Wikipedia ibawiki https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambar_Keterubah MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.1 first-letter Media Spesyel Randau Penggena Randau penggena Wikipedia Randau Wikipedia Fail Randau fail MediaWiki Randau MediaWiki Templat Randau templat Bantu Randau bantu Kategori Randau kategori TimedText TimedText talk Modul Randau modul Acara Perbincangan acara 0 1402 18933 17549 2026-05-11T10:07:59Z Song GK 9 /* Struktur */ 18933 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox geopolitical organization | name = {{Collapsible list | titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:84%; | title = {{Resize|1.25em|Gerempung Bansa Beserakup}} | {{Infobox |subbox=yes |bodystyle=font-size:77%;font-weight:normal; | rowclass1 = mergedrow| label1 = [[Jaku Inggeris]]: | data1 = {{Lang|en|United Nation}} | rowclass2 = mergedrow| label2 = [[Jaku Arab Standard Moden|Jaku Arab]]: | data2 = {{Lang|ar|منظمة الأمم المتحدة|rtl=yes}} | rowclass3 = mergedrow| label3 = [[Jaku China Standard|Jaku China]]: | data3 = {{Lang|zh|联合国}} | rowclass4 = mergedrow| label4 = [[Jaku Peranchis]]: | data4 = {{Lang|fr|Organisation des Nations unies|italic=unset}} | rowclass5 = mergedrow| label5 = [[Jaku Rusia]]: | data5 = {{Nowrap|{{Lang|ru|Организация Объединённых Наций}}}} | rowclass6 = mergedrow| label6 = [[Jaku Sepanyol]]: | data6 = {{Nowrap|{{Lang|es|Organización de las Naciones Unidas|italic=unset}}}}}}}} | linking_name = the United Nations | image_flag = Flag of the United Nations.svg | symbol_type = [[Flag of the United Nations#Design|Emblem]] | image_symbol = UN_emblem_blue.svg | image_map = United Nations (Member States and Territories).svg | image_map_caption = [[Kaban Gerempung Bansa Beserakup]] | org_type = [[Organisasyen entara Perintah]] | membership = [[Menua kaban Gerempung Bansa Beserakup|193 menua kaban]]<br />[[Pengamat Aum Gerempung Bansa Beserakup|2 menua pengamat]] | admin_center_type = [[Indu opis]] | admin_center = [[Indu opis Gerempung Bansa Beserakup|760 United Nations Plaza]], Manhattan, Nengeri New, ([[zon entarabansa]]) | largest_city = [[Tokyo]], [[Jipun]] | languages_type = [[Jaku resmi Gerempung Bansa Beserakup|Jaku resmi]] | languages = {{Hlist|[[Jaku Arab Standard Moden|Jaku Arab]]|[[Jaku China Standard|Jaku China]]|[[Jaku Inggeris]]|[[Jaku Peranchis]]|[[Jaku Rusia]]|[[Jaku Sepanyol]]<ref>[https://www.un.org/en/our-work/official-languages Official Languages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713075145/https://www.un.org/en/our-work/official-languages |date=13 July 2021 }}, United Nations. Retrieved 31 December 2021.</ref>}} | languages2_type = [[Urup rasmi]] | languages2_sub = yes | languages2 = {{Hlist|[[Urup Arab|Arab]]|[[Urup Cyril|Cyril]]|[[Urup Latin|Latin]]|[[Karakter China Dipermuntang|China Dipermuntang]]}} | leader_title1 = Sekretari Besai | leader_name1 = [[António Guterres]] | leader_title2 = Mandal Sekretari Besai | leader_name2 = [[Amina J. Mohammed]] | leader_title3 = Presiden Aum Besai | leader_name3 = [[Dennis Francis (diplomat)|Dennis Francis]] | leader_title4 = Presiden Kunsil Ekonomi enggau Sosial | leader_name4 = [[Paula Narváez]] | leader_title5 = [[Presidency of the United Nations Security Council|Security Council Presidency]] | leader_name5 = {{#switch:{{CURRENTYEAR}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} |2023 January = [[Jipun]] ({{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}) |2023 February = [[Malta]] ({{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}) |2023 March = [[Mozambique]] ({{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}) |2023 April = [[Rusia]] |2023 May = [[Switzerland]] ({{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}) |2023 June = [[Emiriah Arab Beserakup]] ({{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}) |2023 July = [[United Kingdom]] ({{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}) |2023 August = [[United States]] ({{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}) |2023 September= [[Albania]] ({{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}) |2023 October = [[Brazil]] ({{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}) |2023 November = [[China]] ({{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}) |2023 December = [[Ecuador]] ({{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}) |2024 January = [[Peranchis]] ({{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}) }} | established_event1 = Piagam GBB disain | established_date1 = {{Start date and age|1945|06|26|df=yes|p=y}} | established_event2 = Piagam diteritka | established_date2 = {{Start date and age|1945|10|24|df=yes|p=y}} | official_website = {{URL|https://www.un.org/en/|un.org}} (General)<br>{{URL|https://www.un.int|un.int}} (Permanent Missions) | p1 = Liga Bansa }} '''Gerempung Bansa Beserakup''' ({{langx|en|'''United Nations''' ('''UN''')}}) nya sebengkah organisasyen entarabansa diplomatik enggau politik<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-21 |title=United Nations |url=https://www.history.com/topics/stories/united-nations |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=HISTORY |language=en |archive-date=23 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323052229/https://www.history.com/topics/stories/united-nations |url-status=live }}</ref> ti tuju ti dipadahka iya nya dikena nyaga pemaik enggau pengelikun entarabansa, ngemansangka kaul ti bebaik entara bansa, nyapai kerejasama entarabansa, sereta nyadi palan dikena ngerapitka pengawa bansa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-charter/chapter-1|work=United Nations Charter |title=Chapter I: Purposes and Principles |publisher=United Nations|language=en|access-date=20 March 2022 |url-status=live|archive-date=18 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318200917/https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-charter/chapter-1}}</ref> Iya nya gerempung entarabansa ti pemadu besai di dunya.<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 December 2012|title=International Organization|url=http://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/international-organization/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116165808/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/international-organization/|archive-date=16 November 2020|access-date=24 October 2020|website=National Geographic Society|language=en}}</ref> GBB bepalan ba [[Nengeri New York]], ba kandang menua entarabansa enggau sekeda hak istimewa luar kandang menua Amerika Serikat, lalu gerempung tu bisi opis bukai ba Geneva, Nairobi, Vienna, enggau Hague, ke alai Kort Pengelurus Entarabansa bepalan ba [[Istana Pengelikun]]. == Sejarah == Sepengudah [[Perang Dunya Keterubah]], sekeda menua-menua di dunya numbuhka [[Liga Bansa]]. Gerempung nya nyadika palan endur bansa-bansa ulih berandau nengah bida sida enggau likun. Taja pia, sekeda menua baka [[Jereman]], [[Itali]], enggau [[Jipun]] enda ibuhka Liga nya. Sida nguji mutarka penanggul sida nengah chara beperang. Bala kaban Liga Bansa-Bansa enggai beperang kena nyaga kaban bukai lalu ketegal nya iya enda mujur. Enda lama udah nya, [[Perang Dunya Kedua]] lalu berengkah. Bala Sekutu Perang Dunya Kedua suah ngumbai diri "Gerempung Bansa Beserakup" laban sida begempung ngelaban [[Kuasa Paksi]]. Pengudah perang nya, bala pemenang numbuhka gerempung baru ke pemaik dunya. Kena 25 April 1945 di [[San Francisco]], sida mutuska nama '"Gerempung Bansa Beserakup". Kena bulan Jun, sida nyain Piagam Gerempung Bansa Beserakup lalu mutuska baka ni gerempung nya deka bekereja. GBB ditumbuhka kena 24 Oktober 1945, lalu aum keterubah iya diatur dalam bulan Januari 1946. Kenyau ari taun 1947 24 Oktober dikumbai “Hari Gerempung Bansa Beserakup”. Semina sebuah menua ke bisi menira nitihka model GBB iya nya Somalia.<ref>Tittemore, Brian D. "Belligerents in blue helmets: applying international humanitarian law to United Nations peace operations." Stan. J. Int'l L. 33 (1997): 61.</ref> == Indu opis == [[Fail: Nyc-un-building.jpg|thumb|350px|Indu opis GBB ba New York.]] Begunan indu opis GBB ke maya tu digaga ba sepiak Sungai East (''East River''), Nengeri New York maya taun 1949. Taja pia, begunan tu ukai enggi Amerika Serikat. Iya digaga ba tanah ti dibeli ari John D. Rockefeller, Jr. enggau pemeri US$8.5 juta, lalu digaga tim arkitek entarabansa, nyengkaum Le Corbusier (Peranchis) ti tebilang, Oscar Niemeyer (Brazil), enggau pengari ari mayuh bengkah menua bukai. Tim nya betuaika Wallace K. Harrison, prinsipal sekula Harrison & Abramovitz (NYC). Indu opis GBB di New York dibuka enggau rasmi kena 9 Januari 1951. Seraya indu opis besai GBB ba New York, bisi ejensi besai ke bepalan ba Geneva, Hague, Vienna, Montreal, Bonn, enggau endur bukai. Alamat indu opis GBB iya nya 760, Plaza Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu, New York, NY 10017, Amerika Syarikat. Ketegal begunan besai GBB udah tuai, GBB benung dalam proses ngemanah sereta ngemesaika begunan tu. Ngambika ulih dikena sementara, sebuah indu opis ke digaga [[Fumihiko Maki]] digaga entara Jalai 41 enggau 42 di New York. == Struktur == Gerempung Bansa Beserakup ngembuan 6 iti perengka keterubah iya nya: <ref>[[:wikisource:Charter of the United Nations|Charter of the United Nations]] - [[:wikisource:Charter_of_the_United_Nations#Chapter_III_-_Organs|Chapter III]] (''Organs'')</ref> # Aum Besai # Sekretariat # Kort Pengelurus Entarabansa (ICJ) # Kunsil Pengelikun # Kunsil Ekonomi enggau Sosial # Kunsil Pemegai Amanah Bisi mega ejensi spesyel dalam gerempung tu. Sida bibas ari sekretariat GBB, enggau bajet sereta kaban kediri empu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=UN System|url=https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-system|access-date=2023-03-16|website=United Nations|language=en}}</ref> Sekeda ari sida nya tuai agi ari Gerempung Bansa Beserakup. Tu sekeda ari sida: * [[Gerempung Pengerai Sedunya]] (WHO) * [[Gerempung Pemakai enggau Betanam Betupi]] (FAO) * [[Gerempung Pelajar, Sains enggau Main Asal Gerempung Bansa Beserakup]] (UNESCO) * [[Gerempung Pengereja Pengawa Entarabansa]] (ILO) * [[Tabung Wang Enterabansa]] (IMF) * [[Gerempung Meteorologi Sedunya]] (WMO) GBB mega bisi belanja enggau program. Bebida enggau ejensi khas, tu bepanggai ba pemeri sukarela, tauka duit ke ulih dipilih menua sekalika deka meri tauka enda.<ref name=":0" /> * [[Tabung Nembiak Mit Gerempung Bansa Beserakup]] (UNICEF) * [[Program Rampa Menua Gerempung Bansa Beserakup]] (UNEP) * [[Program Pemansang Gerempung Bansa Beserakup]] (UNDP) * [[Program Pemakai Dunya GBB]] (WFP) * [[Ejensi Pelarian GBB]] (UNHCR) == Kereban sanding == {{reflist}} 3iw9aikhucoasz4m71oq8n6bn0ey2yc 18934 18933 2026-05-11T10:08:41Z Song GK 9 /* Struktur */ 18934 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox geopolitical organization | name = {{Collapsible list | titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:84%; | title = {{Resize|1.25em|Gerempung Bansa Beserakup}} | {{Infobox |subbox=yes |bodystyle=font-size:77%;font-weight:normal; | rowclass1 = mergedrow| label1 = [[Jaku Inggeris]]: | data1 = {{Lang|en|United Nation}} | rowclass2 = mergedrow| label2 = [[Jaku Arab Standard Moden|Jaku Arab]]: | data2 = {{Lang|ar|منظمة الأمم المتحدة|rtl=yes}} | rowclass3 = mergedrow| label3 = [[Jaku China Standard|Jaku China]]: | data3 = {{Lang|zh|联合国}} | rowclass4 = mergedrow| label4 = [[Jaku Peranchis]]: | data4 = {{Lang|fr|Organisation des Nations unies|italic=unset}} | rowclass5 = mergedrow| label5 = [[Jaku Rusia]]: | data5 = {{Nowrap|{{Lang|ru|Организация Объединённых Наций}}}} | rowclass6 = mergedrow| label6 = [[Jaku Sepanyol]]: | data6 = {{Nowrap|{{Lang|es|Organización de las Naciones Unidas|italic=unset}}}}}}}} | linking_name = the United Nations | image_flag = Flag of the United Nations.svg | symbol_type = [[Flag of the United Nations#Design|Emblem]] | image_symbol = UN_emblem_blue.svg | image_map = United Nations (Member States and Territories).svg | image_map_caption = [[Kaban Gerempung Bansa Beserakup]] | org_type = [[Organisasyen entara Perintah]] | membership = [[Menua kaban Gerempung Bansa Beserakup|193 menua kaban]]<br />[[Pengamat Aum Gerempung Bansa Beserakup|2 menua pengamat]] | admin_center_type = [[Indu opis]] | admin_center = [[Indu opis Gerempung Bansa Beserakup|760 United Nations Plaza]], Manhattan, Nengeri New, ([[zon entarabansa]]) | largest_city = [[Tokyo]], [[Jipun]] | languages_type = [[Jaku resmi Gerempung Bansa Beserakup|Jaku resmi]] | languages = {{Hlist|[[Jaku Arab Standard Moden|Jaku Arab]]|[[Jaku China Standard|Jaku China]]|[[Jaku Inggeris]]|[[Jaku Peranchis]]|[[Jaku Rusia]]|[[Jaku Sepanyol]]<ref>[https://www.un.org/en/our-work/official-languages Official Languages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713075145/https://www.un.org/en/our-work/official-languages |date=13 July 2021 }}, United Nations. Retrieved 31 December 2021.</ref>}} | languages2_type = [[Urup rasmi]] | languages2_sub = yes | languages2 = {{Hlist|[[Urup Arab|Arab]]|[[Urup Cyril|Cyril]]|[[Urup Latin|Latin]]|[[Karakter China Dipermuntang|China Dipermuntang]]}} | leader_title1 = Sekretari Besai | leader_name1 = [[António Guterres]] | leader_title2 = Mandal Sekretari Besai | leader_name2 = [[Amina J. Mohammed]] | leader_title3 = Presiden Aum Besai | leader_name3 = [[Dennis Francis (diplomat)|Dennis Francis]] | leader_title4 = Presiden Kunsil Ekonomi enggau Sosial | leader_name4 = [[Paula Narváez]] | leader_title5 = [[Presidency of the United Nations Security Council|Security Council Presidency]] | leader_name5 = {{#switch:{{CURRENTYEAR}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} |2023 January = [[Jipun]] ({{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}) |2023 February = [[Malta]] ({{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}) |2023 March = [[Mozambique]] ({{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}) |2023 April = [[Rusia]] |2023 May = [[Switzerland]] ({{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}) |2023 June = [[Emiriah Arab Beserakup]] ({{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}) |2023 July = [[United Kingdom]] ({{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}) |2023 August = [[United States]] ({{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}) |2023 September= [[Albania]] ({{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}) |2023 October = [[Brazil]] ({{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}) |2023 November = [[China]] ({{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}) |2023 December = [[Ecuador]] ({{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}) |2024 January = [[Peranchis]] ({{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}) }} | established_event1 = Piagam GBB disain | established_date1 = {{Start date and age|1945|06|26|df=yes|p=y}} | established_event2 = Piagam diteritka | established_date2 = {{Start date and age|1945|10|24|df=yes|p=y}} | official_website = {{URL|https://www.un.org/en/|un.org}} (General)<br>{{URL|https://www.un.int|un.int}} (Permanent Missions) | p1 = Liga Bansa }} '''Gerempung Bansa Beserakup''' ({{langx|en|'''United Nations''' ('''UN''')}}) nya sebengkah organisasyen entarabansa diplomatik enggau politik<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-21 |title=United Nations |url=https://www.history.com/topics/stories/united-nations |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=HISTORY |language=en |archive-date=23 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323052229/https://www.history.com/topics/stories/united-nations |url-status=live }}</ref> ti tuju ti dipadahka iya nya dikena nyaga pemaik enggau pengelikun entarabansa, ngemansangka kaul ti bebaik entara bansa, nyapai kerejasama entarabansa, sereta nyadi palan dikena ngerapitka pengawa bansa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-charter/chapter-1|work=United Nations Charter |title=Chapter I: Purposes and Principles |publisher=United Nations|language=en|access-date=20 March 2022 |url-status=live|archive-date=18 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318200917/https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-charter/chapter-1}}</ref> Iya nya gerempung entarabansa ti pemadu besai di dunya.<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 December 2012|title=International Organization|url=http://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/international-organization/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116165808/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/international-organization/|archive-date=16 November 2020|access-date=24 October 2020|website=National Geographic Society|language=en}}</ref> GBB bepalan ba [[Nengeri New York]], ba kandang menua entarabansa enggau sekeda hak istimewa luar kandang menua Amerika Serikat, lalu gerempung tu bisi opis bukai ba Geneva, Nairobi, Vienna, enggau Hague, ke alai Kort Pengelurus Entarabansa bepalan ba [[Istana Pengelikun]]. == Sejarah == Sepengudah [[Perang Dunya Keterubah]], sekeda menua-menua di dunya numbuhka [[Liga Bansa]]. Gerempung nya nyadika palan endur bansa-bansa ulih berandau nengah bida sida enggau likun. Taja pia, sekeda menua baka [[Jereman]], [[Itali]], enggau [[Jipun]] enda ibuhka Liga nya. Sida nguji mutarka penanggul sida nengah chara beperang. Bala kaban Liga Bansa-Bansa enggai beperang kena nyaga kaban bukai lalu ketegal nya iya enda mujur. Enda lama udah nya, [[Perang Dunya Kedua]] lalu berengkah. Bala Sekutu Perang Dunya Kedua suah ngumbai diri "Gerempung Bansa Beserakup" laban sida begempung ngelaban [[Kuasa Paksi]]. Pengudah perang nya, bala pemenang numbuhka gerempung baru ke pemaik dunya. Kena 25 April 1945 di [[San Francisco]], sida mutuska nama '"Gerempung Bansa Beserakup". Kena bulan Jun, sida nyain Piagam Gerempung Bansa Beserakup lalu mutuska baka ni gerempung nya deka bekereja. GBB ditumbuhka kena 24 Oktober 1945, lalu aum keterubah iya diatur dalam bulan Januari 1946. Kenyau ari taun 1947 24 Oktober dikumbai “Hari Gerempung Bansa Beserakup”. Semina sebuah menua ke bisi menira nitihka model GBB iya nya Somalia.<ref>Tittemore, Brian D. "Belligerents in blue helmets: applying international humanitarian law to United Nations peace operations." Stan. J. Int'l L. 33 (1997): 61.</ref> == Indu opis == [[Fail: Nyc-un-building.jpg|thumb|350px|Indu opis GBB ba New York.]] Begunan indu opis GBB ke maya tu digaga ba sepiak Sungai East (''East River''), Nengeri New York maya taun 1949. Taja pia, begunan tu ukai enggi Amerika Serikat. Iya digaga ba tanah ti dibeli ari John D. Rockefeller, Jr. enggau pemeri US$8.5 juta, lalu digaga tim arkitek entarabansa, nyengkaum Le Corbusier (Peranchis) ti tebilang, Oscar Niemeyer (Brazil), enggau pengari ari mayuh bengkah menua bukai. Tim nya betuaika Wallace K. Harrison, prinsipal sekula Harrison & Abramovitz (NYC). Indu opis GBB di New York dibuka enggau rasmi kena 9 Januari 1951. Seraya indu opis besai GBB ba New York, bisi ejensi besai ke bepalan ba Geneva, Hague, Vienna, Montreal, Bonn, enggau endur bukai. Alamat indu opis GBB iya nya 760, Plaza Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu, New York, NY 10017, Amerika Syarikat. Ketegal begunan besai GBB udah tuai, GBB benung dalam proses ngemanah sereta ngemesaika begunan tu. Ngambika ulih dikena sementara, sebuah indu opis ke digaga [[Fumihiko Maki]] digaga entara Jalai 41 enggau 42 di New York. == Struktur == Gerempung Bansa Beserakup ngembuan 6 iti perengka keterubah iya nya: <ref>[[:wikisource:Charter of the United Nations|Charter of the United Nations]] - [[:wikisource:Charter_of_the_United_Nations#Chapter_III_-_Organs|Chapter III]] (''Organs'')</ref> # Aum Besai # Sekretariat # Kort Pengelurus Entarabansa (ICJ) # Kunsil Pengelikun # Kunsil Ekonomi enggau Sosial # Kunsil Pemegai Amanah Bisi mega ejensi spesyel dalam gerempung tu. Sida bibas ari sekretariat GBB, enggau bajet sereta kaban kediri empu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=UN System|url=https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-system|access-date=2023-03-16|website=United Nations|language=en}}</ref> Sekeda ari sida nya tuai agi ari Gerempung Bansa Beserakup. Tu sekeda ari sida: * [[Gerempung Pengerai Sedunya]] (WHO) * [[Gerempung Pemakai enggau Betanam Betupi]] (FAO) * [[Gerempung Pelajar, Saintifik enggau Main Asal Gerempung Bansa Beserakup]] (UNESCO) * [[Gerempung Pengereja Pengawa Entarabansa]] (ILO) * [[Tabung Wang Enterabansa]] (IMF) * [[Gerempung Meteorologi Sedunya]] (WMO) GBB mega bisi belanja enggau program. Bebida enggau ejensi khas, tu bepanggai ba pemeri sukarela, tauka duit ke ulih dipilih menua sekalika deka meri tauka enda.<ref name=":0" /> * [[Tabung Nembiak Mit Gerempung Bansa Beserakup]] (UNICEF) * [[Program Rampa Menua Gerempung Bansa Beserakup]] (UNEP) * [[Program Pemansang Gerempung Bansa Beserakup]] (UNDP) * [[Program Pemakai Dunya GBB]] (WFP) * [[Ejensi Pelarian GBB]] (UNHCR) == Kereban sanding == {{reflist}} 24es8gxzz5xoc6w6ewc5mj0kff6jll6 0 1526 18932 10966 2026-05-11T10:07:17Z Song GK 9 /* Penerang */ 18932 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Kikai | states = [[Fail:Flag of Japan.svg|25px|border]] [[Jipun]] | region = [[Fail:Flag of Kikai, Kagoshima.svg|25px|border]] [[Pulau Kikai]], [[Fail:Flag of Kagoshima Prefecture.svg|25px|border]] [[Pelilih Menua Kagoshima]] | speakers = 13,100 | date = 2000 | ref = e26 | familycolor = Altaik | fam1 = [[Jaku-jaku Japonik|Japonik]] | fam2 = [[Jaku-jaku Ryukyu|Ryukyu]] | fam3 = [[Jaku-jaku Ryukyu Utara|Ryukyu Utara]] | fam4 = [[Jaku-jaku Amami|Amami]] | map = Kikaijima.jpg | map2 = Lang Status 40-SE.svg |mapcaption2 = {{Center|{{Small| Jaku Kikai diklasifikasyenka [[UNESCO]] nyadi Jaku ti Balat Punas.}}}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wal.unesco.org/countries/japan/languages/kikai|title=Kikai in Japan {{!}} UNESCO WAL}}</ref> | iso3 = kzg | glotto = kika1239 | glottorefname = Kikai | notice = IPA | script = [[Urup Jipun]] | nativename = シマユミタ }} '''Jaku Kikai''' tauka '''Shimayumita''' nya siti ari jaku raban [[Jaku-jaku Japonik|Japonik]] ti dikena [[orang Ryukyu]] ari begian [[Pulau Kikai]], [[Okinawa]]. Jaku tu bisi pemayuh 13.000 orang ti landik bejaku. == Chunto leka jaku == {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! [[Jaku Iban]] !! Jaku Kikai |- | Terima Kasih<br>Tabi basa|| うふくんでーた<br>(Ufukundēta) |- | Selamat datai || ゆーうもちゃやー<br>(Yūumochayā) |- | Minta ampun || やーうもっいかい <br>(Yāumoiikai) |- | Kami ka mupuk dulu<br> Betemu baru ila || いちぇーら <br>(ichēra) |- | Nyanggang || まーりまーりでんが <br>(mārimāridenga)<br>みどぅーさやー <br>(midūsayā) |- | Nuan datai ari ni?<br>Dik datai ari ni? || じゃーらちょ じゃーから ちゃすよ？<br>(jāracho jākara chasuyo?) |- |} == Kereban sanding == {{Reflist}} 9t72gj6lbmyqmvjjtk1x5l2eaxi9ljh 0 1867 18929 8435 2026-05-11T09:52:59Z Song GK 9 /* Malin */ 18929 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox political party | name = Parti Rayat Sarawak | lang1 = Malay | name_lang1 = {{Lang|ms|Parti Rakyat Sarawak<br />ڤرتي رعيت سراوق}} | lang2 = Chinese | name_lang2 = {{Lang|zh-hant|砂拉越人民黨}}<br />{{Lang|zh-hans|砂拉越人民党}}<br />{{Lang|zh-latn|Shālāyuè rénmín dǎng}} | logo = Logo of PRS.png | secretary_general = [[Malcom Mussen Lamoh]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://dayakdaily.com/malcolm-is-prs-new-sec-gen-with-edwin-banta-as-treasurer-general-roy-gingkoi-as-deputy-treasurer/ | title=Malcolm is PRS' new sec-gen with Edwin Banta as treasurer general, Roy Gingkoi as deputy treasurer | date=4 February 2023 }}</ref> | slogan = *''Berjuang Untuk Sarawak''<br /> *''Bersatu Menuju Sarawak Baharu'' | foundation = 2004 | ideology = [[Nationalism]]<br>[[Multiracialism]]<br>[[Self determination]]<br>[[Reformism|National reformism]] | headquarters = Lot 9029, Tingkat 1, Blok 11, Muara Tebas Land District, Jalan Wan Alwi, Tabuan Jaya, 93350 [[Kuching]], [[Sarawak]] {{Small|(''current headquarters'')}}<br />Pines Square, [[Batu Kawa]]h, 93250 [[Kuching]], [[Sarawak]] {{Small|(''new headquarters'')}} | country = Malaysia | president = [[Joseph Salang Gandum]] | leader1_title = Deputy President | leader1_name = Majang Renggi | leader2_title = Vice Presidents | leader2_name = [[:ms:John Sikie Tayai|John Sikie Tayai]]<br />[[Aaron Ago Dagang]]<br />[[Liwan Lagang]]<br />[[Wilson Ugak Kumbong|Wilson Ugak]]<br />Mong Dagang | leader3_title = Youth Leader | leader3_name = [[Snowdan Lawan]] | leader4_title = Women Leader | leader4_name = [[Doris Sophia Brodi]] | founder = [[James Jemut Masing]]<br />Sng Chee Hua | split = [[Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak]] | membership = 348,700 (''August 2023'') | youth_wing = Pergerakan Pemuda PRS | womens_wing = Pergerakan Wanita PRS | student_wing = | national = [[Barisan Nasional]] (2004–2018)<br />[[Sarawak Parties Alliance|Gabungan Parti Sarawak]] (2018–now)<br />[[Pakatan Harapan|PH–BN unity alliance]] (2022–now) {{Small|(as alliance partner)}} | colours = {{Color box|{{Party color|Parti Rakyat Sarawak}}|border=darkgray}} Green, yellow, red | colorcode = {{Party color|Parti Rakyat Sarawak}} | seats1_title = [[Dewan Negara]]: | seats1 = {{Composition bar|1|70|{{Party color|Parti Rakyat Sarawak}}}} | seats2_title = [[Dewan Rakyat]]: | seats2 = {{Composition bar|5|31|{{Party color|Parti Rakyat Sarawak}}}} ([[List of Malaysian electoral districts|Sarawak seats]]) | seats3_title = [[Sarawak State Legislative Assembly]]: | seats3 = {{Composition bar|11|82|{{Party color|Parti Rakyat Sarawak}}}} | seats4_title = [[Premier of Sarawak]]: | seats4 = {{Composition bar|0|1|{{Party color|Parti Rakyat Sarawak}}}} (Sarawak only) | website = {{URL|http://www.prsinfo.my/}} }} '''Parti Rayat Sarawak''' tauka '''PRS''' iya nya parti politik multiracialis & nasionalis di [[Sarawak]] enggau [[Malaysia]]. Parti tu ditumbuhka berindik ari pengawa ngetuka rejista [[Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak]] lalu udah nya Parti Kebangsaan Sarawak dalam bulan Disember 2003 ari raban pechah ti betuaika niang Tan Sri Dr. [[James Jemut Masing]] enggau Dato’ [[Sng Chee Hua]]. Iya entara kaban konstituen [[Barisan Nasional]] ke suba. Diatu PRS nyadi parti politik menua tu kedua pemadu besai di Sarawak, pengudah PBB. Berindik ari BN ti labuh ba PRN 2018 enggau pengudah aum entara semua parti gempung BN ti bepalan ba Sarawak kena 12 Jun 2018, PRS pansut ari gempung nya numbuhka gempung baru ti bepalan ba Sarawak iya nya Perikatan Parti Sarawak.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/06/12/sarawak-bn-parties-pull-out-of-coalition/|title=Sarawak BN parties pull out of coalition to form independent state-based pact|author1=Sharon Ling|author2=Geryl Ogilvy|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|date=12 June 2018|access-date=12 June 2018}}</ref> Naka bulan Ogos 2023, penyampau kaban parti nya bisi 348,700 iku kaban. Diatu, bisi 135 iti pampang Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS) ti chakah ditemu di serata Sarawak. == Kereban sanding == {{reflist}} fzypxkzohr2vdef8x2qqi8v57s3vvrf 0 2130 18924 13479 2026-05-11T09:41:37Z Song GK 9 18924 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Tony Eusoff | image = | caption = | birth_name = Anthony Joseph anak Hermas Rajiman | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1977|4|3}} | birth_place = [[Kuching]], [[Sarawak]], [[Malaysia]] | deathdate = | deathplace = | restingplace = | restingplacecoordinates = | other_names = | occupation = Pelakun, penanyi, model, pengachara | years_active = 2002–diatu | spouse = | domesticpartner = | children = | parents = | influences = | influenced = | website = }} '''Anthony Joseph anak Hermas Rajiman''' tau dikelala enggau nama '''Tony Eusoff''' (ada 3 April 1977) siku pelakun laki Malaysia ti tebilang ketegal pengawa iya dalam drama televisyen, teater enggau filem lokal, pia mega ngembuan gawa nyadi siku penanyi, model enggau pengacara. ==Pengidup tumu== Iya ada kena 3 April 1977 di [[Kuching]], [[Sarawak]]. Iya bepeturun [[Bidayuh]] lalu besai di [[Siburan]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The tattooed Bidayuh|author=[[Shanon Shah]]|newspaper=The Nut Graph|date=27 Ogos 2009|url=http://www.thenutgraph.com/the-tattooed-bidayuh/|accessdate=11 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Notables: We must strive to be a better Malaysia|author=Suzanne Lazaroo|newspaper=[[The Malay Mail]] |date=13 September 2017|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2017/09/13/lets-unite-and-move-forward-notables-we-must-strive-to-be-a-better-msia/|accessdate=11 November 2017}}</ref> == Kereban sanding == {{Reflist}} == Laman web ke bukai == * {{IMDb name|nm1935978}} * {{Instagram|tonyeusoff}} * {{Tiktok|tony.eusoff}} [[Kategori:Pengada 1977]] [[Kategori:Orang idup]] [[Kategori:Pengelulu laki Malaysia kurun ke-21]] [[Kategori:Orang Kristian Malaysia]] e8s0w8anstbxztvto68dkgiulfm6p2c 0 2417 18911 17917 2026-05-10T22:42:36Z Cerevisae 18 /* Pengawa ngasilka */ 18911 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ekonomi hidrogen''' iya nya guna ngasilka enggau ngena hidrogen dikena ngurangka bepanggai ba minyak fosil sereta nyekat pengangat dunya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Yap |first1=Jiazhen |last2=McLellan |first2=Benjamin |date=6 January 2023 |title=A Historical Analysis of Hydrogen Economy Research, Development, and Expectations, 1972 to 2020 |journal=Environments |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=11 |doi=10.3390/environments10010011 |issn=2076-3298 |doi-access=free |hdl=2433/284015 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Hidrogen ulih diasilka ngena beberapa chara. Mayuh agi hidrogen diasilka hari tu nya "hidrogen kelabu". Iya digaga ari gis asli nengah chara ngaga reformasyen metan wap (''steam methane reforming'', SMR). Proses tu nyadika 1.8% ari pemansut gas rumah gadung global ba taun 2021.<ref name="auto1">Greenhouse gas emissions totalled 49.3 Gigatonnes CO₂e in 2021.{{Cite web |title=Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions: 1990–2020 and Preliminary 2021 Estimates |url=https://rhg.com/research/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-2021/ |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=Rhodium Group |date=19 December 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> Hidrogen biru tauka hidrogen karbon ti baruh diasilka ngena SMR lalu karbon ti diasilka nya ditangkap sereta disimpan. Hidrogen gadung iya nya pengawa ngasilka hidrogen enggau sifar pemansut karbon laban kuasa karan nya datai ari pun penatai kuasa tau dikena baru baka kuasa solar, angin tauka hidro. Ba taun 2021, hidrogen kelabu mungkur 61.7% ari penyampau pemansut hidrogen, ditangkan hidrogen biru (0.7%) enggau hidrogen gadung (0.04%).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shakun |first1=Singh |title=The evolution of the green and blue hydrogen markets and insights for the future |url=https://www.acuitykp.com/blog/the-evolution-of-the-green-and-blue-hydrogen-markets/ |access-date=9 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322155523/https://www.acuitykp.com/blog/the-evolution-of-the-green-and-blue-hydrogen-markets/ |archive-date=22 March 2025}}</ref> Naka taun 2024 bedau terang kemaya hidrogen ti chukup kurang karbon ulih diasilka dikena ngemunaska semua hidrogen kelabu nya berenggat-renggat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hydrogen could be used for nearly everything. It probably shouldn't be. |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2024/04/25/1091757/hydrogen-uses-ranked/ |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=MIT Technology Review |language=en}}</ref> Dalam taun 2002, nyau deka semua ari 100 juta tan hidrogen ti diasilka ninting taun<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hydrogen |url=https://www.iea.org/energy-system/low-emission-fuels/hydrogen |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref> dikena dalam pengawa napis minyak (43% dalam taun 2021) enggau industri (57%), kelebih agi dalam pengawa ngaga ammonia ungkup baja, enggau metanol.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-hydrogen-review-2022 |title=Global Hydrogen Review 2022 |publisher=International Energy Agency |year=2022 |page= |language=en-GB |access-date=2023-08-25}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=18, 22, 29}} Guna hidrogen ke tau nyadi nyangka dalam industri berat (proses pengangat tinggi begulai enggau elektrik, bahan mentah dikena ngasilka ammonia gadung enggau kimia organik, nyadi alternatif ngagai kok ke datai ari arang batu dikena ngaga besi), pengangkut jauh (nganjung barang, enggau ngagai enggau tikas ti mit agi bilun ti ngena kuasa hidrogen enggau perengka pengangkut barang berat), enggau nyimpan tenaga timpuh panjai.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |author=IPCC |author-link=IPCC |url=https://ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_FullReport.pdf |title=Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change |publisher=Cambridge University Press (In Press) |year=2022 |isbn=9781009157926 |editor1-last=Shukla |editor1-first=P.R. |series=Contribution of Working Group III to the [[IPCC Sixth Assessment Report|Sixth Assessment Report]] of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |place=Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, US |pages=91–92 |doi=10.1017/9781009157926 |ref={{harvid|IPCC AR6 WG3|2022}} |editor2-last=Skea |editor2-first=J. |editor3-last=Slade |editor3-first=R. |editor4-last=Al Khourdajie |editor4-first=A. |editor5-last=van Diemen |editor5-first=R. |editor6-last=McCollum |editor6-first=D. |editor7-last=Pathak |editor7-first=M. |editor8-last=Some |editor8-first=S. |editor9-last=Vyas |editor9-first=P. |display-editors=4 |editor10-first=R. |editor10-last=Fradera |editor11-first=M. |editor11-last=Belkacemi |editor12-first=A. |editor12-last=Hasija |editor13-first=G. |editor13-last=Lisboa |editor14-first=S. |editor14-last=Luz |editor15-first=J. |editor15-last=Malley}}</ref><ref name="IRENA 2021 95">{{Cite web |last=IRENA |date=2021 |title=World Energy Transitions Outlook: 1.5&nbsp;°C Pathway |url=https://www.irena.org/publications/2021/Jun/World-Energy-Transitions-Outlook |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=International Renewable Energy Agency |pages=95 |language=en |publication-place=Abu Dhabi}}</ref> Hidrogen mar disimpan, diangkut dalam paip, sereta dikena. Iya mantaika pengirau pengelikun laban iya balat meletup, lalu iya enda efisyen enti dibanding enggau ngena kuasa karan terus.<ref name=":62">{{Cite journal |last=Rosenow |first=Jan |date=September 2022 |title=Is heating homes with hydrogen all but a pipe dream? An evidence review |journal=Joule |language=en |volume=6 |issue=10 |pages=2225–2228 |doi=10.1016/j.joule.2022.08.015|s2cid=252584593 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022Joule...6.2225R }}</ref> ==Sejarah== J. B. S. Haldane keterubah iya ngaga konsep mensia mayuh ti nyimpan tenaga dalam tukuh hidrogen dalam taun 1923 di Britian. Iya berunding deka ngena turbin angin dikena ngasilka kuasa karan ke elektrolisis ti ngubah ai nyadi hidrogen enggau oksigen, lebuh rizab arang batu Britain benung suntuk.<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Daedalus or Science and the Future'', A paper read to the Heretics, Cambridge, on February 4th, 1923 – Transcript 1993 |url=http://bactra.org/Daedalus.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115013540/http://bactra.org/Daedalus.html |archive-date=2017-11-15 |access-date=2016-01-16}}</ref> Dalam taun 1970, profesor John Bockris lebuh iya meri jaku ba Palan Teknikal General Motors, nengkebang leka jaku “ekonomi hidrogen”. Iya ngajar ekonomi deka nguna gempung nuklear enggau kuasa solar ti deka mutarka pengurang minyak fosil, pengamah rampa menua enggau dalam aplikasyen ke alai pengawa ngaga elektrik enda ulih.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Yap |first1=Jiazhen |last2=McLellan |first2=Benjamin |date=6 January 2023 |title=A Historical Analysis of Hydrogen Economy Research, Development, and Expectations, 1972 to 2020 |journal=Environments |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=11 |doi=10.3390/environments10010011 |issn=2076-3298 |doi-access=free |hdl=2433/284015 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bockris |first=J. O'M. |date=1972-06-23 |title=A Hydrogen Economy |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.176.4041.1323 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=176 |issue=4041 |pages=1323 |doi=10.1126/science.176.4041.1323 |pmid=17820918 |bibcode=1972Sci...176.1323O |issn=0036-8075}}</ref> Dalam taun 1970, Lawerence W Jones ari Universiti Michigan mansutka ripot teknikal ti ngelakuka kuasa nuklear dikena meri kuasa ngagai elektrolisis dikena ngasilka gis hidrogen. Iya mega merambu ngena hidrogen dalam pengawa penerebai bilun enggau pengangkut barang berat.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Lawrence W. |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/5800/bac5758.0001.001.pdf |title=Toward a Liquid Hydrogen Fuel Economy |date=March 13, 1970 |pages=2–3}}</ref> Dalam taun 1974, Jepun meri kelala "projek Sunshine" dikena ngiga alternatif pun penatai kuasa ti gadung, ti ulih dikena baru kelimpah ari minyak fosil. Kebuah pia laban peminta tenaga Jepun balat bepanggai ba import minyak ari Timur Tengah. Penatai kuasa alternatif baka teknologi geotermal, fotovoltaik, enggau hidrogen dipansik.<ref name="Khan 2022">{{Cite journal |last=Khan |first=Urwah |last2=Yamamoto |first2=Toshiyuki |last3=Sato |first3=Hitomi |date=September 2022 |title=Understanding the discontinuance trend of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in Japan |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0360319922031925 |journal=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy |language=en |volume=47 |issue=75 |pages=31949–31963 |doi=10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.07.141}}</ref> Dalam taun 1993, projek Sunshine diganti enggau "Projek Sunshine Baru". Projek tu disukung kompeni pengaga entukar, korporat pekara wang enggau kompeni minyak enggau gis . Dalam taun 1996, Toyota Motor Corporation madahka pengawa ngasilka perengka pengangkut sel minyak hidrogen (HFCV) keterubah di menua tu pengudah 20 taun mansik enggau ngaga pemansang. Dalam taun 2014, Toyota madahka pengawa ngasilka HFCV komersial keterubah di dunya ti diberi nama "Mirai". Toyota Mirai rebak keterubah ngembuan penyauh deriba 270 batu enti dibanding enggau kerita tradisional ti belajai 300 batu. Toyota Mirai rebak kedua ti dilanchar dalam bulan Disember 2020, ngembuan penyauh deriba 405 batu. Dalam taun 2017, Jepun nyadi menua keterubah di dunya ti adpot “Strategi Asas Hidrogen” ti merambu deka nambahka pengawa komersialisasyen hidrogen dalam mayuh macham sektor. Ba taun 2018, aum Menteri Tenaga Hidrogen udah diatur Jepun enggau menua bukai dikena ngangkatka kerejasama nambahka guna hidrogen ba renggat global. Naka taun 2020, Jepun bejalaika rangkaian stesyen ngisi minyak hidrogen pemadu besai di dunya, ditangkan Jerman, China, California, Korea Selatan, enggau Perancis.<ref name="Khan 2022"/> Dalam taun 2002, Opis Tenaga Amerika Syarikat (DOE) ngasilka dokumen ti dikumbai "Wawasan Nasional Peralihan Amerika ngagai Ekonomi Hidrogen", taja pia, nadai meri penerang silik pasal chara ngasilka hidrogen enggau ngena teknologi hidrogen. Dalam taun 2003, Eropah mantaika pelin sistem ngasilka enggau pengangkut hidrogen ti begempung. Taja pia, naka taun 2024, nadai siti pan tagit ke dirintai dalam pelin tu udah dijapai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ajanovic |first=Amela |last2=Sayer |first2=Marlene |last3=Haas |first3=Reinhard |date=March 2024 |title=On the future relevance of green hydrogen in Europe |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306261923019505 |journal=Applied Energy |language=en |volume=358 |page=122586 |doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.122586}}</ref> Hidrogen tebal agi dikena nyadi bahan mentah industri dalam industri kimia China, kelebih agi dalam pengawa ngasilka ammonia enggau metanol, pengawa ngaluska minyak, enggau ngaga kimia. Dalam taun 2006, stesyen ngisi minyak hidrogen keterubah ditumbuhka di China. Tu ditangkan enggau dron keterubah ngena kuasa hidrogen ba taun 2016 enggau kerita HFCV keterubah ba taun 2017. Ari sukut perengka pengangkut, China fokus ngagai pemansang kuasa hidrogen ungkup lori berat, kompeni penerebai bilun enggau kapal kargo. Kenyau ari taun 2020, perintah China udah ngelakuka kuasa tau dikena baru enggau pemansang kuasa hidrogen dikena nyapai pemansut karbon pemadu tinggi manggai ba taun 2030 enggau neutraliti karbon manggai ba taun 2060.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hui |first=Yunze |last2=Wang |first2=Mengting |last3=Guo |first3=Shirong |last4=Akhtar |first4=Salman |last5=Bhattacharya |first5=Sankar |last6=Dai |first6=Baiqian |last7=Yu |first7=Jianglong |date=September 2024 |title=Comprehensive review of development and applications of hydrogen energy technologies in China for carbon neutrality: Technology advances and challenges |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0196890424007179 |journal=Energy Conversion and Management |language=en |volume=315 |page=118776 |doi=10.1016/j.enconman.2024.118776}}</ref> Perintah Korea Selatan mansutka “Pelin Jalai Ekonomi Hidrogen” dalam taun 2019, ti nagit 6.2 juta perengka HFCV enggau 1,200 stesyen ngisi minyak hidrogen manggai ba taun 2040.<ref name="Khan 2022"/><ref>[https://www.iea.org/policies/6566-korea-hydrogen-economy-roadmap-2040 Korea Hydrogen Economy Roadmap 2040] Dikeluarka International Energy Agency (IEA). Diarkib maya [https://web.archive.org/web/20210227145036/https://www.iea.org/policies/6566-korea-hydrogen-economy-roadmap-2040 27 Febuari 2021]</ref> ==Pengawa ngasilka== Hidrogen gis diasilka ngena beberapa chara industri.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fan |first1=Lixin |last2=Tu |first2=Zhengkai |last3=Chan |first3=Siew Hwa |title=Recent development of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies: A review |journal=[[Energy Reports]] |date=2021 |volume=7 |pages=8421–8446 |doi=10.1016/j.egyr.2021.08.003 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2021EnRep...7.8421F }}</ref> Nyau deka semua bekal hidrogen ke bisi ba dunya diatu ditempa ari minyak fosil.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Reed |first1=Stanley |last2=Ewing |first2=Jack |title=Hydrogen Is One Answer to Climate Change. Getting It Is the Hard Part |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/13/business/hydrogen-climate-change.html |work=The New York Times |date=13 July 2021 }}</ref><ref name="rosenow-2022">{{cite journal |last1=Rosenow |first1=Jan |date=27 September 2022 |title=Is heating homes with hydrogen all but a pipe dream? An evidence review |journal=Joule |volume=6 |issue=10 |pages=2225–2228 |doi=10.1016/j.joule.2022.08.015 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022Joule...6.2225R }}</ref> Tebal agi hidrogen nya hidrogen kelabu ti digaga nengah [[reformasyen metana wap]] (''steam methane reforming'', SMR). Dalam proses tu, hidrogen diasilka ari reaksyen kimia entara wap enggau [[metana]], komponen utama gis asli. Ngasilka satu tan hidrogen nengah proses tu ngeluarka 6.6–9.3 tan karbon dioksida.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last1=Bonheure |first1=Mike |last2=Vandewalle |first2=Laurien A. |last3=Marin |first3=Guy B. |last4=Van Geem |first4=Kevin M. |date=March 2021 |title=Dream or Reality? Electrification of the Chemical Process Industries |url=https://www.aiche-cep.com/cepmagazine/march_2021/MobilePagedArticle.action?articleId=1663852 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717132733/https://www.aiche-cep.com/cepmagazine/march_2021/MobilePagedArticle.action?articleId=1663852 |archive-date=17 July 2021 |access-date=6 July 2021 |website=CEP Magazine |publisher=[[American Institute of Chemical Engineers]]}}</ref> Lebuh pengawa nangkap sereta nyimpan karbon dikena muai sebagi besai ari pemansut tu, produk nya dikelala enggau nama hidrogen biru.<ref name=":25">{{cite journal |last1=Griffiths |first1=Steve |last2=Sovacool |first2=Benjamin K. |last3=Kim |first3=Jinsoo |last4=Bazilian |first4=Morgan |last5=Uratani |first5=Joao M. |title=Industrial decarbonization via hydrogen: A critical and systematic review of developments, socio-technical systems and policy options |journal=Energy Research & Social Science |date=October 2021 |volume=80 |article-number=102208 |doi=10.1016/j.erss.2021.102208 |bibcode=2021ERSS...8002208G |url=https://pure.au.dk/portal/da/publications/industrial-decarbonization-via-hydrogen(a0793820-c310-4750-8ee6-138e11a277fe).html }}</ref> Hidrogen gadung diasilka ari kuasa karan ti ulih dikena baru nengah elektrolisis ai.<ref name=":3">{{cite journal |last1=Squadrito |first1=Gaetano |last2=Maggio |first2=Gaetano |last3=Nicita |first3=Agatino |title=The green hydrogen revolution |journal=Renewable Energy |date=November 2023 |volume=216 |article-number=119041 |doi=10.1016/j.renene.2023.119041 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2023REne..21619041S }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Deign |first=Jason |date=2020-06-29 |title=So, What Exactly Is Green Hydrogen? |url=https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/green-hydrogen-explained |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323195427/https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/green-hydrogen-explained |archive-date=2022-03-23 |access-date=2022-02-11 |website=Greentechmedia}}</ref> Jarang agi, leka jaku ''hidrogen gadung'' tau nyengkaum hidrogen ti diasilka ari pun penatai pemansut ti baruh bukai baka biomass.<ref name=":32">{{cite journal |last1=Squadrito |first1=Gaetano |last2=Maggio |first2=Gaetano |last3=Nicita |first3=Agatino |title=The green hydrogen revolution |journal=Renewable Energy |date=November 2023 |volume=216 |article-number=119041 |doi=10.1016/j.renene.2023.119041 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2023REne..21619041S }}</ref> Pengawa ngasilka hidrogen gadung diatu mar agi ari ngasilka hidrogen kelabu, lalu efisyen nukar kuasa endang bisi baruh.<ref name=":18">{{Cite web |last1=Evans |first1=Simon |last2=Gabbatiss |first2=Josh |date=30 November 2020 |title=In-depth Q&A: Does the world need hydrogen to solve climate change? |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-depth-qa-does-the-world-need-hydrogen-to-solve-climate-change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201155033/https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-depth-qa-does-the-world-need-hydrogen-to-solve-climate-change |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=1 December 2020 |website=[[Carbon Brief]]}}</ref> Chara bukai dikena ngasilka hidrogen nyengkaum gasifikasyen biomass, pirolisis metana, ngulihka hidrogen asal baruh tanah<ref name="natural-hydrogen1">{{cite web |title=Natural Hydrogen: A Potential Clean Energy Source Beneath Our Feet |url=https://e360.yale.edu/features/natural-geologic-hydrogen-climate-change |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=Yale E360 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Hassanpouryouzband foraging or farming">{{cite journal |last1=Hassanpouryouzband |first1=Aliakbar |last2=Wilkinson |first2=Mark |last3=Haszeldine |first3=R. Stuart |title=Hydrogen energy futures – foraging or farming? |journal=Chemical Society Reviews |date=2024 |volume=53 |issue=5 |pages=2258–2263 |doi=10.1039/D3CS00723E |doi-access=free |pmid=38323342 |bibcode=2024CSRev..53.2258H |hdl=20.500.11820/b23e204c-744e-44f6-8cf5-b6761775260d |hdl-access=free}}</ref> enggau sintesis hidrogen in situ.<ref name="insitu1">{{cite journal |last1=Hanfi |first1=Mohamed Abdalsalam |last2=Alade |first2=Olalekan Saheed |last3=Tanimu |first3=Abdulkadir |last4=Mahmoud |first4=Mohamed |last5=Alarifi |first5=Sulaiman A. |title=Catalytic and Noncatalytic in Situ Hydrogen Production from Heavy Oil: A Review of Experimental Studies |journal=ACS Omega |year=2024 |volume=9 |issue=51 |pages=50118–50133 |doi=10.1021/acsomega.4c07383 |doi-access=free|pmid=39741833 |pmc=11683620 }}</ref><ref name="insitu2">{{cite web |title=In-Situ Hydrogen Production Process (Press release) |website=The Journal of Petroleum Technology |date=July 22, 2024 |url=https://jpt.spe.org/skoltech-pioneers-in-situ-hydrogen-production-process|access-date=2025-09-19}}</ref> ==Setor== Hidrogen ngembuan titik didih ti baruh bendar. Iya mendidih urung 20,268 K (−252.882 °C tauka −423.188 °F). Dikena ngasuh hidrogen nyadi cecair, begunaka tenaga ti signifikan dikena ngasuh hidrogen nyadi sejuk baruh ari titik didih iya. Beberapa chara bisi dikena nyimpan hidrogen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Satyapal |first=Sunita, John Petrovic and George Thomas |date=2007-04-01 |title=Gassing Up with Hydrogen |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/gassing-up-with-hydrogen/ |access-date=2025-08-09 |journal=Scientific American |volume=296 |issue=4 |pages=80–87 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0407-80 |doi-broken-date=3 October 2025 |pmid=17479634 |bibcode=2007SciAm.296d..80S |language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Tu nyengkaum chara mekanikal baka ngena tekanan tinggi enggau pengangat ti baruh, tauka ngena sebatian kimia ti ngelepaska H2 nitihka peminta. Seraya hidrogen ti mayuh diasilka mayuh macham industri, iya tebal agi dikena ba palan endur ngasilka, kelebih agi ungkup sintesis ammonia. Betaun-taun hidrogen udah disimpan nyadi gis ti dikompresi tauka cecair kriogenik, lalu diangkut baka nya dalam silinder, tiub, enggau tangki kriogenik<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4737797 |title=Investigation of Wall Thickness Design Method of Anti-Buckling Liner of Type IV Hydrogen Storage Tanks |website=papers.ssrn.com |date=2024-02-24 |access-date=2026-04-12 |doi=10.2139/ssrn.4737797 }}</ref> ngambika dikena dalam industri tauka nyadi propelan dalam program luar angkasa. Metanol gadung nya minyak cecair ti diasilka ari begulaika karbon dioksida enggau hidrogen (CO2 + 3 H2 → CH3OH + H2O) ba baruh tekanan enggau pengangat enggau pemangkin. Iya nya chara dikena ngena baru pengawa nangkap karbon ungkup pengawa nguna baru. Metanol ulih nyimpan hidrogen enggau ekonomi ba tikas pengangat enggau tekanan luar standard, enti dibandingka enggau hidrogen cecair enggau ammonia ti begunaka mayuh tenaga ngambika meruan sejuk dalam gaya cecair sida.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Song |first1=Qianqian |last2=Tinoco |first2=Rodrigo Rivera |last3=Yang |first3=Haiping |last4=Yang |first4=Qing |last5=Jiang |first5=Hao |last6=Chen |first6=Yingquan |last7=Chen |first7=Hanping |date=2022-09-01 |title=A comparative study on energy efficiency of the maritime supply chains for liquefied hydrogen, ammonia, methanol and natural gas |journal=Carbon Capture Science & Technology |volume=4 |article-number=100056 |doi=10.1016/j.ccst.2022.100056 |issn=2772-6568|doi-access=free |bibcode=2022CCST....400056S }}</ref> ==Sarawak== Dalam taun 2017, perintah nengeri meri kuasa ngagai Sarawak Energy bejalaika pansik bekaul enggau aplikasyen komersial teknologi hidrogen.<ref>{{cite news |title=Progressing Towards a Green Hydrogen Economy: Sharing Sarawak Energy's Hydrogen Development at IGEM 2020 |url=https://www.sarawakenergy.com/media-info/media-releases/2020/progressing-towards-a-green-hydrogen-economy-sharing-sarawak-energys-hydrogen-development-at-igem-2020 |access-date=24 November 2021 |publisher=Sarawak Energy |date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103062929/https://www.sarawakenergy.com/media-info/media-releases/2020/progressing-towards-a-green-hydrogen-economy-sharing-sarawak-energys-hydrogen-development-at-igem-2020 |archive-date=3 November 2021}}</ref> Dalam taun 2019, loji ngasilka enggau ngisi minyak hidrogen bersepadu keterubah di Asia Tenggara dilanchar di Kuching enggau kerejasama [[Linde plc]]. Kelimpah ari nya, sekeda bas hidrogen mega bisi dilanchar.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tawie |first1=Sulok |title=Sarawak CM launches South-east Asia's first integrated hydrogen production plant |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/05/27/sarawak-cm-launches-south-east-asias-first-integrated-hydrogen-production-p/1756728 |access-date=24 November 2021 |publisher=The Malay Mail |date=27 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101043700/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/05/27/sarawak-cm-launches-south-east-asias-first-integrated-hydrogen-production-p/1756728 |archive-date=1 November 2020}}</ref> Ba taun 2020, Petronas udah ngaga elektroliser membran penukar proton (PEM) dikena ngasilka hidrogen karbon baruh nengah kerejasama enggau Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM). Colin Patrick, seiku injinir ari Sarawak nyadi ketuai besai projek. Elektroliser tu ngembuan 20% penambah ba pengeransing enti dibanding enggau elektroliser tradisional. Iya mega nyadi elektroliser keterubah diasilka ari Asia Tenggara.<ref>[https://theedgemalaysia.com/content/advertise/catalysing-malaysias-green-hydrogen-regional-hub-aspirations Catalysing Malaysia’s green hydrogen regional hub aspirations] Dikeluarka ari The Edge Malaysia. Diarkib maya ba [https://archive.is/RPBz3 10 Februari 2025]</ref><ref name="Ignatius 2022">{{cite news |last1=Ignatius |first1=Cynthia |title=PETRONAS And SEDC Energy Partner To Increase Hydrogen And Renewable Oil Adoption In Sarawak |url=https://www.businesstoday.com.my/2022/07/21/petronas-and-sedc-energy-partner-to-increase-hydrogen-and-renewable-oil-adoption-in-sarawak/ |access-date=12 August 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=21 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721045922/https://www.businesstoday.com.my/2022/07/21/petronas-and-sedc-energy-partner-to-increase-hydrogen-and-renewable-oil-adoption-in-sarawak/ |archive-date=21 July 2022}}</ref> Naka taun 2022, Perbadanan Pembangunan Ekonomi Sarawak (SEDC), sebuah badan berkanun perintah Sarawak, udah bekerejasama enggau mayuh bengkah kompeni ba pemansang teknologi hidrogen, nyengkaum Petronas.<ref name="Ignatius 2022"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Siew Yean |first1=Tham |title=Sarawak's Hydrogen Ambitions Constrained by Global Demand |url=https://fulcrum.sg/sarawaks-hydrogen-ambitions-constrained-by-global-demand/ |access-date=7 March 2023 |agency=Yusof Ishak Institute |publisher=FULCRUM Singapore |date=6 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307102716/https://fulcrum.sg/sarawaks-hydrogen-ambitions-constrained-by-global-demand/ |archive-date=7 March 2023}}</ref> Transit Aliran Automasi (ART) hidogen keterubah Sarawak udah datai ba Penyangkai Kapal Senari ditu ba taun Ogos 2023.<ref>[https://www.utusanborneo.com.my/2023/08/05/art-hidrogen-keterubah-sarawak-udah-datai-ku-abang-johari ART hidrogen keterubah Sarawak udah datai, ku Abang Johari] Dikeluarka Utusan Borneo. Diarkib maya [https://archive.is/7VXUj 23 November 2024]</ref> Perintah Sarawak enggau kerejasama ENEOS Corporation ari Jepun dalam taun Disember 2024 deka nyadi pemansut hidrogen beresi ‘methylcyclohexane’ (MCH) jemah ila.<ref>[https://suarasarawak.my/sarawak-deka-nyadi-pemansut-hidrogen-mch/ Sarawak deka nyadi pemansut hidrogen MCH] Dikeluarka ari Suara Sarawak. Diarkib maya [https://web.archive.org/web/20250104012255/https://suarasarawak.my/sarawak-deka-nyadi-pemansut-hidrogen-mch/ 4 Januari 2025].</ref> Sarawak udah ngemunka enggau rasmi Pelin Tunga Kuing Ekonomi Hidrogen Sarawak ba taun 2025.<ref>[https://www.utusanborneo.com.my/2025/05/13/sarawak-udah-ngemunka-enggau-rasmi-pelin-tunga-kuing-ekonomi-hidrogen-sarawak Sarawak udah ngemunka enggau rasmi Pelin Tunga Kuing Ekonomi Hidrogen Sarawak] Dikelurka Utusan Borneo ba 13 Mei 2025. Diarkib maya [https://web.archive.org/web/20250514002743/https://www.utusanborneo.com.my/2025/05/13/sarawak-udah-ngemunka-enggau-rasmi-pelin-tunga-kuing-ekonomi-hidrogen-sarawak 14 Mei 2025]</ref> ==Penyanding== {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Teknologi ti baru nyadi]] [[Kategori:Penggerak ganti]] iz9zi3xizmvfca7prvh1tp4cagu0nlh 18912 18911 2026-05-10T22:48:29Z Cerevisae 18 /* Setor */ 18912 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ekonomi hidrogen''' iya nya guna ngasilka enggau ngena hidrogen dikena ngurangka bepanggai ba minyak fosil sereta nyekat pengangat dunya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Yap |first1=Jiazhen |last2=McLellan |first2=Benjamin |date=6 January 2023 |title=A Historical Analysis of Hydrogen Economy Research, Development, and Expectations, 1972 to 2020 |journal=Environments |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=11 |doi=10.3390/environments10010011 |issn=2076-3298 |doi-access=free |hdl=2433/284015 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Hidrogen ulih diasilka ngena beberapa chara. Mayuh agi hidrogen diasilka hari tu nya "hidrogen kelabu". Iya digaga ari gis asli nengah chara ngaga reformasyen metan wap (''steam methane reforming'', SMR). Proses tu nyadika 1.8% ari pemansut gas rumah gadung global ba taun 2021.<ref name="auto1">Greenhouse gas emissions totalled 49.3 Gigatonnes CO₂e in 2021.{{Cite web |title=Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions: 1990–2020 and Preliminary 2021 Estimates |url=https://rhg.com/research/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-2021/ |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=Rhodium Group |date=19 December 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> Hidrogen biru tauka hidrogen karbon ti baruh diasilka ngena SMR lalu karbon ti diasilka nya ditangkap sereta disimpan. Hidrogen gadung iya nya pengawa ngasilka hidrogen enggau sifar pemansut karbon laban kuasa karan nya datai ari pun penatai kuasa tau dikena baru baka kuasa solar, angin tauka hidro. Ba taun 2021, hidrogen kelabu mungkur 61.7% ari penyampau pemansut hidrogen, ditangkan hidrogen biru (0.7%) enggau hidrogen gadung (0.04%).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shakun |first1=Singh |title=The evolution of the green and blue hydrogen markets and insights for the future |url=https://www.acuitykp.com/blog/the-evolution-of-the-green-and-blue-hydrogen-markets/ |access-date=9 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322155523/https://www.acuitykp.com/blog/the-evolution-of-the-green-and-blue-hydrogen-markets/ |archive-date=22 March 2025}}</ref> Naka taun 2024 bedau terang kemaya hidrogen ti chukup kurang karbon ulih diasilka dikena ngemunaska semua hidrogen kelabu nya berenggat-renggat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hydrogen could be used for nearly everything. It probably shouldn't be. |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2024/04/25/1091757/hydrogen-uses-ranked/ |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=MIT Technology Review |language=en}}</ref> Dalam taun 2002, nyau deka semua ari 100 juta tan hidrogen ti diasilka ninting taun<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hydrogen |url=https://www.iea.org/energy-system/low-emission-fuels/hydrogen |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref> dikena dalam pengawa napis minyak (43% dalam taun 2021) enggau industri (57%), kelebih agi dalam pengawa ngaga ammonia ungkup baja, enggau metanol.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-hydrogen-review-2022 |title=Global Hydrogen Review 2022 |publisher=International Energy Agency |year=2022 |page= |language=en-GB |access-date=2023-08-25}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=18, 22, 29}} Guna hidrogen ke tau nyadi nyangka dalam industri berat (proses pengangat tinggi begulai enggau elektrik, bahan mentah dikena ngasilka ammonia gadung enggau kimia organik, nyadi alternatif ngagai kok ke datai ari arang batu dikena ngaga besi), pengangkut jauh (nganjung barang, enggau ngagai enggau tikas ti mit agi bilun ti ngena kuasa hidrogen enggau perengka pengangkut barang berat), enggau nyimpan tenaga timpuh panjai.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |author=IPCC |author-link=IPCC |url=https://ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_FullReport.pdf |title=Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change |publisher=Cambridge University Press (In Press) |year=2022 |isbn=9781009157926 |editor1-last=Shukla |editor1-first=P.R. |series=Contribution of Working Group III to the [[IPCC Sixth Assessment Report|Sixth Assessment Report]] of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |place=Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, US |pages=91–92 |doi=10.1017/9781009157926 |ref={{harvid|IPCC AR6 WG3|2022}} |editor2-last=Skea |editor2-first=J. |editor3-last=Slade |editor3-first=R. |editor4-last=Al Khourdajie |editor4-first=A. |editor5-last=van Diemen |editor5-first=R. |editor6-last=McCollum |editor6-first=D. |editor7-last=Pathak |editor7-first=M. |editor8-last=Some |editor8-first=S. |editor9-last=Vyas |editor9-first=P. |display-editors=4 |editor10-first=R. |editor10-last=Fradera |editor11-first=M. |editor11-last=Belkacemi |editor12-first=A. |editor12-last=Hasija |editor13-first=G. |editor13-last=Lisboa |editor14-first=S. |editor14-last=Luz |editor15-first=J. |editor15-last=Malley}}</ref><ref name="IRENA 2021 95">{{Cite web |last=IRENA |date=2021 |title=World Energy Transitions Outlook: 1.5&nbsp;°C Pathway |url=https://www.irena.org/publications/2021/Jun/World-Energy-Transitions-Outlook |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=International Renewable Energy Agency |pages=95 |language=en |publication-place=Abu Dhabi}}</ref> Hidrogen mar disimpan, diangkut dalam paip, sereta dikena. Iya mantaika pengirau pengelikun laban iya balat meletup, lalu iya enda efisyen enti dibanding enggau ngena kuasa karan terus.<ref name=":62">{{Cite journal |last=Rosenow |first=Jan |date=September 2022 |title=Is heating homes with hydrogen all but a pipe dream? An evidence review |journal=Joule |language=en |volume=6 |issue=10 |pages=2225–2228 |doi=10.1016/j.joule.2022.08.015|s2cid=252584593 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022Joule...6.2225R }}</ref> ==Sejarah== J. B. S. Haldane keterubah iya ngaga konsep mensia mayuh ti nyimpan tenaga dalam tukuh hidrogen dalam taun 1923 di Britian. Iya berunding deka ngena turbin angin dikena ngasilka kuasa karan ke elektrolisis ti ngubah ai nyadi hidrogen enggau oksigen, lebuh rizab arang batu Britain benung suntuk.<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Daedalus or Science and the Future'', A paper read to the Heretics, Cambridge, on February 4th, 1923 – Transcript 1993 |url=http://bactra.org/Daedalus.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115013540/http://bactra.org/Daedalus.html |archive-date=2017-11-15 |access-date=2016-01-16}}</ref> Dalam taun 1970, profesor John Bockris lebuh iya meri jaku ba Palan Teknikal General Motors, nengkebang leka jaku “ekonomi hidrogen”. Iya ngajar ekonomi deka nguna gempung nuklear enggau kuasa solar ti deka mutarka pengurang minyak fosil, pengamah rampa menua enggau dalam aplikasyen ke alai pengawa ngaga elektrik enda ulih.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Yap |first1=Jiazhen |last2=McLellan |first2=Benjamin |date=6 January 2023 |title=A Historical Analysis of Hydrogen Economy Research, Development, and Expectations, 1972 to 2020 |journal=Environments |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=11 |doi=10.3390/environments10010011 |issn=2076-3298 |doi-access=free |hdl=2433/284015 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bockris |first=J. O'M. |date=1972-06-23 |title=A Hydrogen Economy |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.176.4041.1323 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=176 |issue=4041 |pages=1323 |doi=10.1126/science.176.4041.1323 |pmid=17820918 |bibcode=1972Sci...176.1323O |issn=0036-8075}}</ref> Dalam taun 1970, Lawerence W Jones ari Universiti Michigan mansutka ripot teknikal ti ngelakuka kuasa nuklear dikena meri kuasa ngagai elektrolisis dikena ngasilka gis hidrogen. Iya mega merambu ngena hidrogen dalam pengawa penerebai bilun enggau pengangkut barang berat.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Lawrence W. |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/5800/bac5758.0001.001.pdf |title=Toward a Liquid Hydrogen Fuel Economy |date=March 13, 1970 |pages=2–3}}</ref> Dalam taun 1974, Jepun meri kelala "projek Sunshine" dikena ngiga alternatif pun penatai kuasa ti gadung, ti ulih dikena baru kelimpah ari minyak fosil. Kebuah pia laban peminta tenaga Jepun balat bepanggai ba import minyak ari Timur Tengah. Penatai kuasa alternatif baka teknologi geotermal, fotovoltaik, enggau hidrogen dipansik.<ref name="Khan 2022">{{Cite journal |last=Khan |first=Urwah |last2=Yamamoto |first2=Toshiyuki |last3=Sato |first3=Hitomi |date=September 2022 |title=Understanding the discontinuance trend of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in Japan |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0360319922031925 |journal=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy |language=en |volume=47 |issue=75 |pages=31949–31963 |doi=10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.07.141}}</ref> Dalam taun 1993, projek Sunshine diganti enggau "Projek Sunshine Baru". Projek tu disukung kompeni pengaga entukar, korporat pekara wang enggau kompeni minyak enggau gis . Dalam taun 1996, Toyota Motor Corporation madahka pengawa ngasilka perengka pengangkut sel minyak hidrogen (HFCV) keterubah di menua tu pengudah 20 taun mansik enggau ngaga pemansang. Dalam taun 2014, Toyota madahka pengawa ngasilka HFCV komersial keterubah di dunya ti diberi nama "Mirai". Toyota Mirai rebak keterubah ngembuan penyauh deriba 270 batu enti dibanding enggau kerita tradisional ti belajai 300 batu. Toyota Mirai rebak kedua ti dilanchar dalam bulan Disember 2020, ngembuan penyauh deriba 405 batu. Dalam taun 2017, Jepun nyadi menua keterubah di dunya ti adpot “Strategi Asas Hidrogen” ti merambu deka nambahka pengawa komersialisasyen hidrogen dalam mayuh macham sektor. Ba taun 2018, aum Menteri Tenaga Hidrogen udah diatur Jepun enggau menua bukai dikena ngangkatka kerejasama nambahka guna hidrogen ba renggat global. Naka taun 2020, Jepun bejalaika rangkaian stesyen ngisi minyak hidrogen pemadu besai di dunya, ditangkan Jerman, China, California, Korea Selatan, enggau Perancis.<ref name="Khan 2022"/> Dalam taun 2002, Opis Tenaga Amerika Syarikat (DOE) ngasilka dokumen ti dikumbai "Wawasan Nasional Peralihan Amerika ngagai Ekonomi Hidrogen", taja pia, nadai meri penerang silik pasal chara ngasilka hidrogen enggau ngena teknologi hidrogen. Dalam taun 2003, Eropah mantaika pelin sistem ngasilka enggau pengangkut hidrogen ti begempung. Taja pia, naka taun 2024, nadai siti pan tagit ke dirintai dalam pelin tu udah dijapai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ajanovic |first=Amela |last2=Sayer |first2=Marlene |last3=Haas |first3=Reinhard |date=March 2024 |title=On the future relevance of green hydrogen in Europe |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306261923019505 |journal=Applied Energy |language=en |volume=358 |page=122586 |doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.122586}}</ref> Hidrogen tebal agi dikena nyadi bahan mentah industri dalam industri kimia China, kelebih agi dalam pengawa ngasilka ammonia enggau metanol, pengawa ngaluska minyak, enggau ngaga kimia. Dalam taun 2006, stesyen ngisi minyak hidrogen keterubah ditumbuhka di China. Tu ditangkan enggau dron keterubah ngena kuasa hidrogen ba taun 2016 enggau kerita HFCV keterubah ba taun 2017. Ari sukut perengka pengangkut, China fokus ngagai pemansang kuasa hidrogen ungkup lori berat, kompeni penerebai bilun enggau kapal kargo. Kenyau ari taun 2020, perintah China udah ngelakuka kuasa tau dikena baru enggau pemansang kuasa hidrogen dikena nyapai pemansut karbon pemadu tinggi manggai ba taun 2030 enggau neutraliti karbon manggai ba taun 2060.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hui |first=Yunze |last2=Wang |first2=Mengting |last3=Guo |first3=Shirong |last4=Akhtar |first4=Salman |last5=Bhattacharya |first5=Sankar |last6=Dai |first6=Baiqian |last7=Yu |first7=Jianglong |date=September 2024 |title=Comprehensive review of development and applications of hydrogen energy technologies in China for carbon neutrality: Technology advances and challenges |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0196890424007179 |journal=Energy Conversion and Management |language=en |volume=315 |page=118776 |doi=10.1016/j.enconman.2024.118776}}</ref> Perintah Korea Selatan mansutka “Pelin Jalai Ekonomi Hidrogen” dalam taun 2019, ti nagit 6.2 juta perengka HFCV enggau 1,200 stesyen ngisi minyak hidrogen manggai ba taun 2040.<ref name="Khan 2022"/><ref>[https://www.iea.org/policies/6566-korea-hydrogen-economy-roadmap-2040 Korea Hydrogen Economy Roadmap 2040] Dikeluarka International Energy Agency (IEA). Diarkib maya [https://web.archive.org/web/20210227145036/https://www.iea.org/policies/6566-korea-hydrogen-economy-roadmap-2040 27 Febuari 2021]</ref> ==Pengawa ngasilka== Hidrogen gis diasilka ngena beberapa chara industri.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fan |first1=Lixin |last2=Tu |first2=Zhengkai |last3=Chan |first3=Siew Hwa |title=Recent development of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies: A review |journal=[[Energy Reports]] |date=2021 |volume=7 |pages=8421–8446 |doi=10.1016/j.egyr.2021.08.003 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2021EnRep...7.8421F }}</ref> Nyau deka semua bekal hidrogen ke bisi ba dunya diatu ditempa ari minyak fosil.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Reed |first1=Stanley |last2=Ewing |first2=Jack |title=Hydrogen Is One Answer to Climate Change. Getting It Is the Hard Part |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/13/business/hydrogen-climate-change.html |work=The New York Times |date=13 July 2021 }}</ref><ref name="rosenow-2022">{{cite journal |last1=Rosenow |first1=Jan |date=27 September 2022 |title=Is heating homes with hydrogen all but a pipe dream? An evidence review |journal=Joule |volume=6 |issue=10 |pages=2225–2228 |doi=10.1016/j.joule.2022.08.015 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022Joule...6.2225R }}</ref> Tebal agi hidrogen nya hidrogen kelabu ti digaga nengah [[reformasyen metana wap]] (''steam methane reforming'', SMR). Dalam proses tu, hidrogen diasilka ari reaksyen kimia entara wap enggau [[metana]], komponen utama gis asli. Ngasilka satu tan hidrogen nengah proses tu ngeluarka 6.6–9.3 tan karbon dioksida.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last1=Bonheure |first1=Mike |last2=Vandewalle |first2=Laurien A. |last3=Marin |first3=Guy B. |last4=Van Geem |first4=Kevin M. |date=March 2021 |title=Dream or Reality? Electrification of the Chemical Process Industries |url=https://www.aiche-cep.com/cepmagazine/march_2021/MobilePagedArticle.action?articleId=1663852 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717132733/https://www.aiche-cep.com/cepmagazine/march_2021/MobilePagedArticle.action?articleId=1663852 |archive-date=17 July 2021 |access-date=6 July 2021 |website=CEP Magazine |publisher=[[American Institute of Chemical Engineers]]}}</ref> Lebuh pengawa nangkap sereta nyimpan karbon dikena muai sebagi besai ari pemansut tu, produk nya dikelala enggau nama hidrogen biru.<ref name=":25">{{cite journal |last1=Griffiths |first1=Steve |last2=Sovacool |first2=Benjamin K. |last3=Kim |first3=Jinsoo |last4=Bazilian |first4=Morgan |last5=Uratani |first5=Joao M. |title=Industrial decarbonization via hydrogen: A critical and systematic review of developments, socio-technical systems and policy options |journal=Energy Research & Social Science |date=October 2021 |volume=80 |article-number=102208 |doi=10.1016/j.erss.2021.102208 |bibcode=2021ERSS...8002208G |url=https://pure.au.dk/portal/da/publications/industrial-decarbonization-via-hydrogen(a0793820-c310-4750-8ee6-138e11a277fe).html }}</ref> Hidrogen gadung diasilka ari kuasa karan ti ulih dikena baru nengah elektrolisis ai.<ref name=":3">{{cite journal |last1=Squadrito |first1=Gaetano |last2=Maggio |first2=Gaetano |last3=Nicita |first3=Agatino |title=The green hydrogen revolution |journal=Renewable Energy |date=November 2023 |volume=216 |article-number=119041 |doi=10.1016/j.renene.2023.119041 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2023REne..21619041S }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Deign |first=Jason |date=2020-06-29 |title=So, What Exactly Is Green Hydrogen? |url=https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/green-hydrogen-explained |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323195427/https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/green-hydrogen-explained |archive-date=2022-03-23 |access-date=2022-02-11 |website=Greentechmedia}}</ref> Jarang agi, leka jaku ''hidrogen gadung'' tau nyengkaum hidrogen ti diasilka ari pun penatai pemansut ti baruh bukai baka biomass.<ref name=":32">{{cite journal |last1=Squadrito |first1=Gaetano |last2=Maggio |first2=Gaetano |last3=Nicita |first3=Agatino |title=The green hydrogen revolution |journal=Renewable Energy |date=November 2023 |volume=216 |article-number=119041 |doi=10.1016/j.renene.2023.119041 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2023REne..21619041S }}</ref> Pengawa ngasilka hidrogen gadung diatu mar agi ari ngasilka hidrogen kelabu, lalu efisyen nukar kuasa endang bisi baruh.<ref name=":18">{{Cite web |last1=Evans |first1=Simon |last2=Gabbatiss |first2=Josh |date=30 November 2020 |title=In-depth Q&A: Does the world need hydrogen to solve climate change? |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-depth-qa-does-the-world-need-hydrogen-to-solve-climate-change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201155033/https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-depth-qa-does-the-world-need-hydrogen-to-solve-climate-change |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=1 December 2020 |website=[[Carbon Brief]]}}</ref> Chara bukai dikena ngasilka hidrogen nyengkaum gasifikasyen biomass, pirolisis metana, ngulihka hidrogen asal baruh tanah<ref name="natural-hydrogen1">{{cite web |title=Natural Hydrogen: A Potential Clean Energy Source Beneath Our Feet |url=https://e360.yale.edu/features/natural-geologic-hydrogen-climate-change |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=Yale E360 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Hassanpouryouzband foraging or farming">{{cite journal |last1=Hassanpouryouzband |first1=Aliakbar |last2=Wilkinson |first2=Mark |last3=Haszeldine |first3=R. Stuart |title=Hydrogen energy futures – foraging or farming? |journal=Chemical Society Reviews |date=2024 |volume=53 |issue=5 |pages=2258–2263 |doi=10.1039/D3CS00723E |doi-access=free |pmid=38323342 |bibcode=2024CSRev..53.2258H |hdl=20.500.11820/b23e204c-744e-44f6-8cf5-b6761775260d |hdl-access=free}}</ref> enggau sintesis hidrogen in situ.<ref name="insitu1">{{cite journal |last1=Hanfi |first1=Mohamed Abdalsalam |last2=Alade |first2=Olalekan Saheed |last3=Tanimu |first3=Abdulkadir |last4=Mahmoud |first4=Mohamed |last5=Alarifi |first5=Sulaiman A. |title=Catalytic and Noncatalytic in Situ Hydrogen Production from Heavy Oil: A Review of Experimental Studies |journal=ACS Omega |year=2024 |volume=9 |issue=51 |pages=50118–50133 |doi=10.1021/acsomega.4c07383 |doi-access=free|pmid=39741833 |pmc=11683620 }}</ref><ref name="insitu2">{{cite web |title=In-Situ Hydrogen Production Process (Press release) |website=The Journal of Petroleum Technology |date=July 22, 2024 |url=https://jpt.spe.org/skoltech-pioneers-in-situ-hydrogen-production-process|access-date=2025-09-19}}</ref> ==Setor== Hidrogen ngembuan titik didih ti baruh bendar. Iya mendidih urung 20,268 K (−252.882 °C tauka −423.188 °F). Dikena ngasuh hidrogen nyadi cecair, begunaka tenaga ti signifikan dikena ngasuh hidrogen nyadi sejuk baruh ari titik didih iya. Taja pan hidrogen ngembuan nisbah pemayuh tenaga ngagai jisim ti tinggi ketegal saiz molekul iya ti mit, tang iya ngembuan nisbah tenaga ngagai volume ti baruh ketegal iya bisi dalam tukuh gas. Kelimpah ari nya, ketegal tukuh molekul iya ke mit, iya ulih ngelepaska diri enggau mudah ari sebarang kontena ke megai iya. Beberapa chara bisi dikena nyimpan hidrogen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Satyapal |first=Sunita, John Petrovic and George Thomas |date=2007-04-01 |title=Gassing Up with Hydrogen |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/gassing-up-with-hydrogen/ |access-date=2025-08-09 |journal=Scientific American |volume=296 |issue=4 |pages=80–87 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0407-80 |doi-broken-date=3 October 2025 |pmid=17479634 |bibcode=2007SciAm.296d..80S |language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Tu nyengkaum chara mekanikal baka ngena tekanan tinggi enggau pengangat ti baruh, tauka ngena sebatian kimia ti ngelepaska H2 nitihka peminta. Seraya hidrogen ti mayuh diasilka mayuh macham industri, iya tebal agi dikena ba palan endur ngasilka, kelebih agi ungkup sintesis ammonia. Betaun-taun hidrogen udah disimpan nyadi gis ti dikompresi tauka cecair kriogenik, lalu diangkut baka nya dalam silinder, tiub, enggau tangki kriogenik<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4737797 |title=Investigation of Wall Thickness Design Method of Anti-Buckling Liner of Type IV Hydrogen Storage Tanks |website=papers.ssrn.com |date=2024-02-24 |access-date=2026-04-12 |doi=10.2139/ssrn.4737797 }}</ref> ngambika dikena dalam industri tauka nyadi propelan dalam program luar angkasa. Metanol gadung nya minyak cecair ti diasilka ari begulaika karbon dioksida enggau hidrogen (CO2 + 3 H2 → CH3OH + H2O) ba baruh tekanan enggau pengangat enggau pemangkin. Iya nya chara dikena ngena baru pengawa nangkap karbon ungkup pengawa nguna baru. Metanol ulih nyimpan hidrogen enggau ekonomi ba tikas pengangat enggau tekanan luar standard, enti dibandingka enggau hidrogen cecair enggau ammonia ti begunaka mayuh tenaga ngambika meruan sejuk dalam gaya cecair sida.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Song |first1=Qianqian |last2=Tinoco |first2=Rodrigo Rivera |last3=Yang |first3=Haiping |last4=Yang |first4=Qing |last5=Jiang |first5=Hao |last6=Chen |first6=Yingquan |last7=Chen |first7=Hanping |date=2022-09-01 |title=A comparative study on energy efficiency of the maritime supply chains for liquefied hydrogen, ammonia, methanol and natural gas |journal=Carbon Capture Science & Technology |volume=4 |article-number=100056 |doi=10.1016/j.ccst.2022.100056 |issn=2772-6568|doi-access=free |bibcode=2022CCST....400056S }}</ref> ==Sarawak== Dalam taun 2017, perintah nengeri meri kuasa ngagai Sarawak Energy bejalaika pansik bekaul enggau aplikasyen komersial teknologi hidrogen.<ref>{{cite news |title=Progressing Towards a Green Hydrogen Economy: Sharing Sarawak Energy's Hydrogen Development at IGEM 2020 |url=https://www.sarawakenergy.com/media-info/media-releases/2020/progressing-towards-a-green-hydrogen-economy-sharing-sarawak-energys-hydrogen-development-at-igem-2020 |access-date=24 November 2021 |publisher=Sarawak Energy |date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103062929/https://www.sarawakenergy.com/media-info/media-releases/2020/progressing-towards-a-green-hydrogen-economy-sharing-sarawak-energys-hydrogen-development-at-igem-2020 |archive-date=3 November 2021}}</ref> Dalam taun 2019, loji ngasilka enggau ngisi minyak hidrogen bersepadu keterubah di Asia Tenggara dilanchar di Kuching enggau kerejasama [[Linde plc]]. Kelimpah ari nya, sekeda bas hidrogen mega bisi dilanchar.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tawie |first1=Sulok |title=Sarawak CM launches South-east Asia's first integrated hydrogen production plant |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/05/27/sarawak-cm-launches-south-east-asias-first-integrated-hydrogen-production-p/1756728 |access-date=24 November 2021 |publisher=The Malay Mail |date=27 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101043700/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/05/27/sarawak-cm-launches-south-east-asias-first-integrated-hydrogen-production-p/1756728 |archive-date=1 November 2020}}</ref> Ba taun 2020, Petronas udah ngaga elektroliser membran penukar proton (PEM) dikena ngasilka hidrogen karbon baruh nengah kerejasama enggau Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM). Colin Patrick, seiku injinir ari Sarawak nyadi ketuai besai projek. Elektroliser tu ngembuan 20% penambah ba pengeransing enti dibanding enggau elektroliser tradisional. Iya mega nyadi elektroliser keterubah diasilka ari Asia Tenggara.<ref>[https://theedgemalaysia.com/content/advertise/catalysing-malaysias-green-hydrogen-regional-hub-aspirations Catalysing Malaysia’s green hydrogen regional hub aspirations] Dikeluarka ari The Edge Malaysia. Diarkib maya ba [https://archive.is/RPBz3 10 Februari 2025]</ref><ref name="Ignatius 2022">{{cite news |last1=Ignatius |first1=Cynthia |title=PETRONAS And SEDC Energy Partner To Increase Hydrogen And Renewable Oil Adoption In Sarawak |url=https://www.businesstoday.com.my/2022/07/21/petronas-and-sedc-energy-partner-to-increase-hydrogen-and-renewable-oil-adoption-in-sarawak/ |access-date=12 August 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=21 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721045922/https://www.businesstoday.com.my/2022/07/21/petronas-and-sedc-energy-partner-to-increase-hydrogen-and-renewable-oil-adoption-in-sarawak/ |archive-date=21 July 2022}}</ref> Naka taun 2022, Perbadanan Pembangunan Ekonomi Sarawak (SEDC), sebuah badan berkanun perintah Sarawak, udah bekerejasama enggau mayuh bengkah kompeni ba pemansang teknologi hidrogen, nyengkaum Petronas.<ref name="Ignatius 2022"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Siew Yean |first1=Tham |title=Sarawak's Hydrogen Ambitions Constrained by Global Demand |url=https://fulcrum.sg/sarawaks-hydrogen-ambitions-constrained-by-global-demand/ |access-date=7 March 2023 |agency=Yusof Ishak Institute |publisher=FULCRUM Singapore |date=6 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307102716/https://fulcrum.sg/sarawaks-hydrogen-ambitions-constrained-by-global-demand/ |archive-date=7 March 2023}}</ref> Transit Aliran Automasi (ART) hidogen keterubah Sarawak udah datai ba Penyangkai Kapal Senari ditu ba taun Ogos 2023.<ref>[https://www.utusanborneo.com.my/2023/08/05/art-hidrogen-keterubah-sarawak-udah-datai-ku-abang-johari ART hidrogen keterubah Sarawak udah datai, ku Abang Johari] Dikeluarka Utusan Borneo. Diarkib maya [https://archive.is/7VXUj 23 November 2024]</ref> Perintah Sarawak enggau kerejasama ENEOS Corporation ari Jepun dalam taun Disember 2024 deka nyadi pemansut hidrogen beresi ‘methylcyclohexane’ (MCH) jemah ila.<ref>[https://suarasarawak.my/sarawak-deka-nyadi-pemansut-hidrogen-mch/ Sarawak deka nyadi pemansut hidrogen MCH] Dikeluarka ari Suara Sarawak. Diarkib maya [https://web.archive.org/web/20250104012255/https://suarasarawak.my/sarawak-deka-nyadi-pemansut-hidrogen-mch/ 4 Januari 2025].</ref> Sarawak udah ngemunka enggau rasmi Pelin Tunga Kuing Ekonomi Hidrogen Sarawak ba taun 2025.<ref>[https://www.utusanborneo.com.my/2025/05/13/sarawak-udah-ngemunka-enggau-rasmi-pelin-tunga-kuing-ekonomi-hidrogen-sarawak Sarawak udah ngemunka enggau rasmi Pelin Tunga Kuing Ekonomi Hidrogen Sarawak] Dikelurka Utusan Borneo ba 13 Mei 2025. Diarkib maya [https://web.archive.org/web/20250514002743/https://www.utusanborneo.com.my/2025/05/13/sarawak-udah-ngemunka-enggau-rasmi-pelin-tunga-kuing-ekonomi-hidrogen-sarawak 14 Mei 2025]</ref> ==Penyanding== {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Teknologi ti baru nyadi]] [[Kategori:Penggerak ganti]] 67adw7v6jx11gih7jqtt80gfudm9k16 828 3214 18910 17002 2026-05-10T15:45:49Z Sophivorus 1581 Update from [[d:Special:GoToLinkedPage/enwiki/Q52428273|master]] using [[mw:Synchronizer| #Synchronizer]] 18910 Scribunto text/plain -- Module:Excerpt implements the Excerpt template -- Documentation and master version: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Module:Excerpt -- Authors: User:Sophivorus, User:Certes, User:Aidan9382 & others -- License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 local parser = require( 'Module:WikitextParser' ) local yesno = require( 'Module:Yesno' ) local ok, config = pcall( require, 'Module:Excerpt/config' ) if not ok then config = {} end local Excerpt = {} -- Main entry point for templates function Excerpt.main( frame ) -- Make sure the requested page exists and get the wikitext local page = Excerpt.getArg( 1 ) if not page or page == '{{{1}}}' then return Excerpt.getError( 'no-page' ) end local title = mw.title.new( page ) if not title then return Excerpt.getError( 'invalid-title', page ) end local fragment = title.fragment -- save for later if title.isRedirect then title = title.redirectTarget if fragment == "" then fragment = title.fragment -- page merge potential end end if not title.exists then return Excerpt.getError( 'page-not-found', page ) end page = title.prefixedText local wikitext = title:getContent() -- Get the template params and process them local params = { hat = yesno( Excerpt.getArg( 'hat', true ) ), this = Excerpt.getArg( 'this' ), only = Excerpt.getArg( 'only' ), files = Excerpt.getArg( 'files', Excerpt.getArg( 'file' ) ), lists = Excerpt.getArg( 'lists', Excerpt.getArg( 'list' ) ), tables = Excerpt.getArg( 'tables', Excerpt.getArg( 'table' ) ), templates = Excerpt.getArg( 'templates', Excerpt.getArg( 'template' ) ), paragraphs = Excerpt.getArg( 'paragraphs', Excerpt.getArg( 'paragraph' ) ), references = yesno( Excerpt.getArg( 'references', true ) ), subsections = yesno( Excerpt.getArg( 'subsections', false ) ), links = yesno( Excerpt.getArg( 'links', true ) ), bold = yesno( Excerpt.getArg( 'bold', false ) ), briefDates = yesno( Excerpt.getArg( 'briefdates', false ) ), inline = yesno( Excerpt.getArg( 'inline' ) ), quote = yesno( Excerpt.getArg( 'quote' ) ), more = yesno( Excerpt.getArg( 'more' ) ), class = Excerpt.getArg( 'class' ), track = yesno( Excerpt.getArg( 'track', true ) ), displayTitle = Excerpt.getArg( 'displaytitle', page ), } -- Make sure the requested section exists and get the excerpt local excerpt local section = Excerpt.getArg( 2, fragment ) section = mw.text.trim( section ) if section == '' then section = nil end if section then excerpt = parser.getSectionTag( wikitext, section ) if not excerpt then if params.subsections then excerpt = parser.getSection( wikitext, section ) else local sections = parser.getSections( wikitext ) excerpt = sections[ section ] end end if not excerpt then return Excerpt.getError( 'section-not-found', section ) end if excerpt == '' then return Excerpt.getError( 'section-empty', section ) end else excerpt = parser.getLead( wikitext ) if excerpt == '' then return Excerpt.getError( 'lead-empty' ) end end -- Remove noinclude bits excerpt = excerpt:gsub( '<[Nn][Oo][Ii][Nn][Cc][Ll][Uu][Dd][Ee]>.-</[Nn][Oo][Ii][Nn][Cc][Ll][Uu][Dd][Ee]>', '' ) -- Filter various elements from the excerpt excerpt = Excerpt.filterFiles( excerpt, params.files ) excerpt = Excerpt.filterLists( excerpt, params.lists ) excerpt = Excerpt.filterTables( excerpt, params.tables ) excerpt = Excerpt.filterParagraphs( excerpt, params.paragraphs ) -- If no file is found, try to get one from the infobox if ( params.only == 'file' or params.only == 'files' or params.only == 'filename' or not params.only and ( not params.files or params.files ~= '0' ) ) -- caller asked for files and not section -- and we're in the lead section and config.captions -- and we have the config option required to try finding files in infoboxes and #parser.getFiles( excerpt ) == 0 -- and there're no files in the excerpt then excerpt = Excerpt.addInfoboxFile( excerpt ) end -- Filter the templates by appending the templates blacklist to the templates filter if config.blacklist then local blacklist = table.concat( config.blacklist, ',' ) if params.templates then if string.sub( params.templates, 1, 1 ) == '-' then params.templates = params.templates .. ',' .. blacklist end else params.templates = '-' .. blacklist end end excerpt = Excerpt.filterTemplates( excerpt, params.templates ) -- Leave only the requested elements if params.only == 'file' or params.only == 'files' then local files = parser.getFiles( excerpt ) excerpt = params.only == 'file' and files[1] or table.concat( files, '\n\n' ) end if params.only == 'list' or params.only == 'lists' then local lists = parser.getLists( excerpt ) excerpt = params.only == 'list' and lists[1] or table.concat( lists, '\n\n' ) end if params.only == 'table' or params.only == 'tables' then local tables = parser.getTables( excerpt ) excerpt = params.only == 'table' and tables[1] or table.concat( tables, '\n\n' ) end if params.only == 'paragraph' or params.only == 'paragraphs' then local paragraphs = parser.getParagraphs( excerpt ) excerpt = params.only == 'paragraph' and paragraphs[1] or table.concat( paragraphs, '\n\n' ) end if params.only == 'template' or params.only == 'templates' then local templates = parser.getTemplates( excerpt ) excerpt = params.only == 'template' and templates[1] or table.concat( templates, '\n\n' ) end if params.only == 'filename' then local files = parser.getFiles( excerpt ) local file = files[1] excerpt = file and parser.getFileName( file ) or 'Noimage.png' params.inline = true end -- @todo Make more robust and move downwards if params.briefDates then excerpt = Excerpt.fixDates( excerpt ) end -- Remove unwanted elements excerpt = Excerpt.removeComments( excerpt ) excerpt = Excerpt.removeSelfLinks( excerpt ) excerpt = Excerpt.removeNonFreeFiles( excerpt ) excerpt = Excerpt.removeBehaviorSwitches( excerpt ) -- Fix or remove the references if params.references then excerpt = Excerpt.fixReferences( excerpt, page, wikitext ) else excerpt = Excerpt.removeReferences( excerpt ) end -- Remove wikilinks if not params.links then excerpt = Excerpt.removeLinks( excerpt ) end -- Link the bold text near the start of most leads and then remove it if not section then excerpt = Excerpt.linkBold( excerpt, page ) end if not params.bold then excerpt = Excerpt.removeBold( excerpt ) end -- Remove extra line breaks but leave one before and after so the parser interprets lists, tables, etc. correctly excerpt = excerpt:gsub( '\n\n\n+', '\n\n' ) excerpt = mw.text.trim( excerpt ) excerpt = '\n' .. excerpt .. '\n' -- Remove nested categories excerpt = frame:preprocess( excerpt ) excerpt = Excerpt.removeCategories( excerpt ) -- Add tracking categories if params.track and config.categories then excerpt = Excerpt.addTrackingCategories( excerpt ) end -- Build the final output if params.inline then return mw.text.trim( excerpt ) end local tag = params.quote and 'blockquote' or 'div' local block = mw.html.create( tag ):addClass( 'excerpt-block' ):addClass( params.class ) if config.styles then local styles = frame:extensionTag( 'templatestyles', '', { src = config.styles } ) block:node( styles ) end if params.hat then local hat = Excerpt.getHat( page, section, params ) block:node( hat ) end excerpt = mw.html.create( 'div' ):addClass( 'excerpt' ):wikitext( excerpt ) block:node( excerpt ) if params.more then local more = Excerpt.getReadMore( page, section ) block:node( more ) end return block end -- Filter the files in the given wikitext against the given filter function Excerpt.filterFiles( wikitext, filter ) if not filter then return wikitext end local filters, isBlacklist = Excerpt.parseFilter( filter ) local files = parser.getFiles( wikitext ) for index, file in pairs( files ) do local name = parser.getFileName( file ) if isBlacklist and ( Excerpt.matchFilter( index, filters ) or Excerpt.matchFilter( name, filters ) ) or not isBlacklist and ( not Excerpt.matchFilter( index, filters ) and not Excerpt.matchFilter( name, filters ) ) then wikitext = Excerpt.removeString( wikitext, file ) end end return wikitext end -- Filter the lists in the given wikitext against the given filter function Excerpt.filterLists( wikitext, filter ) if not filter then return wikitext end local filters, isBlacklist = Excerpt.parseFilter( filter ) local lists = parser.getLists( wikitext ) for index, list in pairs( lists ) do if isBlacklist and Excerpt.matchFilter( index, filters ) or not isBlacklist and not Excerpt.matchFilter( index, filters ) then wikitext = Excerpt.removeString( wikitext, list ) end end return wikitext end -- Filter the tables in the given wikitext against the given filter function Excerpt.filterTables( wikitext, filter ) if not filter then return wikitext end local filters, isBlacklist = Excerpt.parseFilter( filter ) local tables = parser.getTables( wikitext ) for index, tableWikitext in pairs( tables ) do local id = parser.getTableAttribute( tableWikitext, 'id' ) if isBlacklist and ( Excerpt.matchFilter( index, filters ) or Excerpt.matchFilter( id, filters ) ) or not isBlacklist and ( not Excerpt.matchFilter( index, filters ) and not Excerpt.matchFilter( id, filters ) ) then wikitext = Excerpt.removeString( wikitext, tableWikitext ) end end return wikitext end -- Filter the paragraphs in the given wikitext against the given filter function Excerpt.filterParagraphs( wikitext, filter ) if not filter then return wikitext end local filters, isBlacklist = Excerpt.parseFilter( filter ) local paragraphs = parser.getParagraphs( wikitext ) for index, paragraph in pairs( paragraphs ) do if isBlacklist and Excerpt.matchFilter( index, filters ) or not isBlacklist and not Excerpt.matchFilter( index, filters ) then wikitext = Excerpt.removeString( wikitext, paragraph ) end end return wikitext end -- Filter the templates in the given wikitext against the given filter function Excerpt.filterTemplates( wikitext, filter ) if not filter then return wikitext end local filters, isBlacklist = Excerpt.parseFilter( filter ) local templates = parser.getTemplates( wikitext ) for index, template in pairs( templates ) do local name = parser.getTemplateName( template ) if isBlacklist and ( Excerpt.matchFilter( index, filters ) or Excerpt.matchFilter( name, filters ) ) or not isBlacklist and ( not Excerpt.matchFilter( index, filters ) and not Excerpt.matchFilter( name, filters ) ) then wikitext = Excerpt.removeString( wikitext, template ) end end return wikitext end function Excerpt.addInfoboxFile( excerpt ) -- We cannot distinguish the infobox from the other templates, so we search them all local templates = parser.getTemplates( excerpt ) for _, template in pairs( templates ) do local parameters = parser.getTemplateParameters( template ) local file, captions, caption, cssClasses, cssClass for _, pair in pairs( config.captions ) do file = pair[1] file = parameters[file] if file and Excerpt.matchAny( file, '^.*%.', { '[Jj][Pp][Ee]?[Gg]', '[Pp][Nn][Gg]', '[Gg][Ii][Ff]', '[Ss][Vv][Gg]' }, '.*' ) then file = string.match( file, '%[?%[?.-:([^{|]+)%]?%]?' ) or file -- [[File:Example.jpg{{!}}upright=1.5]] to Example.jpg captions = pair[2] for _, p in pairs( captions ) do if parameters[ p ] then caption = parameters[ p ] break end end -- Check for CSS classes -- We opt to use skin-invert-image instead of skin-invert -- in all other cases, the CSS provided in the infobox is used if pair[3] then cssClasses = pair[3] for _, p in pairs( cssClasses ) do if parameters[ p ] then cssClass = ( parameters[ p ] == 'skin-invert' ) and 'skin-invert-image' or parameters[ p ] break end end end local class = cssClass and ( '|class=' .. cssClass ) or '' return '[[File:' .. file .. class .. '|thumb|' .. ( caption or '' ) .. ']]\n' .. excerpt end end end return excerpt end function Excerpt.removeNonFreeFiles( wikitext ) local files = parser.getFiles( wikitext ) for _, file in pairs( files ) do local fileName = 'File:' .. parser.getFileName( file ) local fileTitle = mw.title.new( fileName ) if fileTitle then local fileDescription = fileTitle:getContent() if not fileDescription or fileDescription == '' then local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame() fileDescription = frame:preprocess( '{{' .. fileName .. '}}' ) -- try Commons end if fileDescription and string.match( fileDescription, '[Nn]on%-free' ) then wikitext = Excerpt.removeString( wikitext, file ) end end end return wikitext end function Excerpt.getHat( page, section, params ) local hat -- Build the text if params.this then hat = params.this elseif params.quote then hat = Excerpt.getMessage( 'this' ) elseif params.only then hat = Excerpt.getMessage( params.only ) else hat = Excerpt.getMessage( 'section' ) end hat = hat .. ' ' .. Excerpt.getMessage( 'excerpt' ) -- Build the link if section then hat = hat .. ' [[:' .. page .. '#' .. mw.uri.anchorEncode( section ) .. '|' .. params.displayTitle .. ' § ' .. section:gsub( '%[%[([^]|]+)|?[^]]*%]%]', '%1' ) .. ']].' -- remove nested links else hat = hat .. ' [[:' .. page .. '|' .. params.displayTitle .. ']].' end -- Build the edit link local title = mw.title.new( page ) local editUrl = title:fullUrl( 'action=edit' ) hat = hat .. '<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span>[' hat = hat .. editUrl .. ' ' .. mw.message.new( 'editsection' ):plain() hat = hat .. ']<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span>' if config.hat then local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame() hat = config.hat .. hat .. '}}' hat = frame:preprocess( hat ) else hat = mw.html.create( 'div' ):addClass( 'dablink excerpt-hat' ):wikitext( hat ) end return hat end function Excerpt.getReadMore( page, section ) local link = "'''[[" .. page if section then link = link .. '#' .. section end local text = Excerpt.getMessage( 'more' ) link = link .. '|' .. text .. "]]'''" link = mw.html.create( 'div' ):addClass( 'noprint excerpt-more' ):wikitext( link ) return link end -- Fix birth and death dates, but only in the first paragraph -- @todo Use parser.getParagraphs() to get the first paragraph function Excerpt.fixDates( excerpt ) local start local s local e = 0 repeat start = e + 1 s, e = mw.ustring.find( excerpt, '%s*%b{}%s*', start ) until not s or s > start s, e = mw.ustring.find( excerpt, '%b()', start ) -- get (...), which may be (year–year) if s and s < start + 100 then -- look only near the start local excerptStart = mw.ustring.sub( excerpt, s, e ) local year1, conjunction, year2 = string.match( excerptStart, '(%d%d%d+)(.-)(%d%d%d+)' ) if year1 and year2 and ( string.match( conjunction, '[%-–—]' ) or string.match( conjunction, '{{%s*[sS]nd%s*}}' ) ) then local y1 = tonumber( year1 ) local y2 = tonumber( year2 ) if y2 > y1 and y2 < y1 + 125 and y1 <= tonumber( os.date( '%Y' ) ) then excerpt = mw.ustring.sub( excerpt, 1, s ) .. year1 .. '–' .. year2 .. mw.ustring.sub( excerpt, e ) end end end return excerpt end -- Replace the first call to each reference defined outside of the excerpt for the full reference, to prevent undefined references -- Then prefix the page title to the reference names to prevent conflicts -- that is, replace <ref name="Foo"> for <ref name="Title of the article Foo"> -- and also <ref name="Foo" /> for <ref name="Title of the article Foo" /> -- also remove reference groups: <ref name="Foo" group="Bar"> for <ref name="Title of the article Foo"> -- and <ref group="Bar"> for <ref> -- @todo The current regex may fail in cases with both kinds of quotes, like <ref name="Darwin's book"> function Excerpt.fixReferences( excerpt, page, wikitext ) local references = parser.getReferences( excerpt ) local fixed = {} for _, reference in pairs( references ) do local name = parser.getTagAttribute( reference, 'name' ) if not fixed[ name ] then -- fix each reference only once local content = parser.getTagContent( reference ) if not content then -- reference is self-closing local full = parser.getReference( excerpt, name ) if not full then -- the reference is not defined in the excerpt full = parser.getReference( wikitext, name ) if full then excerpt = excerpt:gsub( Excerpt.escapeString( reference ), Excerpt.escapeString( full ), 1 ) end table.insert( fixed, name ) end end end end -- Prepend the page title to the reference names to prevent conflicts with other references in the transcluding page excerpt = excerpt:gsub( '< *[Rr][Ee][Ff][^>]*name *= *["\']?([^"\'>/]+)["\']?[^>/]*(/?) *>', '<ref name="' .. page:gsub( '"', '' ) .. ' %1"%2>' ) -- Remove reference groups because they don't apply to the transcluding page excerpt = excerpt:gsub( '< *[Rr][Ee][Ff] *group *= *["\']?[^"\'>/]+["\'] *>', '<ref>' ) return excerpt end function Excerpt.removeReferences( excerpt ) local references = parser.getReferences( excerpt ) for _, reference in pairs( references ) do excerpt = Excerpt.removeString( excerpt, reference ) end return excerpt end function Excerpt.removeCategories( excerpt ) local categories = parser.getCategories( excerpt ) for _, category in pairs( categories ) do excerpt = Excerpt.removeString( excerpt, category ) end return excerpt end function Excerpt.removeBehaviorSwitches( excerpt ) return excerpt:gsub( '__[A-Z]+__', '' ) end function Excerpt.removeComments( excerpt ) return excerpt:gsub( '<!%-%-.-%-%->', '' ) end function Excerpt.removeBold( excerpt ) return excerpt:gsub( "'''", '' ) end function Excerpt.removeLinks( excerpt ) local links = parser.getLinks( excerpt ) for _, link in pairs( links ) do excerpt = Excerpt.removeString( excerpt, link ) end return excerpt end -- @todo Use parser.getLinks function Excerpt.removeSelfLinks( excerpt ) local lang = mw.language.getContentLanguage() local page = Excerpt.escapeString( mw.title.getCurrentTitle().prefixedText ) local ucpage = lang:ucfirst( page ) local lcpage = lang:lcfirst( page ) excerpt = excerpt :gsub( '%[%[(' .. ucpage .. ')%]%]', '%1' ) :gsub( '%[%[(' .. lcpage .. ')%]%]', '%1' ) :gsub( '%[%[' .. ucpage .. '|([^]]+)%]%]', '%1' ) :gsub( '%[%[' .. lcpage .. '|([^]]+)%]%]', '%1' ) return excerpt end -- Replace the bold title or synonym near the start of the page by a link to the page function Excerpt.linkBold( excerpt, page ) local lang = mw.language.getContentLanguage() local position = mw.ustring.find( excerpt, "'''" .. lang:ucfirst( page ) .. "'''", 1, true ) -- look for "'''Foo''' is..." (uc) or "A '''foo''' is..." (lc) or mw.ustring.find( excerpt, "'''" .. lang:lcfirst( page ) .. "'''", 1, true ) -- plain search: special characters in page represent themselves if position then local length = mw.ustring.len( page ) excerpt = mw.ustring.sub( excerpt, 1, position + 2 ) .. '[[' .. mw.ustring.sub( excerpt, position + 3, position + length + 2 ) .. ']]' .. mw.ustring.sub( excerpt, position + length + 3, -1 ) -- link it else -- look for anything unlinked in bold, assumed to be a synonym of the title (e.g. a person's birth name) excerpt = mw.ustring.gsub( excerpt, "'''(.-'*)'''", function ( text ) if not string.find( text, '%[' ) and not string.find( text, '%{' ) then -- if not wikilinked or some weird template return "'''[[" .. page .. '|' .. text .. "]]'''" -- replace '''Foo''' by '''[[page|Foo]]''' else return nil -- instruct gsub to make no change end end, 1 ) -- terminates the anonymous replacement function passed to gsub end return excerpt end function Excerpt.addTrackingCategories( excerpt ) local currentTitle = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() local addedCategories = false local contentCategory = config.categories.content if contentCategory and currentTitle.isContentPage then addedCategories = true excerpt = excerpt .. '[[Category:' .. contentCategory .. ']]' end local namespaceCategory = config.categories[ currentTitle.namespace ] if namespaceCategory then addedCategories = true excerpt = excerpt .. '[[Category:' .. namespaceCategory .. ']]' end if addedCategories then excerpt = excerpt .. '\n' end return excerpt end -- Helper method to match from a list of regular expressions -- Like so: match pre..list[1]..post or pre..list[2]..post or ... function Excerpt.matchAny( text, pre, list, post, init ) for i = 1, #list do local match = { mw.ustring.match( text, pre .. list[ i ] .. post, init ) } if match[1] then return unpack( match ) end end return nil end -- Helper function to get arguments -- args from Lua calls have priority over parent args from template function Excerpt.getArg( key, default ) local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame() for k, value in pairs( frame:getParent().args ) do if k == key and mw.text.trim( value ) ~= '' then return value end end for k, value in pairs( frame.args ) do if k == key and mw.text.trim( value ) ~= '' then return value end end return default end -- Helper method to get an error message -- This method also categorizes the current page in one of the configured error categories function Excerpt.getError( key, value ) local message = Excerpt.getMessage( 'error-' .. key, value ) local markup = mw.html.create( 'div' ):addClass( 'error' ):wikitext( message ) if config.categories and config.categories.errors and mw.title.getCurrentTitle().isContentPage then markup:node( '[[Category:' .. config.categories.errors .. ']]' ) end return markup end -- Helper method to get a localized message -- This method uses Module:TNT to get localized messages from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data:I18n/Module:Excerpt.tab -- If Module:TNT is not available or the localized message does not exist, the key is returned instead function Excerpt.getMessage( key, value ) local ok2, TNT = pcall( require, 'Module:TNT' ) if not ok2 then return key end local ok3, message = pcall( TNT.format, 'I18n/Module:Excerpt.tab', key, value ) if not ok3 then return key end return message end -- Helper method to escape a string for use in regexes function Excerpt.escapeString( str ) return str:gsub( '[%^%$%(%)%.%[%]%*%+%-%?%%]', '%%%0' ) end -- Helper method to remove a string from a text -- @param text Text from where to remove the string -- @param str String to remove -- @return The given text with the string removed function Excerpt.removeString( text, str ) local pattern = Excerpt.escapeString( str ) if #pattern > 9999 then -- strings longer than 10000 bytes can't be put into regexes pattern = Excerpt.escapeString( mw.ustring.sub( str, 1, 999 ) ) .. '.-' .. Excerpt.escapeString( mw.ustring.sub( str, -999 ) ) end return text:gsub( pattern, '' ) end -- Helper method to convert a comma-separated list of numbers or min-max ranges into a list of booleans -- @param filter Required. Comma-separated list of numbers or min-max ranges, for example '1,3-5' -- @return Map from integers to booleans, for example {1=true,2=false,3=true,4=true,5=true} -- @return Boolean indicating whether the filters should be treated as a blacklist or not -- @note Merging this into matchFilter is possible, but way too inefficient function Excerpt.parseFilter( filter ) local filters = {} local isBlacklist = false if string.sub( filter, 1, 1 ) == '-' then isBlacklist = true filter = string.sub( filter, 2 ) end local values = mw.text.split( filter, ',' ) -- split values: '1,3-5' to {'1','3-5'} for _, value in pairs( values ) do value = mw.text.trim( value ) local min, max = mw.ustring.match( value, '^(%d+)%s*[-–—]%s*(%d+)$' ) -- '3-5' to min=3 max=5 if not max then min, max = string.match( value, '^((%d+))$' ) end -- '1' to min=1 max=1 if max then for i = min, max do filters[ i ] = true end else filters[ value ] = true -- if we reach this point, the string had the form 'a,b,c' rather than '1,2,3' end end filter = { cache = {}, terms = filters } return filter, isBlacklist end -- Helper function to see if a value matches any of the given filters function Excerpt.matchFilter( value, filter ) if value == nil then return false elseif type(value) == "number" then return filter.terms[value] else local cached = filter.cache[value] if cached ~= nil then return cached end local lang = mw.language.getContentLanguage() local lcvalue = lang:lcfirst(value) local ucvalue = lang:ucfirst(value) for term in pairs( filter.terms ) do if value == tostring(term) or type(term) == "string" and ( lcvalue == term or ucvalue == term or mw.ustring.match( value, term ) ) then filter.cache[value] = true return true end end filter.cache[value] = false end end return Excerpt f13qcb3mtjeccbzr0i5jmt33ddc570f 4 3571 18913 12359 2026-05-11T03:24:16Z Song GK 9 18913 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[10 Me]]''': '''[[Hari Konstitusyen]]''' di Federasyen Mikronesia; '''[[Hari Indai]]''' di {{<!--Jika Ahad-->#ifeq: {{#time: l }} | Hari Minggu |sekeda menua ([[{{CURRENTYEAR}}]])|El Salvador, Guatemala enggau Mexico}}. <div style="float:right;margin-left:0.5em"> [[Fail:Golden Spike Neil916.JPG|100x101px|Pancang mas]] </div> {{*mp}} [[1503]] – [[Christopher Columbus]] enggau anak-anak kapal iya nyadi orang [[Eropah]] keterubah datai ba '''[[Pulau Cayman]]'''. {{*mp}} [[1768]] – Radikal '''[[John Wilkes]]''' dijil ketegal udah ngritik [[George III ari United Kingdom|Raja George III]], ngujungka penyarut ba [[London]]. {{*mp}} [[1857]] – [[Charut India 1857|'''Charut Supai''']] udah nyadi di [[India kolonial]], ngemba perintah [[Kompeni Hindia Timur Inggeris]]. {{*mp}} [[1869]] – Pengawa [[panchang mas]] ''(gambar replika)'' diatur ba [[Promontory, Utah|Promontory]], [[Utah]] beserimbai enggau penembu '''[[Jalai Tren Peraka Benua Keterubah]]''' di [[Amerika Utara]]. {{*mp}} [[1941]] – [[Perang Dunya Kedua]]: Pemerintah [[Nazi]] '''[[Rudolf Hess]]''' terejun ngena [[payung terejun]] ba [[Scotland]] dalam misyen ngaga pengelikun enggau menua UK. </li> Hari-hari sebedau: [[9 Me]] &ndash; [[8 Me]] &ndash; [[7 Me]] {{SelAnnivFooter|Month=Mei}} <noinclude> </noinclude> 9yh30jj7pfcrritiphp6nq23yk5ychj 18914 18913 2026-05-11T03:24:26Z Song GK 9 Song GK telah memindahkan laman [[Wikipedia:Hari ulang taun dipilih/10 Mei]] ke [[Wikipedia:Hari ulang taun dipilih/10 Me]] 18913 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[10 Me]]''': '''[[Hari Konstitusyen]]''' di Federasyen Mikronesia; '''[[Hari Indai]]''' di {{<!--Jika Ahad-->#ifeq: {{#time: l }} | Hari Minggu |sekeda menua ([[{{CURRENTYEAR}}]])|El Salvador, Guatemala enggau Mexico}}. <div style="float:right;margin-left:0.5em"> [[Fail:Golden Spike Neil916.JPG|100x101px|Pancang mas]] </div> {{*mp}} [[1503]] – [[Christopher Columbus]] enggau anak-anak kapal iya nyadi orang [[Eropah]] keterubah datai ba '''[[Pulau Cayman]]'''. {{*mp}} [[1768]] – Radikal '''[[John Wilkes]]''' dijil ketegal udah ngritik [[George III ari United Kingdom|Raja George III]], ngujungka penyarut ba [[London]]. {{*mp}} [[1857]] – [[Charut India 1857|'''Charut Supai''']] udah nyadi di [[India kolonial]], ngemba perintah [[Kompeni Hindia Timur Inggeris]]. {{*mp}} [[1869]] – Pengawa [[panchang mas]] ''(gambar replika)'' diatur ba [[Promontory, Utah|Promontory]], [[Utah]] beserimbai enggau penembu '''[[Jalai Tren Peraka Benua Keterubah]]''' di [[Amerika Utara]]. {{*mp}} [[1941]] – [[Perang Dunya Kedua]]: Pemerintah [[Nazi]] '''[[Rudolf Hess]]''' terejun ngena [[payung terejun]] ba [[Scotland]] dalam misyen ngaga pengelikun enggau menua UK. </li> Hari-hari sebedau: [[9 Me]] &ndash; [[8 Me]] &ndash; [[7 Me]] {{SelAnnivFooter|Month=Mei}} <noinclude> </noinclude> 9yh30jj7pfcrritiphp6nq23yk5ychj 4 3572 18916 12360 2026-05-11T03:25:03Z Song GK 9 18916 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[11 Me]]''': {{<!--jika Ahad kedua-->#ifeq:Ahad|{{ #time: l }}|'''[[Hari Indai]]''' di sekeda menua ([[{{CURRENTYEAR}}]]).}} <div style="float:right;margin-left:0.5em"> [[Fail:Spencerperceval.jpg|100x101px|Spencer Perceval]] </div> {{*mp}} [[1792]] – Kapal dagang [[Robert Gray]] tama '''[[Sungai Columbia]]''', nyadi orang Eropah keterubah iya belayar ba sungai ti pemadu besai ti mansa [[Tasik Pasifik]] ari [[Amerika Utara]]. {{*mp}} [[1812]] – '''[[Spencer Perceval]]''' ''(gambar)'' dibunuh [[John Bellingham]] ba lobi [[Dewan Rayat British]], nyadi [[Menteri Besai United Kingdom|Menteri Besai British]] tunggal kala dibunuh. {{*mp}} [[1918]] – [[Republik Bebukit Kaukasus Utara]] ditumbuhka, lalu '''[[Tapa Tchermoeff]]''' nyadi Menteri Besai. {{*mp}} [[1946]] – [[Rintai parti politik Malaysia|Parti politik]] terbesar di Malaysia kini, '''[[Gerempung Bansa Melayu Beserakup|UMNO]]''' ditumbuhka, ke alai tuju asal sida mantah penumbuh [[Malayan Union]]. {{*mp}} [[1960]] – Ejen [[Mossad]] nangkap '''[[Adolf Eichmann]]''', pemerintah enggau penjenayah perang rari [[Jerman Nazi|Nazi]] ke ngelalaika diri di Argentina. </li> Hari-hari sebedau: [[10 Me]] &ndash; [[9 Me]] &ndash; [[8 Me]] {{SelAnnivFooter|Month=Mei}} <noinclude> </noinclude> d3uy9fuz6z8zrz56fd7npu5v01a08hy 18917 18916 2026-05-11T03:25:11Z Song GK 9 Song GK telah memindahkan laman [[Wikipedia:Hari ulang taun dipilih/11 Mei]] ke [[Wikipedia:Hari ulang taun dipilih/11 Me]] 18916 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[11 Me]]''': {{<!--jika Ahad kedua-->#ifeq:Ahad|{{ #time: l }}|'''[[Hari Indai]]''' di sekeda menua ([[{{CURRENTYEAR}}]]).}} <div style="float:right;margin-left:0.5em"> [[Fail:Spencerperceval.jpg|100x101px|Spencer Perceval]] </div> {{*mp}} [[1792]] – Kapal dagang [[Robert Gray]] tama '''[[Sungai Columbia]]''', nyadi orang Eropah keterubah iya belayar ba sungai ti pemadu besai ti mansa [[Tasik Pasifik]] ari [[Amerika Utara]]. {{*mp}} [[1812]] – '''[[Spencer Perceval]]''' ''(gambar)'' dibunuh [[John Bellingham]] ba lobi [[Dewan Rayat British]], nyadi [[Menteri Besai United Kingdom|Menteri Besai British]] tunggal kala dibunuh. {{*mp}} [[1918]] – [[Republik Bebukit Kaukasus Utara]] ditumbuhka, lalu '''[[Tapa Tchermoeff]]''' nyadi Menteri Besai. {{*mp}} [[1946]] – [[Rintai parti politik Malaysia|Parti politik]] terbesar di Malaysia kini, '''[[Gerempung Bansa Melayu Beserakup|UMNO]]''' ditumbuhka, ke alai tuju asal sida mantah penumbuh [[Malayan Union]]. {{*mp}} [[1960]] – Ejen [[Mossad]] nangkap '''[[Adolf Eichmann]]''', pemerintah enggau penjenayah perang rari [[Jerman Nazi|Nazi]] ke ngelalaika diri di Argentina. </li> Hari-hari sebedau: [[10 Me]] &ndash; [[9 Me]] &ndash; [[8 Me]] {{SelAnnivFooter|Month=Mei}} <noinclude> </noinclude> d3uy9fuz6z8zrz56fd7npu5v01a08hy 18927 18917 2026-05-11T09:51:23Z Song GK 9 18927 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[11 Me]]''': {{<!--jika Ahad kedua-->#ifeq:Ahad|{{ #time: l }}|'''[[Hari Indai]]''' di sekeda menua ([[{{CURRENTYEAR}}]]).}} <div style="float:right;margin-left:0.5em"> [[Fail:Spencerperceval.jpg|100x101px|Spencer Perceval]] </div> {{*mp}} [[1792]] – Kapal dagang [[Robert Gray]] tama '''[[Sungai Columbia]]''', nyadi orang Eropah keterubah iya belayar ba sungai ti pemadu besai ti mansa [[Tasik Pasifik]] ari [[Amerika Utara]]. {{*mp}} [[1812]] – '''[[Spencer Perceval]]''' ''(gambar)'' dibunuh [[John Bellingham]] ba lobi [[Dewan Rayat British]], nyadi [[Menteri Besai United Kingdom|Menteri Besai British]] tunggal kala dibunuh. {{*mp}} [[1918]] – [[Republik Bebukit Kaukasus Utara]] ditumbuhka, lalu '''[[Tapa Tchermoeff]]''' nyadi Menteri Besai. {{*mp}} [[1946]] – [[Rintai parti politik Malaysia|Parti politik]] pemadu besai kemaya tu, '''[[Gerempung Bansa Melayu Beserakup|UMNO]]''' ditumbuhka, ke alai tuju asal sida mantah penumbuh [[Malayan Union]]. {{*mp}} [[1960]] – Ejen [[Mossad]] nangkap '''[[Adolf Eichmann]]''', pemerintah enggau penjenayah perang rari [[Jerman Nazi|Nazi]] ke ngelalaika diri di Argentina. </li> Hari-hari sebedau: [[10 Me]] &ndash; [[9 Me]] &ndash; [[8 Me]] {{SelAnnivFooter|Month=Mei}} <noinclude> </noinclude> lbxngm2cs6d8e3dfp3y53bd6tc53ihk 18928 18927 2026-05-11T09:52:00Z Song GK 9 18928 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[11 Me]]''': {{<!--jika Ahad kedua-->#ifeq:Ahad|{{ #time: l }}|'''[[Hari Indai]]''' di sekeda menua ([[{{CURRENTYEAR}}]]).}} <div style="float:right;margin-left:0.5em"> [[Fail:Spencerperceval.jpg|100x101px|Spencer Perceval]] </div> {{*mp}} [[1792]] – Kapal dagang [[Robert Gray]] tama '''[[Sungai Columbia]]''', nyadi orang Eropah keterubah iya belayar ba sungai ti pemadu besai ti mansa [[Tasik Pasifik]] ari [[Amerika Utara]]. {{*mp}} [[1812]] – '''[[Spencer Perceval]]''' ''(gambar)'' dibunuh [[John Bellingham]] ba lobi [[Dewan Rayat British]], nyadi [[Menteri Besai United Kingdom|Menteri Besai British]] tunggal kala dibunuh. {{*mp}} [[1918]] – [[Republik Bebukit Kaukasus Utara]] ditumbuhka, lalu '''[[Tapa Tchermoeff]]''' nyadi Menteri Besai. {{*mp}} [[1946]] – [[Rintai parti politik ba Malaysia|Parti politik]] pemadu besai kemaya tu, '''[[Gerempung Bansa Melayu Beserakup|UMNO]]''' ditumbuhka, ke alai tuju asal sida mantah penumbuh [[Malayan Union]]. {{*mp}} [[1960]] – Ejen [[Mossad]] nangkap '''[[Adolf Eichmann]]''', pemerintah enggau penjenayah perang rari [[Jerman Nazi|Nazi]] ke ngelalaika diri di Argentina. </li> Hari-hari sebedau: [[10 Me]] &ndash; [[9 Me]] &ndash; [[8 Me]] {{SelAnnivFooter|Month=Mei}} <noinclude> </noinclude> b8kz8l8sxm6lgru62p8j3v3ovr3dfxt 4 3573 18919 12361 2026-05-11T03:26:06Z Song GK 9 18919 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[12 Me]]''': '''[[Hari Nas Entarabansa]]'''{{#ifexpr: ({{CURRENTMONTH}} = 05) and ({{CURRENTDOW}} = 0)|<nowiki>;</nowiki> '''[[Hari Indai]]''' ba sekeda menua ({{CURRENTYEAR}}).}} <div style="float:right;margin-left:0.5em"> [[Fail:Z3 Deutsches Museum.JPG|100x101px|Replika Z3 di Muzium Jerman]] </div> {{*mp}} [[1551]] – [[Universiti]] pemadu tuai di [[benua Amerika]], '''[[Universiti Nasional San Marcos]]''' ditumbuhka ba [[Lima]], Peru. {{*mp}} [[1937]] – '''[[George VI ari United Kingdom|Raja George VI]]''' ari United Kingdom dichiri nyadi raja di [[Westminster Abbey]], haribulan asal abang iya [[Edward VIII ari United Kingdom|Edward VIII]] dichiri nyadi raja. {{*mp}} [[1941]] – [[Injinir]] Jerman [[Konrad Zuse]] mandangka '''[[Z3 (komputer)|Z3]]''' ''(gambar replika)'', [[komputer]] [[automaton|automatik]] [[atur cara komputer|boleh atur cara]] sepenuhnya pertama di dunia, di [[Berlin]]. {{*mp}} [[1998]] – Empat orang tarak '''[[Penusah Universiti Trisakti|mati ditimbak]]''' di [[Universiti Trisakti]], Jakarta, ke ngujungka [[charut Mei 1998 di Indonesia|charut]] lalu Presiden [[Suharto]] ngelengka pengawa iya. {{*mp}} [[2008]] – Tanah berenyang 8.0 [[magnitud gelumbang mua bumi|M_s]] '''[[tanah berenyang Sichuan 2008|jadi ba]]''' kandang menua [[Sichuan]], China, ngujungka lebih 69,000 iku orang parai lalu lebih 374,000 iku orang bakal. </li> Hari-hari sebedau: [[11 Me]] &ndash; [[10 Me]] &ndash; [[9 Me]] {{SelAnnivFooter|Month=Mei}} <noinclude> </noinclude> mcp0m8hi3afmps4fobzoeavkdg3wkvo 18920 18919 2026-05-11T03:26:14Z Song GK 9 Song GK telah memindahkan laman [[Wikipedia:Hari ulang taun dipilih/12 Mei]] ke [[Wikipedia:Hari ulang taun dipilih/12 Me]] 18919 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[12 Me]]''': '''[[Hari Nas Entarabansa]]'''{{#ifexpr: ({{CURRENTMONTH}} = 05) and ({{CURRENTDOW}} = 0)|<nowiki>;</nowiki> '''[[Hari Indai]]''' ba sekeda menua ({{CURRENTYEAR}}).}} <div style="float:right;margin-left:0.5em"> [[Fail:Z3 Deutsches Museum.JPG|100x101px|Replika Z3 di Muzium Jerman]] </div> {{*mp}} [[1551]] – [[Universiti]] pemadu tuai di [[benua Amerika]], '''[[Universiti Nasional San Marcos]]''' ditumbuhka ba [[Lima]], Peru. {{*mp}} [[1937]] – '''[[George VI ari United Kingdom|Raja George VI]]''' ari United Kingdom dichiri nyadi raja di [[Westminster Abbey]], haribulan asal abang iya [[Edward VIII ari United Kingdom|Edward VIII]] dichiri nyadi raja. {{*mp}} [[1941]] – [[Injinir]] Jerman [[Konrad Zuse]] mandangka '''[[Z3 (komputer)|Z3]]''' ''(gambar replika)'', [[komputer]] [[automaton|automatik]] [[atur cara komputer|boleh atur cara]] sepenuhnya pertama di dunia, di [[Berlin]]. {{*mp}} [[1998]] – Empat orang tarak '''[[Penusah Universiti Trisakti|mati ditimbak]]''' di [[Universiti Trisakti]], Jakarta, ke ngujungka [[charut Mei 1998 di Indonesia|charut]] lalu Presiden [[Suharto]] ngelengka pengawa iya. {{*mp}} [[2008]] – Tanah berenyang 8.0 [[magnitud gelumbang mua bumi|M_s]] '''[[tanah berenyang Sichuan 2008|jadi ba]]''' kandang menua [[Sichuan]], China, ngujungka lebih 69,000 iku orang parai lalu lebih 374,000 iku orang bakal. </li> Hari-hari sebedau: [[11 Me]] &ndash; [[10 Me]] &ndash; [[9 Me]] {{SelAnnivFooter|Month=Mei}} <noinclude> </noinclude> mcp0m8hi3afmps4fobzoeavkdg3wkvo 0 3640 18939 12501 2026-05-11T11:04:49Z Song GK 9 18939 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Jaku Ukraine | nativename = {{lang|uk|українська мова}} | pronunciation = {{IPA|uk|ʊkrɐˈjinʲsʲkɐ ˈmɔʋɐ|}} | states = [[Ukraine]] | ethnicity = [[Bansa Ukraine]] | speakers = [[jaku keterubah|L1]]: {{sigfig|32.925810|2}} juta | date = 2016 | ref = e27 | speakers2 = [[jaku kedua|L2]]: {{sigfig|5.994000|2}} juta (2016)<ref name=e27/> | speakers_label = Pejaku | familycolor = Indo-Eropah | fam2 = [[Jaku-jaku Balto-Slavik|Balto-Slavik]] | fam3 = [[Jaku-jaku Slavik|Slavik]] | fam4 = [[East Slavic languages|East Slavic]] | ancestor = [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] | ancestor2 = [[Proto-Balto-Slavic language|Proto-Balto-Slavic]] | ancestor3 = [[Proto-Slavic language|Proto-Slavic]] | ancestor4 = [[Old East Slavic language|Old East Slavic]] | ancestor5 = [[Ruthenian language|Ruthenian]] (Old Ukrainian) | ancestor6 = | dia1 = [[Southeastern Ukrainian dialects|Southeastern dialects]] ([[Balachka]]) | dia2 = [[Southwestern Ukrainian dialects|Southwestern dialects]] ([[Jaku Ukraine Kanada]]) | dia3 = [[Northern Ukrainian dialects|Northern dialects]] | dia4 = (see also: [[Ukrainian dialects]]) | script = [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] ([[Ukrainian alphabet]])<br />[[Ukrainian Braille]] | nation = {{UKR}} <br/>{{flag|Transnistria}} | minority = {{BLR}}<br />{{Flag|Russian Federation}}<br />{{Flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}<ref name="treaty" /><br />{{Flag|Croatia}}<ref name="treaty" /><br />{{Flag|Czech Republic}}<ref name="languages">{{cite web |url=http://www.vlada.cz/en/pracovni-a-poradni-organy-vlady/rnm/historie-a-soucasnost-rady-en-16666/ |title=National Minorities Policy of the Government of the Czech Republic |website=Vlada.cz |access-date=2012-05-22 |archive-date=7 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607051111/http://www.vlada.cz/en/pracovni-a-poradni-organy-vlady/rnm/historie-a-soucasnost-rady-en-16666/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />{{Flag|Hungary}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://languagecharter.eokik.hu/sites/StatesParties/Hungary.htm |title=Implementation of the Charter in Hungary |work=Database for the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages |publisher=Public Foundation for European Comparative Minority Research |access-date=16 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227004902/http://languagecharter.eokik.hu/sites/StatesParties/Hungary.htm |archive-date=27 February 2014 }}</ref><br />{{Flag|Moldova}}<br />{{Flag|Poland}}<ref name="treaty"/><br />{{Flag|Romania}}<ref name="treaty" /><br />{{Flag|Serbia}}<ref name="treaty">{{cite web |url=http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?NT=148&CM=8&DF=23/01/05&CL=ENG&VL=1 |title=List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148 (Status as of: 21/9/2011) |publisher=[[Council of Europe]] |access-date=2012-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118142916/http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?NT=148&CM=8&DF=23/01/05&CL=ENG&VL=1 |archive-date=18 January 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />{{Flag|Slovakia}}<ref name="treaty" /> | agency = [[National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine]]: [[Institute for the Ukrainian Language]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20110926095038/http://www.ulif.com.ua/UMIF/ Ukrainian language-information fund], [http://www.inmo.org.ua/ Potebnya Institute of Language Studies] | iso1 = uk | iso2 = ukr | iso3 = ukr | lingua = 53-AAA-ed < [[East Slavic languages|53-AAA-e]]<br />(varieties: 53-AAA-eda to 53-AAA-edq) | map2 = <!-- Idioma ucraniano.png --> | mapcaption2 = The Ukrainian-speaking world: {{Legend|#0080ff|regions where Ukrainian is the language of the majority}} {{Legend|#88c4ff|regions where Ukrainian is the language of a significant minority}} | notice = IPA | glotto = ukra1253 | glottoname = Ukrainian | region = [[Eropah Timur]] }} '''Jaku Ukraine''' ({{Langx|uk|українська мова}}) nya jaku Slavik Timur, ti mayuh dikena ba [[Ukraine]]. Iya nyadi jaku keterubah (asal) majoriti besai orang Ukraine. Jaku Ukraine ditulis ngena urup Ukraine, ti nyadi siti varian ari urup Sirilik. Jaku standard tu dipelajarka Akademi Sains Nasional Ukraine enggau Institut Linguistik Potebnia. Banding suah digaga entara jaku Ukraine enggau [[Jaku Rusia|Rusia]], siti agi jaku Slavik Timur, tang bisi mayuh agi saling meretika enggau jaku Belarus,<ref name="classification145">Alexander M. Schenker. </ref> sereta penyauh leksikal ti semak agi enggau [[jaku Poland]] ti baruh pampang Slavik Barat enggau jaku Bulgaria ke baruh Slavik Selatan.<ref>[[Kostiantyn Tyshchenko|K. Tyshchenko]] (1999), ''Metatheory of Linguistics'' (published in Ukrainian), cited in {{cite web|last1=Elms|first1=Teresa|title=Lexical Distance Among the Languages of Europe|url=https://elms.wordpress.com/2008/03/04/lexical-distance-among-languages-of-europe/|website=Etymologikon|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170404185709/https://elms.wordpress.com/2008/03/04/lexical-distance-among-languages-of-europe/#selection-289.0-289.46|archive-date=4 April 2017|language=English|date=4 March 2008|quote=[graph] lexical distance Ukrainian-Polish: 26–35, Ukrainian-Bulgarian: 26–35, (...) 36–50|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jaku Ukraine nya peturun ari jaku Slavik Timur Lama, jaku ke dikena ba nengeri Rus Kiev maya jeman tengah. Ba Grand Duchy Lithuania, jaku nya mansang nyadi jaku Ruthenia, ke alai iya nyadi jaku rasmi, sebedau proses Polonisasi berengkah ba Komanwel Poland–Lithuania. Ba abad ke-18, jaku Ruthenian ngelimpangka diri ngagai jaku pelilih menua, lalu jaku Ukraine moden mansang ba kandang menua Ukraine kemaya hari tu.<ref name="shevelov">{{Cite book |last=Shevelov |first=George Y. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AIVgAAAAMAAJ |title=A Historical Phonology of the Ukrainian Language |publisher=Carl Winter |year=1979 |isbn=9783533027867 |location=Heidelberg |author-link=George Shevelov |access-date=10 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922165717/https://books.google.com/books?id=AIVgAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=22 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="bunčić">{{Cite book |last=Bunčić |first=Daniel |url=https://www.academia.edu/4678996 |title=Die ruthenische Schriftsprache bei Ivan Uževyč unter besonderer Berücksichtigung seines Gesprächsbuchs Rozmova/Besěda: Mit Wörterverzeichnis und Indizes zu seinem ruthenischen und kirchenslavischen Gesamtwerk |publisher=Verlag Otto Sagner |year=2006 |location=München |access-date=10 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326031533/https://www.academia.edu/4678996 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Rusifikasyen nagang jaku Ukraine nyadi subjek ari sekula sereta nyadi jaku ngajar di Empayar Rusia, lalu terus dipejalaika enggau mayuh macham chara di Serakup Soviet.<ref name="schools">[[iarchive:eternalrussiayel00stee/page/216|Eternal Russia: Yeltsin, Gorbachev, and the Mirage of Democracy]] by [[Jonathan Steele (journalist)|Jonathan Steele]], [[Harvard University Press]], 1988, {{ISBN|978-0-674-26837-1}} (p. 217) </ref> Taja pia, jaku nya majak dikena ba serata menua, lalu mengkang tegap kelebih agi ba Ukraine Barat.<ref name="WUkraineL">[https://books.google.com/books?id=AP2Hh3LVGaUC&pg=PA309 Purism and Language: A Study in Modem Ukrainian and Belorussian Nationalism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922165713/https://books.google.com/books?id=AP2Hh3LVGaUC&pg=PA309|date=22 September 2023}} by [[Paul Wexler (linguist)|Paul Wexler]], [[Indiana University Press]], {{ISBN|087750-175-0}} (page 309) </ref><ref name="UkrGrammar30">[[iarchive:contestedtongues00bila/page/76|Contested Tongues: Language Politics and Cultural Correction in Ukraine]] by [[Laada Bilaniuk]], [[Cornell Univ. Press]], 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-8014-7279-4}} (page 78) </ref> == Guna kemaya tu == [[Fail:Ivan_Franko_Museum_in_Krivorivnia.jpg|thumb| Tanda trafik jaku Ukraine ungkup Muzium Ivan Franko di Kryvorivnia]] Guna jaku Ukraine majak nambah pengudah timpuh ti lama nurun. Taja pan bisi urung lima puluh juta iku etnik Ukraine di serata dunya, nyengkaum 37.5 juta iku di Ukraine dalam taun 2001 (77.8% ari penyampau tubuh maya nya), jaku Ukraine mayuh dikena di barat enggau tengah Ukraine. Ba Kyiv, kededua jaku Ukraine enggau Rusia dikena, siti ubah ke tampak ari suba lebuh mengeri nya mayuh ngena jaku Rusia.<ref name="d-m.com.ua">{{Cite web|url=http://www.d-m.com.ua/05_03.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302201528/http://www.d-m.com.ua/05_03.htm|url-status=dead|title=D-M.com.ua|archivedate=2 March 2009|accessdate=31 July 2024}}</ref> Pengalih nya dipelabaka ketegal penatai migran ari pelilih menua barat Ukraine tang mega sekeda peranak Kyiv milih ngena jaku ke dikena sida ba rumah enggau lebih luas ba endur mensia mayuh. Tanda enggau pemadah mensia mayuh di Kyiv dipandangka dalam jaku Ukraine. Ba selatan enggau timur Ukraine, jaku Rusia nya jaku ke suah dikena ba tebal agi mengeri besai enggau sekeda mengeri mit. Nitihka Pengitung Tubuh Mensia Ukraine taun 2001, 87.8% orang ke diau di Ukraine landik bejaku Ukraine. Kena bulan Ogos 2022, pansik di Ukraine ari Rating Group tetemuka 85% madahka diri bejaku Ukraine tauka Ukraine enggau Rusia di rumah, 51% semina bejaku Ukraine, nambah ari 61% enggau 44% dalam bulan Februari 2014.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2022-08-23|title=Seventeenth National Survey: Identity. Patriotism. Values (17–18 August 2022)|url=https://ratinggroup.ua/en/research/ukraine/s_mnadcyate_zagalnonac_onalne_opituvannya_dentichn_st_patr_otizm_c_nnost_17-18_serpnya_2022.html|access-date=2022-10-22|website=Rating Group|archive-date=22 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022194351/https://ratinggroup.ua/en/research/ukraine/s_mnadcyate_zagalnonac_onalne_opituvannya_dentichn_st_patr_otizm_c_nnost_17-18_serpnya_2022.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2022-08-23|title=|script-title=uk:Сімнадцяте загальнонаціональне опитування: Ідентичність. Патріотизм. Цінності (17–18 серпня 2022)|trans-title=Seventeenth National Survey: Identity. Patriotism. Values (17–18 August 2022)|url=https://ratinggroup.ua/files/ratinggroup/reg_files/rg_ua_1000_independence_082022_xvii_press.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826043944/https://ratinggroup.ua/files/ratinggroup/reg_files/rg_ua_1000_independence_082022_xvii_press.pdf|archive-date=2022-08-26|url-status=live|access-date=2022-10-22|website=Rating Group|pages=29–38}}</ref> Dalam pansik ke sama, 76% ngumbai jaku Ukraine nyadi jaku asal sida ( ridna mova ), niki ari 57% ba bulan Julai 2012, nyengkaum 30% orang ke bejaku Rusia. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> ==Penyanding== {{reflist}} r3t82hw5nbs4g4mwo0ukapjqr5ee5sq 18940 18939 2026-05-11T11:05:05Z Song GK 9 /* Penyanding */ 18940 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Jaku Ukraine | nativename = {{lang|uk|українська мова}} | pronunciation = {{IPA|uk|ʊkrɐˈjinʲsʲkɐ ˈmɔʋɐ|}} | states = [[Ukraine]] | ethnicity = [[Bansa Ukraine]] | speakers = [[jaku keterubah|L1]]: {{sigfig|32.925810|2}} juta | date = 2016 | ref = e27 | speakers2 = [[jaku kedua|L2]]: {{sigfig|5.994000|2}} juta (2016)<ref name=e27/> | speakers_label = Pejaku | familycolor = Indo-Eropah | fam2 = [[Jaku-jaku Balto-Slavik|Balto-Slavik]] | fam3 = [[Jaku-jaku Slavik|Slavik]] | fam4 = [[East Slavic languages|East Slavic]] | ancestor = [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] | ancestor2 = [[Proto-Balto-Slavic language|Proto-Balto-Slavic]] | ancestor3 = [[Proto-Slavic language|Proto-Slavic]] | ancestor4 = [[Old East Slavic language|Old East Slavic]] | ancestor5 = [[Ruthenian language|Ruthenian]] (Old Ukrainian) | ancestor6 = | dia1 = [[Southeastern Ukrainian dialects|Southeastern dialects]] ([[Balachka]]) | dia2 = [[Southwestern Ukrainian dialects|Southwestern dialects]] ([[Jaku Ukraine Kanada]]) | dia3 = [[Northern Ukrainian dialects|Northern dialects]] | dia4 = (see also: [[Ukrainian dialects]]) | script = [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] ([[Ukrainian alphabet]])<br />[[Ukrainian Braille]] | nation = {{UKR}} <br/>{{flag|Transnistria}} | minority = {{BLR}}<br />{{Flag|Russian Federation}}<br />{{Flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}<ref name="treaty" /><br />{{Flag|Croatia}}<ref name="treaty" /><br />{{Flag|Czech Republic}}<ref name="languages">{{cite web |url=http://www.vlada.cz/en/pracovni-a-poradni-organy-vlady/rnm/historie-a-soucasnost-rady-en-16666/ |title=National Minorities Policy of the Government of the Czech Republic |website=Vlada.cz |access-date=2012-05-22 |archive-date=7 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607051111/http://www.vlada.cz/en/pracovni-a-poradni-organy-vlady/rnm/historie-a-soucasnost-rady-en-16666/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />{{Flag|Hungary}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://languagecharter.eokik.hu/sites/StatesParties/Hungary.htm |title=Implementation of the Charter in Hungary |work=Database for the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages |publisher=Public Foundation for European Comparative Minority Research |access-date=16 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227004902/http://languagecharter.eokik.hu/sites/StatesParties/Hungary.htm |archive-date=27 February 2014 }}</ref><br />{{Flag|Moldova}}<br />{{Flag|Poland}}<ref name="treaty"/><br />{{Flag|Romania}}<ref name="treaty" /><br />{{Flag|Serbia}}<ref name="treaty">{{cite web |url=http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?NT=148&CM=8&DF=23/01/05&CL=ENG&VL=1 |title=List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148 (Status as of: 21/9/2011) |publisher=[[Council of Europe]] |access-date=2012-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118142916/http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?NT=148&CM=8&DF=23/01/05&CL=ENG&VL=1 |archive-date=18 January 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />{{Flag|Slovakia}}<ref name="treaty" /> | agency = [[National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine]]: [[Institute for the Ukrainian Language]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20110926095038/http://www.ulif.com.ua/UMIF/ Ukrainian language-information fund], [http://www.inmo.org.ua/ Potebnya Institute of Language Studies] | iso1 = uk | iso2 = ukr | iso3 = ukr | lingua = 53-AAA-ed < [[East Slavic languages|53-AAA-e]]<br />(varieties: 53-AAA-eda to 53-AAA-edq) | map2 = <!-- Idioma ucraniano.png --> | mapcaption2 = The Ukrainian-speaking world: {{Legend|#0080ff|regions where Ukrainian is the language of the majority}} {{Legend|#88c4ff|regions where Ukrainian is the language of a significant minority}} | notice = IPA | glotto = ukra1253 | glottoname = Ukrainian | region = [[Eropah Timur]] }} '''Jaku Ukraine''' ({{Langx|uk|українська мова}}) nya jaku Slavik Timur, ti mayuh dikena ba [[Ukraine]]. Iya nyadi jaku keterubah (asal) majoriti besai orang Ukraine. Jaku Ukraine ditulis ngena urup Ukraine, ti nyadi siti varian ari urup Sirilik. Jaku standard tu dipelajarka Akademi Sains Nasional Ukraine enggau Institut Linguistik Potebnia. Banding suah digaga entara jaku Ukraine enggau [[Jaku Rusia|Rusia]], siti agi jaku Slavik Timur, tang bisi mayuh agi saling meretika enggau jaku Belarus,<ref name="classification145">Alexander M. Schenker. </ref> sereta penyauh leksikal ti semak agi enggau [[jaku Poland]] ti baruh pampang Slavik Barat enggau jaku Bulgaria ke baruh Slavik Selatan.<ref>[[Kostiantyn Tyshchenko|K. Tyshchenko]] (1999), ''Metatheory of Linguistics'' (published in Ukrainian), cited in {{cite web|last1=Elms|first1=Teresa|title=Lexical Distance Among the Languages of Europe|url=https://elms.wordpress.com/2008/03/04/lexical-distance-among-languages-of-europe/|website=Etymologikon|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170404185709/https://elms.wordpress.com/2008/03/04/lexical-distance-among-languages-of-europe/#selection-289.0-289.46|archive-date=4 April 2017|language=English|date=4 March 2008|quote=[graph] lexical distance Ukrainian-Polish: 26–35, Ukrainian-Bulgarian: 26–35, (...) 36–50|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jaku Ukraine nya peturun ari jaku Slavik Timur Lama, jaku ke dikena ba nengeri Rus Kiev maya jeman tengah. Ba Grand Duchy Lithuania, jaku nya mansang nyadi jaku Ruthenia, ke alai iya nyadi jaku rasmi, sebedau proses Polonisasi berengkah ba Komanwel Poland–Lithuania. Ba abad ke-18, jaku Ruthenian ngelimpangka diri ngagai jaku pelilih menua, lalu jaku Ukraine moden mansang ba kandang menua Ukraine kemaya hari tu.<ref name="shevelov">{{Cite book |last=Shevelov |first=George Y. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AIVgAAAAMAAJ |title=A Historical Phonology of the Ukrainian Language |publisher=Carl Winter |year=1979 |isbn=9783533027867 |location=Heidelberg |author-link=George Shevelov |access-date=10 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922165717/https://books.google.com/books?id=AIVgAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=22 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="bunčić">{{Cite book |last=Bunčić |first=Daniel |url=https://www.academia.edu/4678996 |title=Die ruthenische Schriftsprache bei Ivan Uževyč unter besonderer Berücksichtigung seines Gesprächsbuchs Rozmova/Besěda: Mit Wörterverzeichnis und Indizes zu seinem ruthenischen und kirchenslavischen Gesamtwerk |publisher=Verlag Otto Sagner |year=2006 |location=München |access-date=10 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326031533/https://www.academia.edu/4678996 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Rusifikasyen nagang jaku Ukraine nyadi subjek ari sekula sereta nyadi jaku ngajar di Empayar Rusia, lalu terus dipejalaika enggau mayuh macham chara di Serakup Soviet.<ref name="schools">[[iarchive:eternalrussiayel00stee/page/216|Eternal Russia: Yeltsin, Gorbachev, and the Mirage of Democracy]] by [[Jonathan Steele (journalist)|Jonathan Steele]], [[Harvard University Press]], 1988, {{ISBN|978-0-674-26837-1}} (p. 217) </ref> Taja pia, jaku nya majak dikena ba serata menua, lalu mengkang tegap kelebih agi ba Ukraine Barat.<ref name="WUkraineL">[https://books.google.com/books?id=AP2Hh3LVGaUC&pg=PA309 Purism and Language: A Study in Modem Ukrainian and Belorussian Nationalism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922165713/https://books.google.com/books?id=AP2Hh3LVGaUC&pg=PA309|date=22 September 2023}} by [[Paul Wexler (linguist)|Paul Wexler]], [[Indiana University Press]], {{ISBN|087750-175-0}} (page 309) </ref><ref name="UkrGrammar30">[[iarchive:contestedtongues00bila/page/76|Contested Tongues: Language Politics and Cultural Correction in Ukraine]] by [[Laada Bilaniuk]], [[Cornell Univ. Press]], 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-8014-7279-4}} (page 78) </ref> == Guna kemaya tu == [[Fail:Ivan_Franko_Museum_in_Krivorivnia.jpg|thumb| Tanda trafik jaku Ukraine ungkup Muzium Ivan Franko di Kryvorivnia]] Guna jaku Ukraine majak nambah pengudah timpuh ti lama nurun. Taja pan bisi urung lima puluh juta iku etnik Ukraine di serata dunya, nyengkaum 37.5 juta iku di Ukraine dalam taun 2001 (77.8% ari penyampau tubuh maya nya), jaku Ukraine mayuh dikena di barat enggau tengah Ukraine. Ba Kyiv, kededua jaku Ukraine enggau Rusia dikena, siti ubah ke tampak ari suba lebuh mengeri nya mayuh ngena jaku Rusia.<ref name="d-m.com.ua">{{Cite web|url=http://www.d-m.com.ua/05_03.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302201528/http://www.d-m.com.ua/05_03.htm|url-status=dead|title=D-M.com.ua|archivedate=2 March 2009|accessdate=31 July 2024}}</ref> Pengalih nya dipelabaka ketegal penatai migran ari pelilih menua barat Ukraine tang mega sekeda peranak Kyiv milih ngena jaku ke dikena sida ba rumah enggau lebih luas ba endur mensia mayuh. Tanda enggau pemadah mensia mayuh di Kyiv dipandangka dalam jaku Ukraine. Ba selatan enggau timur Ukraine, jaku Rusia nya jaku ke suah dikena ba tebal agi mengeri besai enggau sekeda mengeri mit. Nitihka Pengitung Tubuh Mensia Ukraine taun 2001, 87.8% orang ke diau di Ukraine landik bejaku Ukraine. Kena bulan Ogos 2022, pansik di Ukraine ari Rating Group tetemuka 85% madahka diri bejaku Ukraine tauka Ukraine enggau Rusia di rumah, 51% semina bejaku Ukraine, nambah ari 61% enggau 44% dalam bulan Februari 2014.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2022-08-23|title=Seventeenth National Survey: Identity. Patriotism. Values (17–18 August 2022)|url=https://ratinggroup.ua/en/research/ukraine/s_mnadcyate_zagalnonac_onalne_opituvannya_dentichn_st_patr_otizm_c_nnost_17-18_serpnya_2022.html|access-date=2022-10-22|website=Rating Group|archive-date=22 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022194351/https://ratinggroup.ua/en/research/ukraine/s_mnadcyate_zagalnonac_onalne_opituvannya_dentichn_st_patr_otizm_c_nnost_17-18_serpnya_2022.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2022-08-23|title=|script-title=uk:Сімнадцяте загальнонаціональне опитування: Ідентичність. Патріотизм. Цінності (17–18 серпня 2022)|trans-title=Seventeenth National Survey: Identity. Patriotism. Values (17–18 August 2022)|url=https://ratinggroup.ua/files/ratinggroup/reg_files/rg_ua_1000_independence_082022_xvii_press.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826043944/https://ratinggroup.ua/files/ratinggroup/reg_files/rg_ua_1000_independence_082022_xvii_press.pdf|archive-date=2022-08-26|url-status=live|access-date=2022-10-22|website=Rating Group|pages=29–38}}</ref> Dalam pansik ke sama, 76% ngumbai jaku Ukraine nyadi jaku asal sida ( ridna mova ), niki ari 57% ba bulan Julai 2012, nyengkaum 30% orang ke bejaku Rusia. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> ==Kereban sanding== {{reflist}} 7gh9u0ogwc9ki711lqe5oxoaeizvffw 4 6530 18915 2026-05-11T03:24:27Z Song GK 9 Song GK telah memindahkan laman [[Wikipedia:Hari ulang taun dipilih/10 Mei]] ke [[Wikipedia:Hari ulang taun dipilih/10 Me]] 18915 wikitext text/x-wiki #LENCONG [[Wikipedia:Hari ulang taun dipilih/10 Me]] 28t2f7kamduy0tq77vl71c4sk2p22ik 4 6531 18918 2026-05-11T03:25:11Z Song GK 9 Song GK telah memindahkan laman [[Wikipedia:Hari ulang taun dipilih/11 Mei]] ke [[Wikipedia:Hari ulang taun dipilih/11 Me]] 18918 wikitext text/x-wiki #LENCONG [[Wikipedia:Hari ulang taun dipilih/11 Me]] 4c2tt8juzm75c31waiqnt38t0t6r5cd 4 6532 18921 2026-05-11T03:26:14Z Song GK 9 Song GK telah memindahkan laman [[Wikipedia:Hari ulang taun dipilih/12 Mei]] ke [[Wikipedia:Hari ulang taun dipilih/12 Me]] 18921 wikitext text/x-wiki #LENCONG [[Wikipedia:Hari ulang taun dipilih/12 Me]] mnpxnhl4n7d3o635ch4nv81u94onc6u 0 6533 18922 2026-05-11T03:47:26Z Song GK 9 Mencipta laman baru dengan kandungan '{{Infobox political party | name = United Malays National Organisation | native_name = Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Bersatu | abbreviation = UMNO (امنو)<br>PEKEMBAR (ڤکمبر) | lang1 = Malay | logo = UMNO logo.svg | president = [[Ahmad Zahid Hamidi]] | secretary_general = [[Asyraf Wajdi Dusuki]] | founder = [[Onn Jaafar]] | foundation = {{start date and age|1946|05|11|df=yes}} (en...' 18922 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox political party | name = United Malays National Organisation | native_name = Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Bersatu | abbreviation = UMNO (امنو)<br>PEKEMBAR (ڤکمبر) | lang1 = Malay | logo = UMNO logo.svg | president = [[Ahmad Zahid Hamidi]] | secretary_general = [[Asyraf Wajdi Dusuki]] | founder = [[Onn Jaafar]] | foundation = {{start date and age|1946|05|11|df=yes}} (enggau nama UMNO)<br>{{start date and age|1988|02|13|df=yes}} (enggau nama UMNO Baru) | ideology = {{ubl|class=nowrap| |''[[Ketuanan Melayu]]''{{refn|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tak/47/1/47_KJ00005849019/_pdf|title=The Politics of National Identity in West Malaysia: Continued Mutation or Critical Transition? [The Politics of Ambiguity]|author=Helen Ting|work=Southeast Asian Studies, [[Kyoto University]]|publisher=J-Stage|volume=47|page=3/21 [33] and 5/21 [35]|format=PDF|quote=UMNO came into being in 1946 under the impetus of the Anti-[[Malayan Union]] Movement based on this ideological understanding of ketuanan Melayu. Its founding president, Dato’ [[Onn Jaafar]], once said that the UMNO movement did not adhere to any ideology other than Melayuisme, defined by scholar [[Ariffin Omar]] as “the belief that the interests of the bangsa Melayu must be upheld over all else”. Malay political dominance is a fundamental reality of Malaysian politics, notwithstanding the fact that the governing coalition since independence, the [[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance]] [subsequently expanded to form the Barisan Nasional or literally, the “National Front”], is multiethnic in its composition.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Jinna Tay|author2=Graeme Turner|title=Television Histories in Asia: Issues and Contexts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IxU-CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA127|date=24 July 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-00807-9|pages=127–}}</ref>}} |[[Nasionalisme Melayu keterubah|Nasionalisme Melayu]] |[[Konservatisme nasional]]<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.kas.de/wf/en/33.34966/|title=Political Awakening in Malaysia|author=Jan Senkyr|journal=KAS International Reports|issue=7|year=2013|quote= the UMNO can be described as a national conservative Islamic party|pages=73–74}}</ref> |[[Konservatisme rama]] }} | headquarters = Tingkat 38, Menara Dato’ Onn, [[Palan Dagang Dunya Putra]], Jalan Tun Ismail, 50480 [[Kuala Lumpur]] | international = | chairperson = [[Badruddin Amiruldin]] | leader1_title = Sapit Presiden | leader1_name = [[Mohamad Hasan (kaban politik)|Mohamad Hasan]] | leader2_title = Vice Presiden | leader2_name = [[Wan Rosdy Wan Ismail]] <br> [[Mohamed Khaled Nordin]] <br> [[Johari Abdul Ghani]] | leader3_title = Ketuai Indu | leader3_name = [[Noraini Ahmad]] | leader4_title = Ketuai Nembiak | leader4_name = [[Muhamad Akmal Saleh]] (Pemuda) <br> Nurul Amal Mohd Fauzi (Puteri) | leader5_title = Tresurer | leader5_name = [[Tengku Adnan Tengku Mansor]] | slogan = {{lang|ms|Bersatu, Bersetia, Berkhidmat}}<br>{{small|(United, Loyal, In Service)}} | dissolution = | predecessor = United Malays Organisation <br> [[United Sabah National Organisation|USNO]] (in Sabah) <br> [[Sabah People's United Front|BERJAYA]] (in Sabah) | newspaper = ''[[New Straits Times]]''{{refn|Diempu kompeni indu ke sama enggau ''Berita Harian'' sereta ''Harian Metro''.|group=nb}}<br>''[[Berita Harian]]''{{refn|Kena September 1972, pampang beranakka puku UMNO ti benama Fleet Holdings, ti betuaika Junus Sudin, udah meli unit operasyen [[Singapore Press Holdings|The Straits Times Press Group]] (kelia [[SPH Media]]), ti nyengkaum ''Berita Harian''. Penerang ti dibeli nya diengkahka ba baruh pengawa ngatur [[New Straits Times Press]], ti mega nyadika nama pengeluar besai iya.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19720905-1.2.68|title=Straits Times subsidiary|publisher=[[The Straits Times]]|date=5 September 1972|accessdate=14 May 2019|page=9}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19720917-1.2.3|title=The New Straits Times Press|publisher=[[The Straits Times]]|date=17 September 1972|accessdate=14 May 2019|page=1}}</ref>|group=nb}}<br />''[[Harian Metro]]''{{refn|Diempu kompeni indu ke sama enggau ''New Straits Times'' sereta ''Berita Harian''.|group=nb}} | think_tank = | wing1_title = [[Sayap nembiak]] | wing1 = [[UMNO Youth|Pergerakan Pemuda UMNO]] | wing2_title = [[Sayap indu]] | wing2 = [https://www.facebook.com/wanitaumnomalaysia/ Wanita UMNO] | wing3_title = Women's youth wing | wing3 = [http://www.puterimalaysia.com/ Pergerakan Puteri UMNO] | wing4_title = [[Sayap tarak]] | wing4 = [https://www.facebook.com/mahasiswaUMNO/ Kelab Mahasiswa UMNO] | membership_year = 2026 | membership = {{increase}} 3,525,000<ref>{{cite news |last=Hadir |first=Shawaliah |title=Ahli UMNO tidak semestinya pengundi tetap – Asyraf |url=https://malaysiagazette.com/2026/01/16/ahli-umno-tidak-semestinya-pengundi-tetap-asyraf/ |publisher=MalaysiaGazette |date=16 January 2026 |access-date=20 January 2026 |language=ms}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Facebook post by Ahmad Maslan |url=https://www.facebook.com/share/19s22FrRmd/ |website=Facebook |date=17 January 2026 |access-date=20 January 2026 |language=ms}}</ref> | position = [[Right-wing politics|Right-wing]] | religion = [[Sunni Islam]] | national = [[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance]] (1952–1973)<br>[[Barisan Nasional]]<br>(since 1973) | colours = {{Color box|{{party color|United Malays National Organisation}}|border=darkgray}} [[Red]] and {{Color box|#FFFFFF|border=darkgray}} [[white]] | colorcode = {{party color|United Malays National Organisation}} | anthem = {{lang|ms|Bersatu, Bersetia, Berkhidmat}} | flag_title = Sang Saka Bangsa | flag = File:Flag of the United Malays National Organisation.svg | seats1_title = [[Dewan Negara]] | seats1 = {{Composition bar|8|70|hex={{party color|United Malays National Organisation}}}} | seats2_title = [[Dewan Rakyat]] | seats2 = {{Composition bar|26|222|hex={{party color|United Malays National Organisation}}}} | seats3_title = [[State legislative assemblies of Malaysia|Dewan Undangan Negeri]] | seats3 = {{Composition bar|100|611|hex={{party color|United Malays National Organisation}}}} | seats4_title = [[Heads of state governments of Malaysia|Chief Minister of states]] | seats4 = {{composition bar|4|13|hex={{party color|United Malays National Organisation}}}} | website = {{Official URL}}<br>{{URL|https://umno-online.my/}} | country = Malaysia | footnotes = 1. Red and white have been used since before independence. | symbol = [[File:Barisan Nasional.png|150px]] }} '''Gerempung Bansa Melayu Beserakup''' ('''UMNO'''; {{Langx|ms|Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Bersatu}}, '''PEKEMBAR''') nya parti politik [[konservatism|konservatif]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Muhammad Takiyuddin Ismail |date=2011 |title=Konservatisme dalam politik Umno (Conservatism in UMNO politics) |url=https://journalarticle.ukm.my/2381/ |journal=Jebat: Malaysian Journal of History, Politics and Strategic Studies |language=en |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=57–80 |issn=2180-0251 |publisher=Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia}}</ref> sereta [[nationalisme|nasionalis Melayu]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Father of Malay nationalism |url=https://www.malaysianbar.org.my/article/news/legal-and-general-news/general-news/father-of-malay-nationalism |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=The Malaysian Bar}}</ref> di Malaysia [[Malaysia]]. Ditumbuhka [[Onn Jaafar]] kena taun 1946, tu parti politik nasional ke pemadu tuai ba menua tu.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Umno assembly grand old party dominant in all ways |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/malaysias-grand-old-party-dominant-independence-to-the-defeat-in-all-ways |work=The Straits Times |access-date=2021-05-08}}</ref> UMNO tu kaban penumbuh sereta pemungkal gerempung parti [[Barisan Nasional]] (BN), ke alai, beserimbai enggau gerempung parti ti dulu iya nya [[Parti Serakup (Malaysia)|Parti Serakup]], merintah Malaysia kenyau [[Akta Meredeka Federasyen Malaya 1957|meredeka Malaya]] ba taun 1957 kenyau iya alah ba [[pengawa bepilih besai Malaysia 2018|pengawa bepilih besai 2018]]. Urung kandang maya tu, tiap iku [[Menteri Besai Malaysia]] mega nyadi [[Presiden Gerempung Bansa Melayu Beserakup|Presiden UMNO]]. Berindik ari pengawa bepilih 2018, UMNO bisi ngetanka sekeda kuing dalam politik Malaysia. Parti tu udah dua kali pulai merintah lebuh [[krisis politik Malaysia 2020–2022]], keterubah kali iya dalam perintah ti betuaika [[Perikatan Nasional]] lalu udah nya nyadi parti ketuai dalam perintah ti betuaika BN. Dalam kali kedua nya, Sapit Presiden UMNO [[Ismail Sabri Yaakob]] nyadi [[Menteri Besai Malaysia|Menteri Besai]] kenyau taun 2021 nyentuk ke 2022. Kenyau taun 2022, parti presiden, [[Ahmad Zahid Hamidi]], udah nyadi [[Sapit Menteri Besai Malaysia]] dalam perintah ti betuaika [[Pakatan Harapan]]. Taja bisi ubah dalam tusun gerempung parti nya, UMNO terus bejalaika tanggungpengawa ti besai dalam nempa polisi enggau randau politik menua. Parti ti bepelasarka raban bansa ti ngarika pemerat Melayu, konstitusyen UMNO madahka juluk ati iya nya pengawa ngangkatka [[Nasionalisme Melayu keterubah|nasionalisme Melayu]], konsep ''[[Ketuanan Melayu]]'', pengetan "basa" [[Orang Melayu Malaysia|orang Melayu]], pengelala [[Islam ba Malaysia|Islam]] nyadi [[Pengarap ba Malaysia|pengarap federasyen]] sereta "pengetan [[Melayu|budaya Melayu]]" nyadi budaya paung menua tu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UMNO's Constitution: Foundation and Goals |url=http://umno-online.com/?page_id%3D2787 |website=UMNO Online |access-date=2013-01-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229132114/http://umno-online.com/?page_id=2787 |archive-date=2012-02-29}}</ref> Parti nya mega netapka nyadika juluk ati deka ngetan sereta ngerembaika pengarap Islam dalam menua Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UMNO's Constitution: Goal 3.5 |url=http://umno-online.com/?page_id%3D2787 |website=UMNO Online |access-date=2013-01-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229132114/http://umno-online.com/?page_id=2787 |archive-date=2012-02-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UMNO's Constitution: Goal 3.3 |url=http://umno-online.com/?page_id%3D2787 |website=UMNO Online |access-date=2013-01-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229132114/http://umno-online.com/?page_id=2787 |archive-date=2012-02-29}}</ref> Tuju-tuju tu bepun ari penuduk parti ke udah lama nyadi juluk ati besai pengari politik Melayu ba renggat nasional. == Nota == <references group="nb"/> == Kereban sanding == {{reflist}} b87v1y6164blbs6c3ppvpirunr77cjc 0 6534 18923 2026-05-11T03:48:16Z Song GK 9 Melencong ke [[Gerempung Bansa Melayu Beserakup]] 18923 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Gerempung Bansa Melayu Beserakup]] 0pe11sjzkz5t16i3e9rczxqtb9exgvw 14 6535 18925 2026-05-11T09:43:18Z Song GK 9 Mencipta laman baru dengan kandungan '{{Commons category|Christians from Malaysia}} [[Kategori:Orang Malaysia nitihka pengarap|Kristian]] [[Kategori:Kristian ba Malaysia|*Kristian]] [[Kategori:Orang Kristian nitihka peranak]] [[Kategori:Orang Kristian Asia]] {{CatAutoTOC}}' 18925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons category|Christians from Malaysia}} [[Kategori:Orang Malaysia nitihka pengarap|Kristian]] [[Kategori:Kristian ba Malaysia|*Kristian]] [[Kategori:Orang Kristian nitihka peranak]] [[Kategori:Orang Kristian Asia]] {{CatAutoTOC}} 5y4cuu7tlx8a81t0lvt60j4l9vi8adl 14 6536 18926 2026-05-11T09:45:14Z Song GK 9 Mencipta laman baru dengan kandungan '[[Kategori:Orang Roman Katolik nitihka peranak]] [[Kategori:Orang Kristian Malaysia|Roman Katolik]] [[Kategori:Gerija Katolik ba Malaysia]]' 18926 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategori:Orang Roman Katolik nitihka peranak]] [[Kategori:Orang Kristian Malaysia|Roman Katolik]] [[Kategori:Gerija Katolik ba Malaysia]] j70r52f1cu4v8ludsv6lnlkmeplm7wu 0 6537 18930 2026-05-11T10:04:37Z Song GK 9 Mencipta laman baru dengan kandungan '{{Infobox organization | logo_size = 200px | image = Flag of UNESCO.svg | name = Gerempung Pelajar, Saintifik enggau Main Asal Gerempung Bansa Beserakup | caption = [[Menira UNESCO]] | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | num_staff=2,384 | num_staff_year= 2024<ref>{{cite web | title=PERSONNEL BY ORGANIZATION | website=CEB | url=https://unsceb.org/hr-organization | access-date=2025-08-13}}</ref> | type = Rintai ejensi spesyel Gerempung Bansa Beserakup...' 18930 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | logo_size = 200px | image = Flag of UNESCO.svg | name = Gerempung Pelajar, Saintifik enggau Main Asal Gerempung Bansa Beserakup | caption = [[Menira UNESCO]] | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | num_staff=2,384 | num_staff_year= 2024<ref>{{cite web | title=PERSONNEL BY ORGANIZATION | website=CEB | url=https://unsceb.org/hr-organization | access-date=2025-08-13}}</ref> | type = [[Rintai ejensi spesyel Gerempung Bansa Beserakup|Ejensi spesyel Gerempung Bansa Beserakup]] | abbreviation = UNESCO | leader_title = Direktor Besai | leader_name = [[Khaled El-Enany]] | leader_title2 = Sapit Direktor Besai | leader_name2 = [[Xing Qu]] | status = Active | formation = {{start date and age|1945|11|16|df=yes}} | logo = Logo UNESCO 2021.svg | headquarters = [[Paris]], Peranchis | website = [https://www.unesco.org/ unesco.org] | parent_organization = [[United Nations Economic and Social Council]] | subsidiaries = | footnotes = }} '''Gerempung Pelajar, Saintifik enggau Main Asal Gerempung Bansa Beserakup''' tauka dikelala ari jaku kedut jaku Inggeris {{langx|en|'''United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization'''}} ('''UNESCO''') {{IPAc-en|j|uː|ˈ|n|ɛ|s|k|oʊ}})<ref>{{cite web|title = UNESCO|url = https://www.unesco.org/|website = UNESCO|access-date = 22 July 2025|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130925093242/http://en.unesco.org/|archive-date = 25 September 2013|url-status = live}}</ref>{{Efn|{{langx|fr|link=no|Organisation des Nations unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture}}}} nya [[Rintai ejensi spesyel Gerempung Bansa Beserakup|ejensi spesyel]] [[Gerempung Bansa Beserakup]] (GBB) enggau tuju ngangkatka [[pemaik dunya]] sereta [[pengelikun entarabansa|pengelikun]] nengah kerejasama entarabansa dalam pelajar, seni, [[sains]] enggau budaya.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/brief/|title=Introducing UNESCO|publisher=UNESCO|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818121902/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/introducing-unesco|archive-date=18 August 2011|access-date=22 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="history">{{cite web |url = http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/history/ |title = UNESCO history |publisher = UNESCO |access-date = 23 April 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100409011030/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/history/ |archive-date = 9 April 2010 |url-status = live }}</ref> Gerempung tu ngundan 194 [[Menua kaban UNESCO|menua kaban]] sereta 12 kaban bekaul,<ref>{{cite web |title=List of UNESCO members and associates |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/countries |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815012241/https://en.unesco.org/countries/ |archive-date=15 August 2022 |access-date=23 August 2022 |publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> pia mega nyadi kaban kunsi dalam [[gerempung ukai perintah]], [[gerempung entara perintah|entara perintah]] sereta [[sektor peribit]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 June 2013|title=Partnerships|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/partnerships|access-date=19 August 2020|website=UNESCO|language=en|archive-date=23 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823220827/https://en.unesco.org/partnerships|url-status=live}}</ref> Bepalan ba [[Paris]], Peranchis, UNESCO ngundan 53 opis padang kandang menua<ref>{{Cite web|title=Field offices|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/fieldoffice?hub=171411|access-date=19 August 2020|website=UNESCO|language=en|archive-date=17 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817141658/https://en.unesco.org/fieldoffice/|url-status=live}}</ref> sereta 199 [[Komisyen Nasional ungkup UNESCO|komisyen nasional]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2012|title=National Commissions |url=https://pax.unesco.org/countries/NationalCommissions.html |access-date=19 August 2020 |website=UNESCO |language=en |archive-date=22 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822204031/https://en.unesco.org/countries/national-commissions|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=1 August 2019 |title=About UNESCO Office for the Pacific States |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/fieldoffice/pacific/about |access-date=24 July 2023 |website=UNESCO |language=en}}</ref> == Nota == <references group="lower-alpha"/> == Kereban sanding == {{reflist}} 02o2vqchx0dppvkkei959fib7u426rx 0 6538 18931 2026-05-11T10:05:56Z Song GK 9 Melencong ke [[Gerempung Pelajar, Saintifik enggau Main Asal GBB]] 18931 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Gerempung Pelajar, Saintifik enggau Main Asal GBB]] ko0vxh8bkpl4alxcdndtaaya4zgv01x 0 6539 18935 2026-05-11T10:09:04Z Song GK 9 Melencong ke [[Gerempung Pelajar, Saintifik enggau Main Asal GBB]] 18935 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Gerempung Pelajar, Saintifik enggau Main Asal GBB]] ko0vxh8bkpl4alxcdndtaaya4zgv01x 0 6540 18936 2026-05-11T10:26:45Z Song GK 9 Mencipta laman baru dengan kandungan '{{Infobox person | name = James Dean | image = James Dean in Rebel Without a Cause (HQ).jpg | alt = A black-and-white photo of Dean wearing a bomber jacket and Lee jeans | caption = Dean in a publicity still for ''[[Rebel Without a Cause]]'' (1955) | birth_name = James Byron Dean | birth_date = {{Birth date|1931|2|8|mf=y}} | birth_place = [[Marion, Indiana]], U.S. | death_date...' 18936 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = James Dean | image = James Dean in Rebel Without a Cause (HQ).jpg | alt = A black-and-white photo of Dean wearing a bomber jacket and Lee jeans | caption = Dean in a publicity still for ''[[Rebel Without a Cause]]'' (1955) | birth_name = James Byron Dean | birth_date = {{Birth date|1931|2|8|mf=y}} | birth_place = [[Marion, Indiana]], U.S. | death_date = {{Death date and age|mf=yes|1955|9|30|1931|2|8}} | death_place = near [[Cholame, California]], U.S. | death_cause = [[Death of James Dean|Car crash]] | resting_place = Park Cemetery, [[Fairmount,&nbsp;Indiana]], U.S. | occupation = Actor | education = <!-- Per MOS:INFOEDU, for graduates of post-secondary schools only --> | website = {{URL|https://www.jamesdean.com/}} | years_active = 1950–1955 | height = {{height|ft=5|in=8}} | signature = Firma de James Dean.svg }} '''James Byron Dean''' (8 Februari 1931{{spnd}}30 September 1955) nya siku pengelulu Amerika. Iya nyadi siku ari orang ti pemadu bepengaruh dalam [[filem Hollywood|Hollywood]] ba 1950-an, lalu empas iya ngagai wayang enggau budaya popular chukup dalam, taja pan pengawa iya semina lima taun aja. Iya semina bisi ayan dalam tiga iti filem besai: ''[[Rebel Without a Cause]]'' (1955), ke alai iya ngelakunka seiku nembiak ke asa ati sereta ngelaban; ''[[East of Eden (film)|East of Eden]]'' (1955), ti mandangka rentang emosi iya ti balat; enggau ''[[Giant (filem 1956)|Giant]]'' (1956), drama ti ngerembai. Tu udah disimpan [[Librari Kongres]] dalam [[Rejista Filem Nasional Amerika Syarikat]] ketegal "reti budaya, sejarah, tauka estetik". Iya dibunuh dalam [[Pemati James Dean|penusah bebadi kerita maya umur 24 taun]] dalam taun 1955, ninggalka iya nyadi lambang ti meruan ngelaban, ngelaban nembiak, enggau semengat ti enda tenang. [[Kategori:Pengada 1931]] [[Kategori:Pemati 1955]] [[Kategori:Pengelulu laki Amerika kurun ke-20]] 2pbjhjuyng4stp0oryh6sk7e5gliehc 14 6541 18937 2026-05-11T10:27:44Z Song GK 9 Mencipta laman baru dengan kandungan '{{birthyr|193|1}} {{Commons category|1931 births}}' 18937 wikitext text/x-wiki {{birthyr|193|1}} {{Commons category|1931 births}} 83uhphoeajq661lurs6t4w0gb5l9sih 14 6542 18938 2026-05-11T10:28:52Z Song GK 9 Mencipta laman baru dengan kandungan '{{deathyr|195|5}} {{Commons category|1955 deaths}}' 18938 wikitext text/x-wiki {{deathyr|195|5}} {{Commons category|1955 deaths}} b0ligut491lwzv5tnngl2b51ef2pnih 10 6543 18941 2026-05-11T11:07:55Z Song GK 9 Mencipta laman baru dengan kandungan '{{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = Serbia | flag alias = Flag of Serbia.svg | flag alias-civil = Civil Flag of Serbia.svg | flag alias-1835 = Flag of Serbia (1835-1882).svg | flag alias-1882 = State Flag of Serbia (1882-1918).svg | flag alias-1941 = Flag of Serbia, 1941-1944.svg | flag alias-1946 = Flag of SR Serbia.svg | flag alias-1991 = Flag of Serbia (1992–2004).svg | flag alias-2004 = Flag of Serbia (2004–2010).svg |...' 18941 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = Serbia | flag alias = Flag of Serbia.svg | flag alias-civil = Civil Flag of Serbia.svg | flag alias-1835 = Flag of Serbia (1835-1882).svg | flag alias-1882 = State Flag of Serbia (1882-1918).svg | flag alias-1941 = Flag of Serbia, 1941-1944.svg | flag alias-1946 = Flag of SR Serbia.svg | flag alias-1991 = Flag of Serbia (1992–2004).svg | flag alias-2004 = Flag of Serbia (2004–2010).svg | flag alias-military = Standard of the Serbian Armed Forces (front).svg | link alias-military = Serbian Armed Forces | flag alias-air force = Flag of the Serbian Air Force.svg | link alias-air force = Serbian Air Force and Air Defence | flag alias-army = Flag of the Serbian Land Forces.svg | link alias-army = Serbian Army | flag alias-navy = Flag of the Serbian River Flotilla.png | link alias-navy = Serbian River Flotilla | flag alias-naval = Naval Ensign of Serbia.svg | link alias-naval = Serbian River Flotilla | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = {{{altlink|}}} | variant = {{{variant|}}} <noinclude> | var1 = civil | var2 = 1835 | var3 = 1882 | var4 = 1941 | var5 = 1946 | var6 = 1991 | var7 = 2004 | redir1 = SRB | related1 = Revolutionary Serbia | related2 = Principality of Serbia | related3 = Kingdom of Serbia | related4 = SR Serbia | related5 = Serbia and Montenegro | related6 = FR Yugoslavia </noinclude> }} 3pwkqxinrulpcj8fdhes85573eu4tn3 10 6544 18942 2026-05-11T11:09:16Z Song GK 9 Mencipta laman baru dengan kandungan '{{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = Poland | flag alias = Flag of Poland.svg | flag alias-state = Flag of Poland (with coat of arms).svg | flag alias-1815 = Flag of the Congress of Poland.svg | flag alias-1919 = Flag of Poland (1919-1928).svg | flag alias-1928 = Flag of Poland (1928–1980).svg | flag alias-1955 = Flag of Poland (with coat of arms, 1955-1980).svg | flag alias-1980 = Flag of Poland (with coat of arms, 1980-1990)...' 18942 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = Poland | flag alias = Flag of Poland.svg | flag alias-state = Flag of Poland (with coat of arms).svg | flag alias-1815 = Flag of the Congress of Poland.svg | flag alias-1919 = Flag of Poland (1919-1928).svg | flag alias-1928 = Flag of Poland (1928–1980).svg | flag alias-1955 = Flag of Poland (with coat of arms, 1955-1980).svg | flag alias-1980 = Flag of Poland (with coat of arms, 1980-1990).svg | flag alias-1990 = Flag of Poland (with coat of arms).svg | flag alias-naval = PL navy flag IIIRP.svg | border-naval = | flag alias-naval-1919 = Naval Ensign of IIRP v1.svg | border-naval-1919 = | flag alias-naval-1946 = Naval Ensign of PRL v1.svg | border-naval-1946 = | flag alias-naval-auxiliary = Flaga pomocniczych jednostek pływających Polskiej Marynarki Wojennej.svg | flag alias-naval-auxiliary-1955 = POL Bandera pjp PRL v1.svg | link alias-naval = Polish Navy | flag alias-navy = Naval Ensign of Poland.svg | border-navy = | link alias-navy = Polish Navy | flag alias-marines = Flag of the Polish Land Forces.svg | border-marines = | link alias-marines = Polish 7th Coastal Defense Brigade | flag alias-air force = Flag of the Polish Air Force.svg | border-air force = | link alias-air force = Polish Air Force | flag alias-army = Flag of the Polish Land Forces.svg | border-army = | link alias-army = Polish Land Forces | size = {{{size|}}} | size flag alias-naval = 25px | size flag alias-naval-1919 = 25px | size flag alias-naval-1946 = 25px | size flag alias-air force = 25px | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = {{{altlink|}}} | variant = {{{variant|}}} <noinclude> | var1 = state | var2 = 1815 | var3 = 1919 | var4 = 1928 | var5 = 1955 | var6 = 1980 | var7 = 1990 | var10 = naval-1919 | var11 = naval-1946 | var12 = naval-auxiliary | var13 = naval-auxiliary-1955 | redir1 = POL </noinclude> }} r458meyoo86seb5bgd7e1amfhyt1mw8 10 6545 18943 2026-05-11T11:10:29Z Song GK 9 Mencipta laman baru dengan kandungan '{{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = Moldova | flag alias = Flag of Moldova.svg | flag alias-1346 = Flag of Moldavia.svg | flag alias-1917 = Flag of the Moldavian Democratic Republic.svg | flag alias-1925 = Flag of Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1925-1932).svg | flag alias-1937 = Flag of Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1937-1938).svg | flag alias-1938 = Flag of Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Sociali...' 18943 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = Moldova | flag alias = Flag of Moldova.svg | flag alias-1346 = Flag of Moldavia.svg | flag alias-1917 = Flag of the Moldavian Democratic Republic.svg | flag alias-1925 = Flag of Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1925-1932).svg | flag alias-1937 = Flag of Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1937-1938).svg | flag alias-1938 = Flag of Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.svg | flag alias-1940 = Flag of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (1941-1952).svg | flag alias-1952 = Flag of Moldavian SSR.svg | flag alias-1990 = Flag of Moldova (1990–2010).svg | flag alias-army = Flag of the Armed Forces of Moldova.svg | link alias-army = Moldovan Ground Forces | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = {{{altlink|}}} | variant = {{{variant|}}} <noinclude> |var1 = 1346 |var2 = 1917 |var3 = 1925 |var4 = 1937 |var5 = 1938 |var6 = 1940 |var7 = 1952 |var8 = 1990 | redir1 = MDA | redir2 = Republic of Moldova | related1 = Moldavian SSR | related2 = Moldavian Democratic Republic | related3 = Moldavia </noinclude> }} 2nm9qdrx45v9n3numxgi1n86kx5oen3 0 6546 18944 2026-05-11T11:25:50Z Song GK 9 Mencipta laman baru dengan kandungan '{{Infobox ethnic group | group = Bansa Ukraine | native_name = Українці | native_name_lang = uk | image = | caption = | population = {{Circa}} ''46 juta''<ref name="УКРАЇНЦІ">{{Cite web |title=УКРАЇНЦІ |url=http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?Z21ID=&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=...' 18944 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Bansa Ukraine | native_name = Українці | native_name_lang = uk | image = | caption = | population = {{Circa}} ''46 juta''<ref name="УКРАЇНЦІ">{{Cite web |title=УКРАЇНЦІ |url=http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?Z21ID=&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Ukraintsi |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=resource.history.org.ua |archive-date=20 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020175531/http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?Z21ID=&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Ukraintsi |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Map of the Ukrainian Diaspora in the World.svg|center|frameless|260x260px]] | popplace = [[Ukraine]] 37,541,700 (2001)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality|title=Number and composition population of Ukraine: population census 2001|work=[[Ukrainian Census (2001)|State Statistics Committee of Ukraine]]|date=5 December 2001|access-date=5 August 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706003257/http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/|archive-date=6 July 2007}}</ref> | region1 = [[Rusia]] | pop1 = 1,864,000 (2023){{Citation needed|date=September 2024}} | region2 = [[Poland]] | pop2 = 1,651,918 (2023) | ref2 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stat.gov.pl/statystyki-eksperymentalne/kapital-ludzki/populacja-cudzoziemcow-w-polsce-w-czasie-covid-19,12,1.html|title=Populacja cudzoziemców w Polsce w czasie COVID-19|access-date=20 January 2022|archive-date=20 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120135627/https://stat.gov.pl/statystyki-eksperymentalne/kapital-ludzki/populacja-cudzoziemcow-w-polsce-w-czasie-covid-19,12,1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | region3 = [[Kanada]] | pop3 = 1,359,655 (2016) | ref3 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Ethnic%20origin&TABID=1|title=Census Profile, 2016 Census: Ethnic origin population|work=Statistics Canada|access-date=22 April 2018|date=8 February 2017|archive-date=22 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422053324/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Ethnic%20origin&TABID=1|url-status=live}}</ref> | region4 = [[Amerika Serikat]] | pop4 = 1,258,979 (2023) | ref4 = <ref name="data.census.gov">{{Cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=ancestry&tid=ACSDT1Y2023.B04006|title=Census 2023 ACS 1-Year Estimates|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]]}}</ref> | region5 = [[Jereman]] | pop5 = 1,125,000 (2023) | ref5 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Migration-Integration/Tabellen/migrationshintergrund-staatsangehoerigkeit-staaten.html|title=Bevölkerung in Privathaushalten nach Migrationshintergrund im weiteren Sinn nach ausgewählten Geburtsstaaten|website=Statistisches Bundesamt|access-date=10 February 2022|archive-date=20 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420232930/https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Migration-Integration/Tabellen/migrationshintergrund-staatsangehoerigkeit-staaten.html/|url-status=live}}</ref> | region6 = [[Brazil]] | pop6 = 600,000–1,500,000 (2015) | ref6 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ukrainianworldcongress.org/country-info/brazil/|title=Brazil|publisher=The Ukrainian World Congress|access-date=17 December 2020|archive-date=24 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424230057/https://www.ukrainianworldcongress.org/country-info/brazil/|url-status=live}}</ref> | region7 = [[Republik Chek]] | pop7 = 636,282 (2023) | ref7 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cesky.radio.cz/na-konci-roku-2022-zilo-v-cesku-legalne-pres-636-tisic-ukrajincu-predloni-jich-8773042|title=Foreigners by type of residence, sex and citizenship as at 31 December 2018 |access-date=3 February 2019 |archive-date=4 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204014351/https://www.czso.cz/documents/11292/27914491/1812_c01t11.pdf/ddfa8a3d-8875-4b38-8d3a-e7245706b6f7?version=1.0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | region8 = [[Kazakhstan]] | pop8 = 387,000 (2021) | ref8 = <ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/estimates15.shtml|title=Total Migrant stock at mid-year by origin and by major area, region, country or area of destination, 1990–2015|publisher=United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2015)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226173148/http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/estimates15.shtml|archive-date=26 December 2017|access-date=22 November 2017}}</ref> | region9 = [[Itali]] | pop9 = 347,183 (2023) | ref9 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tuttitalia.it/statistiche/cittadini-stranieri/ucraina/|title=Ucraini in Italia|publisher=tuttitalia.it(Elaborazioni su dati ISTAT-L'Istituto nazionale di statistica)|access-date=14 February 2022|archive-date=7 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107090351/https://www.tuttitalia.it/statistiche/cittadini-stranieri/ucraina/|url-status=live}}</ref> | region10 = [[Argentina]] | pop10 = 305,000 (2007) | ref10 = <ref name="Ucrania.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ucrania.com/Articulos/tabid/57/ctl/Details/mid/388/ItemID/1/language/en-US/Default.aspx|title=Inmigración Ucrania a la República Argentina|trans-title=Ukrainian immigration to Argentina|language=es|work=Ucrania.com|date=3 February 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227233709/http://www.ucrania.com/Articulos/tabid/57/ctl/Details/mid/388/ItemID/1/language/en-US/Default.aspx|archive-date=27 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="Article">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ucrania.com/article_read.asp?id=69|title=La inmigración Ucrania a la República Argentina|trans-title=Ukrainian immigration to Argentina|language=es|access-date=5 August 2007|work=Ucrania.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050207175738/http://ucrania.com/article_read.asp?id=69|archive-date=7 February 2005}}</ref> | region11 = [[Romania]] | pop11 = 251,923 (2023) | ref11 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Comunicat_DATE_PROVIZORII_RPL_2011.pdf|title=Romanian 2011 census|publisher=edrc.ro|access-date=13 December 2011|archive-date=2 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802060014/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Comunicat_DATE_PROVIZORII_RPL_2011.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://buktolerance.com.ua/?page_id=8|script-title=uk:Українська діаспора в Румунії|trans-title=Ukrainian diaspora in Romania|language=uk|publisher=Буковина толерантна|access-date=5 November 2017|archive-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107031942/http://buktolerance.com.ua/?page_id=8|url-status=live}}</ref> | region12 = [[Slovakia]] | pop12 = 228,637 (2023) | ref12 = <ref>{{Cite web |title=SODB2021 - Obyvatelia - Základné výsledky |url=https://www.scitanie.sk/obyvatelia/zakladne-vysledky/struktura-obyvatelstva-podla-narodnosti/SR/SK0/SR |access-date=25 August 2022 |website=www.scitanie.sk |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531025903/https://www.scitanie.sk/obyvatelia/zakladne-vysledky/struktura-obyvatelstva-podla-narodnosti/SR/SK0/SR |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SODB2021 - Obyvatelia - Základné výsledky |url=https://www.scitanie.sk/obyvatelia/zakladne-vysledky/struktura-obyvatelstva-podla-dalsej-narodnosti/SR/SK0/SR |access-date=25 August 2022 |website=www.scitanie.sk |archive-date=15 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715111536/https://www.scitanie.sk/obyvatelia/zakladne-vysledky/struktura-obyvatelstva-podla-dalsej-narodnosti/SR/SK0/SR |url-status=live }}</ref> | region13 = [[Moldova]] | pop13 = 181,035 (2014) | ref13 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statistica.md/pageview.php?l=en&idc=479|title=Population and Housing Census in the Republic of Moldova, May 12–25, 2014|publisher=Biroul Național de Statistică al Republicii Moldova|access-date=30 September 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114194151/http://www.statistica.md/pageview.php?l=en&idc=479|archive-date=14 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mer.gospmr.org/gosudarstvennaya-sluzhba-statistiki/informacziya/ezhegodnik-gosudarstvennoj-sluzhby-statistiki/statisticheskij-ezhegodnik-2017.html|title=Статистический ежегодник 2017|publisher=Министерство экономического развития, Государственная служба статистики Приднестровской Молдавской Республики|access-date=30 September 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927202651/http://mer.gospmr.org/gosudarstvennaya-sluzhba-statistiki/informacziya/ezhegodnik-gosudarstvennoj-sluzhby-statistiki/statisticheskij-ezhegodnik-2017.html|archive-date=27 September 2017}}</ref> | region14 = [[Belarus]] | pop14 = 159,656 (2019) | ref14 = [https://www.belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/solialnaya-sfera/naselenie-i-migratsiya/naselenie/statisticheskie-izdaniya/index_17854/] | region15 = [[Uzbekistan]] | pop15 = 124,602 (2015) | ref15 = <ref name="auto" /> | region16 = [[Belanda]] | pop16 = 115,840 (2024) | ref16 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/opvang-vluchtelingen-uit-oekraine/cijfers-opvang-vluchtelingen-uit-oekraine-in-nederland |title=Cijfers opvang vluchtelingen uit Oekraïne in Nederland |language=nl |website=rijksoverheid.nl |date=24 March 2022 |access-date=2024-08-16}}</ref> | region17 = [[Sepanyol]] | pop17 = 111,726 (2020) | ref17 = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Población extranjera por Nacionalidad, comunidades, Sexo y Año. Datos provisionales 2020.|url=https://www.ine.es/jaxi/Datos.htm?path=/t20/e245/p08/l0/&file=02005.px#!tabs-tabla|publisher=[[Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain)|INE]]|access-date=9 November 2020|archive-date=27 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027160218/https://www.ine.es/jaxi/Datos.htm?path=%2Ft20%2Fe245%2Fp08%2Fl0%2F&file=02005.px#!tabs-tabla|url-status=live}}</ref> | region18 = [[Peranchis]] | pop18 = 106,697 (2017) | ref18 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mfa.gov.ua/en/about-ukraine/bilateral-cooperation/european-countries|title=European countries|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|access-date=20 November 2021|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226124308/https://mfa.gov.ua/en/about-ukraine/bilateral-cooperation/european-countries|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.atout-france.fr/notre-reseau/ukraine|title=Ukraine|date=2 March 2015|access-date=10 February 2022|archive-date=25 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225163637/https://www.atout-france.fr/notre-reseau/ukraine|url-status=live}}</ref> | region19 = [[Turki]] | pop19 = 95,000 (2022) | ref19 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mfa.gov.ua/en/about-ukraine/bilateral-cooperation/european-countries|title=European countries|access-date=8 November 2017|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226124308/https://mfa.gov.ua/en/about-ukraine/bilateral-cooperation/european-countries|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://svitua.com.ua/news/201706/4027-turechchyni-pidrahuvaly-kilkist-ukrayinciv-cyfra-vrazhaye|title=У Туреччині підрахували кількість українців. Цифра вражає|publisher=svitua.com.ua|access-date=12 October 2017|date=20 June 2017|archive-date=22 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822215220/http://svitua.com.ua/news/201706/4027-turechchyni-pidrahuvaly-kilkist-ukrayinciv-cyfra-vrazhaye|url-status=usurped}}</ref> | region20 = [[Israel]] | pop20 = 30,000–90,000 (2016) | ref20 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mfa.gov.ua/en/about-ukraine/bilateral-cooperation/nest-africa|title=Middle East and Africa|access-date=8 November 2017|archive-date=1 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001003522/https://mfa.gov.ua/en/about-ukraine/bilateral-cooperation/nest-africa|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region21 = [[Latvia]] | pop21 = 50,699 (2018) | ref21 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pmlp.gov.lv/lv/assets/documents/1aaaa/ISVN_Latvija_pec_TTB_VPD.pdf|title=Latvijas iedzīvotāju sadalījums pēc nacionālā sastāva un valstiskās piederības|publisher=Latvijas Republikas Iekšlietu ministrijas. Pilsonības un migrācijas lietu pārvalde|access-date=17 May 2018|archive-date=25 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125191614/https://www.pmlp.gov.lv/lv/assets/documents/1aaaa/ISVN_Latvija_pec_TTB_VPD.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region22 = [[Portugal]] | pop22 = 45,051 (2015) | ref22 = <ref name="auto"/> | region23 = [[Australia]] | pop23 = 38,791 (2014) | ref23 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/statistics/comm-summ/textversion/ukraine.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116133105/http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/statistics/comm-summ/textversion/ukraine.htm |archive-date=16 January 2014|title=Ukrainian Australians|author=Australian Government – Department of Immigration and Border Protection|access-date=1 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mfa.gov.ua/en/about-ukraine/bilateral-cooperation/asia-and-oceania|title=Asia and Oceania countries|author=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|access-date=8 November 2017|archive-date=20 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720123015/https://mfa.gov.ua/en/about-ukraine/bilateral-cooperation/asia-and-oceania|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region24 = [[Gerika]] | pop24 = 32,000 (2016) | ref24 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mfa.gov.ua/en/about-ukraine/ukrainians-abroad|title=Ukrainians Аbroad|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|access-date=22 November 2017|archive-date=1 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001003523/https://mfa.gov.ua/en/about-ukraine/ukrainians-abroad|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region25 = [[United Kingdom]] | pop25 = 23,414 (2015) | ref25 = <ref name="auto" /> | region26 = [[Estonia]] | pop26 = 23,183 (2017) | ref26 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stat.ee/34267|title=Population by ethnic nationality, 1 January, years|publisher=Eesti Statistika|access-date=28 October 2017|archive-date=4 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104172617/http://www.stat.ee/34267|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region27 = [[Georgia (menua)|Georgia]] | pop27 = 22,263 (2015) | ref27 = <ref name="auto"/> | region28 = [[Paraguay]] | pop28 = 12,000–40,000 (2014) | ref28 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ukrainianworldcongress.org/index.php/id/327|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820100348/http://www.ukrainianworldcongress.org/index.php/id/327|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 August 2019|title=PARAGUAY|publisher=Ukrainian World Congress|access-date=10 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://argentina.mfa.gov.ua/es/ukraine-paraguay/culture|title=La cooperación cultural y humanitaria entre Ucrania y Paraguay|publisher=Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Ucrania|access-date=10 November 2017|archive-date=20 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720194828/https://argentina.mfa.gov.ua/es/ukraine-paraguay/culture|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region29 = [[Azerbaijan]] | pop29 = 21,509 (2009) | ref29 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.azstat.org/statinfo/demoqraphic/en/AP_/1_5.xls|title=Censuses of Republic of Azerbaijan 1979, 1989, 1999, 2009|publisher=State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan|access-date=1 October 2017|archive-date=30 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130101713/http://www.azstat.org/statinfo/demoqraphic/en/AP_/1_5.xls|url-status=live}}</ref> | region30 = [[Kirgizstan]] | pop30 = 12,691 (2016) | ref30 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/kyrgyzstan-ethnic2016reg.htm|title=Ethnic composition: 2016 estimation (data for regions)|publisher=Кыргыз Республикасынын Улуттук статистика комитети|access-date=6 November 2017|archive-date=21 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321205540/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/kyrgyzstan-ethnic2016reg.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> | region31 = [[Lithuania]] | pop31 = 12,248 (2015) | ref31 = <ref name="auto"/> | region32 = [[Uruguay]] | pop32 = 10,000–15,000 (1990) | ref32 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.en.migraciya.com.ua/news/ukrainian-abroad/en-our-color---all-over-the-world-/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003091041/http://en.migraciya.com.ua/news/ukrainian-abroad/en-our-color---all-over-the-world-|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 October 2017|title=Our color-all over the world|publisher=State Migration Service of Ukraine and Foundation for assistance to refugees and displaced people "Compassion"|access-date=25 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ebk.net.ua/Book/history/makarchuk_eiu/part17/1703.htm|title=С. А. Макарчук, Етнічна історія України|publisher=ebk.net.ua|access-date=2 October 2017|archive-date=20 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820102651/http://www.ebk.net.ua/Book/history/makarchuk_eiu/part17/1703.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> | region33 = [[Denmark]] | pop33 = 12,144 (2018) | ref33 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statbank.dk/10024|title=Population at the first day of the quarter by country of origin, ancestry, age, sex, region and time – Ukraine|publisher=Statistics Denmark|access-date=27 May 2018|archive-date=16 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316064152/https://www.statbank.dk/10024|url-status=live}}</ref> | region34 = [[Austria]] | pop34 = 12,000 (2016) | ref34 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://austria.mfa.gov.ua/ua/ukraine-at/ukrainians-in-%D0%B0t|script-title=uk:Українці в Австрії|publisher=Botschaft der Ukraine in der Republik Österreich|access-date=5 October 2017|archive-date=13 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013061824/http://austria.mfa.gov.ua/ua/ukraine-at/ukrainians-in-%D0%B0t|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region35 = [[Emiriyah Arab Beserakup]] | pop35 = 11,145 (2017) | ref35 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chasipodii.net/article/18749/|title=Євгеній Семенов: "Українська громада в ОАЕ об'єднується, не чекаючи жодних офіційних статусів чи закликів, і це – головне!"|publisher=chasipodii.net|access-date=13 October 2017|archive-date=16 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016112836/http://www.chasipodii.net/article/18749|url-status=live}}</ref> | region36 = [[Sweden]] | pop36 = 11,069 (2019) | ref36 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/sv/ssd/START__BE__BE0101__BE0101E/FodelselandArK/table/tableViewLayout1/|title=Befolkning efter födelseland, ålder, kön och år|publisher=Statistiska centralbyrån|access-date=25 February 2020|archive-date=20 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220091841/http://celade.cepal.org/cgibin/RpWebEngine.exe/PortalAction?&MODE=MAIN&BASE=CPVBLZ2000&MAIN=WebServerMain.inl|url-status=live}}</ref> | region37 = [[Hungari]] | pop37 = 10,996 (2016) | ref37 = <ref name="KSH">{{Cite book|last=Vukovich|first=Gabriella|url=http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/idoszaki/mikrocenzus2016/mikrocenzus_2016_12.pdf|title=Mikrocenzus 2016 – 12. Nemzetiségi adatok|trans-title=2016 microcensus – 12. Ethnic data|language=hu|publisher=Hungarian Central Statistical Office|location=Budapest|year=2018|access-date=9 January 2019|isbn=978-963-235-542-9|archive-date=9 October 2022|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/idoszaki/mikrocenzus2016/mikrocenzus_2016_12.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> | region38 = [[Switzerland]] | pop38 = 6,681 (2017) | ref38 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://switzerland.mfa.gov.ua/ua/ukraine-switzerland/ukrainians-in-switzerland|script-title=uk:Українці в Швейцарії|publisher=Botschaft der Ukraine in der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft|access-date=5 November 2017|archive-date=15 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715064822/https://switzerland.mfa.gov.ua/ua/ukraine-switzerland/ukrainians-in-switzerland|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region39 = [[Finland]] | pop39 = 5,000 (2016) | ref39 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://finland.mfa.gov.ua/en/ukraine-finland/ukrainians-in-finland|title=Ukrainians in Finland|publisher=Embassy of Ukraine in the Republic of Finland|access-date=5 November 2017|archive-date=6 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906130348/https://finland.mfa.gov.ua/en/ukraine-finland/ukrainians-in-finland|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region40 = [[Jordan]] | pop40 = 5,000 (2016) | ref40 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jordan.mfa.gov.ua/en/ukraine-jo/ukrainians-in-jo|title=Ukrainian community in Jordan|publisher=Embassy of Ukraine in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan|access-date=12 October 2017|archive-date=6 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906130348/https://jordan.mfa.gov.ua/en/ukraine-jo/ukrainians-in-jo|url-status=dead}}</ref> | langs = [[Jaku Ukraine|Ukraine]],<ref>[http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainians.htm Ukrainians] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411031257/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainians.htm |date=11 April 2022 }} ... Ukrainians are people whose native language is Ukrainian (an objective criterion) whether or not they are nationally conscious, and all those who identify themselves as Ukrainian (a subjective criterion) whether or not they speak Ukrainian ...</ref> [[Jaku Sain Ukraine]]<ref name="UTOG">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160224044325/http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CRPD/Shared%20Documents/UKR/INT_CRPD_CSS_UKR_21426_E.doc Alternative Answers to the List of Issues for Ukraine. Prepared by the Ukrainian Society of the Deaf] - UN Human Rights - Office of the High Commissioner, retrieved on 2.23.2016</ref> | rels = Pengambis mayuh [[Ortodoks Timur]] enggau sekeda [[Gerija Katolik ba Ukraine|Katolik]] ([[Gerija Katolik Gerika Ukraine|Katolik Gerika Ukraine]] enggau [[Gerija Latin ba Ukraine|Katolik Latin]]) }} '''Bansa Ukraine''' ({{Langx|uk|engvar=gb|українці|ukraintsi}}, {{IPA|uk|ʊkrɐˈjin⁽ʲ⁾ts⁽ʲ⁾i|pron}})<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ukrainians?show=0&t=1293151953|title=Ukrainian: definition|work=Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary|access-date=15 March 2016|archive-date=26 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226143926/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ukrainians?show=0&t=1293151953|url-status=live}}</ref> nya [[raban bansa]] [[Slav Timur]] ti asal ari [[Ukraine]]. Jaku tangkai mengandai sida iya nya [[jaku Ukraine]], lalu pengambis mayuh ari sida megai pengarap [[Gerija Ortodoks Timur|Ortodoks Timur]]. Enggau penyampau tubuh 46 juta iku ba serata dunya, bansa Ukraine nya raban bansa [[Slav]] pemadu mayuh pengudah [[bansa Rusia]].<ref name="УКРАЇНЦІ"/> Bansa Ukraine udah diberi pemerintah luar bemacham nama,<ref name="rulers">{{cite journal|last=Arel|first=Dominique|title=Language, Status, and State Loyalty in Ukraine|volume=35|number=1/4|year=2017–2018|pages=233–263|publisher=[[Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute]]|journal=[[Harvard Ukrainian Studies]]|jstor=44983543}}</ref> ti nyengkaum [[Komanwel Poland–Lithuania]], [[monarki Habsburg]], [[Empayar Austria]], lalu udah nya [[Austria-Hungari]]. Raban bansa Slav Timur ti ngentapka pendiau ba kandang menua Ukraine kemaya tu dikelala enggau nama [[bansa Ruthenia]], nujuka ngagai kandang menua [[Ruthenia]]; orang Ukraine ke diau baruh [[Empayar Rusia]] dikelala enggau nama orang Rusia Mit, diberi nama ari [[Rusia Mit]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Moser|first=Michael A.|title=The Fate of the "Ruthenian or Little Russian" (Ukrainian) Language in Austrian Galicia (1772–1867)|volume=35|number=1/4|year=2017–2018|pages=87–104|publisher=[[Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute]]|journal=[[Harvard Ukrainian Studies]]|jstor=44983536}}</ref> Nama bansa Ukraine, ti bekaul enggau [[Kandang menua Hetman Kosak]], udah diambi berindik [[pengangkat nasional Ukraine]] ba ujung kurun ke-18.<ref>{{cite journal|last=J. Boeck|first=Brian|title=What's in a Name? Semantic Separation and the Rise of the Ukrainian National Name|volume=27|number=1/4|year=2004–2005|pages=33–65|publisher=[[Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute]]|journal=[[Harvard Ukrainian Studies]]|jstor=41036861}}</ref> Bala [[Kosak]] suah dikemeratka dalam identiti enggau simbolisme Ukraine moden, baka dalam [[Lagu menua Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sysyn|first=Frank|title=The Reemergence of the Ukrainian Nation and Cossack Mythology|volume=58|number=4|year=1991|journal=[[Social Research (journal)|Social Research]]|pages=845–864|publisher=[[The Johns Hopkins University Press]]|jstor=40970677}}</ref> [[Citizen of Ukraine|Citizens of Ukraine]] are also called Ukrainians regardless of ethnicity,<ref name="multiethnic">{{cite journal |last=Kulyk |first=Volodymyr |date=21 October 2022 |title=Is Ukraine a Multiethnic Country? |journal=[[Slavic Review]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |volume=81 |pages=299–323 |doi=10.1017/slr.2022.152 |number=2}}</ref> and many identify themselves as a [[civic nation]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Kappeler |first=Andreas |author-link=Andreas Kappeler |title=Ungleiche Brüder: Russen und Ukrainer vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart |publisher=C.H.Beck oHG |year=2023 |isbn=978-3-406-80042-9 |place=München |page=260 |quote=..., dass sich die Ukrainer in postsowjetischer Zeit zunehmend als politische Nation, als Willensnation, die mehrere ethnische und sprachliche Gruppen umfasst, verstehen. |trans-quote=... in the post-Soviet era, Ukrainians increasingly see themselves as a political nation, a nation by will (''Willensnation'', [[civic nation]]) that includes several ethnic and linguistic groups.}}</ref> ==Kereban sanding== {{reflist}} 0igrthhp8bp80zyjykstz4mkrjx1ojm