta y la competitividad|apellidos=Guerrero|nombre=Diego|fecha=2018|publicación=Comercio exterior|fechaacceso=10 de marzo de 2023}}</ref> ==== Theoria del avantage comparative o relative ==== {{AP|Avantage comparative}} Le theoria del avantage comparative esseva proponite como base pro incrementar le benesser economic del population a transverso del commercio international, favoriente le production specialisate de un pais con base in le uso intensive de [[factores de production]] in le quales illo ha un avantage comparative, como in materia prima, terras fertile o man de opera, e le comercialisation con altere paises de ille benes que illo produce de maniera plus efficiente.<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.bancomext.com/glosario/ventaja-comparativa-comparative-advantage-eco|título=Ventaja Comparativa|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123094050/https://www.bancomext.com/glosario/ventaja-comparativa-comparative-advantage-eco/|archivedate=2025-01-23|title=Archive copy|accessdate=2026-03-03}}</ref> Iste theoria conduce a un major efficientia in le production e a un major prosperitate economic pro tote le paises implicate. Al esser considerate un theoria classic, ha surgite criticas contrari a isto, que pone in dubita le veritate del avantage comparative; gratias a nove variabiles como le competentia desleal e le [[dumping]] que pote damnar le industria national e le economia. Le libere commercio tende a crear inequalitates economic e social intra un pais, e malgrado iste limitationes, iste theoria continua essente acceptate como parte del theorias del economia international. Le [[evidentia empiric]] ha demonstrate que le commercio international ha contribuite al crescentia economic e le prosperitate in multe paises. In plus de esser utile pro comprender le cambios in le patronos de commercio e como istos pote affectar differente paises e sectores del economia.<ref>{{Cita publicación|url=https://rfcca.umich.mx/index.php/rfcca/article/view/128|título=Competitividad de las Frutillas en México, a través de la Ventaja Comparativa Revelada|apellidos=Romero|nombre=Martha Beatriz Flores|apellidos2=Núñez|nombre2=Laura Ponce de León|fecha=2019-12-17|publicación=Revista de la Facultad de Contaduría y Ciencias Administrativas|volumen=4|número=8|páginas=96–105|fechaacceso=2023-04-20|idioma=es|issn=2448-6051}}</ref> '''Theoria del demanda reciproc''' Le theoria del demanda reciproc ha como sustento le theoria del avantage absolute e le theoria del avantage comparative; in iste theoria [[John Stuart Mill|Mill]] propone un nove perspectiva ubi le intercambio de mercantias debe enfocar se in le extension del demanda interne de un pais con respecto a un altere.<ref>{{Cita publicación|url=https://journals.copmadrid.org/jwop/art/tr2013a16|título=La teoría de las demandas y los recursos laborales|apellidos=Bakker|nombre=Arnold B.|apellidos2=Demerouti|nombre2=Evangelia|fecha=2014-02-14|publicación=Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology|volumen=29|número=3|páginas=107–115|fechaacceso=2023-04-20|idioma=es|issn=1576-5962|doi=10.5093/tr2013a16}}</ref> De accordo con le autor, le intercambio commercial inter nationes de differente dimensiones beneficiara le pais plus parve; isto se debe al relation del cambio de qui tende a esser plus proxime al pais grande, pois le offerta del pais parve es inferior al demanda del pais grande, per lo que illo tende a augmentar le precio del ben exportate per le pais parve.<ref>{{Cita libro|apellidos=García|nombre=Jose|título=INTRODUCCIÓN AL COMERCIO INTERNACIONAL|url=https://archivos.juridicas.unam.mx/www/bjv/libros/1/179/4.pdf|fechaacceso=20-04-2023|año=2016}}</ref> Pro Mill, le intercambio commercial inter duo paises esseva le resultato del gustos e situationes economic del consumitores que pertineva a cata un del nationes; es per illo que varia le typos de productos e le quantitates que cata pais besonia [[Importación|importar]] de un altere pais. De equal forma, illo affirma que le [[Exportación|exportationes]] de un territorio se rinfortira in le mesura in que le mesme compra o importa mercantias producite in un altere, sustenente assi que: <blockquote>Le successo de un pais reside in haber un [[Superávit económico|superavit]] in su exportationes; le paises paga lor importationes con le exportationes, per lo tanto, le costo real de importationes es le valor de production del mercantias que illo exporta.<ref>{{Cita libro|edición=1. ed.|título=El ajedrez del libre comercio: integración, competitividad y globalización en Colombia y los países andinos|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL16333765M/El_ajedrez_del_libre_comercio|editorial=Universidad Sergio Arboleda|fecha=2006|fechaacceso=2023-04-20|isbn=978-958-42-1480-5|nombre=Carlos|apellidos=Ronderos}}</ref></blockquote> === Effecto international de Fisher === Le economista statounitese [[Irving Fisher]] propone un hypothese in le ambito del finanzas international; in le qual ille explica que si le rata de inflation in un pais A es plus alte que le inflation in un pais B, tunc le rata nominal in le pais A deberea esser plus alte que le rata de interesse nominal in le pais B.<ref>{{cita publicación|url=https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/ree/02101025v15n2/02101025v15n2p149.pdf|título=¿Existe un efecto Fisher en el largo plazo? Evidencia para la economía española, 1962-1996|nombre1=óscar|apellidos2=Steve|nombre2=Vicente|fecha=Mayo 1998|publicación=Revista Española De Economía|volumen=15|número=18|fechaacceso=1 de abril de 2023|apellidos1=Bajo}}</ref> On comprende le termino rata de interesse nominal como le typo de interesse sin ajustar per le cambio in le poter acquisitive del moneta debite al inflation. Pro exemplificar lo, si un persona obtene un presto con un rata de interesse nominal del 5% annual, isto significa que illo debera pagar un 5% de interesse al anno sur le amonta del presto. Si le inflation es del 3% annual, le rata de interesse real que le prestatario pagara essera del 2% annual (rata de interesse nominal del 5% minus le inflation del 3%).<ref>{{Cita publicación|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=2475444|título=El efecto Fisher y el premio al riesgo en México|apellidos=Aragón|nombre=M. Beatriz Mota|fecha=2006|publicación=Comercio exterior|volumen=56|número=11|páginas=959–967|fechaacceso=2023-04-20|issn=0185-0601}}</ref> Le effecto Fisher international ha consequentias importante in le typos de cambio inter duo monetas differente, tal como euros e dollares. In caso que un moneta ha un rata de interesse nominal plus alte que un altere moneta, tunc on expecta que ille moneta se apprecie in relation con le altere moneta; usante le exemplo anterior, on expecta que le dollar se apprecie in relation con le euro.<ref>{{Cita publicación|título=El Efecto Fisher y la Paridad de Interés Real|apellidos=Rico|nombre=Paz|fecha=2001|publicación=Evidencia para la economía española|página=691-722|doi=10.1080/02102412.2001.10779429}}</ref> Isto se debe a que le investitores cercara investir in le moneta con le rata de interesse plus alte pro obtener un major rendimento. In summario, le effecto Fisher International es un relation importante inter le inflation e le ratas de interesse nominal in duo paises differente. Si le rata de inflation es plus alte in un pais, tunc on expecta que le rata de interesse nominal in ille pais sia plus alte que le rata de interesse nominal in un altere pais con un inflation plus basse. Isto ha implicationes pro le typo de cambio inter le monetas del duo paises, ja que on expecta que le moneta con le rata de interesse nominal plus alte se apprecie in relation con le altere moneta.<ref>{{cita publicación|url=http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/fype/v8n2/v8n2a05.pdf|título=Las hipótesis de Fisher en Latinoamérica: un análisis de cointegración|nombre1=Antonio|apellidos2=Cruz Ruiz|nombre2=Fidel Gustavo|fecha=27 de mayo 2016|publicación=2016 Universidad Católica de Colombia. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Administrativas.|volumen=8|páginas=26|fechaacceso=15 de mayo de 2023|doi=10.14718/REVFINANZPOLITECON.2016.8.2.5|pmid=22486046|apellidos1=Ruiz Porras}}</ref> ==== Modello Heckscher-Ohlin ==== {{AP|Modelo Heckscher-Ohlin}} Illo esseva formulate in 1933 per le economista [[Bertil Ohlin|Ohlin]], ben que su mentor, [[Eli Heckscher|Heckscher]], habeva planteate le theorema original in 1919. Le modello emphase le factores de production que es disponibile in le differente paises e le proportion in le qual illos es utilisate in le production de differente benes.<ref name=":0(2)">{{Cita web|url=https://economipedia.com/definiciones/modelo-heckscher-ohlin.html|título=Modelo Heckscher-Ohlin|fechaacceso=2023-04-13|apellido=Morales|nombre=Francisco Coll|sitioweb=Economipedia|idioma=es}}</ref> Secundo iste modello, le commercio international non solmente pote explicar se per le differentias in le productivitate laboral, sed tamben per le differentias in le dotation de factores inter paises, como le terra, le labor e le capital. Le quantitate relative de iste elementos varia de un pais a un altere, e le processos de production utilisa iste factores con differente intensitates relative. De iste maniera, le modello de Heckscher-Ohlin sustene que: <blockquote>Le differentias international in le dotation de factores conduce a differente avantages comparative. Le paises exporta ille benes que require intensitates de factores plus alte e, al contrario, importa ille benes que require intensitates de factores plus basse.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>Le economistas developpava iste modello que stabilite le theoria de assignation de factores, le qual indica que le paises con major capital exportara productos in relation con le mesme e le paises que es enfocate in man de opera, exportara e se specialisara in istos mesme; de iste maniera, se produce un major specialisation. A differentia del theoria del avantage absolute de Smith e del theoria del avantage comparative de Ricardo, ubi le commercio e le specialisation es determinate principalmente per le productivitate, le modello se enfoca in le dotation del labor e capital. In summario, iste modello cerca explicar como le differentias in le dotation de factores inter paises influe in le fluxos commercial international e como iste fluxos pote generar beneficios pro le paises con differente dotationes de factores. ==== Modello de gravitate del commercio ==== {{AP|Modelo de gravedad del comercio}} Iste modello stabilite que le commercio inter duo paises es proportional al dimension economic de ambe paises, mesurate per lor respective producto interne brute (PIB), e diminue con le distantia inter illos, mantenente se constante tote le altere variabiles. === Theorias neoclassic comparative === Iste theoria es un del principales del periodo neoclassic que se developpava in le annos 1870-1920, le qual surgeva con base al theorias del [[Ventaja absoluta|avantage absolute]] e [[Ventaja comparativa|comparative]] sur in que deberea specialisar se cata pais in production. Le theoria neoclassic del consumitor stipula que le factor de production principal non es le costos de production o le quantitate de recursos usate pro producer, sed le perception del consumitor super le producto mesme; un exemplo multo clar es le marcas de luxo como [[Swarovski]], [[Versace]] o [[Balenciaga (empresa)|Balenciaga]]: le costo de producer lor joias, perfumes e lor vestimentos es multo minor que le precio que illos cobra al mercato, e le ration per le qual le gente acquire lor productos es proque illos les da un stato e un experientia, lo que da un satisfaction personal al consumitores.<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.zendesk.com.mx/blog/teoria-del-consumidor/|título=[GUÍA] Teoría del consumidor: 7 trucos para vender más|fechaacceso=2023-04-19|sitioweb=Zendesk MX|idioma=es-LA}}</ref> In conclusion, le theoria neoclassic comparative es un branca del theoria neoclassic, le qual ha su bases in le avantage comparative e absolute que le paises debe specialisar se in le production de benes que ha le minor costo de production o quando illos produce plus benes habente le mesme o minor quantitate de recursos que altere paises, sed le neoclassic adjunge que istos non es le factores plus importante sed le perception del consumitor super le producto, ja que assi illos obtene un stato e un satisfaction personal. ==== Theoria del demanda representative ==== Illo esseva exponite e dirigite per [[Hipótesis de Linder|Linder]] in le anno 1961. Illo se centrava in enfocar le similitudes que ha le paises que realisava un elevate intercambio commercial. Le economista describe que le theoria de demanda representative es basate in le commercio international inter paises. Le autor describeva le fluxos del commercio questionante pro que surge iste intercambio.<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://comerciointernacionaludfblog.wordpress.com/2016/12/07/teoria-de-la-demanda-representativa/|título=Teoría de la demanda representativa|fechaacceso=2023-04-19|fecha=2016-12-07|sitioweb=Comercio Internacional udf|idioma=es}}</ref> Linder prende como referentia paises con nivellos de receptas similar juncto con structuras productive similar, assi como in le preferentias del consumitores, observante le demanda del mercato, es dicer, lo que le gente compra, con le objectivo de saper le typo de productos que le demanda vole de cata pais e observante le incremento conforme cresce le recepta de cata un de illos. Sabente isto, on sustene que le theoria del demanda representative es un structura in le qual le demanda de un pais pro differente benes e servicios se explica principalmente per le distribution del receptas e le composition de su structura productive.<ref>{{Cita publicación|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1057312|título=Income Distribution and "Representative Demand" in International Trade Flows: An Empirical Test of Linder's Hypothesis|apellidos=Kohlhagen|nombre=Steven W.|fecha=1977|publicación=Southern Economic Journal|volumen=44|número=1|páginas=167–172|fechaacceso=2023-04-19|issn=0038-4038|doi=10.2307/1057312}}</ref> Le economista prendeva le patronos de consumo del gente de cata pais secundo lor nivello de receptas, trovante que quando il ha un similitude de renta per capita, le qual mide le relation inter le [[Producto interno bruto|PIB]] e le numero de residentes de un pais, illos tendera a consumer le mesme typos de benes. Le connexion con le commercio international existe proque on exporta lo que on produce e on produce lo que on consume, creante assi un commercio intraindustrial.<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://5dbf7a8e879f6.site123.me/tema-2-3/teor%C3%ADa-de-la-demanda-representativa|título=Teoría de la Demanda Representativa|fechaacceso=2023-04-19|sitioweb=Leyes y Teorías Del Comercio Internacional|idioma=es}}</ref> Le structura del [[Demanda (economía)|demanda]] de un pais se explica in grande parte per le distribution del receptas e le composition de su rete productive; influe le offerta e le demanda de cata pais ubi on pote vider le productivitate del economia, monstrante le patronos de commercio. In conclusion, le theoria destaca le importantia del offerta disponibile in le determination del structura del demanda de un pais. Per lo tanto, illo suggere que le preferentias del consumitores es strictemente ligate al offerta disponibile, ligate al commercio international, e influe in le preferentias del consumitores al affectar le offerta disponibile del benes e servicios in un pais. === Theoria del cyclo de vita del producto === In 1966, Vernon proponeva le theoria del cyclo de vita del producto al commercio international, in un articulo nominate ''Investimento international e commercio international in le cyclo del producto'' que esseva publicate in le Revista Trimestral de Economia del [[Universitate de Oxford]],<ref name=":1">{{Cita publicación|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/1880689|título=International Investment and International Trade in the Product Cycle|apellidos=Vernon|nombre=Raymond|fecha=1966-05|publicación=The Quarterly Journal of Economics|volumen=80|número=2|páginas=190|fechaacceso=2023-04-19|issn=0033-5533|doi=10.2307/1880689}}</ref> in le qual ille explicava que le processo de fabrication de un producto es realisate in le pais in le qual on lo inventa e, al esser terminate, per medio de exportationes le altere paises potera acquirer lo; un vice que le producto es standardisate, le production pote translatar se a un altere pais. Quando le interprisas considera que es factibile developpar lor producto a costos minor, a vices illas cessa de producer in lor locos de origine pro mover le production al pais ubi illas habera un avantage; tamen, dependente del sector es le presa de decisiones sur le cambio, per exemplo, in le sector automotive illas move lor processos de production de certe typos de unitates a un altere pais sed sin cessar de producer alcun alteres in le mesme pais de origine. Iste theoria se relationa con le modello de cyclo de vita del producto ja que illo explica le processo que suffre le producto desde su entrata usque su exita in le mercato. Durante le prime etapa, le production se effectua ubi on designava e creava le producto pro posteriormente exportar a paises con un nivello de developpamento e demandas similar; pro le secunde etapa existe paises que crea copias e istas mesme arriva al loco ubi on lo creava per prime vice; in le etapa de maturitate le mercato jam non es in crescentia e supervive ille interprisas que conta con un avantage comparative; e pro assi concluder con le etapa in le qual paises minus developpate es illos que produce e comercialisa le producto in lor proprie territorio, ja que le innovationes technic require grande quantitates de capital e man de opera qualificate que predominantemente se trova in paises que es altemente industrialisate. In [[mercadotecnia]], le theoria se relationa con le termino [[obsolescencia obsolescentia programmate]] o [[obsolescentia dynamic]], termino que [[Alfred Pritchard Sloan|Alfred Sloan]], presidente de [[GM Colmotores|GM]], utilisava pro definir su strategias de vendita pro esser competentia de [[Henry Ford]].<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/tecnologia/innovacion/origen-y-mitos-de-obsolescencia-programada/|título=El origen y los mitos de la obsolescencia programada|fechaacceso=2023-04-19|apellido=Conocimiento|nombre=Ventana al|fecha=2020-09-11|sitioweb=OpenMind|idioma=es-ES}}</ref> ==== Obsolescentia programmate ==== On comprende per obsolescentia programmate quando productos industrialisate ha un determinate comportamento in le mercato; in iste caso, es le action intentional designate per le proprie fabricantes pro que le productos cessa de funger in un tempore determinate, es dicer, un falta planificate.<ref name=":1" /> Existe 4 typos de Obsolescentia Programmate:<ref>{{Cita web|url=http://www.gob.mx/profeco/es/articulos/obsolescencia-programada-disenados-para-morir?idiom=es|título=Obsolescencia programada: diseñados para morir|fechaacceso=2023-04-19|apellido=Consumidor|nombre=Procuraduría Federal del|sitioweb=gob.mx|idioma=es}}</ref> * Systemic: le systemas operative jam non es compatibile, portos de entrata ha essite actualisate e cessa de esser compatibile. * Percipite: facer que le nove version de un producto face vider le anterior como obsoleto. * Datate: fortiate. * Legal: le regulation prohibe le uso pro diverse fines. Pro comprender iste cyclo es necessari comprender que un producto es ille ben que es destinate a satisfacer le necessitates, intentiones o problemas del consumitor in un mercato, per lo que qualque ben que non es create pro un necessitate in particular es destinate al fracasso.<ref name=":2">{{Cita libro|título=Las necesidades artificiales : cómo salir del consumismo|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1350506868|fecha=2021|fechaacceso=2023-04-19|isbn=978-84-460-5113-8|oclc=1350506868|nombre=Alcira|apellidos=Bixio|nombre2=Razmig|apellidos2=Translation of: Keucheyan}}</ref> Le productos pote esser: * De convenientia: on los compra regularmente. * De comparation: on los compra con minor frequentia, illos es plus car. * De conviction: on los cerca de maniera autonome proque illos es de melior qualitate o es unic in le mercato. * Non cercate: quando illos es necessari. Le cyclo es dividite in 5 etapas que es:<ref name=":2" /> # Developpamento: de ideas, actiones, designos, costos de production alte. # Introduction: le producto se pote comercialisar, on defini le principal indicatores de rendimento. # Crescentia: existe potential de perpetuitate, major venditas e distribution, nasce competitores. # Maturitate: provas al persistentia del producto, jam non ha crescentia constante in venditas. # Declino: clientes se adapta a nove alternativas. === Le nove theoria del commercio international e le politica commercial estrategic === {{Vide etiam|Paradoja de Leontief|Modelo Brander–Spencer}} Le sustento basic del theorias antea exponite esseva le existentia de [[competentia perfecte]], que permitteva, per le via del [[libere commercio]], augmentar le benesser del paises. Al fin del annos 1970 e initio del decennio de 1980, surgeva alcun economistas como [[Paul Krugman]], [[Avinash Dixit]], [[James Brander]] e [[Bárbara J. Spencer]] qui schissava alcun nove elaborationes theoric fundate in le existentia de [[fallo de mercado|fallimentos de mercato]] que poneva in question, non in tote le casos, le theoria classic del commercio international de que le intercambios international se fundamenta exclusivemente in le theoria del avantage comparative e que le defensa sub qualque circumstantia del libere commercio e del non-intervention statal in iste area economic poterea non esser le practica optime. In parolas de Krugman: ''le replanteamento del base analytic del politica commercial es un responsa al cambio real occurrite in le ambiente e al progresso intellectual complite in le campo del economia''. Iste nove theorias utilisa le instrumentos del theoria economic e le formalisation mathematic e suppone un critica de major profunditate al theorias neoclassic que illos proveniente de altere campos del economia como le sociologia o le structura economic. Assi mesme, illos tracta de responder a duo questiones: le prime es pro que on comercia e le secunde, como debe esser le politica secundo iste nove explicationes.<ref>Steimberg, F. (2004) ''La nueva teoría del comercio internacional y la política comercial estratégica''.</ref> Le base argumental de iste theoria radica in quando non es possibile attinger un [[Eficiencia de Pareto|optimo de Pareto]] a nivello mundial debite a fallimentos de mercato, on debe optar per eliger situationes denominate ''second best'' o secunde optimo. Inter le infinite situationes de secunde optimo, le Statos pote preferer unas a alteres e prender le medidas que los porta a colocar se in un secunde optimo distincte del stabilite. Le fallimentos de mercato que justifica le politica commercial estrategic es basicamente le existentia de beneficios extraordinari in un sector economic e le existentia de externalitates technologic de character positive. == Theoria del division international del travalio == Le theoria del division international del travalio (DIT) explica como se distribue e organisa le activitates economic inter le paises e como iste distribution affice le disveloppamento economic. Secundo illo, le paises se specialisa in le production de certe benes e servicios, in function de lor avantages comparative, e postea intercambia iste mercantias e productos in le mercato international.<ref name=":3">{{Cita web|url=https://economipedia.com/definiciones/division-internacional-del-trabajo.html|titulo=Division international del travalio - Definition, que es e concepto|dataaccesso=2023-04-19|cognomine=Roldán|nomine=Paula Nicole|sitioweb=Economipedia|lingua=es}}</ref> Le theoria del DIT se originava in le 18e seculo con le travalio del economista britannic Adam Smith, qui argumentava que le paises deberea specialisar se in le production de benes in le quales illos ha un avantage comparative, es dicer, in le quales illos es relativemente plus efficiente. Per exemplo, un pais que ha un grande quantitate de terra e un clima adecuate pro le cultivo de tritico, pote producer iste ben a un costo minor que altere paises, e per consequente, deberea specialisar se in su production e exportation.<ref name=":3" /> Le DIT etiam se basa sur le theoria del costos de transporto, que sustene que le benes que es costose de transportar a longe distantias non se commercia in le mercato international. Per consequente, le paises tende a specialisar se in le production de benes que es facile de transportar e commerciar. In le actualitate, le DIT se utilisa pro explicar como le globalisation ha afficite le distribution del production e le commercio inter le paises. Secundo le theoria, le globalisation ha ducite a un major specialisation assi como un major integration del mercatos international, lo que ha permittite al paises profitar de lor avantages comparative e acceder a un major varietate de benes e servicios.<ref name=":3" /> In summario, iste theoria explica como le paises se specialisa in le production de benes e servicios in function de lor avantages comparative e como iste distribution affice le commercio international e le disveloppamento economic; illo explica le idea que le paises se specialisa in le production de benes que es relativemente plus efficiente e que pote transportar se facilemente, lo que permitte a illos commerciar in le mercato international e profitar de lor avantages comparative. === Theorias del schola de Krugman === Le schola de Krugman, liderate per le economista statounitese [[Paul Krugman]], qui ha disveloppate varie theorias importante in le campo del economia international e su origines esseva quando le economista David Ricardo proponeva iste nove modello in 1979 e que con le passar del tempore esseva vigente desde principios del 19e seculo. Le prime parte de iste theoria face emphase in le differentiation inter le paises a partir del economias de scala. Le principal propositiones de Ricardo con le passar del tempore habeva modificationes per Heckscher e Ohlin, e de egal forma a su vice al tentar explicar isto, illes non habeva sufficiente bases pro le domination progressive del commercio international del paises que habeva le mesme productos e le mesme conditiones.<ref name="Sin_nombre-20230526115715">{{Cita publication|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.33110/inceptum.v14i27.238|titulo=Le crescentia del commercio international a partir del conceptiones de Paul Krugman|cognomines=Chamú Nicanor|nomine=Félix|cognomines2=Marín Leyva|nomine2=René Augusto|data=2023-04-18|publication=INCEPTUM|volumine=14|numero=27|paginas=15–28|dataaccesso=2023-04-19|issn=2007-9494|doi=10.33110/inceptum.v14i27.238}}</ref> Alcun del principal theorias del schola de Krugman: # Theoria del competitivitate del clusters: Krugman argumentava que le interprisas tende a aggrupar se geographicamente in certe regiones debite al presentia de economias de agglomeration, lo que permitte a illos esser plus productive e competitive. Iste theoria ha essite amplemente utilisate pro explicar le importantia del clusters in le economia global. Le commercio international non solmente es determinate per le differentias in le dotationes de ressources e le technologia inter le paises, sed etiam per le economias de scala que se genera a mesura que le interprisas augmenta lor production. Le production a grande scala permitte reducer le costos unitari, per tanto, offerer precios plus basse e augmentar le competitivitate del interprisas in le mercato global. In plus, le theoria del schola de Krugman sustene que le differentias in le productivitate inter le paises etiam es importante pro explicar le commercio international. Le paises que es plus productive in le production de certe benes e servicios habera avantages comparative in le exportation de ille benes e servicios.<ref name="Sin_nombre-20230526115715"/> # Theoria del nove economia geographic: Explica como le geographia e le ubication pote afficer le economia, in particular a transverso del agglomeration de interprisas e le formation de clusters. Le theoria etiam destaca le importantia del retes de transporto; le Schola de Krugman destaca le importantia del costos de transporto in le commercio international. Le costos de transporto pote facer que le benes producite in un pais sia plus car in un altere, lo que pote limitar le commercio inter le paises.<ref name="Sin_nombre-20230526115715"/> ==== Liberalismo social, politic e economic ==== Le liberalismo es un philosophia politic que se centra in le libertate individual, le egalitate ante le lege e le protection del derectos individual como de proprietate. Il ha tres brancas principal del liberalismo:<ref>{{Cita publication|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ecoi.106.0139|titulo=Économie internationale, Gunther Capelle-Blancard et Matthieu Crozet|cognomines=Cartapanis|nomine=André|data=2006-06-01|publication=Économie internationale|volumine=n^o 106|numero=2|paginas=139–141|dataaccesso=2023-04-19|issn=1240-8093|doi=10.3917/ecoi.106.0139}}</ref> * Le prime que es le liberalismo social se foca in garantir le libertate e le egalitate de opportunitates pro tote le membros del societate, specialmente illes qui es marginalisate o disfavorecite. Isto pote includer politicas que offere accesso al education, le attention medic, le empleo e le habitation. * Le secunde es cognoscite como liberalismo politic, le qual se foca in garantir le libertate individual e le derectos civil, includente le libertate de expression, le libertate de religion assi como le libertate de association. Illo etiam se foca in limitar le poter del governamento pro proteger le derectos individual. * Finalmente nos ha le liberalismo economic que se foca in le libere interprisa e le libere competentia, con un governamento limitate que non interfere in le affaires economic del individuos e le interprisas. Se crede que le competentia libere e aperte beneficia a omnes al meliorar le efficientia, ultra reducer le costos. Es importante signalar que non tote le personas qui se identifica como liberales se adhere al tres brancas del liberalismo. Alcunes pote emphasisar un branca particular in detrimento del alteres. ===== Nove theoria neoclassic ===== Le nove theoria neoclassic (NTN) es un currente de pensamento economic que surge in le decennio de 1980 como un responsa al criticas que se habeva facite al theoria neoclassic. Le speculation se centra in le analyse del mercatos e in le prisa de decisiones del agentes economic, cerca explicar proque le interprisas e le consumitores adopta certe strategias e como iste decisiones affice le functionamento del mercato.<ref name=":4">{{Cita publication|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.21696/rcsl7132017651|titulo=Theorias del Relationes International in le Seculo XXI|cognomines=Medina Martínez|nomine=Fuensanta|data=2017-01-27|publication=Revista de El Colegio de San Luis|numero=13|paginas=265–284|dataaccesso=2023-04-19|issn=2007-8846|doi=10.21696/rcsl7132017651}}</ref> Iste theoria se basa sur varie conceptos clave, includente le theoria del information asymmetric, le [[theoria del costos de transaction]] in plus le theoria del contractos. Iste theorias adjuta a explicar como le agentes economic prende decisiones e como iste decisiones affice le functionamento del mercato. Per exemplo, le theoria del information asymmetric explica como le compratores e egalmente le vendedores ha differente nivellos de information sur le benes e servicios que se negotia, lo que pote afficer le precios plus le qualitate del productos. Altere concepto importante del NTN es le idea que le mercatos non sempre es perfectamente competitive, sed que pote esser characterisate per [[monopolio]]s, [[oligopolio]]s o competentia monopolistic. Iste mercatos imperfecte pote dar loco a resultatos inefficiente, lo que pote requirer le intervention del governamento pro corriger los.<ref name=":4" /> In summario, le theoria es un currente de pensamento economic que se centra in le prisa de decisiones del agentes economic e in como iste decisiones affice le functionamento del mercato. Iste theoria utilisa varie conceptos clave, como le supposition del information asymmetric e le hypothese del costos de transaction, pro explicar como le mercatos functiona e como illos pote esser corrigite quando illos non functiona efficientemente. == Modellos de commercio international == * [[Librecambismo]] * [[Protectionismo]]: studia le barrieras stabilite contra le libere commercio international. ** [[Tariffa]] ** [[Politica tariffari]] ** [[Contingente]] ** [[Dumping]] ** [[Guerra commercial]] ** [[Barrieras non-tariffari]] ** [[Salvaguardia economic]] ** [[Argumento del industria nascente]] ** [[Impoverir le vicino]] == Studios economic == Pro promover le exportationes, multe organismos guvernamental publica le studios de mercato per sector industrial e pais. Lista del organismos guvernamental per pais: * '''Statos Unite''': [[Departimento de Commercio del Statos Unite|USCS]], dependente de ''US Department of Commerce'' e [[USDA]] (''Department of Agriculture'') in le sectores del agricultura e le agroalimentation. * '''Espania''': ''Instituto Espaniol de Commercio Exterior'' ([[ICEX]]), ha como mission promover le internationalisation del interprisas espaniol. * '''Canada''': ''Export Development Canada'' (EDC) e ''Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada'' que publica studios international in su sector. * '''Francia''': Ubifrance (promotion del exportationes) AFII (implantation de interprisas estranier) * '''Regno Unite''': ''UK Trade & Investment'' se occupa tanto del promotion de su exportationes como del implantation in le Regno Unite de interprisas estranier. * '''Hong Kong''': ''Hong Kong Trade Development Council'' (HKTDC). * '''Japon''': [[JETRO]] * '''Australia''': Austrade == Regulation del commercio international == Traditionalmente, le [[commercio]] esseva regulate per medio de accordos bilateral inter duo paises. Sub le credentia in le [[mercantilismo]], durante multe seculos le paises imponeva alte tariffas e altere restrictiones sever al commercio international. In le 19e seculo, specialmente in [[Regno Unite|Grande Britannia]], le credentia in le [[libere commercio]] prendeva fortia, e iste perspectiva ha venite a dominar le calculo politic inter le paises occidental usque al actualitate. Depost le fin del [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]], varie tractatos multilateral ha tentate crear un structura global de regulation commercial. Le major parte del paises [[communismo|communista]] e [[socialismo|socialista]] crede in le [[autarchia]], le qual suppone le absentia complete de commercio international e le satisfaction del necessitates economic per medio del autosufficientia. Malgrado iste credentias, tote le paises se involve in alcun typo de commercio international, post que il es multo difficile pro un sol pais satisfacer tote su necessitates economic. Le necessitate de regular le commercio international nasce del practicas desleal de alcun interprisas multinational pro esser dominante in le industria; iste practicas es le sequente: * [[Dumping|Le vendita a perdita]]: le vendita a perdita (del anglese ''dumping'') se refere a diminuer le precio de un producto infra su costo de production con le fin de accaparar le mercato. * Discrimination de precios: se refere a elevar le precios de vendita de un producto pro certe sector socioeconomic e reducer lo pro altere sector socioeconomic con un potentia de compra minor con le fin de vender plus car al classes alte e a precios plus reducite al classes medie e basse. On ha utilisate varie instrumentos pro manipular le commercio international. Istos include le [[tariffa]], le [[salvaguardias]], le [[quota]]s de [[exportation]] e [[importation]] e le [[barrieras non-tariffari]]. Un componente essential del commercio international es le ''transporto international de mercantias''. Le conditiones e terminos del mesme es regulate per le '''Incoterms'''. === Terminos international del commercio (Incoterms) === {{AP|Incoterms}} Le Commission de Practicas Commercial del [[Camera de Commercio International]] developpava lo que on ha venite a appellar ''Incoterms'', [[acronymo]] procedente del expression anglese ''International Commercial Terms''. On pretendeva con illo que, con independentia del nationalitate del partes o del loco geographic de su uso, le implicatos poterea in omne momento saper qual esseva le derectos e obligationes de cata un de illes in un contrato determinate. Le Incoterms care de tote fortia normative o legal, e obtene lor recognoscimento de lor quotidian e constante uso a nivello mundial, pro lo que, pro que illos sia de application a un contrato determinate, iste debera specificar lo assi. Le Incoterms contine un total de dece-tres positiones, o typos de clausulas differente, que pote postea, per medio del uso de determinate additiones, modificar se partialmente. In plus, al lunge de lor existentia illos ha suffrite successive cambios e modificationes, pro adaptar los al cambios in le usos commercial, technicas, avantias technologic, etc. Le ultime edition corresponde al anno 2010, que se trova ancora in vigor. Hic ha un lista: * [[Ex works|EXW]] (ex fabrica): ''Ex Works'' Le venditor compli su obligation un vice que ille pone le mercantia in su establimento (fabrica, taller, magazino, etc.) a disposition del comprador. Non essente per tanto responsabile, ni habente obligation super le carga del mercantia in le vehiculo providite per le comprador, ni alcun altere correspondente a assecurantias, transporto o formalitates doanal del mercantia. Le comprador curre con tote le expensas depost que le mercantia es ponite a su disposition in le loco convenite. Il es importante clarar al comprador le horarios de carga del magazino, data a partir de la qual illes potera realisar le carga, e mesme si le mercantia, o le imballage utilisate, necessitate de alcun mesura o condition de transporto special. Il es le unic Incoterm in le qual le venditor non sdogana le doana de exportation, nonobstante ille debe provider le adjuta e le documentos necesse pro illo. Existe le possibilitate de contratar un modalitate de EXW CARGATE, in le qual le venditor livra le mercantia e le carga in le camion o medio de transporto inviate per le comprador. * [[Free carrier|FCA]] (franco transportista): ''Free Carrier'' Le venditor ha complite su obligationes quando ille ha depositate le mercantia, ja sdoganate pro exportation, a cargo del transportista nominate per le comprador, in le loco o puncto fixate pro illo. * [[Free alongside ship|FAS]] (franco al latere del nave): ''Free Alongside Ship'' Le venditor ha complite su obligationes quando ille ha depositate le mercantia al latere del nave, super kais o [[barca]] (attention al usos e costumes del porto, o del sector, assi como al characteristicas technicas del porto de carga pro evitar supercostos), in le porto de imbarcamento convenite, supportante tote le riscos e expensas usque a iste momento. In le version 2000, le venditor curre con le obligation de sdoganar le doana de exportation. Le comprador curre, a partir de iste momento, con tote le costos e riscos del mercantia. Iste position de INCOTERM solmente pote esser usate in transporto maritime, fluvial o lacustre. Illo sole esser accompaniate del porto de carga seligite, per exemplo FAS CARTAGENA (ESPANIA). * [[Free on board|FOB]] (franco a bordo): ''Free On Board'' Le venditor ha complite su obligationes quando le mercantia, ja sdoganate pro exportation, ha surpassate le latere del nave designate, in le porto de imbarcamento convenite, supportante tote le riscos e expensas usque a iste momento. Le comprador curre, a partir de iste momento, con tote le costos e riscos del mercantia. Iste position de INCOTERM solmente pote esser usate in transporto maritime, fluvial o lacustre. Illo sole esser accompaniate del porto de carga seligite, per exemplo FOB CARTAGENA (ESPANIA). In le version 2000, in le FOB STIVATE illo debe esser pactate expressemente per le partes como remane le reparto de expensas e riscos del stivage e ligage del mercantias. * [[Cost and freight|CFR]] (costo e frecto): ''Cost And Freight'' Le venditor debe pagar le costos e le frecto necesse pro facer arrivar le mercantia al porto de destino convenite, lo que include tote le expensas de exportation, sdoganamento incluse. Nonobstante le risco de perdita o damno del mercantia, assi como qualque altere expensa additional occurrite depost que le mercantia ha surpassate le latere del nave curre per conto del comprador. Equalmente curre per conto de iste le expensas de discarga in le porto de destino, (ben que il ha alcun exceptiones a iste regula). Illo sole esser accompaniate del porto de destino seligite, per exemplo CFR CARTAGENA (ESPANIA). Iste position de INCOTERM solmente pote esser usate in transporto maritime, fluvial o lacustre. * [[Cost, insurance and freight|CIF]] (costo, assecurantia e frecto): ''Cost, Insurance and Freight'' Le venditor ha le mesme obligationes que in le amonta anterior, CFR, sed in plus include sub su cargo e responsabilitate le contratation del assecurantia e le pago del premio correspondente durante le transporto del mercantias. Il ha que destaccar que iste assecurantia solmente ha obligation de esser de "cobertura minime", si on desira major cobertura illo debera esser pactate expressemente. Il ha que clarar que le risco continua esser per conto del comprador depost que le mercantia crucia le latere del nave, sed que le venditor ha le obligation de contratar le assecurantia al qual nos ha facite referentia. Iste position de INCOTERM solmente pote esser usate in transporto maritime, fluvial o lacustre. Illo sole esser accompaniate del porto de destino seligite, per exemplo CIF CARTAGENA (ESPANIA). In le version 2000, in le CIF STIVATE illo debe esser pactate expressemente per le partes como remane le reparto de expensas e riscos del stivage e ligage del mercantias. Equalmente es necesse iste specification expresse de costos e riscos pro le CIF DISCARGATE (LANDED). * [[Carriage paid to|CPT]] (transporto pagate usque a): ''Carriage Paid To'' Le venditor debe pagar le costos e le frecto del transporto necesse pro facer arrivar le mercantia al puncto de destino convenite, lo que include tote le expensas e licentias de exportation, sdoganamento incluse. Nonobstante le risco de perdita o damno del mercantia, assi como qualque altere expensa additional occurrite depost que le mercantia ha essite livrate al transportista curre per conto del comprador. Equalmente curre per conto de iste le expensas de discarga, ben que con alcun exception, in le puncto de destino. Il pote esser usate con qualcun modo de transporto, incluse le multimodal. * [[Carriage and insurance paid|CIP]] (transporto e assecurantia pagate usque a): ''Carriage And Insurance Paid to'' Le venditor ha le mesme obligationes que in le section anterior, CPT, sed in plus illo include sub su cargo e responsabilitate le contractation del assecurantia e le pagamento del prima correspondente durante le transporto del mercantias. Nos debe indicar que iste assecurantia solmente ha le obligation de esser de "cobertura minime"; si on desira un major cobertura, illo debera esser pactate expressemente. Il es anque necessari clarificar que le risco continua esser a cargo del comprator depost que le mercantia es livrate al transportista, sed que le venditor ha le obligation de contractar le assecurantia al qual nos ha facite referentia. Iste position de INCOTERM pote esser usate in qualcun typo de transporto, incluse le multimodal. * [[Delivered at frontier|DAF]] (livration al frontiera): ''Deliver At Frontier'' Le venditor compli su obligation de livration quando illo ha livrate le mercantia vacuate de doana de exportation, in le puncto e loco convenite del frontiera, puncto que como regula general defini le Autoritate Doanal del pais, sed ante le doana frontieral del pais adjacente. Le venditor assume le expensas e le risco usque al momento del livration, e le comprator depost le reception del mercantia. Habitualmente illo es usate pro transporto terrestre, ferrovia e strata, sed nihil impedi que illo pote esser usate con le restantes. Il es multo importante verificar que le Doana designate es preparate e habilitate pro evacuar nostre mercantia. Equalmente il es interessante specificar qual del doanas es le seligite, pro evitar que illo pote esser qualcun doana inter le duo paises. * DES (livration super nave): ''Delivered Ex Ship'' Le venditor compli su obligation de livration quando illo placa le mercantia a bordo del nave, in le porto de distino accordate a disposition del comprator, jam vacuate de doana de exportation. Le venditor assume le expensas e le risco usque al momento del livration (nave attraccate e parate pro discarga), e le comprator depost le reception del mercantia. Solmente illo es usate pro transporto maritime, fluvial o lacustre. Habitualmente illo es accompaniate del porto de distino seligite, per exemplo DES CARTAGENA (SPAIN). * DEQ (livrate in muelle): ''Delivered Ex Quay'' Le venditor compli su obligation de livration quando illo placa le mercantia super le muelle del porto de distino accordate, a disposition del comprator. In le INCOTERMS 2000 dispare le obligation de evacuar de doana de importation per parte del venditor, e isto debe esser pactate per le partes expressemente. Le venditor assume le expensas e le risco usque al momento del livration (excepte pacto expresse). Solmente illo es usate pro transporto maritime, fluvial o lacustre. Habitualmente illo es accompaniate del porto de distino seligite, per exemplo DEQ CARTAGENA (SPAIN). On pote excluder, mediante pacto expresse e indicante lo assi in le INCOTERM, determinate conceptos del pagamento per le venditor, passante a esser pagate per le comprator (DEQ CARTAGENA, VAT UNPAID). Il es interessante specificar que passarea si per causas de fortia major on non poterea realisar le discarga in le puncto indicate, per exemplo vaga, catastrophe, etc. * [[DDU (Incoterm)|DDU]] (livration derectos non pagate): ''Delivered Duty Unpaid'' Le venditor compli su obligation de livration quando illo placa le mercantia in le puncto de distino accordate, a disposition del comprator, jam vacuate de doana de exportation. Le venditor assume le expensas e le risco usque al momento del livration. Illo pote esser utilisate con independentia del medio de transporto seligite. Habitualmente illo es accompaniate del loco de distino seligite, per exemplo DDU CARTAGENA (SPAIN). On pote includer, mediante pacto expresse e indicante lo assi in le INCOTERM, determinate conceptos intra le pagamentos a realisar per le venditor, cessante tunc de esser pagate per le comprator. DDU, VAT PAID, CARTAGENA. (SPAIN). * DDP (livration derectos pagate): ''Delivered Duty Paid'' Le venditor compli su obligation de livration quando illo placa le mercantia in le puncto de distino accordate, a disposition del comprator, jam vacuate de doana de exportation e importation, e con tote le expensas pagate. Le venditor assume le expensas e le risco usque al momento del livration. Illo pote esser utilisate con independentia del medio de transporto seligite. Habitualmente illo es accompaniate del loco de distino seligite, per exemplo "DDP CARTAGENA (SPAIN)". On pote excluder, mediante pacto expresse e indicante lo assi in le Incoterm, determinate conceptos del pagamentos a realisar per le venditor, e illos cessa tunc de esser pagate per iste, e passa a esser pagate per le comprator: DDP, VAT UNPAID, CARTAGENA. (SPAIN). == Commercio international e nove technologias == Le nove technologias facilita in grande mesura le operativa del commercio exterior. Le systemas informatic e de gestion permitte facer le sequimento del invios, acceder a tote le datos relevante de un container o gruppage in distino e compartir e administrar le documentation necessari de forma facile. Existe platteformas informatic que permitte facer tote le demerches de gestion per parte del exportatores, importatores e organismos public. Un bon exemplo de iste integration de systemas es le [[Siscomex|SISCOMEX]] de Brasil, centrate in le gestion del exportationes. Le commercio international es anque fomentate per le major facilitate de trovar clientes in le exterior, gratias al major portata del portales corporative in Internet. Anque adjuta le major diffusion del information in Internet con le consolidation e crescentia de motores de recerca de Internet e directorios specialisate. [[Internet]] es un elemento dinamisator in le internationalisation del interprisas. Anque illo adjuta in le elaboration de analyses de mercatos, non solmente per le accesso a information editate relevante, sed per le possibilitates que illo offere de studio directe de mercato a transverso de nove platteformas como le retes social. Portales como Facebook o Twitter ha milliones de usatores, e comencia studiar le forma de utilisar statisticamente tote le information que le usatores adde in lor portales. Iste information parla multo de variabiles sociologic, pois que on ha datos statistic normal, e opiniones e messages directe, assi como interrelationes inter usatores. Le possibilitates que offere tote iste information es multo interessante ab le puncto de vista statistic, de intention de compra e econometric. == Le balancia de pagos == {{AP|Balancia de pagos}} Le balancia de pagos es le instrumento contable que informa del transactiones de un pais con le resto del mundo. Illo se defini como le documento contable que registra systematicamente le importe de tote le operationes commercial e financiari que ha loco durante un certe periodo de tempore inter le residentes del pais e los del resto del mundo. Quando in le balancia de pagos le entratas supera le expensas, on dice que illo es excedentari, anque cognoscite como superavit. Quando in le balancia de pagos le entratas es minor que le expensas, on dice que illo es deficitari etc. Quando un pais ha un balancia de pagos deficitari, on dice que su debita externe se incrementa, e in le caso contrari, on dice que le pais ha un superavit o excedente financiari international. == Vide anque == * [[Economia international]] * [[Internationalisation productive]] * [[Commercio juste]] * [[Opportunitate commercial]] * [[Organisation Mundial del Commercio]] * [[Federation de Associationes de Commercio International]] {{Referentias}} [[Categoria:Commercio international| ]] sy0u97lpgmc1yy5uhljt72lxjelxrbc 0 61922 705726 702680 2026-11-11T01:51:50Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 705726 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Ebro''' es un del principal rios del [[Peninsula Iberic]] e le plus longe rio cuje curso se trova completemente in [[Espania]]. Illo nasce in le parte septentrional del peninsula, in le montes Cantabric, traversa le nord e nord-est del pais in direction sud-est e desemboca in le [[Mar Mediterranee]], ubi forma le [[Delta del Ebro]] in le provincia de Tarragona, in [[Catalonia]]. Le rio ha un longitude de circa 910 kilometros e su cuenca hydrographic ha un superficie de circa 85 500 km².<ref name="CHE-cuenca">{{Cite web |url=https://itebro.chebro.es/web/guest/la-cuenca-del-ebro |title=La cuenca del Ebro |publisher=Confederación Hidrográfica del Ebro |access-date=2026-10-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261007105334/https://itebro.chebro.es/web/guest/la-cuenca-del-ebro |archivedate=2026-10-07 |accessdate=2026-10-07 }}</ref> Le Ebro es le principal curso de aqua del nord-est de Espania. Su cuenca include territorios de numerose [[Communitates Autonome]] e, in certe zonas, etiam de [[Francia]] e [[Andorra]]. Le cuenca es delimitate al nord per le [[Pyreneos]] e le montes Cantabric, al sud-est per le [[Systema Iberic]] e al est per le cordillera Costero-Catalana.<ref name="CHE-cuenca"/> == Geographia == Le Ebro nasce in [[Cantabria]], in le zona del [[Fontibre]], al pede del montes Cantabric. Desde su curso superior, le rio dirige se verso le sud-est e entra in le grande depression del Ebro.<ref name="CHE-red">{{Cite web |url=https://www.chebro.es/fr/web/guest/capitulo-segundo |title=Aspectos geofisiográficos: red fluvial y su régimen |publisher=Confederación Hidrográfica del Ebro |access-date=2026-10-07 }}</ref> In su curso, le Ebro passa o se trova proxime a numerose citates e localitates importante, inter illes [[Reinosa]], [[Miranda de Ebro]], [[Haro]], [[Logroño]], [[Calahorra]], [[Tudela]], [[Zaragoza]], [[Caspe]] e [[Tortosa]]. Su valle forma un importante axe geographic e economic del nord-est de Espania. Post Zaragoza, le rio continua verso le sud-est per le territorio de Aragon. In le parte basse de su curso, illo entra in Catalonia e traversa le area del Terres de l'Ebre ante de attinger le Mediterranee. Le Ebro desemboca in le mar per medio del Delta del Ebro, un grande ambiente humide formate per le accumulation de sedimentos transportate per le rio.<ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite web |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/rsiswp_search/exports/Ramsar-Sites-annotated-summary-Spain.pdf |title=Annotated List of Wetlands of International Importance: Spain |publisher=Ramsar Sites Information Service |access-date=2026-10-07 }}</ref> == Cuenca hydrographic == Le cuenca del Ebro es le plus extensive [[bassino hydrographic]] de Espania, con un superficie de circa 85 534 km² secundo le Confederación Hidrográfica del Ebro. Illa representa circa 17 pro cento del territorio peninsular espaniol.<ref name="CHE-cuenca"/> Le cuenca es un grande depression circumdate per zonas montuose. Al nord se trova le montes Cantabric e le Pyreneos; al sud e sud-west le Systema Iberic; e al est le cordilleras Costero-Catalanas. Iste configuration explica le forma general del reticulo hydrographic e le concentration de grande tributarios in le parte septentrional del cuenca.<ref name="CHE-cuenca"/> Le territorio del cuenca non se limita al curso principal del Ebro. Illo include un vaste rete de rios, torrentes, reservoirs, zonas humide e aquas subterranee. Le Confederación Hidrográfica del Ebro identifica circa 12 000 kilometros de rete fluvial principal in le territorio del cuenca, de quales circa 910,5 kilometros corresponde al curso principal del Ebro.<ref name="CHE-red"/> == Tributarios == Le Ebro recipe aquas de numerose tributarios proveniente principalmente del Pyreneos, del montes Cantabric e del Systema Iberic.<ref name="CHE-cuenca"/> Inter le plus importante tributarios del margine sinistre se trova le [[Ega]], le [[Aragon]], le [[Arga]], le [[Gallego]], le [[Cinca]] e le [[Segre]]. Le rios del margine sinistre es generalmente plus importante in terminos de apporto de aqua, specialmente illes que nasce in le Pyreneos.<ref name="CHE-cuenca"/> Inter le principal tributarios del margine dextere se trova le [[Oja]], le [[Iregua]], le [[Jalón]], le [[Huerva]], le [[Martin]], le [[Guadalope]] e le [[Matarraña]]. Un grande parte de iste rios nasce in le Systema Iberic e ha generalmente un regime plus irregular.<ref name="CHE-cuenca"/> Le confluencia con le Segre es particularmente importante pro le curso inferior del Ebro, perque le Segre e su tributarios aporta un grande parte del aqua proveniente del Pyreneos. == Regime del rio == Le regime del Ebro es influentiate per le pluviositate, le neves del Pyreneos, le contributiones del tributarios e le interventiones human in le cuenca. Le apporto del zonas montaniose del Pyreneos es particularmente importante durante le primavera, quando le fusion del neve pote augmentar le debit del tributarios septentrional. Le variationes del debit es etiam influentiate per le numerosos reservoirs e sistemas de irrigation construite in le cuenca. Le gestion del aqua es un del principal aspectos del administration del cuenca hydrographic.<ref name="MITECO-regime">{{Cite web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/agua/temas/delimitacion-y-restauracion-del-dominio-publico-hidraulico/estrategia-nacional-restauracion-rios/mesa_regulacion_caudales.html |title=Mesa de trabajo sobre la alteración de los regímenes de caudales de los ríos |publisher=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |access-date=2026-10-07 }}</ref> == Uso del aqua == Le aqua del Ebro es utilisate pro le [[irrigation]], le production de [[electricitate hydroelectric]], le approvisionnement urban e industrial e altere usos.<ref name="MITECO-regime"/> Le agricultura ha un rol historic importante in le valle del Ebro. Le irrigation es practicante desde le antiquitate e esseva expandite durante le periodo musulman e postea per le construction de canals e altere infrastructuras hydraulic. Inter le principal infrastructuras historic se trova le Canal Imperial de Aragon, construite e expandite in differente periodos pro transportar aqua del Ebro verso areas agricole. Le canal ha habite tamben un function de navigation in certe periodos. Le Canal Imperial discurre parallel al Ebro sur circa 108 kilometros e include obras de navigation con esclusas.<ref name="CanalImperial">{{Cite web |url=https://servicios-integra.chebro.es/web/guest/canal-imperial-de-aragon |title=Canal Imperial de Aragón |publisher=Confederación Hidrográfica del Ebro |access-date=2026-10-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261007113328/https://servicios-integra.chebro.es/web/guest/canal-imperial-de-aragon |archivedate=2026-10-07 |accessdate=2026-10-07 }}</ref> Le systema moderne de reservoirs, canals e centrales hydroelectric ha transformate le regime del aqua e permittite le utilisation de un parte importante del ressources del cuenca pro agricultura, production energetic e consumption human.<ref name="MITECO-regime"/> == Citates e importance historic == Le Ebro ha habite un rol importante in le historia del [[Peninsula Iberic]]. Le nom del rio es ligate al nom antique Hiberus o Iberus, del qual deriva le termino ''Iberia'', usate in le fontes grec e roman pro designar le peninsula e le populationes iberic. Durante le periodo roman, le Ebro esseva un importante axe geographic e economic. Le valle del rio connectava le regiones del interior con le zonas costal del Mediterranee. Durante le periodo musulman, le irrigation esseva expandite e le utilisation agricultural del aqua del Ebro deveniva plus extensive. Le systemas de canals e de distribution del aqua contribueva al transformation del agricultura in le valle. Le citates situate al margines del rio, specialmente [[Zaragoza]] e [[Logroño]], ha mantenite un relation historic importante con le Ebro. == Navigation == Le Ebro ha essite utilisate pro navigation in differente periodos historic, ma le navigation fluvial esseva limitate per le configuration del curso, le variationes del debit e le obstaculos natural e artificial. Historicamente, le navigation commercial esseva possibile in certe partes del curso inferior e medie. Le construction de canals, specialmente le Canal Imperial de Aragon, createva etiam nove possibilitates pro le transporto de personas e mercantias.<ref name="CanalImperial"/> In le actualitate, le navigation non constitue un del principal functiones economic del rio. Le irrigation, le approvisionnement de aqua e le production hydroelectric ha un importantia plus grande. == Delta del Ebro == Le Delta del Ebro es le grande zona humide formate al desembocadura del rio in le Mediterranee. Illo es un del ambientes natural plus importante del litoral mediterranee de Espania.<ref name="Ramsar"/> Le delta comprende aquas costal basse, playas, dunas, lagunas salin, paludes de aqua dulce, canales e areas agricole. Le ambiente es fortemente influentiate per le regime del rio e per le interventiones human, specialmente le cultivation de [[ris]].<ref name="Ramsar"/> Le Delta del Ebro es inscribite in le Lista de Zonas Humide de Importantie International sub le [[Convention de Ramsar]]. Le sito ha un superficie de circa 7 736 hectares e esseva designate como sito Ramsar le 10 de septembre 1993.<ref name="Ramsar"/> Le zonas basse del delta es importante pro le aves aquatic e migratori. Le sito supporta numerosas species de aves e ha etiam un importantia pro le reproduction e alimentation de species de pisces, molluscos e crustaceos.<ref name="Ramsar"/> Le agricultura, specialmente le production de ris, es un del principal activitates economic del delta. Le regime natural del inundation es in grande parte regulate pro permitter le cultivation agricole.<ref name="Ramsar"/> == Ecologia == Le cuenca del Ebro contine un grande diversitate de ambientes natural. Illos include le ecosistemas montaniose del Pyreneose del montes Cantabric, le valle mediterranee del centro del cuenca, le zonas semiaride del interior de Aragon e le ambientes humide del delta.<ref name="CHE-cuenca"/> Le rete fluvial es importante pro le biodiversitate aquatic e pro le conservation de species ligate al aquas dulce. Le reservoirs e le altere infrastructuras hydraulic ha tamen modificate le regime natural del aqua in multe partes del cuenca.<ref name="MITECO-regime"/> Le Delta del Ebro ha un valor particular pro le conservation del biodiversitate. Le combination de lagunas, paludes, aquas basse e ambientes costal provide habitat pro un grande numero de species, specialmente aves aquatic e migratori.<ref name="Ramsar"/> == Problemas ambiental == Le gestion del Ebro presenta diverse problemas ambiental, inter le quales se trova le reduction del fluxos de aqua, le modification del sedimento, le contamination, le pression agricultural, le alteration del habitats e le conservation del delta.<ref name="MITECO-delta">{{Cite web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/content/dam/miteco/es/ministerio/servicios/ayudas-subvenciones/ayudas-subvenciones-antes-de-migracion/proyectos_life+_%202013_env_tcm30-87669.pdf |title=Adaptation and mitigation measures to climate change in the Ebro Delta |publisher=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |access-date=2026-10-07 }}</ref> Le reservoirs retene parte del sedimentos que naturalmente essereva transportate verso le parte basse del rio. Le reduction del transporto sedimentari pote contribuer al erosion e al transformation del Delta del Ebro.<ref name="MITECO-sedimentos">{{Cite web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/ca/agua/temas/delimitacion-y-restauracion-del-dominio-publico-hidraulico/estrategia-nacional-restauracion-rios/mequinenza-xerta-ebro.html |title=Proyecto de mejora de la dinámica sedimentaria en el Río Ebro. Tramo Mequinenza-Xerta |publisher=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |access-date=2026-10-07 }}</ref> Le cambio climatic pote tamben affectar le disponibilitate de aqua, le regime del precipitation e le frequency del periodos de siccitate. Iste problemas face necessari un gestion integrate del ressources aquatic in tote le cuenca.<ref name="MITECO-delta"/> == Gestion del cuenca == Le administration del parte principal del cuenca es exercite per le Confederación Hidrográfica del Ebro, un organismo de cuenca del Stato espaniol. Le Confederación participa in le planification hydrographic, le gestion del ressources de aqua, le controlo del qualitate del aqua, le protection del dominio public hydraulic e le coordination interadministrative.<ref name="CHE-plan">{{Cite web |url=https://portal.chebro.es/eu/plan-hidrologico-2022-2027 |title=Plan Hidrológico 2022-2027 |publisher=Confederación Hidrográfica del Ebro |access-date=2026-10-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261013005105/https://portal.chebro.es/eu/plan-hidrologico-2022-2027 |archivedate=2026-10-13 |accessdate=2026-10-07 }}</ref> Le planification hydrographic del cuenca es integrate in le quadro del legislation espaniol e europee super le aquas. Le Plan Hidrologic del Ebro define le marco pro le administration e protection del ressources aquatic e del ecosistemas associate.<ref name="CHE-plan"/> Le cuenca ha un character interregional e transnational. Le gestion del aqua require coordination inter le differente Communitates Autonome e, in le areas concernite, con Francia e Andorra. == Importanta economic == Le Ebro ha un importantia economic major pro le nord-est de Espania. Su aqua supporta agricultura irrigate, production de energia, industrias, approvisionnement urban e diverse activitates associate al turismo e al recreation.<ref name="MITECO-regime"/> Le valle del Ebro es un del principal corredores economic del nord-est del Peninsula Iberic. Citates como Zaragoza, Logroño e altere centros urban se ha developpate in relation con le valle e le vias de communication que lo traversa. Le agriculture irrigate del valle e del delta depende in parte del ressources del cuenca. In le delta, le cultivation de ris es intimemente ligate al regime hydraulic del territorio.<ref name="Ramsar"/> == In cultura == Le Ebro occupa un loco important in le historia e le cultura del regiones que illo traversa. Le rio es representate in le litteratura, le cartographia historic e le iconographia del citates del valle. Su nom ha etiam un importantia linguistic e historic per su relation con le antique termino ''Iberus'', del qual deriva le nom del peninsula iberic. == Referentias == {{Reflist}} [[Categoria:Fluvios]] [[Categoria:Fluvios de Espania]] [[Categoria:Rios del Mediterranee]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Espania]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Cantabria]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Castilia e Leon]] [[Categoria:Geographia del Pais Basc]] [[Categoria:Geographia de La Rioja]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Navarra]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Aragon]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Catalonia]] [[Categoria:Zonas humide de Espania]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del Cordillera Cantabric]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del versante del Mar Mediterraneo de Espania]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del bassino del Mediterraneo de Aragon]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del versante del Mediterraneo de Cantabria]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del versante del Mediterraneo de Castilia e Leon]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del versante del Mediterraneo del Pais Basco]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del versante del Mediterraneo de Navarra]] [[Categoria:Fluvios de Catalonia]] [[Categoria:Fluvios de Alava]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del provincia de Burgos]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del provincia de Lerida]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del provincia de Tarragona]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del provincia de Saragossa]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del bassin del Ebro]] cwr3u916z7a3ttsms4y6p2dhzd10r4w 0 62217 705727 704348 2026-11-11T01:51:51Z Tortoise0308 17411 orthographia: Columbo 705727 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Bahamas''' tracta le evolution del archipelago caribe desde le habitation precolombian per le populo lucayan usque al formation del stato independente in 1973. Le insulas esseva inhabitate per populos amerindian durante multe seculos ante le arrivata de [[Christophoro Columbo]] in 1492. Le contactos con le europeos esseva sequite per le depopulation del lucayanos, in grande parte per le sclavitude e le transferentia forzate a altere colonias.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/wps/wcm/connect/df7f2c36-598d-4218-bdd6-898cdcd2816f/Bahamas%2BTimeline.pdf?MOD=AJPERES |titulo=A Snapshot of the History of The Bahamas: A Timeline |sitioweb=Government of The Bahamas |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/bahamas/1000 |titulo=The Bahamas |sitioweb=Office_of_the_Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le colonisation anglese comenciava in le seculo XVII e le archipelago deveniva un colonia britannic, integrate in le systema de plantationes e de commercio transatlantic. Durante le seculo XIX, le sclavitude esseva abolite; durante le seculo XX, le movimento pro le derectos politic e le autogovernamento conduceva al independentia le 10 de julio 1973. Desde alora, Bahamas ha developpate un economia basate principalmente sur le turismo e le servicios financiari. == Geographia e contexto historic == Bahamas es un archipelago situate in le oceano Atlantic, al est e al sud-est de Florida e al nord de Cuba. Illo comprende numerose insulas e cayos, inter le quales [[New Providence]], [[Grand Bahama]], [[Andros]], [[Eleuthera]], [[Exuma]] e [[San Salvador]]. Le capital, [[Nassau]], se trova in New Providence. Le position del archipelago inter America del Nord e le Caribe habeva un importantia strategic durante le epocha de navigation transatlantic. Le insulas serviva de puntos de passage pro naves mercante, exploratores e, plus tarde, corsarios e naves militar. Le portos natural e le proximitate a Florida influentiava le evolution del colonisation e del commercio. Le historia de Bahamas es marcate per plure fases: le societates amerindian precolonial, le contactos con le Imperio Espaniol, le colonisation anglese, le plantationes e le sclavitude, le abolition, le evolution del institutiones colonial, le lucta pro le derectos politic e le independentia, e le disveloppamento del economia de servicios. == Prime habitantes: le lucayanos == Ante le arrivata del europeos, le insulas esseva habitate per le lucayanos, un populo de lingua arawakana ligate culturalmente al [[tainos]] del Caribe. Le evidentia archaeologic indica que le habitation del archipelago comenciava plure seculos ante 1492. Le lucayanos practicava le pisca, le agricultura e le collection de recursos natural, e manteneva contactos con altere insulas del region.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7958357/ |titulo=Human arrival and landscape dynamics in the northern Bahamas |sitioweb=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences / PubMed Central |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le lucayanos habitava communitates organisate e disponeva de cognoscentias de navigation inter insulas. Lor vita quotidian dependeva del recursos marin, del cultivo de plantas e del exploitation del ambientes litoral. Le restos archaeologic, includente habitationes e utensiles, permitte reconstruir parte de lor historia, ben que multe aspectos de lor cultura e tradition oral non esseva registrate per scriptores contemporanee. Le population lucayana al momento del arrivata de Colombo es generalmente estimate in decenas de milles, ben que le cifras exacte resta incert. Le contactos con le europeos provocava un catastrofe demographic: le maladias, le violentia e le deportation de personas enslaveate verso Hispaniola e Cuba reduceva drasticamente le population in le decennios sequente. Le systema colonial espaniol requireva labor forzate pro le minas e le plantationes de altere insulas, e multe lucayanos esseva removite de lor territorio.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7958357/ |titulo=Human arrival and landscape dynamics in the northern Bahamas |sitioweb=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences / PubMed Central |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Christophoro Columbo e le arrivata europee == In 1492, [[Christophoro Columbo]] attingeva un insula de Bahamas durante su prime viage transatlantic, generalmente identificate como [[San Salvador]], cognoscite per le lucayanos como Guanahani. Iste evento marcava le initio del contactos documentate inter le archipelago e le europeos.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/wps/wcm/connect/df7f2c36-598d-4218-bdd6-898cdcd2816f/Bahamas%2BTimeline.pdf?MOD=AJPERES |titulo=A Snapshot of the History of The Bahamas: A Timeline |sitioweb=Government of The Bahamas |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le exploration espaniol non conduceva immediatemente a un colonisation permanente e extensive del archipelago. Le insulas esseva tamen incorporate in le quadro del expansion colonial espaniol in America. Le extraction de labor indigena e le deportation de lucayanos verso altere colonias contribueva al disparition del population originari in multe partes de Bahamas. Durante le seculos sequente, le archipelago remaneva relativamente poco popolate in comparation con le grande colonias de plantationes del Caribe. Su position maritime, tamen, lo rendeva attractive pro navegantes, pescatores, comerciantes e personas implicate in le corsa e in le contrabando. == Prime colonias anglese == Un tentativa de colonisation anglese esseva initiate in le seculo XVII. In 1647, un grupo de dissidentes religiose anglese proveniente de Bermuda establiva un communitate in Eleuthera. Le colonos cercava un loco ubi poter practicar lor religion con plus grande libertate. Iste settlement es generalmente considerate un del origines del colonisation anglese permanente de Bahamas.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/wps/wcm/connect/df7f2c36-598d-4218-bdd6-898cdcd2816f/Bahamas%2BTimeline.pdf?MOD=AJPERES |titulo=A Snapshot of the History of The Bahamas: A Timeline |sitioweb=Government of The Bahamas |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le decennios sequente, le colonisation se extendeva a altere insulas, specialmente New Providence. In 1670, le rege [[Carolo II de Anglaterra]] concedeva le insulas a un grupo de proprietarios anglese, cognoscite como le Lords Proprietors, ligate al administration colonial de Carolina. Le colonias esseva vulnerabile a ataques maritime e a rivalitates inter le potentias europee. Le insulas deveniva etiam un refugio pro corsarios e piratas que operava in le rotas del commercio transatlantic. Le conditiones geographic del archipelago —numerose canales, bayas e insulas— rendeva difficile le controlo de navigation per un sol administration. == Nassau e le periodo de piratas == Le settlement de New Providence se disveloppava como centro politic e commercial del archipelago. Le citate esseva nominate Charles Towne in honor del rege Carolo II e recipeva ulteriormente le nomine Nassau, in honor del Casa de Orange-Nassau, al qual pertineva le rege [[Guglielmo III de Anglaterra]]. Durante le fin del seculo XVII e le initio del seculo XVIII, Bahamas deveniva un refugio importante pro piratas e corsarios. Le portos e le insulas isolate permitteva a naves evitar le autoritates colonial e atacar le navigation commercial in le Caribe e in le Atlantic occidental. Le pirateria perturbava le commercio britannic e provocava interventiones del autoritates. In 1717, Bahamas deveniva un colonia directe del Corona Britannic e Woodes Rogers esseva nominate su prime governator royal. Rogers arrivava in Nassau in 1718 con le objectivo de restabilir le autoritate britannic, reprimer le pirateria e stabilisar le administration colonial.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/wps/wcm/connect/df7f2c36-598d-4218-bdd6-898cdcd2816f/Bahamas%2BTimeline.pdf?MOD=AJPERES |titulo=A Snapshot of the History of The Bahamas: A Timeline |sitioweb=Government of The Bahamas |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le repression de pirateria e le establimento de institutiones colonial plus stabile facilitava le integration de Bahamas in le systema politic e commercial britannic. Le administration colonial developpava gradualmente su institutiones legislative e judicial, durante que Nassau consolidava su rolo como centro del archipelago. == Institutiones colonial e le seculo XVIII == Le institutiones representative del colonia esseva disveloppate durante le seculo XVIII. Le House of Assembly de Bahamas teneva su prime session official in 1729, deveniva un del institutiones legislative plus ancian del Commonwealth Britannic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/wps/wcm/connect/df7f2c36-598d-4218-bdd6-898cdcd2816f/Bahamas%2BTimeline.pdf?MOD=AJPERES |titulo=A Snapshot of the History of The Bahamas: A Timeline |sitioweb=Government of The Bahamas |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le economia colonial se basava super le navigation, le commercio, le exploitation de recursos local e le agricultura. In contrasto con plure altere colonias caribe, Bahamas non disveloppava un economia de plantationes de zucchero de dimension comparabile a celle de Barbados o Jamaica. Tamen, le sclavitude e le labor african enslaveate habeva un rolo importante in le societate e in le activitates economic. Le position strategic del archipelago lo rendeva etiam importante durante le conflictos inter le Imperio Britannic, Espania e le colonias britannic de America del Nord. Le fortificationes de Nassau e le portos del insulas faceva parte del systema de defense maritime del region. == Guerra de independentia american e conflictos maritime == Durante le [[Guerra de independentia del Statos Unite]], Bahamas esseva implicate in le rivalitates inter le britannicos e le rebelles american. In 1776, un expedition naval american attaccava Nassau e prendeva temporarimente le fortificationes del porto, includente Fort Nassau e Fort Montagu. Un secunde invasion american occurreva in 1778.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/wps/wcm/connect/df7f2c36-598d-4218-bdd6-898cdcd2816f/Bahamas%2BTimeline.pdf?MOD=AJPERES |titulo=A Snapshot of the History of The Bahamas: A Timeline |sitioweb=Government of The Bahamas |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Post le guerra, le [[Tractato de Paris de 1783]] confirmava le independentia del Statos Unite e le position britannic in Bahamas. Espania, que habeva occupate temporarimente partes del archipelago durante le conflicto, cedeva Bahamas a Britannia in le arrangiamentos diplomatic del mesme periodo. Le guerra e le conflictos maritime reforçava le importantia de Nassau como porto e centro administrative. Durante le ultime decennios del seculo XVIII, le autoritates britannic construiva e expandava fortificationes pro proteger le porto e le insulas contra ataques. == Loyalistas e le expansion del plantationes == Le [[Revolution American]] e le independentia del Statos Unite habeva consequentias importante pro le population de Bahamas. Numerose loyalistas, personas qui remaneva fidele al Corona Britannic, abandonava le nove Statos Unite e se establiva in le colonias britannic del Caribe, includente Bahamas. Alcunes de iste colonos portava con se personas africane enslaveate e introduceva formas de agricultura commercial basate super plantationes. In Bahamas, le plantationes cultivava inter altere coton e altere productos tropic, specialmente in insulas como Exuma, Cat Island e Eleuthera. Le expansion del plantationes augmentava le numero de africanos enslaveate e reforçava le structuras social basate super le proprietate del terra e le labor forzate. Le rendimento del agricultura variava tamen secundo le conditiones del sol, le pluvia e le accesso al mercatos. In multe locos, le plantationes non attingeva le nivello de profito attendite, e parte del proprietarios abandonava gradualmente le production commercial. == Abolition del sclavitude == Le abolition del sclavitude in le Imperio Britannic esseva un processo legislative que comenciava con le Slavery Abolition Act de 1833. In Bahamas, le emancipation entrava in effecto in 1834, ben que un periodo transitori de apprentissage esseva applicate ante le fin complete del systema in 1838.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/wps/wcm/connect/df7f2c36-598d-4218-bdd6-898cdcd2816f/Bahamas%2BTimeline.pdf?MOD=AJPERES |titulo=A Snapshot of the History of The Bahamas: A Timeline |sitioweb=Government of The Bahamas |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le fin del sclavitude transformava le relationes social e economic. Le ancian personas enslaveate recipeva le libertate juridic, ma multe continuava a depender economicamente del proprietarios de terra e del empleatores. Le accesso al terra, al education e al representation politic restava inegal. Le communitates afro-bahamian disveloppava lor proprie institutiones religiose, cultural e familiar, e le traditiones africane continuava a influentiar le musica, le dansa, le lingua e le vita quotidian del archipelago. Le emancipation es dunque un puncto central in le historia del formation del societate bahamian contemporanee. == Le seculo XIX: economia e transformation social == Durante le seculo XIX, le economia de Bahamas esseva marcate per le declino del plantationes e per le evolution del commercio maritime. Le agricultura continuava a esser importante in certe insulas, ma le difficultates de production e le limitate accesso a mercatos limitava le possibilitates de expansion. Nassau conservava su rolo como centro commercial e administrative. Le navigation, le pisca, le collection de spongias marin e le commercio regional contribueva al economia. Le insulas esseva etiam influentiate per le fluctuationes del commercio transatlantic e per le evolution del relationes con le Statos Unite. Le colonia disveloppava gradualmente su institutiones legislative e administrative, ma le participation politic remaneva concentrate in un parte limitate del population. Le majoritate afro-bahamian continuava a enfrentar obstaculos economic e social, e le demanda de equalitate politic deveniva un elemento importante del historia del seculo XX. == Contrabando e le Guerra Civil american == Durante le [[Guerra Civil american]] de 1861–1865, Nassau deveniva un importante base pro le commercio de contrabando con le Statos Confederate. Le bloqueo naval del portos del Sud american crea opportunitates pro naves que transportava mercantias e materiales inter Nassau e le portos de Confederation. Le commercio de blockade-running genera un periodo de prosperitate temporari pro Nassau, con augmentos del activitate portuari e del profitos commercial. Post le fin del guerra, iste activitate declinava, e le economia de Bahamas retornava a depender de un insimul de commercio, agricultura e servicios maritime. == Turismo e le initio del seculo XX == Durante le fin del seculo XIX e le initio del seculo XX, le turismo deveniva progressivemente un sector importante del economia. Le clima tropic, le playas e le proximitate al Statos Unite attraheva visitantes, specialmente durante le hiberno. Le construction de hotels e le disveloppamento de servicios de navigation e transporto facilitava le transformation de Nassau in un destination turistic. In 1898, le Hotel and Steam Ship Service Act contribueva al promotion de Nassau como destination de hiberno. Le turismo deveniva un alternativa al declinante agricultura commercial e comenciava a transformar le empleo e le paisage urban.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/wps/wcm/connect/df7f2c36-598d-4218-bdd6-898cdcd2816f/Bahamas%2BTimeline.pdf?MOD=AJPERES |titulo=A Snapshot of the History of The Bahamas: A Timeline |sitioweb=Government of The Bahamas |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le disveloppamento del turismo non eliminava le desigualitates social. Le proprietate del hotels, del terras e del infrastructuras restava in parte concentrate, durante que le majoritate del travaliatores bahamian dependeva de empleos in le servicios, le construction, le commercio e le transporto. == Le prohibition american e le annos 1920 == Durante le [[Prohibition in le Statos Unite]], que comenciava in 1920, Bahamas deveniva un importante punto de transbordo pro le alcohol destinate al mercato american. Le proximitate geographic e le extensive costa del archipelago facilitava le contrabando de alcohol verso Florida. Le commercio illegal genera profitos pro certe comerciantes e operadores maritime, ma etiam augmentava le activitate criminal e le corruption associate al contrabando. Post le fin del prohibition in 1933, le rolo de contrabando de alcohol declinava, durante que le turismo e le servicios financiari continuava a crescer como sectores economic. == Le Secunde Guerra Mundial == Durante le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]], le position de Bahamas habeva importantia strategic pro le defense del Caribe e pro le communicationes maritime e aerie del alliatos. Le insulas participava al cooperation militar britannic e american, e le activitates de aviation e de surveillance maritime esseva expandite. Le guerra contribueva al disveloppamento del infrastructuras e al integration de Bahamas in le systemas regional de transporto e defense. Post 1945, le retorno al pace international e le expansion de viages commercial e de recreation favorava le crescentia del turismo. == Movimento pro le derectos politic e Majority Rule == Durante le prime medietate del seculo XX, le societate bahamian esseva marcate per un systema politic in le qual un elite economic e politic, largemente blanc, exerceva un influentia disproportionate. Le majoritate afro-bahamian habeva un accesso limitate al poter politic e a numerose opportunitates economic. Le Progressive Liberal Party (PLP) esseva fundate in 1953 e deveniva le principal organisation politic que reclamava le expansion del participation democratic e le equalitate politic. Le movimento includeva figuras como Lynden Pindling, qui deveniva un del principal dirigentes del independentia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/wps/wcm/connect/b395d5a0-8636-4a7a-af82-fe3a20ca7526/Road%20to%20Majority%20Rule.pdf?MOD=AJPERES |titulo=The Road to Majority Rule (1942–1967) |sitioweb=Government of The Bahamas |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le General Strike de 1942, cognoscite etiam como le Burma Road Riot, habeva un rolo importante in le historia del labor e del movimentos social. Le protesta esseva ligate al conditiones de labor e al salarios pagate a travaliatores implicate in le construction de un aerodromo militar. Le evento deveniva un puncto de referentia pro le movimento sindical e pro le demandas de derectos politic. In 1965, un controverse in le House of Assembly conduceva al evento cognoscite como Black Tuesday. Lynden Pindling, in un gesto de protestation contra le systema politic e le proceduras legislative, prendeva le mace del Speaker e lo lanceava per un fenestra del edificio parlamentar. Le gesto deveniva un symbolo de opposition al domination del elite politic e economic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/wps/wcm/connect/b395d5a0-8636-4a7a-af82-fe3a20ca7526/Road%20to%20Majority%20Rule.pdf?MOD=AJPERES |titulo=The Road to Majority Rule (1942–1967) |sitioweb=Government of The Bahamas |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le 10 de januario 1967, le PLP obteneva le majoritate de sedes del Parlamento e Bahamas celebrava le introduction del Majority Rule. Iste evento es considerate un momento decisiv in le evolution del democratia bahamian, perque illo permitteva al majoritate del population exercitar le poter politic per medio del voto.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://opm.gov.bs/prime-minister-davis-remarks-majority-rule-day/ |titulo=Prime Minister Davis’ Remarks on the Fifty-Sixth Majority Rule Day |sitioweb=Office of the Prime Minister of The Bahamas |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Autogovernamento e independentia == Bahamas obteneva le autogovernamento interne in 1964, con un systema constitutional que concedeva plus grande responsabilitate al governamento local, durante que Regno Unite conservava le competentias concernente le defense e le affaires externe. Le processo de transition constitutional continuava durante le annos sequente.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/bahamas/1000 |titulo=The Bahamas |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Post le victoria del PLP in le electiones de 1967, le governamento de Lynden Pindling initiava un periodo de reformas institutional e de preparation pro le independentia. Le electiones de 1972 reforçava le mandato politic del governamento pro proseguir le processo. Le conferentia constitutional in London in 1972 preparava le principios del nove constitution, includente le continuation del systema parlamentar e le protection del derectos fundamental.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/1973-05-15/debates/5f8d986d-ea67-40af-8e74-eb9936b93f24/BahamasIndependenceBill |titulo=Bahamas Independence Bill |sitioweb=UK Parliament, Hansard |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le 10 de julio 1973, Bahamas deveniva un stato independente in le Commonwealth of Nations. Le independentia esseva formalmente recognoscite per Regno Unite e Statos Unite. Lynden Pindling deveniva le prime ministro del nove stato independente, e le pais adoptava un constitution que establiva un democratia parlamentar e un monarchia constitutional.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/bahamas/1000 |titulo=The Bahamas |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/1973-05-15/debates/5f8d986d-ea67-40af-8e74-eb9936b93f24/BahamasIndependenceBill |titulo=Bahamas Independence Bill |sitioweb=UK Parliament, Hansard |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le independentia non rumpeva tote le ligamines institutional con Regno Unite. Bahamas manteneva le monarca britannic como chef de stato, representate per un Governator General, e conservava un systema legal e parlamentar influentiate per le tradition britannic. == Le stato independente: politica e economia == Post 1973, Bahamas disveloppava su institutiones national e expandava le sectores de turismo, banca international e servicios financiari. Le governamento de Lynden Pindling remaneva in le poter usque al victoria del Free National Movement (FNM) in 1992, sub le direction de Hubert Ingraham. Le alternantia politic inter FNM e PLP deveniva un elemento central del vita democratic del pais.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/bahamas/74097.htm |titulo=Background Note: The Bahamas |sitioweb=U.S. Department of State |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le turismo deveniva le principal sector economic, sustenite per le hotels, le resorts, le croceras e le servicios de recreation. Le banca international e le servicios financiari disveloppava se tamben, beneficiate per le position de Bahamas como centro regional e per su regime fiscal. Le economia remaneva tamen vulnerabile a crises international, a cambios de viages e al disastres natural. Le uraganos, le erosion costal e le augmento del nivello del mar deveniva problemas importante pro un pais cuje population e infrastructura es concentrate in zonas litoral basse. == Uraganos e disastres natural == Le position de Bahamas in le Atlantic tropic expone le archipelago a uraganos e tempestates tropic. Iste eventos ha causate damnos significative a habitationes, infrastructuras, turismo e activitates economic. Un del plus grave disastres recente esseva le uragano Dorian, que attingeva le insulas Abaco e Grand Bahama in septembre 2019. Le tempesta causava destructiones extensive, inondationes e mortes, e obligava un operation de assistentia e reconstruction de grande scala. Le impacto de Dorian sublineava le vulnerabilitate de Bahamas al cambio climatic e al augmento del nivello del mar. Le reconstruction e le preparation pro futuros disastres deveniva elementos importante del politica public e del cooperation international. == Societate e cultura == Le historia de Bahamas es marcate per le interaction inter le culturas amerindian, africane, europee e nordamerican. Le traditiones africane, disveloppate durante le sclavitude e post le emancipation, ha un influentia importante super le musica, le religion, le dansa, le gastronomia e le vita communitari. Junkanoo es un del principal celebrationes cultural del pais. Iste festival combina musica, tamburo, dansa, costumes elaborate e parades, specialmente durante le periodo de Natal e le prime die del anno. Le tradition es associate al historia de sclavitude e al expression cultural del communitates afro-bahamian, ben que su formas contemporanee ha evolvite considerablemente. Le lingua official es anglese, ma le varietates linguistic bahamian reflecte le historia del archipelago e le influentias africane, caribe e britannic. Le religion christian es largemente presente, con numerose ecclesias e communitates religiose. == Patrimonio historic e memoria collective == Le patrimonio historic de Bahamas include fortificationes, edificios colonial, sitios archaeologic amerindian e structuras ligate al commercio maritime. Nassau conserva edificios historic e fortificationes que reflecte le evolution del colonia britannic e su rolo in le guerras e le commercio del Caribe. Fort Charlotte, Fort Fincastle e Fort Montagu es exemplos de infrastructura militar construite pro defender le porto e le insula de New Providence. Fortificationes e edificios de Nassau servi como testimonios del historia maritime e colonial del archipelago. Le memoria de sclavitude, de residentia, de Majority Rule e de independentia occupa un position central in le identitate national. Le anniversario de independentia, le celebration de Majority Rule e le festivitates cultural contribue al transmission del historia e al expression del identitate bahamian. {{Ref}} {{Historia de America}} [[Categoria:Historia de Bahamas| ]] qvsjckky1vhtpc58r8uf3nwuti260k5 2 62455 705707 705656 2026-11-10T16:27:06Z Tratxan 61856 705707 wikitext text/x-wiki {{annotation initia}} {{Usator|ia-3}} {{annotation fini}} <small> * Biographias ** [[Jacques Funck]] * Argentina ** [[Historia de Argentina]] * Palestina ** [[Historia de Palestina]] * Brasil ** [[Discoperta de Brasil]] ** [[Insurrection de Pernambuco]] ** [[Colonia del Sacramento]] ** [[Ruinas del Forte Vera Cruz]] * Portugal ** [[Historia de Portugal (1640–1777)]] ** [[Litteras annunciante le discoperta del Indias]] * Alteres ** [[Attacco de Binance de 2026]] ** [[Posto de labor fantasma]] ** [[Theoria del justification del systema]] ** [[Proposition de un secunde referendo re le independentia de Scotia]] </small> 040owplt97bfa5lvgbi2pdj5v3o7fu8 705714 705707 2026-11-10T17:50:26Z Tratxan 61856 705714 wikitext text/x-wiki {{annotation initia}} {{Usator|ia-3}} {{annotation fini}} <small> * Biographias ** [[Jacques Funck]] * Argentina ** [[Historia de Argentina]] * Palestina ** [[Historia de Palestina]] * Brasil ** [[Discoperta de Brasil]] ** [[Insurrection de Pernambuco]] ** [[Colonia del Sacramento]] ** [[Ruinas del Forte Vera Cruz]] ** [[Brasil colonial]] ** [[Periodo pre-colonial de Brasil]] ** [[Historia pre-Cabralian del Brasil]] * Portugal ** [[Historia de Portugal (1640–1777)]] ** [[Litteras annunciante le discoperta del Indias]] * Alteres ** [[Attacco de Binance de 2026]] ** [[Posto de labor fantasma]] ** [[Theoria del justification del systema]] ** [[Proposition de un secunde referendo re le independentia de Scotia]] </small> qfgd2isz2okrf8poayprjvajyufwhie 705748 705714 2026-11-11T07:04:53Z Tratxan 61856 705748 wikitext text/x-wiki {{annotation initia}} {{Usator|ia-3}} {{annotation fini}} <small> * Biographias ** [[Jacques Funck]] * Argentina ** [[Historia de Argentina]] * Palestina ** [[Historia de Palestina]] * Brasil ** [[Discoperta de Brasil]] ** [[Insurrection de Pernambuco]] ** [[Colonia del Sacramento]] ** [[Ruinas del Forte Vera Cruz]] ** [[Brasil colonial]] ** [[Periodo pre-colonial de Brasil]] ** [[Historia pre-Cabralian del Brasil]] * Portugal ** [[Historia de Portugal (1640–1777)]] ** [[Litteras annunciante le discoperta del Indias]] * Alteres ** [[Attacco de Binance de 2026]] ** [[Posto de labor fantasma]] ** [[Theoria del justification del systema]] ** [[Proposition de un secunde referendo re le independentia de Scotia]] ** [[Cosmismo russe]] </small> 7ngwiur3ry8e7ly02s0pv6gmx3ub5o2 705779 705748 2026-11-11T07:37:39Z Tratxan 61856 705779 wikitext text/x-wiki {{annotation initia}} {{Usator|ia-3}} {{annotation fini}} <small> * Biographias ** [[Jacques Funck]] * Argentina ** [[Historia de Argentina]] * Palestina ** [[Historia de Palestina]] * Brasil ** [[Discoperta de Brasil]] ** [[Insurrection de Pernambuco]] ** [[Colonia del Sacramento]] ** [[Ruinas del Forte Vera Cruz]] ** [[Brasil colonial]] ** [[Periodo pre-colonial de Brasil]] ** [[Historia pre-Cabralian del Brasil]] * China ** [[Activitate del intelligentia chinese al estraniero]] * Portugal ** [[Historia de Portugal (1640–1777)]] ** [[Litteras annunciante le discoperta del Indias]] * Alteres ** [[Attacco de Binance de 2026]] ** [[Posto de labor fantasma]] ** [[Theoria del justification del systema]] ** [[Proposition de un secunde referendo re le independentia de Scotia]] ** [[Cosmismo russe]] </small> s8m6qyk3jq8wlbt2kc4z3hlfw30b634 705782 705779 2026-11-11T07:43:26Z Tratxan 61856 705782 wikitext text/x-wiki {{annotation initia}} {{Usator|ia-3}} {{annotation fini}} <small> * Biographias ** [[Jacques Funck]] * Argentina ** [[Historia de Argentina]] * Palestina ** [[Historia de Palestina]] * Brasil ** [[Discoperta de Brasil]] ** [[Insurrection de Pernambuco]] ** [[Colonia del Sacramento]] ** [[Ruinas del Forte Vera Cruz]] ** [[Brasil colonial]] ** [[Periodo pre-colonial de Brasil]] ** [[Historia pre-Cabralian del Brasil]] * China ** [[Activitate del intelligentia chinese al estraniero]] * Portugal ** [[Historia de Portugal (1640–1777)]] ** [[Litteras annunciante le discoperta del Indias]] * Alteres ** [[Attacco de Binance de 2026]] ** [[Posto de labor fantasma]] ** [[Theoria del justification del systema]] ** [[Proposition de un secunde referendo re le independentia de Scotia]] ** [[Cosmismo russe]] ** [[Insidio amorose]] </small> 7psjw7zi8i571nudm41e8j2tilr4vc7 705784 705782 2026-11-11T07:54:34Z Tratxan 61856 705784 wikitext text/x-wiki {{annotation initia}} {{Usator|ia-3}} {{annotation fini}} <small> * Biographias ** [[Jacques Funck]] * Argentina ** [[Historia de Argentina]] * Palestina ** [[Historia de Palestina]] * Brasil ** [[Discoperta de Brasil]] ** [[Insurrection de Pernambuco]] ** [[Colonia del Sacramento]] ** [[Ruinas del Forte Vera Cruz]] ** [[Brasil colonial]] ** [[Periodo pre-colonial de Brasil]] ** [[Historia pre-Cabralian del Brasil]] * China ** [[Activitate del intelligentia chinese al estraniero]] * Portugal ** [[Historia de Portugal (1640–1777)]] ** [[Litteras annunciante le discoperta del Indias]] * Alteres ** [[Attacco de Binance de 2026]] ** [[Posto de labor fantasma]] ** [[Theoria del justification del systema]] ** [[Proposition de un secunde referendo re le independentia de Scotia]] ** [[Cosmismo russe]] ** [[Insidio amorose]] ** [[Securitate del information]] </small> 5j8k9whhb2imkua9pgr4ovaswr6mwuh 705793 705784 2026-11-11T08:15:12Z Tratxan 61856 705793 wikitext text/x-wiki {{annotation initia}} {{Usator|ia-3}} {{annotation fini}} <small> * Biographias ** [[Jacques Funck]] * Argentina ** [[Historia de Argentina]] * Palestina ** [[Historia de Palestina]] * Brasil ** [[Discoperta de Brasil]] ** [[Insurrection de Pernambuco]] ** [[Colonia del Sacramento]] ** [[Ruinas del Forte Vera Cruz]] ** [[Brasil colonial]] ** [[Periodo pre-colonial de Brasil]] ** [[Historia pre-Cabralian del Brasil]] * China ** [[Activitate del intelligentia chinese al estraniero]] * Portugal ** [[Historia de Portugal (1640–1777)]] ** [[Litteras annunciante le discoperta del Indias]] * Paraguay ** [[Crise politic in Paraguay de 2026]] * Alteres ** [[Attacco de Binance de 2026]] ** [[Posto de labor fantasma]] ** [[Theoria del justification del systema]] ** [[Proposition de un secunde referendo re le independentia de Scotia]] ** [[Cosmismo russe]] ** [[Insidio amorose]] ** [[Securitate del information]] </small> jqowkc8q4ffekgtl5opyx0mfkqx1mqq 705799 705793 2026-11-11T10:32:21Z Tratxan 61856 705799 wikitext text/x-wiki {{annotation initia}} {{Usator|ia-3}} {{annotation fini}} <small> * Biographias ** [[Jacques Funck]] * Argentina ** [[Historia de Argentina]] * Palestina ** [[Historia de Palestina]] * Brasil ** [[Discoperta de Brasil]] ** [[Insurrection de Pernambuco]] ** [[Colonia del Sacramento]] ** [[Ruinas del Forte Vera Cruz]] ** [[Brasil colonial]] ** [[Periodo pre-colonial de Brasil]] ** [[Historia pre-Cabralian del Brasil]] * China ** [[Activitate del intelligentia chinese al estraniero]] * Portugal ** [[Historia de Portugal (1640–1777)]] ** [[Litteras annunciante le discoperta del Indias]] * Paraguay ** [[Crise politic in Paraguay de 2026]] * Alteres ** [[Attacco de Binance de 2026]] ** [[Posto de labor fantasma]] ** [[Theoria del justification del systema]] ** [[Proposition de un secunde referendo re le independentia de Scotia]] ** [[Cosmismo russe]] ** [[Insidio amorose]] ** [[Securitate del information]] ** [[Espionage industrial]] </small> mt0rmgb6gsi0p4f5fqtz9p905jsizzq 0 62465 705738 705461 2026-11-11T03:55:11Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 705738 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Insurrection de Pernambuco''' (portugese: ''Insurreição Pernambucana''), etiam cognoscite como le '''Guerra de restauration de Pernambuco''' o le '''Guerra del Liberation Divine''', esseva un insurrection armate contra le domination nederlandese in le nord-est del Brasil inter 1645 e 1654. Illo constitueva le phase decisive del conflicto inter Portugal e le Compania nederlandese del Indias Occidental (WIC) pro le controlo del region. Le insurrection culminava con le capitulation del fortias nederlandese in Recife le 26 de januario 1654. Le insurrection involveva colonos portugese e luso-brasilianos nascite localmente, includente proprietarios de plantationes, soldatos, communitates indigena e personas de origine african. Inter su conductores prominente se trovava João Fernandes Vieira, André Vidal de Negreiros, Henrique Dias e Filipe Camarão. Ben que initialmente organisate per fortias local, le movimento recipeva supporto clandestin e finalmente substantiale del Corona portugese.<ref>{{cite web |last=Araújo |first=Hugo André Flores Fernandes |title=The Insurrection of Pernambuco and the Surrender of the Dutch in Brazil (1645–1654) |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History |date=28 January 2022 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.1031 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.1031}}</ref> == Contexto == Le Compania nederlandese del Indias Occidental habeva occupate Pernambuco e le territorios circumstante desde 1630, establiente un administration colonial cognoscite como Brasil nederlandese. Le region habeva un importantia economic a causa de su plantationes de canna a sucro, que dependeva grandemente del labor de africanos in sclavitude e del commercio transatlantic. Sub le governator Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen (1637–1644), le colonia experientiava disveloppamento administrative e cultural, ma tensiones persisteva concernente le taxation, le differentias religiose, le proprietate del terras e le politicas commercial. Post le partita de Nassau in 1644, le WIC adoptava un approcho plus exigente in le collection del debitas debite per proprietarios de plantationes e altere colonos. Le pression financial, le dissatisfaction con le administration del compania e le opposition al autoritate politic e religiose nederlandese contribueva al crescentia del discontentamento. Le disveloppamentos international etiam influentiava le revolta. Le Restauration portugese de 1640 poneva fin al Union Iberic e portava le Casa de Bragança al throno portugese sub João IV. Portugal e le Republica nederlandese signava un tregua de dece annos in 1641, ma lor interesses colonial remaneva in conflicto. Le autoritates portugese cercava recovrar territorios tenite per le WIC, evitante al mesme tempore un ruptura aperte del tregua.<ref>{{cite web |last=Miranda |first=Bruno |title=The Dutch in Brazil, 1624–1654 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History |date=30 June 2020 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.710 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.710}}</ref> == Initiation del insurrection == Le revolta initiava in junio 1645, quando fortias luso-brasilian organisava un insurrection contra le autoritate nederlandese in Pernambuco. João Fernandes Vieira, un prominente proprietario de plantationes, e André Vidal de Negreiros deveniva figuras dirigente del movimento. Le insurgentes establiiva fortias militar que se basava super le cognoscentia local, tacticas irregular e le supporto de communitates in tote le region. Altere commandantes importante includeva Henrique Dias, qui dirigeva truppas de origine african, e Filipe Camarão, un dirigente indigena potiguara qui commandava fortias indigena alliates con le portugeses. Lor participation reflecteva le composition diverse del coalition anti-nederlandese, ben que su membros habeva interesses politic e positiones social differente. Le governator general portugese, António Teles da Silva, residente in Salvador, supportava le insurrection durante que ille cercava evitar un violation formal del tregua con le nederlandeses. Le assistentia portugese includeva provisiones militar, personal e supporto financial. Le conflicto deveniva assi un revolta organisate localmente transformate in un campania plus ample, ligate al rivalitate geopolitic inter Portugal e le Republica nederlandese.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Araújo |first=Hugo André Flores Fernandes |title=Amigos fingidos e inimigos encobertos: O governo geral e a insurreição pernambucana (1642–1645) |journal=Prohistoria |volume=21 |date=2014 |pages=27–53 |url=https://ojs.rosario-conicet.gov.ar/index.php/prohistoria}}</ref> == Campanias militar == Le phase initial del insurrection esseva characterisate per guerra irregular. Le fortias insurgente attaccava positiones nederlandese, perturbava le communicationes e cercava isolar le guarniciones del compania. Le combattimentos se extendava ultra Pernambuco, verso capitanias vicin, includente Paraíba. Le nederlandeses conservava le controlo del centros urban fortificate, specialmente Recife, e le guerra deveniva un lucta prolongate in vice de un campania breve, como le insurgentes habeva initialmente intendite. Le Compania nederlandese del Indias Occidental continuava a reciper alcun renfortios, durante que le insurgentes dependeva del mobilisation local e del supporto del autoritates portugese. === Prime battalia de Guararapes === Le prime battalia de Guararapes habeva loco le 19 de april 1648, presso Recife. Le fortias luso-brasilian vinceva un armea nederlandese in un terreno que favoriva lor cognoscentia del paisage local e lor tacticas mobile. Le battalia deveniva un del principal punctos de inflexion militar del insurrection. === Secunde battalia de Guararapes === Le secunde battalia de Guararapes habeva loco le 19 de februario 1649. Le fortias nederlandese suffreva un altere derrota contra le armea luso-brasilian. Iste derrotas debilitava le position nederlandese in le campania e limitava lor capacitate de mantener le controlo del territorio circumstante. Le battalias acquireva plus tarde un loco importante in le memoria historic militar brasilian. Illos ha frequentemente essite associate con le origines del Armea brasilian, ben que le institution moderne esseva establite multo plus tarde.<ref>{{cite web |last=Daróz |first=Carlos Roberto Carvalho |last2=Souza |first2=Ana Beatriz Ramos de |title=Entre Flechas e Arcabuzes: A Resistência Nativa e a Guerra Irregular na Primeira Fase da Insurreição Pernambucana |publisher=Comissão Portuguesa de História Militar |url=https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/comissoes/cphm/rphm/edicoes/ano5/n82025/10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260221090612/https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/comissoes/cphm/rphm/edicoes/ano5/n82025/10/ |archivedate=2026-02-21 |accessdate=2026-11-03}}</ref> == Capitulation nederlandese == In despecto del derrotas a Guararapes, le nederlandeses continuava a tener Recife e plure positiones fortificate. Le conflicto esseva influentiate per disveloppamentos in altere partes del Atlantico. Le reconquista portugese de Angola in 1648 privava le WIC de un importante fonte de africanos in sclavitude pro su territorios brasilian. Intertanto, le Prime Guerra Anglo-Nederlandese (1652–1654) debilitava le recursos naval nederlandese e limitava le capacitate del compania de reinfortiar su position in Brasil. Le Corona portugese etiam fortificava su supporto maritime per medio del Compania General del Commercio del Brasil, cuje flotta contribueva al blocada de Recife. Con le colonia sempre plus isolate e le WIC incapace de fornir assistentia adequate, le fortias nederlandese capitulava. Le capitulation esseva formalmente signate le 26 de januario 1654 al Campo do Taborda, presso Recife. Le possessiones nederlandese in Brasil esseva transferite al controlo portugese, ponente fin al presentia colonial del compania in le region.<ref>{{cite web |last=Araújo |first=Hugo André Flores Fernandes |title=The Insurrection of Pernambuco and the Surrender of the Dutch in Brazil (1645–1654) |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History |date=28 January 2022 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.1031 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.1031}}</ref> Le conflicto inter Portugal e le Republica nederlandese non esseva formalmente resolvite immediatemente. Le Tractato de Haga, signate le 6 de augusto 1661, recognosceva le soveranitate portugese super le territorios recuperate in cambio de compensation financial e altere concessiones al nederlandeses. == Participantes e interpretation historic == Le insurrection reuniva gruppos con origines e interesses differente. Colonos nascite in Portugal e proprietarios de plantationes luso-brasilian habeva un rolo importante in le organisation del rebellion, durante que soldatos indigena e afro-brasilian contribueva significativemente al campanias militar. Filipe Camarão deveniva un prominente commandante indigena in le alliantia portugese, durante que Henrique Dias dirigeva truppas de origine african. Lor participation ha essite central in interpretationes posterior del conflicto como un episodio formative del identitate collective brasilian. Nonobstante, historicos ha etiam sublineate que le coalition non representava un movimento national unite in le senso moderne. Su participantes esseva motivate per un combination de interesses local, fidelitates religiose e politic, reclamationes economic e opposition al domination nederlandese. Le communitates indigena non ageva como un bloc politic unic: alcunes se alliava con le portugeses, durante que alteres manteneva relationes con le nederlandeses. Le position del dirigentes indigena e lor capacitate de action politic ha assi devenite themas importante in le recerca historic recente.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Oliveira |first=Leandro Vilar |title=A Insurreição Paraibana contra os holandeses (1645–1647): uma síntese histórica |journal=Revista do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro |doi=10.23927/issn.2526-1347.RIHGB.2021(486):15-42 |url=https://rihgb.emnuvens.com.br/revista/article/view/111}}</ref> == Consequentias e hereditage == Le fin del domination nederlandese lassava Pernambuco economicamente debilitite. Annos de guerra habeva damnificate plantationes, molinos de sucro e infrastructura. Le recuperation del economia del sucro esseva complicate ulteriormente per disputas concernente al terras e proprietates inter le previe proprietarios e illes qui habeva acquirite fundos durante le occupation nederlandese. Bahia consolidava subsequente su position como le principal region producer de sucro del Brasil.<ref>{{cite book |last=Disney |first=A. R. |chapter=Late Colonial Brazil |title=A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire: From Beginnings to 1807 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2009 |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511813337.011 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/history-of-portugal-and-the-portuguese-empire/late-colonial-brazil/84C797A478A9FAA9C3D3F646D00E4592}}</ref> Le insurrection deveniva un elemento importante in le memoria historic de Pernambuco e del Brasil. Le battalias de Guararapes, in particular, ha essite commemorate como symbolos de resistentia contra le occupation estranier e de cooperation inter personas de origine portugese, indigena e african. Le interpretation traditional del guerra como le initio del identitate national brasilian ha etiam essite examinate criticamente per historicos, qui distingue le realitates politic del seculo XVII del narrationes nationalistas posterior. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Guerras del seculo XVII]] [[Categoria:Conflictos de 1645]] [[Categoria:Conflictos de 1654]] [[Categoria:Guerras implicante Portugal]] [[Categoria:Guerras implicante Nederland]] [[Categoria:Historia de Brasil]] [[Categoria:Historia de Pernambuco]] 2znc887my80iexhk5e4sl594179om8c 0 62520 705705 2026-11-10T16:23:28Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''proposition de un secunde referendo super le independentia de [[Scotia]]''' concerne le debatto politic e constitutional super le possibilitate de organizar un nove [[referendo]] sur le independentia de Scotia ab le [[Regno Unite]]. Le initiative, sovente appellate ''Indyref2'', emergeva post le referendo de 2014 e deveniva particularmente importante post le decision del Regno Unite de retirar se del [[Union Europee]] in 2016.<ref>{...” 705705 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''proposition de un secunde referendo super le independentia de [[Scotia]]''' concerne le debatto politic e constitutional super le possibilitate de organizar un nove [[referendo]] sur le independentia de Scotia ab le [[Regno Unite]]. Le initiative, sovente appellate ''Indyref2'', emergeva post le referendo de 2014 e deveniva particularmente importante post le decision del Regno Unite de retirar se del [[Union Europee]] in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=Proposed second Scottish independence referendum |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposed_second_Scottish_independence_referendum |website=Wikipedia |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> == Historia == === Referendo de 2014 e le emergentia del proposition === Le 18 septembre 2014, Scotia organisava un referendo super su independentia. Le resultato esseva 55% contra le independentia e 45% in favor. Post le votation, le [[Smith Commission]] recommendava nove transferentias de competentias al [[Parlamento scotic]], que conduceva al adoption del [[Scotland Act 2016]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Smith Commission Report |url=https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ |website=The National Archives |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> Le [[Partito National Scotic]] (SNP) susteneva que un secunde referendo poterea devenir necessari in caso de un cambiamento substantial del circumstantias constitutional, particularmente si le Regno Unite decideva abandonar le Union Europee. === Brexit e le prime tentativas de organizar un secunde referendo === In le referendo britanno super le Union Europee de 23 junio 2016, 62% del votantes in Scotia optava pro remaner in le Union Europee, in contrasto con le resultato general del Regno Unite, que favoriva le retiro. Le prime ministra Nicola Sturgeon considerava iste divergentia un justification democratic pro un nove referendo. In 2017, le Parlamento scotic votava 69 contra 59 in favor de demandar al governamento britanno un transferentia temporari de competentias constitutional, cognoscite como un ''Section 30 Order'', que haberea permittite organizar legalmente un referendo. Le prime ministra britanno Theresa May refusava inicialmente le proposition e declarava que le momento non esseva appropriate. === Le developpamentos inter 2018 e 2021 === In 2018, le SNP publicava le reporto del Sustainable Growth Commission, que examinava le possibilitates economic de un Scotia independente. Le documento proponeva, inter altere cosas, le continuation del uso del libra sterling durante un periodo de transition. In 2019, le governamento scotic insisteva super le necessitate de un nove referendo e presentava un demanda formal al prime ministro Boris Johnson pro obtener le competentias juridic necessari. Le governamento britanno refusava le demanda in januario 2020. Le pandemia de COVID-19 retardava ulteriormente le planos. Post le election del Parlamento scotic in 2021, le SNP e le [[Scottish Green Party]] formava un majoritate pro-independentia. Nicola Sturgeon annunciava su intention de promover un nove referendo, con le objectivo de tener lo in 2023. === Le crise constitutional de 2022 === In junio 2022, le governamento scotic annunciava su intention de organizar un referendo le 19 octobre 2023, con le question: «Should Scotland be an independent country?» Le governamento britanno continuava a refusar un transferentia de competentias. Le caso esseva inviate al [[Supreme Court del Regno Unite]] pro determinar si le Parlamento scotic poteva legislar independentemente super un referendo. Le 23 novembre 2022, le Corte decideva que le Parlamento scotic non habeva le competentia de organizar unilateralmente un referendo super le independentia, perque le question concernava materias reservate al Parlamento del Regno Unite.<ref>{{cite web |title=Reference by the Lord Advocate of devolution issues under paragraph 34 of Schedule 6 to the Scotland Act 1998 |url=https://www.supremecourt.uk/cases/uksc-2022-0098 |website=The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> === Developpamentos inter 2023 e 2025 === Post le decision del Corte Supreme, le SNP explorava altere strategias politic, includente le idea de transformar le election general britanno de 2024 in un referendo de facto. Tamen, le partito abandonavа iste proposition como strategia formal in su conferentia de 2023. Durante le election general de 2024, le SNP perdeva 39 sedes in le Parlamento britanno, obtenente novem sedes e deveniente le secunde major partito in Scotia, post le Labour Party. In 2025, le prime ministro scotic John Swinney continuava a defender un nove referendo. Le governamento scotic publicava documentos super le independentia e su potential consequentias economic, politic e constitutional. Le governamento britanno, sub Keir Starmer, continuava a opponer se a un nove referendo sin un accordo constitutional.<ref>{{cite web |title=Proposed second Scottish independence referendum |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposed_second_Scottish_independence_referendum |website=Wikipedia |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> === Developpamentos in 2026 === In le election del Parlamento scotic de maio 2026, le partitos favorabile al independentia obteneva un majoritate de 72 membros del Parlamento. Le 26 maio 2026, le Parlamento scotic approbava un motion que demandava al governamento britanno un Section 30 Order pro permitter un referendo. Le governamento britanno refusava le demanda. In augusto 2026, le governamento scotic publicava un projecto de lege super un referendo de independentia. Le governamento britanno manteneva su opposition al initiative. Le debatto constitutional continuava durante le autumno de 2026, con differentes positiones inter le governamentos scotic e britanno super le possibilitate e le legitimitate de un nove votation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Proposed second Scottish independence referendum |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposed_second_Scottish_independence_referendum |website=Wikipedia |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> == Legalitate == Le questione del competentias constitutional constitue un del aspectos central del debatto. Le [[Scotland Act 1998]] establi le distribution del competentias inter le Parlamento scotic e le Parlamento britanno. Le Union del regnos de Scotia e Anglaterra es un materia reservate al autoritates britanno. In 2014, le [[Edinburgh Agreement]] e un Section 30 Order permitteva al Parlamento scotic de organisar le prime referendo in un quadro legal acceptate per ambe governamentos. Le decision del Supreme Court de 2022 confirmava que un referendo unilateral non pote esser organisate per le Parlamento scotic sin le competentias legislative appropriate.<ref>{{cite web |title=Scotland Act 1998 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/46/contents |website=UK Legislation |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> == Questiones politic e economic == Le proposition de un secunde referendo involve plure questiones fundamental. === Economia e moneta === Le futuro economic de un Scotia independente es un del themas le plus disputate. Le reportos del Sustainable Growth Commission examinava le uso del libra sterling, le creation eventual de un moneta proprie, le debito public e le structura fiscal del nove stato. Le sostenitores del independentia argumenta que Scotia poterea administrar su proprie ressources e adoptar politicas economic adaptate a su necessitates. Le oppositores accentua le incertitudes relative al commercio, le finantias public e le relationes economic con le resto del Regno Unite. === Union Europee === Le relation con le [[Union Europee]] constitue un altere argumento central. Le sostenitores del independentia considera que un Scotia independente poterea tentar de devenir membro del Union Europee. Tamen, un tal adhesion non esserea automatic e requirerea un processo de negotiation e approbation conforme al tractatos europee. === Democratia e governamento === Le sostenitores del referendo considera que le electores scotic debe haber le possibilitate de determinar le futuro constitutional de lor pais. Le oppositores argumenta que le referendo de 2014 habeva establite un mandato politic de longe termino e que le independentia non debe devenir un question electoral recurrente. === Defensa e securitate === Le independentia poterea etiam modificar le position de Scotia in le structuras de defensa del Regno Unite, includente le question del armas nuclear britannic e del collaboration militar international. == Reactiones politic == Le [[Scottish National Party]] e le [[Scottish Green Party]] ha sustenite le idea de un secunde referendo. Altere organisationes pro-independentia, includente le [[Alba Party]] e le [[Scottish Socialist Party]], ha etiam supportate le principio de independentia. Le [[Conservative Party]], le [[Labour Party]] e le [[Liberal Democrats]] ha exprimite opposition al proposition de un nove referendo sin un accordo con le governamento britanno. Le debatto reflecte divergentias super le natura del union britanno, le autonomia de Scotia e le interpretation del mandato democratic del Parlamento scotic. == Vide etiam == * [[Independentia de Scotia]] * [[Referendo scotic super le independentia de 2014]] * [[Parlamento scotic]] * [[Governamento scotic]] * [[Brexit]] * [[Union Europee]] * [[Scotland Act 1998]] * [[Supreme Court del Regno Unite]] {{Ref}} == Bibliographia == * {{cite book |last=MacCormick |first=Neil |title=Questioning Sovereignty: Law, State, and Nation in the European Commonwealth |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0198268767}} == Ligamines externe == * [https://www.gov.scot/ Governamento scotic] * [https://www.parliament.scot/ Parlamento scotic] * [https://www.supremecourt.uk/ Supreme Court del Regno Unite] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposed_second_Scottish_independence_referendum Articulo original in Wikipedia] [[Categoria:Consequentias del referendum de 2016 super le mebrositate del Regno Unite in le Union Europee|Independentia scotese]] [[Categoria:Referendums de independentia|Referendum super le independentia scotese]] [[Categoria:Referendums proponite|Referendum super le independentia scotese]] [[Categoria:Referendums in Scotia]] [[Categoria:Independentia scotese]] [[Categoria:Articulos continente clips de video]] [[Categoria:Nicola Sturgeon]] [[Categoria:Humza Yousaf]] [[Categoria:John Swinney]] tgcd3kfczlt7lpd4d03dzhcq1nnt82w 705706 705705 2026-11-10T16:26:23Z Tratxan 61856 705706 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Le proposition de un secunde referendo re le independentia de [[Scotia]]''' Le '''proposition de un secunde referendo re le independentia de [[Scotia]]''' concerne le debatto politic e constitutional re le possibilitate de organizar un nove [[referendo]] super le independentia de Scotia ab le [[Regno Unite]]. Le initiative, sovente appellate ''Indyref2'', emergeva post le referendo de 2014 e deveniva particularmente importante post le decision del Regno Unite de retirar se del [[Union Europee]] in 2016. == Historia == === Referendo de 2014 e le emergentia del proposition === Le 18 septembre 2014, Scotia organisava un referendo super su independentia. Le resultato esseva 55,3% contra le independentia e 44,7% in favor, con un participation de 84,6%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Report: Scottish Independence Referendum |url=https://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/research-reports-and-data/our-reports-and-data-past-elections-and-referendums/report-scottish-independence-referendum |website=The Electoral Commission |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> Le referendo habeva essite organisate in consequentia del accordo de Edinburgh del 15 octobre 2012, signate per le prime ministro britanno David Cameron e le prime ministro scotic Alex Salmond. Le accordo permitteva al Parlamento scotic de legislar super le referendo per medio de un transferentia temporari de competentias conforme al Section 30 del Scotland Act 1998.<ref>{{cite web |title=Agreement between the United Kingdom Government and the Scottish Government on a referendum on independence for Scotland |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a7eae5740f0b62305b827ce/scottish_referendum_agreement.pdf |website=UK Government |date=15 October 2012 |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> Post le resultato, le [[Partito National Scotic]] (SNP) continuava a defender le possibilitate de un secunde referendo in caso de un cambiamento substantial del circumstantias constitutional. === Brexit e le prime tentativas de organisar un secunde referendo === In le referendo britanno super le Union Europee del 23 junio 2016, 62% del votantes in Scotia optava pro remaner in le Union Europee, in contrasto con le resultato general del Regno Unite, que favoriva le retiro.<ref>{{cite web |title=EU referendum results by region: Scotland |url=https://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/research-reports-and-data/our-reports-and-data-past-elections-and-referendums/results-and-turnout-eu-referendum/eu-referendum-results-region-scotland |website=The Electoral Commission |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> Le prime ministra Nicola Sturgeon considerava iste divergentia un justification democratic pro un nove referendo. In 2017, le Parlamento scotic votava in favor de demandar al governamento britanno un nove transferentia de competentias constitutional, cognoscite como un ''Section 30 Order''. Le governamento britanno refusava le proposition de un nove referendo. === Developpamentos inter 2018 e 2021 === In 2018, le SNP publicava le reporto del Sustainable Growth Commission, que examinava le possibilitates economic de un Scotia independente, includente le question del moneta, del debito public e del relationes economic con le resto del Regno Unite. In 2019, le governamento scotic continuava a demandar un nove referendo. Le governamento britanno refusava le demanda in januario 2020. Post le election del Parlamento scotic in 2021, le SNP e le [[Scottish Green Party]] formava un majoritate favorabile al independentia. Nicola Sturgeon annunciava su intention de promover un nove referendo, con le objectivo de tener lo in 2023. === Le crise constitutional de 2022 === In junio 2022, le governamento scotic annunciava su intention de organizar un referendo le 19 octobre 2023, con le question: «Should Scotland be an independent country?». Le governamento britanno refusava un nove transferentia de competentias. Le caso esseva dunque inviate al [[Corte Supreme del Regno Unite]] pro determinar si le Parlamento scotic poteva legislar independentemente super un referendo. Le 23 novembre 2022, le Corte Supreme decideva que le Parlamento scotic non habeva le competentia de organizar unilateralmente un referendo super le independentia, perque le question concernava materias constitutional reservate al Parlamento del Regno Unite.<ref>{{cite web |title=Reference by the Lord Advocate of devolution issues under paragraph 34 of Schedule 6 to the Scotland Act 1998, [2022] UKSC 31 |url=https://www.supremecourt.uk/cases/uksc-2022-0098 |website=The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom |date=23 November 2022 |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> === Developpamentos inter 2023 e 2025 === Post le decision del Corte Supreme, le SNP explorava altere strategias politic, includente le idea de transformar le election general britanno de 2024 in un referendo de facto. Tamen, le partito abandonava iste proposition como strategia formal in 2023. Durante le election general de 2024, le SNP perdeva un numero importante de sedes in le Parlamento britanno, resultante in un reduction de su representation parlamentar. In 2025, le prime ministro scotic John Swinney continuava a defender le possibilitate de un nove referendo, durante que le governamento britanno manteneva su opposition a un nove votation sin un accordo constitutional. === Developpamentos in 2026 === In le election del Parlamento scotic del 7 maio 2026, le SNP obteneva 58 sedes e le [[Scottish Green Party]] 15 sedes, constituente un total de 73 representantes de partitos generalmente favorabile al independentia.<ref>{{cite web |title=2026 Election Results |url=https://www.parliament.scot/msps/elections/2026-election-results |website=Scottish Parliament |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> Le 28 augusto 2026, le governamento scotic publicava un projecto de lege super un referendo de independentia. Le documento proponeva de reprender le question del referendo de 2014: «Should Scotland be an independent country?». Le projecto specificava le question e le franchise electoral, ma su introduction formal in le Parlamento dependeva del obtention del competentias legislative necessari.<ref>{{cite web |title=Draft Independence Referendum Bill published |url=https://www.gov.scot/news/draft-independence-referendum-bill-published/ |website=Scottish Government |date=28 August 2026 |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> Le governamento britanno continuava a opponer se a un nove referendo. In un responsa parlamentar del 28 octobre 2026, le ministro Douglas Alexander declarava que un secunde referendo de independentia esseva firmemente excludite del planos del governamento britanno.<ref>{{cite web |title=Written question 901678: Discussions on a second independence referendum |url=https://questions-statements.parliament.uk/written-questions/detail/2026-10-20/901678 |website=UK Parliament |date=28 October 2026 |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> == Legalitate == Le questione del competentias constitutional constitue un del aspectos central del debatto. Le [[Scotland Act 1998]] establi le distribution del competentias inter le Parlamento scotic e le Parlamento britanno. Le Union del regnos de Scotia e Anglaterra es un materia reservate al autoritates britanno.<ref>{{cite web |title=Scotland Act 1998 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/46/contents |website=UK Legislation |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> In 2014, le accordo de Edinburgh e un Section 30 Order permitteva al Parlamento scotic de organisar le prime referendo in un quadro legal acceptate per ambe governamentos. Le decision del Supreme Court de 2022 confirmava que un referendo unilateral non pote esser organisate per le Parlamento scotic sin le competentias legislative appropriate. == Questiones politic e economic == Le proposition de un secunde referendo involve plure questiones fundamental. === Economia e moneta === Le futuro economic de un Scotia independente es un del themas le plus disputate. Le reportos del ''Sustainable Growth Commission'' examinava le uso del libra sterling, le creation eventual de un moneta proprie, le debito public e le structura fiscal del nove stato. Le sostenitores del independentia argumenta que Scotia poterea administrar su proprie ressources e adoptar politicas economic adaptate a su necessitates. Le oppositores accentua le incertitudes relative al commercio, le finantias public e le relationes economic con le resto del Regno Unite. === Union Europee === Le relation con le [[Union Europee]] constitue un altere argumento central. Le sostenitores del independentia considera que Scotia independente poterea tentar de devenir membro del Union Europee. Tamen, un tal adhesion non esserea automatic e requirerea un processo de negotiation e approbation conforme al tractatos europee. === Democratia e governamento === Le sostenitores del referendo considera que le electores scotic debe haber le possibilitate de determinar le futuro constitutional de lor pais. Le oppositores argumenta que le referendo de 2014 habeva establite un mandato politic e que un nove referendo debe depender de un accordo constitutional inter le governamentos. === Defensa e securitate === Le independentia poterea etiam modificar le position de Scotia in le structuras de defensa del Regno Unite, includente le question del armas nuclear britannic e del collaboration militar international. == Reactiones politic == Le [[Scottish National Party]] e le [[Scottish Green Party]] ha sustenite le idea de un secunde referendo. Altere organisationes pro-independentia, includente le [[Alba Party]] e le [[Scottish Socialist Party]], ha etiam supportate le principio de independentia. Le [[Conservative Party]], le [[Labour Party]] e le [[Liberal Democrats]] ha exprimite opposition al proposition de un nove referendo sin un accordo con le governamento britanno. Le debatto reflecte divergentias super le natura del union britanno, le autonomia de Scotia e le interpretation del mandato democratic del Parlamento scotic. == Vide etiam == * [[Independentia de Scotia]] * [[Referendo scotic super le independentia de 2014]] * [[Parlamento scotic]] * [[Governamento scotic]] * [[Brexit]] * [[Union Europee]] * [[Scotland Act 1998]] * [[Corte Supreme del Regno Unite]] {{ref}} == Bibliographia == * {{cite book |last=MacCormick |first=Neil |title=Questioning Sovereignty: Law, State, and Nation in the European Commonwealth |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0198268767}} == Ligamines externe == * [https://www.gov.scot/ Governamento scotic] * [https://www.parliament.scot/ Parlamento scotic] * [https://www.supremecourt.uk/ Corte Supreme del Regno Unite] * [https://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/ Electoral Commission] * [https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/ House of Commons Library] [[Categoria:Referendums de independentia]] [[Categoria:Referendums proponite]] [[Categoria:Referendums in Scotia]] [[Categoria:Independentia scotese]] [[Categoria:Nicola Sturgeon]] [[Categoria:John Swinney]] qy3x0z2wptkflps2saro6st5amvds6n 0 62521 705708 2026-11-10T16:38:48Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} '''Brasil colonial''' es le periodo del historia de [[Brasil]] durante le qual le territorio esseva sub le dominio del [[Imperio Portuguese]], inter le arrivata del portugueses in 1500 e le [[Declaration de independentia de Brasil]] in 1822. Durante iste periodo, le territorio esseva integrate in le structuras politic, economic e commercial del imperio portugese e cognoscite como [[America Portuguese]]. sclavage == Historia == === Arriva...” 705708 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} '''Brasil colonial''' es le periodo del historia de [[Brasil]] durante le qual le territorio esseva sub le dominio del [[Imperio Portuguese]], inter le arrivata del portugueses in 1500 e le [[Declaration de independentia de Brasil]] in 1822. Durante iste periodo, le territorio esseva integrate in le structuras politic, economic e commercial del imperio portugese e cognoscite como [[America Portuguese]]. sclavage == Historia == === Arrivata del portugueses e prime contactes (1500–1530) === Le 22 april 1500, le expedition portugese commandate per [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] arrivava al costa del territorio que hodie forma Brasil. Le region esseva jam inhabitate per numerose populationes indigene, appartenente a differentes grupos linguistic e cultural, inter illes le [[Tupi]] e altere populationes amerindie. Le arrivata portugese faceva parte del expansion maritime del [[Regno de Portugal]] e de su effortios pro establir nove rotas commercial e territorios colonial. Durante le prime decennios, le interesse economic portugese esseva principalmente concentrate sur le extraction de [[pau-brasil]], un arbore tropical que produceva un colorante rubie utilisate in Europa. Le extraction esseva frequentemente organisate per contractos commercial con mercantes e implicava relationes de troca con populationes indigene. Le franceses etiam manifestava interesse in le region, contestante le pretensiones territorial portugese.<ref>{{cite web |title=First Contact and Early Colonization of Brazil |url=https://academic.oup.com/reference/62333/reference-article-abstract/554078286 |website=Oxford Bibliographies |date=15 January 2019 |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> === Capitanias hereditari e organisation territorial (1534–1549) === A partir de 1534, le Corona portugese institueva le systema de [[capitania hereditari]]. Le territorio esseva dividite in grande territorios concedite a beneficiarios appellate ''donatarios'', qui recipeva responsabilitates administrative, militar e economic. Le donatarios debeva promover le colonisation, defender le territorio e establir centros de population. In cambio, illes obteneva certe privilegios e derectos economic. Le systema incontrava difficultates importante, inter illos le insufficientia de ressources financie, le difficultates de communication, le resistentia indigene e le problemas de administration. Le capitanias de [[Pernambuco]] e [[São Vicente]] deveniva importante centros de colonisation e production de zucchero.<ref>{{cite web |title=Evolução do Sistema Aduaneiro |url=https://www.gov.br/receitafederal/pt-br/acesso-a-informacao/institucional/memoria/aduana/evolucao-do-sistema-aduaneiro |website=Receita Federal do Brasil |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> === Creation del Governo-General (1549) === In 1548, le Corona portugese decideva establir un administration plus centralisate. Le Governo-General esseva create pro coordinar le administration del differentes capitanias e fortificar le autoritate del monarchia portugese. In 1549, [[Tomé de Sousa]] arrivava in America Portuguese como prime governator-general. Ille fundava le citate de [[Salvador (Bahia)|Salvador]], que deveniva le prime capital del colonia. Le nove administration includeva officiales responsabile del administration general, del justitia, del finantias e del defensa militar. Le creation del Governo-General non aboleva le capitanias hereditari, ma introduceva un autoritate superior que coordinava le administration colonial.<ref>{{cite web |title=Período Colonial: Cronologia administrativa |url=https://mapa.an.gov.br/index.php/assuntos/79-producao/80-cronologia/457-periodo-colonial |website=Arquivo Nacional do Brasil |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> === Expansion del agricultura e economia del zucchero === Durante le seculo XVI, le production de [[sucre]] deveniva un del bases principal del economia colonial. Le plantationes, appellate ''engenhos'', esseva concentrate principalmente in le nord-est del colonia, specialmente in Pernambuco e Bahia. Le production era orientate verso le mercatos europee e dependente de grande proprietates agricultural, investitiones commercial e labor compulsori. Le expansion del industria del zucchero intensificava le importation de africanos enslave, que deveniva un elemento central del structura economic e social del colonia. Le commercio del zucchero integrava Brasil in un rete atlantic que connecteva Portugal, Africa e Europa.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bethell |first=Leslie |title=Colonial Brazil |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0521349253}}</ref> === Expansion del sclavitude africane === Le sclavitude esseva un del institutiones fundamental del societate colonial. Desde le seculo XVI, le portugeses organisava le deportation forciate de milliones de africanos verso America Portuguese. Le sclavos africanos laborava in plantationes de zucchero, minas, portos, casas e altere activitates economic. Le population indigene esseva etiam subjicite a sclavitude, guerras, exploitation e displacementos territorial. Le epidemias introducite per le europeos provocava etiam un declino demographic considerabile inter numerose communitates indigene. Le resistentia contra le sclavitude assumeva differentes formas, includente fugas, revoltas, formation de communitates libere e le creation de [[quilombo]]s. Le [[Quilombo dos Palmares]] deveniva un del plus importante symbolos del resistentia contra le sclavitude in le America Portuguese.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mattoso |first=Kátia M. de Queirós |title=To Be a Slave in Brazil, 1550–1888 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=1986}}</ref> == Brasil sub le Union Iberic (1580–1640) == In 1580, post le crise de succession del monarchia portugese, Portugal e su imperio entrava sub le autoritate del monarchia hispanic, sub [[Philippo II de Espania]], qui etiam esseva Philippe I de Portugal. Iste periodo es cognoscite como [[Union Iberic]]. Le union dynastic modificava le relationes international del colonia e contribuiva al intensification del conflictos con le adversarios del monarchia hispanic. Le [[nederlandeses]] e altere potentias europee contestava le dominio commercial portugese in le Atlantico. === Invasiones nederlandese === In 1624, un expedition nederlandese occupava temporarimente [[Salvador (Bahia)|Salvador]]. Le occupation terminava in 1625, quando un expedition militar iberic recuperava le citate. In 1630, le nederlandeses occupava [[Olinda]] e [[Recife]], in Pernambuco, e establiva un administration colonial in le nord-est brasilian. Sub le governamento de [[Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen]], inter 1637 e 1644, Recife experimentava un periodo de transformation urban e cultural. Le dominio nederlandese comenciava a declinar durante le secunde medietate del seculo XVII. Le portugueses e lor alliatos recuperava gradualmente le territorio, e le nederlandeses esseva finalmente expellite in 1654.<ref>{{cite web |title=Atlas Histórico do Brasil: A União Ibérica e as invasões |url=https://atlas.fgv.br/ |website=Fundação Getulio Vargas |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> == Expansion territorial e exploration del interior == === Bandeirantes e bandeiras === Durante le seculos XVII e XVIII, expeditiones appellate ''bandeiras'' explorava le regiones interior del America Portuguese. Le bandeirantes, frequentemente originari de [[São Paulo]], cercava territorios interior, cercava metales preciose e capturava populationes indigene pro le sclavitude. Lor expeditiones contribuiva al expansion territorial del colonia ultra le limites original del [[Tractato de Tordesillas]]. Tamen, iste expansion esseva accompagnate per violentia, destruction de communitates indigene e appropriation de territorios. === Expansion del allevamento de bestial === Le allevamento de bestial se expandiva in regiones del interior, specialmente in le nordeste e le regiones que hodie constitue [[Minas Gerais]], [[Goiás]] e [[Mato Grosso]]. Le bestial forniva carne, corio e animales de labor e contribuiva al establimento de rotas commercial e centros de population in le interior. == Le cyclo del auro e del diamantes (seculo XVIII) == Le discoperta de depositos de [[auro]] in le interior del colonia, specialmente in le region que deveniva [[Minas Gerais]], provocava un transformation economic importante a partir del fin del seculo XVII. Le expansion del extraction aurifere attirava colonos, mercantes, artesanos e trabalhadores de diverse partes del America Portuguese e de Portugal. Le extraction de auro e diamantes generava nove centros urban, augmentava le population e intensificava le activitates commercial. Le Corona portugese establiva un systema fiscal pro controlar le extraction e perciper un portion del production, includente le imposto appellate ''quinto'', que correspondeva a un quinta parte del auro extrahite. Le capital del colonia esseva transferite de [[Salvador (Bahia)|Salvador]] a [[Rio de Janeiro]] in 1763, in parte pro facilitar le administration del regiones economicamente importante del centro-sud. Le expansion del extraction mineral etiam augmentava le demand de labor enslave e le dependentia del colonia del commercio atlantic.<ref>{{cite book |last=Fausto |first=Boris |title=A Concise History of Brazil |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0521565264}}</ref> == Administration e reformas del seculo XVIII == Durante le seculo XVIII, le Corona portugese tentava fortificar su controlo super le colonia e reorganisar su administration. Sub le regno de [[José I de Portugal]], le ministro [[Marquês de Pombal]] promoveva reformas administrative, economic e educative. Le reformas pombalinas includeva le reduction del poter del [[Compania de Jesus]], le expulsion del jesuitas del imperio portugese in 1759 e le modification del organisation del education e del administration colonial. Le politica colonial deveniva plus centralisate, con un effortio de augmentar le recettes fiscal e fortificar le autoritate del Corona. == Societate e cultura colonial == Le societate del Brasil colonial esseva caracterisate per profundas hierarchias social e economic. Le population includeva colonos europee, africanos enslave, descendentes de africanos, populationes indigene e gruppos de population miscite. Le religion catholic esseva le religion dominante e le [[Compania de Jesus]] habeva un rolo importante in le evangelisation, le education e le relationes inter le autoritates colonial e le communitates indigene. Le cultura colonial formava se per le interactiones e conflictos inter traditiones europee, africane e indigene. Le lingua portugese gradualmente se expandiva como lingua dominante, durante que numerose linguas indigene e africane continuava a esser utilisate in diverse regiones. Le architectura, le musica, le arte religiose, le gastronomia e le traditiones popular reflecteva iste processo de interaction cultural. == Crisis del systema colonial e movimentos de resistentia == Durante le fin del seculo XVIII, le economia e le societate colonial experimentava transformationes importante. Le difficultates fiscal, le restrictones commercial e le ideas del [[Illuminismo]] contribuiva al emergentia de movimentos politic contra le domination portugese. === Inconfidência Mineira === In 1789, un movimento conspirative cognoscite como [[Inconfidência Mineira]] emergeva in Minas Gerais. Le participantes criticava le politica fiscal portugese e aspirava a establir un regime politic independente in le region. Le movimento esseva reprimit e [[Tiradentes]], un de su participantes, esseva executate in 1792. === Conjuración Baiana === In 1798, le [[Conjuración Baiana]], etiam cognoscite como Revolta dos Alfaiates, occurreva in Bahia. Le movimento habeva un participation social plus large e includeva soldatos, artesanos e homines libere de origine africane. Su demandas includeva le independentia, le equalitate politic e le abolition del sclavitude. Le autoritates portugese reprimeva le movimento e executava quatro de su participantes. == Transferentia del corte portugese a Brasil (1808) == In 1807, le invasiones napoleonian de Portugal fortiava le familia regal portugese a abandonar Europa. In 1808, le corte de [[João VI de Portugal]] arrivava a Rio de Janeiro, accompagnate per membros del familia regal e numerose officiales. Le arrivata del corte modificava profundemente le organisation politic e economic del colonia. Le [[Portos aperte al nationes amical]] esseva proclamate in 1808, terminante le monopolio commercial traditional que ligava Brasil a Portugal. Rio de Janeiro deveniva le centro del monarchia portugese e recipeva nove institutiones administrative, cultural e financial. Le Bibliotheca Regal, le Banco do Brasil e altere institutiones esseva create o reorganisate durante iste periodo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Período Colonial |url=https://mapa.an.gov.br/index.php/assuntos/79-producao/80-cronologia/457-periodo-colonial |website=Arquivo Nacional do Brasil |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> == De colonia a regno unite (1815–1822) == In 1815, le Brasil esseva elevate al condition de Regno unite con Portugal e le Algarves, durante le regno de [[João VI de Portugal]]. Iste decision transformava formalmente le position constitutional de Brasil, que cessava de esser un simple colonia e deveniva parte integrante del monarchia portugese. In 1820, le [[Revolution Liberal de Porto]] exigeva le retorno del monarchia a Portugal e le adoption de un constitution liberal. João VI retornava a Portugal in 1821, lassante su filio [[Pedro I de Brasil]] como principe regente. Le Cortes portugese tentava restaurar le administration centralisate e reducer le autonomia que Brasil habeva obtenite desde 1808. Le tensiones inter le elites brasilian e le autoritates portugese conduceva al ruptura politic. == Independentia de Brasil (1822) == Le 7 septembre 1822, Pedro proclamava le independentia de Brasil, marcante le fin del periodo colonial e le formation del [[Imperio de Brasil]]. Le nove stato manteneva le monarchia sub Pedro I, qui deveniva le prime imperator del Brasil. Le independentia non implicava le fin immediate del sclavitude, del desigualitates social o del structuras economic hereditate del periodo colonial. Le sclavitude continuava in Brasil usque a 1888, quando esseva formalmente abolite per le [[Lei Áurea]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Brazil: A Country Study |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/89606221/ |website=Library of Congress |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> == Economia == Le economia del Brasil colonial esseva orientate principalmente verso le exploitation de ressources e le exportation de productos al mercatos international. Su principal sectores economic esseva: * Extraction de pau-brasil. * Production de zucchero. * Cultivation de tabaco. * Agricultura de alimentation. * Allevamento de bestial. * Extraction de auro e diamantes. * Commercio atlantic e sclavitude. Le structura economic variava considerabilemente inter regiones e periodos historic. Le plantationes del nordeste, le extraction mineral del centro-sud e le commercio maritime del citates portuari formava partes interconnectite del economia colonial.<ref>{{cite web |title=Atlas Histórico do Brasil |url=https://atlas.fgv.br/ |website=Fundação Getulio Vargas |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> == Hereditage del periodo colonial == Le periodo colonial habeva consequentias durabile sur le structura territorial, linguistic, religiose, economic e social de Brasil. Le lingua portugese, le religion catholic, le organisation de numerose citates e le structura de proprietate territorial reflecte le influence del colonisation. Le sclavitude e le exploitation del populationes indigene e africane produceva profundas desigualitates que continuava a influentiar le societate brasilian post le independentia. Le formation de Brasil como stato independente esseva assi le resultato de un processo historic complexe, marcate per colonisation, resistentia, interaction cultural, expansion territorial e transformationes politic. == Vide etiam == * [[Historia de Brasil]] * [[America Portuguese]] * [[Imperio Portuguese]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] * [[Capitania hereditari]] * [[Governo-General]] * [[Sclavitude in Brasil]] * [[Quilombo dos Palmares]] * [[Union Iberic]] * [[Invasiones nederlandese in Brasil]] * [[Bandeirantes]] * [[Cyclo del auro]] * [[Marquês de Pombal]] * [[Inconfidência Mineira]] * [[Conjuración Baiana]] * [[Transferentia del corte portugese a Brasil]] * [[Independentia de Brasil]] {{ref}} == Bibliographia == * {{cite book |last=Fausto |first=Boris |title=A Concise History of Brazil |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0521565264}} * {{cite book |editor-last=Bethell |editor-first=Leslie |title=Colonial Brazil |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0521349253}} * {{cite book |last=Mattoso |first=Kátia M. de Queirós |title=To Be a Slave in Brazil, 1550–1888 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=1986}} * {{cite book |last=Fragoso |first=João |title=O Brasil colonial |publisher=Civilização Brasileira |year=2014}} == Ligamines externe == * [https://atlas.fgv.br/ Atlas Historic de Brasil – Fundação Getulio Vargas] * [https://mapa.an.gov.br/ Mapa – Archivo National de Brasil] * [https://www.gov.br/ Arquivos e institutiones del governamento brasilian] * [https://www.loc.gov/ Library of Congress] * [https://www.cambridge.org/ Cambridge University Press] [[Categoria:Historia de Brasil]] [[Categoria:Brasil colonial]] [[Categoria:Imperio Portuguese]] [[Categoria:Colonisation portugese in America]] [[Categoria:Sclavitude in Brasil]] [[Categoria:Historia colonial de America]] [[Categoria:Colonisation de America]] [[Categoria:Colonisation de Brasil| ]] [[Categoria:Imperio portugese]] [[Categoria:Seculo XVI in Brasil]] [[Categoria:Seculo XVII in Brasil]] [[Categoria:Decada de 1800 in Brasil]] [[Categoria:Decada de 1810 in Brasil]] [[Categoria:Decada de 1820 in Brasil]] [[Categoria:Statos e territorios fundate in 1500]] [[Categoria:Statos e territorios extincte in 1815]] [[Categoria:Brasil colonial| ]] b8ypwnleagxc4c43gemzrzhuvr8kcbn 705709 705708 2026-11-10T16:39:32Z Tratxan 61856 705709 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} '''Brasil colonial''' es le periodo del historia de [[Brasil]] durante le qual le territorio esseva sub le dominio del [[Imperio Portuguese]], inter le arrivata del portugueses in 1500 e le [[Declaration de independentia de Brasil]] in 1822. Durante iste periodo, le territorio esseva integrate in le structuras politic, economic e commercial del imperio portugese e cognoscite como [[America Portuguese]]. Le colonisation portugese transformava profundemente le structura demographic, social, economic e cultural del territorio. Le processo includeva le exploitation del ressources natural, le expansion del agricultura de plantation, le [[sclavage]] de populationes africane e indigene, le diffusion del catholicismo e le expansion del occupation europee verso le interior del continente.<ref>{{cite book |last=Fausto |first=Boris |title=A Concise History of Brazil |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0521565264}}</ref> == Historia == === Arrivata del portugueses e prime contactes (1500–1530) === Le 22 april 1500, le expedition portugese commandate per [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] arrivava al costa del territorio que hodie forma Brasil. Le region esseva jam inhabitate per numerose populationes indigene, appartenente a differentes grupos linguistic e cultural, inter illes le [[Tupi]] e altere populationes amerindie. Le arrivata portugese faceva parte del expansion maritime del [[Regno de Portugal]] e de su effortios pro establir nove rotas commercial e territorios colonial. Durante le prime decennios, le interesse economic portugese esseva principalmente concentrate sur le extraction de [[pau-brasil]], un arbore tropical que produceva un colorante rubie utilisate in Europa. Le extraction esseva frequentemente organisate per contractos commercial con mercantes e implicava relationes de troca con populationes indigene. Le franceses etiam manifestava interesse in le region, contestante le pretensiones territorial portugese.<ref>{{cite web |title=First Contact and Early Colonization of Brazil |url=https://academic.oup.com/reference/62333/reference-article-abstract/554078286 |website=Oxford Bibliographies |date=15 January 2019 |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> === Capitanias hereditari e organisation territorial (1534–1549) === A partir de 1534, le Corona portugese institueva le systema de [[capitania hereditari]]. Le territorio esseva dividite in grande territorios concedite a beneficiarios appellate ''donatarios'', qui recipeva responsabilitates administrative, militar e economic. Le donatarios debeva promover le colonisation, defender le territorio e establir centros de population. In cambio, illes obteneva certe privilegios e derectos economic. Le systema incontrava difficultates importante, inter illos le insufficientia de ressources financie, le difficultates de communication, le resistentia indigene e le problemas de administration. Le capitanias de [[Pernambuco]] e [[São Vicente]] deveniva importante centros de colonisation e production de zucchero.<ref>{{cite web |title=Evolução do Sistema Aduaneiro |url=https://www.gov.br/receitafederal/pt-br/acesso-a-informacao/institucional/memoria/aduana/evolucao-do-sistema-aduaneiro |website=Receita Federal do Brasil |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> === Creation del Governo-General (1549) === In 1548, le Corona portugese decideva establir un administration plus centralisate. Le Governo-General esseva create pro coordinar le administration del differentes capitanias e fortificar le autoritate del monarchia portugese. In 1549, [[Tomé de Sousa]] arrivava in America Portuguese como prime governator-general. Ille fundava le citate de [[Salvador (Bahia)|Salvador]], que deveniva le prime capital del colonia. Le nove administration includeva officiales responsabile del administration general, del justitia, del finantias e del defensa militar. Le creation del Governo-General non aboleva le capitanias hereditari, ma introduceva un autoritate superior que coordinava le administration colonial.<ref>{{cite web |title=Período Colonial: Cronologia administrativa |url=https://mapa.an.gov.br/index.php/assuntos/79-producao/80-cronologia/457-periodo-colonial |website=Arquivo Nacional do Brasil |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> === Expansion del agricultura e economia del zucchero === Durante le seculo XVI, le production de [[sucre]] deveniva un del bases principal del economia colonial. Le plantationes, appellate ''engenhos'', esseva concentrate principalmente in le nord-est del colonia, specialmente in Pernambuco e Bahia. Le production era orientate verso le mercatos europee e dependente de grande proprietates agricultural, investitiones commercial e labor compulsori. Le expansion del industria del zucchero intensificava le importation de africanos enslave, que deveniva un elemento central del structura economic e social del colonia. Le commercio del zucchero integrava Brasil in un rete atlantic que connecteva Portugal, Africa e Europa.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bethell |first=Leslie |title=Colonial Brazil |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0521349253}}</ref> === Expansion del sclavitude africane === Le sclavitude esseva un del institutiones fundamental del societate colonial. Desde le seculo XVI, le portugeses organisava le deportation forciate de milliones de africanos verso America Portuguese. Le sclavos africanos laborava in plantationes de zucchero, minas, portos, casas e altere activitates economic. Le population indigene esseva etiam subjicite a sclavitude, guerras, exploitation e displacementos territorial. Le epidemias introducite per le europeos provocava etiam un declino demographic considerabile inter numerose communitates indigene. Le resistentia contra le sclavitude assumeva differentes formas, includente fugas, revoltas, formation de communitates libere e le creation de [[quilombo]]s. Le [[Quilombo dos Palmares]] deveniva un del plus importante symbolos del resistentia contra le sclavitude in le America Portuguese.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mattoso |first=Kátia M. de Queirós |title=To Be a Slave in Brazil, 1550–1888 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=1986}}</ref> == Brasil sub le Union Iberic (1580–1640) == In 1580, post le crise de succession del monarchia portugese, Portugal e su imperio entrava sub le autoritate del monarchia hispanic, sub [[Philippo II de Espania]], qui etiam esseva Philippe I de Portugal. Iste periodo es cognoscite como [[Union Iberic]]. Le union dynastic modificava le relationes international del colonia e contribuiva al intensification del conflictos con le adversarios del monarchia hispanic. Le [[nederlandeses]] e altere potentias europee contestava le dominio commercial portugese in le Atlantico. === Invasiones nederlandese === In 1624, un expedition nederlandese occupava temporarimente [[Salvador (Bahia)|Salvador]]. Le occupation terminava in 1625, quando un expedition militar iberic recuperava le citate. In 1630, le nederlandeses occupava [[Olinda]] e [[Recife]], in Pernambuco, e establiva un administration colonial in le nord-est brasilian. Sub le governamento de [[Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen]], inter 1637 e 1644, Recife experimentava un periodo de transformation urban e cultural. Le dominio nederlandese comenciava a declinar durante le secunde medietate del seculo XVII. Le portugueses e lor alliatos recuperava gradualmente le territorio, e le nederlandeses esseva finalmente expellite in 1654.<ref>{{cite web |title=Atlas Histórico do Brasil: A União Ibérica e as invasões |url=https://atlas.fgv.br/ |website=Fundação Getulio Vargas |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> == Expansion territorial e exploration del interior == === Bandeirantes e bandeiras === Durante le seculos XVII e XVIII, expeditiones appellate ''bandeiras'' explorava le regiones interior del America Portuguese. Le bandeirantes, frequentemente originari de [[São Paulo]], cercava territorios interior, cercava metales preciose e capturava populationes indigene pro le sclavitude. Lor expeditiones contribuiva al expansion territorial del colonia ultra le limites original del [[Tractato de Tordesillas]]. Tamen, iste expansion esseva accompagnate per violentia, destruction de communitates indigene e appropriation de territorios. === Expansion del allevamento de bestial === Le allevamento de bestial se expandiva in regiones del interior, specialmente in le nordeste e le regiones que hodie constitue [[Minas Gerais]], [[Goiás]] e [[Mato Grosso]]. Le bestial forniva carne, corio e animales de labor e contribuiva al establimento de rotas commercial e centros de population in le interior. == Le cyclo del auro e del diamantes (seculo XVIII) == Le discoperta de depositos de [[auro]] in le interior del colonia, specialmente in le region que deveniva [[Minas Gerais]], provocava un transformation economic importante a partir del fin del seculo XVII. Le expansion del extraction aurifere attirava colonos, mercantes, artesanos e trabalhadores de diverse partes del America Portuguese e de Portugal. Le extraction de auro e diamantes generava nove centros urban, augmentava le population e intensificava le activitates commercial. Le Corona portugese establiva un systema fiscal pro controlar le extraction e perciper un portion del production, includente le imposto appellate ''quinto'', que correspondeva a un quinta parte del auro extrahite. Le capital del colonia esseva transferite de [[Salvador (Bahia)|Salvador]] a [[Rio de Janeiro]] in 1763, in parte pro facilitar le administration del regiones economicamente importante del centro-sud. Le expansion del extraction mineral etiam augmentava le demand de labor enslave e le dependentia del colonia del commercio atlantic.<ref>{{cite book |last=Fausto |first=Boris |title=A Concise History of Brazil |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0521565264}}</ref> == Administration e reformas del seculo XVIII == Durante le seculo XVIII, le Corona portugese tentava fortificar su controlo super le colonia e reorganisar su administration. Sub le regno de [[José I de Portugal]], le ministro [[Marquês de Pombal]] promoveva reformas administrative, economic e educative. Le reformas pombalinas includeva le reduction del poter del [[Compania de Jesus]], le expulsion del jesuitas del imperio portugese in 1759 e le modification del organisation del education e del administration colonial. Le politica colonial deveniva plus centralisate, con un effortio de augmentar le recettes fiscal e fortificar le autoritate del Corona. == Societate e cultura colonial == Le societate del Brasil colonial esseva caracterisate per profundas hierarchias social e economic. Le population includeva colonos europee, africanos enslave, descendentes de africanos, populationes indigene e gruppos de population miscite. Le religion catholic esseva le religion dominante e le [[Compania de Jesus]] habeva un rolo importante in le evangelisation, le education e le relationes inter le autoritates colonial e le communitates indigene. Le cultura colonial formava se per le interactiones e conflictos inter traditiones europee, africane e indigene. Le lingua portugese gradualmente se expandiva como lingua dominante, durante que numerose linguas indigene e africane continuava a esser utilisate in diverse regiones. Le architectura, le musica, le arte religiose, le gastronomia e le traditiones popular reflecteva iste processo de interaction cultural. == Crisis del systema colonial e movimentos de resistentia == Durante le fin del seculo XVIII, le economia e le societate colonial experimentava transformationes importante. Le difficultates fiscal, le restrictones commercial e le ideas del [[Illuminismo]] contribuiva al emergentia de movimentos politic contra le domination portugese. === Inconfidência Mineira === In 1789, un movimento conspirative cognoscite como [[Inconfidência Mineira]] emergeva in Minas Gerais. Le participantes criticava le politica fiscal portugese e aspirava a establir un regime politic independente in le region. Le movimento esseva reprimit e [[Tiradentes]], un de su participantes, esseva executate in 1792. === Conjuración Baiana === In 1798, le [[Conjuración Baiana]], etiam cognoscite como Revolta dos Alfaiates, occurreva in Bahia. Le movimento habeva un participation social plus large e includeva soldatos, artesanos e homines libere de origine africane. Su demandas includeva le independentia, le equalitate politic e le abolition del sclavitude. Le autoritates portugese reprimeva le movimento e executava quatro de su participantes. == Transferentia del corte portugese a Brasil (1808) == In 1807, le invasiones napoleonian de Portugal fortiava le familia regal portugese a abandonar Europa. In 1808, le corte de [[João VI de Portugal]] arrivava a Rio de Janeiro, accompagnate per membros del familia regal e numerose officiales. Le arrivata del corte modificava profundemente le organisation politic e economic del colonia. Le [[Portos aperte al nationes amical]] esseva proclamate in 1808, terminante le monopolio commercial traditional que ligava Brasil a Portugal. Rio de Janeiro deveniva le centro del monarchia portugese e recipeva nove institutiones administrative, cultural e financial. Le Bibliotheca Regal, le Banco do Brasil e altere institutiones esseva create o reorganisate durante iste periodo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Período Colonial |url=https://mapa.an.gov.br/index.php/assuntos/79-producao/80-cronologia/457-periodo-colonial |website=Arquivo Nacional do Brasil |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> == De colonia a regno unite (1815–1822) == In 1815, le Brasil esseva elevate al condition de Regno unite con Portugal e le Algarves, durante le regno de [[João VI de Portugal]]. Iste decision transformava formalmente le position constitutional de Brasil, que cessava de esser un simple colonia e deveniva parte integrante del monarchia portugese. In 1820, le [[Revolution Liberal de Porto]] exigeva le retorno del monarchia a Portugal e le adoption de un constitution liberal. João VI retornava a Portugal in 1821, lassante su filio [[Pedro I de Brasil]] como principe regente. Le Cortes portugese tentava restaurar le administration centralisate e reducer le autonomia que Brasil habeva obtenite desde 1808. Le tensiones inter le elites brasilian e le autoritates portugese conduceva al ruptura politic. == Independentia de Brasil (1822) == Le 7 septembre 1822, Pedro proclamava le independentia de Brasil, marcante le fin del periodo colonial e le formation del [[Imperio de Brasil]]. Le nove stato manteneva le monarchia sub Pedro I, qui deveniva le prime imperator del Brasil. Le independentia non implicava le fin immediate del sclavitude, del desigualitates social o del structuras economic hereditate del periodo colonial. Le sclavitude continuava in Brasil usque a 1888, quando esseva formalmente abolite per le [[Lei Áurea]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Brazil: A Country Study |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/89606221/ |website=Library of Congress |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> == Economia == Le economia del Brasil colonial esseva orientate principalmente verso le exploitation de ressources e le exportation de productos al mercatos international. Su principal sectores economic esseva: * Extraction de pau-brasil. * Production de zucchero. * Cultivation de tabaco. * Agricultura de alimentation. * Allevamento de bestial. * Extraction de auro e diamantes. * Commercio atlantic e sclavitude. Le structura economic variava considerabilemente inter regiones e periodos historic. Le plantationes del nordeste, le extraction mineral del centro-sud e le commercio maritime del citates portuari formava partes interconnectite del economia colonial.<ref>{{cite web |title=Atlas Histórico do Brasil |url=https://atlas.fgv.br/ |website=Fundação Getulio Vargas |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> == Hereditage del periodo colonial == Le periodo colonial habeva consequentias durabile sur le structura territorial, linguistic, religiose, economic e social de Brasil. Le lingua portugese, le religion catholic, le organisation de numerose citates e le structura de proprietate territorial reflecte le influence del colonisation. Le sclavitude e le exploitation del populationes indigene e africane produceva profundas desigualitates que continuava a influentiar le societate brasilian post le independentia. Le formation de Brasil como stato independente esseva assi le resultato de un processo historic complexe, marcate per colonisation, resistentia, interaction cultural, expansion territorial e transformationes politic. == Vide etiam == * [[Historia de Brasil]] * [[America Portuguese]] * [[Imperio Portuguese]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] * [[Capitania hereditari]] * [[Governo-General]] * [[Sclavitude in Brasil]] * [[Quilombo dos Palmares]] * [[Union Iberic]] * [[Invasiones nederlandese in Brasil]] * [[Bandeirantes]] * [[Cyclo del auro]] * [[Marquês de Pombal]] * [[Inconfidência Mineira]] * [[Conjuración Baiana]] * [[Transferentia del corte portugese a Brasil]] * [[Independentia de Brasil]] {{ref}} == Bibliographia == * {{cite book |last=Fausto |first=Boris |title=A Concise History of Brazil |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0521565264}} * {{cite book |editor-last=Bethell |editor-first=Leslie |title=Colonial Brazil |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0521349253}} * {{cite book |last=Mattoso |first=Kátia M. de Queirós |title=To Be a Slave in Brazil, 1550–1888 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=1986}} * {{cite book |last=Fragoso |first=João |title=O Brasil colonial |publisher=Civilização Brasileira |year=2014}} == Ligamines externe == * [https://atlas.fgv.br/ Atlas Historic de Brasil – Fundação Getulio Vargas] * [https://mapa.an.gov.br/ Mapa – Archivo National de Brasil] * [https://www.gov.br/ Arquivos e institutiones del governamento brasilian] * [https://www.loc.gov/ Library of Congress] * [https://www.cambridge.org/ Cambridge University Press] [[Categoria:Historia de Brasil]] [[Categoria:Brasil colonial]] [[Categoria:Imperio Portuguese]] [[Categoria:Colonisation portugese in America]] [[Categoria:Sclavitude in Brasil]] [[Categoria:Historia colonial de America]] [[Categoria:Colonisation de America]] [[Categoria:Colonisation de Brasil| ]] [[Categoria:Imperio portugese]] [[Categoria:Seculo XVI in Brasil]] [[Categoria:Seculo XVII in Brasil]] [[Categoria:Decada de 1800 in Brasil]] [[Categoria:Decada de 1810 in Brasil]] [[Categoria:Decada de 1820 in Brasil]] [[Categoria:Statos e territorios fundate in 1500]] [[Categoria:Statos e territorios extincte in 1815]] [[Categoria:Brasil colonial| ]] 9t5r8ftkrp065oytfcyxg4bzsnk7dsu 705710 705709 2026-11-10T16:41:30Z Tratxan 61856 705710 wikitext text/x-wiki {{revision}} {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} '''Brasil colonial''' es le periodo del historia de [[Brasil]] durante le qual le territorio esseva sub le dominio del [[Imperio Portuguese]], inter le arrivata del portugueses in 1500 e le [[Declaration de independentia de Brasil]] in 1822. Durante iste periodo, le territorio esseva integrate in le structuras politic, economic e commercial del imperio portugese e cognoscite como [[America Portuguese]]. Le colonisation portugese transformava profundemente le structura demographic, social, economic e cultural del territorio. Le processo includeva le exploitation del ressources natural, le expansion del agricultura de plantation, le [[sclavage]] de populationes africane e indigene, le diffusion del catholicismo e le expansion del occupation europee verso le interior del continente.<ref>{{cite book |last=Fausto |first=Boris |title=A Concise History of Brazil |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0521565264}}</ref> == Historia == === Arrivata del portugueses e prime contactes (1500–1530) === Le 22 april 1500, le expedition portugese commandate per [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] arrivava al costa del territorio que hodie forma Brasil. Le region esseva jam inhabitate per numerose populationes indigene, appartenente a differentes grupos linguistic e cultural, inter illes le [[Tupi]] e altere populationes amerindie. Le arrivata portugese faceva parte del expansion maritime del [[Regno de Portugal]] e de su effortios pro establir nove rotas commercial e territorios colonial. Durante le prime decennios, le interesse economic portugese esseva principalmente concentrate sur le extraction de [[pau-brasil]], un arbore tropical que produceva un colorante rubie utilisate in Europa. Le extraction esseva frequentemente organisate per contractos commercial con mercantes e implicava relationes de troca con populationes indigene. Le franceses etiam manifestava interesse in le region, contestante le pretensiones territorial portugese.<ref>{{cite web |title=First Contact and Early Colonization of Brazil |url=https://academic.oup.com/reference/62333/reference-article-abstract/554078286 |website=Oxford Bibliographies |date=15 January 2019 |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> === Capitanias hereditari e organisation territorial (1534–1549) === A partir de 1534, le Corona portugese institueva le systema de [[capitania hereditari]]. Le territorio esseva dividite in grande territorios concedite a beneficiarios appellate ''donatarios'', qui recipeva responsabilitates administrative, militar e economic. Le donatarios debeva promover le colonisation, defender le territorio e establir centros de population. In cambio, illes obteneva certe privilegios e derectos economic. Le systema incontrava difficultates importante, inter illos le insufficientia de ressources financie, le difficultates de communication, le resistentia indigene e le problemas de administration. Le capitanias de [[Pernambuco]] e [[São Vicente]] deveniva importante centros de colonisation e production de zucchero.<ref>{{cite web |title=Evolução do Sistema Aduaneiro |url=https://www.gov.br/receitafederal/pt-br/acesso-a-informacao/institucional/memoria/aduana/evolucao-do-sistema-aduaneiro |website=Receita Federal do Brasil |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> === Creation del Governo-General (1549) === In 1548, le Corona portugese decideva establir un administration plus centralisate. Le Governo-General esseva create pro coordinar le administration del differentes capitanias e fortificar le autoritate del monarchia portugese. In 1549, [[Tomé de Sousa]] arrivava in America Portuguese como prime governator-general. Ille fundava le citate de [[Salvador (Bahia)|Salvador]], que deveniva le prime capital del colonia. Le nove administration includeva officiales responsabile del administration general, del justitia, del finantias e del defensa militar. Le creation del Governo-General non aboleva le capitanias hereditari, ma introduceva un autoritate superior que coordinava le administration colonial.<ref>{{cite web |title=Período Colonial: Cronologia administrativa |url=https://mapa.an.gov.br/index.php/assuntos/79-producao/80-cronologia/457-periodo-colonial |website=Arquivo Nacional do Brasil |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> === Expansion del agricultura e economia del zucchero === Durante le seculo XVI, le production de [[sucre]] deveniva un del bases principal del economia colonial. Le plantationes, appellate ''engenhos'', esseva concentrate principalmente in le nord-est del colonia, specialmente in Pernambuco e Bahia. Le production era orientate verso le mercatos europee e dependente de grande proprietates agricultural, investitiones commercial e labor compulsori. Le expansion del industria del zucchero intensificava le importation de africanos enslave, que deveniva un elemento central del structura economic e social del colonia. Le commercio del zucchero integrava Brasil in un rete atlantic que connecteva Portugal, Africa e Europa.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bethell |first=Leslie |title=Colonial Brazil |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0521349253}}</ref> === Expansion del sclavitude africane === Le sclavitude esseva un del institutiones fundamental del societate colonial. Desde le seculo XVI, le portugeses organisava le deportation forciate de milliones de africanos verso America Portuguese. Le sclavos africanos laborava in plantationes de zucchero, minas, portos, casas e altere activitates economic. Le population indigene esseva etiam subjicite a sclavitude, guerras, exploitation e displacementos territorial. Le epidemias introducite per le europeos provocava etiam un declino demographic considerabile inter numerose communitates indigene. Le resistentia contra le sclavitude assumeva differentes formas, includente fugas, revoltas, formation de communitates libere e le creation de [[quilombo]]s. Le [[Quilombo dos Palmares]] deveniva un del plus importante symbolos del resistentia contra le sclavitude in le America Portuguese.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mattoso |first=Kátia M. de Queirós |title=To Be a Slave in Brazil, 1550–1888 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=1986}}</ref> == Brasil sub le Union Iberic (1580–1640) == In 1580, post le crise de succession del monarchia portugese, Portugal e su imperio entrava sub le autoritate del monarchia hispanic, sub [[Philippo II de Espania]], qui etiam esseva Philippe I de Portugal. Iste periodo es cognoscite como [[Union Iberic]]. Le union dynastic modificava le relationes international del colonia e contribuiva al intensification del conflictos con le adversarios del monarchia hispanic. Le [[nederlandeses]] e altere potentias europee contestava le dominio commercial portugese in le Atlantico. === Invasiones nederlandese === In 1624, un expedition nederlandese occupava temporarimente [[Salvador (Bahia)|Salvador]]. Le occupation terminava in 1625, quando un expedition militar iberic recuperava le citate. In 1630, le nederlandeses occupava [[Olinda]] e [[Recife]], in Pernambuco, e establiva un administration colonial in le nord-est brasilian. Sub le governamento de [[Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen]], inter 1637 e 1644, Recife experimentava un periodo de transformation urban e cultural. Le dominio nederlandese comenciava a declinar durante le secunde medietate del seculo XVII. Le portugueses e lor alliatos recuperava gradualmente le territorio, e le nederlandeses esseva finalmente expellite in 1654.<ref>{{cite web |title=Atlas Histórico do Brasil: A União Ibérica e as invasões |url=https://atlas.fgv.br/ |website=Fundação Getulio Vargas |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> == Expansion territorial e exploration del interior == === Bandeirantes e bandeiras === Durante le seculos XVII e XVIII, expeditiones appellate ''bandeiras'' explorava le regiones interior del America Portuguese. Le bandeirantes, frequentemente originari de [[São Paulo]], cercava territorios interior, cercava metales preciose e capturava populationes indigene pro le sclavitude. Lor expeditiones contribuiva al expansion territorial del colonia ultra le limites original del [[Tractato de Tordesillas]]. Tamen, iste expansion esseva accompagnate per violentia, destruction de communitates indigene e appropriation de territorios. === Expansion del allevamento de bestial === Le allevamento de bestial se expandiva in regiones del interior, specialmente in le nordeste e le regiones que hodie constitue [[Minas Gerais]], [[Goiás]] e [[Mato Grosso]]. Le bestial forniva carne, corio e animales de labor e contribuiva al establimento de rotas commercial e centros de population in le interior. == Le cyclo del auro e del diamantes (seculo XVIII) == Le discoperta de depositos de [[auro]] in le interior del colonia, specialmente in le region que deveniva [[Minas Gerais]], provocava un transformation economic importante a partir del fin del seculo XVII. Le expansion del extraction aurifere attirava colonos, mercantes, artesanos e trabalhadores de diverse partes del America Portuguese e de Portugal. Le extraction de auro e diamantes generava nove centros urban, augmentava le population e intensificava le activitates commercial. Le Corona portugese establiva un systema fiscal pro controlar le extraction e perciper un portion del production, includente le imposto appellate ''quinto'', que correspondeva a un quinta parte del auro extrahite. Le capital del colonia esseva transferite de [[Salvador (Bahia)|Salvador]] a [[Rio de Janeiro]] in 1763, in parte pro facilitar le administration del regiones economicamente importante del centro-sud. Le expansion del extraction mineral etiam augmentava le demand de labor enslave e le dependentia del colonia del commercio atlantic.<ref>{{cite book |last=Fausto |first=Boris |title=A Concise History of Brazil |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0521565264}}</ref> == Administration e reformas del seculo XVIII == Durante le seculo XVIII, le Corona portugese tentava fortificar su controlo super le colonia e reorganisar su administration. Sub le regno de [[José I de Portugal]], le ministro [[Marquês de Pombal]] promoveva reformas administrative, economic e educative. Le reformas pombalinas includeva le reduction del poter del [[Compania de Jesus]], le expulsion del jesuitas del imperio portugese in 1759 e le modification del organisation del education e del administration colonial. Le politica colonial deveniva plus centralisate, con un effortio de augmentar le recettes fiscal e fortificar le autoritate del Corona. == Societate e cultura colonial == Le societate del Brasil colonial esseva caracterisate per profundas hierarchias social e economic. Le population includeva colonos europee, africanos enslave, descendentes de africanos, populationes indigene e gruppos de population miscite. Le religion catholic esseva le religion dominante e le [[Compania de Jesus]] habeva un rolo importante in le evangelisation, le education e le relationes inter le autoritates colonial e le communitates indigene. Le cultura colonial formava se per le interactiones e conflictos inter traditiones europee, africane e indigene. Le lingua portugese gradualmente se expandiva como lingua dominante, durante que numerose linguas indigene e africane continuava a esser utilisate in diverse regiones. Le architectura, le musica, le arte religiose, le gastronomia e le traditiones popular reflecteva iste processo de interaction cultural. == Crisis del systema colonial e movimentos de resistentia == Durante le fin del seculo XVIII, le economia e le societate colonial experimentava transformationes importante. Le difficultates fiscal, le restrictones commercial e le ideas del [[Illuminismo]] contribuiva al emergentia de movimentos politic contra le domination portugese. === Inconfidência Mineira === In 1789, un movimento conspirative cognoscite como [[Inconfidência Mineira]] emergeva in Minas Gerais. Le participantes criticava le politica fiscal portugese e aspirava a establir un regime politic independente in le region. Le movimento esseva reprimit e [[Tiradentes]], un de su participantes, esseva executate in 1792. === Conjuración Baiana === In 1798, le [[Conjuración Baiana]], etiam cognoscite como Revolta dos Alfaiates, occurreva in Bahia. Le movimento habeva un participation social plus large e includeva soldatos, artesanos e homines libere de origine africane. Su demandas includeva le independentia, le equalitate politic e le abolition del sclavitude. Le autoritates portugese reprimeva le movimento e executava quatro de su participantes. == Transferentia del corte portugese a Brasil (1808) == In 1807, le invasiones napoleonian de Portugal fortiava le familia regal portugese a abandonar Europa. In 1808, le corte de [[João VI de Portugal]] arrivava a Rio de Janeiro, accompagnate per membros del familia regal e numerose officiales. Le arrivata del corte modificava profundemente le organisation politic e economic del colonia. Le [[Portos aperte al nationes amical]] esseva proclamate in 1808, terminante le monopolio commercial traditional que ligava Brasil a Portugal. Rio de Janeiro deveniva le centro del monarchia portugese e recipeva nove institutiones administrative, cultural e financial. Le Bibliotheca Regal, le Banco do Brasil e altere institutiones esseva create o reorganisate durante iste periodo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Período Colonial |url=https://mapa.an.gov.br/index.php/assuntos/79-producao/80-cronologia/457-periodo-colonial |website=Arquivo Nacional do Brasil |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> == De colonia a regno unite (1815–1822) == In 1815, le Brasil esseva elevate al condition de Regno unite con Portugal e le Algarves, durante le regno de [[João VI de Portugal]]. Iste decision transformava formalmente le position constitutional de Brasil, que cessava de esser un simple colonia e deveniva parte integrante del monarchia portugese. In 1820, le [[Revolution Liberal de Porto]] exigeva le retorno del monarchia a Portugal e le adoption de un constitution liberal. João VI retornava a Portugal in 1821, lassante su filio [[Pedro I de Brasil]] como principe regente. Le Cortes portugese tentava restaurar le administration centralisate e reducer le autonomia que Brasil habeva obtenite desde 1808. Le tensiones inter le elites brasilian e le autoritates portugese conduceva al ruptura politic. == Independentia de Brasil (1822) == Le 7 septembre 1822, Pedro proclamava le independentia de Brasil, marcante le fin del periodo colonial e le formation del [[Imperio de Brasil]]. Le nove stato manteneva le monarchia sub Pedro I, qui deveniva le prime imperator del Brasil. Le independentia non implicava le fin immediate del sclavitude, del desigualitates social o del structuras economic hereditate del periodo colonial. Le sclavitude continuava in Brasil usque a 1888, quando esseva formalmente abolite per le [[Lei Áurea]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Brazil: A Country Study |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/89606221/ |website=Library of Congress |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> == Economia == Le economia del Brasil colonial esseva orientate principalmente verso le exploitation de ressources e le exportation de productos al mercatos international. Su principal sectores economic esseva: * Extraction de pau-brasil. * Production de zucchero. * Cultivation de tabaco. * Agricultura de alimentation. * Allevamento de bestial. * Extraction de auro e diamantes. * Commercio atlantic e sclavitude. Le structura economic variava considerabilemente inter regiones e periodos historic. Le plantationes del nordeste, le extraction mineral del centro-sud e le commercio maritime del citates portuari formava partes interconnectite del economia colonial.<ref>{{cite web |title=Atlas Histórico do Brasil |url=https://atlas.fgv.br/ |website=Fundação Getulio Vargas |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> == Hereditage del periodo colonial == Le periodo colonial habeva consequentias durabile sur le structura territorial, linguistic, religiose, economic e social de Brasil. Le lingua portugese, le religion catholic, le organisation de numerose citates e le structura de proprietate territorial reflecte le influence del colonisation. Le sclavitude e le exploitation del populationes indigene e africane produceva profundas desigualitates que continuava a influentiar le societate brasilian post le independentia. Le formation de Brasil como stato independente esseva assi le resultato de un processo historic complexe, marcate per colonisation, resistentia, interaction cultural, expansion territorial e transformationes politic. == Vide etiam == * [[Historia de Brasil]] * [[America Portuguese]] * [[Imperio Portuguese]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] * [[Capitania hereditari]] * [[Governo-General]] * [[Sclavitude in Brasil]] * [[Quilombo dos Palmares]] * [[Union Iberic]] * [[Invasiones nederlandese in Brasil]] * [[Bandeirantes]] * [[Cyclo del auro]] * [[Marquês de Pombal]] * [[Inconfidência Mineira]] * [[Conjuración Baiana]] * [[Transferentia del corte portugese a Brasil]] * [[Independentia de Brasil]] {{ref}} == Bibliographia == * {{cite book |last=Fausto |first=Boris |title=A Concise History of Brazil |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0521565264}} * {{cite book |editor-last=Bethell |editor-first=Leslie |title=Colonial Brazil |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0521349253}} * {{cite book |last=Mattoso |first=Kátia M. de Queirós |title=To Be a Slave in Brazil, 1550–1888 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=1986}} * {{cite book |last=Fragoso |first=João |title=O Brasil colonial |publisher=Civilização Brasileira |year=2014}} == Ligamines externe == * [https://atlas.fgv.br/ Atlas Historic de Brasil – Fundação Getulio Vargas] * [https://mapa.an.gov.br/ Mapa – Archivo National de Brasil] * [https://www.gov.br/ Arquivos e institutiones del governamento brasilian] * [https://www.loc.gov/ Library of Congress] * [https://www.cambridge.org/ Cambridge University Press] [[Categoria:Historia de Brasil]] [[Categoria:Brasil colonial]] [[Categoria:Imperio Portuguese]] [[Categoria:Colonisation portugese in America]] [[Categoria:Sclavitude in Brasil]] [[Categoria:Historia colonial de America]] [[Categoria:Colonisation de America]] [[Categoria:Colonisation de Brasil| ]] [[Categoria:Imperio portugese]] [[Categoria:Seculo XVI in Brasil]] [[Categoria:Seculo XVII in Brasil]] [[Categoria:Decada de 1800 in Brasil]] [[Categoria:Decada de 1810 in Brasil]] [[Categoria:Decada de 1820 in Brasil]] [[Categoria:Statos e territorios fundate in 1500]] [[Categoria:Statos e territorios extincte in 1815]] [[Categoria:Brasil colonial| ]] 34hq3akeh34z809l8p27e8478rpujzk 0 62522 705712 2026-11-10T17:11:36Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''periodo pre-colonial de [[Brasil]]''' es le denomination conventional del periodo del historia brasilian inter le arrivata del expeditiones portugese in 1500 e le initio del colonisation permanente e systematic circa 1530. Durante iste periodo, le [[Corona portugese]] explorava le costa del territorio, organisava le extraction de [[pau-brasil]] e establi relationes commercial con populationes indigene. Le periodo esseva characteris...” 705712 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''periodo pre-colonial de [[Brasil]]''' es le denomination conventional del periodo del historia brasilian inter le arrivata del expeditiones portugese in 1500 e le initio del colonisation permanente e systematic circa 1530. Durante iste periodo, le [[Corona portugese]] explorava le costa del territorio, organisava le extraction de [[pau-brasil]] e establi relationes commercial con populationes indigene. Le periodo esseva characterisate per expeditiones maritime, creation de stationes commercial costal, competition inter potentias europee e prime contactos inter europees e le societates indigene. Le territorio non esseva inhabitate: illo habeva essite occupate per populationes amerindie durante millennios ante le arrivata europee.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gomes |first=Denise Maria Cavalcante |title=Indigenous Societies in Brazil before the European Arrival |url=https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/61800/chapter-abstract/546353392 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History |date=28 August 2018 |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> == Historia == === Population indigene ante le arrivata europee === Ante le arrivata del portugueses, le territorio que hodie constitue Brasil esseva inhabitate per numerose populationes indigene, con linguas, culturas, formas de organisation social e modos de subsistentia diverse. Le populationes includeva gruppos de tradition Tupi-Guarani, communitates de linguas Jê e numerose altere societates del Amazonia, del litoral e del regiones interior. Le evidentia archeologic demonstra occupationes human multo plus ancian que le periodo colonial. Le vestigios includeva utensiles de petra, pinturas rupestre, monticulos de conchas, ceramica, habitationes e altere restos material. Le societates indigene practicava agricultura, piscation, venation, recolta e commercio regional. In le Amazonia, certe communitates habeva establite formas complexe de organisation territorial e gestion del ambiente.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gomes |first=Denise Maria Cavalcante |title=Indigenous Societies in Brazil before the European Arrival |url=https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/61800/chapter-abstract/546353392 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History |date=28 August 2018 |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> Le agricultura includeva le cultivation de [[mandioca]], mais, legumines e altere plantas alimentari. Le mandioca habeva un rolo importante in le alimentation de numerose populationes amerindie.<ref>{{cite journal |last=de Jong |first=Inge |title=The Uprooting of Indigenous Women's Horticultural Practices in Brazil, 1500–1650 |journal=Past & Present |url=https://academic.oup.com/past/article/262/1/45/7087126 |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> === Le arrivata del portugueses (1500) === Le 9 martio 1500, un expedition portugese commandate per [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] partiva de Lisboa verso India. Le expedition contineva diverse naves e un numerose equipage. Le 22 april 1500, le expedition arrivava al costa del territorio que hodie es Brasil, in le region de Porto Seguro, in le actual stato de [[Bahia]]. Le expedition incontrava populationes indigene e prendeva possession symbolic del territorio in nomine del rege [[Manuel I de Portugal]]. Le prime contactos inter portugueses e indigene esseva documentate in un littera redigite per [[Pero Vaz de Caminha]], secretario del expedition, adressate al rege portugese e datate del 1 maio 1500. Le documento describeva le paisage, le vegetation, le animales e le prime interactiones con le habitantes indigene.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Carta de Pero Vaz de Caminha |url=https://acervo.museudalinguaportuguesa.org.br/acervos/museologico/2187/a-carta-de-pero-vaz-de-caminha |website=Acervo Museu da Língua Portuguesa |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> Le territorio esseva inicialmente appellate Ilha de Vera Cruz e postea Terra de Santa Cruz, ante que le nomine Brasil deveniva dominante. === Le expeditiones de recognition (1501–1503) === Post le arrivata de Cabral, le Corona portugese organisava expeditiones pro recognoscer le costa e evaluar le ressources del territorio. In 1501, un expedition commandate per Gaspar de Lemos explorava partes del litoral. [[Américo Vespúcio]] participava in expeditiones de exploration del costa sudamerican. Le expeditiones permitteva recognoscer portos, bahias, rios e regiones costal, e contribuer al preparation de cartas geographic. In 1503, un altere expedition, associate con [[Gonçalo Coelho]], participava in le exploration del costa brasilian. Le Corona portugese establiva stationes commercial, appellate ''feitorias'', in differente partes del litoral pro organisar le extraction e le almacenamiento de pau-brasil.<ref>{{cite web |title=Período Colonial (1500 a 1599) |url=https://mapa.arquivonacional.gov.br/index.php/assuntos/79-producao/80-cronologia/500-periodo-colonial-1500-a-1599 |website=Arquivo Nacional do Brasil |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> === Le exploitation del pau-brasil === Le principal activitate economic portugese durante le periodo pre-colonial esseva le extraction de [[pau-brasil]], un arbore tropical que produceva un pigmento rubie utilisate in le industria textile europee. Le nomine Brasil deveniva gradualmente associate con iste producto. Le extraction esseva organisate per medio de contractos commercial con mercantes e concessionarios. Le Corona portugese manteneva un interesse directe in le commercio del ligno e tentava controlar su exploitation. Le operationes involveva frequentemente le participation de populationes indigene, qui effectuava activitates de abattimento, transporto e preparation del ligno in cambio de objectos europee, como instrumentos metallic, textil e altere mercantias. Iste relationes commercial esseva unequal e contribuiva al transformation del relationes inter le populationes local e le europeos. Le commercio del pau-brasil continuava etiam durante le seculos sequente e non terminava completemente con le fin del periodo pre-colonial.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pau Brasil: do estanco à extinção |url=https://historialuso.arquivonacional.gov.br/index.php/historia-luso-brasileira/assuntos/listadetemas/pau-brasil |website=Arquivo Nacional do Brasil |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> === Le feitorias e le commercio costal === Le ''feitorias'' esseva stationes commercial establite per le portugueses lungo le costa. Illos serviva como punctos de armazenamento, collection e preparation del productos destinate al exportation. Le stationes permitteva al mercantes portugese de organisar le extraction de pau-brasil sin establir immediatemente un rete de colonisation agricole permanente. Le commercio involveva contactos con communitates indigene e dependeva del collaboration, negotiationes e interdum conflictos con le habitantes local. Le stationes commercial habeva etiam un function strategic, perque illos contribuiva al maintenentia del presentia portugese in le costa e al defense del pretensiones territorial del Corona. === Le competition con altere potentias europee === Le interesse portugese in le territorio non esseva exclusive. Le [[Francia]] e altere potentias europee etiam manifestava interesse in le exploitation del ressources natural del region. Le mercantes franceses participava in le commercio del pau-brasil e establiva relationes commercial con populationes indigene. Le franceses non recognosceva semper le pretensiones territorial portugese e contestava le monopolio commercial que Portugal tentava imponer. Le competition maritime e commercial contribuiva al necessitate de fortificar le presentia portugese in America. Le [[Tractato de Tordesillas]], signate in 1494 inter Portugal e le [[Corona de Castilia]], habeva establite un linea de demarcation del territorios de expansion iberic in le Atlantico e in le terras extra-europee.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ferreira |first=José Luís |title=The Tordesilla Treaty |url=https://eve.fcsh.unl.pt/en/politics/tordesilla-treaty |website=Encyclopaedia of Portuguese Expansion |date=2009 |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> == Organisation politic e economic == Durante le periodo pre-colonial, le administration portugese del territorio restava limitate e concentrate principalmente sur le exploration del costa e le exploitation commercial del ressources. Le Corona portugese non habeva ancora establite un rete extensive de villas, citates e plantationes comparabile a illo que se developpava post 1530. Le principal interesses economic esseva: * Extraction e exportation de pau-brasil. * Exploration del costa e del portos. * Establishimento de feitorias. * Commercio con populationes indigene. * Protection del pretensiones territorial portugese. * Recognition de ressources natural e opportunitates commercial. == Relationes inter portugueses e populationes indigene == Le contactos inter portugueses e populationes indigene produceva transformationes cultural, commercial e politic. In le prime contactos, le exchange de objectos europee contra productos local, includente pau-brasil, habeva un rolo importante. Tamen, le relationes non esseva uniformemente pacific. Illos variava secundo le communitates, le interesses commercial, le competition inter gruppos indigene e le expansion del presentia europee. Le contactos introduceva etiam nove enfermedades in communitates que habeva habite un exposition limitate a multe agentes infectious europee. Le documentos europee, includente le littera de Pero Vaz de Caminha, debe esser interpretate como fontes historic redigite ab observatores europee e non como representationes neutral del societates indigene.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Carta de Pero Vaz de Caminha |url=https://acervo.museudalinguaportuguesa.org.br/acervos/museologico/2187/a-carta-de-pero-vaz-de-caminha |website=Acervo Museu da Língua Portuguesa |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> == Fin del periodo pre-colonial == Durante le decada de 1520, le Corona portugese deveniva plus preocupate per le competition de altere potentias europee, specialmente le franceses, e per le necessitate de fortificar su dominio territorial. Le exploitation del pau-brasil e le stationes commercial non sufficeva plus a garantir un controlo effectiv del territorio. In 1530, le rege [[João III de Portugal]] organisava un expedition commandate per [[Martim Afonso de Sousa]] con le objectivo de explorar le costa, combatter le commercio illegal e establir bases plus stabile de occupation. Le expedition participava al establimento del prime structuras de colonisation permanente, includente le fundation de [[São Vicente]] in 1532. Le developpamento del capitanias hereditari a partir de 1534 marca le transition verso un systema de colonisation territorial plus systematic.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Guirado |first=Maria Cecília |title=Primeiros confrontos entre Portugal e Brasil: O Diário de Navegação de Pero Lopes de Sousa (1530–1532) |journal=Anais de História de Além-Mar |volume=1 |pages=221–232 |year=2000 |url=https://revistas.rcaap.pt/aham/article/view/46987 |access-date=10 November 2026}}</ref> == Signification historic == Le periodo pre-colonial constitue un phase fundamental del historia brasilian perque marca le initio del contactos continu inter le europeos e le territorio que plus tarde deveniva Brasil. Tamen, le historia del region non comencia in 1500. Le societates indigene habeva occupate e transformate le territorio durante millennios ante le arrivata portugese. Le periodo esseva importante pro: * Le establimento del pretensiones territorial portugese. * Le recognition geographic del costa brasilian. * Le initio del commercio del pau-brasil. * Le formation de relationes commercial con populationes indigene. * Le competition inter potentias europee in le Atlantico. * Le transition verso le colonisation permanente a partir de 1530. == Vide etiam == * [[Historia de Brasil]] * [[Brasil colonial]] * [[Populationes indigene de Brasil]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] * [[Pero Vaz de Caminha]] * [[Pau-brasil]] * [[America Portuguese]] * [[Tractato de Tordesillas]] * [[Martim Afonso de Sousa]] * [[São Vicente]] * [[Colonisation portugese de America]] {{ref}} == Bibliographia == * {{cite book |last=Disney |first=A. R. |title=A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire: From Beginnings to 1807 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2009}} * {{cite book |last=Lopes |first=Reinaldo José |title=1499: O Brasil Antes de Cabral |publisher=HarperCollins Brasil |year=2017 |isbn=978-85-9508-032-4}} * {{cite book |last=Fausto |first=Boris |title=A Concise History of Brazil |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0521565264}} == Ligamines externe == * [https://mapa.arquivonacional.gov.br/ Archivo National del Brasil – Mapa] * [https://historialuso.arquivonacional.gov.br/ Historia Luso-Brasilian – Archivo National] * [https://acervo.museudalinguaportuguesa.org.br/ Museo del Lingua Portuguese] * [https://atlas.fgv.br/ Atlas Historic de Brasil – Fundação Getulio Vargas] * [https://eve.fcsh.unl.pt/en Encyclopaedia of Portuguese Expansion] * [https://academic.oup.com/ Oxford Academic] [[Categoria:Historia de Brasil]] [[Categoria:Historia pre-colonial de America]] [[Categoria:Populationes indigene de Brasil]] [[Categoria:America Portuguese]] [[Categoria:Colonisation portugese de America]] [[Categoria:Historia de Brasil]] [[Categoria:Seculo XVI in Brasil]] [[Categoria:Colonisation de America]] [[Categoria:Colonisation de Brasil]] jq740zx59yeqqmxdidqodre60jqr0kw 0 62523 705713 2026-11-10T17:49:17Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia pre-Cabralian del Brasil''' es le periodo del passato del territorio que hodie constitue Brasil ante le arrivata del expedition portugese de Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500. Illo comprende millennios de habitation human, le transformation del paisage per societates indigena e le evolution de culturas regional. Le expression ''pre-historia del Brasil'' es etiam usate, ma illo es contestate perque pote suggerer que societates...” 705713 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia pre-Cabralian del Brasil''' es le periodo del passato del territorio que hodie constitue Brasil ante le arrivata del expedition portugese de Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500. Illo comprende millennios de habitation human, le transformation del paisage per societates indigena e le evolution de culturas regional. Le expression ''pre-historia del Brasil'' es etiam usate, ma illo es contestate perque pote suggerer que societates sin systemas de scriptura non habeva historia. Per iste ration, ''pre-Cabralian'' es frequentemente preferite. Le investigation de iste passato depende principalmente del archeologia, completate per le linguistica, le ethnologia e le studio del traditiones indigena. Le chronologia e le interpretation de multe vestigios resta subjecte a discussion scientific. <ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Gomes |first=Denise Maria Cavalcante |title=Indigenous Societies in Brazil before the European Arrival |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History |year=2018 |url=https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/61800/chapter-abstract/546353392}}</ref> == Methodologia de studio == Le archeologos studia utensiles de petra, ceramica, ossos, pinturas rupestre, restos de habitation e altere marcas del activitate human. Le sambaquis — montes formate per conchas e altere materiales accumulate per communitates costal — constitue un importante categoria de vestigios. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Villagran |first=Ximena S. |title=O que sabemos dos grupos construtores de sambaquis? Breve revisão da arqueologia da costa sudeste do Brasil |journal=Revista do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia |year=2013 |doi=10.11606/issn.2448-1750.revmae.2013.107182}}</ref> Le studio del occupation human in Brasil ha un historia longe. Le naturalista danese Peter Wilhelm Lund studiate cavernas e restos fossil in le region de Lagoa Santa, in Minas Gerais, durante le seculo XIX. Su recercas contribueva al discussion del antiquitate del habitation human in America. === Sambaquis === Le sambaquis es monticulos anthropogenic, sovente constituite de conchas, ossos de pisces e altere restos de alimentation e de activitate human. Illos es trovate principalmente in le regiones costal del sud e sud-est de Brasil. Le sambaquis documenta le occupation e le exploitation del ambientes maritime per communitates precolumbian. Le interpretation de lor functiones e del organisation social de lor constructores ha evolvite con le progresso del recerca archeologic. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Villagran |first=Ximena S. |title=O que sabemos dos grupos construtores de sambaquis? Breve revisão da arqueologia da costa sudeste do Brasil |journal=Revista do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia |year=2013 |doi=10.11606/issn.2448-1750.revmae.2013.107182}}</ref> == Pleistoceno == Le Pleistoceno es un periodo del historia geologic que precede le Holoceno. Le vestigios archeologic de Brasil es importante pro le studio del prime occupationes human de America, ma le antiquitate e le interpretation de alcun sitios resta disputate. In differente regiones brasilian, specialmente in Minas Gerais, Bahia e Piauí, ha essite trovate instrumentos lithic e altere vestigios associate con occupationes human. Le sito de Pedra Furada, in Piauí, es un del locos central del controverse concernente le possibilitate de habitation human multo anterior al chronologia traditional de circa 13 000 annos. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Prous |first=André |last2=Fogaça |first2=Emilio |title=Archaeology of the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary in Brazil |journal=Quaternary International |year=1999 |doi=10.1016/S1040-6182(98)00005-6}}</ref> Alcun investigadores interpreta certe vestigios como provas de activitate human multo ancian; altere especialistas considera que alcun formas de petra pote haber essite producite per processos natural. Le chronologia del prime migrationes in America non es dunque completemente resolvite. === Luzia e le region de Lagoa Santa === '''Luzia''' es le nomine date a un cranio human trovate in le region de Lagoa Santa, in Minas Gerais. Le restos data de circa 11 000 annos e deveniva importante in le discussion del prime populationes american. Le analyses genetic plus recente ha offerite nove elementos pro comprender le parentesco e le migrationes de iste populationes. Le datos genetic disponibile, tamen, resta limitate e non sustene un interpretation simple del origine de tote le populationes indigena american. <ref>{{cite journal |title=Genomic history of coastal societies from eastern South America |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |year=2023 |doi=10.1038/s41559-023-02114-9}}</ref> == Holoceno == Le Holoceno comencia circa 11 700 annos ante le presente. Durante iste periodo, le populationes del territorio brasilian se adaptava a ambientes diverse, includente le foresta amazonian, le planicies interior, le montanias e le regiones costal. Le evidentia archeologic indica un grande diversitate de formas de subsistentia, mobilitate e organisation social. Le communitates practicava cassa, piscatura e recolta; in plure regiones, illos etiam cultivava plantas e transformava le ambiente. <ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Gomes |first=Denise Maria Cavalcante |title=Indigenous Societies in Brazil before the European Arrival |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History |year=2018 |url=https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/61800/chapter-abstract/546353392}}</ref> === Occupation pre-ceramic in Amazonia === Le habitation human in Amazonia es anterior al apparition de multe traditiones ceramic. Le recercas in le region indica que le communitates indigena utilisava e transformava le ambientes forestal durante millennios. Le evidentia de carbon, solos anthropogenic e altere restos indica que le activitate human pote haber influentiate le vegetation e le paisage. Le relation inter le societates e le foresta esseva variabile e non pote esser reducite al idea de un ambiente completemente intacte ante le arrivata europee. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Heckenberger |first=Michael |last2=Neves |first2=Eduardo Góes |title=Amazonian Archaeology |journal=Annual Review of Anthropology |volume=38 |pages=251–266 |year=2009 |doi=10.1146/annurev-anthro-091908-164310}}</ref> === Agricultura amazonian === Le agricultura e le gestion de plantas habeva un rolo importante in plure societates amazonian. Le transformation del solos e le selection e propagation de plantas alimentari contribueva al formation de paisages anthropogenic. Le recercas sur le terras nigre amazonian e altere solos modificate per humanos monstra que le communitates del region habeva cognoscentias elaborate del ambiente e de su ressources. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Heckenberger |first=Michael |last2=Neves |first2=Eduardo Góes |title=Amazonian Archaeology |journal=Annual Review of Anthropology |volume=38 |pages=251–266 |year=2009 |doi=10.1146/annurev-anthro-091908-164310}}</ref> == Ceramica e societates complex in Amazonia == Le apparition e le diffusion del ceramica es un processo de longa duration, con chronologias e traditiones differente in varie partes de Amazonia. Le ceramica permitte al archeologos de comparar sitios e de estudiar technicas, usos e contactos interregional. In le region amazonian, alcun societates sviluppava formas de organisation complex, con obras de terra, monticulos, spacios ceremonial e transformation extensive del ambiente. Iste vestigios indica que le Amazonia precolumbian non esseva un region uniformemente occupate per parve gruppos isolat. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Heckenberger |first=Michael |last2=Neves |first2=Eduardo Góes |title=Amazonian Archaeology |journal=Annual Review of Anthropology |volume=38 |pages=251–266 |year=2009 |doi=10.1146/annurev-anthro-091908-164310}}</ref> === Geoglyphos de Acre === In le stato de Acre, in Amazonia occidental, ha essite identificate numerosas structuras geometric de terra, cognoscite como '''geoglyphos'''. Illos consiste sovente de fossatos e terraplenes in formas circular o rectangular. Le structuras esseva construite e usate durante periodos que include le prime millennio ante nostre era e le prime millennio de nostre era. Lor function exacte non es stabilite, ma le interpretationes include usos ceremonial, symbolic e collective. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Pärssinen |first=Martti |last2=Balée |first2=William |last3=Ranzi |first3=Alceu |last4=Barbosa |first4=Antonia |title=The geoglyph sites of Acre, Brazil: 10 000-year-old land-use practices and climate change in Amazonia |journal=Antiquity |volume=94 |issue=378 |pages=1538–1556 |year=2020 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2020.208}}</ref> Le geoglyphos e le altere obras de terra demonstra que le populationes indigena transformava activemente le paisage amazonian e organisava spacios de grande dimensiones. === Monticulos e centros de habitation === In differente partes de Amazonia, monticulos e altere structuras de terra documenta le construction de spacios collective e de locos de habitation. Le sito de Teso dos Bichos, in le insula de Marajó, es un exemplo de structuras anthropogenic associate con le societates precolumbian del region. Le sito de Kuhikugu, in le region del alto Xingu, es un altere exemplo de un paisage con vestigios de habitation e organisation territorial. Le recercas in iste regiones ha contribuite a modificar le vision traditional de Amazonia como un ambiente incapace de sustener populationes numerose e societates complex. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Heckenberger |first=Michael |last2=Neves |first2=Eduardo Góes |title=Amazonian Archaeology |journal=Annual Review of Anthropology |volume=38 |pages=251–266 |year=2009 |doi=10.1146/annurev-anthro-091908-164310}}</ref> == Principales sitios archeologic == Le patrimonio archeologic brasilian include sitios de differente periodos e ambientes. Inter le plus cognoscite se trova: * '''Pedra Furada''', in Piauí, importante pro le discussion sur le antiquitate del occupation human in America. * '''Lagoa Santa''', in Minas Gerais, cognoscite per le restos human e le recercas paleoanthropologic. * '''Pedra Pintada''', un sito archeologic associate con vestigios de occupation e arte rupestre. * '''Alice Boer''', in São Paulo, un sito mentionate in le discussion sur le occupation del region durante le Pleistoceno. * '''Abismo da Ponta de Flecha''', un sito archeologic del sudeste brasilian. * '''Geoglyphos de Acre''', structuras geometric de terra que documenta le transformation del paisage amazonian. Le interpretation e le datation de iste sitios depende del methodos archeologic e continua a esser revidite per nove recercas. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Prous |first=André |last2=Fogaça |first2=Emilio |title=Archaeology of the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary in Brazil |journal=Quaternary International |year=1999 |doi=10.1016/S1040-6182(98)00005-6}}</ref> == Le populationes indigena ante 1500 == Al tempore del arrivata europee, le territorio que hodie es Brasil esseva habitate per numerose populationes indigena, parlante linguas e practicante formas de organisation social distincte. Lor distribution geographic e lor relationes cambiava durante le seculos. <ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Gomes |first=Denise Maria Cavalcante |title=Indigenous Societies in Brazil before the European Arrival |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History |year=2018 |url=https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/61800/chapter-abstract/546353392}}</ref> === Tupi === Le gruppos de linguas tupi esseva presente in grande partes del costa e in altere regiones del territorio. Le linguas tupi-guarani constitue un importante familia linguistic sudamerican. Le communitates associate con iste linguas habeva formas diverse de subsistentia, agricultura e organisation social. === Macro-Jê === Le designation '''Macro-Jê''' refere a un conjunto de linguas indigena parlante principalmente in regiones del interior de Brasil. Le gruppos associate con iste familia linguistic habeva culturas e formas de organisation distincte, adaptate a ambientes variate. === Carib === Le linguas carib es representate in partes del nord de America del Sud, includente regiones del Amazonia. Le communitates carib participava in reticulos de contacto, intercambio e mobilitate que superava le limites del territorio brasilian moderne. === Arawak e altere gruppos === Le familias linguistic arawak e numerose altere gruppos indigena contribueva al diversitate cultural e linguistic del territorio. Le historia de iste populationes es reconstructe per le linguistica historic, le archeologia e le documentation ethnographic. == Pindorama e le nomines del territorio == '''Pindorama''' es un nomine de origine tupi frequentemente associate con le territorio que deveniva Brasil. Le uso del nomine es ligate a traditiones linguistic e cultural indigena e es sovente evocate como un modo de referer al pais ante le colonisation europee. Le toponimia indigena ha lassate marcas importante in le geographia brasilian. Numerose nomines de rios, regiones e localitates ha origine in linguas indigena. == Le Brasil pre-Cabralian e Europa == Ante le arrivata del expedition de Cabral in 1500, le populationes del territorio brasilian non viveva isolat del resto del mundo in un senso cultural: illos habeva lor proprie reticulos de migration, intercambio e contacto interregional. Le contactos europee documentate comencia a transformar le historia del territorio a partir del fin del seculo XV e del initio del seculo XVI. Le arrivata portugese marca un ruptura importante in le historia del region, ma non le initio de su historia human. {{ref}} [[Categoria:Historia de Brasil]] [[Categoria:Seculo XVI in Brasil]] [[Categoria:Colonisation de America]] [[Categoria:Colonisation de Brasil]] rq9bjsntmm1e16b919exjlck475zkw0 0 62524 705721 2026-11-10T23:08:38Z Gmillernd 20128 Laco Champlain 705721 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Lake Champlain by Sentinel-2.jpg|thumb]] '''Laco Champlain''' es un laco stricte ma longe de aqua dulce importante pro le historia de [[Indiano american|nativos american]], le [[Statos Unite]] e [[Canada]]. Le laco ha un longitude de circa 190 kilometros. Le laco ha un connection natural in le nord al fluvio Laurentino e artificial in sud al fluvio [[Hudson]]. Ambe fluvios curre al [[Atlantico]]. Le laco ha circa 70 insulas parve in se. Le fer es naturalmente abundante la. Circa 300 naves ha se frangite in le laco. Le loco es importante pro multe aves salvage. Le laco es inter le statos de [[Nove York]] e [[Vermont]] e [[Quebec]] canadian. Le citate plus grande del laco es [[Burlington]], [[Vermont]]. Le laco havas signos de nativos habitante le costa in tempores multo ancian. Le nativos habitante le area, qui es primo cognoscite in le historia scribite, es le tribo iroquois. Le prime europeos al laco esseva franceses conducite per [[Samuel de Champlain]], qui lo nominava pro se in 1609. Le controlo del laco esseva importante durante le guerras [[Guerra franco-indigena|Franco-indigene]] (1754-1763) e de [[Guerra American de 1812|1812]] (1812-1815). Duo fortessas esseva construite juxta le lako: primo Frederick proxima a Crown Point (1734-1759), Ticonderoga (1755, construite per [[Francia]] e postea capturate per [[Anglaterra]] e ancora stante usque iste die). Simular al laco [[Ness]] in [[Scotia]], le laco ha un historia dubitose de un "serpente de mar" in illo. ==Referentias== https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Champlain https://www.helloburlingtonvt.com/plan-your-visit/lake-champlain/ https://www.lakechamplainregion.com/story/interesting-facts-lake-champlain 3w7wtcey3wbsamjrxjkbog499bfu2do 0 62525 705744 2026-11-11T07:02:42Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} '''Le cosmismo russe''' (russo: Русский космизм) es un movimento intellectual philosophic, religiose e scientific que emergeva in le Imperio russe durante le fin del seculo XIX e le initio del seculo XX. Illo comprende un varietate de ideas concernente le relation inter le humanitate, le natura, le universo e le futuro del civilisation human. Ben que su representantes habeva differente approches, multe de illes condivideva l...” 705744 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} '''Le cosmismo russe''' (russo: Русский космизм) es un movimento intellectual philosophic, religiose e scientific que emergeva in le Imperio russe durante le fin del seculo XIX e le initio del seculo XX. Illo comprende un varietate de ideas concernente le relation inter le humanitate, le natura, le universo e le futuro del civilisation human. Ben que su representantes habeva differente approches, multe de illes condivideva le opinion que le humanitate habeva un rolo distinct in le evolution del cosmos e que le disveloppamento scientific e technologic poterea contribuer a superar le limitationes natural, includite le maladias, le morte e le restrictiones del vita sur le Terra.<ref>{{cite book |last=Laruelle |first=Marlene |title=Russian Nationalism: Imaginaries, Doctrines, and Political Battlefields |year=2018 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |pages=19–36 |isbn=9780429426773 |edition=1st |doi=10.4324/9780429426773}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Young |first=George M. |title=The Russian Cosmists: The Esoteric Futurism of Nikolai Fedorov and His Followers |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |year=2012 |isbn=978-0199892945}}</ref> Le cosmismo russe non esseva un schola philosophic unificate con un doctrina o structura institutional unic. In vice, illo comprendeva plure currentes intellectual que combinava elementos del philosophia natural, del pensamento christian orthodoxe, del metaphysica, del theoria evolutionari e del speculation scientific. Su adherentes explorava themas como le futuro del humanitate, le transformation del natura, le exploration spatial, le immortalitate e le relation inter le progresso scientific e le responsabilitate moral. == Fundo intellectual e ideas principal == Le cosmismo russe se disveloppava in le quadro del ambiente intellectual plus ample del Russia del seculo XIX, ubi le philosophia religiose, le naturalismo scientific e le debates super le progresso human frequentemente se intersecava. Su pensatores se inspirava in differente traditiones philosophic e theologic, includente le christianismo orthodoxe oriental, le idealismo german e le progressos in le scientias natural.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hagemeister |first1=M. |last2=Rosenthal |first2=Bernice Glatzer |title=The Occult in Russian and Soviet Culture |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=1997 |pages=185–202 |isbn=9780801483318}}</ref> Un thema recurrente in le cosmismo esseva le conception del humanitate como participante active in le evolution cosmic, e non simplemente como producto passive del processos natural. Alcun pensatores considerava le disveloppamento del scientia e del technologia como un medio pro transformar conscientemente le ambiente natural e extender le activitate human ultra le Terra. Alteres accentuava le disveloppamento spiritual, le responsabilitate ethic collective e le superamento del morte. Plure themas occurre repetitemente in le scriptos associate con le cosmismo russe: * Humanitate e evolution cosmic: Le idea que le esseres human ha un rolo in le ulterior disveloppamento e transformation del universo. * Immortalitate e superamento del morte: Propositiones concernente le possibilitate de superar le mortalitate biologic, includente, in le philosophia de Fyodorov, le resurrection scientific del generationes defuncte. * Regulation del natura: Le conviction que le cognoscentia scientific pote permitter al humanitate comprender e regular conscientemente le processos natural. * Exploration spatial: Le conception del spatio como ambiente potential pro le expansion human e le continuation del vita. * Responsabilitate collective: Le opinion que le humanitate debe persequer le progresso scientific e technologic in conjunction con le transformation ethic e social. == Currentes principal == Le cosmismo russe es sovente tractate per medio de plure currentes intellectual que se superpone, plus tosto que como un classification strictemente definite. === Cosmismo philosophic e religiose === Iste corrente es specialmente associate con Nikolai Fyodorov e su sequitores. Illo accentuava le dimensiones moral e religiose del existentia human, le unitate del humanitate e le obligation de superar le morte. Su representantes frequentemente interpretava le activitate scientific como parte de un effortio spiritual e ethic plus vaste. === Cosmismo scientific e technologic === Le cosmismo scientific explorava le possibilitates del intervention human in le processos natural e del expansion del vita ultra le Terra. Su themas includeva le astronautica, le colonisation spatial, le biologia e le relation inter le humanitate e le universo plus vaste. Konstantin Tsiolkovsky es un del figuras principal associate con iste corrente. === Cosmismo artistic === Le ideas cosmistic appareva etiam in le litteratura, le musica, le arte visual e le movimentos de avant-garde russe. Le artistas explorava themas como le unitate cosmic, le transcendencia, le transformation e le relation inter le creativitate human e le universo. Le projecto incomplite *Mysterium* de Alexander Scriabin ha essite interpretate in connexion con iste ideas.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Yansori |first=Ali |title=Alexander Scriabin as a Russian Cosmist |journal=Studies in East European Thought |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=305–331 |year=2023 |doi=10.1007/s11212-023-09590-6}}</ref> == Figuras principal == === Nikolai Fyodorov === [[File Fedorov.jpg|thumb|Nikolai Fyodorovich Fyodorov]] '''Nikolai Fyodorovich Fyodorov''' (1829–1903) es generalmente considerate como un del pensatores fundamental del cosmismo russe. Su philosophia, cognoscite como le '''Philosophia del Causa Commun''', proponeva que le humanitate deberea unir se in un effortio collective pro superar le morte e restaurar tote le generationes defuncte per medios scientific.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Koutaissoff |editor1-first=Elisabeth |editor2-last=Minto |editor2-first=Marilyn |title=What Was Man Created For? The Philosophy of the Common Task |publisher=Honeyglen Publishing/L'Age d'Homme |pages=12, 18}}</ref> Fyodorov considerava le morte como un problema fundamental que le humanitate deberea affrontar per medio de action moral e scientific collective. Ille argumentava que le obligation de resuscitar le generationes precedente constitueva un responsabilitate human universal. Su ideas combinava conceptos religiose christian, particularmente le resurrection, con propositiones speculative concernente le scientia, le technologia e le transformation del natura.<ref>{{cite book |last=Young |first=George M. |title=The Russian Cosmists: The Esoteric Futurism of Nikolai Fedorov and His Followers |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |year=2012 |isbn=978-0199892945}}</ref> === Konstantin Tsiolkovsky === '''Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky''' (1857–1935) esseva un scientista russe e pionero del astronautica theoric. Su obras super le propulsion per foguettes e le vol spatial contribueva al fundamentos scientific del astronautica moderne.<ref>{{cite book |last=Van Riper |first=A. Bowdoin |title=Rockets and Missiles: The Life Story of a Technology |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |year=2007 |pages=26–28 |isbn=978-0-8018-8792-5}}</ref> In addition a su recerca scientific, Tsiolkovsky disveloppava un conception philosophic del mundo que tractava le futuro del vita intelligente in le universo. Ille imaginava le expansion del humanitate in le spatio e le disveloppamento eventual de civilisationes ultra le Terra. Su scriptos philosophic incorporava etiam ideas concernente le relation inter le conscientia, le materia e le cosmos.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tsiolkovsky |first=Konstantin Eduardovich |title=The Will of the Universe; Unknown Intelligent Forces |year=1928 |location=Kaluga |page=23}}</ref> === Vladimir Vernadsky === '''Vladimir Vernadsky''' (1863–1945) esseva un scientista russe e sovietic cuje obras super le biosphera e le noosphera es frequentemente discutite in relation con le cosmismo. In su theoria del biosphera, ille examinava le rolo del organismos vivente in le formation del processos geologic e chimic del Terra. Su concepto del noosphera describiva un stadio in le disveloppamento del biosphera in le qual le pensamento human e le activitate scientific deveni fortias planetari major. Ben que le theorias scientific de Vernadsky se disveloppava intra lor proprie quadro disciplinari, su conception del rolo planetari del humanitate condivide importantes themas con le accentuation plus general del cosmismo sur le relation inter le activitate human e le evolution cosmic. === Alexander Chizhevsky === '''Alexander Chizhevsky''' (1897–1964) esseva un scientista sovietic interdisciplinari associate con le disveloppamento del heliobiologia, le studio del relationes inter le activitate solar e le processos biologic sur le Terra. Ille investigava correlationes possibile inter le cyclos solar e phenomenos in populationes human e animal.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Golovanov |first=L. V. |encyclopedia=Great Russian Encyclopedia |title=Alexander Chizhevsky |location=Moscow |year=2001}}</ref> Su recerca reflecteva un interesse in le influentia del processos cosmic super le vita terrestre, un thema que appare etiam, in varie formas, in le cosmismo russe. === Alexander Scriabin === '''Alexander Scriabin''' (1872–1915) esseva un compositor russe cuje interesses philosophic e artistic includeva le mysticismo, le unitate cosmic e le transformation spiritual. Su projecto incomplite *Mysterium* esseva concipite como un synthese a grande scala de musica, dansa, arte visual e ritual, intendite a producer un experientia spiritual transformatori. In consequentia, illo ha essite interpretate per studiosos in connexion con le cosmismo russe e su dimensiones artistic.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Yansori |first=Ali |title=Alexander Scriabin as a Russian Cosmist |journal=Studies in East European Thought |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=305–331 |year=2023 |doi=10.1007/s11212-023-09590-6}}</ref> == Influentia historic e hereditage == Ideas associate con le cosmismo russe circulava inter le intellectuales russe durante le periodo del fin del imperio e continuava a disveloppar se in differente formas post le Revolution russe. Ben que le movimento non constitueva un programma politic o scientific unificate, plure de su themas se intersecava con le prime discussiones sovietic super le progresso technologic, le planification scientific, le astronautica e le futuro del humanitate. Le relation inter le cosmismo russe e le programma spatial sovietic ha attirate le attention del studiosos. Le contributiones theoric de Tsiolkovsky al astronautica esseva particularmente importante pro le disveloppamento del vol spatial. Plus generalmente, le ideas cosmistic concernente le expansion del humanitate ultra le Terra e le transformation del natura deveniva parte del fundo intellectual in le qual le ambitiones spatial sovietic esseva interpretate.<ref>{{cite book |last=Siddiqi |first=Asif A. |editor1-last=Dick |editor1-first=Steven J. |editor2-last=Launius |editor2-first=Roger D. |title=Societal Impact of Spaceflight |publisher=NASA |series=NASA SP-2007-4801 |year=2007 |pages=513–514, 518}}</ref> Le hereditage intellectual del movimento ha essite etiam discutite in connexion con le transhumanismo, le philosophia ambiental, le pensamento ecologic e le debates contemporanee super le exploration spatial. In particular, su accentuation del superamento del limitationes biologic, del futuro a longe termino del humanitate e del implicationes ethic del disveloppamento technologic ha attirate un interesse academic renovate.<ref>{{cite book |last=Young |first=George M. |title=The Russian Cosmists: The Esoteric Futurism of Nikolai Fedorov and His Followers |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |year=2012 |pages=240–255 |isbn=978-0199892945}}</ref> {{ref}} [[Categoria:Theorias philosophic]] [[Categoria:20e seculo in philosophia]] [[Categoria:Cultura de Russia]] [[Categoria:Philosophia russe]] [[Categoria:Cosmismo russe| ]] bpfz91do3diwmnw27i4u5kzen7lm2ev 705745 705744 2026-11-11T07:03:21Z Tratxan 61856 705745 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} [[File:Tsiolk na lune (pic Gofman) 3.png|thumb|{{center|Un illustration pro le conto de fiction scientific educative de [[Konstantin Tsiolkovsky|Tsiolkovsky]] ''Sur le Luna'' (1893)}}]] '''Le cosmismo russe''' (russo: Русский космизм) es un movimento intellectual philosophic, religiose e scientific que emergeva in le Imperio russe durante le fin del seculo XIX e le initio del seculo XX. Illo comprende un varietate de ideas concernente le relation inter le humanitate, le natura, le universo e le futuro del civilisation human. Ben que su representantes habeva differente approches, multe de illes condivideva le opinion que le humanitate habeva un rolo distinct in le evolution del cosmos e que le disveloppamento scientific e technologic poterea contribuer a superar le limitationes natural, includite le maladias, le morte e le restrictiones del vita sur le Terra.<ref>{{cite book |last=Laruelle |first=Marlene |title=Russian Nationalism: Imaginaries, Doctrines, and Political Battlefields |year=2018 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |pages=19–36 |isbn=9780429426773 |edition=1st |doi=10.4324/9780429426773}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Young |first=George M. |title=The Russian Cosmists: The Esoteric Futurism of Nikolai Fedorov and His Followers |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |year=2012 |isbn=978-0199892945}}</ref> Le cosmismo russe non esseva un schola philosophic unificate con un doctrina o structura institutional unic. In vice, illo comprendeva plure currentes intellectual que combinava elementos del philosophia natural, del pensamento christian orthodoxe, del metaphysica, del theoria evolutionari e del speculation scientific. Su adherentes explorava themas como le futuro del humanitate, le transformation del natura, le exploration spatial, le immortalitate e le relation inter le progresso scientific e le responsabilitate moral. == Fundo intellectual e ideas principal == Le cosmismo russe se disveloppava in le quadro del ambiente intellectual plus ample del Russia del seculo XIX, ubi le philosophia religiose, le naturalismo scientific e le debates super le progresso human frequentemente se intersecava. Su pensatores se inspirava in differente traditiones philosophic e theologic, includente le christianismo orthodoxe oriental, le idealismo german e le progressos in le scientias natural.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hagemeister |first1=M. |last2=Rosenthal |first2=Bernice Glatzer |title=The Occult in Russian and Soviet Culture |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=1997 |pages=185–202 |isbn=9780801483318}}</ref> Un thema recurrente in le cosmismo esseva le conception del humanitate como participante active in le evolution cosmic, e non simplemente como producto passive del processos natural. Alcun pensatores considerava le disveloppamento del scientia e del technologia como un medio pro transformar conscientemente le ambiente natural e extender le activitate human ultra le Terra. Alteres accentuava le disveloppamento spiritual, le responsabilitate ethic collective e le superamento del morte. Plure themas occurre repetitemente in le scriptos associate con le cosmismo russe: * Humanitate e evolution cosmic: Le idea que le esseres human ha un rolo in le ulterior disveloppamento e transformation del universo. * Immortalitate e superamento del morte: Propositiones concernente le possibilitate de superar le mortalitate biologic, includente, in le philosophia de Fyodorov, le resurrection scientific del generationes defuncte. * Regulation del natura: Le conviction que le cognoscentia scientific pote permitter al humanitate comprender e regular conscientemente le processos natural. * Exploration spatial: Le conception del spatio como ambiente potential pro le expansion human e le continuation del vita. * Responsabilitate collective: Le opinion que le humanitate debe persequer le progresso scientific e technologic in conjunction con le transformation ethic e social. == Currentes principal == Le cosmismo russe es sovente tractate per medio de plure currentes intellectual que se superpone, plus tosto que como un classification strictemente definite. === Cosmismo philosophic e religiose === Iste corrente es specialmente associate con Nikolai Fyodorov e su sequitores. Illo accentuava le dimensiones moral e religiose del existentia human, le unitate del humanitate e le obligation de superar le morte. Su representantes frequentemente interpretava le activitate scientific como parte de un effortio spiritual e ethic plus vaste. === Cosmismo scientific e technologic === Le cosmismo scientific explorava le possibilitates del intervention human in le processos natural e del expansion del vita ultra le Terra. Su themas includeva le astronautica, le colonisation spatial, le biologia e le relation inter le humanitate e le universo plus vaste. Konstantin Tsiolkovsky es un del figuras principal associate con iste corrente. === Cosmismo artistic === Le ideas cosmistic appareva etiam in le litteratura, le musica, le arte visual e le movimentos de avant-garde russe. Le artistas explorava themas como le unitate cosmic, le transcendencia, le transformation e le relation inter le creativitate human e le universo. Le projecto incomplite *Mysterium* de Alexander Scriabin ha essite interpretate in connexion con iste ideas.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Yansori |first=Ali |title=Alexander Scriabin as a Russian Cosmist |journal=Studies in East European Thought |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=305–331 |year=2023 |doi=10.1007/s11212-023-09590-6}}</ref> == Figuras principal == === Nikolai Fyodorov === [[File Fedorov.jpg|thumb|Nikolai Fyodorovich Fyodorov]] '''Nikolai Fyodorovich Fyodorov''' (1829–1903) es generalmente considerate como un del pensatores fundamental del cosmismo russe. Su philosophia, cognoscite como le '''Philosophia del Causa Commun''', proponeva que le humanitate deberea unir se in un effortio collective pro superar le morte e restaurar tote le generationes defuncte per medios scientific.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Koutaissoff |editor1-first=Elisabeth |editor2-last=Minto |editor2-first=Marilyn |title=What Was Man Created For? The Philosophy of the Common Task |publisher=Honeyglen Publishing/L'Age d'Homme |pages=12, 18}}</ref> Fyodorov considerava le morte como un problema fundamental que le humanitate deberea affrontar per medio de action moral e scientific collective. Ille argumentava que le obligation de resuscitar le generationes precedente constitueva un responsabilitate human universal. Su ideas combinava conceptos religiose christian, particularmente le resurrection, con propositiones speculative concernente le scientia, le technologia e le transformation del natura.<ref>{{cite book |last=Young |first=George M. |title=The Russian Cosmists: The Esoteric Futurism of Nikolai Fedorov and His Followers |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |year=2012 |isbn=978-0199892945}}</ref> === Konstantin Tsiolkovsky === '''Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky''' (1857–1935) esseva un scientista russe e pionero del astronautica theoric. Su obras super le propulsion per foguettes e le vol spatial contribueva al fundamentos scientific del astronautica moderne.<ref>{{cite book |last=Van Riper |first=A. Bowdoin |title=Rockets and Missiles: The Life Story of a Technology |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |year=2007 |pages=26–28 |isbn=978-0-8018-8792-5}}</ref> In addition a su recerca scientific, Tsiolkovsky disveloppava un conception philosophic del mundo que tractava le futuro del vita intelligente in le universo. Ille imaginava le expansion del humanitate in le spatio e le disveloppamento eventual de civilisationes ultra le Terra. Su scriptos philosophic incorporava etiam ideas concernente le relation inter le conscientia, le materia e le cosmos.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tsiolkovsky |first=Konstantin Eduardovich |title=The Will of the Universe; Unknown Intelligent Forces |year=1928 |location=Kaluga |page=23}}</ref> === Vladimir Vernadsky === '''Vladimir Vernadsky''' (1863–1945) esseva un scientista russe e sovietic cuje obras super le biosphera e le noosphera es frequentemente discutite in relation con le cosmismo. In su theoria del biosphera, ille examinava le rolo del organismos vivente in le formation del processos geologic e chimic del Terra. Su concepto del noosphera describiva un stadio in le disveloppamento del biosphera in le qual le pensamento human e le activitate scientific deveni fortias planetari major. Ben que le theorias scientific de Vernadsky se disveloppava intra lor proprie quadro disciplinari, su conception del rolo planetari del humanitate condivide importantes themas con le accentuation plus general del cosmismo sur le relation inter le activitate human e le evolution cosmic. === Alexander Chizhevsky === '''Alexander Chizhevsky''' (1897–1964) esseva un scientista sovietic interdisciplinari associate con le disveloppamento del heliobiologia, le studio del relationes inter le activitate solar e le processos biologic sur le Terra. Ille investigava correlationes possibile inter le cyclos solar e phenomenos in populationes human e animal.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Golovanov |first=L. V. |encyclopedia=Great Russian Encyclopedia |title=Alexander Chizhevsky |location=Moscow |year=2001}}</ref> Su recerca reflecteva un interesse in le influentia del processos cosmic super le vita terrestre, un thema que appare etiam, in varie formas, in le cosmismo russe. === Alexander Scriabin === '''Alexander Scriabin''' (1872–1915) esseva un compositor russe cuje interesses philosophic e artistic includeva le mysticismo, le unitate cosmic e le transformation spiritual. Su projecto incomplite *Mysterium* esseva concipite como un synthese a grande scala de musica, dansa, arte visual e ritual, intendite a producer un experientia spiritual transformatori. In consequentia, illo ha essite interpretate per studiosos in connexion con le cosmismo russe e su dimensiones artistic.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Yansori |first=Ali |title=Alexander Scriabin as a Russian Cosmist |journal=Studies in East European Thought |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=305–331 |year=2023 |doi=10.1007/s11212-023-09590-6}}</ref> == Influentia historic e hereditage == Ideas associate con le cosmismo russe circulava inter le intellectuales russe durante le periodo del fin del imperio e continuava a disveloppar se in differente formas post le Revolution russe. Ben que le movimento non constitueva un programma politic o scientific unificate, plure de su themas se intersecava con le prime discussiones sovietic super le progresso technologic, le planification scientific, le astronautica e le futuro del humanitate. Le relation inter le cosmismo russe e le programma spatial sovietic ha attirate le attention del studiosos. Le contributiones theoric de Tsiolkovsky al astronautica esseva particularmente importante pro le disveloppamento del vol spatial. Plus generalmente, le ideas cosmistic concernente le expansion del humanitate ultra le Terra e le transformation del natura deveniva parte del fundo intellectual in le qual le ambitiones spatial sovietic esseva interpretate.<ref>{{cite book |last=Siddiqi |first=Asif A. |editor1-last=Dick |editor1-first=Steven J. |editor2-last=Launius |editor2-first=Roger D. |title=Societal Impact of Spaceflight |publisher=NASA |series=NASA SP-2007-4801 |year=2007 |pages=513–514, 518}}</ref> Le hereditage intellectual del movimento ha essite etiam discutite in connexion con le transhumanismo, le philosophia ambiental, le pensamento ecologic e le debates contemporanee super le exploration spatial. In particular, su accentuation del superamento del limitationes biologic, del futuro a longe termino del humanitate e del implicationes ethic del disveloppamento technologic ha attirate un interesse academic renovate.<ref>{{cite book |last=Young |first=George M. |title=The Russian Cosmists: The Esoteric Futurism of Nikolai Fedorov and His Followers |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |year=2012 |pages=240–255 |isbn=978-0199892945}}</ref> {{ref}} [[Categoria:Theorias philosophic]] [[Categoria:20e seculo in philosophia]] [[Categoria:Cultura de Russia]] [[Categoria:Philosophia russe]] [[Categoria:Cosmismo russe| ]] krptnzbu9yq2btyyhlhk372y23zrqzg 705746 705745 2026-11-11T07:03:56Z Tratxan 61856 /* Nikolai Fyodorov */ 705746 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} [[File:Tsiolk na lune (pic Gofman) 3.png|thumb|{{center|Un illustration pro le conto de fiction scientific educative de [[Konstantin Tsiolkovsky|Tsiolkovsky]] ''Sur le Luna'' (1893)}}]] '''Le cosmismo russe''' (russo: Русский космизм) es un movimento intellectual philosophic, religiose e scientific que emergeva in le Imperio russe durante le fin del seculo XIX e le initio del seculo XX. Illo comprende un varietate de ideas concernente le relation inter le humanitate, le natura, le universo e le futuro del civilisation human. Ben que su representantes habeva differente approches, multe de illes condivideva le opinion que le humanitate habeva un rolo distinct in le evolution del cosmos e que le disveloppamento scientific e technologic poterea contribuer a superar le limitationes natural, includite le maladias, le morte e le restrictiones del vita sur le Terra.<ref>{{cite book |last=Laruelle |first=Marlene |title=Russian Nationalism: Imaginaries, Doctrines, and Political Battlefields |year=2018 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |pages=19–36 |isbn=9780429426773 |edition=1st |doi=10.4324/9780429426773}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Young |first=George M. |title=The Russian Cosmists: The Esoteric Futurism of Nikolai Fedorov and His Followers |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |year=2012 |isbn=978-0199892945}}</ref> Le cosmismo russe non esseva un schola philosophic unificate con un doctrina o structura institutional unic. In vice, illo comprendeva plure currentes intellectual que combinava elementos del philosophia natural, del pensamento christian orthodoxe, del metaphysica, del theoria evolutionari e del speculation scientific. Su adherentes explorava themas como le futuro del humanitate, le transformation del natura, le exploration spatial, le immortalitate e le relation inter le progresso scientific e le responsabilitate moral. == Fundo intellectual e ideas principal == Le cosmismo russe se disveloppava in le quadro del ambiente intellectual plus ample del Russia del seculo XIX, ubi le philosophia religiose, le naturalismo scientific e le debates super le progresso human frequentemente se intersecava. Su pensatores se inspirava in differente traditiones philosophic e theologic, includente le christianismo orthodoxe oriental, le idealismo german e le progressos in le scientias natural.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hagemeister |first1=M. |last2=Rosenthal |first2=Bernice Glatzer |title=The Occult in Russian and Soviet Culture |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=1997 |pages=185–202 |isbn=9780801483318}}</ref> Un thema recurrente in le cosmismo esseva le conception del humanitate como participante active in le evolution cosmic, e non simplemente como producto passive del processos natural. Alcun pensatores considerava le disveloppamento del scientia e del technologia como un medio pro transformar conscientemente le ambiente natural e extender le activitate human ultra le Terra. Alteres accentuava le disveloppamento spiritual, le responsabilitate ethic collective e le superamento del morte. Plure themas occurre repetitemente in le scriptos associate con le cosmismo russe: * Humanitate e evolution cosmic: Le idea que le esseres human ha un rolo in le ulterior disveloppamento e transformation del universo. * Immortalitate e superamento del morte: Propositiones concernente le possibilitate de superar le mortalitate biologic, includente, in le philosophia de Fyodorov, le resurrection scientific del generationes defuncte. * Regulation del natura: Le conviction que le cognoscentia scientific pote permitter al humanitate comprender e regular conscientemente le processos natural. * Exploration spatial: Le conception del spatio como ambiente potential pro le expansion human e le continuation del vita. * Responsabilitate collective: Le opinion que le humanitate debe persequer le progresso scientific e technologic in conjunction con le transformation ethic e social. == Currentes principal == Le cosmismo russe es sovente tractate per medio de plure currentes intellectual que se superpone, plus tosto que como un classification strictemente definite. === Cosmismo philosophic e religiose === Iste corrente es specialmente associate con Nikolai Fyodorov e su sequitores. Illo accentuava le dimensiones moral e religiose del existentia human, le unitate del humanitate e le obligation de superar le morte. Su representantes frequentemente interpretava le activitate scientific como parte de un effortio spiritual e ethic plus vaste. === Cosmismo scientific e technologic === Le cosmismo scientific explorava le possibilitates del intervention human in le processos natural e del expansion del vita ultra le Terra. Su themas includeva le astronautica, le colonisation spatial, le biologia e le relation inter le humanitate e le universo plus vaste. Konstantin Tsiolkovsky es un del figuras principal associate con iste corrente. === Cosmismo artistic === Le ideas cosmistic appareva etiam in le litteratura, le musica, le arte visual e le movimentos de avant-garde russe. Le artistas explorava themas como le unitate cosmic, le transcendencia, le transformation e le relation inter le creativitate human e le universo. Le projecto incomplite *Mysterium* de Alexander Scriabin ha essite interpretate in connexion con iste ideas.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Yansori |first=Ali |title=Alexander Scriabin as a Russian Cosmist |journal=Studies in East European Thought |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=305–331 |year=2023 |doi=10.1007/s11212-023-09590-6}}</ref> == Figuras principal == === Nikolai Fyodorov === [[File:Pasternak fedorov.jpg|thumb|Nikolai Fyodorovich Fyodorov]] '''Nikolai Fyodorovich Fyodorov''' (1829–1903) es generalmente considerate como un del pensatores fundamental del cosmismo russe. Su philosophia, cognoscite como le '''Philosophia del Causa Commun''', proponeva que le humanitate deberea unir se in un effortio collective pro superar le morte e restaurar tote le generationes defuncte per medios scientific.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Koutaissoff |editor1-first=Elisabeth |editor2-last=Minto |editor2-first=Marilyn |title=What Was Man Created For? The Philosophy of the Common Task |publisher=Honeyglen Publishing/L'Age d'Homme |pages=12, 18}}</ref> Fyodorov considerava le morte como un problema fundamental que le humanitate deberea affrontar per medio de action moral e scientific collective. Ille argumentava que le obligation de resuscitar le generationes precedente constitueva un responsabilitate human universal. Su ideas combinava conceptos religiose christian, particularmente le resurrection, con propositiones speculative concernente le scientia, le technologia e le transformation del natura.<ref>{{cite book |last=Young |first=George M. |title=The Russian Cosmists: The Esoteric Futurism of Nikolai Fedorov and His Followers |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |year=2012 |isbn=978-0199892945}}</ref> === Konstantin Tsiolkovsky === '''Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky''' (1857–1935) esseva un scientista russe e pionero del astronautica theoric. Su obras super le propulsion per foguettes e le vol spatial contribueva al fundamentos scientific del astronautica moderne.<ref>{{cite book |last=Van Riper |first=A. Bowdoin |title=Rockets and Missiles: The Life Story of a Technology |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |year=2007 |pages=26–28 |isbn=978-0-8018-8792-5}}</ref> In addition a su recerca scientific, Tsiolkovsky disveloppava un conception philosophic del mundo que tractava le futuro del vita intelligente in le universo. Ille imaginava le expansion del humanitate in le spatio e le disveloppamento eventual de civilisationes ultra le Terra. Su scriptos philosophic incorporava etiam ideas concernente le relation inter le conscientia, le materia e le cosmos.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tsiolkovsky |first=Konstantin Eduardovich |title=The Will of the Universe; Unknown Intelligent Forces |year=1928 |location=Kaluga |page=23}}</ref> === Vladimir Vernadsky === '''Vladimir Vernadsky''' (1863–1945) esseva un scientista russe e sovietic cuje obras super le biosphera e le noosphera es frequentemente discutite in relation con le cosmismo. In su theoria del biosphera, ille examinava le rolo del organismos vivente in le formation del processos geologic e chimic del Terra. Su concepto del noosphera describiva un stadio in le disveloppamento del biosphera in le qual le pensamento human e le activitate scientific deveni fortias planetari major. Ben que le theorias scientific de Vernadsky se disveloppava intra lor proprie quadro disciplinari, su conception del rolo planetari del humanitate condivide importantes themas con le accentuation plus general del cosmismo sur le relation inter le activitate human e le evolution cosmic. === Alexander Chizhevsky === '''Alexander Chizhevsky''' (1897–1964) esseva un scientista sovietic interdisciplinari associate con le disveloppamento del heliobiologia, le studio del relationes inter le activitate solar e le processos biologic sur le Terra. Ille investigava correlationes possibile inter le cyclos solar e phenomenos in populationes human e animal.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Golovanov |first=L. V. |encyclopedia=Great Russian Encyclopedia |title=Alexander Chizhevsky |location=Moscow |year=2001}}</ref> Su recerca reflecteva un interesse in le influentia del processos cosmic super le vita terrestre, un thema que appare etiam, in varie formas, in le cosmismo russe. === Alexander Scriabin === '''Alexander Scriabin''' (1872–1915) esseva un compositor russe cuje interesses philosophic e artistic includeva le mysticismo, le unitate cosmic e le transformation spiritual. Su projecto incomplite *Mysterium* esseva concipite como un synthese a grande scala de musica, dansa, arte visual e ritual, intendite a producer un experientia spiritual transformatori. In consequentia, illo ha essite interpretate per studiosos in connexion con le cosmismo russe e su dimensiones artistic.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Yansori |first=Ali |title=Alexander Scriabin as a Russian Cosmist |journal=Studies in East European Thought |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=305–331 |year=2023 |doi=10.1007/s11212-023-09590-6}}</ref> == Influentia historic e hereditage == Ideas associate con le cosmismo russe circulava inter le intellectuales russe durante le periodo del fin del imperio e continuava a disveloppar se in differente formas post le Revolution russe. Ben que le movimento non constitueva un programma politic o scientific unificate, plure de su themas se intersecava con le prime discussiones sovietic super le progresso technologic, le planification scientific, le astronautica e le futuro del humanitate. Le relation inter le cosmismo russe e le programma spatial sovietic ha attirate le attention del studiosos. Le contributiones theoric de Tsiolkovsky al astronautica esseva particularmente importante pro le disveloppamento del vol spatial. Plus generalmente, le ideas cosmistic concernente le expansion del humanitate ultra le Terra e le transformation del natura deveniva parte del fundo intellectual in le qual le ambitiones spatial sovietic esseva interpretate.<ref>{{cite book |last=Siddiqi |first=Asif A. |editor1-last=Dick |editor1-first=Steven J. |editor2-last=Launius |editor2-first=Roger D. |title=Societal Impact of Spaceflight |publisher=NASA |series=NASA SP-2007-4801 |year=2007 |pages=513–514, 518}}</ref> Le hereditage intellectual del movimento ha essite etiam discutite in connexion con le transhumanismo, le philosophia ambiental, le pensamento ecologic e le debates contemporanee super le exploration spatial. In particular, su accentuation del superamento del limitationes biologic, del futuro a longe termino del humanitate e del implicationes ethic del disveloppamento technologic ha attirate un interesse academic renovate.<ref>{{cite book |last=Young |first=George M. |title=The Russian Cosmists: The Esoteric Futurism of Nikolai Fedorov and His Followers |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |year=2012 |pages=240–255 |isbn=978-0199892945}}</ref> {{ref}} [[Categoria:Theorias philosophic]] [[Categoria:20e seculo in philosophia]] [[Categoria:Cultura de Russia]] [[Categoria:Philosophia russe]] [[Categoria:Cosmismo russe| ]] 4pqcdufw0coca0odsiwi81uthv6sg2q 705747 705746 2026-11-11T07:04:10Z Tratxan 61856 /* Alexander Chizhevsky */ 705747 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} [[File:Tsiolk na lune (pic Gofman) 3.png|thumb|{{center|Un illustration pro le conto de fiction scientific educative de [[Konstantin Tsiolkovsky|Tsiolkovsky]] ''Sur le Luna'' (1893)}}]] '''Le cosmismo russe''' (russo: Русский космизм) es un movimento intellectual philosophic, religiose e scientific que emergeva in le Imperio russe durante le fin del seculo XIX e le initio del seculo XX. Illo comprende un varietate de ideas concernente le relation inter le humanitate, le natura, le universo e le futuro del civilisation human. Ben que su representantes habeva differente approches, multe de illes condivideva le opinion que le humanitate habeva un rolo distinct in le evolution del cosmos e que le disveloppamento scientific e technologic poterea contribuer a superar le limitationes natural, includite le maladias, le morte e le restrictiones del vita sur le Terra.<ref>{{cite book |last=Laruelle |first=Marlene |title=Russian Nationalism: Imaginaries, Doctrines, and Political Battlefields |year=2018 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |pages=19–36 |isbn=9780429426773 |edition=1st |doi=10.4324/9780429426773}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Young |first=George M. |title=The Russian Cosmists: The Esoteric Futurism of Nikolai Fedorov and His Followers |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |year=2012 |isbn=978-0199892945}}</ref> Le cosmismo russe non esseva un schola philosophic unificate con un doctrina o structura institutional unic. In vice, illo comprendeva plure currentes intellectual que combinava elementos del philosophia natural, del pensamento christian orthodoxe, del metaphysica, del theoria evolutionari e del speculation scientific. Su adherentes explorava themas como le futuro del humanitate, le transformation del natura, le exploration spatial, le immortalitate e le relation inter le progresso scientific e le responsabilitate moral. == Fundo intellectual e ideas principal == Le cosmismo russe se disveloppava in le quadro del ambiente intellectual plus ample del Russia del seculo XIX, ubi le philosophia religiose, le naturalismo scientific e le debates super le progresso human frequentemente se intersecava. Su pensatores se inspirava in differente traditiones philosophic e theologic, includente le christianismo orthodoxe oriental, le idealismo german e le progressos in le scientias natural.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hagemeister |first1=M. |last2=Rosenthal |first2=Bernice Glatzer |title=The Occult in Russian and Soviet Culture |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=1997 |pages=185–202 |isbn=9780801483318}}</ref> Un thema recurrente in le cosmismo esseva le conception del humanitate como participante active in le evolution cosmic, e non simplemente como producto passive del processos natural. Alcun pensatores considerava le disveloppamento del scientia e del technologia como un medio pro transformar conscientemente le ambiente natural e extender le activitate human ultra le Terra. Alteres accentuava le disveloppamento spiritual, le responsabilitate ethic collective e le superamento del morte. Plure themas occurre repetitemente in le scriptos associate con le cosmismo russe: * Humanitate e evolution cosmic: Le idea que le esseres human ha un rolo in le ulterior disveloppamento e transformation del universo. * Immortalitate e superamento del morte: Propositiones concernente le possibilitate de superar le mortalitate biologic, includente, in le philosophia de Fyodorov, le resurrection scientific del generationes defuncte. * Regulation del natura: Le conviction que le cognoscentia scientific pote permitter al humanitate comprender e regular conscientemente le processos natural. * Exploration spatial: Le conception del spatio como ambiente potential pro le expansion human e le continuation del vita. * Responsabilitate collective: Le opinion que le humanitate debe persequer le progresso scientific e technologic in conjunction con le transformation ethic e social. == Currentes principal == Le cosmismo russe es sovente tractate per medio de plure currentes intellectual que se superpone, plus tosto que como un classification strictemente definite. === Cosmismo philosophic e religiose === Iste corrente es specialmente associate con Nikolai Fyodorov e su sequitores. Illo accentuava le dimensiones moral e religiose del existentia human, le unitate del humanitate e le obligation de superar le morte. Su representantes frequentemente interpretava le activitate scientific como parte de un effortio spiritual e ethic plus vaste. === Cosmismo scientific e technologic === Le cosmismo scientific explorava le possibilitates del intervention human in le processos natural e del expansion del vita ultra le Terra. Su themas includeva le astronautica, le colonisation spatial, le biologia e le relation inter le humanitate e le universo plus vaste. Konstantin Tsiolkovsky es un del figuras principal associate con iste corrente. === Cosmismo artistic === Le ideas cosmistic appareva etiam in le litteratura, le musica, le arte visual e le movimentos de avant-garde russe. Le artistas explorava themas como le unitate cosmic, le transcendencia, le transformation e le relation inter le creativitate human e le universo. Le projecto incomplite *Mysterium* de Alexander Scriabin ha essite interpretate in connexion con iste ideas.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Yansori |first=Ali |title=Alexander Scriabin as a Russian Cosmist |journal=Studies in East European Thought |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=305–331 |year=2023 |doi=10.1007/s11212-023-09590-6}}</ref> == Figuras principal == === Nikolai Fyodorov === [[File:Pasternak fedorov.jpg|thumb|Nikolai Fyodorovich Fyodorov]] '''Nikolai Fyodorovich Fyodorov''' (1829–1903) es generalmente considerate como un del pensatores fundamental del cosmismo russe. Su philosophia, cognoscite como le '''Philosophia del Causa Commun''', proponeva que le humanitate deberea unir se in un effortio collective pro superar le morte e restaurar tote le generationes defuncte per medios scientific.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Koutaissoff |editor1-first=Elisabeth |editor2-last=Minto |editor2-first=Marilyn |title=What Was Man Created For? The Philosophy of the Common Task |publisher=Honeyglen Publishing/L'Age d'Homme |pages=12, 18}}</ref> Fyodorov considerava le morte como un problema fundamental que le humanitate deberea affrontar per medio de action moral e scientific collective. Ille argumentava que le obligation de resuscitar le generationes precedente constitueva un responsabilitate human universal. Su ideas combinava conceptos religiose christian, particularmente le resurrection, con propositiones speculative concernente le scientia, le technologia e le transformation del natura.<ref>{{cite book |last=Young |first=George M. |title=The Russian Cosmists: The Esoteric Futurism of Nikolai Fedorov and His Followers |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |year=2012 |isbn=978-0199892945}}</ref> === Konstantin Tsiolkovsky === '''Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky''' (1857–1935) esseva un scientista russe e pionero del astronautica theoric. Su obras super le propulsion per foguettes e le vol spatial contribueva al fundamentos scientific del astronautica moderne.<ref>{{cite book |last=Van Riper |first=A. Bowdoin |title=Rockets and Missiles: The Life Story of a Technology |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |year=2007 |pages=26–28 |isbn=978-0-8018-8792-5}}</ref> In addition a su recerca scientific, Tsiolkovsky disveloppava un conception philosophic del mundo que tractava le futuro del vita intelligente in le universo. Ille imaginava le expansion del humanitate in le spatio e le disveloppamento eventual de civilisationes ultra le Terra. Su scriptos philosophic incorporava etiam ideas concernente le relation inter le conscientia, le materia e le cosmos.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tsiolkovsky |first=Konstantin Eduardovich |title=The Will of the Universe; Unknown Intelligent Forces |year=1928 |location=Kaluga |page=23}}</ref> === Vladimir Vernadsky === '''Vladimir Vernadsky''' (1863–1945) esseva un scientista russe e sovietic cuje obras super le biosphera e le noosphera es frequentemente discutite in relation con le cosmismo. In su theoria del biosphera, ille examinava le rolo del organismos vivente in le formation del processos geologic e chimic del Terra. Su concepto del noosphera describiva un stadio in le disveloppamento del biosphera in le qual le pensamento human e le activitate scientific deveni fortias planetari major. Ben que le theorias scientific de Vernadsky se disveloppava intra lor proprie quadro disciplinari, su conception del rolo planetari del humanitate condivide importantes themas con le accentuation plus general del cosmismo sur le relation inter le activitate human e le evolution cosmic. === Alexander Chizhevsky === '''Alexander Chizhevsky''' (1897–1964) esseva un scientista sovietic interdisciplinari associate con le disveloppamento del heliobiologia, le studio del relationes inter le activitate solar e le processos biologic sur le Terra. Ille investigava correlationes possibile inter le cyclos solar e phenomenos in populationes human e animal. Su recerca reflecteva un interesse in le influentia del processos cosmic super le vita terrestre, un thema que appare etiam, in varie formas, in le cosmismo russe. === Alexander Scriabin === '''Alexander Scriabin''' (1872–1915) esseva un compositor russe cuje interesses philosophic e artistic includeva le mysticismo, le unitate cosmic e le transformation spiritual. Su projecto incomplite *Mysterium* esseva concipite como un synthese a grande scala de musica, dansa, arte visual e ritual, intendite a producer un experientia spiritual transformatori. In consequentia, illo ha essite interpretate per studiosos in connexion con le cosmismo russe e su dimensiones artistic.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Yansori |first=Ali |title=Alexander Scriabin as a Russian Cosmist |journal=Studies in East European Thought |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=305–331 |year=2023 |doi=10.1007/s11212-023-09590-6}}</ref> == Influentia historic e hereditage == Ideas associate con le cosmismo russe circulava inter le intellectuales russe durante le periodo del fin del imperio e continuava a disveloppar se in differente formas post le Revolution russe. Ben que le movimento non constitueva un programma politic o scientific unificate, plure de su themas se intersecava con le prime discussiones sovietic super le progresso technologic, le planification scientific, le astronautica e le futuro del humanitate. Le relation inter le cosmismo russe e le programma spatial sovietic ha attirate le attention del studiosos. Le contributiones theoric de Tsiolkovsky al astronautica esseva particularmente importante pro le disveloppamento del vol spatial. Plus generalmente, le ideas cosmistic concernente le expansion del humanitate ultra le Terra e le transformation del natura deveniva parte del fundo intellectual in le qual le ambitiones spatial sovietic esseva interpretate.<ref>{{cite book |last=Siddiqi |first=Asif A. |editor1-last=Dick |editor1-first=Steven J. |editor2-last=Launius |editor2-first=Roger D. |title=Societal Impact of Spaceflight |publisher=NASA |series=NASA SP-2007-4801 |year=2007 |pages=513–514, 518}}</ref> Le hereditage intellectual del movimento ha essite etiam discutite in connexion con le transhumanismo, le philosophia ambiental, le pensamento ecologic e le debates contemporanee super le exploration spatial. In particular, su accentuation del superamento del limitationes biologic, del futuro a longe termino del humanitate e del implicationes ethic del disveloppamento technologic ha attirate un interesse academic renovate.<ref>{{cite book |last=Young |first=George M. |title=The Russian Cosmists: The Esoteric Futurism of Nikolai Fedorov and His Followers |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |year=2012 |pages=240–255 |isbn=978-0199892945}}</ref> {{ref}} [[Categoria:Theorias philosophic]] [[Categoria:20e seculo in philosophia]] [[Categoria:Cultura de Russia]] [[Categoria:Philosophia russe]] [[Categoria:Cosmismo russe| ]] oab5z0bq74g51zpvkls0lxjlw0mdnmc 14 62526 705749 2026-11-11T07:10:52Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Russia|cultura]] [[Categoria:Cultura per pais]] [[Categoria:Cultura de Asia per pais]] [[Categoria:Cultura de Europa per pais]] [[Categoria:Cultura slavic]]” 705749 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Russia|cultura]] [[Categoria:Cultura per pais]] [[Categoria:Cultura de Asia per pais]] [[Categoria:Cultura de Europa per pais]] [[Categoria:Cultura slavic]] gt0y0qpvg7qby7p290nzobbepfwgu3a 14 62527 705750 2026-11-11T07:11:22Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Cultura de Russia|Philosophia]] [[Categoria:Philosophia per pais]] [[Categoria:Philosophia europee]]” 705750 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Cultura de Russia|Philosophia]] [[Categoria:Philosophia per pais]] [[Categoria:Philosophia europee]] mm5cu4hxfl8rs06ldpxj9299ajyzjs0 14 62528 705751 2026-11-11T07:11:53Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Philosophia per region| Pais]] [[Categoria:Categorias per pais]]” 705751 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Philosophia per region| Pais]] [[Categoria:Categorias per pais]] heh38a9wi5tsh7p2jztq1xdsad8ouxx 14 62529 705752 2026-11-11T07:12:24Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Philosophia russe]]” 705752 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Philosophia russe]] cr200d3h3xjjt5pw4dae3dzsexjhlsa 0 62530 705754 2026-11-11T07:17:13Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Roerichismo''' (russo: Рерихи́зм) es un movimento spiritual, cultural e social que emergeva al initio del seculo XX {{cite book |last=Stasulane |first=Anita |title=Theosophy and New Age for a New World: Agni Yoga |publisher=Pontificia Università Gregoriana |location=Rome |year=2005 |isbn=978-88-7839-023-3}}. Disveloppate principalmente per medio del scriptos e del activitates del pictor, philosopho e archeologo russe Nicho...” 705754 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Roerichismo''' (russo: Рерихи́зм) es un movimento spiritual, cultural e social que emergeva al initio del seculo XX {{cite book |last=Stasulane |first=Anita |title=Theosophy and New Age for a New World: Agni Yoga |publisher=Pontificia Università Gregoriana |location=Rome |year=2005 |isbn=978-88-7839-023-3}}. Disveloppate principalmente per medio del scriptos e del activitates del pictor, philosopho e archeologo russe Nicholas Roerich e de su sposa, le scriptrice Helena Roerich, le movimento synthesisa elementos del neo-theosophia, del philosophia oriental, del metaphysica occidental e del cosmismo russe {{cite book |last=Young |first=George M. |title=The Russian Cosmists: The Esoteric Futurism of Nikolai Fedorov and His Followers |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |year=2012 |pages=180–195 |isbn=978-0199892945}}. == Fundation e Agni Yoga == Le fundamento spiritual del Roerichismo es Agni Yoga (etiam appellate le *Ethica Vivente* o le *Doctrina del Lumine*), un doctrina religiose-philosophic compilate per Helena Roerich in collaboration con traditiones esoteric oriental inter 1920 e 1955 {{cite book |last=Roerich |first=Helena |title=Letters of Helena Roerich: 1929–1938 |publisher=Agni Yoga Society |location=New York |year=1954}}. Agni Yoga presenta le universo como un systema spiritual-energetic interconnectite, governate per leges cosmic. Le principios fundamental del doctrina include: * Le energia del pensamento: Le conviction que le pensamento human genera energia physic e cosmic real, imponente assi un responsabilitate moral al individuos pro lor estados mental e actiones. * Preservation cultural: Le proposition que le evolution spiritual del humanitate depende fundamentalmente del cultivation del arte, del cognoscentia scientific e del ethica. * Synthese del scientia e del mysticismo: Le integration de traditiones oriental ancian (como le conceptos vedic e buddhista) con le investigation scientific natural moderne. == Figuras principal == === Nicholas Roerich === Nicholas Roerich (1874–1947) esseva un pictor renominate, figura public e explorator {{cite book |last=Decter |first=Jacqueline |title=Nicholas Roerich: The Life and Art of a Russian Master |publisher=Thames & Hudson |location=London |year=1989 |isbn=978-0500091982}}. Ultra crear milles de obras artistic representant le Himalayas e le paisages asiatic, ille dirigeva effortios pro preservar le patrimonio cultural mundial, conducente a initiativas international pro le protection del institutiones artistic e scientific durante le tempore de guerra. === Helena Roerich === Helena Roerich (1879–1955) serviva como le principal autrice e pensatrice detra le serie del Ethica Vivente, publicante 14 volumines que exponeva le systema philosophic de Agni Yoga {{cite book |last=McCannon |first=John |title=A History of the Arctic: Nature, Exploration and Exploitation |publisher=Reaktion Books |year=2012 |pages=210–215}}. Illa etiam traduceva obras esoteric fundamental, includente *The Secret Doctrine* de Helena Blavatsky, in russo. === George e Svetoslav Roerich === * George de Roerich (1902–1960): Un orientalista e linguista cognoscite pro su labor in dialectologia tibetan e su traduction del chronica historic tibetan, le *Blue Annals* {{cite book |last=Roerich |first=George N. |title=The Blue Annals |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |location=Delhi |year=1949 |isbn=978-8120804715}}. * Svetoslav Roerich (1904–1993): Un artista e humanitario qui administrava institutiones artistic international e fundava le Fundation Sovietic Roerich pro promover le preservation cultural e le recerca {{cite journal |last=Dutta |first=Indrani |title=Svetoslav Roerich and the Indian Cultural Landscape |journal=Journal of Asian Civilizations |volume=32 |issue=1 |year=2009 |pages=102–118}}. == Initiativas international e hereditage == Un del realisationes tangibile le plus durabile associate con le Roerichismo es le Pacto Roerich (signate in 1935), un tractato international dedicate al protection del institutiones artistic e scientific e del monumentos historic tanto in tempore de pace como de guerra {{cite book |last=Barenboim |first=Peter |last2=Sidiqi |first2=Naeem |title=Bruges, the City of Peace: The Roerich Pact and the Banner of Peace |publisher=FLPH |location=Moscow |year=2010 |isbn=978-5-903733-08-0}}. Le movimento popularisava le *Standard de Pace* (*Banner of Peace*) — un symbolo consistente de tres spheras rubie circumdate per un circulo — que representa le arte, le scientia e le religion includite intra le circulo del cultura. Hodie, le Roerichismo mantene un sequitorato international per medio de societates, museos e centros educational in Europa, Asia e le Americas, dedicate al studio de Agni Yoga, del philosophia del exploration spatial e del pace mundial. {{ref}} [[Categoria:Roerichismo| ]] [[Categoria:Familia Roerich]] [[Categoria:Gruppos theosophic]] [[Categoria:Systemas de credentia religiose fundate in le Statos Unite]] [[Categoria:Organisationes religiose basate in New York (stato)]] [[Categoria:Organisationes religiose basate in Lettonia]] [[Categoria:Organisationes religiose basate in le Union Sovietic]] [[Categoria:Religion in Himachal Pradesh]] [[Categoria:Nove movimentos religiose in India]] [[Categoria:Nove movimentos religiose in Russia]] [[Categoria:Nove movimentos religiose stabilite in le annos 1920]] [[Categoria:Cultura de Russia]] [[Categoria:Cosmismo russe]] [[Categoria:Philosophia russe]] [[Categoria:Evolution spiritual]] [[Categoria:Transhumanismo]] [[Categoria:Seculo 20 in philosophia]] 3152jybv4zh3w4sinmytx12nifud5wy 705756 705754 2026-11-11T07:19:01Z Tratxan 61856 705756 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Roerichismo''' (russo: Рерихи́зм) es un movimento spiritual, cultural e social que emergeva al initio del seculo XX <ref>{{cite book |last=Stasulane |first=Anita |title=Theosophy and New Age for a New World: Agni Yoga |publisher=Pontificia Università Gregoriana |location=Rome |year=2005 |isbn=978-88-7839-023-3}}</ref>. Disveloppate principalmente per medio del scriptos e del activitates del pictor, philosopho e archeologo russe Nicholas Roerich e de su sposa, le scriptrice Helena Roerich, le movimento synthesisa elementos del neo-theosophia, del philosophia oriental, del metaphysica occidental e del cosmismo russe <ref>{{cite book |last=Young |first=George M. |title=The Russian Cosmists: The Esoteric Futurism of Nikolai Fedorov and His Followers |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |year=2012 |pages=180–195 |isbn=978-0199892945}}</ref>. == Fundation e Agni Yoga == Le fundamento spiritual del Roerichismo es Agni Yoga (etiam appellate le *Ethica Vivente* o le *Doctrina del Lumine*), un doctrina religiose-philosophic compilate per Helena Roerich in collaboration con traditiones esoteric oriental inter 1920 e 1955 <ref>{{cite book |last=Roerich |first=Helena |title=Letters of Helena Roerich: 1929–1938 |publisher=Agni Yoga Society |location=New York |year=1954}}</ref>. Agni Yoga presenta le universo como un systema spiritual-energetic interconnectite, governate per leges cosmic. Le principios fundamental del doctrina include: * '''Le energia del pensamento:''' Le conviction que le pensamento human genera energia physic e cosmic real, imponente assi un responsabilitate moral al individuos pro lor estados mental e actiones. * '''Preservation cultural:''' Le proposition que le evolution spiritual del humanitate depende fundamentalmente del cultivation del arte, del cognoscentia scientific e del ethica. * '''Synthese del scientia e del mysticismo:''' Le integration de traditiones oriental ancian (como le conceptos vedic e buddhista) con le investigation scientific natural moderne. == Figuras principal == === Nicholas Roerich === Nicholas Roerich (1874–1947) esseva un pictor renominate, figura public e explorator <ref>{{cite book |last=Decter |first=Jacqueline |title=Nicholas Roerich: The Life and Art of a Russian Master |publisher=Thames & Hudson |location=London |year=1989 |isbn=978-0500091982}}</ref>. Ultra crear milles de obras artistic representant le Himalayas e le paisages asiatic, ille dirigeva effortios pro preservar le patrimonio cultural mundial, conducente a initiativas international pro le protection del institutiones artistic e scientific durante le tempore de guerra. === Helena Roerich === Helena Roerich (1879–1955) serviva como le principal autrice e pensatrice detra le serie del Ethica Vivente, publicante 14 volumines que exponeva le systema philosophic de Agni Yoga <ref>{{cite book |last=McCannon |first=John |title=A History of the Arctic: Nature, Exploration and Exploitation |publisher=Reaktion Books |year=2012 |pages=210–215}}</ref>. Illa etiam traduceva obras esoteric fundamental, includente *The Secret Doctrine* de Helena Blavatsky, in russo. === George e Svetoslav Roerich === * '''George de Roerich (1902–1960):''' Un orientalista e linguista cognoscite pro su labor in dialectologia tibetan e su traduction del chronica historic tibetan, le *Blue Annals* <ref>{{cite book |last=Roerich |first=George N. |title=The Blue Annals |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |location=Delhi |year=1949 |isbn=978-8120804715}}</ref>. * '''Svetoslav Roerich (1904–1993):''' Un artista e humanitario qui administrava institutiones artistic international e fundava le Fundation Sovietic Roerich pro promover le preservation cultural e le recerca <ref>{{cite journal |last=Dutta |first=Indrani |title=Svetoslav Roerich and the Indian Cultural Landscape |journal=Journal of Asian Civilizations |volume=32 |issue=1 |year=2009 |pages=102–118}}</ref>. == Initiativas international e hereditage == Un del realisationes tangibile le plus durabile associate con le Roerichismo es le Pacto Roerich (signate in 1935), un tractato international dedicate al protection del institutiones artistic e scientific e del monumentos historic tanto in tempore de pace como de guerra <ref>{{cite book |last=Barenboim |first=Peter |last2=Sidiqi |first2=Naeem |title=Bruges, the City of Peace: The Roerich Pact and the Banner of Peace |publisher=FLPH |location=Moscow |year=2010 |isbn=978-5-903733-08-0}}</ref>. Le movimento popularisava le *Standard de Pace* (*Banner of Peace*) — un symbolo consistente de tres spheras rubie circumdate per un circulo — que representa le arte, le scientia e le religion includite intra le circulo del cultura. Hodie, le Roerichismo mantene un sequitorato international per medio de societates, museos e centros educational in Europa, Asia e le Americas, dedicate al studio de Agni Yoga, del philosophia del exploration spatial e del pace mundial. {{ref}} [[Categoria:Roerichismo| ]] [[Categoria:Familia Roerich]] [[Categoria:Gruppos theosophic]] [[Categoria:Systemas de credentia religiose fundate in le Statos Unite]] [[Categoria:Organisationes religiose basate in New York (stato)]] [[Categoria:Organisationes religiose basate in Lettonia]] [[Categoria:Organisationes religiose basate in le Union Sovietic]] [[Categoria:Religion in Himachal Pradesh]] [[Categoria:Nove movimentos religiose in India]] [[Categoria:Nove movimentos religiose in Russia]] [[Categoria:Nove movimentos religiose stabilite in le annos 1920]] [[Categoria:Cultura de Russia]] [[Categoria:Cosmismo russe]] [[Categoria:Philosophia russe]] [[Categoria:Evolution spiritual]] [[Categoria:Transhumanismo]] [[Categoria:Seculo 20 in philosophia]] of67k1liqxqto0397xu7bp2fs6i2erf 14 62531 705758 2026-11-11T07:20:01Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Seculo 20 in philosophia]] [[Categoria:Organizationes New Age]] [[Categoria:Nove movimentos religiose establite in le annos 1920]] [[Categoria:Gruppos theosophic]] [[Categoria:Systemas de credentia religiose fundate in le Statos Unite]] [[Categoria:Religion in Russia]] [[Categoria:Familia Roerich]] [[Categoria:Cosmismo russe]] [[Categoria:Philosophia russe]] [[Categoria:Evolution spiritual]] [[Categoria:Transhumanismo]]” 705758 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Seculo 20 in philosophia]] [[Categoria:Organizationes New Age]] [[Categoria:Nove movimentos religiose establite in le annos 1920]] [[Categoria:Gruppos theosophic]] [[Categoria:Systemas de credentia religiose fundate in le Statos Unite]] [[Categoria:Religion in Russia]] [[Categoria:Familia Roerich]] [[Categoria:Cosmismo russe]] [[Categoria:Philosophia russe]] [[Categoria:Evolution spiritual]] 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mlvs8li1ovyjek6teab6akf1lw55ohv 14 62535 705762 2026-11-11T07:23:51Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Cultura de Europa|!Religion]] [[Categoria:Religion per continente|Europa]]” 705762 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Cultura de Europa|!Religion]] [[Categoria:Religion per continente|Europa]] gfd26dnas50btqky59lzh5w1msu5jdh 14 62536 705763 2026-11-11T07:24:30Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Religion per loco| ]] [[Categoria:Cultura per continente]]” 705763 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Religion per loco| ]] [[Categoria:Cultura per continente]] bgbep9aws83wa8m0kc3npdawe5tk98m 705764 705763 2026-11-11T07:25:02Z Tratxan 61856 705764 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Religion per ubication| ]] [[Categoria:Cultura per continente]] h1e1sslysglnbrrnrmljm352pwau1s9 705769 705764 2026-11-11T07:29:40Z Tratxan 61856 705769 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Religion per loco geographic| ]] [[Categoria:Cultura per continente]] r73w58s1coecq8z8xsyoo46byy7k7b4 14 62537 705766 2026-11-11T07:25:29Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Cultura per ubication|Religion]] [[Categoria:Religion| ]]” 705766 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Cultura per ubication|Religion]] [[Categoria:Religion| ]] nogi6peu1j0m0js89rawppyb9so1f5q 705770 705766 2026-11-11T07:29:58Z Tratxan 61856 705770 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete}} 35r2j9t4ectnt1cmb7mlgcqvwz6h5k6 14 62538 705767 2026-11-11T07:28:14Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Categorias per ubication]] [[Categoria:Cultura| ]]” 705767 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Categorias per ubication]] [[Categoria:Cultura| ]] 5xxme7tcr1pjwuz3bttofga3zv9k8d9 705776 705767 2026-11-11T07:32:40Z Tratxan 61856 705776 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete}} 35r2j9t4ectnt1cmb7mlgcqvwz6h5k6 14 62539 705768 2026-11-11T07:29:09Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Categorias per parametro|Loco]] [[Categoria:Locos| *]]” 705768 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Categorias per parametro|Loco]] [[Categoria:Locos| *]] jbxa3gwor3iqgn6ie9a4kqgihbdguj4 705772 705768 2026-11-11T07:30:15Z Tratxan 61856 705772 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete}} 35r2j9t4ectnt1cmb7mlgcqvwz6h5k6 14 62540 705771 2026-11-11T07:30:05Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Cultura per loco geographic|Religion]] [[Categoria:Religion| ]]” 705771 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Cultura per loco geographic|Religion]] [[Categoria:Religion| ]] gkkymmmsbcoyhzhyatb55cqxy55j8f4 14 62541 705775 2026-11-11T07:31:27Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Categorias per loco geographic]] [[Categoria:Cultura| ]]” 705775 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Categorias per loco geographic]] [[Categoria:Cultura| ]] dp0aoqoyuma8qk3uq7dtnv7pcwcyffe 0 62542 705777 2026-11-11T07:36:44Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''activitate del intelligentia chinese al estraniero''' se refere al espionage, al influentia politic e al operationes cybernetic conducite foras del pais per le agencias statal e le gruppos affiliate del Republica Popular de China (RPC) e del Partito Communista Chinese (PCC) <ref>{{cite book |last=Eftimiades |first=Nicholas |title=Chinese Intelligence Operations |publisher=Routledge |location=London |year=2015 |isbn=978-0714641157}}<...” 705777 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''activitate del intelligentia chinese al estraniero''' se refere al espionage, al influentia politic e al operationes cybernetic conducite foras del pais per le agencias statal e le gruppos affiliate del Republica Popular de China (RPC) e del Partito Communista Chinese (PCC) <ref>{{cite book |last=Eftimiades |first=Nicholas |title=Chinese Intelligence Operations |publisher=Routledge |location=London |year=2015 |isbn=978-0714641157}}</ref>. Guidate per objectivos strategic relative al securitate national, al crescentia economic e al modernisation militar, iste operationes emplea un combination de intelligentia human traditional, guerra cybernetic avantiate e effortios de influentia politic dirigite contra governamentos, industrias e communitates del diaspora al nivello international <ref>{{cite book |last=Joske |first=Alex |title=Spies and Lies: How China's Greatest Covert Operations Fooled the World |publisher=Hardie Grant Books |location=Melbourne |year=2022 |isbn=978-1743797990}}</ref>. == Agencias principal e structura operational == Le recerca de intelligentia chinese se basa sur un ecosistema decentralisate que comprende organismos de securitate statal, departamentos militar, organos del partito e entitates non statal <ref>{{cite book |last=Hannas |first=William C. |last2=Mulvenon |first2=James |last3=Puglisi |first3=Charley |title=Chinese Industrial Espionage: Technology Acquisition and Military Modernization |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |year=2013 |isbn=978-0415821421}}</ref>. Le Lege del Intelligentia National de China de 2017 obliga le citatanos e le organisationes chinese a assister le activitate del intelligentia statal, formalisation del integration del actores commercial e academic in le apparato de securitate statal. Le institutiones principal implicate include: * Ministerio del Securitate del Stato (MSS): Le principal agentia civil de intelligentia e contra-intelligentia de China, responsabile del collection de intelligentia estranier, del securitate politic e del operationes clandestin al estraniero. * Departamento del Stato Major Conjuncte del Commission Militar Central: Contine le organos de intelligentia del Armata Popular de Liberation (APL), que se concentra sur le intelligentia human, le recognoscentia militar e le operationes cybernetic strategic. * Departamento del Labor del Fronte Unite (UFWD): Un organo del PCC que gere le operationes de influentia dirigite contra le communitates chinese al estraniero, le institutiones academic, le elites politic e le dirigentes del mundo del affaires. * Ministerio del Securitate Public (MPS): Gere le policia domestic e conduce operationes transnational al estraniero — como le Operation Fox Hunt — pro localisar e repatriar fugitivos e dissidentes politic. == Modos principal de operation == === Espionage economic e industrial === Le structura de intelligentia chinese pone un forte accentuation sur le acquisition de technologia proprietari, recerca e secretos commercial estranier pro promover le industrias strategic domestic e le capacitates militar <ref>{{cite book |last=Golden |first=Daniel |title=Spy Schools: How the CIA, FBI, and Foreign Intelligence Secretly Exploit America's Universities |publisher=Henry Holt and Co. |location=New York |year=2017 |isbn=978-1627796354}}</ref>. Le methodos include le exploitation de vulnerabilitates corporative, le utilisation de excambios academic e le programas clandestin de recrutamento de talentos. === Espionage cybernetic e gruppos APT === Gruppos APT (amenazas persistente avantiate) sponsorisate per le stato executa intrusiones a grande scala in retes informatic global <ref>{{cite report |last=Mandiant |title=APT1: Exposing One of China's Cyber Espionage Units |publisher=Mandiant |year=2013}}</ref>. Operationes notabile — como *Volt Typhoon*, *Salt Typhoon* e *GhostNet* — ha prendite como objectivo infrastructuras critic, communicationes governamental, contractistas del sector de defensa e retes diplomatic international <ref>{{cite book |last=Clarke |first=Richard A. |last2=Knake |first2=Robert K. |title=Cyber War: The Next Threat to National Security and What to Do About It |publisher=HarperCollins |location=New York |year=2010 |isbn=978-0061962233}}</ref>. === Labor del Fronte Unite e operationes de influentia === In conformitate con le directive historic de Zhou Enlai de integrar le intelligentia in le labor del fronte unite, le agencias de intelligentia del PCC usa organisationes de cobertura, gruppos commercial e associationes cultural pro establir influentia politic, vigilar gruppos del diaspora e influentiar le discurso politic estranier <ref>{{cite book |last=Hamilton |first=Clive |title=Silent Invasion: China's Influence in Australia |publisher=Hardie Grant Books |location=Melbourne |year=2018 |isbn=978-1743794807}}</ref>. === Repression transnational === Le apparatos chinese de application del lege e de intelligentia prende frequentemente como objectivo communitates de exiliatos al estraniero, defensores del democratia e gruppos minoritari (como le Uighures, le Tibetanos e le activistas de Hong Kong). Le operationes include le survigilantia, le harassamento e le coercition, con le objectivo de neutralisar le opposition politic al estraniero <ref>{{cite report |last=Freedom House |title=Out of Sight, Not Out of Reach: The Global Scale and Scope of Transnational Repression |publisher=Freedom House |location=Washington, D.C. |year=2021}}</ref>. == Impacto global e responsas == Governamentos in tote le mundo ha adoptate con crescentia mesuras defensiv contra le activitates del intelligentia chinese. Le responsas include leges plus stricte sur le registration de agentes estranier, un supervigilantia augmentate del financiation estranier del recerca universitari, mecanismos de controlo del investimentos estranier e accusationes judicial international coordinate contra actores de menacia cybernetic ligate al stato <ref>{{cite book |last=Miller |first=William J. |title=Countering Foreign Interference in Modern Democracies |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2020 |isbn=978-3030456122}}</ref>. {{ref}} [[Categoria:Espionage in China]] [[Categoria:Relationes exterior de China]] [[Categoria:Retes de spiones]] [[Categoria:Cyberguerra per China]] [[Categoria:Diaspora chinese]] 0r1j8nyzohkmzhpndxa6fvptugc6wan 705778 705777 2026-11-11T07:37:22Z Tratxan 61856 705778 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''activitate del intelligentia chinese al estraniero''' se refere al espionage, al influentia politic e al operationes cybernetic conducite foras del pais per le agencias statal e le gruppos affiliate del [[Republica Popular de China]] (RPC) e del Partito Communista Chinese (PCC) <ref>{{cite book |last=Eftimiades |first=Nicholas |title=Chinese Intelligence Operations |publisher=Routledge |location=London |year=2015 |isbn=978-0714641157}}</ref>. Guidate per objectivos strategic relative al securitate national, al crescentia economic e al modernisation militar, iste operationes emplea un combination de intelligentia human traditional, guerra cybernetic avantiate e effortios de influentia politic dirigite contra governamentos, industrias e communitates del diaspora al nivello international <ref>{{cite book |last=Joske |first=Alex |title=Spies and Lies: How China's Greatest Covert Operations Fooled the World |publisher=Hardie Grant Books |location=Melbourne |year=2022 |isbn=978-1743797990}}</ref>. == Agencias principal e structura operational == Le recerca de intelligentia chinese se basa sur un ecosistema decentralisate que comprende organismos de securitate statal, departamentos militar, organos del partito e entitates non statal <ref>{{cite book |last=Hannas |first=William C. |last2=Mulvenon |first2=James |last3=Puglisi |first3=Charley |title=Chinese Industrial Espionage: Technology Acquisition and Military Modernization |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |year=2013 |isbn=978-0415821421}}</ref>. Le Lege del Intelligentia National de China de 2017 obliga le citatanos e le organisationes chinese a assister le activitate del intelligentia statal, formalisation del integration del actores commercial e academic in le apparato de securitate statal. Le institutiones principal implicate include: * Ministerio del Securitate del Stato (MSS): Le principal agentia civil de intelligentia e contra-intelligentia de China, responsabile del collection de intelligentia estranier, del securitate politic e del operationes clandestin al estraniero. * Departamento del Stato Major Conjuncte del Commission Militar Central: Contine le organos de intelligentia del Armata Popular de Liberation (APL), que se concentra sur le intelligentia human, le recognoscentia militar e le operationes cybernetic strategic. * Departamento del Labor del Fronte Unite (UFWD): Un organo del PCC que gere le operationes de influentia dirigite contra le communitates chinese al estraniero, le institutiones academic, le elites politic e le dirigentes del mundo del affaires. * Ministerio del Securitate Public (MPS): Gere le policia domestic e conduce operationes transnational al estraniero — como le Operation Fox Hunt — pro localisar e repatriar fugitivos e dissidentes politic. == Modos principal de operation == === Espionage economic e industrial === Le structura de intelligentia chinese pone un forte accentuation sur le acquisition de technologia proprietari, recerca e secretos commercial estranier pro promover le industrias strategic domestic e le capacitates militar <ref>{{cite book |last=Golden |first=Daniel |title=Spy Schools: How the CIA, FBI, and Foreign Intelligence Secretly Exploit America's Universities |publisher=Henry Holt and Co. |location=New York |year=2017 |isbn=978-1627796354}}</ref>. Le methodos include le exploitation de vulnerabilitates corporative, le utilisation de excambios academic e le programas clandestin de recrutamento de talentos. === Espionage cybernetic e gruppos APT === Gruppos APT (amenazas persistente avantiate) sponsorisate per le stato executa intrusiones a grande scala in retes informatic global <ref>{{cite report |last=Mandiant |title=APT1: Exposing One of China's Cyber Espionage Units |publisher=Mandiant |year=2013}}</ref>. Operationes notabile — como *Volt Typhoon*, *Salt Typhoon* e *GhostNet* — ha prendite como objectivo infrastructuras critic, communicationes governamental, contractistas del sector de defensa e retes diplomatic international <ref>{{cite book |last=Clarke |first=Richard A. |last2=Knake |first2=Robert K. |title=Cyber War: The Next Threat to National Security and What to Do About It |publisher=HarperCollins |location=New York |year=2010 |isbn=978-0061962233}}</ref>. === Labor del Fronte Unite e operationes de influentia === In conformitate con le directive historic de Zhou Enlai de integrar le intelligentia in le labor del fronte unite, le agencias de intelligentia del PCC usa organisationes de cobertura, gruppos commercial e associationes cultural pro establir influentia politic, vigilar gruppos del diaspora e influentiar le discurso politic estranier <ref>{{cite book |last=Hamilton |first=Clive |title=Silent Invasion: China's Influence in Australia |publisher=Hardie Grant Books |location=Melbourne |year=2018 |isbn=978-1743794807}}</ref>. === Repression transnational === Le apparatos chinese de application del lege e de intelligentia prende frequentemente como objectivo communitates de exiliatos al estraniero, defensores del democratia e gruppos minoritari (como le Uighures, le Tibetanos e le activistas de Hong Kong). Le operationes include le survigilantia, le harassamento e le coercition, con le objectivo de neutralisar le opposition politic al estraniero <ref>{{cite report |last=Freedom House |title=Out of Sight, Not Out of Reach: The Global Scale and Scope of Transnational Repression |publisher=Freedom House |location=Washington, D.C. |year=2021}}</ref>. == Impacto global e responsas == Governamentos in tote le mundo ha adoptate con crescentia mesuras defensiv contra le activitates del intelligentia chinese. Le responsas include leges plus stricte sur le registration de agentes estranier, un supervigilantia augmentate del financiation estranier del recerca universitari, mecanismos de controlo del investimentos estranier e accusationes judicial international coordinate contra actores de menacia cybernetic ligate al stato <ref>{{cite book |last=Miller |first=William J. |title=Countering Foreign Interference in Modern Democracies |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2020 |isbn=978-3030456122}}</ref>. {{ref}} [[Categoria:Espionage in China]] [[Categoria:Relationes exterior de China]] [[Categoria:Retes de spiones]] [[Categoria:Cyberguerra per China]] [[Categoria:Diaspora chinese]] fnpnjxshcls69qix3jkifup795xnzcb 705780 705778 2026-11-11T07:38:48Z Tratxan 61856 705780 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''activitate del intelligentia chinese al estraniero''' se refere al espionage, al influentia politic e al operationes cybernetic conducite foras del pais per le agencias statal e le gruppos affiliate del [[Republica Popular de China]] (RPC) e del Partito Communista Chinese (PCC) <ref>{{cite book |last=Eftimiades |first=Nicholas |title=Chinese Intelligence Operations |publisher=Routledge |location=London |year=2015 |isbn=978-0714641157}}</ref>. Guidate per objectivos strategic relative al securitate national, al crescentia economic e al modernisation militar, iste operationes emplea un combination de intelligentia human traditional, guerra cybernetic avantiate e effortios de influentia politic dirigite contra governamentos, industrias e communitates del diaspora al nivello international <ref>{{cite book |last=Joske |first=Alex |title=Spies and Lies: How China's Greatest Covert Operations Fooled the World |publisher=Hardie Grant Books |location=Melbourne |year=2022 |isbn=978-1743797990}}</ref>. == Agencias principal e structura operational == Le recerca de intelligentia chinese se basa sur un ecosistema decentralisate que comprende organismos de securitate statal, departamentos militar, organos del partito e entitates non statal <ref>{{cite book |last=Hannas |first=William C. |last2=Mulvenon |first2=James |last3=Puglisi |first3=Charley |title=Chinese Industrial Espionage: Technology Acquisition and Military Modernization |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |year=2013 |isbn=978-0415821421}}</ref>. Le Lege del Intelligentia National de China de 2017 obliga le citatanos e le organisationes chinese a assister le activitate del intelligentia statal, formalisation del integration del actores commercial e academic in le apparato de securitate statal. Le institutiones principal implicate include: * Ministerio del Securitate del Stato (MSS): Le principal agentia civil de intelligentia e contra-intelligentia de China, responsabile del collection de intelligentia estranier, del securitate politic e del operationes clandestin al estraniero. * Departamento del Stato Major Conjuncte del Commission Militar Central: Contine le organos de intelligentia del Armata Popular de Liberation (APL), que se concentra sur le intelligentia human, le recognoscentia militar e le operationes cybernetic strategic. * Departamento del Labor del Fronte Unite (UFWD): Un organo del PCC que gere le operationes de influentia dirigite contra le communitates chinese al estraniero, le institutiones academic, le elites politic e le dirigentes del mundo del affaires. * Ministerio del Securitate Public (MPS): Gere le policia domestic e conduce operationes transnational al estraniero — como le Operation Fox Hunt — pro localisar e repatriar fugitivos e dissidentes politic. == Modos principal de operation == === Espionage economic e industrial === Le structura de intelligentia chinese pone un forte accentuation sur le acquisition de technologia proprietari, recerca e secretos commercial estranier pro promover le industrias strategic domestic e le capacitates militar <ref>{{cite book |last=Golden |first=Daniel |title=Spy Schools: How the CIA, FBI, and Foreign Intelligence Secretly Exploit America's Universities |publisher=Henry Holt and Co. |location=New York |year=2017 |isbn=978-1627796354}}</ref>. Le methodos include le exploitation de vulnerabilitates corporative, le utilisation de excambios academic e le programas clandestin de recrutamento de talentos. === Espionage cybernetic e gruppos APT === Gruppos APT (amenazas persistente avantiate) sponsorisate per le stato executa intrusiones a grande scala in retes informatic global <ref>{{cite report |last=Mandiant |title=APT1: Exposing One of China's Cyber Espionage Units |publisher=Mandiant |year=2013}}</ref>. Operationes notabile — como ''Volt Typhoon'', ''Salt Typhoon'' e ''GhostNet'' — ha prendite como objectivo infrastructuras critic, communicationes governamental, contractistas del sector de defensa e retes diplomatic international <ref>{{cite book |last=Clarke |first=Richard A. |last2=Knake |first2=Robert K. |title=Cyber War: The Next Threat to National Security and What to Do About It |publisher=HarperCollins |location=New York |year=2010 |isbn=978-0061962233}}</ref>. === Labor del Fronte Unite e operationes de influentia === In conformitate con le directive historic de Zhou Enlai de integrar le intelligentia in le labor del fronte unite, le agencias de intelligentia del PCC usa organisationes de cobertura, gruppos commercial e associationes cultural pro establir influentia politic, vigilar gruppos del diaspora e influentiar le discurso politic estranier <ref>{{cite book |last=Hamilton |first=Clive |title=Silent Invasion: China's Influence in Australia |publisher=Hardie Grant Books |location=Melbourne |year=2018 |isbn=978-1743794807}}</ref>. === Repression transnational === Le apparatos chinese de application del lege e de intelligentia prende frequentemente como objectivo communitates de exiliatos al estraniero, defensores del democratia e gruppos minoritari (como le Uighures, le Tibetanos e le activistas de Hong Kong). Le operationes include le survigilantia, le harassamento e le coercition, con le objectivo de neutralisar le opposition politic al estraniero <ref>{{cite report |last=Freedom House |title=Out of Sight, Not Out of Reach: The Global Scale and Scope of Transnational Repression |publisher=Freedom House |location=Washington, D.C. |year=2021}}</ref>. == Impacto global e responsas == Governamentos in tote le mundo ha adoptate con crescentia mesuras defensiv contra le activitates del intelligentia chinese. Le responsas include leges plus stricte sur le registration de agentes estranier, un supervigilantia augmentate del financiation estranier del recerca universitari, mecanismos de controlo del investimentos estranier e accusationes judicial international coordinate contra actores de menacia cybernetic ligate al stato <ref>{{cite book |last=Miller |first=William J. |title=Countering Foreign Interference in Modern Democracies |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2020 |isbn=978-3030456122}}</ref>. {{ref}} [[Categoria:Espionage in China]] [[Categoria:Relationes exterior de China]] [[Categoria:Retes de spiones]] [[Categoria:Cyberguerra per China]] [[Categoria:Diaspora chinese]] 4vu0he6x64vk5wtvvt4dnuxfbppyx9v 0 62543 705781 2026-11-11T07:42:20Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''insidio amorose''' (etiam appellate '''''honeypot''''' o '''''sexpionage''''') es un practica operational de investigation e intelligentia que implica le creation de relationes romantic o sexual false con motivos interpersonal, politic, de espionage o financiari <ref>{{cite book |last=Deacon |first=Richard |title=Spyclopedia: The Comprehensive Handbook of Espionage |publisher=William Morrow & Co |location=New York |year=1987 |isbn=9...” 705781 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''insidio amorose''' (etiam appellate '''''honeypot''''' o '''''sexpionage''''') es un practica operational de investigation e intelligentia que implica le creation de relationes romantic o sexual false con motivos interpersonal, politic, de espionage o financiari <ref>{{cite book |last=Deacon |first=Richard |title=Spyclopedia: The Comprehensive Handbook of Espionage |publisher=William Morrow & Co |location=New York |year=1987 |isbn=978-0688067311}}</ref>. Le agentes — communmente appellate "seductores" o "agentes provocator" — attir a lor objectivos in situationes compromittente pro obtener informationes classificate, ganiar influentia politic o producer material pro le ricatto (*kompromat*) <ref>{{cite book |last=Knightley |first=Phillip |title=The Second Oldest Profession: Spies and Spying in the Twentieth Century |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |location=New York |year=1987 |isbn=978-0393023862}}</ref>. == Intelligentia e espionage statal == Le insidio amorose ha historicamente jocate un rolo importante in le collection de intelligentia international e in le operationes clandestin <ref>{{cite book |last=Volkman |first=Ernest |title=Espionage: The Secret History of the Twentieth Century |publisher=Wiley |location=New York |year=1995 |isbn=978-0471114246}}</ref>. Iste tactica se basa sur le exploitation del vulnerabilitates personal, del confidentia e del intimidade pro eluder le mesuras standard de securitate operational. Applicationes historic e moderne notabile include: * Le epocha del Guerra Frigid: Le servicios de intelligentia sovietic (como le KGB) empleava notoriemente agentes feminin — colloquialmente appellate "puellas Mozhno" — autorisate a violar le restrictiones sovietic habitual concernente le interactiones con estranieros, pro seducer e compromitter diplomates e personal de intelligentia estranier <ref>{{cite book |last=Kessler |first=Ronald |title=Moscow Station: How the KGB Penetrated the American Embassy |publisher=Pocket Books |location=New York |year=1989 |isbn=978-0671688004}}</ref>. * Programmas institutional de sexpionage: Organisationes de intelligentia in varie nationes ha historicamente mantenite unitates specialisate, formate in manipulation psychologic, technicas de seduction e survigilantia audio-visual installate clandestinemente in locos como bordellos e hotels <ref>{{cite book |last=Riebling |first=Mark |title=Wedge: From Pearl Harbor to 9/11—How the Secret War Between the FBI and CIA Has Endangered National Security |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |year=2002 |isbn=978-0743245999}}</ref>. * Espionage corporative e economic: Le agencias moderne de securitate e contra-intelligentia publica frequentemente avisos official pro executivos de interprisas, contractistas del sector de defensa e funcionarios public, advertente les contra le effortios de intelligentia que prende como objectivo le recerca commercial, scientific e industrial per medio de relationes personal dirigite <ref>{{cite report |author=MI5 Counter Espionage Branch |title=The Threat from Foreign Espionage: Safeguarding Corporate Assets |publisher=HM Government |location=London |year=2009}}</ref>. == Investigationes private e application del lege == Ultra le intelligentia statal, le technicas de insidio amorose es utilisate in le sectores del investigation private e in operationes criminal <ref>{{cite book |last=Guelke |first=Adrian |title=The New Age of International Espionage and Security Operations |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2014 |isbn=978-1137328908}}</ref>. * Investigationes de infidelitate: Investigatores private es a vices incaricate de verificar le fidelitate de un conjuge o partner per le intervention de un agente que initia un contacto e evaluta le disposition del objectivo a cometter un adulterio. * Extorsion e schematas cybernetic: Gruppos criminal explota le communicationes digital, le medios social e le platteformas de rencontres pro executar insidias amorose in linea ("catfishing" o extorsion digital), attirante victimas a compartir material explicit o informationes financiari sensibile ante de menaciar les con le revelation public de iste contento <ref>{{cite journal |last=Wall |first=David S. |title=Cybercrime and the Culture of Digital Espionage |journal=British Journal of Criminology |volume=58 |issue=2 |year=2018 |pages=245–268 |doi=10.1093/bjc/azx032}}</ref>. {{ref}} [[Categoria:Operationes clandestin]] [[Categoria:Operationes de deception]] [[Categoria:Technicas de spionage]] [[Categoria:Disciplinas de collection de intelligentia]] [[Categoria:Manipulation psychologic]] [[Categoria:Seduction]] [[Categoria:Spiones per rolo]] 8vz36mbzxwapf8j5wjbw1kbbva3fn8u 0 62544 705783 2026-11-11T07:53:58Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''securitate del information''' (frequentemente abbreviate como '''infosec''', ab le anglese ''information security'') es le practica de proteger activos informational per le mitigation de riscos associate con le accesso, modification, interruption, destruction o divulgation de datos <ref>{{cite book |last=Pfleeger |first=Charles P. |last2=Pfleeger |first2=Shari Lawrence |title=Security in Computing |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=...” 705783 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''securitate del information''' (frequentemente abbreviate como '''infosec''', ab le anglese ''information security'') es le practica de proteger activos informational per le mitigation de riscos associate con le accesso, modification, interruption, destruction o divulgation de datos <ref>{{cite book |last=Pfleeger |first=Charles P. |last2=Pfleeger |first2=Shari Lawrence |title=Security in Computing |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=Upper Saddle River |year=2006 |isbn=978-0132390774}}</ref>. Le campo include controles physic, administrative e technologic pro proteger tanto datos digital como non-digital, durante que le productivitate del organisation es mantenite <ref>{{cite book |last=Whitman |first=Michael E. |last2=Mattord |first2=Herbert J. |title=Principles of Information Security |publisher=Cengage Learning |location=Boston |year=2018 |isbn=978-1337102063}}</ref>. == Objectivos fundamental de securitate: le triada CIA == Le modello fundamental del securitate informational es centrate super tres principios primari, collectivemente cognoscite como le triada CIA <ref>{{cite book |last=Harris |first=Shon |last2=Maymi |first2=Fernando |title=CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide |publisher=McGraw-Hill Education |location=New York |year=2018 |isbn=978-1260142655}}</ref>: * Confidentialitate: Garantir que le information es accessibile solmente a individuos, entitates o processos autorisate, preveniente su divulgation non autorisate. * Integritate: Proteger le exactitude e le completezza del information e del methodos de tractamento, garantiente que le datos non pote esser modificate o alterate de maniera non autorisate. * Disponibilitate: Garantir que le usatores autorisate ha accesso punctual e digne de confidentia al activos informational e al systemas associate quando illes es necessari. Quadros de securitate extendite include frequentemente conceptos auxiliar como authenticitate (verificar le identitate del usatores o del origines) e non-repudiation (garantir que un action o transaction non pote esser negate per le parte implicate). == Quadros de referentia e normas industrial == Pro establir practicas de base, organisationes se basa sur quadros de referentia standardisate, disveloppate per organismos international de standardisation e agencias governamental <ref>{{cite book |last=Vacca |first=John R. |title=Cybersecurity and Information Security Handbook |publisher=CRC Press |location=Boca Raton |year=2019 |isbn=978-1138670204}}</ref>: * Serie ISO/IEC 27000: Normas international publicate per ISO e IEC, que defini le requisitos pro establir, implementar, mantener e meliorar continuamente un Systema de Gestion del Securitate del Information (ISMS). * Quadro de Cibersecuritate NIST (CSF): Directivas publicate per le National Institute of Standards and Technology, centrate super cinque functiones fundamental: Identificar, Proteger, Deteger, Responder e Recuperar. * PCI DSS: Un norma proprietari obligatori de securitate informational pro organisationes que tracta cartas de credito de marcas appartenente a importante systemas de cartas, con le objectivo de prevenir le fraude de pagamento. == Panorama del minas e mecanismos de defensa == === Vectores de menacia commun === Le systemas informational face fronte a diverse vectores de menacia, includente attaccos contra software (malware, ransomware, phishing), accesso non autorisate, furto de identitate, furto de equipamento physic e menacias interne <ref>{{cite report |author=ENISA |title=ENISA Threat Landscape: Horizontal Methodology and Main Results |publisher=European Union Agency for Cybersecurity |year=2021}}</ref>. === Defensa in profunditate e controles === Architecturas de securitate efficace adopta un strategia de defensa in profunditate, disponente multiple mechanismos de defensa in stratos a transverso de un systema informational <ref>{{cite book |last=Stallings |first=William |title=Cryptography and Network Security: Principles and Practice |publisher=Pearson |location=Hoboken |year=2017 |isbn=978-0134444284}}</ref>: # Controles administrative: Politicas e proceduras de securitate, verificationes del antecedentes, e formation del empregados in conscientia de securitate. # Controles logic / technic: Encryption cryptographic, firewalls, authentication a multiple factores (MFA), matrices de controlo de accesso e systemas de detection de intrusiones (IDS). # Controles physic: Serraturas, agentes de securitate, biometria, systemas de surveillance e controles ambiental pro centros de datos. {{ref}} [[Categoria:Securitate de datos]] [[Categoria:Securitate]] [[Categoria:Prevention del crimine]] [[Categoria:Securitate national]] [[Categoria:Cryptographia]] [[Categoria:Governancia de information]] qwy2cdr62y2iisy7sazo0o84azy6gka 705786 705783 2026-11-11T07:56:38Z Tratxan 61856 705786 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''securitate del information''' (frequentemente abbreviate como '''infosec''', ab le anglese ''information security'') es le practica de proteger activos informational per le mitigation de riscos associate con le accesso, modification, interruption, destruction o divulgation de datos <ref>{{cite book |last=Pfleeger |first=Charles P. |last2=Pfleeger |first2=Shari Lawrence |title=Security in Computing |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=Upper Saddle River |year=2006 |isbn=978-0132390774}}</ref>. Le campo include controles physic, administrative e technologic pro proteger tanto datos digital como non-digital, durante que le productivitate del organisation es mantenite <ref>{{cite book |last=Whitman |first=Michael E. |last2=Mattord |first2=Herbert J. |title=Principles of Information Security |publisher=Cengage Learning |location=Boston |year=2018 |isbn=978-1337102063}}</ref>. == Objectivos fundamental de securitate: le triada CIA == Le modello fundamental del securitate informational es centrate super tres principios primari, collectivemente cognoscite como le triada CIA <ref>{{cite book |last=Harris |first=Shon |last2=Maymi |first2=Fernando |title=CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide |publisher=McGraw-Hill Education |location=New York |year=2018 |isbn=978-1260142655}}</ref>: * Confidentialitate: Garantir que le information es accessibile solmente a individuos, entitates o processos autorisate, preveniente su divulgation non autorisate. * Integritate: Proteger le exactitude e le completezza del information e del methodos de tractamento, garantiente que le datos non pote esser modificate o alterate de maniera non autorisate. * Disponibilitate: Garantir que le usatores autorisate ha accesso punctual e digne de confidentia al activos informational e al systemas associate quando illes es necessari. Quadros de securitate extendite include frequentemente conceptos auxiliar como authenticitate (verificar le identitate del usatores o del origines) e non-repudiation (garantir que un action o transaction non pote esser negate per le parte implicate). == Quadros de referentia e normas industrial == Pro establir practicas de base, organisationes se basa sur quadros de referentia standardisate, disveloppate per organismos international de standardisation e agencias governamental <ref>{{cite book |last=Vacca |first=John R. |title=Cybersecurity and Information Security Handbook |publisher=CRC Press |location=Boca Raton |year=2019 |isbn=978-1138670204}}</ref>: * Serie ISO/IEC 27000: Normas international publicate per ISO e IEC, que defini le requisitos pro establir, implementar, mantener e meliorar continuamente un Systema de Gestion del Securitate del Information (ISMS). * Quadro de Cibersecuritate NIST (CSF): Directivas publicate per le National Institute of Standards and Technology, centrate super cinque functiones fundamental: Identificar, Proteger, Deteger, Responder e Recuperar. * PCI DSS: Un norma proprietari obligatori de securitate informational pro organisationes que tracta cartas de credito de marcas appartenente a importante systemas de cartas, con le objectivo de prevenir le fraude de pagamento. == Panorama del minas e mecanismos de defensa == === Vectores de menacia commun === Le systemas informational face fronte a diverse vectores de menacia, includente attaccos contra software (malware, ransomware, phishing), accesso non autorisate, furto de identitate, furto de equipamento physic e menacias interne <ref>{{cite report |author=ENISA |title=ENISA Threat Landscape: Horizontal Methodology and Main Results |publisher=European Union Agency for Cybersecurity |year=2021}}</ref>. === Defensa in profunditate e controles === Architecturas de securitate efficace adopta un strategia de defensa in profunditate, disponente multiple mechanismos de defensa in stratos a transverso de un systema informational <ref>{{cite book |last=Stallings |first=William |title=Cryptography and Network Security: Principles and Practice |publisher=Pearson |location=Hoboken |year=2017 |isbn=978-0134444284}}</ref>: # Controles administrative: Politicas e proceduras de securitate, verificationes del antecedentes, e formation del empregados in conscientia de securitate. # Controles logic / technic: Encryption cryptographic, firewalls, authentication a multiple factores (MFA), matrices de controlo de accesso e systemas de detection de intrusiones (IDS). # Controles physic: Serraturas, agentes de securitate, biometria, systemas de surveliantia e controles ambiental pro centros de datos. {{ref}} [[Categoria:Securitate de datos]] [[Categoria:Securitate]] [[Categoria:Prevention del crimine]] [[Categoria:Securitate national]] [[Categoria:Cryptographia]] [[Categoria:Governancia de information]] gcbdjkz82zjlfz6gxd677cwyejf7vh1 705789 705786 2026-11-11T07:58:41Z Tratxan 61856 705789 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''securitate del information''' (frequentemente abbreviate como '''infosec''', ab le anglese ''information security'') es le practica de proteger activos informational per le mitigation de riscos associate con le accesso, modification, interruption, destruction o divulgation de datos <ref>{{cite book |last=Pfleeger |first=Charles P. |last2=Pfleeger |first2=Shari Lawrence |title=Security in Computing |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=Upper Saddle River |year=2006 |isbn=978-0132390774}}</ref>. Le campo include controles physic, administrative e technologic pro proteger tanto datos digital como non-digital, durante que le productivitate del organisation es mantenite <ref>{{cite book |last=Whitman |first=Michael E. |last2=Mattord |first2=Herbert J. |title=Principles of Information Security |publisher=Cengage Learning |location=Boston |year=2018 |isbn=978-1337102063}}</ref>. == Objectivos fundamental de securitate: le triada CIA == Le modello fundamental del securitate informational es centrate super tres principios primari, collectivemente cognoscite como le triada CIA <ref>{{cite book |last=Harris |first=Shon |last2=Maymi |first2=Fernando |title=CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide |publisher=McGraw-Hill Education |location=New York |year=2018 |isbn=978-1260142655}}</ref>: * Confidentialitate: Garantir que le information es accessibile solmente a individuos, entitates o processos autorisate, preveniente su divulgation non autorisate. * Integritate: Proteger le exactitude e le completezza del information e del methodos de tractamento, garantiente que le datos non pote esser modificate o alterate de maniera non autorisate. * Disponibilitate: Garantir que le usatores autorisate ha accesso punctual e digne de confidentia al activos informational e al systemas associate quando illes es necessari. Quadros de securitate extendite include frequentemente conceptos auxiliar como authenticitate (verificar le identitate del usatores o del origines) e non-repudiation (garantir que un action o transaction non pote esser negate per le parte implicate). == Quadros de referentia e normas industrial == Pro establir practicas de base, organisationes se basa sur quadros de referentia standardisate, disveloppate per organismos international de standardisation e agencias governamental <ref>{{cite book |last=Vacca |first=John R. |title=Cybersecurity and Information Security Handbook |publisher=CRC Press |location=Boca Raton |year=2019 |isbn=978-1138670204}}</ref>: * Serie ISO/IEC 27000: Normas international publicate per ISO e IEC, que defini le requisitos pro establir, implementar, mantener e meliorar continuamente un Systema de Gestion del Securitate del Information (ISMS). * Quadro de Cibersecuritate NIST (CSF): Directivas publicate per le National Institute of Standards and Technology, centrate super cinque functiones fundamental: Identificar, Proteger, Deteger, Responder e Recuperar. * PCI DSS: Un norma proprietari obligatori de securitate informational pro organisationes que tracta cartas de credito de marcas appartenente a importante systemas de cartas, con le objectivo de prevenir le fraude de pagamento. == Panorama del minas e mecanismos de defensa == === Vectores de menacia commun === Le systemas informational face fronte a diverse vectores de menacia, includente attaccos contra software (malware, ransomware, phishing), accesso non autorisate, furto de identitate, furto de equipamento physic e menacias interne <ref>{{cite report |author=ENISA |title=ENISA Threat Landscape: Horizontal Methodology and Main Results |publisher=European Union Agency for Cybersecurity |year=2021}}</ref>. === Defensa in profunditate e controles === Architecturas de securitate efficace adopta un strategia de defensa in profunditate, disponente multiple mechanismos de defensa in stratos a transverso de un systema informational <ref>{{cite book |last=Stallings |first=William |title=Cryptography and Network Security: Principles and Practice |publisher=Pearson |location=Hoboken |year=2017 |isbn=978-0134444284}}</ref>: # Controles administrative: Politicas e proceduras de securitate, verificationes del antecedentes, e formation del empregados in conscientia de securitate. # Controles logic / technic: Encryption cryptographic, firewalls, authentication a multiple factores (MFA), matrices de controlo de accesso e systemas de detection de intrusiones (IDS). # Controles physic: Serraturas, agentes de securitate, biometria, systemas de surveliantia e controles ambiental pro centros de datos. {{ref}} [[Categoria:Securitate de datos]] [[Categoria:Securitate]] [[Categoria:Prevention del crimine]] [[Categoria:Securitate national]] [[Categoria:Cryptographia]] [[Categoria:Governantia de information]] 42r5929rq7nak2q46vfwnlcgz16qa06 14 62545 705785 2026-11-11T07:56:00Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Securitate informatic]] [[Categoria:Datos informatic|Securitate]] [[Categoria:Securitate national]] [[Categoria:Gestion de technologia de information]] [[Categoria:Ingeneria de cibersecuritate]] [[Categoria:Gestion de datos]]” 705785 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Securitate informatic]] [[Categoria:Datos informatic|Securitate]] [[Categoria:Securitate national]] [[Categoria:Gestion de technologia de information]] [[Categoria:Ingeneria de cibersecuritate]] [[Categoria:Gestion de datos]] 05kx9n85z0bu4echq7p3270e7nw67u5 14 62546 705787 2026-11-11T07:57:07Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Crimine|Prevention]] [[Categoria:Securitate public]] [[Categoria:Application de la lege]] [[Categoria:Technicas de application de la lege]] [[Categoria:Prevention]]” 705787 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Crimine|Prevention]] [[Categoria:Securitate public]] [[Categoria:Application de la lege]] [[Categoria:Technicas de application de la lege]] [[Categoria:Prevention]] 5s62g4fgstg4ood5xlvdlohtj6t2yj9 14 62547 705788 2026-11-11T07:58:14Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Mathematica applicate]] [[Categoria:Communicationes militar]] [[Categoria:Technicas de espionage]] [[Categoria:Secreto]] [[Categoria:Cyberguerra]] [[Categoria:Communication secur]] [[Categoria:Ingenieria de cybersecuritate]]” 705788 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Mathematica applicate]] [[Categoria:Communicationes militar]] [[Categoria:Technicas de espionage]] [[Categoria:Secreto]] [[Categoria:Cyberguerra]] [[Categoria:Communication secur]] [[Categoria:Ingenieria de cybersecuritate]] a399l3wdvqeqvpg8osm92iikwva5982 0 62548 705790 2026-11-11T08:07:57Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “{{Revision}} {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''tirage in Cracovia de 2026''' esseva un tirage de massa que occurreva le 7 novembre 2026 in le centro historic de [[Cracovia]], Polonia <ref>{{cite news |last=Giuffrida |first=Angela |title=Polish prosecutors open terrorism investigation into Kraków shooting |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/nov/08/krakow-shooting-poland-terrorism-investigation |work=The Guardian |date=2026-11-08}}</ref>. Le attacco resultava...” 705790 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revision}} {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''tirage in Cracovia de 2026''' esseva un tirage de massa que occurreva le 7 novembre 2026 in le centro historic de [[Cracovia]], Polonia <ref>{{cite news |last=Giuffrida |first=Angela |title=Polish prosecutors open terrorism investigation into Kraków shooting |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/nov/08/krakow-shooting-poland-terrorism-investigation |work=The Guardian |date=2026-11-08}}</ref>. Le attacco resultava in le mortes de nov victimas — sex pedestres in le Plac Major de Kraków e tres membros del familia del autor — facente lo un del incidentes de violentia armate per un sol autor le plus mortal in le historia polonese moderne <ref>{{cite news |title=Gunman behind mass shooting in Krakow, Poland, dies in hospital |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/poland-mourns-krakow-mass-shooting-victims-terrorism-probe/ |work=CBS News |date=2026-11-08}}</ref>. == Attacco == Circa al 15:00 CET del 7 novembre 2026, un tirator de 24 annos identificate como Michał O. (Oksiński) conduceva un automobile familiar Subaru nigre in le Plac Major (Stare Miasto), reservate al pedestres, per le via Sławkowska <ref>{{cite news |last=Ferguson |first=Donna |title=Briton among six dead after gunman opens fire in Kraków market square |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/nov/07/krakow-poland-shooting-market-square-deaths-gunman |work=The Guardian |date=2026-11-07}}</ref>. Vestite con equipamento tactical e un vestimento a proba de bala, le autor aperiva le foco contra le turbas con un fusil del stilo AR-15, movente se per plure locos del placia. Durante le attacco, le tirator etiam tirava contra un tram public del linea 1 vicino al Plac Wszystkich Świętych, frangente le fenestra del cabina del conductor, ben que nulle persona a bordo esseva ferite <ref>{{cite news |last=Ferguson |first=Donna |title=Briton among six dead after gunman opens fire in Kraków market square |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/nov/07/krakow-poland-shooting-market-square-deaths-gunman |work=The Guardian |date=2026-11-07}}</ref>. Agentes de policia que respondeva al incidentia persequeva le vehiculo e interceptava le suspecto presso le interseccion del vias Dietla e Stradomska. Durante le exchange de tiros que sequeva, duo policias esseva ferite ante que le tirator esseva neutralisate e arrestate <ref>{{cite news |title=Polish prosecutors say ‘too early’ to tell if Kraków gunman was motivated by political ideology |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/nov/09/krakow-shooting-suspected-gunman-dead |work=The Guardian |date=2026-11-09}}</ref>. == Victimas == Le attacco causava in total dece mortes, includente le autor: * Plac Major de Cracovia: Sex civiles esseva occidite (quatro feminas e duo homines). Quatro esseva citatanos polonese, al latere de un citatano britannic de 32 annos e un citatano austriac de 51 annos <ref>{{cite news |title=Gunman behind mass shooting in Krakow, Poland, dies in hospital |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/poland-mourns-krakow-mass-shooting-victims-terrorism-probe/ |work=CBS News |date=2026-11-08}}</ref>. Dece-sex alteres esseva ferite, includente cinque citatanos estranier e duo policias que respondeva al incidentia. * Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski: Durante un perquisition post le attacco, le policia discoperiva le cadaveres del patre (53), del matre (52) e del soror (21) del autor, qui habeva essite occidite per tiros in lor appartamento familiar ante le attacco in Cracovia<ref>{{cite news |title=Polish prosecutors say ‘too early’ to tell if Kraków gunman was motivated by political ideology |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/nov/09/krakow-shooting-suspected-gunman-dead |work=The Guardian |date=2026-11-09}}</ref>. == Autor e investigation == Le suspecto, Michał Oksiński, de 24 annos, esseva hospitalisate in condition critic post su exchange de tiros con le fortias del lege e succumbava a su lesiones le matino del 9 novembre 2026 <ref>{{cite news |title=Polish prosecutors say ‘too early’ to tell if Kraków gunman was motivated by political ideology |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/nov/09/krakow-shooting-suspected-gunman-dead |work=The Guardian |date=2026-11-09}}</ref>. Le autoritates confirmava que ille possedeva legalmente un licentia de armas de foco e recuperava 11 armas associate con le autor e su habitation. Le procuratores polonese aperiva un investigation formal de terrorismo concernente le attacco <ref>{{cite news |last=Giuffrida |first=Angela |title=Polish prosecutors open terrorism investigation into Kraków shooting |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/nov/08/krakow-shooting-poland-terrorism-investigation |work=The Guardian |date=2026-11-08}}</ref>. Le investigadores notava un inscription sur le armario del suspecto in su loco de labor que diceva «GGER», considerate como un possibile referentia a «Good Game Elliot Rodger» (le autor del homicidios de Isla Vista in 2014), lo que suggereva un possibile influentia del cultura incel o del nihilismo extremista in linea. == Consequentias e responsa == * Lucto national: Le prime ministro Donald Tusk declarava duo dies de lucto national. Le bandieras esseva issate a medie palo in tote le Polonia e ante le institutiones del Union Europee in Bruxelles <ref>{{cite news |title=Polish prosecutors say ‘too early’ to tell if Kraków gunman was motivated by political ideology |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/nov/09/krakow-shooting-suspected-gunman-dead |work=The Guardian |date=2026-11-09}}</ref>. * Commemorationes: Residentes e turistas poneva candelas e flores in le via Sławkowska e presso le Basilica de Sancta Maria, e un procession silentiose esseva organisate in Cracovia le 9 novembre. {{ref}} [[Categoria:Tiradas de massa in Polonia]] [[Categoria:Tiradas itinerante in Polonia]] [[Categoria:Tiradas de massa in Europa in 2026]] [[Categoria:Crimines in Polonia in 2026]] [[Categoria:Crimines in Europa in novembre 2026]] [[Categoria:Novembre 2026 in Polonia]] [[Categoria:Homicidios de massa in 2026]] [[Categoria:Tiradas ex vehiculo]] [[Categoria:Mortes per arma de foco in Polonia]] [[Categoria:Tiradas de massa con fusiles de stilo AR-15]] [[Categoria:Exchanges de tiros]] [[Categoria:Seculo 21 in Cracovia]] [[Categoria:Homicidios filmate in Europa]] [[Categoria:Familicidios]] [[Categoria:Tiradas de massa con pistolas semiautomatic]] esvaz1qofnjx35813btzp5o00l1ggpl 705795 705790 2026-11-11T10:07:12Z Tratxan 61856 705795 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revision}} {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''tirage in Cracovia de 2026''' esseva un tirage de massa que occurreva le 7 novembre 2026 in le centro historic de [[Cracovia]], Polonia <ref>{{cite news |last=Giuffrida |first=Angela |title=Polish prosecutors open terrorism investigation into Kraków shooting |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/nov/08/krakow-shooting-poland-terrorism-investigation |work=The Guardian |date=2026-11-08}}</ref>. Le attacco resultava in le mortes de nov victimas — sex pedestres in le Plac Major de Cracovia e tres membros del familia del autor — facente lo un del incidentes de violentia armate per un sol autor le plus mortal in le historia polonese moderne <ref>{{cite news |title=Gunman behind mass shooting in Krakow, Poland, dies in hospital |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/poland-mourns-krakow-mass-shooting-victims-terrorism-probe/ |work=CBS News |date=2026-11-08}}</ref>. == Attacco == Circa al 15:00 CET del 7 novembre 2026, un tirator de 24 annos identificate como Michał O. (Oksiński) conduceva un automobile familiar Subaru nigre in le Plac Major (Stare Miasto), reservate al pedestres, per le via Sławkowska <ref>{{cite news |last=Ferguson |first=Donna |title=Briton among six dead after gunman opens fire in Kraków market square |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/nov/07/krakow-poland-shooting-market-square-deaths-gunman |work=The Guardian |date=2026-11-07}}</ref>. Vestite con equipamento tactical e un vestimento a proba de bala, le autor aperiva le foco contra le turbas con un fusil del stilo AR-15, movente se per plure locos del placia. Durante le attacco, le tirator etiam tirava contra un tram public del linea 1 vicino al Plac Wszystkich Świętych, frangente le fenestra del cabina del conductor, ben que nulle persona a bordo esseva ferite <ref>{{cite news |last=Ferguson |first=Donna |title=Briton among six dead after gunman opens fire in Kraków market square |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/nov/07/krakow-poland-shooting-market-square-deaths-gunman |work=The Guardian |date=2026-11-07}}</ref>. Agentes de policia que respondeva al incidentia persequeva le vehiculo e interceptava le suspecto presso le interseccion del vias Dietla e Stradomska. Durante le exchange de tiros que sequeva, duo policias esseva ferite ante que le tirator esseva neutralisate e arrestate <ref>{{cite news |title=Polish prosecutors say ‘too early’ to tell if Kraków gunman was motivated by political ideology |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/nov/09/krakow-shooting-suspected-gunman-dead |work=The Guardian |date=2026-11-09}}</ref>. == Victimas == Le attacco causava in total dece mortes, includente le autor: * Plac Major de Cracovia: Sex civiles esseva occidite (quatro feminas e duo homines). Quatro esseva citatanos polonese, al latere de un citatano britannic de 32 annos e un citatano austriac de 51 annos <ref>{{cite news |title=Gunman behind mass shooting in Krakow, Poland, dies in hospital |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/poland-mourns-krakow-mass-shooting-victims-terrorism-probe/ |work=CBS News |date=2026-11-08}}</ref>. Dece-sex alteres esseva ferite, includente cinque citatanos estranier e duo policias que respondeva al incidentia. * Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski: Durante un perquisition post le attacco, le policia discoperiva le cadaveres del patre (53), del matre (52) e del soror (21) del autor, qui habeva essite occidite per tiros in lor appartamento familiar ante le attacco in Cracovia<ref>{{cite news |title=Polish prosecutors say ‘too early’ to tell if Kraków gunman was motivated by political ideology |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/nov/09/krakow-shooting-suspected-gunman-dead |work=The Guardian |date=2026-11-09}}</ref>. == Autor e investigation == Le suspecto, Michał Oksiński, de 24 annos, esseva hospitalisate in condition critic post su exchange de tiros con le fortias del lege e succumbava a su lesiones le matino del 9 novembre 2026 <ref>{{cite news |title=Polish prosecutors say ‘too early’ to tell if Kraków gunman was motivated by political ideology |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/nov/09/krakow-shooting-suspected-gunman-dead |work=The Guardian |date=2026-11-09}}</ref>. Le autoritates confirmava que ille possedeva legalmente un licentia de armas de foco e recuperava 11 armas associate con le autor e su habitation. Le procuratores polonese aperiva un investigation formal de terrorismo concernente le attacco <ref>{{cite news |last=Giuffrida |first=Angela |title=Polish prosecutors open terrorism investigation into Kraków shooting |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/nov/08/krakow-shooting-poland-terrorism-investigation |work=The Guardian |date=2026-11-08}}</ref>. Le investigadores notava un inscription sur le armario del suspecto in su loco de labor que diceva «GGER», considerate como un possibile referentia a «Good Game Elliot Rodger» (le autor del homicidios de Isla Vista in 2014), lo que suggereva un possibile influentia del cultura incel o del nihilismo extremista in linea. == Consequentias e responsa == * Lucto national: Le prime ministro Donald Tusk declarava duo dies de lucto national. Le bandieras esseva issate a medie palo in tote le Polonia e ante le institutiones del Union Europee in Bruxelles <ref>{{cite news |title=Polish prosecutors say ‘too early’ to tell if Kraków gunman was motivated by political ideology |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/nov/09/krakow-shooting-suspected-gunman-dead |work=The Guardian |date=2026-11-09}}</ref>. * Commemorationes: Residentes e turistas poneva candelas e flores in le via Sławkowska e presso le Basilica de Sancta Maria, e un procession silentiose esseva organisate in Cracovia le 9 novembre. {{ref}} [[Categoria:Tiradas de massa in Polonia]] [[Categoria:Tiradas itinerante in Polonia]] [[Categoria:Tiradas de massa in Europa in 2026]] [[Categoria:Crimines in Polonia in 2026]] [[Categoria:Crimines in Europa in novembre 2026]] [[Categoria:Novembre 2026 in Polonia]] [[Categoria:Homicidios de massa in 2026]] [[Categoria:Tiradas ex vehiculo]] [[Categoria:Mortes per arma de foco in Polonia]] [[Categoria:Tiradas de massa con fusiles de stilo AR-15]] [[Categoria:Exchanges de tiros]] [[Categoria:Seculo 21 in Cracovia]] [[Categoria:Homicidios filmate in Europa]] [[Categoria:Familicidios]] [[Categoria:Tiradas de massa con pistolas semiautomatic]] qlysqfatg6wkc2vtb48yuj5gsoczp4y 0 62549 705791 2026-11-11T08:14:12Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''crise politic in Paraguay de 2026''' (etiam cognoscite como le scandalo de ''Ueno Bank'') esseva un grave crise politico-financiari e institutional declanchate per le clausura e le processo de resolution de Ueno Bank, le institution bancari con le plus grande portafolio de clientes in le pais <ref>{{cite news |last=Zegarra |first=Gonzalo |title=Renuncia Santiago Peña, presidente de Paraguay, tras el escándalo por la caída de un b...” 705791 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''crise politic in Paraguay de 2026''' (etiam cognoscite como le scandalo de ''Ueno Bank'') esseva un grave crise politico-financiari e institutional declanchate per le clausura e le processo de resolution de Ueno Bank, le institution bancari con le plus grande portafolio de clientes in le pais <ref>{{cite news |last=Zegarra |first=Gonzalo |title=Renuncia Santiago Peña, presidente de Paraguay, tras el escándalo por la caída de un banco |url=https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2026/11/05/Santiago-pena-renuncia-presidente-paraguay-ueno-bank |publisher=CNN |date=2026-11-05 |language=es}}</ref>. Le crise provocava le collapso del systema de depositos de fundos public, protestas massive, le renunciation e le posterior destitution del presidente Santiago Peña per medio de un processo politic accelerate, e le accession del vicepresidente Pedro Alliana al position de nove presidente <ref>{{cite news |last=Fest |first=Sebastián |title=Santiago Peña, destituido por unanimidad de la presidencia de Paraguay tras una extenuante jornada de psicodrama político |url=https://www.elmundo.es/internacional/2026/11/06/santiago-pena-destituido-paraguay-ueno-bank.html |publisher=El Mundo |date=2026-11-06 |language=es}}</ref>. == Antecedentes e collapso de Ueno Bank == Post un processo de fusion per absorption con Visión Banco in 2024, Ueno Bank se consolidava como un del plus grande institutiones financiari de Paraguay, copriente circa 63 % del population adulte con accesso a servicios bancari e custodiente importante depositos del Stato e fundos de pension appartenente al Ministerio de Economia e Finantias (MEF) e al Instituto de Prevision Social (IPS) <ref>{{cite news |title=Escándalo en Paraguay: la intervención del Ueno Bank congeló depósitos del IPS y el Ministerio de Economía |url=https://www.infobae.com/america/paraguay/2026/11/03/escandalo-en-paraguay-la-intervencion-del-ueno-bank-congelo-depositos-del-ips-y-el-ministerio-de-economia/ |publisher=Infobae |date=2026-11-03 |language=es}}</ref>. Al fin de 2026, reportos technic e regulamentos del Banco Central del Paraguay (BCP) revelava un sever deterioration del solvabilitate del institution financiari. Le 3 de novembre 2026, le BCP ordinava unanimemente le initio formal del procedura de resolution de Ueno Bank a causa de practicas irregular e insolvabilitate, suspendente immediatemente le application mobile, le medios de pagamento e le accesso de milles de depositantes a lor fundos <ref>{{cite news |title=Santiago Peña pidió la renuncia del titular del Banco Central de Paraguay en medio de la crisis del Ueno Bank |url=https://www.infobae.com/america/paraguay/2026/11/03/santiago-pena-pidio-la-renuncia-del-titular-del-banco-central-de-paraguay-en-medio-de-la-crisis-del-ueno-bank/ |publisher=Infobae |date=2026-11-03 |language=es}}</ref>. == Responsa institutional e protestas == Le suspension del operationes bancari provocava un profunde malcontentamento social e protestas in le vicinitate del Congresso National in Asunción, con mobilisationes de depositantes, pensionistas e laborantes affectate. Le manifestationes conduceva a confrontationes con le policia national, resultante in plure feritos e arrestationes <ref>{{cite news |title=Tensión. Paraguay: incidentes entre manifestantes y policías frente al Congreso tras la sesión por Santiago Peña |url=https://www.lavoz.com.ar/mundo/paraguay-incidentes-entre-manifestantes-y-policias-frente-al-congreso-tras-la-sesion-por-santiago-pena/ |publisher=La Voz |date=2026-11-05 |language=es}}</ref>. De su parte, le Procuratura General del Stato aperiva un causa penal per medio del Unitate Specialisate in Delictos Economic e Anti-corruption, ordinante le arrestation e le posterior detention preventive de plure directores e executivos del banca, sub accusationes de abuso de confidentia e fraude <ref>{{cite news |title=Escándalo de Ueno Bank in Paraguay: ya son ocho los directivos detenidos |url=https://www.infobae.com/america/paraguay/2026/11/04/escandalo-de-ueno-bank-en-paraguay-ya-son-ocho-los-directivos-detenidos/ |publisher=Infobae |date=2026-11-04 |language=es}}</ref>. == Crise politic e destitution de Santiago Peña == Le sectores del opposition e factiones dissidente del governamento indicava le ligamines anterior del presidente Santiago Peña con le structura financiari de Ueno Holding, questionante le absentia de controlo regulatori e le gestion del recursos public depositate in le institution <ref>{{cite news |title=Caso Ueno: diputados inician firma de libelo acusatorio para juicio político contra Peña y Alliana |url=https://www.abc.com.py/politica/2026/11/04/caso-ueno-diputados-inician-forma-fiscal-juicio-politico/ |publisher=ABC Color |date=2026-11-04 |language=es}}</ref>. * Renunciation e processo politic: Le 5 de novembre 2026, sub le pression social e le progresso de un accusation formal pro mal execution de su functiones, Santiago Peña presentava su renunciation al officio de presidente <ref>{{cite news |title=Santiago Peña renuncia a la presidencia de Paraguay mientras la Cámara de Diputados aprueba someterlo a un juicio político por el caso Ueno Bank |url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/articles/c4gz02x3w5wo |publisher=BBC News |date=2026-11-05 |language=es}}</ref>. Nonobstante, le Camera del Deputatos e le Senato rejectava le dimission a causa del absentia de quorum e approbava le initiation de un processo formal de judicio politic contra ille <ref>{{cite news |title=Diputados aprueban juicio político contra Santiago Peña, pese a su renuncia |url=https://www.abc.com.py/politica/2026/11/05/diputados-aprueban-juicio-politico-contra-santiago-pena-pese-a-su-renuncia/ |publisher=ABC Color |date=2026-11-05 |language=es}}</ref>. * Destitution e succession: Le 6 de novembre, le Congresso National destituiva formalmente Peña de su cargo. Post haber perdite su immunitate presidential, le Ministerio Public executava ordines relative a su investigation judicial <ref>{{cite news |last=Fest |first=Sebastián |title=Santiago Peña, destituido por unanimidad de la presidencia de Paraguay tras una extenuante jornada de psicodrama político |url=https://www.elmundo.es/internacional/2026/11/06/santiago-pena-destituido-paraguay-ueno-bank.html |publisher=El Mundo |date=2026-11-06 |language=es}}</ref>. Secundo le linea constitutional de succession, le vicepresidente Pedro Alliana assumeva le carga de presidente del Republica del Paraguay. [[Categoria:Crises financier]] [[Categoria:Paraguay in 2026]] [[Categoria:Crises politic in Paraguay]] [[Categoria:Politica in 2026]] [[Categoria:Processos de destitution]] [[Categoria:Historia del banca]] 0ih730q2zsn0elscuz0ns3lyas1p2at 705792 705791 2026-11-11T08:14:44Z Tratxan 61856 705792 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''crise politic in Paraguay de 2026''' (etiam cognoscite como le scandalo de ''Ueno Bank'') esseva un grave crise politico-financiari e institutional declanchate per le clausura e le processo de resolution de Ueno Bank, le institution bancari con le plus grande portafolio de clientes in le pais <ref>{{cite news |last=Zegarra |first=Gonzalo |title=Renuncia Santiago Peña, presidente de Paraguay, tras el escándalo por la caída de un banco |url=https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2026/11/05/Santiago-pena-renuncia-presidente-paraguay-ueno-bank |publisher=CNN |date=2026-11-05 |language=es}}</ref>. Le crise provocava le collapso del systema de depositos de fundos public, protestas massive, le renunciation e le posterior destitution del presidente Santiago Peña per medio de un processo politic accelerate, e le accession del vicepresidente Pedro Alliana al position de nove presidente <ref>{{cite news |last=Fest |first=Sebastián |title=Santiago Peña, destituido por unanimidad de la presidencia de Paraguay tras una extenuante jornada de psicodrama político |url=https://www.elmundo.es/internacional/2026/11/06/santiago-pena-destituido-paraguay-ueno-bank.html |publisher=El Mundo |date=2026-11-06 |language=es}}</ref>. == Antecedentes e collapso de Ueno Bank == Post un processo de fusion per absorption con Visión Banco in 2024, Ueno Bank se consolidava como un del plus grande institutiones financiari de Paraguay, copriente circa 63 % del population adulte con accesso a servicios bancari e custodiente importante depositos del Stato e fundos de pension appartenente al Ministerio de Economia e Finantias (MEF) e al Instituto de Prevision Social (IPS) <ref>{{cite news |title=Escándalo en Paraguay: la intervención del Ueno Bank congeló depósitos del IPS y el Ministerio de Economía |url=https://www.infobae.com/america/paraguay/2026/11/03/escandalo-en-paraguay-la-intervencion-del-ueno-bank-congelo-depositos-del-ips-y-el-ministerio-de-economia/ |publisher=Infobae |date=2026-11-03 |language=es}}</ref>. Al fin de 2026, reportos technic e regulamentos del Banco Central del Paraguay (BCP) revelava un sever deterioration del solvabilitate del institution financiari. Le 3 de novembre 2026, le BCP ordinava unanimemente le initio formal del procedura de resolution de Ueno Bank a causa de practicas irregular e insolvabilitate, suspendente immediatemente le application mobile, le medios de pagamento e le accesso de milles de depositantes a lor fundos <ref>{{cite news |title=Santiago Peña pidió la renuncia del titular del Banco Central de Paraguay en medio de la crisis del Ueno Bank |url=https://www.infobae.com/america/paraguay/2026/11/03/santiago-pena-pidio-la-renuncia-del-titular-del-banco-central-de-paraguay-en-medio-de-la-crisis-del-ueno-bank/ |publisher=Infobae |date=2026-11-03 |language=es}}</ref>. == Responsa institutional e protestas == Le suspension del operationes bancari provocava un profunde malcontentamento social e protestas in le vicinitate del Congresso National in Asunción, con mobilisationes de depositantes, pensionistas e laborantes affectate. Le manifestationes conduceva a confrontationes con le policia national, resultante in plure feritos e arrestationes <ref>{{cite news |title=Tensión. Paraguay: incidentes entre manifestantes y policías frente al Congreso tras la sesión por Santiago Peña |url=https://www.lavoz.com.ar/mundo/paraguay-incidentes-entre-manifestantes-y-policias-frente-al-congreso-tras-la-sesion-por-santiago-pena/ |publisher=La Voz |date=2026-11-05 |language=es}}</ref>. De su parte, le Procuratura General del Stato aperiva un causa penal per medio del Unitate Specialisate in Delictos Economic e Anti-corruption, ordinante le arrestation e le posterior detention preventive de plure directores e executivos del banca, sub accusationes de abuso de confidentia e fraude <ref>{{cite news |title=Escándalo de Ueno Bank in Paraguay: ya son ocho los directivos detenidos |url=https://www.infobae.com/america/paraguay/2026/11/04/escandalo-de-ueno-bank-en-paraguay-ya-son-ocho-los-directivos-detenidos/ |publisher=Infobae |date=2026-11-04 |language=es}}</ref>. == Crise politic e destitution de Santiago Peña == Le sectores del opposition e factiones dissidente del governamento indicava le ligamines anterior del presidente Santiago Peña con le structura financiari de Ueno Holding, questionante le absentia de controlo regulatori e le gestion del recursos public depositate in le institution <ref>{{cite news |title=Caso Ueno: diputados inician firma de libelo acusatorio para juicio político contra Peña y Alliana |url=https://www.abc.com.py/politica/2026/11/04/caso-ueno-diputados-inician-forma-fiscal-juicio-politico/ |publisher=ABC Color |date=2026-11-04 |language=es}}</ref>. * Renunciation e processo politic: Le 5 de novembre 2026, sub le pression social e le progresso de un accusation formal pro mal execution de su functiones, Santiago Peña presentava su renunciation al officio de presidente <ref>{{cite news |title=Santiago Peña renuncia a la presidencia de Paraguay mientras la Cámara de Diputados aprueba someterlo a un juicio político por el caso Ueno Bank |url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/articles/c4gz02x3w5wo |publisher=BBC News |date=2026-11-05 |language=es}}</ref>. Nonobstante, le Camera del Deputatos e le Senato rejectava le dimission a causa del absentia de quorum e approbava le initiation de un processo formal de judicio politic contra ille <ref>{{cite news |title=Diputados aprueban juicio político contra Santiago Peña, pese a su renuncia |url=https://www.abc.com.py/politica/2026/11/05/diputados-aprueban-juicio-politico-contra-santiago-pena-pese-a-su-renuncia/ |publisher=ABC Color |date=2026-11-05 |language=es}}</ref>. * Destitution e succession: Le 6 de novembre, le Congresso National destituiva formalmente Peña de su cargo. Post haber perdite su immunitate presidential, le Ministerio Public executava ordines relative a su investigation judicial <ref>{{cite news |last=Fest |first=Sebastián |title=Santiago Peña, destituido por unanimidad de la presidencia de Paraguay tras una extenuante jornada de psicodrama político |url=https://www.elmundo.es/internacional/2026/11/06/santiago-pena-destituido-paraguay-ueno-bank.html |publisher=El Mundo |date=2026-11-06 |language=es}}</ref>. Secundo le linea constitutional de succession, le vicepresidente Pedro Alliana assumeva le carga de presidente del Republica del Paraguay. {{ref}} [[Categoria:Crises financier]] [[Categoria:Paraguay in 2026]] [[Categoria:Crises politic in Paraguay]] [[Categoria:Politica in 2026]] [[Categoria:Processos de destitution]] [[Categoria:Historia del banca]] szqukb998k7nit3n48i496hvr57nzyz 0 62550 705797 2026-11-11T10:29:41Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''espionage industrial''' (etiam cognoscite como '''espionage corporative''', '''espionage economic''' o '''spionage commercial''') es le practica de obtener clandestinemente secretos commercial, proprietate intellectual o datos operational confidential de competitores commercial o entitates estranier con le objectivo de obtener un avantage economic <ref>{{cite book |last=Eftimiades |first=Nicholas |title=Chinese Intelligence Operatio...” 705797 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''espionage industrial''' (etiam cognoscite como '''espionage corporative''', '''espionage economic''' o '''spionage commercial''') es le practica de obtener clandestinemente secretos commercial, proprietate intellectual o datos operational confidential de competitores commercial o entitates estranier con le objectivo de obtener un avantage economic <ref>{{cite book |last=Eftimiades |first=Nicholas |title=Chinese Intelligence Operations |publisher=Routledge |location=London |year=2015 |isbn=978-0714641157}}</ref>. Le practica implica methodos illegal o non ethic pro obtener information proprietari — como planos de recerca e disveloppamento, bases de datos de clientes, formulas o processos de fabrication — con le objectivo de evitar custos de disveloppamento e equalisar o inclinar le campo competitive <ref>{{cite book |last=Hannas |first=William C. |last2=Mulvenon |first2=James |last3=Puglisi |first3=Charley |title=Chinese Industrial Espionage: Technology Acquisition and Military Modernization |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |year=2013 |isbn=978-0415821421}}</ref>. == Objectivos principal e industrias visate == Le espionage industrial es dirigite principalmente contra sectores con forte intensive technologic, margines de profito elevate e importante activitate de recerca, ubi le proprietate intellectual constitue le valor central de un organisation <ref>{{cite report |author=US National Counterintelligence and Security Center |title=Foreign Spies Stealing US Economic Secrets in Cyberspace |publisher=ODNI |year=2018}}</ref>. Le industrias frequentemente visate include: * Technologia e software: Codice fonte, algorithmos proprietari e architectura de hardware. * Pharmaceutica e biotechnologia: Formulas de medicamentos, datos de essayos clinic e recerca genetic. * Aerospatio e defensa: Systemas de propulsion, materiales avantiate e technologia de radar. * Automobiles: Designos de batterias electric, systemas de conduction autonome e planos de vehiculos non ancora publicate. * Energia e technologia ecologic: Datos super le efficacia de cellulas solar, cartas de exploration petrolifere e technologia de redes electric intelligente. == Methodos commun de operation == Le espionage industrial moderne utilisa tanto methodos traditional de intelligentia human como mechanismos digital avantiate <ref>{{cite book |last=Golden |first=Daniel |title=Spy Schools: How the CIA, FBI, and Foreign Intelligence Secretly Exploit America's Universities |publisher=Henry Holt and Co. |location=New York |year=2017 |isbn=978-1627796354}}</ref>: === 1. Espionage cybernetic e operationes APT === Gruppos de menacia persistente avantiate (APT) sponsorisate per estados e retes private de piratas informatic deploya software maligne, phishing specific e furto de datos de authentication pro obtener accesso non autorisate a retes interne de companias, ambientes in le nube e repositorios sensibile. === 2. Menacias interne e agentes infiltrate === Competitores o entitates statal recruta empregados actual o colloca agentes clandestin (sub nomine de «infiltratos») intra un compania. Le agentes interne usa lor credentias de accesso legitime pro extraher datos proprietari per medios de immagazinage externe, correo electronic private o platteformas in le nube. === 3. Sabotage corporative e manipulation social === Le agentes usa pretextos, impersonation o corruption pro manipular le personal e facer lo revelar datos de authentication o documentos sensibile. In casos extreme, le espionage industrial include intrusion physic o sabotage destinate a retardar le publication del producto de un competitor. === 4. Furto physic e recognoscimento === Le technicas varia ab le interception de communicationes e le surveillance del personal clave usque al furto physic de documentos e le «immersion in le receptaculos de residuos» — recuperar documentos confidential jectate sin esser destruite per trituramento in le installationes del compania. == Quadros juridic e mesuras de protection == Le espionage industrial es criminalisate in le majoritate del jurisdictiones del mundo <ref>{{cite book |last=Pfleeger |first=Charles P. |last2=Pfleeger |first2=Shari Lawrence |title=Security in Computing |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=Upper Saddle River |year=2006 |isbn=978-0132390774}}</ref>. In le Statos Unite, per exemplo, le Economic Espionage Act de 1996 (18 U.S.C. § 1831–1832) considera le furto de secretos commercial al beneficio de governamentos estranier o entitates commercial como un crimine federal punibile con fortes multas e penas de prision de plure annos. Le organisationes protege lor activos per medio de un strategia de defensa in profunditate: * Controles technic: Authentication a multiple factores (MFA), encryption de extremitate a extremitate, controlo del accesso al rete (NAC) e instrumentos de prevention del perdita de datos (DLP) que surveglia le movimento de files. * Controles administrative e juridic: Accordos de non-divulgation (NDA), clausulas de non-concurrer, politicas de accesso minimal e formation obligatori in conscientia de securitate. * Mesuras de protection physic: Securitate de accesso biometric, divisiones de recerca a accesso restringite e dissimulation visual (per exemplo, camouflage de prototypos de vehiculos). {{ref}} [[Categoria:Espionage industrial| ]] [[Categoria:Guerra cybernetic]] [[Categoria:Themas de cyberpunk]] [[Categoria:Violationes de securitate]] offomkycoucnbo0o2rd1majg09pqjto 705798 705797 2026-11-11T10:30:17Z Tratxan 61856 /* Objectivos principal e industrias visate */ 705798 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''espionage industrial''' (etiam cognoscite como '''espionage corporative''', '''espionage economic''' o '''spionage commercial''') es le practica de obtener clandestinemente secretos commercial, proprietate intellectual o datos operational confidential de competitores commercial o entitates estranier con le objectivo de obtener un avantage economic <ref>{{cite book |last=Eftimiades |first=Nicholas |title=Chinese Intelligence Operations |publisher=Routledge |location=London |year=2015 |isbn=978-0714641157}}</ref>. Le practica implica methodos illegal o non ethic pro obtener information proprietari — como planos de recerca e disveloppamento, bases de datos de clientes, formulas o processos de fabrication — con le objectivo de evitar custos de disveloppamento e equalisar o inclinar le campo competitive <ref>{{cite book |last=Hannas |first=William C. |last2=Mulvenon |first2=James |last3=Puglisi |first3=Charley |title=Chinese Industrial Espionage: Technology Acquisition and Military Modernization |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |year=2013 |isbn=978-0415821421}}</ref>. == Objectivos principal e industrias visate == Le espionage industrial es dirigite principalmente contra sectores con forte intensive technologic, margines de profito elevate e importante activitate de recerca, ubi le proprietate intellectual constitue le valor central de un organisation. Le industrias frequentemente visate include: * Technologia e software: Codice fonte, algorithmos proprietari e architectura de hardware. * Pharmaceutica e biotechnologia: Formulas de medicamentos, datos de essayos clinic e recerca genetic. * Aerospatio e defensa: Systemas de propulsion, materiales avantiate e technologia de radar. * Automobiles: Designos de batterias electric, systemas de conduction autonome e planos de vehiculos non ancora publicate. * Energia e technologia ecologic: Datos super le efficacia de cellulas solar, cartas de exploration petrolifere e technologia de redes electric intelligente. == Methodos commun de operation == Le espionage industrial moderne utilisa tanto methodos traditional de intelligentia human como mechanismos digital avantiate <ref>{{cite book |last=Golden |first=Daniel |title=Spy Schools: How the CIA, FBI, and Foreign Intelligence Secretly Exploit America's Universities |publisher=Henry Holt and Co. |location=New York |year=2017 |isbn=978-1627796354}}</ref>: === 1. Espionage cybernetic e operationes APT === Gruppos de menacia persistente avantiate (APT) sponsorisate per estados e retes private de piratas informatic deploya software maligne, phishing specific e furto de datos de authentication pro obtener accesso non autorisate a retes interne de companias, ambientes in le nube e repositorios sensibile. === 2. Menacias interne e agentes infiltrate === Competitores o entitates statal recruta empregados actual o colloca agentes clandestin (sub nomine de «infiltratos») intra un compania. Le agentes interne usa lor credentias de accesso legitime pro extraher datos proprietari per medios de immagazinage externe, correo electronic private o platteformas in le nube. === 3. Sabotage corporative e manipulation social === Le agentes usa pretextos, impersonation o corruption pro manipular le personal e facer lo revelar datos de authentication o documentos sensibile. In casos extreme, le espionage industrial include intrusion physic o sabotage destinate a retardar le publication del producto de un competitor. === 4. Furto physic e recognoscimento === Le technicas varia ab le interception de communicationes e le surveillance del personal clave usque al furto physic de documentos e le «immersion in le receptaculos de residuos» — recuperar documentos confidential jectate sin esser destruite per trituramento in le installationes del compania. == Quadros juridic e mesuras de protection == Le espionage industrial es criminalisate in le majoritate del jurisdictiones del mundo <ref>{{cite book |last=Pfleeger |first=Charles P. |last2=Pfleeger |first2=Shari Lawrence |title=Security in Computing |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=Upper Saddle River |year=2006 |isbn=978-0132390774}}</ref>. In le Statos Unite, per exemplo, le Economic Espionage Act de 1996 (18 U.S.C. § 1831–1832) considera le furto de secretos commercial al beneficio de governamentos estranier o entitates commercial como un crimine federal punibile con fortes multas e penas de prision de plure annos. Le organisationes protege lor activos per medio de un strategia de defensa in profunditate: * Controles technic: Authentication a multiple factores (MFA), encryption de extremitate a extremitate, controlo del accesso al rete (NAC) e instrumentos de prevention del perdita de datos (DLP) que surveglia le movimento de files. * Controles administrative e juridic: Accordos de non-divulgation (NDA), clausulas de non-concurrer, politicas de accesso minimal e formation obligatori in conscientia de securitate. * Mesuras de protection physic: Securitate de accesso biometric, divisiones de recerca a accesso restringite e dissimulation visual (per exemplo, camouflage de prototypos de vehiculos). {{ref}} [[Categoria:Espionage industrial| ]] [[Categoria:Guerra cybernetic]] [[Categoria:Themas de cyberpunk]] [[Categoria:Violationes de securitate]] ooz6hih5wu2sshx0kz93b967gae2cs8 14 62551 705800 2026-11-11T10:43:42Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Crimines commercial]] [[Categoria:Intelligentia competitive]] [[Categoria:Secretos commercial]] [[Categoria:Typos de espionage]]” 705800 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Crimines commercial]] [[Categoria:Intelligentia competitive]] [[Categoria:Secretos commercial]] [[Categoria:Typos de espionage]] ro1knpldjf2dyf685tee5yr18do1j3x 14 62552 705801 2026-11-11T10:52:45Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Derecto commercial]] [[Categoria:Crimine corporative]] [[Categoria:Crimines]] [[Categoria:Crimines contra le proprietate]]” 705801 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Derecto commercial]] [[Categoria:Crimine corporative]] [[Categoria:Crimines]] [[Categoria:Crimines contra le proprietate]] jzy2qsovh0k4c8m7tnub1mgz7lwmpko 14 62553 705802 2026-11-11T10:54:03Z Tratxan 61856 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Crimine|-]] [[Categoria:Eventos connexe al lege]]” 705802 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Crimine|-]] [[Categoria:Eventos connexe al lege]] nrejzsnbjiqw38fpc7mvhg1psddb0n3 705803 705802 2026-11-11T11:12:11Z Tratxan 61856 705803 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Crimine|-]] [[Categoria:Eventos relative al lege]] rmbuewsc8xk48ejxoscd0h6806pn8zf 705804 705803 2026-11-11T11:12:48Z Tratxan 61856 705804 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Crimine|-]] [[Categoria:Eventos relative al derecto]] 2g1oi2hfq1mcyomsny11eu4bcmu4hi0