Wikipedia ibawiki https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambar_Keterubah MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.24 first-letter Media Spesyel Randau Penggena Randau penggena Wikipedia Randau Wikipedia Fail Randau fail MediaWiki Randau MediaWiki Templat Randau templat Bantu Randau bantu Kategori Randau kategori TimedText TimedText talk Modul Randau modul Acara Perbincangan acara 10 69 20171 176 2026-10-25T13:26:24Z Song GK 9 20171 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- optional icon - included by default -->{{#if:{{{no-icon|{{{noicon|}}}}}}||{{#ifeq: {{{wstitle|}}}||<span class="noprint">[[Fail:PD-icon.svg|12px|class=noviewer|alt=|link=]]&nbsp;</span>}}}}<!-- optional public domain icon when wstitle is missing or empty -->{{#invoke:Template wrapper|{{#if:{{{_debug|}}}|list|wrap}}|_template=Cite encyclopedia |_exclude=display, no-icon, noicon, short, wstitle, language, lang, _debug |_reuse=chapter, title, url <!-- these are reused --> |_alias-map=name-list-format:name-list-style,accessdate:access-date,authorlink:author-link |editor-first={{#if:{{{short|}}}||Hugh}} |editor-last={{#if:{{{short|}}}||Chisholm}} |editor-link={{#if:{{{short|}}}||Hugh Chisholm}} |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Edisyen Kesebelas|Encyclopædia Britannica]] |title={{#if:{{{wstitle|}}}|{{cite wikisource/make link |link=1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/{{{wstitle}}} |label={{{display|{{{wstitle|}}}}}} |noicon={{{no-icon|{{{noicon|}}}}}} }}|{{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title}}}}}}} |chapter={{#if:{{{chapter|}}} |{{#if:{{{wstitle|}}}{{{title|}}} |{{cite wikisource/make link |link=1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/{{{wstitle}}} |anchor={{{chapter|}}} |label={{{chapter|}}} |noicon={{{noicon|}}} }} |{{{chapter|}}}<!-- else #if NOT wstitle OR title; cs1|2 will emit a missing title error message here because no title --> }}<!-- end #if wstitle, title --> }}<!-- end #if chapter --> |url={{#if:{{{wstitle|}}}||{{{url|}}}}} |edition=11th |date=1911 |language=en |publisher={{#if:{{{short|}}}||Cambridge University Press}} }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}}</noinclude><!-- --><includeonly><!-- -->{{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACEE}} |<!--is set--> |<!--Sort out the parameters--> {{#ifeq: {{#if: {{{wstitle|}}}|{{{wstitle}}}}}|<!--eq to empty--> |<!-- then--> {{#ifeq: {{#if: {{{title|}}}|{{{title}}}|}}|<!--eq to empty--> |<!--then-->[[Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia ti ngundan jaku ambi ari Encyclopaedia Britannica 1911 nadai parameter artikel]] |<!--else-->[[Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia ti ngundan jaku ambi ari Encyclopaedia Britannica 1911 nadai kereban sanding Wikisource]] }}<!--end title--> |<!--else-->[[Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia ti ngundan jaku ambi ari Encyclopaedia Britannica 1911 enggau kereban sanding Wikisource]] }}<!--end of check wstitle--> |<!--else not in NAMESPACE do nothing--> }}<!--end NAMESPACE no white space --></includeonly><!--DO NOT PUT A BLANK LINE AFTER THIS COMMENT--> gipv08m8zs2prnr8pa2qwli9jmas283 10 635 20182 13424 2026-10-26T02:42:46Z Song GK 9 20182 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Sarawak |title = [[Fail:Flag of Sarawak.svg|40px|Bendera Sarawak]] [[Sarawak|Sarawak Bumi Kenyalang]] [[Fail:Coat of arms of Sarawak.svg|35px|Lambang Sarawak]] |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |bodyclass = hlist | above = Indu nengeri: [[Kuching]] | group1 = Sejarah | list1 = * [[Sejarah Sarawak|Perintah Santubong (500 AD)]] * [[Sejarah Sarawak|Perintah Melano (700 AD–1400 AD)]] * [[Empayar Brunei|Empayar Brunei (1368–1888)]] * [[Kesultanan Sarawak|Kesultanan Sarawak (1599–1641)]] * [[Raj Sarawak|Raj Sarawak (1841–1946)]] * [[Empayar Jipun|Empayar Jipun (1941–1945)]] * [[Koloni Mahkota Sarawak|Koloni Mahkota Sarawak (1946–1963)]] * [[Sarawak|Sarawak (1963–diatu)]] | group2 = Topik | list2 = * Index * [[Sejarah Sarawak|Sejarah]] * [[Konstitusyen Negeri Sarawak|Konsitusyen]] * [[Pengawa Pemilih ba Sarawak|Pengawa Pemilih]] * [[Perintah Sarawak|Perintah]] ** [[Kabinet Sarawak|Eksekutif]] *** [[Yang di-Pertua Negeri Sarawak|Gabenor]] *** [[Premier Sarawak|Premier]] ** [[Aum Kunsil Negeri Sarawak|Aum Kunsil]] * [[Templat:Geografi Sarawak|Geografi]] * [[Ripih orang ari Sarawak|Orang Sarawak]] * Simbol ** [[Ibu Pertiwiku|Lagu]] ** [[Lambang menua Sarawak|Lambang menua]] ** [[Menira Sarawak|Menira]] * [[:Category:Tourist attractions in Sarawak|Tourist attractions]] | group3 = Gerempung | list3 = * [[Budaya Sarawak|Budaya]] * [[Pemakai Sarawak|Pemakai]] * [[Demografi Sarawak|Demografi]] * [[Ekonomi Sarawak|Ekonomi]] * Pelajar * [[:Kategory:Politik Sarawak|Politik]] | group4 = Bagi Menua | list4 = {{Navbox|subgroup | evenodd = swap | group1 = [[Bagi Menua ba Malaysia|Bagi Menua]] | list1 = * [[Bagi Menua Betong|Betong]] * [[Bagi Menua Bintulu|Bintulu]] * [[Bagi Menua Kapit|Kapit]] * [[Bagi Menua Kuching|Kuching]] * [[Bagi Menua Limbang|Limbang]] * [[Bagi Menua Miri|Miri]] * [[Bagi Menua Mukah|Mukah]] * [[Bagi Menua Samarahan|Samarahan]] * [[Bagi Menua Sarikei|Sarikei]] * [[Bagi Menua Serian|Serian]] * [[Bagi Menua Sibu|Sibu]] * [[Bagi Menua Sri Aman|Sri Aman]] | group2 = [[Pelilih Menua ba Malaysia|Pelilih menua]] | list2 = * [[Asajaya]] * [[Ba'kelalan]] * [[Bau, Sarawak|Bau]] * [[Pelilih Menua Belaga|Belaga]] * [[Beluru]] * [[Pelilih Menua Betong|Betong]] * [[Pelilih Menua Bintulu|Bintulu]] * [[Bukit Mabong]] * [[Dalat]] * [[Pelilih Menua Daro|Daro]] * Gedong * [[Pelilih Menua Julau|Julau]] * [[Pelilih Menua Kabong|Kabong]] * [[Pelilih Menua Kanowit|Kanowit]] * [[Pelilih Menua Kapit|Kapit]] * [[Samarahan|Kota Samarahan]] * [[Pelilih Menua Lawas|Lawas]] * [[Pelilih Menua Limbang|Limbang]] * [[Pelilih Menua Lingga|Lingga]] * [[Lubok Antu]] * [[Pelilih Menua Lundu|Lundu]] * [[Matu]] * [[Meradong]] * [[Mukah]] * [[Marudi]] * [[Pelilih Menua Pantu|Pantu]] * [[Pakan]] * [[Pusa, Sarawak|Pusa]] * [[Pelilih Menua Saratok|Saratok]] * [[Sarikei]] * Sebauh * [[Pelilih Menua Sebuyau|Sebuyau]] * [[Pelilih Menua Selangau|Selangau]] * [[Pelilih Menua Serian|Serian]] * [[Pelilih Menua Sibu|Sibu]] * [[Pelilih Menua Siburan|Siburan]] * [[Pelilih Menua Sibuti|Sibuti]] * [[Pelilih Menua Simunjan|Simunjan]] * [[Song, Sarawak|Song]] * [[Pelilih Menua Sri Aman|Sri Aman]] * [[Tanjung Manis]] * [[Tanjung Kidurong]] * [[Tatau]] * [[Pelilih Menua Tebedu|Tebedu]] * [[Pelilih Menua Telang Usan|Telang Usan]] | group3 = Kunsil kandang <br/>mengeri | list3 = * [[Kunsil Kandang Mengeri Padawan|Padawan]] | group4 = Nengeri | list4 = * [[Kuching]] * [[Miri]] | group5 = Nengeri mit | list5 = * [[Asajaya]] * [[Ba'kelalan]] * [[Balingian]] * [[Bario]] * [[Batu Kawa]] * [[Batu Niah]] * [[Bau, Sarawak|Bau]] * [[Bekenu]] * [[Beladin]] * [[Belaga, Sarawak|Belaga]] * [[Belawai]] * [[Betong, Sarawak|Betong]] * [[Biawak]] * [[Bintangor, Sarawak|Bintangor]] * [[Bintulu]] * [[Dalat, Sarawak|Dalat]] * [[Daro]] * [[Debak]] * [[Engkilili]] * [[Igan, Malaysia|Igan]] * [[Julau]] * [[Kanowit]] * [[Kapit]] * [[Kota Samarahan]] * [[Lawas]] * [[Limbang]] * [[Lingga, Malaysia|Lingga]] * [[Lubok Antu]] * [[Lundu]] * [[Maludam]] * [[Marudi]] * [[Matu, Sarawak|Matu]] * [[Mukah]] * [[Oya, Malaysia|Oya]] * [[Pakan, Sarawak| Pakan]] * [[Pusa, Sarawak|Pusa]] * [[Sadong Jaya]] * [[Saratok]] * [[Sarikei]] * [[Sebauh]] * [[Sebuyau]] * [[Selangau]] * [[Sematan]] * [[Serian]] * [[Serikin]] * [[Sibu]] * [[Siburan]] * [[Simunjan, Sarawak|Simunjan]] * [[Song, Malaysia|Song]] * [[Spaoh]] * [[Simanggang]] * [[Tanjung Kidurong]] * Tanjung Manis * [[Tatau]] * [[Tebedu]] }} | below = * {{Icon|commons}} [[:commons:Sarawak|Commons]] * {{Icon|wikisource}} [[s:Portal:Sarawak|Wikisource]] * {{Icon|cat}} [[:Category:Sarawak|Category]] }}<noinclude> {{Collapsible option}} [[Kategori:Sarawak templates| ]] [[Kategori:Asia country and territory topics templates]] </noinclude> pshffu16gjghqdw4na4scc8wva2p6uq 0 1269 20190 14876 2026-10-26T05:08:38Z Song GK 9 20190 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox sportsperson | image = | caption = | imagesize = | name = Bonnie Bunyau Gustin | birth_name = Bonnie Bunyau anak Gustin | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1999|06|03|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Serian]], [[Sarawak]], [[Malaysia]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.utusan.com.my/sukan/2022/07/bonnie-mahu-emas-komanwel-2022/|title=Bonnie mahu emas Komanwel 2022|last=Tarmizi|first=Nor Liyana|date=21 July 2022|work=Utusan Malaysia |access-date=30 July 2022}}</ref> | nickname = Bonnie | residence = | height = 132 cm | weight = | relatives = | sport = [[Angkat berat| Angkat berat para]] | disability = "Short stature" | disability_class = | event = | country = Malaysia | coach = Jamil Adam | club = | website = | medaltemplates = {{MedalSport| Angkat berat laki}} {{MedalCountry|{{MAS}}}} {{MedalCompetition| Lumba Paralimpik}} {{MedalGold |2024 Paris |72 kg}} {{MedalGold |2020 Tokyo |72 kg}} {{MedalCompetition | Lumba Komanwel }} {{MedalGold | 2022 Birmingham | Men's lightweight }} {{MedalCompetition|Pekit Angkat Berat Para }} {{MedalGold| 2019 Nur-Sultan | 65 kg }} {{MedalGold| 2021 Tblisi | 72 kg }} {{MedalGold| 2023 Dubai| 72 kg }} {{MedalCompetition| Pekit Angkat Berat Para Dunya}} {{MedalGold |2021 Dubai| 72 kg}} {{MedalGold |2021 Bangkok| 72 kg}} {{MedalGold |2024 Dubai| 72 kg}} {{MedalCompetition|Kejuaraan Asia Oseania Terbuka}} {{MedalGold |2022 Pyeongtaek| 72 kg}} {{MedalCompetition | Lumba Para Asia }} {{MedalGold |2022 Hangzhou |72 kg}} {{MedalSilver |2018 Jakarta |65 kg}} | show-medals = yes }} '''Bonnie Bunyau anak Gustin''' (ada maya 3 Jun 1999) ianya pengangkat berat ti ngarika menua Malaysia. == Pengidup Diri == Bonnie kala diau ba [[Serian]] enggau [[Betong]] maya iya mit suba. Iya orang [[Bidayuh]]-[[Iban]].<ref>[https://www.bernama.com/en/news.php?id=1997473 Bonnie an Icon for Future Athletes] Bernama. 28 Ogos 2021. Diambi maya 3 April 2024</ref> Apai iya, Gustin Jenang betanding ba angkat berat Para maya 2010 World Championships ba Kuala Lumpur, lalu abang iya, Bryan Junancey Gustin mega betanding sukan ba renggat entarabangsa. Bonnie ngambi bidang sukan maya umur 15. ==Pengawa== Iya bepekit ba [[Lumba Komanwel 2018]] ke alai iya bulih lumur 4 ba pekit berat ringan. Ba [[Lumba Paralimpik Tokyo 2020]], Bonnie dipilih nyadi orang ke mai menira Malaysia ba pengerami bejadi.<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 August 2021|title=Bonnie, Siti Nooriasah named as Tokyo Paralympics flag bearers|url=https://www.thesundaily.my/home/bonnie-siti-nooriasah-named-as-tokyo-paralympics-flag-bearers-JA8222847|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-28|website=www.thesundaily.my|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828110825/https://www.thesundaily.my/home/bonnie-siti-nooriasah-named-as-tokyo-paralympics-flag-bearers-JA8222847 |archive-date=2021-08-28 }}</ref> Iya udah nya nempa rikod baru Paralimpik 228 kg lalu bulih midul emas keterubah Malaysia ba Lumba Paralimpik dalam lumba angkat berat.<ref>{{Cite news|date=28 August 2021|title=Malaysia's Bonnie Bunyau Gustin sets new Paralympics powerlifting record|publisher=TheStarOnline|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/sport/others/2021/08/28/malaysia039s-bonnie-bunyau-gustin-sets-new-paralympics-powerlifting-record|access-date=28 August 2021}}</ref> Beberapa bulan udah nya, iya bulih midul emas ba pekit iya ba Kejohanan Angkat Berat Para Dunia 2021 ke diatur di Tbilisi, Georgia.<ref name="gustin_and_omolayo_extend_domination_2021">{{Cite news|date=2 December 2021|title=Tbilisi 2021: Bonnie Gustin and Bose Omolayo extend domination|work=Paralympic.org|url=https://www.paralympic.org/news/tbilisi-2021-bonnie-gustin-and-bose-omolayo-extend-domination|access-date=2 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202180530/https://www.paralympic.org/news/tbilisi-2021-bonnie-gustin-and-bose-omolayo-extend-domination|archive-date=2 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="omolayo_breaks_world_record_to_claim_gold_world_para_powerlifting_championships_2021">{{Cite news|last=Morgan|first=Liam|date=2 December 2021|title=Omolayo breaks world record to claim gold at World Para Powerlifting Championships|work=[[Inside the Games|InsideTheGames.biz]]|url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/index.php/articles/1116292/omolayo-world-record-para-powerlifting|access-date=2 December 2021}}</ref> Iya mega nempa rikod dunya baru 230 kg ba pekit 72 kg lelaki ba Piala Dunya Para Powerlifting Dunya 2021 di Dubai.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/sport/others/2021/06/22/malaysian-powerlifter-bonnie-bunyau-gustin-sets-new-world-record|title=Malaysian powerlifter Bonnie Bunyau Gustin sets new world record|first=Teik Huat|last=Lim|date=22 June 2021|publisher=TheStarOnline|access-date=28 August 2021}}</ref> Ba taun 2022, iya menang midul emas ba pekit angkat berat ringan Lelaki ba Lumba Komanwel Birmingham 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Seng Foo |date=2022-08-04 |title=Commonwealth Games: Bonnie makes history with para powerlifting gold for Malaysia |url=https://english.stadiumastro.com/sports-others/commonwealth-games-bonnie-makes-history-para-powerlifting-gold-malaysia-219549 |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=english.stadiumastro.com}}</ref> Maya [[Lumba Paralimpik 2024]] ke diatur di Paris, iya sekali agi dipilih nyadi orang ke mai tambai kontinjen Malaysia ba pengerami bejadi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Meketar |first=Amril Muttaqien |date=29 August 2024 |title=BERNAMA - PARIS DAZZLES AGAIN IN STUNNING PARALYMPIC GAMES OPENING CEREMONY |url=https://www.bernama.com/tv/news.php?id=2334525 |access-date=6 September 2024 |website=Bernama}}</ref> Ba pekit powerlifting lelaki 72kg ke diatur kena 6hb September tu tadi, iya mechahka rikod Paralimpik iya empu iya nya 228kg enggau rikod dunya iya empu iya nya 231kg ​​enggau mujur ngangkat 232kg ti ngujungka iya bulih midul emas kedua beturut-turut ungkup iya empu sereta mega ungkup Malaysia ba lumba enggau main nya.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 September 2024 |title=Sarawakian Bonnie Bunyau lifts 232kg to set new world record at Paris Paralympics |url=https://www.theborneopost.com/2024/09/06/sarawakian-bonnie-bunyau-lifts-232kg-to-set-new-world-record-at-paris-paralympics/ |access-date=6 September 2024 |work=[[The Borneo Post]]}}</ref> == Basa == * {{Flag|Sarawak}} : ** Pingat Peringatan Cemerlang Jubli Intan (Emas) (2024)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theborneopost.com/2024/07/04/mohd-zuki-bonnie-bunyau-among-recipients-of-sarawaks-diamond-jubilee-commemorative-medal/|title=Mohd Zuki, Bonnie Bunyau among recipients of Sarawak’s Diamond Jubilee Commemorative Medal|date=4 July 2024|access-date=5 August 2024|publisher=The Borneo Post}}</ref> ==Kereban sanding== {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Pengada 1999]] [[Kategori:Orang idup]] [[Kategori:Orang ari Sarawak]] [[Kategori:Orang Malaysia bepeturun Bidayuh]] [[Kategori:Orang Malaysia bepeturun Iban]] jzq8z1z63qwgf4gl9cavc1luugcfqod 0 1426 20196 20008 2026-10-26T05:46:25Z ~2026-57124-63 2993 Ya 20196 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Hael Husaini | image= Hael Husaini at Siti Nurhaliza's 30th Anniversary Event 08.jpg | birth_name = Hal Husaini bin Razmi | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1987|12|10}} | birth_place = [[Seri Menanti]], [[Negeri Sembilan]], [[Malaysia]] | occupation = Penanyi, komposer, penerbit, pelakun | years_active = 2006-diatu |module={{Infobox musical artist | embed = yes | background = Artis Solo | genre = [[Pop|Soul]], [[R&B]], [[Balada]] | instrument = [[Vokal]] | label = {{Ublist|[[Astro (televisyen satelit)|Measat Broadcast Network Systems]]|[[Rocketfuel Entertainment]]}} | associated_acts = [[Azhael]], [[Dayang Nurfaizah]], [[Haqiem Rusli]], [[Naim Daniel]] }}}} '''Hal Husaini Razmi''' tauka nama tebilang iya '''Hael Husaini''' (ada 10 Disember 1987) iya nya siku penanyi, komposer enggau pelakon peranak menua Malaysia. Iya berengkah nempa nama diri nyadi penanyi solo kenyau ari taun 2017 nengah single ti diberi nama Jampi. Iya mega Juara Anugerah Juara Lagu (AJL) dua kali dalam taun 2018 enggau 2019. Pengudah Jampi, sekeda ari lagu Hael Husaini mega nempa beberapa pemujur baka Haram, Hajat, Hati, Kelentang-Kelentong enggau mayuh agi. Pssst, nemu kah kitak..bisi jako jako, seduai Hael ngau Dayang kitai nya udah kawin. Amai kah? Tulung update lok == Kereban sanding == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Penanyi laki Malaysia kurun ke-21]] [[Kategori:Orang idup]] [[Kategori:Pengada 1987]] 0ufht8mia4lj9if707zcve4g31gimxb 0 1544 20183 14111 2026-10-26T02:46:47Z Song GK 9 20183 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Jaku Poland | nativename = {{Lang|pl|język polski}} | pronunciation = {{IPA|pl|ˈpɔlskʲi||Pl-polski.ogg}} | states = [[Poland]], [[Lithuania]] | speakers = [[Jaku keterubah|L1]]: {{Sigfig|39.709620|2}} juta | date = 2021 | ref = e27 | speakers2 = [[Jaku kedua|L2]]: {{Sigfig|2.092000|2}} juta (2021)<ref name=e27/><br>Penyampau: {{Sigfig|42.629030|2}} juta<ref name=e27/> | familycolor = Indo-Eropah | fam2 = [[Balto-Slavic languages|Balto-Slavic]] | fam3 = [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] | fam4 = [[West Slavic languages|West Slavic]] | fam5 = [[Lechitic languages|Lechitic]] | dia1 = [[Greater Poland dialect group|Greater Poland]] | dia2 = [[Goral ethnolect|Goral]] | dia3 = [[Lesser Poland dialect group|Lesser Poland]] | dia4 = [[Masovian dialect group|Masovian]] | dia5 = [[New mixed dialects]] | dia6 = [[Northern Borderlands dialect|Northern Borderlands]] | dia7 = [[Silesian language|Silesian]]<ref>{{Cite book |title=Gwara Śląska – świadectwo kultury, narzędzie komunikacji |date=2002 |publisher="Śląsk" |others=Jolanta Tambor (eds.); Aldona Skudrzykowa |isbn=83-7164-314-4 |location=Katowice |oclc=830518005}}</ref><ref>"Słownik gwar Śląskich". Opole, Bogusław Wyderka (eds.)</ref><ref>"Dialekt śląski" author: Feliks Pluta, publication: Wczoraj, Dzisiaj, Jutro. – 1996, no 1/4, pp 5–19</ref><ref>"Fenomen śląskiej gwary" author: Jan Miodek publication: Śląsk. – 1996, no 5, pp 52</ref>{{Efn|name=silesian|Also considered a separate language, see ''[[Silesian language#Dialect vs. language]]''}} | dia8 = [[Southern Borderlands dialect|Southern Borderlands]] | ancestor = [[Old Polish]] | ancestor2 = [[Middle Polish]] | script = {{Ubl|[[Polish alphabet]]}} | nation = {{Ubl|[[Poland]]|[[Serakup Eropah]]}} | minority = {{Ubl|[[Bosnia enggau Herzegovina]]<ref name="euro-charter">[[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]]</ref>| |[[Brazil]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://notesfrompoland.com/2022/08/01/polish-made-official-language-in-brazilian-town-founded-by-poles/ |title=Polish made official language in Brazilian town founded by Poles |date=August 2022 |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131205322/https://notesfrompoland.com/2022/08/01/polish-made-official-language-in-brazilian-town-founded-by-poles/ |url-status=live }}</ref>| [[Republik Chek]]<ref name="euro-charter">[[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]]</ref>|[[Hungari]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://europapont.blog.hu/2016/03/16/nyelvi_sokszinuseg_az_eu-ban_hivatalos_regionalis_es_kisebbsegi_nyelvek_a_tagallamokban|title=Nyelvi sokszínűség az EU-ban – hivatalos regionális és kisebbségi nyelvek a tagállamokban|access-date=28 November 2018|date=16 March 2016|language=hu|archive-date=9 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809123545/https://europapont.blog.hu/2016/03/16/nyelvi_sokszinuseg_az_eu-ban_hivatalos_regionalis_es_kisebbsegi_nyelvek_a_tagallamokban|url-status=live}}</ref>|[[Lithuania]]<ref>{{Cite act|url=http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/QueVoulezVous.asp?NT=157&CM=2&DF=18/04/02&CL=ENG|title=Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities|index=157|type=Treaty|legislature=Council of Europe|date=1 February 1995|access-date=28 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.minelres.lv/NationalLegislation/Lithuania/lithuania.htm|title=MINELRES – Minority related national legislation – Lithuania|website=www.minelres.lv|access-date=28 November 2018|archive-date=18 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918182544/http://www.minelres.lv/NationalLegislation/Lithuania/lithuania.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>|[[Romania]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reservations and Declarations for Treaty No.148 – European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages|url=http://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/148/declarations?p_auth=63PpH3zN|website=Council of Europe|access-date=3 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208122308/http://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/148/declarations?p_auth=63PpH3zN|archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref>|[[Slovakia]]<ref name="euro-charter"/>|[[Ukraine]]<ref name="euro-charter"/><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/5029-17 | title=Law of Ukraine "On Principles of State Language Policy" (Current version — Revision from 01.02.2014) | publisher=Zakon2.rada.gov.ua | work=Document 5029-17, Article 7: Regional or minority languages Ukraine, Paragraph 2 | date=1 February 2014 | access-date=30 April 2014 | archive-date=14 February 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214125040/http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/5029-17 | url-status=live }}</ref>}} | agency = [[Polish Language Council]]<br>(of the [[Polish Academy of Sciences]]) | iso1 = pl | iso2 = pol | iso3 = pol | lingua = 53-AAA-cc [[West Slavic languages|53-AAA-b..-d]]<br>(varieties: 53-AAA-cca to 53-AAA-ccu) | map = Polish language map.PNG | mapcaption = {{Legend|#0080FE|Majority of Polish speakers}} {{Legend|#5AAFDF|Polish used together alongside other languages}} {{Legend|#88C4FE|Majority of Polish speakers outside of Poland}} | notice = IPA | sign = [[Sign Language System]] | glotto = poli1260 | glottorefname = Polish }} '''Jaku Poland''' ({{Langx|pl|label=[[endonym]]|język polski}}) nya jaku Slav Timur dalam pampang Lechitik dalam sebilik [[Jaku-jaku Indo-Eropah|jaku Indo-Eropah]] ti ditulis dalam [[Urup Latin|urup Roman]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/335581/Lekhitic-languages|title=Lekhitic languages|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|date=2015-01-08|access-date=2015-03-31|archive-date=20 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420130305/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/335581/Lekhitic-languages|url-status=live}}</ref> Jaku tu dikena ba menua [[Poland]] lalu nyadi jaku resmi menua nya, seraya dikena diaspora orang Poland ba serata dunya. Dalam taun 2024, bisi urung 39.7 juta orang ke ngena jaku tu.<ref name="ethnologue">{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=What are the top 200 most spoken languages? |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/insights/ethnologue200/ |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=Ethnologue |archive-date=18 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618002011/https://www.ethnologue.com/insights/ethnologue200/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Iya ba penuduk keenam pemadu mayuh dikena entara jaku Serakup Eropah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davekeating/2020/02/06/despite-brexit-english-remains-the-eus-most-spoken-language-by-far/|title=Despite Brexit, English Remains The EU's Most Spoken Language By Far|last=Keating|first=Dave|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=2020-02-07|archive-date=7 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607135739/https://www.forbes.com/sites/davekeating/2020/02/06/despite-brexit-english-remains-the-eus-most-spoken-language-by-far/|url-status=live}}</ref> == Kereban sanding == <references /> d1fat34jvffm9ok0656f78xc7d2j2m5 0 2130 20191 18924 2026-10-26T05:09:44Z Song GK 9 20191 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Tony Eusoff | image = | caption = | birth_name = Anthony Joseph anak Hermas Rajiman | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1977|4|3}} | birth_place = [[Kuching]], [[Sarawak]], [[Malaysia]] | deathdate = | deathplace = | restingplace = | restingplacecoordinates = | other_names = | occupation = Pelakun, penanyi, model, pengachara | years_active = 2002–diatu | spouse = | domesticpartner = | children = | parents = | influences = | influenced = | website = }} '''Anthony Joseph anak Hermas Rajiman''' tau dikelala enggau nama '''Tony Eusoff''' (ada 3 April 1977) siku pelakun laki Malaysia ti tebilang ketegal pengawa iya dalam drama televisyen, teater enggau filem lokal, pia mega ngembuan gawa nyadi siku penanyi, model enggau pengacara. ==Pengidup tumu== Iya ada kena 3 April 1977 di [[Kuching]], [[Sarawak]]. Iya bepeturun [[Bidayuh]] lalu besai di [[Siburan]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The tattooed Bidayuh|author=[[Shanon Shah]]|newspaper=The Nut Graph|date=27 Ogos 2009|url=http://www.thenutgraph.com/the-tattooed-bidayuh/|accessdate=11 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Notables: We must strive to be a better Malaysia|author=Suzanne Lazaroo|newspaper=[[The Malay Mail]] |date=13 September 2017|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2017/09/13/lets-unite-and-move-forward-notables-we-must-strive-to-be-a-better-msia/|accessdate=11 November 2017}}</ref> == Kereban sanding == {{Reflist}} == Laman web ke bukai == * {{IMDb name|nm1935978}} * {{Instagram|tonyeusoff}} * {{Tiktok|tony.eusoff}} [[Kategori:Pengada 1977]] [[Kategori:Orang idup]] [[Kategori:Pengelulu laki Malaysia kurun ke-21]] [[Kategori:Orang ari Sarawak]] [[Kategori:Orang Malaysia bepeturun Bidayuh]] [[Kategori:Orang Kristian Malaysia]] g4984y1yrkv0is5yz7mmmpr58d57w2u 0 2188 20192 16846 2026-10-26T05:11:19Z Song GK 9 20192 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Yana Samsudin | image = Yana Samsudin on MeleTOP.jpg | caption = Yana ditemuramah dalam rancangan ''[[MeleTOP]]'' di [[Astro Ria]] pada 26 Januari 2016. | birth_name = Norliana binti Samsudin | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1984|09|25}} | birth_place = [[Yong Peng]], [[Johor]], [[Malaysia]] | death_date = | death_place = | resting_place = | nationality = | education = Ijazah Sarjana Muda Seni Layar | alma_mater = [[Universiti Teknologi MARA]] (UiTM) | other_names = | occupation = Pelakon, pengarah, penulis skrip, penerbit, penyanyi, pengacara | years_active = 2003–kini | agent = Prokuya Studios | spouse = {{Marriage|[[Fadzil Zahari]]|2015}} | family = {{Plainlist| * [[Farid Kamil]] (abang ipar) * [[Diana Danielle]] (biras) }} | children = 2 <!-- Jangan masukkan nama anak beliau di sini kerana mereka tidak terkenal. --> | parents = | influences = | influenced = | website = {{URL|http://www.yanasamsudin.com/|yanasamsudin.com}} }} '''Norliana "Yana" Samsudin''' (ada 25 September 1984) nya siku pelakon, direktor,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yana rindu sutradarai film lagi|url=https://berita21.wordpress.com/2012/05/30/yana-rindu-sutradarai-film-lagi/|publisher=Berita 21|date=30 Mei 2012|accessdate=24 Julai 2013}}</ref> penulis skrip, pengeluar sereta penayi indu [[Malaysia]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Artis : Info Yana Samsudin|url=http://cinemamalaysia.com.my/artist/info/?id=Norliana_Samsudin_5945|publisher=Cinema Malaysia|accessdate=24 Julai 2013|archive-date=2013-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129192548/http://cinemamalaysia.com.my/artist/info/?id=Norliana_Samsudin_5945|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cinta vs karier Yana Samsudin|url=http://www.kosmo.com.my/kosmo/content.asp?y=2014&dt=1012&pub=Kosmo&sec=Hiburan&pg=hi_01.htm|author=Najiy Jefri|publisher=Kosmo!|date=11 Oktober 2014|accessdate=11 Oktober 2014}}</ref> Iya berengkah dikelala sepengudah mujur ngarah seiti filem maya iya umur 23 tahun iya nya ''[[Selamat Pagi Cinta]]'' (2008)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Norliana Shamsudin, Pengarah Wanita Termuda Malaysia|url=http://www.budiey.com/norliana-shamsudin-pengarah-wanita-termuda-malaysia/|author=Budiey|publisher=Sensasi Selebriti|date=11 Disember 2007|accessdate=25 Mac 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Yana rindu untuk kembali bergelar pengarah filem|url=http://www.mstar.com.my/hiburan/berita-hiburan/2009/06/16/yana-rindu-untuk-kembali-bergelar-pengarah-filem/|author=Wahida Asrani|publisher=[[MSTAR Online]]|date=16 Jun 2009|accessdate=25 Mac 2014|archive-date=2017-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325203416/http://www.mstar.com.my/hiburan/berita-hiburan/2009/06/16/yana-rindu-untuk-kembali-bergelar-pengarah-filem/|url-status=dead}}</ref> lalu ngepunka pengawa iya nyadi pelakun dalam telefilem ''Lu'Lu'' (2008) enggau filem siri ''[[Adnan Sempit]]'' (2010-2014).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yana Samsudin heroin terhebat?|url=http://www.sinarharian.com.my/mobile/edisi/perak/yana-samsudin-heroin-terhebat-1.162569|author=Nor Raidah Awang|publisher=[[Sinar Harian]]|date=22 Mei 2013|accessdate=24 Julai 2013|archive-date=2017-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325203532/http://www.sinarharian.com.my/mobile/edisi/perak/yana-samsudin-heroin-terhebat-1.162569|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Perjalanan seni">{{Cite web|title=Perjalanan seni Yana Samsudin|url=https://metrowealthpictures.wordpress.com/2011/07/26/perjalanan-seni-yana-samsudin/|publisher=[[WordPress]]|date=26 Julai 2011|accessdate=25 Mac 2014}}</ref> == Kereban sanding == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Pengada 1984]] [[Kategori:Orang idup]] [[Kategori:Orang Malaysia bepeturun Melayu]] [[Kategori:Orang Malaysia bepeturun Bidayuh]] [[Kategori:Penanyi indu Malaysia]] nsaew3hhtannlvqkina7jtrrmskjud8 0 2743 20188 17891 2026-10-26T05:05:22Z Song GK 9 20188 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Roxy Ixzy | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Roziena Ixzy | birth_date = | birth_place = Kampung Bratan, [[Kuching]], [[Sarawak]] | death_date = | death_place = | other_names = | occupation = | years_active = | known_for = | notable_works = | module = {{Infobox musical artist | embed = yes | background = solo singer | genre = R&B | occupation = penanyi | instrument = vokal | discography = | years_active = 2021-diatu | label = XIBO Entertainment | current_member_of = | past_member_of = | spouse = <!-- Use article title or common name --> | partner = <!-- (unmarried long-term partner) --> | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} or {{Official URL}} --> | module = | module2 = | module3 = }} }} '''Roxy Ixzy''' tauka '''Roziena Ixzy''' nya siku penanyi bebansa [[Bidayuh]]-[[Melanau]] ari [[Kuching]], [[Sarawak]]. Iya berengkah nyadi tebilang ba konsert keterubah iya dalam pekit Bintang RTM ti ngujungka iya bulih gelar Pemekit Pemadu Manah.<ref>{{cite news |author= Kentigern Minggu |date= 15 Januari 2024 |title= Bintang RTM 2024: Sarawak's Roxy Ixzy sings way to Best Contestant title |url=https://www.theborneopost.com/2024/01/15/bintang-rtm-2024-sarawaks-roxy-ixzy-sings-way-to-best-contestant-title/ |work= The Borneo Post |location= |access-date= |language=en}}</ref> == Pengidup tumu == Iya anak sulung ari lima iku menyadi. Apai iya, Halix Kuyong nya siku penanyi lagu Bidayuh ti kala mansutka tiga iti lagu single.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |author= Henrietta Liza |date= 4 Mac 2024 |title= Juara Bintang RTM 2024, Roxy Ixzy buat single lagu dalam versi Bidayuh |url=https://www.utusanborneo.com.my/2024/03/04/juara-bintang-rtm-2024-roxy-ixzy-buat-single-lagu-dalam-versi-bidayuh |work= Utusan Borneo |location= |access-date= |language=ms}}</ref> Iya mega kala seretai pekit belagu ba sekula, kampung sereta maya belajar ba [[Universiti Malaysia Sarawak]] (UNIMAS). Dalam pekit festival seni UNIMAS 2019, iya enggau kaban iya mantaika lagu Bidayuh lalu menang dalam pekit nya. Iya enda kala bulih pelajar formal dalam muzik tauka vokal. Iya graduat Sarjana Muda Akaun ba UNIMAS.<ref>{{cite news |author= Shuhaniza Said |date=28 November 2021 |title= Penangan GV, siswi suka-suka 'cover' lagu Asmara uni... ramai terpesona suara anak Sarawak mirip Jaclyn Victor, Dayang Nurfaizag, tak sabar nak rakam Setia |url=https://www.mstar.com.my/lokal/viral/2021/11/28/penangan-gv-siswi-suka-suka-cover-lagu-asmara-ini-ramai-terpesona-suara-anak-sarawak-mirip-jaclyn-victor-dayang-nurfaizah-tak-sabar-nak-rakam-setia |work= mStar|location= |access-date=|language=ms}}</ref> == Pengawa == Single keterubah iya, ''Setia'' udah dipansutka ba taun 2021 dalam [[jaku Melayu]] lalu udah nya disalin baru ngagai [[jaku Bidayuh]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news |author= Mustazah GP |date= 27 Februari 2024 |title= Biodata Penyanyi Roxy Ixzy, Juara / Peserta Bintang RTM 2024|url= https://iluminasi.com/bm/biodata-penyanyi-roxy-ixzy-juara-peserta-bintang-rtm-2024.html|work= Illuminasi|location= |access-date= |language=ms}}</ref> Iya udah seretai enggau XIBO Entertainment.<ref name=":1" /> Iya lalu nitih pekit Bintang RTM 2024, lalu bulih renggat keterubah. Ari pekit nya, iya menang perais duit sepemayuh RM78,000 enggau siti entukar bejenama Proton Iriz.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite news |author= Affan Rostam |date= 26 Februari 2024|title= Roxy Ixzy mahu kekal identiti muzik|url=https://www.bharian.com.my/amp/hiburan/selebriti/2024/02/1216810/roxy-ixzy-mahu-kekal-identiti-muzik |work= Berita Harian|location= |access-date= |language=ms}}</ref> ==Kereban sanding== {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Orang idup]] [[Kategori:Orang Malaysia bepeturun Bidayuh]] [[Kategori:Orang Malaysia bepeturun Melanau]] [[Kategori:Orang ari Sarawak]] [[Kategori:Penanyi indu Malaysia kurun ke-21]] oxhuf331yd7pmxb12unkvkoynpjp4uj 0 2778 20193 13772 2026-10-26T05:13:57Z Song GK 9 20193 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Zack X-Factor | image = | image_size = | caption = | birth_name = Zachery Francis Ubu | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1977|8|25}} | birth_place = [[Kuching]], [[Sarawak]], [[Malaysia]] | death_date = | death_place = | death_cause = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = | nationality = | other_names = Zac Zafranz, Zac Kree, Zac Diamond | years_active = 1999–diatu | education = | alma_mater = | employer = | occupation = Penanyi, model, pelakun | home_town = | title = | salary = | networth = | height = | weight = | term = | predecessor = | successor = | party = | boards = | spouse = {{marriage|Jennifer Carterina|2013}} | partner = | children = 1 | parents = | relations = | signature = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Zachery Francis Ubu''' (ada 25 Ogos 1977) ti tampak agi dikangau '''Zack X-Factor''' nya siku penanyi, model, enggau pelakun lelaki [[Malaysia]], datai ari [[Kuching]], [[Sarawak]] enggau [[Kota Kinabalu]], [[Sabah]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.klik.com.my/item/story/4826260/prinsip-zack|title=Prinsip Zack|author=Murshid Eunos|publisher=[[Metro Ahad]]|date=1 Ogos 2010|accessdate=30 Oktober 2019}}</ref> Iya siku kaban ari raban [[X-Factor (kumpulan)|X-Factor]] ti niki ngagai pemanah nama dalam taun 2000-an. Nyadi siku pelakun, iya kala ngelakunka drama TV nyengkaum ''Si Capik'' enggau ''Duyong Aridinata'' sereta mega filem nyengkaum ''Diari Romeo'' enggau ''[[Kanang anak Langkau: The Iban Warrior]]''. ==Pengidup diri== Iya peranak pegulai bumiputera ([[Iban]], [[Bidayuh]] enggau [[Kadazan]]) ti megai pengarap [[Kristian]].<ref>Sudirman Mohd Tahir (9 Jun 2015). [https://www.hmetro.com.my/node/56685 Zach bakal timang anak] ''[[Harian Metro]]''. Dicapai pada 29 November 2015.</ref> Iya jadi enggau Jennifer "Jenny" Carterina ba taun 2013. Jenny nya siku penari tradisional ba Penumbuh Seni Opis Menteri Pertahanan Malaysia (MINDEF). ==Pengawa== Zach ngepunka pengawa seni iya nyadi siku ari raban X-Factor lebuh raban nya ditumbuhka dalam taun 1999. X-Factor bisi lima iku lelaki nyadi kaban dalam raban nya. Sebedau regas nyadi penanyi, Zach dulu nguji nasit iya ba pengawa iklan komersial. ==Diskografi== ;Album maya enggau X-Factor * ''X-Factor'' (2000) * ''X2'' (2003) ==Filemografi== ===Filem=== {| class="wikitable" ! Taun ! Tajuk ! Pengawa |- | 2003 ! ''[[Diari Romeo]]'' | Johan |- | 2005 ! ''[[Salon (filem)|Salon]]'' | Daniel |- | 2010 ! ''[[Adnan Sempit]]'' | Jofri |- | 2012 ! ''[[Jidin Sengal]]'' | Iskandar |- | 2017 ! ''[[Kanang anak Langkau: The Iban Warrior]]'' | Michael Riman anak Bugat |- |} ===Drama=== {| class="wikitable" ! Taun ! Tajuk ! Pengawa ! Saluran TV ! Nota |- | 2001–2008 | ''[[Astana Idaman]]'' | Mikail Firdaus | [[Astro Ria]] | |- | 2003–2005 | ''[[Sembilu (drama)|Sembilu]]'' | Shamsul | [[TV2]] | |- | 2008 | ''[[Obsesi (drama)|Obsesi]]'' | Paul | [[TV3]] | |- | 2009–2011 | ''[[Si Capik]]'' | Reza / Si Capik | [[TV2]] | |- | rowspan="3"|2010 | ''[[Aalia (drama)|Aalia]]'' | | [[Astro Prima]] | |- | ''[[Duyung Aridinata]]'' | Aridinata | [[TV9]] | |- | ''[[Gerak Khas]]'' (Musim 12) | Ghazi | [[TV2]] | Episod: "Alahai Pak Hashim" |- | 2011 | ''Cut Amirah'' | | [[Astro Prima]] | |- | 2011–2012 | ''[[Bunga April]]'' | Azman | [[TV3]] | |- | 2012–2013 | ''[[Metro Skuad]]'' (Musim 2) | Zack | rowspan="2"|[[TV2]] | |- | 2012–2013 | ''[[Evolusi KL Drift: The Series]]'' | Faliq | |- | 2013–2014 | ''[[Ku Cinta Kau Seorang]]'' | Rahim | [[TV3]] | |- | 2013 | ''[[Tanah Kubur (Drama)|Tanah Kubur]]'' (Musim 7) | Kasim | [[Astro Oasis]] | Episod: "Wajah Rahsia Hati" |- | 2014 | ''[[Gerak Khas]]'' (Musim 14) | Mazlan | rowspan="2"|[[TV2]] | Episod: "Durjana" |- | 2015 | ''Embok Belum Terbakar'' | Azlan | |- | 2019 | ''[[Hola Hermosa]]'' | | [[TV1]] | |- | 2022 | ''[[Jesnita]]'' | Fauzi | [[Astro Prima]] | |- |} ===Telefilem=== {| class="wikitable" ! Taun ! Tajuk ! Pengawa ! Saluran TV ! Nota |- | 2010 | ''La Ikro Ha Fiddin'' | Dr Edward | [[Astro Prima]] | |- | 2014 | ''Kembar Syawal'' | Aidil/Fitri | [[TV1]] | |- | rowspan="2"|2015 | ''Bejalai'' | Leo | rowspan="3"|[[TV Okey]] | |- | ''Patung Cinta'' | | |- | 2023 | ''Dendam'' | Ramos | Telemovie jaku Iban (Slot Hari Malaysia) |} ===Televisyen=== {| class="wikitable" ! Taun ! Tajuk ! Pengawa ! Saluran TV |- | rowspan="3"|2019 | ''Chef Backpackers'' | rowspan="3"|Hos | rowspan="2"|[[TV Okey]] |- | ''Perwaris Artifak'' |- | ''13 Kalawon-Pejuang Sabah'' | [[TV1]] |} ==Kereban sanding== {{Reflist}} ==Laman web ke bukai== * {{IMDb name|5030393}} [[Kategori:Pengada 1977]] [[Kategori:Orang idup]] [[Kategori:Pengelulu laki Malaysia kurun ke-21]] [[Kategori:Orang Malaysia bepeturun Iban]] [[Kategori:Orang Malaysia bepeturun Bidayuh]] [[Kategori:Orang Malaysia bepeturun Kadazandusun]] [[Kategori:Orang Kristian Malaysia]] [[Kategori:Pengelulu laki Malaysia kurun ke-21]] lhx5ddnuc9ddmhqcjxl968i2oxbtr3q 0 2964 20184 12426 2026-10-26T02:49:12Z Song GK 9 /* Penyanding */ 20184 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Ybc7289-bw.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Tablet tanah liat Babilonia [[YBC 7289]] (c. 1800–1600 BCE) enggau anotasyen. Penyampau akar kuadrat 2 iya nya empat angka [[seksagesimal]], iya nya kira-kira enam angka [[desimal]] 1 + 24/60 + 51/60² + 10/60³ = 1.41421296...<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://it.stlawu.edu/%7Edmelvill/mesomath/tablets/YBC7289.html |title=Photograph, illustration, and description of the ''root(2)'' tablet from the Yale Babylonian Collection |access-date=2 October 2006 |archive-date=13 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813054036/http://it.stlawu.edu/%7Edmelvill/mesomath/tablets/YBC7289.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>]] '''Analisi belumur''' iya nya pansik [[algoritma]] ti ngena kira-kira belumur (bebida enggau manipulasyen simbolik) ungkup penanggul [[analisis matematik]] (baka ti dibida ari matematik diskrit). Iya nya pansik chara numerik ti nguji ngiga chara mutarka penanggul ti dikira ari ti ngiga chara ti betul. Analisis belumur tetemuka aplikasyen dalam semua bidang injinir enggau sains fizikal, lalu ba abad ke-21 mega sains pengidup enggau sosial baka ekonomi, perubat, dagang nyentukka seni. Penumbuh kuasa ngira ke diatu udah ngasuh ngena analisis numerik ke kompleks agi, nyendiaka model matematik ke silik sereta amat dalam sains enggau injinir. Chunto analisis belumur nyengkaum: penyama difrensial biasa baka ke ditemu dalam mekanikal langit (merambu kebut planet, bintang enggau galaksi), [[algebra linear belumur]] dalam analisis data,<ref>{{cite book |first=J.W. |last=Demmel |title=Applied numerical linear algebra |publisher=[[Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics|SIAM]] |date=1997 |isbn=978-1-61197-144-6 |doi=10.1137/1.9781611971446 |url=https://epubs.siam.org/doi/epdf/10.1137/1.9781611971446.fm}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ciarlet |first1=P.G. |last2=Miara |first2=B. |last3=Thomas |first3=J.M. |title=Introduction to numerical linear algebra and optimization |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1989 |isbn=9780521327886 |oclc=877155729 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Trefethen |first1=Lloyd |last2=Bau III |first2=David |title=Numerical Linear Algebra |publisher=SIAM |date=1997 |isbn=978-0-89871-361-9 |url={{GBurl|4Mou5YpRD_kC|pg=PR7}}}}</ref> enggau penyama difrensial stokastik enggau [[rantai Markov]] dikena simulasyen sel idup dalam perubat enggau biologi. Sebedau bisi komputer moden, chara belumur suah bepanggai ba formula interpolasyen jari, ngena data ari jadual ti besai ti dichelak. Kenyau ari tengan abad ke-20, komputer ngira fungsyen ti diguna nganti nya, tang mayuh formula ti sama terus dikena dalam algoritma perisian.<ref name="20c">{{cite book |last1=Brezinski |first1=C. |last2=Wuytack |first2=L. |title=Numerical analysis: Historical developments in the 20th century |publisher=Elsevier |date=2012 |isbn=978-0-444-59858-5 |url={{GBurl|dt3Z1yu2VxwC|pg=PP6}}}}</ref> Sukut pemandang belumur tu datai ari karang matematik ti pemadu tumu. Siti papan ari [[Koleksyen Babilon Yale]] ([[YBC 7289]]), meri anggar lumur [[seksagesimal]] akar kuadrat 2, pemanjai [[diagonal]] dalam [[unit persegi]]. Analisis numerik neruska tradisyen ti lama tu: ari ti meri saut simbolik ti betul ti disalin ngagai digit lalu dikena semina ba sukat dunya nyata, chara mutarka anggar dalam sekat penyalah ti ditetapka dikena. ==Kereban sanding== {{reflist}} iqjrolsnx50194w5elx2q2jbsulf4se 0 3037 20181 10803 2026-10-26T02:41:33Z Song GK 9 /* Penyanding */ 20181 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox settlement | population_total = 44500 | population_density_km2 = auto | area_total_km2 = 19403.2 | population_as_of = 2020 | population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Official Portal of the Sarawak Government |url=https://sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/240/175/ |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=sarawak.gov.my}}</ref> | image_map = Map of Belaga District, Sarawak.svg | map_caption = Kar Pelilih Menua Belaga | coordinates = {{Coord|2|42|N|113|47|E|region:MY_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki|display=title,inline}} }} '''Belaga''' nya sebengkah pelilih menua ti bepalan ba [[Bagi Menua Kapit]], [[Sarawak]], [[Malaysia]]. Iya bepalan ba ulu [[Batang Rajang]], urung 120 kilometer tunga ke timur laut [[Kapit]] lalu kurang mimit ari 100 kilometer ari tebing tasik Tasik China Selatan semak [[Bintulu]]. Pelilih menua tu bepalan dalam sitak Parlimen [[Hulu Rajang]]. Penyampau tubuh pelilih menua tu naka taun 2020 iya nya 44,500 iku seraya pemesai pelilih menua tu iya nya 19,403.2 km². Belaga ditumbuhka ba pun taun 1900-an lebuh sekeda orang dagang China numbuhka kedai lalu berengkah bedagang enggau [[Orang Ulu]], mekal barang ke beguna baka [[minyak tanah]], [[garam]] enggau barang ke digaga. ==Kandang menua== Mayuh rumah panjai [[Kenyah]] enggau [[Kayan]] ba tisi [[Sungai Balui]] enggau Belaga, lalu ba tisi Batang Rajang, bisi rumah panjai orang [[Punan]], Sekapan, Kejaman enggau Tanjung. Kandang menua tu disambung enggau [[Kapit]] ngena perau ke dikelala ba kandang menua nya enggau nama bot seperis (4.5 jam) lalu apin lama ke udah, enggau jalai ke ditan tar, lalu enggau Bintulu 2.5 ngagai 3 jam deriba nengah jalai ke ditan tar sepemanjai [[Jalai Bakun|Jalai Alun Bintulu-Bakun]], ke mega nyengkaum 34 kilometer jalai alun tar (Jalai Jiwa Murni), ke berenggat ari Mejawah ngagai bandar Belaga. ==Tekat Ai Bakun== [[File:Sarawak Bakun Dam.jpg|right|thumb|Tekat Ai Bakun.]] Tungga ke utara<ref name="M18"/> bisi [[Tekat Ai Bakun]], ti nyadi tekat ai pemadu besai di Asia luar ari menua China. Tekat nya endang diperambu dikena nyendiaka [[elektrik]] ke Sarawak, pelilih menua bukai ti ngelingi enggau Semenanjung Malaysia, tang pengawa ngaga iya ditunda beberapa kali ketegal gaya ekonomi, kelebih agi Krisis Wang Asia taun 1997.<ref name="B10"/> Perintah besai mutuska deka neruska projek nya, laban bebilion-bilion [[Ringgit Malaysia|ringgit]] udah dipelanja ba pengawa nya. Taja pia, maya renggat tumu bejalaika pengawa ngaga pelin nya dikurangka ngambika ulih ngurangka ungkus. Taja pia, dalam bulan Januari 2007, perintah besai Malaysia udah madahka juluk ati sida deka ngaktifka baru perambu keterubah ti deka mindahka kuasa ti dipansutka tekat nya ngagai Semenanjung Malaysia nengah kabel kuasa tasik. Nitihka pelin rasmi, kabel kapal selam nya deka mungkur penyauh 670 kilometer lalu datai ba tebing tasik Semenanjung Malaysia di Yong Peng, di nengeri Johor, bagi menua tenggara semenanjung. Sebedau kuasa karan nengah kabel kapal selam, iya keterubah iya deka nengah ari Bakun ngagai ujung barat Sarawak nengah kabel transmisyen elektrik ‘over head’ ti nengah penyauh 700 kilometer. Projek tambah nya dipelaba begunaka ungkus entara RM9 bilion ngagai RM10 bilion. Iya disadang tembu pemadu tumu ba taun 2012, tang iya enda kala datai ba sebarang penembu sekali, sebedau iya dikinsil enggau rasmi ulih perintah Sarawak kena 21 September 2017<ref>{{Cite web |last=LING |first=SHARON |title=Sarawak CM: No plans to build 'very costly' undersea power cable to peninsula |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2017/09/21/sarawak-cm-no-plans-to-build-very-costly-undersea-power-cable |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=The Star |language=en}}</ref> after the takeover of Bakun Dam on 16 August 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Povera |first=Adib |title=Sarawak Energy completes acquisition of Bakun Dam |url=https://www.nst.com.my/business/2017/08/268635/sarawak-energy-completes-acquisition-bakun-dam |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=New Straits Times |language=en}}</ref> Tekat ai nya udah didawa udah ngeredakka 11,000 iku bansa Orang Ulu ari rumah asal sida, nebang beratus kilometer persegi tanah [[kampung ujan tropika]] enggau ketegal nya pengelenyau beratus igi utai tumbuh ti deka punas enggau [[jelu ti deka punas]], lalu belama iya ngubah rampa menua asal Sarawak. ==Kereban sanding== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="B10">Brief [https://web.archive.org/web/20070901034202/http://borneoproject.org/article.php?id=68 description] of the project</ref> <ref name="M18">[http://borneo.live.radicaldesigns.org/img/original/bakun_location.jpg Map] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727194451/http://borneo.live.radicaldesigns.org/img/original/bakun_location.jpg |date=2011-07-27 }} of the dam location.</ref>}} {{Sarawak}} ==Laman web ke bukai== {{commons category}} * [http://www.e-belaga.com Laman web E-Belaga (defunct)] tqw21cazfs1jp2xra7y75dfwg33vwha 0 3536 20173 15984 2026-10-25T13:33:04Z Song GK 9 20173 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jaku ba Malaysia''' ke asal nya mayuh diempu rungan jaku Mon-Khmer enggau [[Jaku-jaku Melayu-Polinesia|Melayu-Polynesia]]. Jaku rasmi menua tu iya nya [[Jaku Melayu Malaysia|jaku Melayu]] ti nyadi jaku asal raban bansa [[Melayu]]. Raban bansa majoriti ba Malaysia iya nya [[Bumiputera]] (ke nyengkaum [[Melayu]], [[Orang Asli]], enggau, bansa-bansa asal [[Malaysia Timur]]), [[Orang China Malaysia|bansa China Malaysia]] enggau [[Orang India Malaysia|bansa India Malaysia]], sereta mayuh agi raban bansa mit ke bukai, ke ngundan jaku-jaku kediri. Jaku asal ke mayuh dikena ba [[Malaysia Timur]] iya nya [[jaku Iban]], [[Jaku Kadazandusun|Dusun]], enggau Kadazan. [[Jaku Inggeris]] mayuh dipereti sereta dikena ba kandang mengeri menua tu; lalu Jaku Inggeris nyadi subjek ke enda tau enda diambi dalam pelajar primari enggau sekondari. Jaku Inggeris mega nyadi medium lalau keterubah dalam kolej peribit enggau universiti peribit. Jaku tu mega engka dulu agi dikena enti dibandingka enggau jaku Melayu dalam sekeda konteks baka dipantaika Akta Jaku Nasional, kelebih agi ba negeri Sabah enggau Sarawak, ke alai jaku tu dikena nyadi jaku pengawa rasmi. Agi mega undang-undang Malaysia mayuh diajar sereta dibacha dalam jaku Inggeris<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=In Personam: Malay Language Usage in the Malaysian Courts|url=https://www.in-personam.com/articles/2020/wzp-malay-usage-in-malaysian-courts/|access-date=2022-06-12|website=www.in-personam.com}}</ref> laban undang-undang ti enda betulis di Malaysia majak sebagi ari undang-undang biasa English sebedau taun 1957, ti nyadika legasi ari pengawa British ke kala megai menua tu dulu suba ba konstituen ti numbuhka Malaysia. Kelimpah ari nya, versyen undang-undang konstitusyen enggau undang-undang statutori (undang-undang betulis Malaysia) ti bekuasa seruran bisi dalam jaku Melayu enggau Inggeris.<ref name=":0" /> Malaysia ngundan orang ke bejaku 137 bengkah jaku ke agi idup,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Languages of Malaysia|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MY|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018162010/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MY|archive-date=18 October 2010|access-date=18 October 2010|website=Ethnologue}}</ref> 41 bengkah jaku nya ditemu ba Semenanjung Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Languages of Malaysia (Peninsular)|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MYP|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510095800/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MYP|archive-date=10 May 2011|access-date=18 October 2010|website=Ethnologue}}</ref> Perintah menua tu nyendiaka pelajar sekula ba renggat primari dalam tiap tiga jaku besai iya nya jaku Melayu, Mandarin enggau Tamil. Dalam jaku Melayu enggau Tamil bisi sekeda bida dialek.<ref name="UN">{{Cite magazine|author=Kamila Ghazali|date=2010|title=National Identity and Minority Languages|url=http://www.un.org/wcm/content/site/chronicle/home/archive/issues2010/un_academic_impact/national_identity_and_minority_languages?ctnscroll_articleContainerList=1_0&ctnlistpagination_articleContainerList=true|url-status=dead|magazine=UN Chronicle|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102173228/http://www.un.org/wcm/content/site/chronicle/home/archive/issues2010/un_academic_impact/national_identity_and_minority_languages?ctnscroll_articleContainerList=1_0&ctnlistpagination_articleContainerList=true|archive-date=2 November 2012|access-date=4 September 2013}} </ref> Bisi sekeda jaku China asal ari etnik Han China ti bepun ari Selatan China, ti nyengkaum jaku China Yue, Min enggau Hakka. == Jaku Melayu == Jaku rasmi Malaysia iya nya "[[Jaku Melayu]]"<ref name="CONSTITUTION 152">{{Sourcetext|source=Constitution of Malaysia|chapter=|verse=Article 152|range=}} </ref> (''Bahasa Melayu'') ti kekadang ulih ditukar enggau leka jaku "Jaku Malaysia" (''Bahasa Malaysia'').<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |title=The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=0700712860 |editor-last=Adelaar |editor-first=K. Alexander |editor-link=K. Alexander Adelaar |pages=71 |editor-last2=Himmelmann |editor-first2=Nikolaus |editor-link2=Nikolaus Himmelmann}}</ref> Jaku standard tu diangkatka nyadi lambang penyerakup bansa ba semua raban bansa, dikaitka enggau konsep ''Bangsa Malaysia''. Status nyadi jaku nasional dikod dalam Artikel 152 konstitusyen,<ref name="KarchnerOber">{{Cite book |last=Kärchner-Ober |first=Renate |title=Current Multilingualism: A New Linguistic Dispensation |date=2013 |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |isbn=978-1-61451-389-6 |editor-last=Singleton |editor-first=David |location=Berlin |pages=299–310 |chapter=Linguistic Quandary in Multilingual Malaysia: Socio-Political Issues, Language Policy, Educational Changes |editor-last2=Fishman |editor-first2=Joshua A |editor-last3=Aronin |editor-first3=Larissa |editor-last4=Ó Laoire |editor-first4=Muiris |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289487264}}</ref> ditegapka agi enggau pengawa ngemendarka Akta Jaku Nasional 1963/67. Jaku Melayu standard tu suah nyadi jaku kedua berindik ari [[Jaku-jaku Melayik|varian jaku Melayu]] ti bekaul ti dikena dalam Malaysia ti dikelala bala pakar menua nya nyadi "dialek" (''loghat''),<ref> {{cite journal|first=James T.|last=Collins|title=Malay Dialect Research in Malaysia: The Issue of Perspective|journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde|year=1989|volume=145|issue=2/3|pages=235–264|doi=10.1163/22134379-90003253|jstor=27864031|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/27864031|doi-access=free}}</ref> 10 bengkah varian ari nya dikena di serata menua Malaysia. Siti [[Jaku Melayu Brunei|varian jaku Melayu]] ke dikena di [[Brunei]] mega suah dikena di Malaysia Timur.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Pengudah Insiden 13 Mei, jaku Inggeris ke nyadi medium pelajar batang nasional tadika nyentuk ke renggat universiti berinsur diganti enggau jaku Melayu kenyau ari taun 1970-an.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="History">{{Cite book |last=Barbara Watson Andaya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5GSBCcNn1fsC |title=A History of Malaysia |last2=Leonard Y. Andaya |date=1984 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-312-38121-9}}{{explain|date=October 2023}} </ref> Akta Pelajar 1996 nandu baru madahka jaku Melayu deka nyadi "medium terubah ngajar dalam semua palan pelajar dalam Sistem Pelajar Nasional", enggau sekeda pengelimpah.  == Jaku asal ke bukai == Peranak bansa [[Minangkabau]], Bugis tauka [[Bansa Jawa|Jawa]], ke tau diklasifikasyenka nyadi "Melayu" ari baruh definisyen konstitusyen, tau bejaku ngena jaku aki ini sida empu begulai enggau jaku Melayu. Raban bansa asal Malaysia Timur ngembuan jaku kediri empu, ke bisi kaul enggau tang mudah dibida enggau jaku Melayu. [[Jaku Iban]] nyadi jaku raban bansa ke batang di [[Sarawak]], lalu jaku Dusun enggau Kadazan dikena orang asal di [[Sabah]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5i1aMcmLWlMC&pg=PA397 |title=The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-7007-1286-0 |editor-last=Adelaar |editor-first=Alexander |location=London |pages=397– |editor-last2=Himmelmann |editor-first2=Nikolaus P.}}</ref> Sekeda ari jaku tu mengkang tegap, dikena dalam pelajar enggau pengidup besehari-sehari. Sabah bisi sepuluh bansa jaku sub-etnik bukai: Bajau, [[Jaku Melayu Brunei|Melayu Brunei]], Murut, [[Jaku Lun Bawang|Lundayeh/Lun Bawang]], Rungus, Bisaya, Iranun, Sama, [[Jaku Tausug|Suluk]] enggau Sungai. Bisi lebih ari 30 bansa asal, lalu tiap bansa nya bisi jaku kediri empu. Jaku-jaku nya benung dalam penusah deka punas enda baka jaku besai baka Kadazan-Dusun, ti udah digaga silibus pelajar. [[Jaku Iban]] mega udah digaga silibus pelajar.<ref name="SpeakUp">{{Cite news|author=Luke Rintod|date=30 November 2010|title=Speak Up, Native Language Champions urged|work=[[Free Malaysia Today]]|url=http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/fmt-english/politics/sabah-and-sarawak/13511-speak-up-native-language-champions-Urged|access-date=4 September 2013}} </ref> Jaku ba semenanjung tu tau dibagi ngagai tiga raban besai iya nya Negrito, Senoi, enggau Malayik, lalu dibagi agi ngagai 18 iti raban mit.<ref name="UN" /> Jaku [[Jaku Semai|Semai]] dikena ba pengawa pelajar.<ref name="SpeakUp" /> Jaku Thai mega dikena ba bagi menua utara semenanjung, kelebih agi ba utara Langkawi enggau tanah besai Kedah, Perlis, utara Perak, utara Terengganu, enggau utara Kelantan.<ref name="CIA Fact Book">{{Cite web|title=Malaysia|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malaysia/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20211108232943/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malaysia/|archive-date=8 November 2021|access-date=26 October 2010|publisher=Cia.gov|type=listed as "Foochow" there}}</ref> == Jaku Inggeris == Jaku Inggeris Malaysia tauka dikelala enggau nama Jaku Inggeris Standard Malaysia (MySE), iya nya siti tukuh [[jaku Inggeris]] ti datai ari jaku English British, taja pan nadai mayuh guna rasmi leka jaku tu kelimpah ari ti bekaul enggau pelajar. Jaku Inggeris dikena dalam Parlimen enda lama pengudah meredeka (maya nya agi Federasyen Malaya), sebedau betukar enggau berinsur sereta nyapan ngagai jaku Melayu, lalu terus dikena kemaya hari tu ungkup terminologi ti spesifik enggau pemendar. Jaku Inggeris, taja pia, mengkang nyadi jaku rasmi ba Kaunsil Aum Negeri enggau Kort [[Sabah]] enggau [[Sarawak]]. Jaku Inggeris Malaysia bisi bida mimit enggau jaku English standard British.<ref name="KarchnerOber">{{Cite book |last=Kärchner-Ober |first=Renate |title=Current Multilingualism: A New Linguistic Dispensation |date=2013 |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |isbn=978-1-61451-389-6 |editor-last=Singleton |editor-first=David |location=Berlin |pages=299–310 |chapter=Linguistic Quandary in Multilingual Malaysia: Socio-Political Issues, Language Policy, Educational Changes |editor-last2=Fishman |editor-first2=Joshua A |editor-last3=Aronin |editor-first3=Larissa |editor-last4=Ó Laoire |editor-first4=Muiris |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289487264}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKärchner-Ober2013">Kärchner-Ober, Renate (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289487264 "Linguistic Quandary in Multilingual Malaysia: Socio-Political Issues, Language Policy, Educational Changes"]. In Singleton, David; Fishman, Joshua A; Aronin, Larissa; Ó Laoire, Muiris (eds.). ''Current Multilingualism: A New Linguistic Dispensation''. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">299–</span>310. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-61451-389-6|<bdi>978-1-61451-389-6</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Jaku Inggeris Malaysia mega meda mayuh dikena dalam pengawa dagang, begulai enggau Manglish, iya nya tukuh jaku Inggeris sehari-hari enggau pengaruh [[Jaku Melayu|Melayu]], [[Jaku China|China]], enggau [[Jaku Tamil|Tamil]] ti balat. Mayuh rayat Malaysia (kelebih agi sida ke diau ba mengeri) landik bejaku Inggeris, taja pan bisi sekeda semina landik ngena tukuh Manglish. Perintah Malaysia enggau rasmi enda meransang guna jaku Manglish.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Zimmer|first=Benjamin|date=5 October 2006|title=Malaysia Cracks Down on "Salad Language"|url=http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003643.html|access-date=14 September 2010|website=Language Log}}</ref> Mayuh dagang di Malaysia bejalaika transaksyen sida ngena jaku Inggeris, lalu jaku nya kekadang dikena dalam surat rasmi. Konstitusyen perintah besai netapka jaku Inggeris deka terus nyadi jaku rasmi pengabis kurang 10 taun pengudah Meredeka nyentukka parlimen netapka jaku bukai.<ref>Constitution, article 152(2)</ref> Pengawa ngemendarka Akta Jaku Nasional nandu baru jaku Melayu nyadi jaku rasmi ungkup mayuh tuju rasmi, taja pia akta nya nyendiaka guna jaku Inggeris dalam sekeda konteks rasmi. Entara nya, seksyen 5 netapka jaku Inggeris tau dikena ba parlimen enggau aum kaunsil enti bisi pemendar ari presiden. Artikel 152(3) konstitusyen enggau seksyen 6–7 Akta Jaku Nasional netapka semua undang-undang perintah besai enggau nengeri mesti digaga dalam jaku Melayu enggau Inggeris. [[Sempekat Malaysia]],<ref>which provided for North Borneo, Sarawak, and Singapore joining the [[Federation of Malaya]] </ref> bisi madahka jaku Inggeris terus dikena di Sabah enggau Sarawak ungkup sebarang tuju rasmi.<ref>Malaysia Agreement, section 61(2) </ref> Nengah artikel 161(3) konstitusyen, undang-undang perintah besai ti ngeruga pengawa ngena jaku Inggeris di Sabah enggau Sarawak enda nyadi undang-undang di negeri tu enti enda dikemendarka aum kaunsil sida empu. Sarawak bedau ngena Akta Jaku Nasional; berebak enggau nya Sabah udah ngubah konstitusyen iya ngambika nyendiaka jaku Melayu nyadi "jaku rasmi kabinet enggau aum kaunsil".<ref>Sabah Constitution, article 11a </ref> Jaku Inggeris nyadi jaku ti pemadu dikena dalam perintah nyentuk ngagai taun 1969. Bisi penekul ti signifikan bekaul enggau status sereta guna jaku English di menua tu, laban jaku nya dipeda nyadi penetap kolonial sejarah sereta nyadi pengelandik ti beguna amat ungkup pengulih akademik enggau dagang global.<ref name="KarchnerOber">{{Cite book |last=Kärchner-Ober |first=Renate |title=Current Multilingualism: A New Linguistic Dispensation |date=2013 |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |isbn=978-1-61451-389-6 |editor-last=Singleton |editor-first=David |location=Berlin |pages=299–310 |chapter=Linguistic Quandary in Multilingual Malaysia: Socio-Political Issues, Language Policy, Educational Changes |editor-last2=Fishman |editor-first2=Joshua A |editor-last3=Aronin |editor-first3=Larissa |editor-last4=Ó Laoire |editor-first4=Muiris |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289487264}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKärchner-Ober2013">Kärchner-Ober, Renate (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289487264 "Linguistic Quandary in Multilingual Malaysia: Socio-Political Issues, Language Policy, Educational Changes"]. In Singleton, David; Fishman, Joshua A; Aronin, Larissa; Ó Laoire, Muiris (eds.). ''Current Multilingualism: A New Linguistic Dispensation''. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">299–</span>310. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-61451-389-6|<bdi>978-1-61451-389-6</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Jaku Inggeris nyadika medium ngajar Matematik enggau Sains ba semua sekula rama nitihka polisi PPSMI, tang dipulaika baru ngagai Jaku Malaysia ba sekula nasional enggau jaku asal dalam taun 2012.<ref>{{Cite news|date=8 July 2009|title=Math and Science Back to Bahasa, Mother Tongues|work=The Star Online|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2009/7/8/nation/20090708144354&sec=nation|url-status=dead|access-date=8 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302232436/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2009/7/8/nation/20090708144354&sec=nation|archive-date=2 March 2011}} </ref> Raban Tindakan Apai Indai ungkup Pelajar enggau ex-Menteri Besai [[Mahathir Mohamad]] udah minta sains enggau matematik diajar dalam jaku Inggeris baru.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Mohd Farhan Darwis|date=12 November 2013|title=Dr Mahathir Calls for Science and Maths to Be Taught in English, Again|work=The Malaysian Insider|url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/dr-mahathir-calls-for-science-and-maths-to-be-taught-in-english-again|access-date=3 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018052410/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/dr-mahathir-calls-for-science-and-maths-to-be-taught-in-english-again|archive-date=18 October 2014}} </ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=9 July 2010|title=PAGE Hands in Second Memorandum|work=The Star Online|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2010/7/9/nation/6630852&sec=nation|access-date=8 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018051457/http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2f2010%2f7%2f9%2fnation%2f6630852&sec=nation|archive-date=18 October 2014|quote=Deputy Prime Minister Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin announced last year that the policy of Teaching of Mathematics and Science in English (known by its Malay acronym, PPSMI) would be scrapped from 2012.}} </ref> Jaku Inggeris nyadi aspek ti beguna dalam sistem undang-undang di menua tu. Undang-undang Malaysia suah diajar sereta dibacha dalam jaku English, laban undang-undang Malaysia ti enda betulis terus sebagi ari undang-undang biasa English sebedau taun 1957, ti nyadi legasi ari jeman British ke dulu suba ngagai konstituen ti numbuhka Malaysia. Kelimpah ari nya, versyen undang-undang konstitusyen enggau undang-undang statutori (undang-undang betulis Malaysia) ti bekuasa seruran bisi dalam jaku Melayu enggau English.<ref name=":0" /> == Jaku China enggau dialek kandang menua == Ari selampur, jaku China Standard (Mandarin) enggau dialek Malaysia nya tukuh ti pemadu mayuh dikena ba raban [[Orang China Malaysia|bansa China Malaysia]], laban tukuh jaku tu nyadi lingua franca ungkup raban bansa China ti bejaku ngena bansa jaku ti enda ulih diperetika pangan diri; Jaku Mandarin mega nyadi jaku ngajar ba sekula China sereta jaku ti beguna dalam pengawa dagang. Ketegal mayuh orang bansa China Malaysia ngembuan peturun ari kandang menua selatan [[China]], mayuh macham bansa jaku China selatan dikena di Malaysia (kelimpah ari jaku China Standard (Mandarin) ti bepun ari utara China lalu diberi kelala nengah sistem pelajar. Jaku ke suah agi dikena ba Semenanjung Malaysia iya nya jaku Hokkien, [[jaku Kanton]], [[jaku Hakka]], jaku Hainan, [[jaku Teochew]] enggau jaku Hokchew. Jaku Hokkien mayuh dikena di [[Pulau Pinang]], [[Kedah]], [[Perlis]], [[Klang]], [[Johor]], [[Perak]] Utara, [[Perak]] Barat Daya, Port Dickson, [[Negeri Sembilan]] Selatan, [[Kelantan]], [[Terengganu]], enggau [[Melaka]], lalu jaku Kanton tebal agi dikena di Ipoh, [[Kuala Lumpur|Kuala Lumpur,]] Seremban sereta ba [[Kuantan]]. Di negeri [[Sarawak]], tebal agi bansa China ngena jaku Hokkien, Hokchew, tauka Hakka. Jaku Hakka mayuh dikena di [[Sabah]] kelimpah ari di mengeri [[Sandakan]] ke alai jaku Kanton suah agi dikena taja pan asal bansa China ke diau dia datai ari Hakka. == Jaku Tamil == [[Jaku Tamil]] enggau dialek Malaysia nya dikena bansa Tamil, ke nyadi majoriti bansa India Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite book |last=West |first=Barbara A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania |date=2009 |publisher=Facts on File |isbn=978-0-8160-7109-8 |location=New York, New York}}</ref> Jaku tu kelebih agi dikena ba [[Semenanjung Malaysia]]. Akta Pelajar taun 1996 ngatur pengawa ngena jaku Tamil nyadika jaku ngajar ba renggat primari ba "sekula ti betukuh nasional", lalu mega meri hak ngagai nembiak Tamil ngulihka kelas jaku Tamil ba sekula primari nasional enggau sekula sekondari nasional (ti ngena jaku Melayu nyadika jaku ngajar), enggau syarat "iya munasabah sereta praktikal ngagai nembiak dalam sekula nyadi peminta".<ref>{{Citation|title=Act 550 – Education Act 1996|url=http://www.unesco.org/education/edurights/media/docs/b23f75adacffad84dacf9ac5ac431c0e3596ef62.pdf|mode=cs1|via=UNESCO}} </ref> == Jaku Kreol == Sekeda rayat Malaysia ngembuan peturun Eurasia bejaku ngena jaku kreol, baka jaku kreol Melaka ti bepelasar ba jaku Portugis.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hancock|first=Ian F.|date=1975|title=Malacca Creole Portuguese: Asian, African or European?|journal=Anthropological Linguistics|volume=17|issue=5|pages=211–236|jstor=30027570}}</ref> Jaku kreol ke bepelasar ba jaku Sepanyol, Zamboangueño Chavacano, udah ngerembai ngagai Sabah ari selatan [[Filipina]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pPUeQLcGMOMC |title=Roots of Creole Structures: Weighing the Contribution of Substrates and Superstrates |date=2008 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing |isbn=978-90-272-5255-5 |editor-last=Michaelis |editor-first=Susanne |location=Amsterdam}}</ref> == Kereban sanding == {{Reflist}} == Laman web ke bukai == * [http://www.muturzikin.com/cartesasiesudest/4.htm Jaku-Jaku Menua Malaysia] ba Muturzikin.com * [https://borneodictionary.com/ borneodictionary.com] - Kamus Jaku Borneo . [[Kategori:Jaku ba Malaysia| ]] 3noyghcajahajxxvpt45yfmi7rgq0yg 0 3854 20174 13509 2026-10-25T13:34:49Z Song GK 9 20174 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group |group=Orang Melayu Malaysia |native_name=Orang Melayu Malaysia<br/>{{lang|ms-arab|{{Script|Arab|ملايو مليسيا}}}} |image=Tarik upih pinang.jpg |image_upright=1.35 |caption=Nembiak Melayu bemain ''Tarik Upih Pinang'' |population='''17,610,458'''<br/>57.9% ari penyampau tubuh ba Malaysia (2023)<ref name="2023 population">{{cite web|url=https://www.dosm.gov.my/uploads/release-content/file_20230510164502.pdf |title=Demographic Statistics Malaysia - First Quarter of 2023|publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia|date=2023|access-date=25 May 2023}}</ref> |popplace='''{{flag|Malaysia}}''' |langs=[[Jaku-jaku Malayik]] (bemacham bansa jaku Melayu vernakular) • [[Jaku Melayu Standard]] • [[Jaku Inggeris Malaysia|Inggeris]] |rels=[[Islam Sunni]] |related-c={{hlist|[[Orang Melayu Thai]]|[[Orang Melayu Singapura]]|[[Orang Melayu Indonesia]]|[[Orang Melayu Brunei]]|[[Orang Filipina enggau peturun Melayu|Orang Melayu Filipina]] enggau [[Orang Melayu Australia]]}}}} '''Orang Melayu Malaysia''' ({{langx|ms|Orang Melayu Malaysia}}, [[Urup Jawi|Jawi]]: {{lang|ms-arab|{{Script|Arab|ملايو مليسيا}}}}) nya peranak Malaysia ke bebansa [[Melayu]] ti ngundan peturun ari sekeda tauka sepenuh [[dunya Melayu]]. Nitihka pelaba penyampau tubuh taun 2023, enggau penuampau tubuh 17.6 juta iku, orang Melayu Malaysia nya 57.9% ari demografi menua Malaysia, raban bansa ke pemadu besai ba menua tu. Sida ulih digempuru dalam dua bengkah kategori iya nya; ''Anak Jati'' (orang Melayu asal) enggau ''Anak Dagang'' (orang Melayu ke ngundan peturun ari kandang menua bukai ba pulau-pulau Melayu).<ref name="MMO">{{cite web|author1=Mohd Hazmi Mohd Rosli|author2=Rahmat Mohamad|title=Were the Malays immigrants? |url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/what-you-think/article/were-the-malays-immigrants-mohd-hazmi-mohd-rusli-and-rahmat-mohamad#6S4ortxP2ZO8Ts0F.97|website=The Malay Mail Online|access-date=2 March 2018|date=5 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="Miller">{{harvnb|Miller|Williams|2006|pp=45–46}}</ref> Bansa ''Anak Jati'' tauka Melayu asal nya sida individu ti bepegai ba budaya Melayu asal ari kandang menua pesisir Semenanjung Melayu enggau Kalimantan.<ref name="Miller">{{harvnb|Miller|Williams|2006|pp=45–46}} </ref> Entara raban ke tebilang nyengkaum [[Melayu Brunei|orang Melayu Brunei]], Kedah, Kelantan, Pahang, Perak, Sarawak enggau Terengganu. Ba lansa bukai, bansa ''Anak Dagang'' tauka Melayu luar, datai ari peturun orang ke datai ari bagi menua bukai di Pulau-pulau Melayu ke nyadi peranak menua kesultanan Melayu lalu diserap sereta diasimilasyen ngagai budaya Melayu ba maya ke bebida, ketegal penyemaka gaya pengidup enggau pengarap ke sama. Bansa Melayu ari menua luar ngembuan peturun Aceh, Banjar, Bugis, [[Bansa Jawa|Jawa]], Mandailing enggau [[Minangkabau]] ti datai ari [[Indonesia]].<ref>{{harvnb|Gulrose Karim|1990|p=74}} </ref><ref>{{harvnb|Suad Joseph|Afsaneh Najmabadi|2006|p=436}} </ref> Sekeda bansa Melayu menua luar mega engka datai ari endur bukai di Asia Tenggara, iya nya nyengkaum bansa Cham ari Indochina, bansa Melayu Kokos ari Pulau Kokos (Keeling) Australia sereta mega bansa Melayu Patani di selatan Thailand. Bisi mega minoriti bansa Melayu ti sebagi ari peturun ari orang ti baru datai ari mayuh bengkah menua bukai ti udah berasimilasyen ngagai budaya Islam Melayu. ==Kereban sanding== {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Raban bansa ba Malaysia|Melayu]] gwqzxlg164lykuykhi9nlm7cvv82jbn 0 6379 20194 18864 2026-10-26T05:16:01Z Song GK 9 20194 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jenny Tan Ah Joo''' tauka tebilang enggau nama '''Jenny Tan''' (midang 6 April 2026) nya siku penanyi lagenda Iban. Iya mega bekaul enggau kompeni Golden Pearl Studio Kuching, ke udah beoperasyen kenyau ari taun 1990-an. Jenny dikelala enggau sekeda lagu muzik Iban ke tebilang baka ‘Lelaki’ enggau ‘Dara Mereti’.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Legendary Iban singer Jenny Tan passes away |url=https://www.theborneopost.com/2026/04/07/legendary-iban-singer-jenny-tan-passes-away/ |website=The Borneo Post |date=7 April 2026 |access-date=8 April 2026 |lang= en}}</ref> == Pengidup diri == Jenny Tan udah nirika rumah tangga enggau [[Jennarino Jeraki]] ba taun 1995.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mulaika pengingat, berita pemadu baru artis GPRS -Jennarino Jeraki |url=https://suarasarawak.my/00mulaika-pengingat-berita-pemadu-baru-artis-gprs-jennarino-jeraki/ |website=Suara Sarawak |date=26 April 2020 |access-date=8 April 2026}}</ref> Iya penakan [[Iban]]-[[Orang China Malaysia|China]]. == Pemidang == Jenny Tan udah ngapuska seput kepenudi kurang lebih pukul 10.40 malam kena 6 April 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pemidang Jenny Tan nyadi pengelenyau ti besai dalam industri muzik Iban |url=https://www.utusanborneo.com.my/2026/04/07/pemidang-jenny-tan-nyadi-pengelenyau-ti-besai-dalam-industri-muzik-iban |website=Utusan Borneo |date=7 April 2026 |access-date=8 April 2026}}</ref> == Diskografi == Sekeda lagu ke kala dipansutka iya nya:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sarawaktribune.com/iban-singer-jenny-tan-dies/ |title=Iban singer Jenny Tan dies |website=Sarawak Tribune |date=2026-04-06 |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref> * Ai Embun Pagi * Lelaki * Aram Sama Tua Sepadu * Dara Merati == Kereban sanding == {{reflist}} == Laman web ke bukai == * {{Spotify artist}} [[Kategori:Pemati 1861]]i 2026]] [[Kategori:Penanyi indu Malaysia kurun ke-20]] [[Kategori:Orang Malaysia bepeturun China]] [[Kategori:Orang Malaysia bepeturun Iban]] nx9zareh3bycht1cn4vshpgutdf9zug 20195 20194 2026-10-26T05:16:18Z Song GK 9 20195 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jenny Tan Ah Joo''' tauka tebilang enggau nama '''Jenny Tan''' (midang 6 April 2026) nya siku penanyi lagenda Iban. Iya mega bekaul enggau kompeni Golden Pearl Studio Kuching, ke udah beoperasyen kenyau ari taun 1990-an. Jenny dikelala enggau sekeda lagu muzik Iban ke tebilang baka ‘Lelaki’ enggau ‘Dara Mereti’.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Legendary Iban singer Jenny Tan passes away |url=https://www.theborneopost.com/2026/04/07/legendary-iban-singer-jenny-tan-passes-away/ |website=The Borneo Post |date=7 April 2026 |access-date=8 April 2026 |lang= en}}</ref> == Pengidup diri == Jenny Tan udah nirika rumah tangga enggau [[Jennarino Jeraki]] ba taun 1995.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mulaika pengingat, berita pemadu baru artis GPRS -Jennarino Jeraki |url=https://suarasarawak.my/00mulaika-pengingat-berita-pemadu-baru-artis-gprs-jennarino-jeraki/ |website=Suara Sarawak |date=26 April 2020 |access-date=8 April 2026}}</ref> Iya penakan [[Iban]]-[[Orang China Malaysia|China]]. == Pemidang == Jenny Tan udah ngapuska seput kepenudi kurang lebih pukul 10.40 malam kena 6 April 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pemidang Jenny Tan nyadi pengelenyau ti besai dalam industri muzik Iban |url=https://www.utusanborneo.com.my/2026/04/07/pemidang-jenny-tan-nyadi-pengelenyau-ti-besai-dalam-industri-muzik-iban |website=Utusan Borneo |date=7 April 2026 |access-date=8 April 2026}}</ref> == Diskografi == Sekeda lagu ke kala dipansutka iya nya:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sarawaktribune.com/iban-singer-jenny-tan-dies/ |title=Iban singer Jenny Tan dies |website=Sarawak Tribune |date=2026-04-06 |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref> * Ai Embun Pagi * Lelaki * Aram Sama Tua Sepadu * Dara Merati == Kereban sanding == {{reflist}} == Laman web ke bukai == * {{Spotify artist}} [[Kategori:Pemati 2026]] [[Kategori:Penanyi indu Malaysia kurun ke-20]] [[Kategori:Orang Malaysia bepeturun China]] [[Kategori:Orang Malaysia bepeturun Iban]] hh3tb5ll7os6o209zdxnjtwx0n3ot80 0 6453 20180 18671 2026-10-26T02:41:04Z Song GK 9 20180 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder| | honorific_prefix = Dato' Sri | honorific_suffix = | name = | image = | width = | caption = | birth_date = {{Hari bulan pengada enggau umur|1926|02|14|df=y}} | birth_place = Long Linau, [[Pelilih Menua Belaga|Belaga]], [[Sarawak]], [[Malaysia]] | residence = | death_date = {{Hari bulan pemati enggau umur|2026|04|23|1926|02|14|df=y}} | death_place = [[Kuching]], [[Sarawak]], [[Malaysia]] | office2 = Kaban [[Aum Kunsil Negeri Sarawak]]<br>ungkup Belaga | termstart2 = 1979 | termend2 = 1983 | predecessor2 = [[Nyipa Bato]] | successor2 = Nyipa Bato | party = | occupation = Kaban politik | profession = | relations = | spouse = Devong Anyie | children = | website = | footnotes = | preceded2 = Nyipa Bato }} Dato’ Sri '''Bo’ Tajang Laing''' (14 Februari 1926 – 23 April 2026) iya nya siku orang politik Malaysia ke bebansa [[Kayan]]. Iya kala nyadi Menteri Pekara Negeri Sarawak sereta kala nyadi Kaban Kunsil Negeri (ADUN) {{DUN|Belaga}} sepengelama empat penggal (1979–1983).<ref>{{cite web|author=Samuel Aubrey|title=First Orang Ulu minister Tajang Laing passes away at 100|url=https://www.theborneopost.com/2026/04/24/first-orang-ulu-minister-tajang-laing-passes-away-at-100/|website=The Borneo Post|date=2026-04-24|access-date=2026-04-24}}</ref> == Pengidup tumu == Tajang Laing nyadi pengajar bansa Kayan ti keterubah nerima degree ari Institut Pematih Pengajar Kampus Batu Lintang. Iya kala ngajar ba SK Abun Matu sebedau numbuhka sekula, SK Long Linau, dalam taun 1953.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sarawak’s struggle for independence: Former minister Bo’ Tajang shares tales of hardship and unity|url=https://dayakdaily.com/sarawaks-struggle-for-independence-former-minister-bo-tajang-shares-tales-of-hardship-and-unity/|website=DayakDaily|date=2023-07-11|access-date=2026-04-24}}</ref> == Pengawa politik == Tajang Laing bejalaika tanggungpengawa ti besai dalam ngarika komuniti Orang Ulu nyadi kaban Komisyen Cobbold dalam taun 1962 lalu mega kala nyadi kaban Kunsil Pelilih Kapit enggau Dewan Undangan Negeri dalam taun 1965.<ref>{{cite web|title=Independence fighter salutes leaders for success|url=https://www.sarawaktribune.com/independence-fighter-salutes-leaders-for-success/|website=Sarawak Tribune|date=2023-07-10|access-date=2026-04-24}}</ref> Ari taun 1963 ngagai 1970, iya kala nyadi Menteri Negeri lalu megai pengawa Menteri Pekara Negeri ari taun 1963 ngagai taun 1966, Menteri Betanam Betupi, enggau Menteri Kampung nyentuk ngagai taun 1970.<ref>{{cite web|title=Orang Ulu statesman Bo’ Tajang Laing passes away at 100|url=https://dayakdaily.com/orang-ulu-statesman-bo-tajang-laing-passes-away-at-100/|website=DayakDaily|author=DayakDaily Team|date=2026-04-24|access-date=2026-04-24}}</ref> Ba bidang politik, iya kala nyadi kaban Dewan Undangan Negeri Belaga dalam taun 1979 enggau 1983. == Kereban sanding == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Kaban politik ba Sarawak]] [[Kategori:Pemati 2026]] [[Kategori:Pengada 1926]] 9ajurcyf6mv7ee84df3932m48p3mdlp 14 7067 20172 2026-10-25T13:28:56Z Song GK 9 Mencipta laman baru dengan kandungan '{{Wikipedia category|hidden=yes|tracking=yes|description=Kategori tu nyeruri lambar ti beteg {{tl|Cite EB1911}} (tauka ti ngundan nya nengah {{tl|EB1911}} ke ngena parameter wstitle nya.}} <!-- do not add Category:Encyclopædia Britannica as a category per WP:CAT --> [[Wikipedia:Kategori|Kategori]] tu ungkup artikel Wikipedia ti ngundan jaku ambi ari Encyclopaedia Britannica 1911 enggau kereban sanding ari Wikisource. Artikel-artikel dalam kategori tu...' 20172 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikipedia category|hidden=yes|tracking=yes|description=Kategori tu nyeruri lambar ti beteg {{tl|Cite EB1911}} (tauka ti ngundan nya nengah {{tl|EB1911}} ke ngena parameter wstitle nya.}} <!-- do not add Category:Encyclopædia Britannica as a category per WP:CAT --> [[Wikipedia:Kategori|Kategori]] tu ungkup artikel Wikipedia ti ngundan jaku ambi ari Encyclopaedia Britannica 1911 enggau kereban sanding ari Wikisource. Artikel-artikel dalam kategori tu diengkahka ditu nengah '''{{tl|EB1911}}''' enggau '''{{tl|Cite EB1911}}''' {{CatAutoTOC}} mykj8uxtolmkbetajuaz2p5bfmg91oy 0 7068 20175 2026-10-25T13:55:12Z Song GK 9 Digaga enggau chara nyalin lambar " [[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1381761237|Sanskrit]] " 20175 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kutak info jaku | name = Jaku Sanskrit | nativename = {{lang|sa|संस्कृत}}, {{lang|sa|संस्कृतम्}}<br />{{IAST|Saṃskṛta-}}, {{IAST|Saṃskṛtam}} | region = Asia Selatan (jeman kelia enggau tengah), bagi ari Asia Tenggara (jeman tengah) | revived = Nadai pejaku asal Sanskrit to ditemu.<ref name=patrick-mccartney-5-10-20/><ref name=patrick-mccartney-5-11-20/><ref name=sreevastan-thehindu-sanskrit/><ref name="Lowe2017"/><ref name="Ruppel2017">{{cite book|last=Ruppel|first=A. M.|title=The Cambridge Introduction to Sanskrit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eXQ3DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2|year=2017|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-08828-3|page=2|quote=The study of any ancient (or dead) language is faced with one main challenge: ancient languages have no native speakers who could provide us with examples of simple everyday speech}}</ref><ref name="KachruKachru2008">{{cite book|last=Annamalai|first=E. |editor=Braj B. Kachru |editor2=Yamuna Kachru |editor3=S. N. Sridhar |title=Language in South Asia|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O2n4sFGDEMYC&pg=PA223|year=2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-46550-2|pages=223–|chapter=Contexts of multilingualism|quote=Some of the migrated languages ... such as Sanskrit and English, remained primarily as a second language, even though their native speakers were lost. Some native languages like the language of the Indus valley were lost with their speakers, while some linguistic communities shifted their language to one or other of the migrants' languages.}}</ref> | era = {{circa}} 1500–600 SM (Sanskrit Veda);<ref>{{cite book|author=Uta Reinöhl |title=Grammaticalization and the Rise of Configurationality in Indo-Aryan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nR_4CwAAQBAJ |year=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn=978-0-19-873666-0|pages=xiv, 1–16}}</ref> <br /> 700 BCE – 1350 CE (Classical Sanskrit)<ref>{{harvnb|Masica|1993|p=55}}: "Thus Classical Sanskrit, fixed by Panini's grammar in probably the fourth century BC on the basis of a class dialect (and preceding grammatical tradition) of probably the seventh century BC, had its greatest literary flowering in the first millennium AD and even later, much of it therefore a full thousand years after the stage of the language it ostensibly represents."</ref> | familycolor = Indo-Eropah | fam2 = [[Jaku-jaku Indo-Iran|Indo-Iran]] | fam3 = [[Jaku-jaku Indo-Aryan|Indo-Aryan]] | ancestor = [[Jaku Sanskrit Veda]] | script = [[Urup Devanagari]] (kemaya tu). Kelia mina dikena mulut aja. Enda ditulis nyentuk ke kurun ke-1 SM, lebuh jaku tu ditulis ngena [[urup Brahmi]], lalu udah nya bemacham [[leman urup Brahmi]].{{efn|name=Salomon1998-epigraphy-book|"In conclusion, there are strong systemic and paleographic indications that the Brahmi script derived from a Semitic prototype, which, mainly on historical grounds, is most likely to have been Aramaic. However, the details of this problem remain to be worked out, and in any case, it is unlikely that a complete letter-by-letter derivation will ever be possible; for Brahmi may have been more of an adaptation and remodeling, rather than a direct derivation, of the presumptive Semitic prototype, perhaps under the influence of a preexisting Indian tradition of phonetic analysis. However, the Semitic hypothesis is not so strong as to rule out the remote possibility that further discoveries could drastically change the picture. In particular, a relationship of some kind, probably partial or indirect, with the protohistoric Indus Valley script should not be considered entirely out of the question." {{harvnb|Salomon|1998|p=30}} }}<ref name="JainCardona2007-script1">{{cite book|last=Jain|first=Dhanesh |editor=George Cardona |editor2=Dhanesh Jain |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA51|year=2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-79711-9|pages=47–66, 51|chapter=Sociolinguistics of the Indo-Aryan languages |quote=In the history of Indo-Aryan, writing was a later development and its adoption has been slow even in modern times. The first written word comes to us through Asokan inscriptions dating back to the third century BC. Originally, Brahmi was used to write Prakrit (MIA); for Sanskrit (OIA) it was used only four centuries later (Masica 1991: 135). The MIA traditions of Buddhist and Jain texts show greater regard for the written word than the OIA Brahminical tradition, though writing was available to Old Indo-Aryans.}}</ref><ref name="JainCardona2007-script2">{{cite book |last=Salomon |first=Richard |author-link=Richard G. Salomon (professor of Asian studies) |editor=George Cardona |editor2=Dhanesh Jain|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA67 |year=2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-79711-9 |pages=67–102 |chapter=The Writing Systems of the Indo-Aryan Languages |quote=Although in modern usage Sanskrit is most commonly written or printed in Nagari, in theory, it can be represented by virtually any of the main Brahmi-based scripts, and in practice it often is. Thus scripts such as Gujarati, Bangla, and Oriya, as well as the major south Indian scripts, traditionally have been and often still are used in their proper territories for writing Sanskrit. Sanskrit, in other words, is not inherently linked to any particular script, although it does have a special historical connection with Nagari.}}</ref> | nation = India (jaku rasmi tambah){{Efn|Tu siti ari 22 [[Penetap Kelapan Konstitusyen India|jaku-jaku Penetap Kelapan]] ke alai Konstitusyen meri mandat pemansang ..}} *[[Himachal Pradesh]] *[[Uttarakhand]] | iso1 = sa | iso2 = san | iso3 = san | image = {{Photomontage | photo1a = BhagavadGita-19th-century-Illustrated-Sanskrit-Chapter 1.20.21.jpg | photo2a = Sanskrit College 1999 stamp of India.jpg | spacing = 1 | color_border = white | color = white | size = 280 | image_alt = | foot_montage = (atas) Manuskrip bejaku Sanskrit kurun ke-19 ti begambar ari [[Bhagavad Gita]],<ref name="Mascaró2003">{{cite book |last=Mascaró|first=Juan|title=The Bhagavad Gita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UZEKghCNbVIC&pg=PT13|year=2003 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-044918-1 |pages=13&nbsp;ff |quote=The Bhagawad Gita, an intensely spiritual work, that forms one of the cornerstones of the Hindu faith, and is also one of the masterpieces of Sanskrit poetry. (from the backcover)}}</ref> (baruh) Setim ulang taun ke-175 [[Kolej enggau Universiti Sanskrit|Kolej Sanskrit, Kolkata]], ketiga pemadu tuai. Kolej pemadu tuai ditumbuhka enggau nama [[Sampurnanand Sanskrit Vishwavidyalaya|Kolej Benares Sanskrit]] ba taun 1791. }} | imagesize = | imagecaption = | notice = IPA | minority = Afrika Selatan{{Efn|Jaku Sanskrit nya "Jaku Dilindung" nitihka Konstitusyen, Bab 1(6)(5)(b)(¡¡)<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|title=Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 – Chapter 1: Founding Provisions|url=http://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/chapter-1-founding-provisions|website=gov.za|access-date=6 December 2014|archive-date=28 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028043044/http://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/chapter-1-founding-provisions|url-status=live}}</ref>}} | lc1 = cls | ld1 = Jaku Sanskrit Klasik | lc2 = vsn | ld2 = [[Jaku Sanskrit Veda]] }} '''Jaku Sanskrit''' (tukuh batang {{Lang|sa|संस्कृत}};<ref name="Comrie2018-cardona-luraghi-1">{{Cite book |last=Cardona |first=George |title=The World's Major Languages |last2=Luraghi |first2=Silvia |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-317-29049-0 |editor-last=Bernard Comrie |pages=497– |chapter=Sanskrit |quote=''Sanskrit'' (samskrita- 'adorned, purified') ... It is in the ''[[Ramayana]]'' that the term ''saṃskṛta-'' is encountered probably for the first time with reference to the language. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lR9WDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT497}}</ref><ref name="wright-sanskrit-first">{{cite journal|last=Wright|first=J.C.|title=Reviewed Works: ''Pāṇini: His Work and Its Traditions. Vol.&nbsp;I. Background and Introduction'' by George Cardona; ''Grammaire sanskrite pâninéenne'' by Pierre-Sylvain Filliozat|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London|volume=53|issue=1|year=1990|pages=152–154|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/S0041977X0002156X|jstor=618999|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/618999|quote=The first reference to 'Sanskrit' in the context of language is in the ''[[Ramayana]]'', Book&nbsp;5 (Sundarkanda), Canto&nbsp;28, Verse&nbsp;17: अहं ह्यतितनुश्चैव वनरश्च विशेषतः // '''वाचं'''चोदाहरिष्यामि मानुषीमिह '''संस्कृताम् ''' // १७ // [[Hanuman]] says, 'First, my body is very subtle, second I am a monkey. Especially as a monkey, I will use here the human-appropriate Sanskrit speech / language.'|archive-date=21 January 2022|access-date=12 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121084149/https://www.jstor.org/stable/618999|url-status=live}}</ref> jaku tunggal nama {{Lang|sa|संस्कृतम्}}, saṃskṛtam,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ashtadhyayi|url=https://ashtadhyayi.com/sutraani/8/3/5|access-date=2024-12-30|website=ashtadhyayi.com|archive-date=30 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241230045328/https://ashtadhyayi.com/sutraani/8/3/5|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Apte1957-592">{{cite book |last=Apte |first=Vaman Shivaram |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/apte_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4&searchhws=yes |title=Revised and enlarged edition of Prin. V.S. Apte's ''The practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary'' |publisher=Prasad Prakashan |year=1957 |location=Poona |page=1596 |quote=from संस्कृत saṃskṛitə [[Participle#Types of participle|past passive participle]]: Made perfect, refined, polished, cultivated. -तः -tah A word formed regularly according to the rules of grammar, a regular derivative. -तम् -tam Refined or highly polished speech, the Sanskṛit language; संस्कृतं नाम दैवी वागन्वाख्याता महर्षिभिः ("named sanskritam the divine language elaborated by the sages") from [[Kavyadarsha|Kāvyadarśa]].1. 33. of [[Daṇḍin]] |access-date=13 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407164144/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/apte_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4&searchhws=yes |archive-date=7 April 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>) nya [[jaku klasik]] ti begulai enggau pumpun jaku [[Jaku-jaku Indo-Aryan|Indo-Aryan]] ari [[Jaku-jaku Indo-Eropah|sebilik jaku Indo-Eropah]].<ref name="Woodard12">{{Cite book |last=Roger D. Woodard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UQpAuNIP4oIC |title=The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-521-68494-1 |pages=1–2 |quote=The earliest form of this 'oldest' language, Sanskrit, is the one found in the ancient Brahmanic text called the Rigveda, composed c. 1500 BCE. The date makes Sanskrit one of the three earliest of the well-documented languages of the Indo-European family – the other two being Old Hittite and Myceanaean Greek – and, in keeping with its early appearance, Sanskrit has been a cornerstone in the reconstruction of the parent language of the Indo-European family – Proto-Indo-European.}}</ref><ref name="Bauer2017p90">{{Cite book |last=Bauer |first=Brigitte L. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BWzNDgAAQBAJ |title=Nominal Apposition in Indo-European: Its forms and functions, and its evolution in Latin-romance |publisher=De Gruyter |year=2017 |isbn=978-3-11-046175-6 |pages=90–92}} </ref><ref name="Ramat2015p26">{{Cite book |last=Ramat |first=Anna Giacalone |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PLa5CAAAQBAJ |title=The Indo-European Languages |last2=Ramat |first2=Paolo |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-134-92187-4 |pages=26–31}}</ref> Iya asal ba [[Asia Selatan]] sepengudah jaku ke dulu ari iya udah ngerembai dia ari barat laut ba ujung [[Jeman Engkeraju]].<ref name="Dyson2018-14-15">{{Cite book |last=Dyson |first=Tim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 |title=A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-19-882905-8 |pages=14–15 |quote=Although the collapse of the Indus valley civilization is no longer believed to have been due to an 'Aryan invasion' it is widely thought that, at roughly the same time, or perhaps a few centuries later, new Indo-Aryan-speaking people and influences began to enter the subcontinent from the north-west. Detailed evidence is lacking. Nevertheless, a predecessor of the language that would eventually be called Sanskrit was probably introduced into the north-west sometime between 3,900 and 3,000 years ago. This language was related to one then spoken in eastern Iran; and both of these languages belonged to the Indo-European language family.}}</ref><ref name="TurnerSalemink2014">{{Cite book |last=Pinkney |first=Andrea Marion |title=Routledge Handbook of Religions in Asia |publisher=Routledge |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-317-63646-5 |editor-last=Bryan S. Turner |pages=38– |chapter=Revealing the Vedas in 'Hinduism': Foundations and issues of interpretation of religions in South Asian Hindu traditions |quote=According to [[Asko Parpola]], the Proto-Indo-Aryan civilization was influenced by two external waves of migrations. The first group originated from the southern Urals (c. 2100 BCE) and mixed with the peoples of the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC); this group then proceeded to South Asia, arriving around 1900 BCE. The second wave arrived in northern South Asia around 1750 BCE and mixed with the formerly arrived group, producing the [[Mitanni Aryans]] (c. 1500 BCE), a precursor to the peoples of the ''Ṛgveda''. [[Michael Witzel]] has assigned an approximate chronology to the strata of Vedic languages, arguing that the language of the ''Ṛgveda'' changed through the beginning of the Iron Age in South Asia, which started in the Northwest (Punjab) around 1000 BCE. On the basis of comparative philological evidence, Witzel has suggested a five-stage periodization of Vedic civilization, beginning with the ''Ṛgveda''. On the basis of internal evidence, the ''Ṛgveda'' is dated as a late Bronze Age text composed by pastoral migrants with limited settlements, probably between 1350 and 1150 BCE in the Punjab region. |editor-last2=Oscar Salemink |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e7qbBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA38}}</ref> Jaku Sanskrit nya [[jaku kudus]] dalam [[Hindu|pengarap Hindu]], jaku [[filosofi Hindu]] klasik, enggau teks sejarah [[Buddha|pengarap Buddha]] enggau [[Jainisme|pengarap Jainisme]]. Iya nyadi [[Lingua franca|jaku penyambung]] ba Asia Selatan kelia enggau jeman tengah, lalu lebuh pengalih budaya Hindu enggau [[Budaya Buddha|Buddha]] ngagai [[Asia Tenggara]], [[Asia Timur]] enggau [[Asia Tengah]] ba pun jeman tengah, iya nyadi jaku pengarap enggau [[budaya tinggi]], enggau elit politik ba sekeda pelilih menua tu.<ref>{{harvnb|Michael C. Howard|2012|p=21|quote=Sanskrit was another important lingua franca in the ancient world that was widely used in South Asia and in the context of Hindu and Buddhist religions in neighboring areas as well. ... The spread of South Asian cultural influence to Southeast Asia, Central Asia and East Asia meant that Sanskrit was also used in these areas, especially in a religious context and political elites.}}</ref><ref name="Pollock2006">{{Cite book |last=Pollock |first=Sheldon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CMskDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 |title=The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India |publisher=University of California Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-520-24500-6 |page=14 |quote=Once Sanskrit emerged from the sacerdotal environment ... it became the sole medium by which ruling elites expressed their power ... Sanskrit probably never functioned as an everyday medium of communication anywhere in the cosmopolis—not in South Asia itself, let alone Southeast Asia ... The work Sanskrit did do ... was directed above all toward articulating a form of ... politics ... as celebration of aesthetic power.}}</ref> Ketegal nya, jaku Sanskrit meri empas ti meruan ngagai jaku Asia Selatan, Asia Tenggara enggau Asia Timur, kelebih agi ba leka jaku formal enggau dipelajarka sida.{{Sfn|Burrow|1973}} 0bj3cvovelxwp25yov2va3im8y63l6c 20176 20175 2026-10-25T13:55:45Z Song GK 9 20176 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kutak info jaku | name = Jaku Sanskrit | nativename = {{lang|sa|संस्कृत}}, {{lang|sa|संस्कृतम्}}<br />{{IAST|Saṃskṛta-}}, {{IAST|Saṃskṛtam}} | region = Asia Selatan (jeman kelia enggau tengah), bagi ari Asia Tenggara (jeman tengah) | revived = Nadai pejaku asal Sanskrit to ditemu.<ref name=patrick-mccartney-5-10-20/><ref name=patrick-mccartney-5-11-20/><ref name=sreevastan-thehindu-sanskrit/><ref name="Lowe2017"/><ref name="Ruppel2017">{{cite book|last=Ruppel|first=A. M.|title=The Cambridge Introduction to Sanskrit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eXQ3DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2|year=2017|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-08828-3|page=2|quote=The study of any ancient (or dead) language is faced with one main challenge: ancient languages have no native speakers who could provide us with examples of simple everyday speech}}</ref><ref name="KachruKachru2008">{{cite book|last=Annamalai|first=E. |editor=Braj B. Kachru |editor2=Yamuna Kachru |editor3=S. N. Sridhar |title=Language in South Asia|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O2n4sFGDEMYC&pg=PA223|year=2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-46550-2|pages=223–|chapter=Contexts of multilingualism|quote=Some of the migrated languages ... such as Sanskrit and English, remained primarily as a second language, even though their native speakers were lost. Some native languages like the language of the Indus valley were lost with their speakers, while some linguistic communities shifted their language to one or other of the migrants' languages.}}</ref> | era = {{circa}} 1500–600 SM (Sanskrit Veda);<ref>{{cite book|author=Uta Reinöhl |title=Grammaticalization and the Rise of Configurationality in Indo-Aryan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nR_4CwAAQBAJ |year=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn=978-0-19-873666-0|pages=xiv, 1–16}}</ref> <br /> 700 BCE – 1350 CE (Classical Sanskrit)<ref>{{harvnb|Masica|1993|p=55}}: "Thus Classical Sanskrit, fixed by Panini's grammar in probably the fourth century BC on the basis of a class dialect (and preceding grammatical tradition) of probably the seventh century BC, had its greatest literary flowering in the first millennium AD and even later, much of it therefore a full thousand years after the stage of the language it ostensibly represents."</ref> | familycolor = Indo-Eropah | fam2 = [[Jaku-jaku Indo-Iran|Indo-Iran]] | fam3 = [[Jaku-jaku Indo-Aryan|Indo-Aryan]] | ancestor = [[Jaku Sanskrit Veda]] | script = [[Urup Devanagari]] (kemaya tu). Kelia mina dikena mulut aja. Enda ditulis nyentuk ke kurun ke-1 SM, lebuh jaku tu ditulis ngena [[urup Brahmi]], lalu udah nya bemacham [[leman urup Brahmi]].{{efn|name=Salomon1998-epigraphy-book|"In conclusion, there are strong systemic and paleographic indications that the Brahmi script derived from a Semitic prototype, which, mainly on historical grounds, is most likely to have been Aramaic. However, the details of this problem remain to be worked out, and in any case, it is unlikely that a complete letter-by-letter derivation will ever be possible; for Brahmi may have been more of an adaptation and remodeling, rather than a direct derivation, of the presumptive Semitic prototype, perhaps under the influence of a preexisting Indian tradition of phonetic analysis. However, the Semitic hypothesis is not so strong as to rule out the remote possibility that further discoveries could drastically change the picture. In particular, a relationship of some kind, probably partial or indirect, with the protohistoric Indus Valley script should not be considered entirely out of the question." {{harvnb|Salomon|1998|p=30}} }}<ref name="JainCardona2007-script1">{{cite book|last=Jain|first=Dhanesh |editor=George Cardona |editor2=Dhanesh Jain |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA51|year=2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-79711-9|pages=47–66, 51|chapter=Sociolinguistics of the Indo-Aryan languages |quote=In the history of Indo-Aryan, writing was a later development and its adoption has been slow even in modern times. The first written word comes to us through Asokan inscriptions dating back to the third century BC. Originally, Brahmi was used to write Prakrit (MIA); for Sanskrit (OIA) it was used only four centuries later (Masica 1991: 135). The MIA traditions of Buddhist and Jain texts show greater regard for the written word than the OIA Brahminical tradition, though writing was available to Old Indo-Aryans.}}</ref><ref name="JainCardona2007-script2">{{cite book |last=Salomon |first=Richard |author-link=Richard G. Salomon (professor of Asian studies) |editor=George Cardona |editor2=Dhanesh Jain|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA67 |year=2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-79711-9 |pages=67–102 |chapter=The Writing Systems of the Indo-Aryan Languages |quote=Although in modern usage Sanskrit is most commonly written or printed in Nagari, in theory, it can be represented by virtually any of the main Brahmi-based scripts, and in practice it often is. Thus scripts such as Gujarati, Bangla, and Oriya, as well as the major south Indian scripts, traditionally have been and often still are used in their proper territories for writing Sanskrit. Sanskrit, in other words, is not inherently linked to any particular script, although it does have a special historical connection with Nagari.}}</ref> | nation = India (jaku rasmi tambah){{Efn|Tu siti ari 22 [[Penetap Kelapan Konstitusyen India|jaku-jaku Penetap Kelapan]] ke alai Konstitusyen meri mandat pemansang ..}} *[[Himachal Pradesh]] *[[Uttarakhand]] | iso1 = sa | iso2 = san | iso3 = san | image = {{Photomontage | photo1a = BhagavadGita-19th-century-Illustrated-Sanskrit-Chapter 1.20.21.jpg | photo2a = Sanskrit College 1999 stamp of India.jpg | spacing = 1 | color_border = white | color = white | size = 280 | image_alt = | foot_montage = (atas) Manuskrip bejaku Sanskrit kurun ke-19 ti begambar ari [[Bhagavad Gita]],<ref name="Mascaró2003">{{cite book |last=Mascaró|first=Juan|title=The Bhagavad Gita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UZEKghCNbVIC&pg=PT13|year=2003 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-044918-1 |pages=13&nbsp;ff |quote=The Bhagawad Gita, an intensely spiritual work, that forms one of the cornerstones of the Hindu faith, and is also one of the masterpieces of Sanskrit poetry. (from the backcover)}}</ref> (baruh) Setim ulang taun ke-175 [[Kolej enggau Universiti Sanskrit|Kolej Sanskrit, Kolkata]], ketiga pemadu tuai. Kolej pemadu tuai ditumbuhka enggau nama [[Sampurnanand Sanskrit Vishwavidyalaya|Kolej Benares Sanskrit]] ba taun 1791. }} | imagesize = | imagecaption = | notice = IPA | minority = Afrika Selatan{{Efn|Jaku Sanskrit nya "Jaku Dilindung" nitihka Konstitusyen, Bab 1(6)(5)(b)(¡¡)<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|title=Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 – Chapter 1: Founding Provisions|url=http://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/chapter-1-founding-provisions|website=gov.za|access-date=6 December 2014|archive-date=28 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028043044/http://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/chapter-1-founding-provisions|url-status=live}}</ref>}} | lc1 = cls | ld1 = Jaku Sanskrit Klasik | lc2 = vsn | ld2 = [[Jaku Sanskrit Veda]] }} '''Jaku Sanskrit''' (tukuh batang {{Lang|sa|संस्कृत}};<ref name="Comrie2018-cardona-luraghi-1">{{Cite book |last=Cardona |first=George |title=The World's Major Languages |last2=Luraghi |first2=Silvia |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-317-29049-0 |editor-last=Bernard Comrie |pages=497– |chapter=Sanskrit |quote=''Sanskrit'' (samskrita- 'adorned, purified') ... It is in the ''[[Ramayana]]'' that the term ''saṃskṛta-'' is encountered probably for the first time with reference to the language. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lR9WDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT497}}</ref><ref name="wright-sanskrit-first">{{cite journal|last=Wright|first=J.C.|title=Reviewed Works: ''Pāṇini: His Work and Its Traditions. Vol.&nbsp;I. Background and Introduction'' by George Cardona; ''Grammaire sanskrite pâninéenne'' by Pierre-Sylvain Filliozat|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London|volume=53|issue=1|year=1990|pages=152–154|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/S0041977X0002156X|jstor=618999|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/618999|quote=The first reference to 'Sanskrit' in the context of language is in the ''[[Ramayana]]'', Book&nbsp;5 (Sundarkanda), Canto&nbsp;28, Verse&nbsp;17: अहं ह्यतितनुश्चैव वनरश्च विशेषतः // '''वाचं'''चोदाहरिष्यामि मानुषीमिह '''संस्कृताम् ''' // १७ // [[Hanuman]] says, 'First, my body is very subtle, second I am a monkey. Especially as a monkey, I will use here the human-appropriate Sanskrit speech / language.'|archive-date=21 January 2022|access-date=12 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121084149/https://www.jstor.org/stable/618999|url-status=live}}</ref> jaku tunggal nama {{Lang|sa|संस्कृतम्}}, saṃskṛtam,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ashtadhyayi|url=https://ashtadhyayi.com/sutraani/8/3/5|access-date=2024-12-30|website=ashtadhyayi.com|archive-date=30 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241230045328/https://ashtadhyayi.com/sutraani/8/3/5|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Apte1957-592">{{cite book |last=Apte |first=Vaman Shivaram |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/apte_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4&searchhws=yes |title=Revised and enlarged edition of Prin. V.S. Apte's ''The practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary'' |publisher=Prasad Prakashan |year=1957 |location=Poona |page=1596 |quote=from संस्कृत saṃskṛitə [[Participle#Types of participle|past passive participle]]: Made perfect, refined, polished, cultivated. -तः -tah A word formed regularly according to the rules of grammar, a regular derivative. -तम् -tam Refined or highly polished speech, the Sanskṛit language; संस्कृतं नाम दैवी वागन्वाख्याता महर्षिभिः ("named sanskritam the divine language elaborated by the sages") from [[Kavyadarsha|Kāvyadarśa]].1. 33. of [[Daṇḍin]] |access-date=13 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407164144/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/apte_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4&searchhws=yes |archive-date=7 April 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>) nya [[jaku klasik]] ti begulai enggau pumpun jaku [[Jaku-jaku Indo-Aryan|Indo-Aryan]] ari [[Jaku-jaku Indo-Eropah|sebilik jaku Indo-Eropah]].<ref name="Woodard12">{{Cite book |last=Roger D. Woodard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UQpAuNIP4oIC |title=The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-521-68494-1 |pages=1–2 |quote=The earliest form of this 'oldest' language, Sanskrit, is the one found in the ancient Brahmanic text called the Rigveda, composed c. 1500 BCE. The date makes Sanskrit one of the three earliest of the well-documented languages of the Indo-European family – the other two being Old Hittite and Myceanaean Greek – and, in keeping with its early appearance, Sanskrit has been a cornerstone in the reconstruction of the parent language of the Indo-European family – Proto-Indo-European.}}</ref><ref name="Bauer2017p90">{{Cite book |last=Bauer |first=Brigitte L. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BWzNDgAAQBAJ |title=Nominal Apposition in Indo-European: Its forms and functions, and its evolution in Latin-romance |publisher=De Gruyter |year=2017 |isbn=978-3-11-046175-6 |pages=90–92}} </ref><ref name="Ramat2015p26">{{Cite book |last=Ramat |first=Anna Giacalone |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PLa5CAAAQBAJ |title=The Indo-European Languages |last2=Ramat |first2=Paolo |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-134-92187-4 |pages=26–31}}</ref> Iya asal ba [[Asia Selatan]] sepengudah jaku ke dulu ari iya udah ngerembai dia ari barat laut ba ujung [[Jeman Engkeraju]].<ref name="Dyson2018-14-15">{{Cite book |last=Dyson |first=Tim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 |title=A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-19-882905-8 |pages=14–15 |quote=Although the collapse of the Indus valley civilization is no longer believed to have been due to an 'Aryan invasion' it is widely thought that, at roughly the same time, or perhaps a few centuries later, new Indo-Aryan-speaking people and influences began to enter the subcontinent from the north-west. Detailed evidence is lacking. Nevertheless, a predecessor of the language that would eventually be called Sanskrit was probably introduced into the north-west sometime between 3,900 and 3,000 years ago. This language was related to one then spoken in eastern Iran; and both of these languages belonged to the Indo-European language family.}}</ref><ref name="TurnerSalemink2014">{{Cite book |last=Pinkney |first=Andrea Marion |title=Routledge Handbook of Religions in Asia |publisher=Routledge |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-317-63646-5 |editor-last=Bryan S. Turner |pages=38– |chapter=Revealing the Vedas in 'Hinduism': Foundations and issues of interpretation of religions in South Asian Hindu traditions |quote=According to [[Asko Parpola]], the Proto-Indo-Aryan civilization was influenced by two external waves of migrations. The first group originated from the southern Urals (c. 2100 BCE) and mixed with the peoples of the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC); this group then proceeded to South Asia, arriving around 1900 BCE. The second wave arrived in northern South Asia around 1750 BCE and mixed with the formerly arrived group, producing the [[Mitanni Aryans]] (c. 1500 BCE), a precursor to the peoples of the ''Ṛgveda''. [[Michael Witzel]] has assigned an approximate chronology to the strata of Vedic languages, arguing that the language of the ''Ṛgveda'' changed through the beginning of the Iron Age in South Asia, which started in the Northwest (Punjab) around 1000 BCE. On the basis of comparative philological evidence, Witzel has suggested a five-stage periodization of Vedic civilization, beginning with the ''Ṛgveda''. On the basis of internal evidence, the ''Ṛgveda'' is dated as a late Bronze Age text composed by pastoral migrants with limited settlements, probably between 1350 and 1150 BCE in the Punjab region. |editor-last2=Oscar Salemink |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e7qbBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA38}}</ref> Jaku Sanskrit nya [[jaku kudus]] dalam [[Hindu|pengarap Hindu]], jaku [[filosofi Hindu]] klasik, enggau teks sejarah [[Buddha|pengarap Buddha]] enggau [[Jainisme|pengarap Jainisme]]. Iya nyadi [[Lingua franca|jaku penyambung]] ba Asia Selatan kelia enggau jeman tengah, lalu lebuh pengalih budaya Hindu enggau [[Budaya Buddha|Buddha]] ngagai [[Asia Tenggara]], [[Asia Timur]] enggau [[Asia Tengah]] ba pun jeman tengah, iya nyadi jaku pengarap enggau [[budaya tinggi]], enggau elit politik ba sekeda pelilih menua tu.<ref>{{harvnb|Michael C. Howard|2012|p=21|quote=Sanskrit was another important lingua franca in the ancient world that was widely used in South Asia and in the context of Hindu and Buddhist religions in neighboring areas as well. ... The spread of South Asian cultural influence to Southeast Asia, Central Asia and East Asia meant that Sanskrit was also used in these areas, especially in a religious context and political elites.}}</ref><ref name="Pollock2006">{{Cite book |last=Pollock |first=Sheldon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CMskDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 |title=The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India |publisher=University of California Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-520-24500-6 |page=14 |quote=Once Sanskrit emerged from the sacerdotal environment ... it became the sole medium by which ruling elites expressed their power ... Sanskrit probably never functioned as an everyday medium of communication anywhere in the cosmopolis—not in South Asia itself, let alone Southeast Asia ... The work Sanskrit did do ... was directed above all toward articulating a form of ... politics ... as celebration of aesthetic power.}}</ref> Ketegal nya, jaku Sanskrit meri empas ti meruan ngagai jaku Asia Selatan, Asia Tenggara enggau Asia Timur, kelebih agi ba leka jaku formal enggau dipelajarka sida.{{Sfn|Burrow|1973}} ==Nota== <references group="lower-alpha"/> ==Kereban sanding== {{reflist}} 71ex1f7hzwl4jpb9ixsun4fmjafbpiw 20177 20176 2026-10-26T02:19:20Z Song GK 9 20177 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kutak info jaku | name = Jaku Sanskrit | nativename = {{lang|sa|संस्कृत}}, {{lang|sa|संस्कृतम्}}<br />{{IAST|Saṃskṛta-}}, {{IAST|Saṃskṛtam}} | region = Asia Selatan (jeman kelia enggau tengah), bagi ari Asia Tenggara (jeman tengah) | revived = Nadai pejaku asal Sanskrit to ditemu.<ref name="Ruppel2017">{{cite book|last=Ruppel|first=A. M.|title=The Cambridge Introduction to Sanskrit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eXQ3DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2|year=2017|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-08828-3|page=2|quote=The study of any ancient (or dead) language is faced with one main challenge: ancient languages have no native speakers who could provide us with examples of simple everyday speech}}</ref><ref name="KachruKachru2008">{{cite book|last=Annamalai|first=E. |editor=Braj B. Kachru |editor2=Yamuna Kachru |editor3=S. N. Sridhar |title=Language in South Asia|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O2n4sFGDEMYC&pg=PA223|year=2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-46550-2|pages=223–|chapter=Contexts of multilingualism|quote=Some of the migrated languages ... such as Sanskrit and English, remained primarily as a second language, even though their native speakers were lost. Some native languages like the language of the Indus valley were lost with their speakers, while some linguistic communities shifted their language to one or other of the migrants' languages.}}</ref> | era = {{circa}} 1500–600 SM (Sanskrit Veda);<ref>{{cite book|author=Uta Reinöhl |title=Grammaticalization and the Rise of Configurationality in Indo-Aryan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nR_4CwAAQBAJ |year=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn=978-0-19-873666-0|pages=xiv, 1–16}}</ref> <br /> 700 BCE – 1350 CE (Classical Sanskrit)<ref>{{harvnb|Masica|1993|p=55}}: "Thus Classical Sanskrit, fixed by Panini's grammar in probably the fourth century BC on the basis of a class dialect (and preceding grammatical tradition) of probably the seventh century BC, had its greatest literary flowering in the first millennium AD and even later, much of it therefore a full thousand years after the stage of the language it ostensibly represents."</ref> | familycolor = Indo-Eropah | fam2 = [[Jaku-jaku Indo-Iran|Indo-Iran]] | fam3 = [[Jaku-jaku Indo-Aryan|Indo-Aryan]] | ancestor = [[Jaku Sanskrit Veda]] | script = [[Urup Devanagari]] (kemaya tu). Kelia mina dikena mulut aja. Enda ditulis nyentuk ke kurun ke-1 SM, lebuh jaku tu ditulis ngena [[urup Brahmi]], lalu udah nya bemacham [[leman urup Brahmi]].{{efn|name=Salomon1998-epigraphy-book|"In conclusion, there are strong systemic and paleographic indications that the Brahmi script derived from a Semitic prototype, which, mainly on historical grounds, is most likely to have been Aramaic. However, the details of this problem remain to be worked out, and in any case, it is unlikely that a complete letter-by-letter derivation will ever be possible; for Brahmi may have been more of an adaptation and remodeling, rather than a direct derivation, of the presumptive Semitic prototype, perhaps under the influence of a preexisting Indian tradition of phonetic analysis. However, the Semitic hypothesis is not so strong as to rule out the remote possibility that further discoveries could drastically change the picture. In particular, a relationship of some kind, probably partial or indirect, with the protohistoric Indus Valley script should not be considered entirely out of the question." {{harvnb|Salomon|1998|p=30}} }}<ref name="JainCardona2007-script1">{{cite book|last=Jain|first=Dhanesh |editor=George Cardona |editor2=Dhanesh Jain |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA51|year=2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-79711-9|pages=47–66, 51|chapter=Sociolinguistics of the Indo-Aryan languages |quote=In the history of Indo-Aryan, writing was a later development and its adoption has been slow even in modern times. The first written word comes to us through Asokan inscriptions dating back to the third century BC. Originally, Brahmi was used to write Prakrit (MIA); for Sanskrit (OIA) it was used only four centuries later (Masica 1991: 135). The MIA traditions of Buddhist and Jain texts show greater regard for the written word than the OIA Brahminical tradition, though writing was available to Old Indo-Aryans.}}</ref><ref name="JainCardona2007-script2">{{cite book |last=Salomon |first=Richard |author-link=Richard G. Salomon (professor of Asian studies) |editor=George Cardona |editor2=Dhanesh Jain|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA67 |year=2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-79711-9 |pages=67–102 |chapter=The Writing Systems of the Indo-Aryan Languages |quote=Although in modern usage Sanskrit is most commonly written or printed in Nagari, in theory, it can be represented by virtually any of the main Brahmi-based scripts, and in practice it often is. Thus scripts such as Gujarati, Bangla, and Oriya, as well as the major south Indian scripts, traditionally have been and often still are used in their proper territories for writing Sanskrit. Sanskrit, in other words, is not inherently linked to any particular script, although it does have a special historical connection with Nagari.}}</ref> | nation = India (jaku rasmi tambah){{Efn|Tu siti ari 22 [[Penetap Kelapan Konstitusyen India|jaku-jaku Penetap Kelapan]] ke alai Konstitusyen meri mandat pemansang ..}} *[[Himachal Pradesh]] *[[Uttarakhand]] | iso1 = sa | iso2 = san | iso3 = san | image = {{Photomontage | photo1a = BhagavadGita-19th-century-Illustrated-Sanskrit-Chapter 1.20.21.jpg | photo2a = Sanskrit College 1999 stamp of India.jpg | spacing = 1 | color_border = white | color = white | size = 280 | image_alt = | foot_montage = (atas) Manuskrip bejaku Sanskrit kurun ke-19 ti begambar ari [[Bhagavad Gita]],<ref name="Mascaró2003">{{cite book |last=Mascaró|first=Juan|title=The Bhagavad Gita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UZEKghCNbVIC&pg=PT13|year=2003 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-044918-1 |pages=13&nbsp;ff |quote=The Bhagawad Gita, an intensely spiritual work, that forms one of the cornerstones of the Hindu faith, and is also one of the masterpieces of Sanskrit poetry. (from the backcover)}}</ref> (baruh) Setim ulang taun ke-175 [[Kolej enggau Universiti Sanskrit|Kolej Sanskrit, Kolkata]], ketiga pemadu tuai. Kolej pemadu tuai ditumbuhka enggau nama [[Sampurnanand Sanskrit Vishwavidyalaya|Kolej Benares Sanskrit]] ba taun 1791. }} | imagesize = | imagecaption = | notice = IPA | minority = Afrika Selatan{{Efn|Jaku Sanskrit nya "Jaku Dilindung" nitihka Konstitusyen, Bab 1(6)(5)(b)(¡¡)<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|title=Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 – Chapter 1: Founding Provisions|url=http://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/chapter-1-founding-provisions|website=gov.za|access-date=6 December 2014|archive-date=28 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028043044/http://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/chapter-1-founding-provisions|url-status=live}}</ref>}} | lc1 = cls | ld1 = Jaku Sanskrit Klasik | lc2 = vsn | ld2 = [[Jaku Sanskrit Veda]] }} '''Jaku Sanskrit''' (tukuh batang {{Lang|sa|संस्कृत}};<ref name="Comrie2018-cardona-luraghi-1">{{Cite book |last=Cardona |first=George |title=The World's Major Languages |last2=Luraghi |first2=Silvia |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-317-29049-0 |editor-last=Bernard Comrie |pages=497– |chapter=Sanskrit |quote=''Sanskrit'' (samskrita- 'adorned, purified') ... It is in the ''[[Ramayana]]'' that the term ''saṃskṛta-'' is encountered probably for the first time with reference to the language. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lR9WDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT497}}</ref><ref name="wright-sanskrit-first">{{cite journal|last=Wright|first=J.C.|title=Reviewed Works: ''Pāṇini: His Work and Its Traditions. Vol.&nbsp;I. Background and Introduction'' by George Cardona; ''Grammaire sanskrite pâninéenne'' by Pierre-Sylvain Filliozat|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London|volume=53|issue=1|year=1990|pages=152–154|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/S0041977X0002156X|jstor=618999|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/618999|quote=The first reference to 'Sanskrit' in the context of language is in the ''[[Ramayana]]'', Book&nbsp;5 (Sundarkanda), Canto&nbsp;28, Verse&nbsp;17: अहं ह्यतितनुश्चैव वनरश्च विशेषतः // '''वाचं'''चोदाहरिष्यामि मानुषीमिह '''संस्कृताम् ''' // १७ // [[Hanuman]] says, 'First, my body is very subtle, second I am a monkey. Especially as a monkey, I will use here the human-appropriate Sanskrit speech / language.'|archive-date=21 January 2022|access-date=12 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121084149/https://www.jstor.org/stable/618999|url-status=live}}</ref> jaku tunggal nama {{Lang|sa|संस्कृतम्}}, saṃskṛtam,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ashtadhyayi|url=https://ashtadhyayi.com/sutraani/8/3/5|access-date=2024-12-30|website=ashtadhyayi.com|archive-date=30 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241230045328/https://ashtadhyayi.com/sutraani/8/3/5|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Apte1957-592">{{cite book |last=Apte |first=Vaman Shivaram |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/apte_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4&searchhws=yes |title=Revised and enlarged edition of Prin. V.S. Apte's ''The practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary'' |publisher=Prasad Prakashan |year=1957 |location=Poona |page=1596 |quote=from संस्कृत saṃskṛitə [[Participle#Types of participle|past passive participle]]: Made perfect, refined, polished, cultivated. -तः -tah A word formed regularly according to the rules of grammar, a regular derivative. -तम् -tam Refined or highly polished speech, the Sanskṛit language; संस्कृतं नाम दैवी वागन्वाख्याता महर्षिभिः ("named sanskritam the divine language elaborated by the sages") from [[Kavyadarsha|Kāvyadarśa]].1. 33. of [[Daṇḍin]] |access-date=13 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407164144/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/apte_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4&searchhws=yes |archive-date=7 April 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>) nya [[jaku klasik]] ti begulai enggau pumpun jaku [[Jaku-jaku Indo-Aryan|Indo-Aryan]] ari [[Jaku-jaku Indo-Eropah|sebilik jaku Indo-Eropah]].<ref name="Woodard12">{{Cite book |last=Roger D. Woodard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UQpAuNIP4oIC |title=The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-521-68494-1 |pages=1–2 |quote=The earliest form of this 'oldest' language, Sanskrit, is the one found in the ancient Brahmanic text called the Rigveda, composed c. 1500 BCE. The date makes Sanskrit one of the three earliest of the well-documented languages of the Indo-European family – the other two being Old Hittite and Myceanaean Greek – and, in keeping with its early appearance, Sanskrit has been a cornerstone in the reconstruction of the parent language of the Indo-European family – Proto-Indo-European.}}</ref><ref name="Bauer2017p90">{{Cite book |last=Bauer |first=Brigitte L. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BWzNDgAAQBAJ |title=Nominal Apposition in Indo-European: Its forms and functions, and its evolution in Latin-romance |publisher=De Gruyter |year=2017 |isbn=978-3-11-046175-6 |pages=90–92}} </ref><ref name="Ramat2015p26">{{Cite book |last=Ramat |first=Anna Giacalone |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PLa5CAAAQBAJ |title=The Indo-European Languages |last2=Ramat |first2=Paolo |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-134-92187-4 |pages=26–31}}</ref> Iya asal ba [[Asia Selatan]] sepengudah jaku ke dulu ari iya udah ngerembai dia ari barat laut ba ujung [[Jeman Engkeraju]].<ref name="Dyson2018-14-15">{{Cite book |last=Dyson |first=Tim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 |title=A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-19-882905-8 |pages=14–15 |quote=Although the collapse of the Indus valley civilization is no longer believed to have been due to an 'Aryan invasion' it is widely thought that, at roughly the same time, or perhaps a few centuries later, new Indo-Aryan-speaking people and influences began to enter the subcontinent from the north-west. Detailed evidence is lacking. Nevertheless, a predecessor of the language that would eventually be called Sanskrit was probably introduced into the north-west sometime between 3,900 and 3,000 years ago. This language was related to one then spoken in eastern Iran; and both of these languages belonged to the Indo-European language family.}}</ref><ref name="TurnerSalemink2014">{{Cite book |last=Pinkney |first=Andrea Marion |title=Routledge Handbook of Religions in Asia |publisher=Routledge |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-317-63646-5 |editor-last=Bryan S. Turner |pages=38– |chapter=Revealing the Vedas in 'Hinduism': Foundations and issues of interpretation of religions in South Asian Hindu traditions |quote=According to [[Asko Parpola]], the Proto-Indo-Aryan civilization was influenced by two external waves of migrations. The first group originated from the southern Urals (c. 2100 BCE) and mixed with the peoples of the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC); this group then proceeded to South Asia, arriving around 1900 BCE. The second wave arrived in northern South Asia around 1750 BCE and mixed with the formerly arrived group, producing the [[Mitanni Aryans]] (c. 1500 BCE), a precursor to the peoples of the ''Ṛgveda''. [[Michael Witzel]] has assigned an approximate chronology to the strata of Vedic languages, arguing that the language of the ''Ṛgveda'' changed through the beginning of the Iron Age in South Asia, which started in the Northwest (Punjab) around 1000 BCE. On the basis of comparative philological evidence, Witzel has suggested a five-stage periodization of Vedic civilization, beginning with the ''Ṛgveda''. On the basis of internal evidence, the ''Ṛgveda'' is dated as a late Bronze Age text composed by pastoral migrants with limited settlements, probably between 1350 and 1150 BCE in the Punjab region. |editor-last2=Oscar Salemink |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e7qbBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA38}}</ref> Jaku Sanskrit nya [[jaku kudus]] dalam [[Hindu|pengarap Hindu]], jaku [[filosofi Hindu]] klasik, enggau teks sejarah [[Buddha|pengarap Buddha]] enggau [[Jainisme|pengarap Jainisme]]. Iya nyadi [[Lingua franca|jaku penyambung]] ba Asia Selatan kelia enggau jeman tengah, lalu lebuh pengalih budaya Hindu enggau [[Budaya Buddha|Buddha]] ngagai [[Asia Tenggara]], [[Asia Timur]] enggau [[Asia Tengah]] ba pun jeman tengah, iya nyadi jaku pengarap enggau [[budaya tinggi]], enggau elit politik ba sekeda pelilih menua tu.<ref>{{harvnb|Michael C. Howard|2012|p=21|quote=Sanskrit was another important lingua franca in the ancient world that was widely used in South Asia and in the context of Hindu and Buddhist religions in neighboring areas as well. ... The spread of South Asian cultural influence to Southeast Asia, Central Asia and East Asia meant that Sanskrit was also used in these areas, especially in a religious context and political elites.}}</ref><ref name="Pollock2006">{{Cite book |last=Pollock |first=Sheldon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CMskDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 |title=The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India |publisher=University of California Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-520-24500-6 |page=14 |quote=Once Sanskrit emerged from the sacerdotal environment ... it became the sole medium by which ruling elites expressed their power ... Sanskrit probably never functioned as an everyday medium of communication anywhere in the cosmopolis—not in South Asia itself, let alone Southeast Asia ... The work Sanskrit did do ... was directed above all toward articulating a form of ... politics ... as celebration of aesthetic power.}}</ref> Ketegal nya, jaku Sanskrit meri empas ti meruan ngagai jaku Asia Selatan, Asia Tenggara enggau Asia Timur, kelebih agi ba leka jaku formal enggau dipelajarka sida.{{Sfn|Burrow|1973}} ==Nota== <references group="lower-alpha"/> ==Kereban sanding== {{reflist}} e5ds0cjy4eg1vwhxg8s6gdgzz1e6xwz 0 7069 20178 2026-10-26T02:24:37Z Song GK 9 Mencipta laman baru dengan kandungan '{{kalendar|year={{#time:Y|+1 Day<!--Ngimbang sehari lebuh artikel tu dipandangka ba Lambar Keterubah-->}}}} '''28 Februari''' nya hari ke-59 dalam taun di [[kalenda Gregorius]]; 306 hari agi nyentuk ke pengujung taun (307 dalam [[taun kejuk]]). ==Hari besai== *[[Kalenda sante|Hari pengerami]] Kristian: **[[28 Februari (liturgi Ortodoks Timur)]] *[[Hari Kalevala]], mega dikelala enggau nama ''Hari Main Asal Finland'' ([[Finland]])<ref>{{cite web|url=h...' 20178 wikitext text/x-wiki {{kalendar|year={{#time:Y|+1 Day<!--Ngimbang sehari lebuh artikel tu dipandangka ba Lambar Keterubah-->}}}} '''28 Februari''' nya hari ke-59 dalam taun di [[kalenda Gregorius]]; 306 hari agi nyentuk ke pengujung taun (307 dalam [[taun kejuk]]). ==Hari besai== *[[Kalenda sante|Hari pengerami]] Kristian: **[[28 Februari (liturgi Ortodoks Timur)]] *[[Hari Kalevala]], mega dikelala enggau nama ''Hari Main Asal Finland'' ([[Finland]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://discoverhelsinki.fi/arts-culture/kalevala-day-a-celebration-of-finnish-culture/|title=Kalevala Day – A Celebration of Finnish Culture|first=Esa|last=Ennelin|work=Discover Helsinki|date=February 27, 2019|access-date=February 27, 2022|archive-date=February 27, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227171456/https://discoverhelsinki.fi/arts-culture/kalevala-day-a-celebration-of-finnish-culture/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news.cn/english/europe/2020-02/29/c_138828843.htm|title=Finland marks Culture Day in honor of national epic|website=News.cn|date=February 29, 2020|access-date=February 27, 2022|archive-date=February 27, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227171459/http://www.news.cn/english/europe/2020-02/29/c_138828843.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> *[[Hari Sains Nasional]] ([[India]])<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/national-science-day-to-be-held-on-february-28/article33904580.ece|title = National Science Day to be held on February 28|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 22 February 2021|archive-date = 25 February 2023|access-date = 25 February 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230225090526/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/national-science-day-to-be-held-on-february-28/article33904580.ece|url-status = live}}</ref> *[[Hari Pengingat Pemaik]] ([[Taiwan]])<ref>{{Cite web |last=Benack |first=Emma |date=2022-02-28 |title=Peace Memorial Day: President Tsai stresses need for transitional justice |url=https://en.rti.org.tw/news/view/id/2007086 |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=Radio Taiwan International |archive-date=2023-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227142546/https://en.rti.org.tw/news/view/id/2007086 |url-status=live }}</ref> *[[Hari Andalusia]] ([[Sepanyol]])<ref>{{Cite web |last=Benack |first=Emma |date=2022-02-28 |title=What is special about 28 February in Andalucía and why is it declared a public holiday? |url=https://www.surinenglish.com/andalucia/what-special-about-february-andalucia-and-why-20240227182429-nt.html |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=Radio Taiwan International |archive-date=2024-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715082102/https://www.surinenglish.com/andalucia/what-special-about-february-andalucia-and-why-20240227182429-nt.html |url-status=live }}</ref> == Kereban sanding == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Hari dalam bulan Februari|*28]] bxg473bq4pg9nq65qy6bxfw3kfql81r 0 7070 20179 2026-10-26T02:31:54Z Song GK 9 Mencipta laman baru dengan kandungan '{{kalendar|year={{#time:Y|+1 Day<!--Ngimbang sehari lebuh artikel tu dipandangka ba Lambar Keterubah-->}}}} '''29 Februari''' nya dikelala enggau nama hari kejuk ketegal tu hari ke-60 dalam taun kejuk di [[kalenda Gregorius]] (306 hari agi nyentuk ke ujung taun). Taun ke ngundan hari bulan tu dikumbai taun kejuk. ==Hari besai== * Nyadi [[hari pengerami Kristian]]: **Sante [[John Cassian]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Farmer |first1=David Hugh |title=The Ox...' 20179 wikitext text/x-wiki {{kalendar|year={{#time:Y|+1 Day<!--Ngimbang sehari lebuh artikel tu dipandangka ba Lambar Keterubah-->}}}} '''29 Februari''' nya dikelala enggau nama hari kejuk ketegal tu hari ke-60 dalam taun kejuk di [[kalenda Gregorius]] (306 hari agi nyentuk ke ujung taun). Taun ke ngundan hari bulan tu dikumbai taun kejuk. ==Hari besai== * Nyadi [[hari pengerami Kristian]]: **Sante [[John Cassian]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Farmer |first1=David Hugh |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Saints, Fifth Edition Revised |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199596607 |page=488}}</ref> **[[29 Februari (liturgi Ortodoks Timur)|29 Februari]] dalam gerija Ortodoks *[[Hari Penyakit Jarang Ditemu]] (in leap years; usually celebrated in common years on February 28)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurordis.org/article.php3?id_article=1593 |title=29 February 2008: First European Rare Disease Day |publisher=European Organisation for Rare Diseases |date=December 2007 |accessdate=14 February 2009 |first=Jerome |last=Parisse-Brassens |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090523053347/http://www.eurordis.org/article.php3?id_article=1593 |archivedate=May 23, 2009 }}</ref> *[[Hari Bujang (adat)|Hari Bujang]] ([[Republik Ireland|Ireland]] enggau [[United Kingdom]])<ref>{{cite web |title=The Irish history and traditions behind Leap Day |url=https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/leap-year-2020-irish-tradition-proposal |website=irishcentral.com |access-date=21 September 2021 |date=29 February 2020}}</ref> == Kereban sanding == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Hari dalam bulan Februari|*29]] qbp77qiqhaxjo052a4ia3fs6xnqf8n8 0 7071 20185 2026-10-26T02:57:44Z Song GK 9 Digaga enggau chara nyalin lambar " [[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378736336|Banten]] " 20185 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kutak info genturung pendiau | name = Banten | official_name = Provinsi Banten | native_name = | other_name = | settlement_type = [[Provinsi ba Indonesia|Provinsi]] | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_shield = Coat of arms of Banten.svg | shield_size = | shield_link = #Coat of arms | nickname = {{nativename|su|Tatar Wahanten}} <br> {{Sund|ᮒᮒᮁ ᮝᮠᮔ᮪ᮒᮨᮔ᮪}} <br>"Tanah Banten" | motto = {{lang|id|Iman Taqwa}}<br />"Pengarap enggau Penaluk" | image_map = Banten_in_Indonesia.svg | map_alt = | map_caption = {{centre|{{Legend inline|#C41E3A|outline=red}} '''Banten''' dalam {{Legend inline|#FFFDD0|outline=silver}} '''[[Indonesia]]'''}} | coordinates = {{coord|6|30|S|106|15|E|region:ID_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}} | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Menua | subdivision_name = {{flag|Indonesia}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Kandang menua ba Indonesia|Kandang menua]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Jawa]] ([[Barat Indonesia]]) | established_title = Ditumbuhka | established_date = 4 Oktober 2000 | founder = | named_for = | seat_type = Indu nengeri | seat = [[Serang]] | government_footnotes = | governing_body = Perintah Provinsi Banten | leader_title = Gabenor | leader_name = [[Andra Soni]] ([[Parti Gerindra|Gerindra]]) | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 9355.76 | area_rank = [[Provinsi ba Indonesia|ke-34 ba Indonesia]] | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_max_point = [[Gunung Halimun]] | elevation_max_ft = 6329 | population_total = 12431390 | population_as_of = anggar tengan 2025 | population_footnotes = <ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2026">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 27 February 2026, ''Provinsi Banten Dalam Angka 2026'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.36)</ref> | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | demographics_type1 = Demografi | demographics1_title1 = [[Raban bansa ba Indonesia|Raban bansa]] {{nobold|(2010)}}<ref name="SUKU">{{cite web |url=https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2012/05/23/55eca38b7fe0830834605b35/kewarganegaraan-suku-bangsa-agama-dan-bahasa-sehari-hari-penduduk-indonesia.html|title=Kewarganegaraan Suku Bangsa, Agama dan Bahasa Sehari-hari Penduduk Indonesia|format=PDF|website=www.bps.go.id|accessdate=9 September 2021|pages=36–41|archive-date=2021-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508052427/https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2012/05/23/55eca38b7fe0830834605b35/kewarganegaraan-suku-bangsa-agama-dan-bahasa-sehari-hari-penduduk-indonesia.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | timezone1 = [[Jam ba Indonesia|Jam Indonesia Barat]] | utc_offset1 = +7 | geocode = | iso_code = ID-BT | website = {{URL|bantenprov.go.id}} | footnotes = | demographics1_info1 = 63,43% [[Bansa Sunda|Sunda]]<br>16,03% [[Bansa Jawa|Jawa]]<br>12,88% [[Bansa Betawi|Betawi]]<br>7.66% [[Raban bansa ba Indonesia|ke bukai]] }} '''Banten''' ({{Langx|su|{{Sund|ᮘᮔ᮪ᮒᮨᮔ᮪}}|Wahanten}}) nya [[Provinsi ba Indonesia|provinsi]] ke pemadu barat ba pulau [[Jawa]], Indonesia. Indu nengeri tu iya nya [[Serang]], lalu mengeri ke pemadu besai iya nya [[Tangerang]]. [[Kategori:Provinsi ba Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Sumber CS1 jaku Indonesia (id)]] [[Kategori:Koordinat ba Wikidata]] [[Kategori:Artikel ti ngundan teks jaku Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Penerang pandak bebida enggau Wikidata]] [[Kategori:Artikel enggau penerang pandak]] onvddwrbks2dq60gvm7fv6pc5n4kkb8 20186 20185 2026-10-26T02:58:25Z Song GK 9 20186 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kutak info genturung pendiau | name = Banten | official_name = Provinsi Banten | native_name = | other_name = | settlement_type = [[Provinsi ba Indonesia|Provinsi]] | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_shield = Coat of arms of Banten.svg | shield_size = | shield_link = #Coat of arms | nickname = {{nativename|su|Tatar Wahanten}} <br> {{Sund|ᮒᮒᮁ ᮝᮠᮔ᮪ᮒᮨᮔ᮪}} <br>"Tanah Banten" | motto = {{lang|id|Iman Taqwa}}<br />"Pengarap enggau Penaluk" | image_map = Banten_in_Indonesia.svg | map_alt = | map_caption = {{centre|{{Legend inline|#C41E3A|outline=red}} '''Banten''' dalam {{Legend inline|#FFFDD0|outline=silver}} '''[[Indonesia]]'''}} | coordinates = {{coord|6|30|S|106|15|E|region:ID_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}} | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Menua | subdivision_name = {{flag|Indonesia}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Kandang menua ba Indonesia|Kandang menua]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Jawa]] ([[Barat Indonesia]]) | established_title = Ditumbuhka | established_date = 4 Oktober 2000 | founder = | named_for = | seat_type = Indu nengeri | seat = [[Serang]] | government_footnotes = | governing_body = Perintah Provinsi Banten | leader_title = Gabenor | leader_name = [[Andra Soni]] ([[Parti Gerindra|Gerindra]]) | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 9355.76 | area_rank = [[Provinsi ba Indonesia|ke-34 ba Indonesia]] | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_max_point = [[Gunung Halimun]] | elevation_max_ft = 6329 | population_total = 12431390 | population_as_of = anggar tengan 2025 | population_footnotes = <ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2026">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 27 February 2026, ''Provinsi Banten Dalam Angka 2026'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.36)</ref> | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | demographics_type1 = Demografi | demographics1_title1 = [[Raban bansa ba Indonesia|Raban bansa]] {{nobold|(2010)}}<ref name="SUKU">{{cite web |url=https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2012/05/23/55eca38b7fe0830834605b35/kewarganegaraan-suku-bangsa-agama-dan-bahasa-sehari-hari-penduduk-indonesia.html|title=Kewarganegaraan Suku Bangsa, Agama dan Bahasa Sehari-hari Penduduk Indonesia|format=PDF|website=www.bps.go.id|accessdate=9 September 2021|pages=36–41|archive-date=2021-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508052427/https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2012/05/23/55eca38b7fe0830834605b35/kewarganegaraan-suku-bangsa-agama-dan-bahasa-sehari-hari-penduduk-indonesia.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | timezone1 = [[Jam ba Indonesia|Jam Indonesia Barat]] | utc_offset1 = +7 | geocode = | iso_code = ID-BT | website = {{URL|bantenprov.go.id}} | footnotes = | demographics1_info1 = 63,43% [[Bansa Sunda|Sunda]]<br>16,03% [[Bansa Jawa|Jawa]]<br>12,88% [[Bansa Betawi|Betawi]]<br>7.66% [[Raban bansa ba Indonesia|ke bukai]] }} '''Banten''' ({{Langx|su|{{Sund|ᮘᮔ᮪ᮒᮨᮔ᮪}}|Wahanten}}) nya [[Provinsi ba Indonesia|provinsi]] ke pemadu barat ba pulau [[Jawa]], Indonesia. Indu nengeri tu iya nya [[Serang]], lalu mengeri ke pemadu besai iya nya [[Tangerang]]. == Kereban sanding == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi ba Indonesia]] 8uyvvoaduzcw7u7dsjofl3icb3jgej3 14 7072 20187 2026-10-26T05:03:22Z Song GK 9 Mencipta laman baru dengan kandungan 'Lambar [[Wikipedia:Kategori|kategori]] tu ngerintai [[Ukum peranak Malaysia|peranak Malaysia]] [[WP:Notability|tebilang]] ari [[etnik]] tauka bansa asal tauka peturun [[Bidayuh]], sekalika sebagi tauka penuh. [[Kategori:Orang Malaysia bepeturun Asia|Bidayuh]] [[Kategori:Orang Asia bepeturun Bidayuh|Malaysia]] [[Kategori:Orang bepeturun Bidayuh|Malaysia]]' 20187 wikitext text/x-wiki Lambar [[Wikipedia:Kategori|kategori]] tu ngerintai [[Ukum peranak Malaysia|peranak Malaysia]] [[WP:Notability|tebilang]] ari [[etnik]] tauka bansa asal tauka peturun [[Bidayuh]], sekalika sebagi tauka penuh. [[Kategori:Orang Malaysia bepeturun Asia|Bidayuh]] [[Kategori:Orang Asia bepeturun Bidayuh|Malaysia]] [[Kategori:Orang bepeturun Bidayuh|Malaysia]] 6q1jw1uwlns6e03p1qvu6t43uyx16pl 14 7073 20189 2026-10-26T05:06:16Z Song GK 9 Mencipta laman baru dengan kandungan '[[Kategori:Penanyi Malaysia kurun ke-21]] [[Kategori:Penanyi indu kurun ke-21 nitihka peranak|Malaysia]] [[Kategori:Penanyi indu Malaysia]]' 20189 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategori:Penanyi Malaysia kurun ke-21]] [[Kategori:Penanyi indu kurun ke-21 nitihka peranak|Malaysia]] [[Kategori:Penanyi indu Malaysia]] ibv15wk4zv77c6d03zr7m0ufd3kv29g