Wikipedia ibawiki https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambar_Keterubah MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.3 first-letter Media Spesyel Randau Penggena Randau penggena Wikipedia Randau Wikipedia Fail Randau fail MediaWiki Randau MediaWiki Templat Randau templat Bantu Randau bantu Kategori Randau kategori TimedText TimedText talk Modul Randau modul Acara Perbincangan acara 0 1736 20267 20074 2026-11-04T16:06:46Z Jang Edgar 20 20267 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Malaysia<!-- The name of the Federation (official name of the state) according to Art 1(1) of the Federal Constitution is, in Malay and English, Malaysia. Nothing more, nothing less. 'Federation of' was only used for the state that preceded Malaysia – Federation of Malaya. Please do not insert 'Federation of' or 'Persekutuan' for Malay name --> | common_name = Malaysia | image_flag = Flag of Malaysia.svg | alt_flag = A blue rectangle with a gold star and crescent in the canton, with 14 horizontal red and white stripes on the rest of the flag | image_coat = Coat of arms of Malaysia.svg | coa_size = 90 | symbol_type = Lambang menua | alt_coat = Shield showing the symbols of the Malaysian states with a star and crescent above and a motto below, supported by two tigers | image_map = {{Switcher|[[Fail:Malaysia (orthographic projection).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show globe|[[Fail:Location Malaysia ASEAN.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Southeast Asia|default=1}} | map_caption = {{Map caption |location_color=dark green |region=Asia |subregion= [[ASEAN]] | subregion_color = dark gray}} | national_motto = {{Lang|ms|Bersekutu Bertambah Mutu}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mygov.malaysia.gov.my/EN/Main/MsianGov/MsianFlagAndCrest/Pages/MsianFlagAndCrest.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022191931/http://mygov.malaysia.gov.my/EN/Main/MsianGov/MsianFlagAndCrest/Pages/MsianFlagAndCrest.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 October 2013 |title=Malaysian Flag and Coat of Arms |publisher=Malaysian Government |access-date=9 September 2013}}</ref><br>{{Script/Arabic|برسکوتو برتمبه موتو}} ([[Urup Jawi|Jawi]])<br />"Beserakup Betambah Kualiti" | national_anthem = "{{Lang|ms|[[Negaraku]]}}"<br />"Menuaku"{{Parabr}}{{Center|[[Fail:Negaraku instrumental.ogg]]}} | capital = [[Kuala Lumpur]]{{Refn|group=fn|Constitutional capital, ceremonial and legislative}}<br />{{Coord|3|8|N|101|41|E|region:MY|display=inline}} | admin_center = [[Putrajaya]]{{Refn|group=fn|administrative and judicial}}<br />{{Coord|2|56|N|101|42|E|region:MY|display=inline}} | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[Jaku Melayu]]{{Efn|Section 9 of the [[Akta Jaku Nasional 1963/67]] states that "The script of the national language shall be the Rumi script: provided that this shall not prohibit the use of the Malay script, more commonly known as the Jawi script, of the national language".}}{{Efn|Section 2 of the [[National Language Act 1963/67]] states that "Save as provided in this Act and subject to the safeguards contained in Article 152(1) of the Constitution relating to any other language and the language of any other community in Malaysia the national language shall be used for official purposes".}}{{Efn|name=Recognized|See Article 152 of the [[Federal Constitution of Malaysia]] and [[National Language Act 1963/67]].}} | languages_type = Jaku ti diaku | languages = [[Jaku Inggeris]]{{Efn|name=Recognized}} | ethnic_groups = {{Tree list}} * 69.7% [[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|Bumiputera]] ** 57.3% [[Orang Melayu Malaysia|Melayu]] ** 12.4% Orang asal [[Sabah]], [[Sarawak]] enggau [[Orang Asli]] * 22.9% [[Orang China Malaysia|China]] * 6.6% [[Orang India Malaysia|India]] * 0.8% [[Etnik asal ba Malaysia|Ke bukai]] {{Tree list/end}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2023 | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="2021 pop">{{Cite web|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2022/01/17/minister-census-shows-malaysias-oldest-man-and-woman-aged-120-and-118-preli/2035636|title=Minister: Census shows Malaysia's oldest man and woman aged 120 and 118; preliminary census findings to be released in Feb 2022|date=17 January 2022|publisher=Malaymail|access-date=17 January 2022|archive-date=17 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117074901/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2022/01/17/minister-census-shows-malaysias-oldest-man-and-woman-aged-120-and-118-preli/2035636|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=155&bul_id=ZjJOSnpJR21sQWVUcUp6ODRudm5JZz09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 |title=Current population and estimates, Malaysia 2021 Group |author=Department of Statistics Malaysia |access-date=1 February 2022 |date=2021 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201080046/https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=155&bul_id=ZjJOSnpJR21sQWVUcUp6ODRudm5JZz09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 |url-status=live }}</ref> | religion = {{Ubl|63.5% [[Islam ba Malaysia|Islam Sunni]] (resmi)<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.jac.gov.my/images/stories/akta/federalconstitution.pdf|title=The States, Religion and Law of the Federation|work=Constitution of Malaysia|publisher=Judicial Appointments Commission|access-date=29 October 2017|quote=Islam is the religion of the Federation; but other religions may be practised in peace and harmony in any part of the Federation.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614105535/http://www.jac.gov.my/images/stories/akta/federalconstitution.pdf|archive-date=14 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>|18.7% [[Buddha ba Malaysia|Buddha]]|9.1% [[Kristian ba Malaysia|Kristian]]|6.1% [[Hindu ba Malaysia|Hindu]]|0.9% ke bukai|1.8% enda ditemu}} | religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=117&bul_id=akliVWdIa2g3Y2VubTVSMkxmYXp1UT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09|title=Distribution and Basic Demographic Characteristic Report 2020|publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia|date=14 February 2020|access-date=26 June 2022|archive-date=22 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822014403/https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=117&bul_id=akliVWdIa2g3Y2VubTVSMkxmYXp1UT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09|url-status=live}}</ref> | religion_year = 2020 | government_type = Monarki elektif bekonstitusyen parlimen federal | leader_title1 = [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] (King) | leader_name1 = [[Ibrahim Iskandar ari Johor|Ibrahim Iskandar]] | leader_title2 = [[Menteri Besai Malaysia|Menteri Besai]] | leader_name2 = [[Anwar Ibrahim]] | legislature = [[Parlimen Malaysia|Parlimen]] | upper_house = [[Diwan Menua]] (Senat) | lower_house = [[Diwan Rayat]] (House of Representatives) | sovereignty_type = [[Hari Meredeka (Malaysia)|Meredeka]] | sovereignty_note = ari [[United Kingdom]] | established_event1 = [[Federasyen Malaya]] | established_date1 = 31 Ogos 1957<ref>{{Cite book|author=Mackay, Derek|title=Eastern Customs: The Customs Service in British Malaya and the Opium Trade|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QM5LImNbYusC&pg=PA240|date=2005|publisher=The Radcliffe Press|isbn=978-1-85043-844-1|pages=240–|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=19 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119151920/https://books.google.com/books?id=QM5LImNbYusC&pg=PA240|url-status=live}}</ref> | established_event2 = [[Hari Sarawak]] | established_date2 = 22 Julai 1963 | established_event3 = [[Hari Perintah Kediri Borneo Utara]] | established_date3 = 31 Ogos 1963<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.astroawani.com/perspektif/kenapa-kita-takut-dengan-sejarah-22258|title=31 Ogos 1963, Hari kemerdekaan Sabah yang rasmi|publisher=AWANI|date=14 May 2021|access-date=1 September 2021|archive-date=1 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901062457/https://www.astroawani.com/perspektif/kenapa-kita-takut-dengan-sejarah-22258|url-status=live}}</ref> | established_event4 = [[Hari Malaysia]] | established_date4 = 16 September 1963 | area_rank = 67th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_km2 = 330,803<ref name="2010 stats">{{Cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.my/ccount12/click.php?id=2127 |title=Laporan Kiraan Permulaan 2010 |publisher=Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia |page=27 |access-date=2 August 2023 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227065717/http://www.statistics.gov.my/ccount12/click.php?id=2127 |archive-date=27 December 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-15356257 |website=BBC News |access-date=27 January 2021 |date=24 February 2020 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126030607/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-15356257 |url-status=live }}</ref> | area_sq_mi = 127,720 | percent_water = 0.3 | population_estimate = 34,564,810<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Malaysia|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref> | population_estimate_date = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 43rd | population_census_date = 2020 | population_census = 32,447,385<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cloud.stats.gov.my/index.php/s/ppMYkLC4kyUzHKn#pdfviewer |title=Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020 |publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia |page=48 |access-date=23 March 2022 |archive-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228142122/https://cloud.stats.gov.my/index.php/s/ppMYkLC4kyUzHKn#pdfviewer |url-status=dead }}</ref> | population_density_km2 = 101 | population_density_sq_mi = 263 | population_density_rank = 116th | GDP_PPP = {{Increase}} $1.306 trilion<ref name="IMFWEO.MY">{{Cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=548,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (Malaysia) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=16 April 2024 |access-date=17 April 2024 |archive-date=16 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416230123/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=548,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2024 | GDP_PPP_rank = 30th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{Increase}} $39,030<ref name="IMFWEO.MY" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 53rd | GDP_nominal = {{Increase}} $445.519 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.MY" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2024 | GDP_nominal_rank = 36th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{Increase}} $13,315<ref name="IMFWEO.MY" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 67th | Gini_year = 2021 | Gini_change = decrease<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = 40.7 <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{Cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=MY | title=World Bank Open Data }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2022<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = 0.807<!--number only--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{Cite web |date=13 March 2024 |title=Human Development Report 2023/2024 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf |archive-date=13 March 2024 |access-date=13 March 2024 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 63rd | currency = [[Ringgit Malaysia]] (RM) | currency_code = MYR | date_format = dd-mm-yyyy | time_zone = [[Jam Standard Malaysia|JSM]] | utc_offset = [[UTC+8|+8]] | drives_on = left | calling_code = [[+60|+60]] | cctld = [[.my|.my]] | footnotes = }} '''Malaysia''' siti menua raja federal konstitusyen ba [[Asia Tenggara]] ti ditubuhka ari 11 iti negeri ba Semenanjung Malaysia, 2 iti negeri ba [[Borneo]] enggau 3 iti Wilayah Persekutuan. Pemesai menua tu nyampau 330,803 km2. Malaysia bekunsi arih tanah enggau menua [[Thailand]], [[Indonesia]], enggau [[Brunei]] sereta arih tasik enggau [[Singapura]] enggau [[Filipina]]. Ba Malaysia bisi siti titik ti pemadu selatan urung semua tanah besai Eurasia, ianya Tanjung Piai. Tuai menua Malaysia ianya Yang di-Pertuan Agong, raja elektif ti dipilih ari 9 iku raja negeri Melayu. Tuai eksekutif perintah ianya Menteri Besai. [[Kuala Lumpur]] nya indu menua Malaysia, Putrajaya nya pusat perintah federal. Malaysia siti menua perintis Serakup Menua-Menua Asia Tenggara enggau Serakup Aum Islam, sereta siti ari raban Saup Ekonomi Asia-Pasifik, Menua-Menua Komanwel, enggau Non-Alligned Movement. Asal menua tu ari perintah-perintah orang Laut ti ulih ditemu ba [[Semenanjung Malaysia]]. Menua nya udah dijajah [[Empayar British]] ari abad ke-18. Begian menua keterubah ti udah dijajah British dikumbai [[Negeri-Negeri Selat]]. Maya [[Perang Dunya Kedua]], [[British Malaya]] udah dijajah menua [[Jipun]]. Sepengudah perang nya, Semenanjung Malaysia ti dikelala enggau nama Tanah Melayu tauka Malaya maya nya, udah diserakup baruh siti komanwel maya taun 1946, sebedau nyadi [[Persekutuan Tanah Melayu]] maya taun 1948. Maya taun 1957 Semenanjung Malaysia udah meredika. Sepengudah nya, ba taun 1963, Tanah Melayu beserakup enggau [[Sabah]], [[Sarawak]], enggau [[Singapura]] ungkup nubuhka menua Malaysia. [[Singapura]] udah dipansutka ari federasyen lalu nyadi siti menua ti bibas maya taun 1965. == Nama == [[Fail:LA2-NSRW-1-0148 malaysia.jpg|thumb|left|alt=English Map of Southeast Asia, "MALAYSIA" typeset horizontally so that the letters run across the northernmost corner of Borneo and pass just south of the Philippines.|"Malaysia" dikena nyadi label ke Pulau Melayu ba kar taun 1914 dalam atlas Amerika Serikat]] Nama "[[wikt:Malaysia|Malaysia]]" datai ari dua leka jaku iya nya "[[wikt:Malays|Malays]]" enggau penambah pengujung jaku Latin-Gerika "[[wikt:-ia|-ia]]"/"[[wikt:-ία|-ία]]"<ref>{{Cite book|last=Room|first=Adrian|title=Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for Over 5000 Natural Features, Countries, Capitals, Territories, Cities and Historic Sites|publisher=McFarland & Company|date=2004|isbn=978-0-7864-1814-5|page=221}}</ref> ke ulih dikalih jaku nyadi "tanah orang Melayu".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malaysia/|title=The World Factbook – Malaysia|date=2020|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> Asal leka jaku 'Melayu' ngembuan mayuh macham teori. Bisi pelaba leka jaku tu datai ari [[jaku Sanskrit]] iya nya "Himalaya", ti nujuka kandang menua ke tinggi sereta begunung, tauka leka jaku "Malaiyur-pura", ti mai reti "nengeri gunung".<ref name="SejarahBahasaMelayu">{{Citation | last1 = Abdul Rashid Melebek | last2 = Amat Juhari Moain | title = Sejarah Bahasa Melayu ("History of the Malay Language") | publisher = [[Utusan Malaysia|Utusan Publications & Distributors]] | date = 2006 | isbn = 978-967-61-1809-7 | pages=9–10}}</ref> Teori bukai madahka asal penatai leka jaku tu ari [[jaku Tamil]] "''malai''" enggau "''ur''" ke mai reti "gunung" enggau "nengeri, tanah".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Weightman|first=Barbara A.|title=Dragons and Tigers: A Geography of South, East, and Southeast Asia|date=2011|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|page=449|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qeBfed17zxEC|isbn=978-1-118-13998-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Tiwary|first=Shanker Shiv|title=Encyclopaedia Of Southeast Asia And Its Tribes (Set Of 3 Vols.)|date=2009|publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd|page=37|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YdEjAQAAIAAJ|isbn=978-81-261-3837-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FRQwAQAAIAAJ|title=People of India |author=Singh, Kumar Suresh |volume=26 |page=981 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |date=2003 |isbn=978-81-85938-98-1}}</ref> Siti agi penemu iya nya bepun ari peristiwa Pamalayu ti mai reti Ekspedisyen Melayu. Siti penemu iya nya iya datai ari leka [[jaku Jawa]] "''mlaya''" enggau "''mlayu''" ti mai reti "belanda", ari sungai, iya nya Sungai Melayu, ti diberi nama ketegal arus iya.<ref name="SejarahBahasaMelayu"/> Varian mega bisi ayan dalam rikud ke tuai agi ari abad ke-11, nyadi toponim ungkup kandang endur di [[Sumatera]] tauka nunjukka pelilih menua ke besai agi ngelingi [[Selat Melaka]].<ref name="Barnard">{{Citation | last = Barnard | first = Timothy P. | title = Contesting Malayness: Malay identity across boundaries | publisher = Singapore University press | date = 2004 | location = Singapore | isbn = 978-9971-69-279-7 | pages=3–10}}</ref> Teks Sanskrit [[Vayu Purana]], ti dipelabaka udah bisi kenyau ari milenium keterubah, nyebut pasal tanah ti dikumbai ''‘Malayadvipa’'' ti dikelala sekeda pakar nyadi semenanjung Melayu moden.<ref>{{Cite book|title=India's Interaction with Southeast Asia: History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization, Vol. 1, Part 3 |page=266 |author=Pande, Govind Chandra |isbn=978-81-87586-24-1 |date=2005 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The economic life of northern India: c. A.D. 700–1200 |page=139 |author= Gopal, Lallanji |isbn=978-81-208-0302-2 |date=2000 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title= A Panorama of Indian Buddhism: Selections from the Maha Bodhi journal, 1892–1992 |page=612 |author=Ahir, D. C. |isbn=978-81-7030-462-3 |date=1995 |publisher=Sri Satguru Publications}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The culture and art of India |page=212 |author=Mukerjee, Radhakamal |isbn=978-81-215-0114-9 |date= 1984 |publisher=Coronet Books Inc}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title= Some contributions of India to the ancient civilisation of Indonesia and Malaysia |page=8 |author=Sarkar, Himansu Bhusan |date=1970 |publisher=Punthi Pustak}}</ref> Rikud bukai iya nya Geografi Ptolemy abad ke-2 ti ngena nama ''Malayu Kulon'' ungkup pantai barat Semenanjung Emas, enggau rikud Yijing abad ke-7 pasal Malayu.<ref name="Barnard" /> Bisi sekali, Perintah Melayu ngambi nama ari ''Sungai Melayu''.<ref name="SejarahBahasaMelayu"/><ref>{{Citation | last = Milner | first = Anthony | title = The Malays (The Peoples of South-East Asia and the Pacific) | pages = 18–19| publisher = Wiley-Blackwell | date = 2010 | isbn = 978-1-4443-3903-1}}</ref> 'Melayu' lalu dipaut ngagai [[Srivijaya]],<ref name="Barnard" /> lalu mengkang begulai enggau mayuh bengkah endur di Sumatera, nyengkaum [[Palembang]], endur ke dipelaba orang asal penumbuh [[Kesultanan Melaka]].<ref name="Andaya">{{Cite journal |last1=Andaya |first1=Leonard Y. |title=The Search for the 'Origins' of Melayu |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |date=October 2001 |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=315–316, 324, 327–328, 330 |doi=10.1017/S0022463401000169 |jstor=20072349 |s2cid=62886471 }}</ref> Iya dipelabaka mansang nyadi etnonim laban Melaka nyadi kuasa pelilih menua dalam abad ke-15. Islam nempa identiti etnik pengarap di Melaka, enggau leka jaku ‘Melayu’ pansut. Engka enggau spesifik ngenang pasal orang ke bejaku Melayu setempat ti dianggap taluk ngagai Sultan Melaka. Pengawa orang Portugis ngena penambah jaku ''Malayos'' ulih nunjukka orang ke bekuasa di Melaka. Pengelebih orang dagang ari Melaka ngasuh bansa ‘Melayu’ begulai enggau orang dagang ti bepengarap Islam, lalu ari nya sida dikaul enggau raban budaya enggau jaku ti lebih luas.<ref name="Barnard"/> Melaka lalu udah nya [[Kesultanan Johor|Johor]] ngumbai diri nyadi pusat budaya Melayu, siti penuduk ti disukung British.<ref name="Andaya"/> Pengudah ekspedisyen pelayar Peranchis [[Jules Dumont d'Urville]] ngagai [[Oceania]] maya taun 1826, siku pakar Jereman [[Johann Friedrich Blumenbach]] merambu leka jaku "Malaysia", "[[Mikronesia]]" enggau "[[Melanesia]]" ngagai ''[[Société de Géographie]]'' maya taun 1831, midaka budaya enggau raban pulau Pasifik tu ari leka jaku ke udah bisi iya nya "[[Polinesia]]". Dumont d'Urville nerangka Malaysia nyadi "kandang menua ti suah dikelala enggau nama Hindia Timur".<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1080/0022334032000120512| title = On the Islands of the Great Ocean| journal = The Journal of Pacific History| volume = 38| issue = 2| page = 163| date = 2003| last1 = d'Urville | first1 = J. S. B. C. S. D. | last2 = Ollivier | first2 = I. | last3 = De Biran | first3 = A. | last4 = Clark | first4 = G. | s2cid = 162374626}}</ref><!--Quote:The third division, Western Oceania, encompasses all the islands commonly known as the East Indies&nbsp;... I shall leave the name Malaysia to this area, since it has already been used by some authors, and I think was first given by Mr Lesson--> Maya taun 1850, raban etnologi British, [[George Samuel Windsor Earl]], nulis dalam ''Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia'', merambu deka meri nama ngagai pulau-pulau di Asia Tenggara nya “Melayunesia” tauka “Indunesia”, nitihka nama ke dulu suba.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Earl |first=George S. W. |title=On The Leading Characteristics of the Papuan, Australian and Malay-Polynesian Nations |journal=Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia (JIAEA) |date=1850 |page=119 |volume=IV}}</ref> Nama Malaysia berengkah dikena ngelabel endur ti nyadi Pulau Melayu.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Barrows |first1=David P. |title=A History of the Philippines |date=1905 |publisher=American Book Company |pages=25–26 |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/38269/38269-h/38269-h.htm#pb26}}</ref> Menua ti merdeka ari British dalam taun 1957 ngambi nama “Persekutuan Tanah Melayu” nyadika pilih ari nama bukai ti bisi potensial baka “[[Langkasuka]]”, udah bekau perintah besejarah ti bepalan ba tuchung Semenanjung Melayu.<ref name="Mapping">{{Cite book|last = Suarez|first = Thomas|title = Early Mapping of Southeast Asia|publisher = Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd|date = 1999|pages = 46–47|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZG7ZMAbv_jAC|isbn = 978-962-593-470-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=All+Primary&PageNumber=72&NavFrom=2&parentActiveTextDocId=1118475&ActiveTextDocId=1118475&filesize=15776 |title=Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957 (c. 60)e |publisher=The UK Statute Law Database |date=31 July 1957 |access-date=6 November 2010 }}</ref> Bala orang politik di Filipina kala berunding deka nukar nama menua sida "Malaysia" sebedau menua "moden" nya ngambi nama tu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sakai |first=Minako |editor1-last=Cao |editor1-first=Elizabeth |editor2-last=Morrell |title=Regional Minorities and Development in Asia |publisher=Routledge |date=2009 |page=124 |chapter-url=http://www.sabrizain.org/malaya/library/connections.pdf |isbn=978-0-415-55130-4 |chapter=Reviving Malay Connections in Southeast Asia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013055904/http://www.sabrizain.org/malaya/library/connections.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2014 }}</ref> == Sejarah == {{Batang|Sejarah Malaysia}} [[File:Malacca_Sultanate_en.svg|alt=Map showing the extent of the Malacca Sultanate, covering much of the Malay Peninsula and some of Sumatra|kiri|thumb| [[Kesultanan Melayu Melaka|Kesultanan Melaka]] bejalaika tanggungpengawa ti besai dalam ngerembaika Islam ngagai serata Pulau-pulau Melayu.]] Bukti endur mensia moden diau di Malaysia berengkah ari taun 40,000 taun ke udah.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|last=Holme|first=Stephanie|date=13 February 2012|title=Getaway to romance in Malaysia|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/international/6405497/Getaway-to-romance-in-Malaysia|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129075642/http://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/international/6405497/Getaway-to-romance-in-Malaysia|archive-date=29 November 2018|access-date=6 January 2014|website=[[stuff.co.nz]]}}</ref> Ba Semenanjung Melayu, orang keterubah diau dia dipelabaka [[Negrito|bansa Negritos]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Fix|first=Alan G.|date=June 1995|title=Malayan Paleosociology: Implications for Patterns of Genetic Variation among the Orang Asli|journal=American Anthropologist|series=New Series|volume=97|issue=2|pages=313–323|doi=10.1525/aa.1995.97.2.02a00090|jstor=681964}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Yew|first1=Chee-Wei|last2=Lu|first2=Dongsheng|last3=Deng|first3=Lian|last4=Wong|first4=Lai-Ping|last5=Ong|first5=Rick Twee-Hee|last6=Lu|first6=Yan|last7=Wang|first7=Xiaoji|last8=Yunus|first8=Yushimah|last9=Aghakhanian|first9=Farhang|last10=Mokhtar|first10=Siti Shuhada|last11=Hoque|first11=Mohammad Zahirul|last12=Voo|first12=Christopher Lok-Yung|last13=Abdul Rahman|first13=Thuhairah|last14=Bhak|first14=Jong|last15=Phipps|first15=Maude E.|date=February 2018|title=Genomic structure of the native inhabitants of Peninsular Malaysia and North Borneo suggests complex human population history in Southeast Asia|journal=Human Genetics|volume=137|issue=2|pages=161–173|doi=10.1007/s00439-018-1869-0|pmid=29383489|s2cid=253969988|quote=The analysis of time of divergence suggested that ancestors of Negrito were the earliest settlers in the Malay Peninsula, whom first separated from the Papuans ~ 50-33 thousand years ago (kya), followed by East Asian (~ 40-15 kya)...|last16=Xu|first16=Shuhua|last17=Teo|first17=Yik-Ying|last18=Kumar|first18=Subbiah Vijay|last19=Hoh|first19=Boon-Peng|url=http://eprints.ums.edu.my/22631/1/Genomic%20structure%20of%20the%20native%20inhabitants%20of%20Peninsular%20Malaysia%20and%20North%20Borneo%20suggests%20complex%20human%20population%20history%20in%20Southeast%20Asia.pdf}}</ref> Kandang menua Malaysia bisi ngambi bagi ba Jalai Batu Permata Gadung Maritim entara taun 2000 SM ngagai 1000 AD.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tsang|first=Cheng-hwa|date=24 January 2008|title=Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan|url=http://journals.lib.washington.edu/index.php/JIPA/article/view/11751|journal=Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association|volume=20|doi=10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751|doi-broken-date=13 September 2026|issn=1835-1794|url-access=subscription}}{{Dead link|date=August 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref><ref>Turton, M. (2021).</ref><ref>Everington, K. (2017).</ref><ref>Bellwood, P., H. Hung, H., Lizuka, Y. (2011).</ref> Bala orang dagang enggau orang ke diau mendam ari [[India]] enggau [[China]] datai kenyau ari kurun keterubah AD, numbuhka palan penyangkai kapal dagang enggau mengeri tebing tasik ba abad kedua enggau ketiga. Penatai sida ngujungka pengaruh India enggau China ti tegap ba budaya menua nya, lalu orang Semenanjung Tanah Melayu ngemeranka pengarap [[Hindu]] enggau [[Buddha]]. Inskripsyen [[jaku Sanskrit]] bisi ayan kenyau ari kurun keempat tauka kelima.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mühlhäusler |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oCx0D0iE2QoC |title=Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia and the Americas |last2=Tryon |first2=Darrell T. |last3=Wurm |first3=Stephen A. |publisher=Walter de Gruyer & Co |year=1996 |isbn=978-3-11-013417-9 |page=695}}</ref> Perintah [[Langkasuka]] nyadi urung kurun kedua ba kandang menua utara Semenanjung Tanah Melayu, lalu meruan nyentuk urung kurun ke-15.<ref name="Mapping">{{Cite book |last=Suarez |first=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZG7ZMAbv_jAC |title=Early Mapping of Southeast Asia |publisher=Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd |year=1999 |isbn=978-962-593-470-9 |pages=46–47}}</ref> Entara kurun ke-7 enggau ke-13, mayuh kandang menua selatan Semenanjung Tanah Melayu nyadi sebagi ari empayar maritim [[Srivijaya]]. Datai ba kurun ke-13 enggau ke-14, empayar [[Majapahit]] udah mujur ngerampas kuasa ba tebal agi semenanjung enggau Pulau-pulau Melayu ari Srivijaya.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Suporno, S. |title=Perceptions of the Past |publisher=Heinemann Books for the Asian Studies Association of Australia |year=1979 |editor-last=A. Reid |series=Southeast Asia publications |volume=4 |location=Singapore |page=180 |chapter=The Image of Majapahit in late Javanese and Indonesian Writing |editor-last2=D. Marr}}</ref> Ba pun kurun ke-15, [[Parameswara ari Melaka|Parameswara]], siku raja ke lari ari menua [[Perintah Singapura]] ke suba ke bisi kaul enggau istana lama Srivijayan, numbuhka [[Kesultanan Melayu Melaka|Kesultanan Melaka]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wake|first=Christopher H.|date=September 1964|title=Malacca's Early Kings and the Reception of Islam|journal=[[Journal of Southeast Asian History]]|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|volume=5|pages=104–128|doi=10.1017/S0217781100000958|jstor=20067505|number=2}}</ref> Penyampau pengarap Islam majak ngerembai berindik ari Parameswara ke masuk pengarap nya. Melaka nyadi palan dagang ti beguna maya tu, narit dagang ari serata kandang menua nya.<ref name="state.gov2">{{cite web|date=14 July 2010|title=Malaysia|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024160547/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|archive-date=24 October 2020|access-date=14 September 2010|publisher=United States State Department}}</ref> [[File:AMH-6472-KB_Battle_for_Malacca_between_the_VOC_fleet_and_the_Portuguese,_1606.jpg|alt=Dutch fleet vs Portuguese armada|kanan|thumb|220x220px| Armada Belanda beperang enggau armada Portugis nyadi sebagi ari [[Perang Belanda–Portugis]] dalam taun 1606 dikena nguasa [[Nengeri Melaka|Melaka]].]] Dalam taun 1511, [[Melaka]] dipegai [[Melaka Portugis|Portugal]],<ref name="state.gov3">{{cite web|date=14 July 2010|title=Malaysia|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024160547/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|archive-date=24 October 2020|access-date=14 September 2010|publisher=United States State Department}}</ref> udah nya diambi [[Melaka Belanda|Belanda]] dalam taun 1641. Dalam taun 1786, [[Malaya British|Empayar British]] numbuhka palan di Malaya, lebuh Sultan Kedah nyuwa [[Pulau Pinang (pulau)|pulau Pulau Pinang]] ngagai [[Kompeni Hindia Timur]] British. British ngulihka mengeri Singapura dalam taun 1819,<ref>{{cite web|last=Luscombe|first=Stephen|title=The Map Room: South East Asia: Malaya|url=http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/malaya.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010309035051/http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/malaya.htm|archive-date=9 March 2001|access-date=18 September 2010}}</ref> lalu dalam taun 1824 ngambi kuasa Melaka nitihka [[Sempekat Inggeris-Belanda 1824|Sempekat Inggeris-Belanda]]. Datai ba taun 1826, British nguasa terus Pulau Pinang, Melaka, Singapura, enggau pulau [[Koloni Mahkota Labuan|Labuan]], ti ditumbuhka sida nyadi koloni mahkota [[Kandang Pendiau Selat]]. Datai ba kurun ke-20, negeri [[Pahang]], [[Selangor]], [[Perak]], enggau [[Negeri Sembilan]], ke dikelala begulai enggau nama [[Negeri Melayu Beserakup]], bisi residen British ke dipadu meri jaku lalau ngagai pemerintah Melayu, ke alai bala pemerintah patut nangguhka timpuh nengah sempekat.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Malay States (British)|volume=17|last1=Clifford|first1=Hugh Charles|last2=Graham|first2=Walter Armstrong|pages=478&ndash;484}}</ref> Lima bengkah negeri ke bukai ba semenanjung nya, ke dikelala enggau nama [[Negeri Melayu Enda Beserakup]], taja pan ukai terus di baruh pegai British, tang mega nerima penyanding penemu British urung pun abad ke-20. Pemansang ba semenanjung enggau Borneo umum iya bebida nyentuk ngagai abad ke-19. Di baruh pegai British pengawa pindah orang China enggau India nyadi kuli diperansang.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kuar|first=Amarjit|title=International Migration and Governance in Malaysia: Policy and Performance|url=http://www.une.edu.au/asiacentre/PDF/No22.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100509145612/http://www.une.edu.au/asiacentre/PDF/No22.pdf|archive-date=9 May 2010|access-date=20 December 2011|publisher=University of New England}}</ref> Kandang menua ke diatu nyadi [[Sabah]] nyadi baruh kuasa British nyadi [[Borneo Utara]] lebuh kededua [[Kesultanan Brunei|Sultan Brunei]] enggau [[Kesultanan Sulu|Sultan Sulu]] mindahka hak ngempu kandang menua sida empu, entara taun 1877 enggau 1878.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gullick, J. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ykM9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA148 |title=Malaysia and Its Neighbours, The World studies series |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1967 |isbn=978-0-7100-4141-8 |pages=148–149}}</ref> Dalam taun 1842, Sarawak diserahka Sultan Brunei ngagai [[James Brooke]], ke nganti iya merintah nyadi [[Rajah Putih Sarawak|Rajah Putih]] atas [[Perintah Sarawak|perintah]] meredeka nyentuk ngagai taun 1946, lebuh iya nyadi [[Koloni Mahkota Sarawak|koloni mahkota]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Luscombe|first=Stephen|title=The Map Room: South East Asia: North Borneo|url=http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/sarawak.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628212629/http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/sarawak.htm|archive-date=28 June 2011|access-date=1 July 2011}}</ref> [[Perang Klang]] (1867–1874) berengkah nyadi penyarut entara Raja Abdullah enggau Raja Mahadi ketegal nyadi tuai rumah Klang, enggau Mahadi nulak pengawa Sultan [[Abdul Samad ari Selangor]] ti udah nyiri Abdullah. Penyarut nya narit [[gerempung resia]] China ke bepekit—[[Ghee Hin Kongsi]] ke mayuh nyukung Mahadi enggau [[Gerempung Resia Hai San]] nyukung Abdullah—serta tuai-tuai peturun Bugis enggau Melayu ke ngumbai Mahadi lebih sah. Perang ngerembai sepengudah Mahadi ngerampas Kubu Klang lalu Abdullah rari ke Melaka, ngachau pengawa ngasilka timah, jalai dagang, enggau pemerat komersial British ba Lembak Klang. Berebak enggau nya, [[Perang Larut]] ti nyadi ba kandang menua ke besepiak (1861–1874) entara Hai San enggau Ghee Hin di Perak sama ngasuh pelilih menua ke kaya enggau timah enda entap sereta ngasuh orang dagang British irau. Apil ari tuai-tuai Melayu minta pengawa nyadi pengantara begulai enggau pengirau ati British bekaul enggau penyarut pelilih menua muka jalai ngagai pengawa campur tangan formal, ti ngujungka [[Sempekat Pangkor 1874|Sempekat Pangkor]] taun 1874 ti numbuhka sistem peranak British ba negeri-negeri Melayu.<ref name="Azmi20122">{{cite journal|last=Arifin|first=Azmi|year=2012|title=Perak Disturbances 1871-75: British Colonialism, The Chinese Secret Societies and The Malay Rulers|url=http://journalarticle.ukm.my/5364/1/Azmi%20Arifin%20%2039%20(1)%20(July%202012).pdf|journal=Jebat: Malaysian Journal of History, Politics & Strategic Studies|volume=39|issue=1|pages=51–74|access-date=2025-11-17}}</ref> Baka ti ditulis [[Frank Swettenham]] udah nya, "Iya nya taja pan gaya utai ti nyadi begunaka campur tangan, kami datai ngagai Negeri-Negeri Melayu ketegal kangau Pemerintah Melayu, ngajar sida chara administrasyen ti manah agi."<ref name="AzmiPerak2">{{cite journal|last=Azmi Arifin|year=2018|title=Perak Disturbances 1871-75: British Colonialism, the Chinese Secret Societies and the Malay Rulers|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333081324|journal=USM Malaysian Journal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A leading light in Perak's late 19th century advance: Frank Athelstane Swettenham|url=https://www.ehm.my/publications/articles/a-leading-light-in-peraks-late-19th-century-advance-frank-athelstane-swettenham|access-date=2026-08-02|publisher=ehm.my}}</ref> Dalam [[Perang Dunya Kedua]], [[Soldadu Imperial Jipun|Soldadu Jipun]] [[Kimpin Malaya|nyerang]] sereta nguasa [[Pemegai Jipun ba Malaya|Malaya]], [[Pemegai Jipun ba Borneo British|Borneo Utara, Sarawak]], enggau [[Pemegai Jipun ba Singapura|Singapura]] lebih ari tiga taun.<ref>{{cite web|title=Malaya in World War II|url=https://ww2db.com/country/Malaya|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225184306/https://ww2db.com/country/Malaya|archive-date=25 December 2022|access-date=29 January 2023|work=World War Two Database}}</ref> Dalam timpuh tu, penyarut entara bansa nyadi lalu nasionalisme majak nambah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hock |first=David Koh Wee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awLp4TeUkzoC |title=Legacies of World War II in South and East Asia |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year=2007 |isbn=978-981-230-457-5 |location=Singapore |page=48}}</ref> Sukung rayat ngagai meredeka majak nambah pengudah Malaya dipegai baru ulih soldadu Serakup.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/asia/asia/magazine/1999/990531/mahathir1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010212095545/http://www.time.com/time/asia/asia/magazine/1999/990531/mahathir1.html|archive-date=12 February 2001|title=Our Region, Ourselves|last=Mohamad|first=Mahathir|magazine=Time|location=New York|date=31 May 1999|access-date=26 October 2010}}</ref> Perambu British pengudah perang deka nyerakupka administrasyen Malaya ari baruh siti koloni mahkota ti dikumbai [[Serakup Malaya]] napi bantah ti balat ari [[Melayu|bansa Melayu]], ti mantah pengelemi pemerintah Melayu enggau meri peranak menua ngagai [[Orang China Malaysia|raban bansa China]]. Serakup Malaya, ti ditumbuhka dalam taun 1946, lalu mungkur semua reta tengkira British di Semenanjung Tanah Melayu kelimpah ari Singapura, jampat dibuai lalu diganti enggau [[Federasyen Malaya]] kena 1 Februari 1948, ti mulaika autonomi pemerintah negeri-negeri Melayu ti dijaga British.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,816440,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106021025/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,816440,00.html|archive-date=6 November 2007|title=MALAYA: Token Citizenship|magazine=Time|location=New York|date=19 May 1952|access-date=26 October 2010}}</ref> [[File:Police_in_Malayan_Emergency.jpg|thumb| Pemesai polis [[Federasyen Malaya|Malaya]] benung nanya siku periman [[Orang China Malaysia|bebansa China]] maya [[Penusah Darurat Malaya]] taun 1949]] Dalam timpuh tu, raban pemberontak ke tebal agi bebansa China ari baruh iring [[Parti Kominis Malaya]] ngepunka operasyen gerila ke digaga dikena mejal British pansut ari Malaya. [[Darurat Malaya|Darurat Malaya (1948–1960)]] ngaul kimpin anti-penyarut ti lama dipejalaika soldadu [[Komanwel]] di Malaya.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Malayan Emergency: 1948–1960|url=http://se-asia.commemoration.gov.au/background-to-malayan-emergency/causes-and-description.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706121637/http://se-asia.commemoration.gov.au/background-to-malayan-emergency/causes-and-description.php|archive-date=6 July 2011|access-date=1 July 2011|publisher=Australian Government Department of Veteran Affairs}}</ref> Kena 31 Ogos 1957, [[Penesau Meredeka Malaya|Malaya nyadi kaban meredeka]] dalam Komanwel Bansa.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Malayan Emergency: 1948–1960|url=http://se-asia.commemoration.gov.au/background-to-malayan-emergency/causes-and-description.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706121637/http://se-asia.commemoration.gov.au/background-to-malayan-emergency/causes-and-description.php|archive-date=6 July 2011|access-date=1 July 2011|publisher=Australian Government Department of Veteran Affairs}}</ref> Udah nya, pelin ti komprehensif diperambu dikena nyerakupka Malaya enggau koloni mahkota Borneo Utara (dikelala enggau nama [[Sabah]] lebuh begulai), [[Sarawak]], enggau [[Singapura]]. Persekutuan ti diperambu nya asal iya deka diatur kena 31 Ogos 1963, beserimbai enggau hari pengingat meredeka Malaya. Taja pia, ketegal ti patut ngaga pansik pasal tikas sukung ngagai gerempung nya di Sabah enggau Sarawak ari [[Gerempung Bansa Beserakup]], baka ti dipinta orang ti ngelaban gerempung nya baka [[Sukarno]] ari [[Indonesia]] enggau [[Parti Rayat Beserakup Sarawak]], haribulan gerempung nya ditangguh nyentuk ngagai 16 September 1963.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,870460,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402050225/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,870460,00.html|archive-date=2 April 2008|title=Malaysia: Tunku Yes, Sukarno No|magazine=Time|location=New York|date=6 September 1963|access-date=17 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Boon Kheng Cheah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NOtXcEmHdjoC&pg=PA93 |title=Malaysia: The Making of a Nation |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year=2002 |isbn=978-981-230-154-3 |pages=93–}}</ref> Federasyen nya mai penyarut ti majak balat nyengkaum [[Konfrontasyen Indonesia–Malaysia|penyarut enggau Indonesia]] kelimpah ari penyarut ti enda ngetu nyadi ngelaban Kominis di Borneo enggau Semenanjung Melayu, ti majak balat ngagai [[Penyarut Kominis ba Sarawak|Penyarut Kominis Sarawak]] enggau [[Darurat Malaya Kedua]] begulai enggau sekeda isu bukai baka serang lanun Moro ari pulau-pulau selatan Filipina meraka garis entara menua ba Sabah, [[Negeri Singapura (Malaysia)|penyerara Singapura ari Federasyen]] dalam taun 1965,<ref>{{cite web|title=Proclamation on Singapore|url=http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/non_version/cgi-bin/cgi_getdata.pl?actno=1997-REVED-INDEP&segid=888373490-000012#888373490-000012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511191506/http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/non_version/cgi-bin/cgi_getdata.pl?actno=1997-REVED-INDEP&segid=888373490-000012#888373490-000012|archive-date=11 May 2011|access-date=27 October 2010|publisher=Singapore Attorney-General}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Baten, Jörg |title=A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. |date=2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-50718-0 |page=290}}</ref><ref name="TIME Art2">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,828327,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930101049/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,828327,00.html|archive-date=30 September 2007|title=Malaysia: The Art of Dispelling Anxiety|magazine=Time|location=New York|date=27 August 1965|access-date=26 October 2010}}</ref> enggau laya bansa. Penyarut tu ngujungka [[Penyadi 13 Me|penyarut bansa 13 Me]] dalam taun 1969.<ref name="Race war">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,900859,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216115230/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,900859,00.html|archive-date=16 February 2007|title=Race War in Malaysia|magazine=Time|location=New York|date=23 May 1969|access-date=26 October 2010}}</ref> Pengudah penyarut nya nyadi, [[Polisi Ekonomi Baru Malaysia|Polisi Ekonomi Baru]] ti kontroversial nya dikelancharka Menteri Besai [[Abdul Razak Hussein|Tun Abdul Razak]], nguji nambahka bagi ekonomi ti dipegai raban ''[[bumiputera]]''.<ref name="New Economic Policy">{{cite web|last=Sundaram|first=Jomo Kwame|date=1 September 2004|title=The New Economic Policy and Interethnic Relations in Malaysia|url=http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpPublications)/A20E9AD6E5BA919780256B6D0057896B?OpenDocument&panel=seriespapers|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511173349/http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpPublications)/A20E9AD6E5BA919780256B6D0057896B?OpenDocument&panel=seriespapers|archive-date=11 May 2011|access-date=27 October 2010|publisher=UNRISD}}</ref> Di baruh pegai Menteri Besai [[Mahathir Mohamad]] bisi timpuh penumbuh ekonomi enggau urbanisasyen ti jampat berengkah ari taun 1980-an. Ekonomi ngalih ari bepelasarka pengawa betanam betupi ngagai bepelasarka pengawa ngaga enggau industri. Mayuh bengkah projek besai udah tembu digaga, baka [[Menara Petronas]], [[Jalai Ekspres Utara–Selatan (Malaysia)|Jalai Ekspres Utara–Selatan]], [[MSC Malaysia|Koridor Super Multimedia]], enggau indu nengeri pentadbiran perintah besai baru [[Putrajaya]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name="New Economic Policy2">{{cite web|last=Sundaram|first=Jomo Kwame|date=1 September 2004|title=The New Economic Policy and Interethnic Relations in Malaysia|url=http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpPublications)/A20E9AD6E5BA919780256B6D0057896B?OpenDocument&panel=seriespapers|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511173349/http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpPublications)/A20E9AD6E5BA919780256B6D0057896B?OpenDocument&panel=seriespapers|archive-date=11 May 2011|access-date=27 October 2010|publisher=UNRISD}}</ref> Ba ujung taun 1990-an, [[Krisis wang Asia 1997|krisis wang Asia]] meri empas ngagai menua nya, nyau deka ngasuh makit mata duit, saham, enggau reta tengkira sida runtuh; taja pia, sida udah nya gerai.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ping Lee Poh|author2=Yean Tham Siew|title=Malaysia Ten Years After The Asian Financial Crisis|url=http://www.polsci.tu.ac.th/Papers/Malaysia%20Paper.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401070910/http://www.polsci.tu.ac.th/Papers/Malaysia%20Paper.pdf|archive-date=1 April 2010|access-date=25 July 2011|publisher=Thammasat University}}</ref> [[Skandal 1MDB]] nya skandal [[Pengawa makai suap ba Malaysia|makai suap]] global ti besai ti ngaul Menteri Besai maya nya [[Najib Razak]] dalam taun 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|date=6 July 2015|title=Malaysian taskforce investigates allegations $700m paid to Najib|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/06/malaysian-task-force-investigates-allegations-700m-paid-to-pm-najib|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422204302/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/06/malaysian-task-force-investigates-allegations-700m-paid-to-pm-najib|archive-date=22 April 2020|access-date=24 March 2018|work=The Guardian|location=London}}</ref> Skandal nya nyadika ubah keterubah ba parti politik ke megai perintah kenyau ari merdeka ba [[Pengawa bepilih besai Malaysia 2018|pengawa bepilih besai 2018]].<ref name="Opposition scores">{{cite news|date=10 May 2018|title=Malaysia election: Opposition scores historic victory|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44036178|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404171658/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44036178|archive-date=4 April 2023|access-date=6 April 2019|work=BBC News}}</ref> Dalam taun 2020-an, menua tu dipegai [[Krisis politik Malaysia 2020–21|krisis politik]] ti beserimbai enggau krisis pengerai enggau [[Empas ekonomi ari pandemik COVID-19 ba Malaysia|ekonomi]] ketegal [[Pandemik COVID-19 ba Malaysia|pandemik COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Walden|first1=Max|date=13 January 2021|title=How Malaysia went from fewer COVID cases than Australia to a national state of emergency|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-01-14/malaysia-covid-19-outbreak-state-of-emergency-case-numbers/13036038|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114221804/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-01-14/malaysia-covid-19-outbreak-state-of-emergency-case-numbers/13036038|archive-date=14 January 2021|access-date=19 July 2021|newspaper=ABC News (Australia)}}</ref> Tu udah nya ditangkan enggau [[Pengawa bepilih besai Malaysia 2022|pengawa bepilih besai]] tumu agi dalam bulan November 2022, ti ngujungka parlimen gantung keterubah dalam sejarah menua tu.<ref>{{cite news|date=19 November 2022|title=No clear winner as Malaysia election ends in hung parliament|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/19/tight-race-as-votes-counted-in-malaysias-in-general-election|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129074959/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/19/tight-race-as-votes-counted-in-malaysias-in-general-election|archive-date=29 November 2022|access-date=29 November 2022|work=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> Kena 24 Nobember 2022, [[Anwar Ibrahim]] ngangkat sumpah nyadi [[Menteri Besai Malaysia]] ke-10, nguluka perintah gempung besai.<ref>{{cite news|date=24 November 2022|title=Anwar Ibrahim sworn in as Malaysian PM after post-election deadlock|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-63698901|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128015222/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-63698901|archive-date=28 November 2022|access-date=29 November 2022|work=BBC News}}</ref> == Perintah enggau politik == {{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=300|align=right|caption_align=center|image1=King Ibrahim of Malaysia August 2025.jpg|caption1=[[Ibrahim Iskandar]]<br /><small>[[Raja Malaysia|Raja]]</small>|image2=Anwar Ibrahim in June 2026.jpg|caption2=[[Anwar Ibrahim]]<br /><small>[[Menteri Besai Malaysia|Menteri Besai]]</small>}} [[File:Istana_Negara_tepi.jpg|thumb| [[Istana Negara]], palan pengentap pendiau enggau opis rasmi [[Raja Malaysia]].]] [[File:Perdana_Putra.jpg|thumb| [[Perdana Putra]], opis [[Menteri Besai Malaysia]].]] Malaysia nyadi menua [[raja bepilih]] [[Raja bekonstitusyen|bekonstitusyen]] [[Raja federal|federal]] lalu mina sebengkah aja menua federal di [[Asia Tenggara]].<ref>{{cite web|date=26 January 2018|title=Could Federalism Smooth Southeast Asia's Rough Edges?|url=https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/could-federalism-smooth-southeast-asia-s-rough-edges|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025080259/https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/could-federalism-smooth-southeast-asia-s-rough-edges|archive-date=25 October 2019|access-date=25 October 2019|agency=Stratfor}}</ref> Sistem perintah tu dichuntoka enggau sistem parlimen [[Sistem Westminster|Westminster]], iya nya diwaris ari [[Empayar British|perintah British]].<ref name="FITA2">{{cite web|title=Malaysia Information|url=http://www.fita.org/countries/malaysia.html?ma_rubrique=cadre|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226105342/http://www.fita.org/countries/malaysia.html?ma_rubrique=cadre|archive-date=26 December 2010|access-date=27 October 2010|publisher=Federation of International Trade Associations}}</ref> Ketuai menua iya nya Raja, ke ngembuan gela rasmi iya nya [[Raja Malaysia|Yang di-Pertuan Agong]]. Raja dipilih ungkup timpuh lima taun ulih enggau ari entara semilan iku pemerintah turun temurun negeri-negeri Melayu. Empat nengeri ke bukai, ke ngembuan Gabenor gela, enda enggau ba pengawa milih. Nengah sempekat enda formal pangku pengawa nya betukar entara semilan iku nya.<ref name="FITA">{{cite web|title=Malaysia Information|url=http://www.fita.org/countries/malaysia.html?ma_rubrique=cadre|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226105342/http://www.fita.org/countries/malaysia.html?ma_rubrique=cadre|archive-date=26 December 2010|access-date=27 October 2010|publisher=Federation of International Trade Associations}}</ref> Pengawa Raja nya mayuh agi nyadi seremonial kenyau ari ubah ba [[Konstitusyen Malaysia|konstitusyen]] dalam taun 1994, milih menteri enggau kaban dewan tinggi.<ref name="dfat">{{cite web|date=February 2014|title=Malaysia country brief|url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/malaysia/malaysia_brief.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027035312/http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/malaysia/malaysia_brief.html|archive-date=27 October 2014|access-date=22 October 2014|publisher=Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade}}</ref> Kuasa legislatif dibagi entara legislatif perintah besai enggau negeri. [[Parlimen Malaysia|Parlimen]] perintah besai dua ruang tu bisi dewan baruh, [[Dewan Rakyat]] (ke mega dikelala enggau nama Dewan Pengari Rayat) enggau dewan atas, [[Dewan Negara]] (tauka Senat).<ref>{{cite web|date=3 June 2010|title=Background|url=http://www.parlimen.gov.my/index.php?modload=sites&id=5&view=23&uweb=p&lang=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106053421/http://www.parlimen.gov.my/index.php?modload=sites&id=5&view=23&uweb=p&lang=en|archive-date=6 November 2018|access-date=25 July 2011|publisher=Parlimen Malaysia}}</ref> Dewan Pengari Rayat ke bisi 222 iku kaban dipilih ungkup timpuh maksimum lima taun ari sitak ke bisi kaban tunggal. Semua 70 iku senator duduk ungkup timpuh tiga taun; 26 dipilih 13 bengkah Aum Kunsil Negeri, lalu 44 ke bukai dichiri Raja nitihka lalau Menteri Besai.<ref name="state.gov2">{{cite web|date=14 July 2010|title=Malaysia|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024160547/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|archive-date=24 October 2020|access-date=14 September 2010|publisher=United States State Department}}</ref> Parlimen nitihka sistem mayuh parti lalu perintah dipilih nengah sistem ‘pemenang pilih pemadu mayuh'.<ref name="state.gov2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=John W. Langford |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q-sti92Y7TkC&pg=PA101 |title=The Changing Shape of Government in the Asia-Pacific Region |last2=K. Lorne Brownsey |publisher=IRPP |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-88645-060-1 |pages=101–}}</ref> [[Pengawa bepilih ba Malaysia|Pengawa bepilih]] parlimen diatur enda kurang ari lima taun sekali.<ref name="state.gov2" /> Sebedau taun 2018, semina pengundi ke berejista ke beumur 21 taun ke atas aja ulih ngundi kaban Dewan Rakyat lalu, ba tebal agi nengeri, ungkup dewan legislatif nengeri. Ngundi ukai pengawa ti wajib.<ref>{{cite web|date=29 September 2008|title=Malaysia (Dewan Rakyat)|url=http://www.ipu.org/parline/reports/2197.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205034849/http://www.ipu.org/parline/reports/2197.htm|archive-date=5 December 2010|access-date=29 September 2008|publisher=Inter-Parliamentary Union}}</ref> Kena bulan Julai 2019, rang undang-undang nurunka [[umur bepilih]] ngagai 18 taun udah dikemendarka enggau rasmi.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Martin Carvalho|author2=Hemananthani Sivanandam|author3=Rahimy Rahim|author4=Tarrence Tan|date=16 July 2019|title=Dewan Rakyat passes Bill to amend Federal Constitution to lower voting age to 18|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/07/16/federal-constitution-amended-to-lower-voting-age-to-18/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928064607/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/07/16/federal-constitution-amended-to-lower-voting-age-to-18|archive-date=28 September 2022|access-date=16 July 2019|work=The Star}}</ref> [[Eksekutif (perintah)|Kuasa eksekutif]] diberi ngagai [[Kabinet Malaysia|Kabinet]], ti betuaika [[Menteri Besai Malaysia|Menteri Besai]]. Menteri Besai nya mesti nyadi kaban Dewan Rakyat, ti ba penemu Raja ti Pemadu Tinggi, merintah sukung ari majoriti kaban. Kabinet dipilih ari kaban kededua dewan Parlimen.<ref name="state.gov2" /> Menteri Besai nyadi [[Kabinet Malaysia|tuai kabinet]] enggau [[ketuai perintah]]. Kenyau [[Pengawa bepilih besai Malaysia 2018|pengawa bepilih besai 2018]], Malaysia diperintah gempung politik [[Pakatan Harapan]] (PH),<ref name="Opposition scores">{{cite news|date=10 May 2018|title=Malaysia election: Opposition scores historic victory|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44036178|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404171658/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44036178|archive-date=4 April 2023|access-date=6 April 2019|work=BBC News}}</ref> taja pan Menteri Besai [[Mahathir Mohamad]] ngelengka pangku pengawa ba tengah [[Krisis politik Malaysia 2020–21|krisis politik]] ba taun 2020. Kena bulan Mach 2020, gempung [[Perikatan Nasional]] (PN) ditumbuhka ari baruh pegai Menteri Besai [[Muhyiddin Yassin]],<ref>{{Cite news|date=29 February 2020|title=Palace: Muhyiddin to be sworn in as PM|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/02/29/istana-muhyiddin-to-be-sworn-in-as-pm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229121939/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/02/29/istana-muhyiddin-to-be-sworn-in-as-pm|archive-date=29 February 2020|access-date=29 February 2020|work=The Star Online}}</ref> sebedau Muhyiddin lenyau sukung majoriti lalu diganti sapit Menteri Besai [[Ismail Sabri Yaakob]], seiku kaban politik veteran ari [[Gerempung Bansa Melayu Beserakup|Gerempung Nasional Melayu Bersatu]] (UMNO), dalam bulan Ogos<ref>{{cite news|date=21 August 2021|title=Ismail Sabri sworn in as Malaysia's ninth Prime Minister|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2021/08/21/ismail-sabri-sworn-in-as-ninth-prime-minister|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821173721/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2021/08/21/ismail-sabri-sworn-in-as-ninth-prime-minister|archive-date=21 August 2021|access-date=22 August 2021|work=The Star}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Malaysia's Ismail Sabri Yaakob sworn in as new PM|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/21/malaysias-ismail-sabri-yaakob-sworn-in-as-new-pm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201131632/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/21/malaysias-ismail-sabri-yaakob-sworn-in-as-new-pm|archive-date=1 February 2024|access-date=25 August 2021}}</ref> Kenyau [[pengawa bepilih besai Malaysia 2022]], parlimen gantung dipilih. [[Anwar Ibrahim]] ari gempung PH dipaduka nyadi Menteri Besai ke baru ngiring perintah gempung PH, [[Barisan Nasional]], [[Gempung Parti Sarawak]], [[Gempung Rayat Sabah]] enggau sekeda parti politik enggau ngatika diri ke bukai. Berebak enggau nya, PN, semina gempung politik ke nadai dalam gempung perintah, nyadi Penyakal. [[Undang-undang Malaysia|Sistem undang-undang Malaysia]] bepelasarka undang-undang selama.<ref name="state.gov2" /> Taja pan pengawa akim lepas ari sukut teori, tang pengelepas iya udah dikerandauka lalu pengawa nyiri akim nadai akauntabiliti enggau transparen.<ref>{{cite web|title=Attacks on Justice – Malaysia|url=http://www.icj.org/IMG/MALAYSIA.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119080422/http://www.icj.org/IMG/MALAYSIA.pdf|archive-date=19 January 2012|access-date=5 December 2011|publisher=International Commission of Jurists}}</ref> Kort ke pemadu tinggi dalam sistem akim iya nya [[Kort Federal Malaysia|Kort Federal]], ditangkanka [[Kort Apil Malaysia|Kort Apil]] enggau dua buah [[Kort tinggi (Malaysia)|kort tinggi]], siti ungkup Semenanjung Malaysia enggau siti ungkup Malaysia Timur. Malaysia mega bisi siti kort spesyel dikena mendingka kes ti dibai tauka ngelaban royalti.<ref name="criminal court system2">{{cite web|title=Malaysian criminal court system|url=http://www.acclawyers.org/resources/malaysia/|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515090557/http://www.acclawyers.org/resources/malaysia/|archive-date=15 May 2011|access-date=15 December 2010|publisher=Association of Commonwealth Criminal Lawyers}}</ref> Pengudah UMNO lenyau kuasa ba [[pengawa bepilih besai Malaysia 2018]], penuduk Malaysia niki 9 penuduk dalam Indeks Demokrasi 2019 ngagai penuduk lumur 43 enti dibandingka enggau taun sebedau nya; menua tu diklasifikasyenka nyadi ‘demokrasi ti bisi penimpang’.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Democracy Index 2019 A year of democratic setbacks and popular protest|url=https://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=democracyindex2019|url-access=registration|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213043744/https://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=democracyindex2019|archive-date=13 February 2021|access-date=27 October 2020|website=[[Economist Intelligence Unit|EIU.com]]}}</ref> Penuduk Malaysia dalam [[Indeks Pengelepas Pengarang Berita]] 2020 niki 22 penuduk ngagai penuduk lumur 101 enti dibandingka enggau taun sebedau nya, lalu nyadika iya siti ari dua buah menua di Asia Tenggara ke nadai ‘Situasi Susah’ tauka ‘Situasi Keberat Serius’ bekaul enggau pengelepas pengarang berita.<ref>{{cite web|year=2020|title=2020 World Press Freedom Index|url=https://rsf.org/en/ranking/2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423104703/https://rsf.org/en/ranking/2020|archive-date=23 April 2020|access-date=27 October 2020|work=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref> Taja pia, iya nurun 18 endur ba taun ke nangkanka nya ketegal polisi perintah PN.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Malaysia: Back to harassment, intimidation and censorship {{!}} Reporters without borders|url=https://rsf.org/en/malaysia|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124091549/https://rsf.org/en/malaysia|archive-date=24 November 2021|access-date=26 July 2021|website=RSF|language=en}}</ref> Malaysia ba penuduk lumur 48 enggau 62 nitihka [[Indeks Persepsyen Makai Suap]] 2021, ti nunjukka tikas [[Pengawa makai suap ba Malaysia|makai suap]] ti ngelui ari purata. Freedom House beratika Malaysia “bibas sebagi” dalam pansik sida ba taun 2018.<ref>{{cite web|date=29 June 2018|title=Malaysia considers amending human trafficking law after U.S. report|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-trafficking/malaysia-considers-amending-human-trafficking-law-after-u-s-report-idUSKBN1JQ04Y|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407142237/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-trafficking/malaysia-considers-amending-human-trafficking-law-after-u-s-report-idUSKBN1JQ04Y|archive-date=7 April 2020|access-date=7 April 2020|website=Reuters}}</ref> Siti saman ti digaga [[Opis Pengelurus Amerika Serikat]] nuduhka pengabis mimit $3.5 billion ti ngaul ex-menteri besai [[Najib Razak]] udah dichuri ari wang turu enggi perintah menua Malaysia [[1MDB]], ti dikelala enggau nama [[Skandal 1MDB|skandal 1Malaysia Development Berhad]].<ref name=":02">{{cite news|date=28 July 2016|title=1MDB: The inside story of the world's biggest financial scandal|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/28/1mdb-inside-story-worlds-biggest-financial-scandal-malaysia|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111085317/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/28/1mdb-inside-story-worlds-biggest-financial-scandal-malaysia|archive-date=11 November 2019|work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=9 August 2019|title=1MDB: The playboys, PMs and partygoers around a global financial scandal|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-46341603|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721081321/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-46341603|archive-date=21 July 2020|access-date=15 September 2020|work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=9 August 2019|title=The bizarre story of 1MDB, the Goldman Sachs-backed Malaysian fund that turned into one of the biggest scandals in financial history|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/1mdb-timeline-the-goldman-sachs-backed-malaysian-wealth-fund-2018-12|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117032748/https://www.businessinsider.com/1mdb-timeline-the-goldman-sachs-backed-malaysian-wealth-fund-2018-12|archive-date=17 November 2020|access-date=15 September 2020|work=Business Insider}}</ref> Naka taun 2025, iya ba penuduk lumur 13 ba [[Indeks Pemaik Global]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=2025 Global Peace Index|url=https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/GPI-2025-web.pdf|access-date=2025-09-26|website=Institute for Economics & Peace|publisher=[[Institute for Economics & Peace]]|publication-date=June 2025}}</ref> === Bagi kuasa perintah === {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto;" |{{Kar Malaysia Belabel}} |} Malaysia nyadi sebengkah menua federasyen ti ngundan [[Negeri enggau kandang menua federal ba Malaysia|13 negeri enggau tiga kandang menua federal]].<ref>{{cite news|date=2 November 2015|title=Understanding the Federation of Malaysia|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/Opinion/Online-Exclusive/A-Humble-Submission/Profile/Articles/2015/11/02/understanding-federation-malaysia/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105113420/http://www.thestar.com.my/Opinion/Online-Exclusive/A-Humble-Submission/Profile/Articles/2015/11/02/understanding-federation-malaysia/|archive-date=5 November 2015|access-date=3 November 2015|newspaper=The Star|location=Kuala Lumpur}}</ref> Ari penyampau nya, 11 negeri enggau dua kandang menua federal bisi ba [[Semenanjung Malaysia]], lalu dua bengkah negeri enggau siti kandang menua federal ke bukai mungkur [[Malaysia Timur]]. Menua tu bisi tiga renggat perintah— [[Perintah menua Malaysia|perintah federal]], [[Perintah negeri ba Malaysia|negeri]], enggau kandang menua.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|year=2018|title=The Local Government System in Malaysia|url=https://www.clgf.org.uk/default/assets/File/Country_profiles/Malaysia.pdf|url-status=live|journal=[[Commonwealth Local Government Forum]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220050855/https://www.clgf.org.uk/default/assets/File/Country_profiles/Malaysia.pdf|archive-date=20 December 2024|access-date=20 December 2024}}</ref> Pengawa merintah nengeri dibagi entara perintah federal enggau perintah negeri, enggau kuasa ti bebida diungkupka ngagai tiap iku, lalu perintah federal bisi kuasa perintah terus ba kandang menua federal.<ref>{{cite web|title=Federal Territories and State Governments|url=http://mygov.malaysia.gov.my/EN/Main/MsianGov/StateGovAndFederalTerritories/Pages/StateGovAndFederalTerritories.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222231636/http://mygov.malaysia.gov.my/EN/Main/MsianGov/StateGovAndFederalTerritories/Pages/StateGovAndFederalTerritories.aspx|archive-date=22 February 2014|access-date=15 October 2013|publisher=Malaysian government}}</ref> Tetiap negeri bisi [[Aum kunsil negeri ba Malaysia|Aum Kunsil Negeri]] ke ngembuan siti ruang bilik ke alai kaban iya dipilih ari sitak ke bisi siku kaban. Perintah negeri betuaika [[Kepala perintah negeri ba Malaysia|Kepala Menteri]],<ref name="state.gov2" /> ti nyadi kaban Aum Kunsil Negeri ari parti majoriti dalam dewan. Ba tiap-tiap nengeri ke bisi pemerintah turun temurun, Kepala Menteri biasa iya dipinta nyadi [[Melayu|orang Melayu]], dichiri pemerintah nitihka lalau [[Menteri Besai Malaysia|Menteri Besai]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P-3155j7FLkC |title=The management of secondary cities in southeast Asia |publisher=United Nations Centre for Human Settlements |year=1996 |isbn=978-92-1-131313-0 |page=120}}</ref> Naka [[Pengawa bepilih besai Malaysia 2018|taun 2018]], pengawa bepilih negeri diatur berebak enggau pengawa bepilih besai nengah konvensyen, kelimpah ari ke di [[Sarawak]]. Berindik ari [[Krisis politik Malaysia 2020–2022|krisis politik 2020–2022]], semina [[Pahang]], [[Perak]] enggau [[Perlis]] milih bejalaika pengawa bepilih negeri sida sejalai enggau pengawa bepilih besai.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hutchinson|first=Francis E.|date=15 May 2024|title=Malaysia's Out-of-Sync Federal and State Elections: The Good, the Bad, and the Untimely|url=https://www.iseas.edu.sg/articles-commentaries/iseas-perspective/2024-34-malaysias-out-of-sync-federal-and-state-elections-the-good-the-bad-and-the-untimely-by-francis-e-hutchinson/|url-status=live|journal=[[ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute]]|language=en-US|volume=2024|issue=34|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220053516/https://www.iseas.edu.sg/articles-commentaries/iseas-perspective/2024-34-malaysias-out-of-sync-federal-and-state-elections-the-good-the-bad-and-the-untimely-by-francis-e-hutchinson/|archive-date=20 December 2024|access-date=20 December 2024}}</ref> Dipegai ba baruh perintah besai enggau negeri, [[Perintah kandang menua ba Malaysia|perintah kandang menua]] ngarika renggat pemerintah ke pemadu baruh di Malaysia. Naka taun 2024, Malaysia dibagi entara 19 bengkah nengeri, 40 bengkah kandang mengeri, 91 buah kunsil renggat pelilih menua, enggau empat bengkah ejensi bekanun.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Senarai PBT|trans-title=List of local governments|url=https://jkt.kpkt.gov.my/data-pbt-senarai_pbt/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118151239/https://jkt.kpkt.gov.my/data-pbt-senarai_pbt/|archive-date=18 January 2025|access-date=22 December 2024|website=[[Ministry of Housing and Local Government (Malaysia)|Ministry of Housing and Local Government]]|language=ms}}</ref> Seraya konstitusyen perintah besai ngagihka perintah kandang menua ngagai bidang kuasa eksklusif perintah negeri,<ref>{{cite web|title=Introduction to local government in Malaysia|url=http://lib.kedah.uitm.edu.my/psblibrary/notes/am110/layout/subject%20material/handouts/dpa/PAD%20320/h1.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328212349/http://lib.kedah.uitm.edu.my/psblibrary/notes/am110/layout/subject%20material/handouts/dpa/PAD%20320/h1.pdf|archive-date=28 March 2018|access-date=19 February 2014|publisher=Universiti Teknologi Mara}}</ref> dalam praktikal, [[Opis Menteri Pengawa Berumah enggau Perintah Kandang Menua (Malaysia)|Opis Menteri Pengawa Berumah enggau Perintah Kandang Menua perintah federal]] ngemataka pengawa ngatur undang-undang enggau polisi kandang menua.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web|author=Nooi, Phang Siew|date=May 2008|title=Decentralisation or recentralisation? Trends in local government in Malaysia|url=http://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/journals/index.php/cjlg/article/viewFile/759/1032|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909145130/http://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/journals/index.php/cjlg/article/viewFile/759/1032|archive-date=9 September 2016|access-date=19 February 2014|publisher=Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance}}</ref> [[Ketuai Mengeri]] (tauka presiden ungkup kunsil kandang mengeri enggau pelilih menua) enggau [[kaunsilor]] dichiri perintah negeri ke bekaul, tauka dalam kes kandang menua perintah federal, dichiri perintah federal.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|year=2023|title=Rujukan Ringkas Mengenai Dasar-Dasar Berkaitan Pihak Berkuasa Tempatan Edisi 2023|trans-title=Summary on Local Government Policies 2023 Edition|url=https://jktgateway.kpkt.gov.my/downloads/29052023_RUJUKAN_RINGKAS_MENGENAI_DASAR_DASAR_BERKAITAN_PBT.pdf|url-status=live|journal=[[Ministry of Housing and Local Government (Malaysia)|Ministry of Housing and Local Government]]|language=MS|page=20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220035246/https://jktgateway.kpkt.gov.my/downloads/29052023_RUJUKAN_RINGKAS_MENGENAI_DASAR_DASAR_BERKAITAN_PBT.pdf|archive-date=20 December 2024|access-date=20 December 2024}}</ref> Undang-undang perintah federal ngagihka pekara tanah, nyengkaum pengawa ngaga garis entara [[Rintai pelilih menua ba Malaysia|pelilih menua]], ngagai bidang kuasa perintah negeri.<ref>{{Cite journal|year=2020|title=National Land Code|url=https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/mal5145.pdf|url-status=live|journal=[[Malaysian federal government]]|page=54|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250202093708/https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/mal5145.pdf|archive-date=2 February 2025|access-date=20 December 2024|via=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}</ref> Kelimpah ari Perlis enggau kandang menua federal, tiap negeri dibagi ngagai pelilih menua, ti dibagi baru ngagai [[mukim]]. Di [[Sabah]] enggau [[Sarawak]], pelilih menua digelumu ngagai bagi menua.<ref>{{cite web|title=Malaysia Districts|url=http://www.statoids.com/ymy.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201132451/http://www.statoids.com/ymy.html|archive-date=1 December 2020|access-date=3 November 2010|publisher=Statoids}}</ref> Bebida enggau perintah kandang menua ti ngatur kuasa perintah kandang mengeri enggau pemansang infrastruktur,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=E.|first1=Lo Vullo|last2=Ho|first2=C. S.|last3=Chau|first3=L. W.|last4=F.|first4=Monforti|last5=V.|first5=Palermo|last6=S.|first6=Rivas|last7=P.|first7=Bertoldi|year=2022|title=How to Develop a Climate Action Plan (CAP) in Southeast Asia-Malaysia|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360823096|journal=[[Publications Office of the European Union]]|page=6|doi=10.2760/50282|isbn=978-92-76-52424-3|via=[[ResearchGate]]}}</ref> pelilih menua semina dikena ungkup chukai tanah.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Adnan|first1=M. Z.|last2=Suratman|first2=R. Suratman|last3=Samsudin|first3=S.|year=2019|title=Key Geographical Features on Malaysia's Land Tax System: A Comparison Study in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia|journal=International Geography Seminar 2019|volume=683|issue=683|page=2|doi=10.1088/1755-1315/683/1/012095|doi-access=free}}</ref> 13 bengkah negeri nya bepelasarka menua perintah Melayu besejarah, lalu 9 ari 11 negeri Semenanjung, ke dikelala enggau nama negeri Melayu, ngetanka ruang bilik diraja sida. [[Raja Malaysia|Raja]] dipilih sereta ari semilan iku pemerintah ngambika mangku pengawa pengelama lima taun.<ref name="state.gov3">{{cite web|date=14 July 2010|title=Malaysia|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024160547/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|archive-date=24 October 2020|access-date=14 September 2010|publisher=United States State Department}}</ref> Raja tu nyiri gabenor ti mangku pengawa pengelama empat taun ke negeri-negeri ti nadai raja, pengudah berunding enggau kepala menteri negeri nya. Tiap negeri bisi konstitusyen betulis.<ref name="Lim Hong Hai">{{cite web|author=Hai, Lim Hong|title=Electoral Politics in Malaysia: 'Managing' Elections in a Plural Society|url=http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/01361005.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190212/http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/01361005.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016|access-date=19 February 2014}}</ref> Sabah enggau Sarawak ngembuan autonomi ke jauh mayuh agi ari negeri bukai, ke pemadu tebilang ngembuan polisi enggau kawal imigresyen kediri, sereta status peranak menua ke nyelai.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hannum, Hurst |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_oV3pKJfnvcC&pg=PA342 |title=Basic Documents on Autonomy and Minority Rights |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-7923-1977-1 |pages=342–}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Lockard, Craig A.|date=March 2000|title=Sabah and Sarawak: The Politics of Development and Federalism. Kajian Malaysia, Special Issue. Edited by Francis Loh Kok Wah. Penang: Universiti Sains Malaysia, 1997. Pp. 236.|journal=[[Journal of Southeast Asian Studies]]|volume=31|issue=1|pages=210–213|doi=10.1017/S0022463400016192|s2cid=154586268}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Bong|first1=Karen|last2=Pilo|first2=Wilfred|name-list-style=amp|date=16 September 2011|title=An agreement forged and forgotten|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2011/09/16/an-agreement-forged-and-forgotten/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102042307/http://www.theborneopost.com/2011/09/16/an-agreement-forged-and-forgotten/|archive-date=2 November 2015|access-date=3 July 2014|work=The Borneo Post|location=Kuching}}</ref> Pengawa champur tangan perintah besai dalam pengawa negeri, kurang pemansang, enggau laya ketegal royalti minyak bisi sekali-sekala ngujungka penerang pasal nyerara diri ari bala ketuai di sekeda negeri baka [[Pulau Pinang]], [[Johor]], [[Kelantan]], Sabah enggau Sarawak, taja pan pekara tu bedau dititihka lalu nadai pengawa meredeka ti berat bisi.<ref>{{cite web|last=Koay|first=Su Lin|date=September 2016|title=Penang: The Rebel State (Part One)|url=http://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=2370&name=penang_the_rebel_state_part_one|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034025/http://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=2370&name=penang_the_rebel_state_part_one|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=26 November 2017|website=Penang Monthly}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Chin|first=James|year=1997|title=Politics of Federal Intervention in Malaysia, with reference to Kelantan, Sarawak and Sabah|url=https://www.academia.edu/2954857|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics|volume=35|pages=96–120|doi=10.1080/14662049708447747|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809133946/https://www.academia.edu/2954857|archive-date=9 August 2021|access-date=3 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Mohd Hazmi Mohd Rusli|date=18 October 2015|title=Could the Federation of Malaysia really come apart?|url=http://english.astroawani.com/malaysia-news/could-federation-malaysia-really-come-apart-76926|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027202437/http://english.astroawani.com/malaysia-news/could-federation-malaysia-really-come-apart-76926|archive-date=27 October 2015|access-date=3 November 2015|publisher=[[Astro Awani]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=3 November 2015|title=Will things fall apart in the Malaysian federation?|url=http://www.todayonline.com/world/asia/will-things-fall-apart-malaysian-federation?|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106024352/http://www.todayonline.com/world/asia/will-things-fall-apart-malaysian-federation|archive-date=6 November 2015|access-date=3 November 2015|newspaper=Today|location=Singapore}}</ref> ; Negeri Rintai 13 bengkah negeri enggau tiap indu nengeri (dalam tanda kurung): {{div col|colwidth=22em}} # {{flagicon|Johor}} [[Johor]] ([[Johor Bahru]]) # {{flagicon|Kedah}} [[Kedah]] ([[Alor Setar]]) # {{flagicon|Kelantan}} [[Kelantan]] ([[Kota Bharu]]) # {{flagicon|Melaka}} [[Melaka]] ([[Nengeri Melaka]]) # {{flagicon|Negeri Sembilan}} [[Negeri Sembilan]] ([[Seremban]]) # {{flagicon|Pahang}} [[Pahang]] ([[Kuantan]]) # {{flagicon|Pulau Pinang}} [[Pulau Pinang]] ([[George Town, Pulau Pinang|George Town]]) # {{flagicon|Perak}} [[Perak]] ([[Ipoh]]) # {{flagicon|Perlis}} [[Perlis]] ([[Kangar]]) # {{flagicon|Selangor}} [[Selangor]] ([[Shah Alam]]) # {{flagicon|Sabah}} [[Sabah]] ([[Kota Kinabalu]]) # {{flagicon|Sarawak}} [[Sarawak]] ([[Kuching]]) # {{flagicon|Terengganu}} [[Terengganu]] ([[Kuala Terengganu]]) {{div col end}} ; Kandang menua federal # {{flagicon|Kuala Lumpur}} [[Kuala Lumpur|Kandang Menua Federal Kuala Lumpur]] # {{flagicon|Labuan}} [[Labuan|Kandang Menua Federal Labuan]] ([[Victoria, Labuan|Victoria]]) # {{flagicon|Putrajaya}} [[Putrajaya|Kandang Menua Federal Putrajaya]] === Kaul enggau menua luar enggau soldadu === [[File:2025_Donald_Trump,_Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia_Seri_Anwar_Ibrahim,_Prime_Minister_of_Cambodia_Hun_Manet_and_Prime_Minister_of_Thailand_Anutin_Charnvirakul_before_signing_the_Kuala_Lumpur_Accord_on_October_25_at_the_ASEAN_Summit.jpg|thumb| (Kiba ke kanan) Menteri Besai Malaysia [[Anwar Ibrahim]], Presiden Amerika Serikat [[Donald Trump]], Menteri Besai Thailand [[Anutin Charnvirakul]] enggau Menteri Besai Kemboja [[Hun Manet]] pengudah nyain [[Sempekat Pengelikun Kuala Lumpur]], ti nyadi maya [[Aum Besai ASEAN 2025|Aum Besai ASEAN Ke-47]], 26 Oktober 2025.]] Sebengkah ari kaban pemungkal [[Gerempung Menua Asia Tenggara|ASEAN]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Overview|url=http://www.asean.org/64.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109233326/http://www.asean.org/64.htm|archive-date=9 January 2008|access-date=8 November 2007|publisher=Association of Southeast Asian Nations}}</ref> enggau [[Gerempung Kerejasama Islam|OIC]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Islamic Affairs (OIC) and D8 Division|url=http://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/division-multilateral-oic-d8|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309064902/http://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/division-multilateral-oic-d8|archive-date=9 March 2017|access-date=12 November 2010|publisher=Malaysian Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}</ref> menua tu ngambi bagi dalam mayuh gerempung entarabansa baka [[Gerempung Bansa Beserakup]] (GBB),<ref>{{cite web|title=Member Economies|url=http://www.apec.org/en/About-Us/About-APEC/Member-Economies.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201151002/http://www.apec.org/en/About-Us/About-APEC/Member-Economies.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2010|access-date=10 June 2011|publisher=Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation}}</ref> [[Kerejasama Ekonomi Asia Pasifik|APEC]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Member Economies|url=http://www.apec.org/en/About-Us/About-APEC/Member-Economies.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201151002/http://www.apec.org/en/About-Us/About-APEC/Member-Economies.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2010|access-date=10 June 2011|publisher=Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation}}</ref> [[Gerempung D-8 ungkup Kerejasama Ekonomi|Gerempung Kerejasama Ekonomi D-8]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Malaysia|url=http://www.developing8.org/Membermalaysia.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630135700/http://www.developing8.org/Membermalaysia.aspx|archive-date=30 June 2017|access-date=15 October 2013|publisher=Developing 8 Countries}}</ref> enggau NAM.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Non-Aligned Movement: Member States|url=http://www.nam.gov.za/background/members.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209233514/http://www.nam.gov.za/background/members.htm|archive-date=9 December 2010|access-date=5 September 2010|publisher=Non-Aligned Movement}}</ref> Iya kala nyadi chairman ASEAN, OIC, enggau NAM suba.<ref name="state.gov2" /> Ketegal menua tu [[Koloni mahkota|Koloni British]] suba, iya mega nyadi kaban [[Komanwel]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Member States|url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/142227/members/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225120634/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/member-countries|archive-date=25 December 2018|access-date=26 October 2010|publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat}}</ref> [[Kuala Lumpur]] nyadi palan [[Aum Besai Asia Timur|EAC]] keterubah dalam taun 2005.<ref name="govtnz2">{{cite web|date=4 December 2008|title=Malaysia Foreign Relations|url=http://www.asean.fta.govt.nz/malaysia-foreign-relations|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526030946/http://www.asean.fta.govt.nz/malaysia-foreign-relations/|archive-date=26 May 2010|access-date=18 September 2010|publisher=New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade}}</ref> Polisi luar Malaysia sechara rasmi bepelasarka prinsip neutral enggau ngetanka kaul likun enggau semua menua, enda ngira sistem politik sida.<ref name="kln2">{{cite web|title=Malaysia's Foreign Policy|url=http://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/foreign_policy|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704114645/http://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/foreign_policy|archive-date=4 July 2018|access-date=21 September 2010|publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Malaysia)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]}}</ref> Perintah ngemeratka pengelikun enggau penegap [[Asia Tenggara]],<ref name="govtnz3">{{cite web|date=4 December 2008|title=Malaysia Foreign Relations|url=http://www.asean.fta.govt.nz/malaysia-foreign-relations|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526030946/http://www.asean.fta.govt.nz/malaysia-foreign-relations/|archive-date=26 May 2010|access-date=18 September 2010|publisher=New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade}}</ref> lalu nguji ngemansangka agi kaul enggau menua bukai ba kandang menua nya. Ari segi sejarah perintah udah nguji ngayanka Malaysia nyadi sebengkah menua Islam ti progresif <ref name="kln">{{Cite web}}</ref> seraya ngerapitka kaul enggau [[menua Islam]] bukai. <ref name="govtnz">{{Cite web}}</ref> Siti prinsip ti tegap dalam polisi Malaysia iya nya sovereiniti menua enggau hak sesebengkah menua nguasa pengawa dalam menua iya. Malaysia nyain sempekat GBB pasal [[Sempekat Tagang Senyata Nuklear|Tagang Senyata Nuklear]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 July 2017|title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons|url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en|archive-date=6 August 2019|access-date=16 August 2019|publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=7 August 2019|title=Japan should support nuclear ban treaty, says Malaysian PM Mahathir Mohamad|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/08/07/national/politics-diplomacy/japan-support-nuclear-ban-treaty-says-malaysian-pm-mahathir-mohamad/#.XVat-XszWUk|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409090214/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/08/07/national/politics-diplomacy/japan-support-nuclear-ban-treaty-says-malaysian-pm-mahathir-mohamad/#.XVat-XszWUk|archive-date=9 April 2023|access-date=16 August 2019|work=The Japan Times}}</ref> [[Pulau-pulau Spratly]] diperebutka mayuh muea ba kandang menua nya, lalu [[Jurai kandang menua ba Tasik China Selatan|sebagi besai ari Tasik China Selatan]] dituntut [[China]]. Bebida enggau menua sepiak iya [[Vietnam]] enggau [[Filipina]], Malaysia ari sukut sejarah nyeliahka diri ari konflik enggau China.<ref>{{cite news|last=Diola|first=Camille|date=25 June 2014|title=Why Malaysia, unlike Philippines, keeps quiet on sea row|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/06/25/1338864/why-malaysia-unlike-philippines-keeps-quiet-sea-row|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627165932/http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/06/25/1338864/why-malaysia-unlike-philippines-keeps-quiet-sea-row|archive-date=27 June 2014|access-date=25 June 2014|work=[[The Philippine Star]]}}</ref> Taja pia, sepengudah kapal China nyerungkai tasik kandang menua Malaysia,<ref>{{cite news|date=27 September 2015|title=Presence of China Coast Guard ship at Luconia Shoals spooks local fishermen|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/09/27/presence-of-china-coast-guard-ship-at-luconia-shoals-spooks-local-fishermen/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929005731/http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/09/27/presence-of-china-coast-guard-ship-at-luconia-shoals-spooks-local-fishermen/|archive-date=29 September 2015|access-date=28 September 2015|newspaper=The Borneo Post|location=Kuching}}</ref> enggau ngelanggar kandang udara ngena bilun soldadu sida, Malaysia udah chakah ngutuk China.<ref>{{cite news|date=15 August 2015|title=Malaysia lodges diplomatic protest against intrusion at Beting Patinggi Ali|url=http://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2015/08/15/malaysia-lodges-diplomatic-protest-against-intrusion-at-beting-patinggi-ali/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929024442/http://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2015/08/15/malaysia-lodges-diplomatic-protest-against-intrusion-at-beting-patinggi-ali/|archive-date=29 September 2015|access-date=16 August 2015|work=The Rakyat Post|agency=Bernama}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Blanchard|first1=Ben|last2=Pullin|first2=Richard|date=18 October 2015|title=Malaysia slams China's 'provocation' in South China Sea|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/malaysia-slams-china-s/2200744.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019120244/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/malaysia-slams-china-s/2200744.html|archive-date=19 October 2015|access-date=20 October 2015|work=Channel News Asia|agency=Reuters}}</ref> [[Brunei]] enggau Malaysia dalam taun 2009 madahka deka ngetuka pengawa nuntut tanah pangan diri, lalu meri komitmen mutarka isu ti bekaul enggau garis entara menua maritim sida.<ref>{{cite news|last=Masli|first=Ubaidillah|date=17 March 2009|title=Brunei drops all claims to Limbang|url=http://www.bt.com.bn/home_news/2009/03/17/brunei_drops_all_claims_to_limbang|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712162447/http://www.bt.com.bn/home_news/2009/03/17/brunei_drops_all_claims_to_limbang|archive-date=12 July 2014|access-date=23 August 2013|url-status=usurped|work=[[The Brunei Times]]}}</ref> Filipina bisi [[Jurai Borneo Utara|tuntut ti enda aktif]] ba bagi menua timur [[Sabah]].<ref name="MYIDPHSG2">{{cite web|last=Mohamad|first=Kadir|year=2009|title=Malaysia's territorial disputes – two cases at the ICJ: Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore), Ligitan and Sipadan [and the Sabah claim] (Malaysia/Indonesia/Philippines)|url=http://www.idfr.gov.my/images/stories/publication/2009/inside_pbp.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516042053/http://www.idfr.gov.my/images/stories/publication/2009/inside_pbp.pdf|archive-date=16 May 2016|access-date=16 May 2014|publisher=Institute of Diplomacy and Foreign Relations (IDFR) Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia|page=46|quote=Map of British North Borneo, highlighting in yellow colour the area covered by the Philippine claim, presented to the Court by the Philippines during the Oral Hearings at the ICJ on 25 June 2001}}</ref> Pengawa nuntut tanah [[Singapura]] udah ngasuh penyarut nyadi,<ref>{{cite web|title=Disputed&nbsp;– International|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2070.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014013059/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2070.html|archive-date=14 October 2018|access-date=26 October 2010|publisher=CIA}}</ref> lalu penyarut mit ba garis entara menua maritim enggau darat bisi enggau [[Indonesia]].<ref name="MYIDPHSG">{{cite web|last=Mohamad|first=Kadir|year=2009|title=Malaysia's territorial disputes – two cases at the ICJ: Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore), Ligitan and Sipadan [and the Sabah claim] (Malaysia/Indonesia/Philippines)|url=http://www.idfr.gov.my/images/stories/publication/2009/inside_pbp.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516042053/http://www.idfr.gov.my/images/stories/publication/2009/inside_pbp.pdf|archive-date=16 May 2016|access-date=16 May 2014|publisher=Institute of Diplomacy and Foreign Relations (IDFR) Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia|page=46|quote=Map of British North Borneo, highlighting in yellow colour the area covered by the Philippine claim, presented to the Court by the Philippines during the Oral Hearings at the ICJ on 25 June 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=16 October 2015|title=Border disputes differ for Indonesia, M'sia|url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=103802|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019135525/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=103802|archive-date=19 October 2015|access-date=19 October 2015|newspaper=[[Daily Express (Malaysia)|Daily Express]]|location=Kota Kinabalu}}</ref> [[File:Su30mkm_flying_at_lima_two_(cropped).jpg|thumb| Bilun [[Sukhoi Su-30MKM]] TUDM]] [[Raban Besenyata Malaysia]] bisi tiga pampang: [[Soldadu Malaysia]], [[Soldadu Tasik Diraja Malaysia]] enggau [[Soldadu Langit Diraja Malaysia]]. Nadai pengawa soldadu, lalu umur ke dipinta kena nyadi soldadu enggau sukarela iya nya 18 taun. Sedadu ngena 1.5% ari GDP menua, lalu ngambi 1.23% ari pengereja pengawa Malaysia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Malaysian Military statistics|url=http://www.nationmaster.com/red/country/my-malaysia/mil-military%26all%3D1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806213531/http://www.nationmaster.com/red/country/my-malaysia/mil-military%26all%3D1|archive-date=6 August 2013|access-date=1 October 2010|publisher=NationMaster}}</ref> Raban penyaga pemaik Malaysia ari [[MALBATT]] udah meri bantu ngagai mayuh pengawa nyaga pemaik PBB, baka di [[Operasyen Gerempung Bansa Beserakup ba Kongo|Kongo]], [[Raban Pemerati Soldadu Iran–Irak Gerempung Bansa Beserakup|Iran–Irak]], [[Raban Pemantu Pengalih|Namibia]], Kemboja, Bosnia enggau Herzegovina, Somalia, Kosovo, Timor Leste, enggau Lebanon.<ref name="state.gov2" /><ref>{{cite web|date=12 February 2013|title=Malaysia – Permanent Missions to the United Nations|url=http://www.un.int/malaysia/GA/67/2013-02-12%20Protection%20of%20Civilians.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018034708/http://www.un.int/malaysia/GA/67/2013-02-12%20Protection%20of%20Civilians.pdf|archive-date=18 October 2013|access-date=15 October 2013|publisher=United Nations}}</ref> [[Atur Pengetan Kuasa Lima]] nya inisiatif pengelikun pelilih menua ke udah dipejalaika semak 40 taun. Iya ngaul pengawa latih sedadu begulai ke diatur entara Malaysia, Singapura, Australia, New Zealand, enggau United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite news|date=26 April 2010|title=Australia says major military exercise underway in Malaysia|url=http://www.mysinchew.com/node/38249|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201942/http://www.mysinchew.com/node/38249|archive-date=3 March 2016|access-date=1 October 2010|work=My Sinchew}}</ref> Latih begulai enggau main perang mega udah diatur enggau Brunei,<ref>{{cite news|last=Wood|first=Daniel|date=20 April 2014|title=Brunei, M'sia train in 11th military exercise|url=http://www.bt.com.bn/news-national/2014/04/20/brunei-m%E2%80%99sia-train-11th-military-exercise|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208183256/http://www.bt.com.bn/news-national/2014/04/20/brunei-m%E2%80%99sia-train-11th-military-exercise|archive-date=8 December 2014|access-date=5 November 2014|url-status=usurped|work=The Brunei Times}}</ref> China,<ref>{{cite web|author=Yao Jianing|date=17 September 2015|title=First China-Malaysia joint military exercise held in Malacca Strait|url=http://eng.mod.gov.cn/DefenseNews/2015-09/17/content_4620894.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001184454/http://eng.mod.gov.cn/DefenseNews/2015-09/17/content_4620894.htm|archive-date=1 October 2018|access-date=1 October 2018|work=China Military Online|publisher=[[Ministry of National Defense (China)|Ministry of National Defense]]}}</ref> India,<ref>{{cite web|author=Aman Anand|date=30 April 2018|title=First Ever Joint Army exercise on Malaysian Soil Commences with Handing-Over of Troops Ceremony|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=179020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001183858/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=179020|archive-date=1 October 2018|access-date=2 October 2018|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] (India)}}</ref> Indonesia,<ref>{{cite news|date=13 September 2010|title=Indonesia-Malaysia military exercises must continue&nbsp;– defence minister|url=http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/1284390436/indonesia-malaysia-military-exercises-must-continue-defence-minister|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922134210/http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/1284390436/indonesia-malaysia-military-exercises-must-continue-defence-minister|archive-date=22 September 2010|access-date=1 October 2010|work=ANTARA News}}</ref> Jipun,<ref>{{cite web|author=John Grevatt|date=12 September 2018|title=Japan, Malaysia sign defence accord|url=https://www.janes.com/article/82922/japan-malaysia-sign-defence-accord|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001185203/https://www.janes.com/article/82922/japan-malaysia-sign-defence-accord|archive-date=1 October 2018|access-date=1 October 2018|publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]]}}</ref> enggau Amerika Serikat.<ref>{{cite news|date=25 August 2014|title=Malaysia, US armed forces in joint exercise|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2014/08/25/Malaysia-US-armed-forces/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709175613/http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2014/08/25/Malaysia-US-armed-forces/|archive-date=9 July 2023|access-date=26 August 2014|work=The Star|location=Kuala Lumpur}}</ref> Malaysia, Filipina, Thailand, enggau Vietnam udah setuju ngatur latih begulai raban pengelikun dikena nyaga garis entara menua maritim sida sereta mutarka isu baka imigresyen nadai pemendar, lanun, enggau pengawa mai barang sechara belalai.<ref>{{cite news|date=9 August 2010|title=Malaysia, Philippines committed to enhancing border security|url=http://www.mysinchew.com/node/43096|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205247/http://www.mysinchew.com/node/43096|archive-date=3 March 2016|access-date=18 September 2010|work=My Sinchew}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=April 2013|title=Piracy in Southeast Asia: Organised Criminal Syndicates or Small Scale Opportunists?|url=http://www.graypage.com/assets/Piracy-in-Southeast-Asia-Organised-Criminal-Syndicatds-or-small-scale-opportunists.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724082702/http://www.graypage.com/assets/Piracy-in-Southeast-Asia-Organised-Criminal-Syndicatds-or-small-scale-opportunists.pdf|archive-date=24 July 2015|access-date=24 July 2015|work=Gray Page}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Carvalho|first=Martin|date=15 May 2012|title=Malaysia, Thailand military exercise to include other agencies, Asean members|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2012/05/15/Malaysia-Thailand-military-exercise-to-include-other-agencies-Asean-members/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709181144/https://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2012/05/15/Malaysia-Thailand-military-exercise-to-include-other-agencies-Asean-members/|archive-date=9 July 2023|access-date=5 November 2014|work=The Star|location=Kuala Lumpur}}</ref>Sebedau tu bisi pengirau ati pengawa militan ekstremis ba kandang endur Islam di [[Konflik Moro|selatan Filipina]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sherman|first1=Ray|last2=David|first2=Nisha|date=6 March 2020|title=Malaysia Bolsters Security Near Sea Border with Philippines|url=https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/malaysian/malaysia-philippines-03062020184117.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204233702/https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/malaysian/malaysia-philippines-03062020184117.html|archive-date=4 December 2024|access-date=5 December 2024|work=Benar News}}</ref> enggau [[Charut Selatan Thailand|selatan Thailand]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Kent|first=Jonathan|date=28 April 2004|title=Malaysia ups Thai border security|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/3666607.stm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202140536/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3666607.stm|archive-date=2 December 2010|access-date=18 September 2010|work=BBC News}}</ref> deka ngelekai ngagai Malaysia. Ketegal nya, Malaysia berengkah nambahka pengelikun garis entara menua.<ref>{{cite news|last=Parameswaran|first=Prashanth|date=19 April 2022|title=Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines Consider Expanding Sulu Sea Trilateral Patrols|url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/04/indonesia-malaysia-philippines-consider-expanding-sulu-sea-trilateral-patrols/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204234639/https://thediplomat.com/2022/04/indonesia-malaysia-philippines-consider-expanding-sulu-sea-trilateral-patrols/|archive-date=4 December 2024|access-date=5 December 2024|work=The Diplomat}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Sallehuddin|first1=Qistina|last2=Kuan|first2=Samantha|date=9 December 2022|title=Govt to step up Malaysian-Thai border security|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2022/12/859251/govt-step-malaysian-thai-border-security|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204233702/https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/malaysian/malaysia-philippines-03062020184117.html|archive-date=4 December 2024|access-date=5 December 2024|work=New Straits Times}}</ref> === Hak Asasi Mensia === [[Homoseksualiti]] [[Hak LGBTQ ba Malaysia|enda dikemendarka di Malaysia]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bearak|first1=Max|last2=Cameron|first2=Darla|date=16 June 2016|title=Here are the 10 countries where homosexuality may be punished by death|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/06/13/here-are-the-10-countries-where-homosexuality-may-be-punished-by-death-2/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523191423/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/06/13/here-are-the-10-countries-where-homosexuality-may-be-punished-by-death-2/|archive-date=23 May 2017|access-date=21 May 2017|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Avery|first=Daniel|date=4 April 2019|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|archive-date=11 December 2019|access-date=16 August 2019|work=Newsweek}}</ref> lalu piak bekuasa udah netapka ukum baka ngena rutan enggau jil.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lamb|first=Kate|date=3 September 2018|title=Women caned in Malaysia for attempting to have lesbian sex|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/03/women-caned-in-malaysia-for-attempting-to-have-lesbian-sex|access-date=26 May 2019|newspaper=The Guardian|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=7 November 2019|title=Malaysia sentences five men to jail, caning and fines for gay sex|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-lgbt-idUSKBN1XH197|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627173805/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-lgbt-idUSKBN1XH197|archive-date=27 June 2022|access-date=27 June 2022|website=Reuters|language=en}}</ref> [[Pengawa bedagangka mensia]] enggau [[pengawa bedagangka seks di Malaysia]] nyadi penanggul ti signifikan.<ref>{{cite web|date=24 May 2017|title=Malaysia must wake up to its human trafficking problem|url=https://www.newmandala.org/malaysia-must-wake-human-trafficking-problem/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710111418/https://www.newmandala.org/malaysia-must-wake-human-trafficking-problem/|archive-date=10 July 2022|access-date=7 April 2020|website=New Mandala}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=20 June 2014|title=US penalises Malaysia for shameful human trafficking record|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/jun/20/malaysia-us-human-trafficking-persons-report|website=The Guardian}}</ref> Bisi mega kes ngakim kediri ti munuh sereta bekasarka individu LGBT di Malaysia.<ref>{{cite web|date=24 August 2018|title=A brutal assault and rising fear in Malaysia's LGBT community|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/08/24/a-brutal-assault-and-rising-fear-in-malaysias-lgbt-community|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525033617/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/08/24/a-brutal-assault-and-rising-fear-in-malaysias-lgbt-community|archive-date=25 May 2022|access-date=27 June 2022|website=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=25 January 2021|title=Malaysia: Government Steps Up Attacks on LGBT People|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/01/25/malaysia-government-steps-attacks-lgbt-people|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627173805/https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/01/25/malaysia-government-steps-attacks-lgbt-people|archive-date=27 June 2022|access-date=27 June 2022|website=[[Human Rights Watch]]|language=en}}</ref> Pengawa ti enda sah ba pengawa homoseksualiti di Malaysia mega udah nyadika batang [[Pengawa bechara sodomi Anwar Ibrahim|pengawa bechara sodomi]] [[Anwar Ibrahim]], ti dikumbai Anwar bemotif politik, sebengkah chara ti disukung Raban Kereja pasal Pengawa Ngetanka Sepeneka Ati, begulai enggau Amnesty Antarabansa enggau Human Rights Watch.<ref>{{cite web|date=21 July 2008|title=Malaysia: Political Motivations Undermine Anwar Case|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/07/21/malaysia-political-motivations-undermine-anwar-case|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627173815/https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/07/21/malaysia-political-motivations-undermine-anwar-case|archive-date=27 June 2022|access-date=27 June 2022|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Doherty|first1=Ben|date=10 February 2015|title=Anwar Ibrahim guilty in sodomy case|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/10/anwar-ibrahim-guilty-in-sodomy-case|access-date=27 June 2022|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2 November 2015|title=Anwar Ibrahim: Malaysia opposition leader 'should be freed'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34704563|access-date=27 June 2022|website=BBC News}}</ref> Ukum mati dikena ungkup penyalah ti berat baka [[Pengawa munuh|munuh]], pengani, enggau [[Dagang dadah enda sah|bedagangka dadah]], sekeda ari penyalah nya kala nyadi mandatori.<ref>{{cite web|date=1 January 2015|title=Laws of Malaysia [Act 574]|url=http://www.agc.gov.my/agcportal/uploads/files/Publications/LOM/EN/Penal%20Code%20%5BAct%20574%5D2.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203104609/http://www.agc.gov.my/agcportal/uploads/files/Publications/LOM/EN/Penal%20Code%20&#91;Act%20574&#93;2.pdf|archive-date=3 December 2020|access-date=13 October 2016|publisher=Attorney General's Chamber}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Death Penalty in Malaysia|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/212428/13_05_31_DPP_Malaysia_report_FINAL_single_pages.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626042150/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/212428/13_05_31_DPP_Malaysia_report_FINAL_single_pages.pdf|archive-date=26 June 2014|access-date=15 October 2013|publisher=[[Government of the United Kingdom]]}}</ref> Taja pia, dalam bulan Julai 2023, berindik ari pengawa ngemendarka [[Akta Pengapus Ukum Mati Mandatori 2023]], ukum mati mandatori dipunaska ungkup semua penyalah di Malaysia, lalu ari nya ngemendarka akim neritka ukum mati nitihka peneka ati sida empu sereta nitihka kes. Undang-undang baru nya mega ngemunaska semua ukum jil seumur idup semula jadi, nganti nya enggau ukum jil 30 ngagai 40 taun nganti nya.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Latiff|first=Rozanna|date=3 April 2023|title=Malaysia scraps mandatory death penalty, natural-life prison terms|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/malaysia-parliament-approves-law-remove-mandatory-death-penalty-2023-04-03/|access-date=9 June 2025|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Yusry|first=Muhammad|date=3 July 2023|title=Abolishment of mandatory death penalty gazetted, to come into force tomorrow|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2023/07/03/abolishment-of-mandatory-death-penalty-gazetted-to-come-into-force-tomorrow/77669|access-date=9 June 2025|work=Malay Mail}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Tee|first=Kenneth|date=3 April 2023|title=A brief history of Malaysia's capital punishment and death row inmates|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2023/04/03/a-brief-history-of-malaysias-capital-punishment-and-death-row-inmates/62376|access-date=9 June 2025|work=Malay Mail}}</ref> == Demografi == {{Main|Demografi Malaysia}} [[Fail:Malaysia population density 2010b.png|thumb|350x350px|alt=A map of Malaysia depicting the expected 2010 estimated population density.|Pemadat mensia (orang per km²) maya 2010]] [[Fail:Percentage distribution of Malaysian population by ethnic group, 2010.svg|thumb|alt=Percentage distribution of Malaysian population by ethnic group, 2010|The percentage distribution of Malaysian population by ethnic group based on 2010 census|350x350px]] Nitihka penerang ari Opis Statistik Malaysia, penyampau tubuh peranak menua tu manggai 32,447,385 iku ba taun 2020,<ref name="Population2010">{{Cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522234002/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf |archive-date=22 May 2014 |title=Population Distribution and Basic Demographic Characteristics |publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia |page=82 |access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref> nyadika menua ke-42 pemadu mayuh mensia. Nitihka anggar taun 2012, penyampau tubuh majak nambah 1.54 peratus setaun. Malaysia ngembuan pemadat pemayuh tubuh 96 iku per km², ba penuduk lumur 116 ba dunya ungkup pemadat mensia. Orang dalam kandang umur 15–64 taun nyadi 69.5 peratus ari penyampau tubuh; raban umur 0–14 taun setipak enggau 24.5 peratus; lalu orang tuai ke beumur 65 taun ke atas manggai 6.0 peratus. Dalam taun 1960, lebuh pengawa ngitung tubuh enggau rasmi keterubah iya dirikod di Malaysia, penyampau tubuh mensia mayuh bisi 8.11 juta iku. 91.8 peratus ari penyampau tubuh peranak menua Malaysia.<ref name="stat2010">{{Cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1215%3Apopulation-distribution-and-basic-demographic-characteristic-report-population-and-housing-census-malaysia-2010-updated-2972011&catid=130%3Apopulation-distribution-and-basic-demographic-characteristic-report-population-and-housing-census-malaysia-2010&Itemid=154&lang=en |title=Population Distribution and Basic Demographic Characteristic Report 2010 (Ethnic composition) |publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia |date=2010 |access-date=10 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008005500/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1215%3Apopulation-distribution-and-basic-demographic-characteristic-report-population-and-housing-census-malaysia-2010-updated-2972011&catid=130%3Apopulation-distribution-and-basic-demographic-characteristic-report-population-and-housing-census-malaysia-2010&Itemid=154&lang=en |archive-date=8 October 2013 }}</ref> Peranak Malaysia dibagi nitihka garis etnik setempat, enggau 69.7 peratus dianggap ''[[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|bumiputera]]''.<ref name="Q12021">{{Cite web |url=https://www.mycensus.gov.my/index.php/125-newsletter-infographics/343-infographics#gallery9c2ef0eed8-2 |title=Infographics |publisher=Department of Statistics |access-date=13 August 2021 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002053818/https://www.mycensus.gov.my/index.php/125-newsletter-infographics/343-infographics#gallery9c2ef0eed8-2 |url-status=live }}</ref> Raban bumiputera ke pemadu mayuh iya nya bansa [[Melayu]], ke ditukuka dalam konstitusyen nyadi orang [[Islam]] ke ngemeranka adat enggau budaya Melayu. Sida bejalaika tanggungpengawa ti dominan ba politik.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7121534.stm|title=Malaysia's lingering ethnic divide|author=Brant, Robin|work=BBC News|date=4 March 2008|access-date=29 October 2013|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803200852/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7121534.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Status Bumiputera mega diberi ngagai raban bansa asal ukai Melayu Sabah enggau Sarawak: ti nyengkaum bansa Dayak ([[Iban]], [[Bidayuh]], [[Orang Ulu]]), [[Kadazan-Dusun]], [[Melanau]], [[Bajau Samah|Bajau]] sereta ke bukai. Bumiputera ukai Melayu mungkur lebih setengah ari penyampau tubuh peranak Sarawak enggau lebih dua pertiga ari penyampau tubuh peranak Sabah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/publications/2001/87-7944-557-8/html/kap02_eng.htm|title=2. Socio-Economic and National Context [People]|work=Malaysian-Danish Country Programme for Cooperation in Environment and Development (2002–2006)|publisher=Miljøstyrelsens Informationscenter|access-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040921231939/https://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/publications/2001/87-7944-557-8/html/kap02_eng.htm|archive-date=21 September 2004|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/who-are-malaysias-bumiputera|title=Who are Malaysia's bumiputera?|last=Leong|first=Trinna|publisher=The Straits Times|date=3 August 2017|access-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920055010/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/who-are-malaysias-bumiputera|archive-date=20 September 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Bisi mega raban bansa asal tauka orang asal ke jauh mimit agi ba semenanjung, ke alai sida begulai dikelala enggau nama [[Orang Asli]].<ref>{{Cite book|last = Gomes|first = Alberto G.|title = Modernity and Malaysia: settling the Menraq forest nomads|publisher = Taylor & Francis Group|date = 2007|page = 10|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IiTgShFY2QEC|isbn = 978-0-203-96075-2|access-date = 2 June 2020|archive-date = 27 July 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230727120523/https://books.google.com/books?id=IiTgShFY2QEC|url-status = live}}</ref> Undang-undang pasal sapa ke bulih status bumiputera bebida entara negeri.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2009/11/4/nation/20091104194453&sec=nation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091107061431/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2009%2F11%2F4%2Fnation%2F20091104194453&sec=nation |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 November 2009 |title=PM asked to clarify mixed-race bumiputra status |work=The Star |date=4 November 2009 |access-date=26 October 2010 }}</ref> Pia mega bisi dua bengkah etnik setempat bukai ke ukai Bumiputera. 22.8 peratus ari penyampau tubuh nya bansa [[Orang China Malaysia|China Malaysia]], lalu 6.8 peratus bansa [[Orang India Malaysia|India Malaysia]].<ref name="Q12021"/> Raban bansa China setempat ari suba udah lebih dominan dalam komuniti dagang. Orang India setempat tebal agi bebansa [[Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Kuppusamy, Baradan |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/HC24Ae01.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324183428/http://atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/HC24Ae01.html |url-status=unfit |archive-date=24 March 2006 |title=Racism alive and well in Malaysia |work=Asia Times |date=24 March 2006 |access-date=27 October 2010}}</ref><ref name="Barbara">{{Cite book|last = West|first = Barbara A.|title = Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania, Volume 1|publisher = Facts on File inc|date = 2009|page = 486|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC|isbn = 978-0-8160-7109-8|access-date = 2 June 2020|archive-date = 27 July 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230727121024/https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC|url-status = live}}</ref> Peranak menua Malaysia ukai automatik diberi ngagai sida ke ada di Malaysia, tang diberi ngagai anak mit ke ada ari dua iku apai indai peranak Malaysia di luar Malaysia. Dua peranak menua enda dikemendarka nitihka undang-undang menua tu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher,IRBC,,MYS,47d6546928,0.html |title=Malaysia: Citizenship laws, including methods by which a person may obtain citizenship; whether dual citizenship is recognized and if so, how it is acquired; process for renouncing citizenship and related documentation; grounds for revoking citizenship |publisher=Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada |date=16 November 2007 |access-date=25 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124045542/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher%2CIRBC%2C%2CMYS%2C47d6546928%2C0.html |archive-date=24 November 2011 }}</ref> Peranak menua di nengeri Sabah enggau Sarawak di Kalimantan Malaysia bebida enggau peranak menua di Semenanjung Malaysia ungkup tuju imigresyen. Tetiap rayat dikeluarka kad pengelala chip pintar biometrik ti dikelala enggau nama [[MyKad|''MyKad'']] maya umur 12 taun, lalu mesti mai kad nya belama.<ref>{{Cite news|author=May, Leow Yong |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2007/8/30/nation/18649549&sec=nation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105101826/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2007%2F8%2F30%2Fnation%2F18649549&sec=nation |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 January 2009 |title=More than just a card |work=The Star |date=30 August 2007 |access-date=27 October 2010 }}</ref> Penyampau tubuh mensia mayuh ba Semenanjung Malaysia,<ref>{{Cite book|last = Hassan|first = Asan Ali Golam|title = Growth, structural change, and regional inequality in Malaysia|publisher = Ashgate Publishing|date = 2004|page = 12|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TtKxDem7CrsC|isbn = 978-0-7546-4332-6|access-date = 2 June 2020|archive-date = 27 July 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230727120523/https://books.google.com/books?id=TtKxDem7CrsC|url-status = live}}</ref> ke alai 20 juta ari urung 28 juta iku rayat Malaysia diau.<ref name="state.gov" /> 70 persin orang diau ba nengeri.<ref name="CIA Fact Book" /> Berindik ari peniki industri ti begunaka pengereja pengawa,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/13/business/worldbusiness/13iht-labor.4.7496516.html |title=As Malaysia deports illegal workers, employers run short |work=The New York Times |date=13 July 2009 |access-date=26 October 2010 |first=Soraya |last=Permatasari |archive-date=22 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222193637/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/13/business/worldbusiness/13iht-labor.4.7496516.html |url-status=live }}</ref> menua tu dipelabaka ngembuan lebih 3 juta iku pengereja pengawa migran; urung 10 peratus ari penyampau tubuh.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kent |first=Jonathan |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3964511.stm |title=Illegal workers leave Malaysia |work=BBC News |date=29 October 2004 |access-date=26 October 2010 |archive-date=2 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202140657/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3964511.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Bala NGO ke bepalan ba Sabah melabaka ari 3 juta iku ke nyadi penyampau tubuh peranak Sabah, 2 juta iku nya PATI.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.malaysiakini.com/opinions/46691 |title=Demographic implosion in Sabah? Really? |last=Quek |first=Kim |work=Malaysiakini |access-date=21 June 2010 |archive-date=15 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515042623/http://www.malaysiakini.com/opinions/46691 |url-status=live }}</ref> Malaysia nyadi tuai rumah ngagai penyampau tubuh pelarian enggau orang ke minta suaka urung 171,500 iku. Ari penyampau tubuh tu, urung 79,000 iku ari Burma, 72,400 iku ari Filipina, lalu 17,700 iku ari Indonesia. Bala pemesai Malaysia diripotka udah nyerahka orang ti dibuai terus ngagai orang ti mai mensia enggau chara belalai dalam taun 2007, lalu Malaysia ngambi RELA, sebengkah raban militia sukarelawan ti ngembuan sejarah kontroversi, dikena neritka undang-undang imigresyen sida.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=search&docid=4a40d2adc&skip=0&query=World%20Refugee%20Survey&coi=MYS |title=World Refugee Survey 2009 |publisher=United States Committee for Refugees and Immigrants |date=17 June 2009 |access-date=10 June 2011 |archive-date=12 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512224536/http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=search&docid=4a40d2adc&skip=0&query=World%20Refugee%20Survey&coi=MYS |url-status=live }}</ref> === Pengarap === {{Main|Pengarap ba Malaysia}} [[Fail:Malaysia religion by state 2020.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A Map of Malaysia showing religious statistics by state|Pengarap ti dominan di Malaysia nitihka pengawa ngitung tubuh taun 2020:<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=117&bul_id=akliVWdIa2g3Y2VubTVSMkxmYXp1UT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 |title=Launching of report on the key findings population and housing census of Malaysia 2020 |date=14 February 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Statistics Malaysia]] |access-date=26 June 2022 |archive-date=22 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822014403/https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=117&bul_id=akliVWdIa2g3Y2VubTVSMkxmYXp1UT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 |url-status=live }}</ref>Gadung tuai: Majoriti Islam > 50%<br />Gadung muda: Pluraliti Islam < 50%<br />Biru: Majoriti Kristian > 50% ]] Konstitusyen meri pengelepas pengarap, seraya numbuhka Islam nyadi "agama Persekutuan".<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Ibrahim |first1=Zawawi |last2=Mohd Rasid |first2=Imram |date=October 2019 |title=Country Profile Malaysia |url=http://grease.eui.eu/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2019/10/Malaysia-Country-Profile.pdf |website=GREASE: Religion, Diversity and Radicalisation |access-date=19 October 2022 |archive-date=19 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019065339/http://grease.eui.eu/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2019/10/Malaysia-Country-Profile.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="malaysianbar.org.my">{{Cite web|url=http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/press_statements/press_statement_malaysia_a_secular_state.html|title=PRESS STATEMENT: Malaysia a secular state|author=Ambiga Sreenevasan|publisher=The Malaysian Bar|date=18 July 2007|access-date=6 September 2017|author-link=Ambiga Sreenevasan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228154440/http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/press_statements/press_statement_malaysia_a_secular_state.html|archive-date=28 December 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nitihka angka Pengirau Penduduk enggau Pengawa Berumah 2020, etnik enggau pengarap bisi kaul ke tinggi. Kira-kira 63.5% ari penyampau tubuh ngemeranka pengarap [[Islam]], 18.7% ngemeranka pengarap [[Buddha]], 9.1% pengarap [[Kristian]], 6.1% pengarap [[Hindu]] enggau 1.3% ngemeranka pengarap [[Konfusianisme]], [[Taoisme]] enggau pengarap tradisional China ke bukai. 2.7% madahka nadai pengarap tauka ngemeranka pengarap bukai tauka nadai meri sebarang penerang.<ref name="Population2010" /> Negeri [[Sarawak]], [[Pulau Pinang]] enggau kandang menua perintah besai [[Kuala Lumpur]] ngembuan majoriti ukai Islam.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=117&bul_id=akliVWdIa2g3Y2VubTVSMkxmYXp1UT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 | title=Department of Statistics Malaysia Official Portal | access-date=26 June 2022 | archive-date=22 August 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822014403/https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=117&bul_id=akliVWdIa2g3Y2VubTVSMkxmYXp1UT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/malaysia-christians-pray-for-peace-equality-freedom/98155 | title=Malaysia Christians pray for peace, equality, freedom - UCA News | access-date=31 July 2022 | archive-date=31 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731164001/https://www.ucanews.com/amp/malaysia-christians-pray-for-peace-equality-freedom/98155 | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Islam Sunni]] ari mazhab [[Shafi'i]] nya pampang Islam ti dominan di Malaysia,<ref name="Peletz2002">{{Cite book|author=Peletz, Michael G. |title=Islamic Modern: Religious Courts and Cultural Politics in Malaysia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q4TA4hjqjJ0C|date=2002|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-09508-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|date=9 August 2012|access-date=4 September 2013|archive-date=26 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226113158/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|url-status=live}}</ref> lalu 18% orang Islam Malaysia nadai bemazhab.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=9 August 2012|access-date=5 October 2016|archive-date=26 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226113158/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/|url-status=live}}</ref> Konstitusyen Malaysia terit netapka nama utai ti ngasuh orang nyadi "Melayu", ngira Melayu sida ti bepengarap Islam, bejaku Melayu enggau tetap, ngemeranka adat Melayu, sereta diau tauka bisi aki ini ari Brunei, Malaysia enggau Singapura.<ref name="Marshall" /> Statistik ari Pengitung Penyampau Mensia 2010 nunjukka 83.6% ari penyampau tubuh China ngelala diri nyadi pengarap Buddha, enggau penyampau ke signifikan nitihka pengarap Taoisme (3.4%) enggau Kristian (11.1%), begulai enggau penyampau tubuh Islam ke mit ba kandang endur baka Pulau Pinang. Majoriti peranak India nitihka pengarap Hindu (86.2%), enggau minoriti ke signifikan ngelala diri nyadi orang Kristian (6.0%) tauka Islam (4.1%). Pengarap Kristian nyadi pengarap ke tebal agi ba komuniti bumiputera ukai Melayu (46.5%) enggau tambah 40.4% ngelala diri nyadi orang Islam.<ref name="Population2010" /> Orang Islam diwajibka nitihka pemutus Kort Syariah dalam pekara ti bekaul enggau pengarap sida. Bala akim Islam disadang nitihka sekula undang-undang Islam Shafi’i, iya nya mazhab besai Malaysia.<ref name="Peletz2002" /> Bidang kuasa kort Syariah semina diungkupka ngagai orang Islam dalam pekara baka tikah, pesaka, sarak, murtad, nukar pengarap, enggau hak ngibun anak enggau ke bukai. Nadai penyalah jenayah tauka sivil bukai di baruh kuasa kort Syariah, ti ngembuan hierarki ti sebaka enggau Kort Sivil. Kort Sivil enda mendingka pekara ti bekaul enggau pengawa Islam.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahathir |first=Marina |url=http://www.commongroundnews.org/article.php?id=28311&lan=en&sid=1&sp=0&isNew=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222100655/http://www.commongroundnews.org/article.php?id=28311&lan=en&sid=1&sp=0&isNew=0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 December 2010 |title=Malaysia moving forward in matters of Islam and women by Marina Mahathir |publisher=Common Ground News Service |date=17 August 2010 |access-date=14 September 2010 }}</ref> === Jaku === {{Main|Jaku ba Malaysia}} [[Fail:Distribution of Malaysia Families Languages.png|thumb|Agih ruang bilik jaku Malaysia ti dipandangka ngena chura: {{Legend|#FF006E|[[Jaku-jaku Melayik|Melayik]]}} {{Legend|#FF984F|[[Jaku-jaku Borneo|Borneo]]}} {{Legend|#007F0E|[[Jaku-jaku Asli|Asli]]}} {{Legend|#00FF90|[[Jaku-jaku Dayak Darat|Dayak Darat]]}} {{Legend|#4CFF00|[[Jaku-jaku Sama–Bajaw|Sama–Bajaw]]}} {{Legend|#B200FF|[[Philippine languages|Philippine]]}} {{Legend|#FFD800|[[Varieties of Chinese|Chinese]]}} {{Legend|#A0A0A0|Kandang menua enggau mayuh iti jaku}}]] Jaku rasmi enggau bansa menua Malaysia iya nya [[jaku Melayu Malaysia]],<ref name="CIA Fact Book" /> siti tukuh standard [[jaku Melayu]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=zsm |title=Malay, Standard |publisher=Ethnologue |date=2009 |access-date=25 July 2011 |archive-date=16 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116212712/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=zsm |url-status=live }}</ref> Terminologi rasmi sebedau tu iya nya {{Lang|ms|Bahasa Malaysia}} (Jaku Malaysia)<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=86783 |title=Mahathir regrets govt focussing too much on Bahasa |work=Daily Express |location=Kota Kinabalu |date=2 October 2013 |access-date=16 October 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140712044336/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=86783 |archive-date=12 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.malaysia.gov.my/portal/content/30118?language=my |title=Bahasa Rasmi |publisher=Malaysian Administrative Modernisation and Management Planning Unit |access-date=19 April 2021 |language=ms |quote=Perkara 152 Perlembagaan Persekutuan menjelaskan bahawa bahasa Melayu yang dikenali juga sebagai bahasa Malaysia adalah bahasa rasmi yang tidak boleh dipertikai fungsi dan peranannya sebagai Bahasa Kebangsaan. |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115123259/https://www.malaysia.gov.my/portal/content/30118?language=my |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ikim.gov.my/new-wp/index.php/2007/08/08/malay-language-malay-identity/ |title=Malay Language Malay Identity |author=Encik Md. Asham bin Ahmad |publisher=Institute of Islamic Understanding Malaysia |date=8 August 2007 |access-date=19 April 2021 |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115123301/https://www.ikim.gov.my/new-wp/index.php/2007/08/08/malay-language-malay-identity/ |url-status=live }}</ref> tang diatu polisi perintah ngena {{Lang|ms|"Bahasa Melayu"}} (Jaku Melayu) deka nujuka jaku resmi<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jac.gov.my/jac/images/stories/akta/federalconstitution.pdf |title=Federal Constitution |publisher=Judicial Appointments Commission |access-date=29 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324042906/http://www.jac.gov.my/jac/images/stories/akta/federalconstitution.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> lalu kededua leka jaku nya mengkang dikena.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.expatgo.com/my/2016/06/01/-history-bahasa-melayu-malaysia |title=The history of Bahasa Melayu / Malaysia: The language of the Malay(sian) people |last=Fernandez |first=Kathleen |date=1 June 2016 |access-date=19 April 2021 |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115124803/https://www.expatgo.com/my/2016/06/01/-history-bahasa-melayu-malaysia/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Williamson |first1=Thomas |title=Incorporating a Malaysian Nation |journal=Cultural Anthropology |date=August 2002 |volume=17 |issue=3 |page=401 |doi=10.1525/can.2002.17.3.401 |url=https://courses.washington.edu/globfut/Project%20Readings/Williamson.pdf |access-date=19 April 2021 |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115123258/https://courses.washington.edu/globfut/Project%20Readings/Williamson.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Akta Bahasa Kebangsaan 1967 netapka urup Latin (Rumi) nyadi tulis rasmi jaku bansa, tang nadai nagang ngena [[urup Jawi]].<ref name="National Language Act 1967">{{Cite act|title=National Language Act 1963/67|url=http://lib.perdana.org.my/PLF/GOVERNMENT%20PUBLICATION/Publication%20Laws%20of%20Malaysia%20(L.O.M)/National%20Language%20Act%201963-67%20%5BAct%2032%5D.pdf|type=Act|legislature=[[Dewan Rakyat]]|index=32|date=1967}}</ref> Jaku English mengkang nyadi jaku kedua ti aktif, enggau guna iya dikemendarka ungkup sekeda tuju rasmi ari baruh Akta Jaku Nasional 1967.<ref name="National Language Act 1967" /> Ba Sarawak, Jaku English nyadi jaku rasmi negeri begulai enggau jaku Melayu.<ref name="lang1">{{Cite news |url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/sarawak-makes-english-official-language-along-with-bm |title=Sarawak makes English official language along with BM |author=Sulok Tawie |newspaper=Malay Mail |location=Kuala Lumpur |date=18 November 2015 |access-date=18 November 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402114111/http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/sarawak-makes-english-official-language-along-with-bm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="lang2">{{Cite news |url= http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/11/18/sarawak-to-recognise-english-as-official-language-besides-bahasa-malaysia/ |title=Sarawak to recognise English as official language besides Bahasa Malaysia |newspaper=Borneo Post |location= Kuching |date=18 November 2015 |access-date=18 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160305082141/http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/11/18/sarawak-to-recognise-english-as-official-language-besides-bahasa-malaysia/ |archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="lang3">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thesundaily.my/news/1615945 |title=Sarawak adopts English as official language |newspaper=[[The Sun (Malaysia)|The Sun]] |location=Kuala Lumpur |date=19 November 2015 |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=20 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020223741/http://www.thesundaily.my/news/1615945 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ari segi sejarah, jaku English nyadi jaku perintah de facto; Jaku Melayu nyadi dominan pengudah penyarut bansa 1969 ([[insiden 13 Mei]]).<ref name="History">{{Cite book |last1= Andaya |first1= Barbara Watson |last2= Andaya |first2= Leonard Y.|title = A History of Malaysia |publisher = MacMillan |date = 1982|pages = 26–28, 61, 151–152, 242–243, 254–256, 274, 278 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5GSBCcNn1fsC|isbn = 978-0-333-27672-3}}</ref> Jaku English tauka dikumbai [[Jaku Inggeris Malaysia|jaku English Malaysia]] iya nya siti tukuh jaku English ti datai ari [[Jaku Inggeris British|jaku English British]]. Jaku English Malaysia mayuh dikena dalam pengawa dagang, begulai enggau [[jaku Manglish]], iya nya jaku English ti dikena sehari-hari enggau pengaruh jaku Melayu, China, enggau Tamil ti berat. Perintah enda meransang ngena jaku Melayu ti enda standard tang nadai kuasa ngeluarka kompaun tauka ukum ngagai sida ti ngena utai ti dianggap enda menuku jaku Melayu ba iklan sida.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zimmer |first=Benjamin |url=http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003643.html |title=Language Log: Malaysia cracks down on "salad language" |publisher=University of Pennsylvania |date=5 October 2006 |access-date=14 September 2010 |archive-date=20 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620134708/http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003643.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.nst.com.my/streets/central/dewan-bahasa-champions-use-of-bm-in-ads-1.375207 |title=Dewan Bahasa champions use of BM in ads |work=New Straits Times |location=Kuala Lumpur |date=14 October 2013 |access-date=16 October 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131024015500/http://www.nst.com.my/streets/central/dewan-bahasa-champions-use-of-bm-in-ads-1.375207 |archive-date=24 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mayuh jaku bukai dikena di Malaysia, ti ngundan orang ti bejaku 137 bansa jaku ti idup.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MY |title=Ethnologue report for Malaysia |publisher=Ethnologue |access-date=18 October 2010 |archive-date=18 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018162010/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MY |url-status=live }}</ref> Semenanjung Malaysia ngundan orang ke bejaku ngena 41 iti jaku tu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MYP |title=Ethnologue report for Malaysia (Peninsular) |publisher=Ethnologue |access-date=18 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510095800/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MYP |archive-date=10 May 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Suku bansa asal Malaysia Timur bisi jaku kediri empu ti bekaul enggau, tang mudah dibida enggau, jaku Melayu. [[Jaku Iban]] nyadi batang jaku suku bansa di Sarawak seraya jaku Dusunik enggau Kadazan dikena orang asal di Sabah.<ref>{{Cite book|last1 = Adelaar|first1 = Alexander|last2 = Himmelmann|first2 = Nikolaus P.|title = The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar|publisher = Taylor and Francis Group|date = 2005|pages = 56, 397|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5i1aMcmLWlMC|isbn = 978-0-7007-1286-1|access-date = 2 June 2020|archive-date = 5 August 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200805193042/https://books.google.com/books?id=5i1aMcmLWlMC|url-status = live}}</ref> Rayat Malaysia China tebal agi bejaku ngena dialek China ari bagi menua selatan China. Jaku China ke suah agi ditemu ba menua tu iya nya jaku Mandarin, Kanton, Hokkien, enggau ke bukai.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gerhard |first1=Leitner |last2=Azirah |first2=Hashim |last3=Hans-Georg |first3=Wolf |last4=Xiaomei |first4=W. |title=Communicating with Asia: The Future of English as a Global Language |date=2016 |section=The Chinese language in the Asian diaspora: A Malaysian experience |section-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/communicating-with-asia/chinese-language-in-the-asian-diaspora-a-malaysian-experience/49346DD6BC03DB6394B681335BD11280 |isbn=978-1-107-06261-0 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=205–215 |doi=10.1017/CBO9781107477186.014 |access-date=13 June 2022 |archive-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204010907/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/communicating-with-asia/chinese-language-in-the-asian-diaspora-a-malaysian-experience/49346DD6BC03DB6394B681335BD11280 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jaku Tamil tu tebal dikena majoriti bansa India Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Schiffman|first=Harold F.|title=Malaysian Tamils and Tamil Linguistic Culture|publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]]|date=31 December 1998|url=http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/messeas/maltamil/MALAYSIA.html|access-date=13 June 2022|archive-date=25 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825024104/http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/messeas/maltamil/MALAYSIA.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Sekeda rayat Malaysia ngembuan peturun Eropah lalu bejaku ngena jaku kreol, baka [[jaku Kristang]] ti bepelasarka jaku Portugis,<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Malaysian Creole Portuguese: Asian, African or European? |date=1975 |jstor=30027570 |pages=211–236 |last1=Hancock |first1=I. F. |volume=17 |issue=5 |journal=Anthropological Linguistics}}</ref> enggau [[jaku Chavacano]] ti bepelasarka jaku Sepanyol.<ref>{{Cite book|last = Michaelis|first = Susanne|title = Roots of Creole structures|publisher = John Benjamins Publishing Co|date = 2008|page = 279|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pPUeQLcGMOMC|isbn = 978-90-272-5255-5}}</ref> == Nota == <references group="fn" /> <references group="lower-alpha"/> == Kereban sanding == {{reflist|2}} == Laman web ke bukai == === Perintah === * [https://www.malaysia.gov.my Perintah] – Laman web rasmi perintah Malaysia * [https://www.istananegara.gov.my/ Istana Negara] – laman web rasmi raja Malaysia * [https://www.pmo.gov.my/ Menteri Besai] – laman web rasmi menteri besai Malaysia * [http://www.parlimen.gov.my Parlimen] – laman web rasmi Parlimen Malaysia * [https://kehakiman.gov.my Kort Federal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718131408/https://www.kehakiman.gov.my/ |date=18 July 2025 }} – laman web rasmi Ketuai Rejistrar Kort Federal Malaysia * [https://www.dosm.gov.my Statistik] – laman web rasmi Opis Statistik Malaysia === Sejarah === * [https://www.malaysia.gov.my/portal/content/30120 "History"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719045812/https://www.malaysia.gov.my/portal/content/30120 |date=19 July 2023 }} – Sejarah Malaysia ba perintah Malaysia === Dagang temuai === * [https://www.malaysia.travel/ Malaysia Truly Asia] – portal rasmi pengawa dagang temuai Malaysia [[Kategori:Malaysia| ]] [[Kategori:Menua ba Asia]] [[Kategori:Menua ba Asia Tenggara]] [[Kategori:Menua kaban Gerempung Menua Asia Tenggara]] fg3ax5zgz6781i50m8at69mt3ppqpgk 20268 20267 2026-11-04T16:56:17Z Jang Edgar 20 20268 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Malaysia<!-- The name of the Federation (official name of the state) according to Art 1(1) of the Federal Constitution is, in Malay and English, Malaysia. Nothing more, nothing less. 'Federation of' was only used for the state that preceded Malaysia – Federation of Malaya. Please do not insert 'Federation of' or 'Persekutuan' for Malay name --> | common_name = Malaysia | image_flag = Flag of Malaysia.svg | alt_flag = A blue rectangle with a gold star and crescent in the canton, with 14 horizontal red and white stripes on the rest of the flag | image_coat = Coat of arms of Malaysia.svg | coa_size = 90 | symbol_type = Lambang menua | alt_coat = Shield showing the symbols of the Malaysian states with a star and crescent above and a motto below, supported by two tigers | image_map = {{Switcher|[[Fail:Malaysia (orthographic projection).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show globe|[[Fail:Location Malaysia ASEAN.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Southeast Asia|default=1}} | map_caption = {{Map caption |location_color=dark green |region=Asia |subregion= [[ASEAN]] | subregion_color = dark gray}} | national_motto = {{Lang|ms|Bersekutu Bertambah Mutu}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mygov.malaysia.gov.my/EN/Main/MsianGov/MsianFlagAndCrest/Pages/MsianFlagAndCrest.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022191931/http://mygov.malaysia.gov.my/EN/Main/MsianGov/MsianFlagAndCrest/Pages/MsianFlagAndCrest.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 October 2013 |title=Malaysian Flag and Coat of Arms |publisher=Malaysian Government |access-date=9 September 2013}}</ref><br>{{Script/Arabic|برسکوتو برتمبه موتو}} ([[Urup Jawi|Jawi]])<br />"Beserakup Betambah Kualiti" | national_anthem = "{{Lang|ms|[[Negaraku]]}}"<br />"Menuaku"{{Parabr}}{{Center|[[Fail:Negaraku instrumental.ogg]]}} | capital = [[Kuala Lumpur]]{{Refn|group=fn|Constitutional capital, ceremonial and legislative}}<br />{{Coord|3|8|N|101|41|E|region:MY|display=inline}} | admin_center = [[Putrajaya]]{{Refn|group=fn|administrative and judicial}}<br />{{Coord|2|56|N|101|42|E|region:MY|display=inline}} | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[Jaku Melayu]]{{Efn|Section 9 of the [[Akta Jaku Nasional 1963/67]] states that "The script of the national language shall be the Rumi script: provided that this shall not prohibit the use of the Malay script, more commonly known as the Jawi script, of the national language".}}{{Efn|Section 2 of the [[National Language Act 1963/67]] states that "Save as provided in this Act and subject to the safeguards contained in Article 152(1) of the Constitution relating to any other language and the language of any other community in Malaysia the national language shall be used for official purposes".}}{{Efn|name=Recognized|See Article 152 of the [[Federal Constitution of Malaysia]] and [[National Language Act 1963/67]].}} | languages_type = Jaku ti diaku | languages = [[Jaku Inggeris]]{{Efn|name=Recognized}} | ethnic_groups = {{Tree list}} * 69.7% [[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|Bumiputera]] ** 57.3% [[Orang Melayu Malaysia|Melayu]] ** 12.4% Orang asal [[Sabah]], [[Sarawak]] enggau [[Orang Asli]] * 22.9% [[Orang China Malaysia|China]] * 6.6% [[Orang India Malaysia|India]] * 0.8% [[Etnik asal ba Malaysia|Ke bukai]] {{Tree list/end}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2023 | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="2021 pop">{{Cite web|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2022/01/17/minister-census-shows-malaysias-oldest-man-and-woman-aged-120-and-118-preli/2035636|title=Minister: Census shows Malaysia's oldest man and woman aged 120 and 118; preliminary census findings to be released in Feb 2022|date=17 January 2022|publisher=Malaymail|access-date=17 January 2022|archive-date=17 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117074901/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2022/01/17/minister-census-shows-malaysias-oldest-man-and-woman-aged-120-and-118-preli/2035636|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=155&bul_id=ZjJOSnpJR21sQWVUcUp6ODRudm5JZz09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 |title=Current population and estimates, Malaysia 2021 Group |author=Department of Statistics Malaysia |access-date=1 February 2022 |date=2021 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201080046/https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=155&bul_id=ZjJOSnpJR21sQWVUcUp6ODRudm5JZz09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 |url-status=live }}</ref> | religion = {{Ubl|63.5% [[Islam ba Malaysia|Islam Sunni]] (resmi)<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.jac.gov.my/images/stories/akta/federalconstitution.pdf|title=The States, Religion and Law of the Federation|work=Constitution of Malaysia|publisher=Judicial Appointments Commission|access-date=29 October 2017|quote=Islam is the religion of the Federation; but other religions may be practised in peace and harmony in any part of the Federation.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614105535/http://www.jac.gov.my/images/stories/akta/federalconstitution.pdf|archive-date=14 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>|18.7% [[Buddha ba Malaysia|Buddha]]|9.1% [[Kristian ba Malaysia|Kristian]]|6.1% [[Hindu ba Malaysia|Hindu]]|0.9% ke bukai|1.8% enda ditemu}} | religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=117&bul_id=akliVWdIa2g3Y2VubTVSMkxmYXp1UT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09|title=Distribution and Basic Demographic Characteristic Report 2020|publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia|date=14 February 2020|access-date=26 June 2022|archive-date=22 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822014403/https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=117&bul_id=akliVWdIa2g3Y2VubTVSMkxmYXp1UT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09|url-status=live}}</ref> | religion_year = 2020 | government_type = Monarki elektif bekonstitusyen parlimen federal | leader_title1 = [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] (King) | leader_name1 = [[Ibrahim Iskandar ari Johor|Ibrahim Iskandar]] | leader_title2 = [[Menteri Besai Malaysia|Menteri Besai]] | leader_name2 = [[Anwar Ibrahim]] | legislature = [[Parlimen Malaysia|Parlimen]] | upper_house = [[Diwan Menua]] (Senat) | lower_house = [[Diwan Rayat]] (House of Representatives) | sovereignty_type = [[Hari Meredeka (Malaysia)|Meredeka]] | sovereignty_note = ari [[United Kingdom]] | established_event1 = [[Federasyen Malaya]] | established_date1 = 31 Ogos 1957<ref>{{Cite book|author=Mackay, Derek|title=Eastern Customs: The Customs Service in British Malaya and the Opium Trade|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QM5LImNbYusC&pg=PA240|date=2005|publisher=The Radcliffe Press|isbn=978-1-85043-844-1|pages=240–|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=19 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119151920/https://books.google.com/books?id=QM5LImNbYusC&pg=PA240|url-status=live}}</ref> | established_event2 = [[Hari Sarawak]] | established_date2 = 22 Julai 1963 | established_event3 = [[Hari Perintah Kediri Borneo Utara]] | established_date3 = 31 Ogos 1963<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.astroawani.com/perspektif/kenapa-kita-takut-dengan-sejarah-22258|title=31 Ogos 1963, Hari kemerdekaan Sabah yang rasmi|publisher=AWANI|date=14 May 2021|access-date=1 September 2021|archive-date=1 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901062457/https://www.astroawani.com/perspektif/kenapa-kita-takut-dengan-sejarah-22258|url-status=live}}</ref> | established_event4 = [[Hari Malaysia]] | established_date4 = 16 September 1963 | area_rank = 67th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_km2 = 330,803<ref name="2010 stats">{{Cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.my/ccount12/click.php?id=2127 |title=Laporan Kiraan Permulaan 2010 |publisher=Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia |page=27 |access-date=2 August 2023 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227065717/http://www.statistics.gov.my/ccount12/click.php?id=2127 |archive-date=27 December 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-15356257 |website=BBC News |access-date=27 January 2021 |date=24 February 2020 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126030607/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-15356257 |url-status=live }}</ref> | area_sq_mi = 127,720 | percent_water = 0.3 | population_estimate = 34,564,810<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Malaysia|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref> | population_estimate_date = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 43rd | population_census_date = 2020 | population_census = 32,447,385<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cloud.stats.gov.my/index.php/s/ppMYkLC4kyUzHKn#pdfviewer |title=Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020 |publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia |page=48 |access-date=23 March 2022 |archive-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228142122/https://cloud.stats.gov.my/index.php/s/ppMYkLC4kyUzHKn#pdfviewer |url-status=dead }}</ref> | population_density_km2 = 101 | population_density_sq_mi = 263 | population_density_rank = 116th | GDP_PPP = {{Increase}} $1.306 trilion<ref name="IMFWEO.MY">{{Cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=548,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (Malaysia) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=16 April 2024 |access-date=17 April 2024 |archive-date=16 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416230123/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=548,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2024 | GDP_PPP_rank = 30th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{Increase}} $39,030<ref name="IMFWEO.MY" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 53rd | GDP_nominal = {{Increase}} $445.519 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.MY" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2024 | GDP_nominal_rank = 36th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{Increase}} $13,315<ref name="IMFWEO.MY" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 67th | Gini_year = 2021 | Gini_change = decrease<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = 40.7 <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{Cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=MY | title=World Bank Open Data }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2022<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = 0.807<!--number only--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{Cite web |date=13 March 2024 |title=Human Development Report 2023/2024 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf |archive-date=13 March 2024 |access-date=13 March 2024 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 63rd | currency = [[Ringgit Malaysia]] (RM) | currency_code = MYR | date_format = dd-mm-yyyy | time_zone = [[Jam Standard Malaysia|JSM]] | utc_offset = [[UTC+8|+8]] | drives_on = left | calling_code = [[+60|+60]] | cctld = [[.my|.my]] | footnotes = }} '''Malaysia''' siti menua raja federal konstitusyen ba [[Asia Tenggara]] ti ditubuhka ari 11 iti negeri ba Semenanjung Malaysia, 2 iti negeri ba [[Borneo]] enggau 3 iti Wilayah Persekutuan. Pemesai menua tu nyampau 330,803 km2. Malaysia bekunsi arih tanah enggau menua [[Thailand]], [[Indonesia]], enggau [[Brunei]] sereta arih tasik enggau [[Singapura]] enggau [[Filipina]]. Ba Malaysia bisi siti titik ti pemadu selatan urung semua tanah besai Eurasia, ianya Tanjung Piai. Tuai menua Malaysia ianya Yang di-Pertuan Agong, raja elektif ti dipilih ari 9 iku raja negeri Melayu. Tuai eksekutif perintah ianya Menteri Besai. [[Kuala Lumpur]] nya indu menua Malaysia, Putrajaya nya pusat perintah federal. Malaysia siti menua perintis Serakup Menua-Menua Asia Tenggara enggau Serakup Aum Islam, sereta siti ari raban Saup Ekonomi Asia-Pasifik, Menua-Menua Komanwel, enggau Non-Alligned Movement. Asal menua tu ari perintah-perintah orang Laut ti ulih ditemu ba [[Semenanjung Malaysia]]. Menua nya udah dijajah [[Empayar British]] ari abad ke-18. Begian menua keterubah ti udah dijajah British dikumbai [[Negeri-Negeri Selat]]. Maya [[Perang Dunya Kedua]], [[British Malaya]] udah dijajah menua [[Jipun]]. Sepengudah perang nya, Semenanjung Malaysia ti dikelala enggau nama Tanah Melayu tauka Malaya maya nya, udah diserakup baruh siti komanwel maya taun 1946, sebedau nyadi [[Persekutuan Tanah Melayu]] maya taun 1948. Maya taun 1957 Semenanjung Malaysia udah meredika. Sepengudah nya, ba taun 1963, Tanah Melayu beserakup enggau [[Sabah]], [[Sarawak]], enggau [[Singapura]] ungkup nubuhka menua Malaysia. [[Singapura]] udah dipansutka ari federasyen lalu nyadi siti menua ti bibas maya taun 1965. == Nama == [[Fail:LA2-NSRW-1-0148 malaysia.jpg|thumb|left|alt=English Map of Southeast Asia, "MALAYSIA" typeset horizontally so that the letters run across the northernmost corner of Borneo and pass just south of the Philippines.|"Malaysia" dikena nyadi label ke Pulau Melayu ba kar taun 1914 dalam atlas Amerika Serikat]] Nama "[[wikt:Malaysia|Malaysia]]" datai ari dua leka jaku iya nya "[[wikt:Malays|Malays]]" enggau penambah pengujung jaku Latin-Gerika "[[wikt:-ia|-ia]]"/"[[wikt:-ία|-ία]]"<ref>{{Cite book|last=Room|first=Adrian|title=Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for Over 5000 Natural Features, Countries, Capitals, Territories, Cities and Historic Sites|publisher=McFarland & Company|date=2004|isbn=978-0-7864-1814-5|page=221}}</ref> ke ulih dikalih jaku nyadi "tanah orang Melayu".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malaysia/|title=The World Factbook – Malaysia|date=2020|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> Asal leka jaku 'Melayu' ngembuan mayuh macham teori. Bisi pelaba leka jaku tu datai ari [[jaku Sanskrit]] iya nya "Himalaya", ti nujuka kandang menua ke tinggi sereta begunung, tauka leka jaku "Malaiyur-pura", ti mai reti "nengeri gunung".<ref name="SejarahBahasaMelayu">{{Citation | last1 = Abdul Rashid Melebek | last2 = Amat Juhari Moain | title = Sejarah Bahasa Melayu ("History of the Malay Language") | publisher = [[Utusan Malaysia|Utusan Publications & Distributors]] | date = 2006 | isbn = 978-967-61-1809-7 | pages=9–10}}</ref> Teori bukai madahka asal penatai leka jaku tu ari [[jaku Tamil]] "''malai''" enggau "''ur''" ke mai reti "gunung" enggau "nengeri, tanah".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Weightman|first=Barbara A.|title=Dragons and Tigers: A Geography of South, East, and Southeast Asia|date=2011|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|page=449|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qeBfed17zxEC|isbn=978-1-118-13998-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Tiwary|first=Shanker Shiv|title=Encyclopaedia Of Southeast Asia And Its Tribes (Set Of 3 Vols.)|date=2009|publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd|page=37|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YdEjAQAAIAAJ|isbn=978-81-261-3837-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FRQwAQAAIAAJ|title=People of India |author=Singh, Kumar Suresh |volume=26 |page=981 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |date=2003 |isbn=978-81-85938-98-1}}</ref> Siti agi penemu iya nya bepun ari peristiwa Pamalayu ti mai reti Ekspedisyen Melayu. Siti penemu iya nya iya datai ari leka [[jaku Jawa]] "''mlaya''" enggau "''mlayu''" ti mai reti "belanda", ari sungai, iya nya Sungai Melayu, ti diberi nama ketegal arus iya.<ref name="SejarahBahasaMelayu"/> Varian mega bisi ayan dalam rikud ke tuai agi ari abad ke-11, nyadi toponim ungkup kandang endur di [[Sumatera]] tauka nunjukka pelilih menua ke besai agi ngelingi [[Selat Melaka]].<ref name="Barnard">{{Citation | last = Barnard | first = Timothy P. | title = Contesting Malayness: Malay identity across boundaries | publisher = Singapore University press | date = 2004 | location = Singapore | isbn = 978-9971-69-279-7 | pages=3–10}}</ref> Teks Sanskrit [[Vayu Purana]], ti dipelabaka udah bisi kenyau ari milenium keterubah, nyebut pasal tanah ti dikumbai ''‘Malayadvipa’'' ti dikelala sekeda pakar nyadi semenanjung Melayu moden.<ref>{{Cite book|title=India's Interaction with Southeast Asia: History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization, Vol. 1, Part 3 |page=266 |author=Pande, Govind Chandra |isbn=978-81-87586-24-1 |date=2005 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The economic life of northern India: c. A.D. 700–1200 |page=139 |author= Gopal, Lallanji |isbn=978-81-208-0302-2 |date=2000 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title= A Panorama of Indian Buddhism: Selections from the Maha Bodhi journal, 1892–1992 |page=612 |author=Ahir, D. C. |isbn=978-81-7030-462-3 |date=1995 |publisher=Sri Satguru Publications}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The culture and art of India |page=212 |author=Mukerjee, Radhakamal |isbn=978-81-215-0114-9 |date= 1984 |publisher=Coronet Books Inc}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title= Some contributions of India to the ancient civilisation of Indonesia and Malaysia |page=8 |author=Sarkar, Himansu Bhusan |date=1970 |publisher=Punthi Pustak}}</ref> Rikud bukai iya nya Geografi Ptolemy abad ke-2 ti ngena nama ''Malayu Kulon'' ungkup pantai barat Semenanjung Emas, enggau rikud Yijing abad ke-7 pasal Malayu.<ref name="Barnard" /> Bisi sekali, Perintah Melayu ngambi nama ari ''Sungai Melayu''.<ref name="SejarahBahasaMelayu"/><ref>{{Citation | last = Milner | first = Anthony | title = The Malays (The Peoples of South-East Asia and the Pacific) | pages = 18–19| publisher = Wiley-Blackwell | date = 2010 | isbn = 978-1-4443-3903-1}}</ref> 'Melayu' lalu dipaut ngagai [[Srivijaya]],<ref name="Barnard" /> lalu mengkang begulai enggau mayuh bengkah endur di Sumatera, nyengkaum [[Palembang]], endur ke dipelaba orang asal penumbuh [[Kesultanan Melaka]].<ref name="Andaya">{{Cite journal |last1=Andaya |first1=Leonard Y. |title=The Search for the 'Origins' of Melayu |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |date=October 2001 |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=315–316, 324, 327–328, 330 |doi=10.1017/S0022463401000169 |jstor=20072349 |s2cid=62886471 }}</ref> Iya dipelabaka mansang nyadi etnonim laban Melaka nyadi kuasa pelilih menua dalam abad ke-15. Islam nempa identiti etnik pengarap di Melaka, enggau leka jaku ‘Melayu’ pansut. Engka enggau spesifik ngenang pasal orang ke bejaku Melayu setempat ti dianggap taluk ngagai Sultan Melaka. Pengawa orang Portugis ngena penambah jaku ''Malayos'' ulih nunjukka orang ke bekuasa di Melaka. Pengelebih orang dagang ari Melaka ngasuh bansa ‘Melayu’ begulai enggau orang dagang ti bepengarap Islam, lalu ari nya sida dikaul enggau raban budaya enggau jaku ti lebih luas.<ref name="Barnard"/> Melaka lalu udah nya [[Kesultanan Johor|Johor]] ngumbai diri nyadi pusat budaya Melayu, siti penuduk ti disukung British.<ref name="Andaya"/> Pengudah ekspedisyen pelayar Peranchis [[Jules Dumont d'Urville]] ngagai [[Oceania]] maya taun 1826, siku pakar Jereman [[Johann Friedrich Blumenbach]] merambu leka jaku "Malaysia", "[[Mikronesia]]" enggau "[[Melanesia]]" ngagai ''[[Société de Géographie]]'' maya taun 1831, midaka budaya enggau raban pulau Pasifik tu ari leka jaku ke udah bisi iya nya "[[Polinesia]]". Dumont d'Urville nerangka Malaysia nyadi "kandang menua ti suah dikelala enggau nama Hindia Timur".<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1080/0022334032000120512| title = On the Islands of the Great Ocean| journal = The Journal of Pacific History| volume = 38| issue = 2| page = 163| date = 2003| last1 = d'Urville | first1 = J. S. B. C. S. D. | last2 = Ollivier | first2 = I. | last3 = De Biran | first3 = A. | last4 = Clark | first4 = G. | s2cid = 162374626}}</ref><!--Quote:The third division, Western Oceania, encompasses all the islands commonly known as the East Indies&nbsp;... I shall leave the name Malaysia to this area, since it has already been used by some authors, and I think was first given by Mr Lesson--> Maya taun 1850, raban etnologi British, [[George Samuel Windsor Earl]], nulis dalam ''Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia'', merambu deka meri nama ngagai pulau-pulau di Asia Tenggara nya “Melayunesia” tauka “Indunesia”, nitihka nama ke dulu suba.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Earl |first=George S. W. |title=On The Leading Characteristics of the Papuan, Australian and Malay-Polynesian Nations |journal=Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia (JIAEA) |date=1850 |page=119 |volume=IV}}</ref> Nama Malaysia berengkah dikena ngelabel endur ti nyadi Pulau Melayu.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Barrows |first1=David P. |title=A History of the Philippines |date=1905 |publisher=American Book Company |pages=25–26 |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/38269/38269-h/38269-h.htm#pb26}}</ref> Menua ti merdeka ari British dalam taun 1957 ngambi nama “Persekutuan Tanah Melayu” nyadika pilih ari nama bukai ti bisi potensial baka “[[Langkasuka]]”, udah bekau perintah besejarah ti bepalan ba tuchung Semenanjung Melayu.<ref name="Mapping">{{Cite book|last = Suarez|first = Thomas|title = Early Mapping of Southeast Asia|publisher = Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd|date = 1999|pages = 46–47|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZG7ZMAbv_jAC|isbn = 978-962-593-470-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=All+Primary&PageNumber=72&NavFrom=2&parentActiveTextDocId=1118475&ActiveTextDocId=1118475&filesize=15776 |title=Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957 (c. 60)e |publisher=The UK Statute Law Database |date=31 July 1957 |access-date=6 November 2010 }}</ref> Bala orang politik di Filipina kala berunding deka nukar nama menua sida "Malaysia" sebedau menua "moden" nya ngambi nama tu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sakai |first=Minako |editor1-last=Cao |editor1-first=Elizabeth |editor2-last=Morrell |title=Regional Minorities and Development in Asia |publisher=Routledge |date=2009 |page=124 |chapter-url=http://www.sabrizain.org/malaya/library/connections.pdf |isbn=978-0-415-55130-4 |chapter=Reviving Malay Connections in Southeast Asia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013055904/http://www.sabrizain.org/malaya/library/connections.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2014 }}</ref> == Sejarah == {{Batang|Sejarah Malaysia}} [[File:Malacca_Sultanate_en.svg|alt=Map showing the extent of the Malacca Sultanate, covering much of the Malay Peninsula and some of Sumatra|kiri|thumb| [[Kesultanan Melayu Melaka|Kesultanan Melaka]] bejalaika tanggungpengawa ti besai dalam ngerembaika Islam ngagai serata Pulau-pulau Melayu.]] Bukti endur mensia moden diau di Malaysia berengkah ari taun 40,000 taun ke udah.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|last=Holme|first=Stephanie|date=13 February 2012|title=Getaway to romance in Malaysia|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/international/6405497/Getaway-to-romance-in-Malaysia|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129075642/http://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/international/6405497/Getaway-to-romance-in-Malaysia|archive-date=29 November 2018|access-date=6 January 2014|website=[[stuff.co.nz]]}}</ref> Ba Semenanjung Melayu, orang keterubah diau dia dipelabaka [[Negrito|bansa Negritos]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Fix|first=Alan G.|date=June 1995|title=Malayan Paleosociology: Implications for Patterns of Genetic Variation among the Orang Asli|journal=American Anthropologist|series=New Series|volume=97|issue=2|pages=313–323|doi=10.1525/aa.1995.97.2.02a00090|jstor=681964}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Yew|first1=Chee-Wei|last2=Lu|first2=Dongsheng|last3=Deng|first3=Lian|last4=Wong|first4=Lai-Ping|last5=Ong|first5=Rick Twee-Hee|last6=Lu|first6=Yan|last7=Wang|first7=Xiaoji|last8=Yunus|first8=Yushimah|last9=Aghakhanian|first9=Farhang|last10=Mokhtar|first10=Siti Shuhada|last11=Hoque|first11=Mohammad Zahirul|last12=Voo|first12=Christopher Lok-Yung|last13=Abdul Rahman|first13=Thuhairah|last14=Bhak|first14=Jong|last15=Phipps|first15=Maude E.|date=February 2018|title=Genomic structure of the native inhabitants of Peninsular Malaysia and North Borneo suggests complex human population history in Southeast Asia|journal=Human Genetics|volume=137|issue=2|pages=161–173|doi=10.1007/s00439-018-1869-0|pmid=29383489|s2cid=253969988|quote=The analysis of time of divergence suggested that ancestors of Negrito were the earliest settlers in the Malay Peninsula, whom first separated from the Papuans ~ 50-33 thousand years ago (kya), followed by East Asian (~ 40-15 kya)...|last16=Xu|first16=Shuhua|last17=Teo|first17=Yik-Ying|last18=Kumar|first18=Subbiah Vijay|last19=Hoh|first19=Boon-Peng|url=http://eprints.ums.edu.my/22631/1/Genomic%20structure%20of%20the%20native%20inhabitants%20of%20Peninsular%20Malaysia%20and%20North%20Borneo%20suggests%20complex%20human%20population%20history%20in%20Southeast%20Asia.pdf}}</ref> Kandang menua Malaysia bisi ngambi bagi ba Jalai Batu Permata Gadung Maritim entara taun 2000 SM ngagai 1000 AD.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tsang|first=Cheng-hwa|date=24 January 2008|title=Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan|url=http://journals.lib.washington.edu/index.php/JIPA/article/view/11751|journal=Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association|volume=20|doi=10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751|doi-broken-date=13 September 2026|issn=1835-1794|url-access=subscription}}{{Dead link|date=August 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref><ref>Turton, M. (2021).</ref><ref>Everington, K. (2017).</ref><ref>Bellwood, P., H. Hung, H., Lizuka, Y. (2011).</ref> Bala orang dagang enggau orang ke diau mendam ari [[India]] enggau [[China]] datai kenyau ari kurun keterubah AD, numbuhka palan penyangkai kapal dagang enggau mengeri tebing tasik ba abad kedua enggau ketiga. Penatai sida ngujungka pengaruh India enggau China ti tegap ba budaya menua nya, lalu orang Semenanjung Tanah Melayu ngemeranka pengarap [[Hindu]] enggau [[Buddha]]. Inskripsyen [[jaku Sanskrit]] bisi ayan kenyau ari kurun keempat tauka kelima.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mühlhäusler |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oCx0D0iE2QoC |title=Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia and the Americas |last2=Tryon |first2=Darrell T. |last3=Wurm |first3=Stephen A. |publisher=Walter de Gruyer & Co |year=1996 |isbn=978-3-11-013417-9 |page=695}}</ref> Perintah [[Langkasuka]] nyadi urung kurun kedua ba kandang menua utara Semenanjung Tanah Melayu, lalu meruan nyentuk urung kurun ke-15.<ref name="Mapping">{{Cite book |last=Suarez |first=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZG7ZMAbv_jAC |title=Early Mapping of Southeast Asia |publisher=Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd |year=1999 |isbn=978-962-593-470-9 |pages=46–47}}</ref> Entara kurun ke-7 enggau ke-13, mayuh kandang menua selatan Semenanjung Tanah Melayu nyadi sebagi ari empayar maritim [[Srivijaya]]. Datai ba kurun ke-13 enggau ke-14, empayar [[Majapahit]] udah mujur ngerampas kuasa ba tebal agi semenanjung enggau Pulau-pulau Melayu ari Srivijaya.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Suporno, S. |title=Perceptions of the Past |publisher=Heinemann Books for the Asian Studies Association of Australia |year=1979 |editor-last=A. Reid |series=Southeast Asia publications |volume=4 |location=Singapore |page=180 |chapter=The Image of Majapahit in late Javanese and Indonesian Writing |editor-last2=D. Marr}}</ref> Ba pun kurun ke-15, [[Parameswara ari Melaka|Parameswara]], siku raja ke lari ari menua [[Perintah Singapura]] ke suba ke bisi kaul enggau istana lama Srivijayan, numbuhka [[Kesultanan Melayu Melaka|Kesultanan Melaka]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wake|first=Christopher H.|date=September 1964|title=Malacca's Early Kings and the Reception of Islam|journal=[[Journal of Southeast Asian History]]|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|volume=5|pages=104–128|doi=10.1017/S0217781100000958|jstor=20067505|number=2}}</ref> Penyampau pengarap Islam majak ngerembai berindik ari Parameswara ke masuk pengarap nya. Melaka nyadi palan dagang ti beguna maya tu, narit dagang ari serata kandang menua nya.<ref name="state.gov2">{{cite web|date=14 July 2010|title=Malaysia|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024160547/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|archive-date=24 October 2020|access-date=14 September 2010|publisher=United States State Department}}</ref> [[File:AMH-6472-KB_Battle_for_Malacca_between_the_VOC_fleet_and_the_Portuguese,_1606.jpg|alt=Dutch fleet vs Portuguese armada|kanan|thumb|220x220px| Armada Belanda beperang enggau armada Portugis nyadi sebagi ari [[Perang Belanda–Portugis]] dalam taun 1606 dikena nguasa [[Nengeri Melaka|Melaka]].]] Dalam taun 1511, [[Melaka]] dipegai [[Melaka Portugis|Portugal]],<ref name="state.gov3">{{cite web|date=14 July 2010|title=Malaysia|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024160547/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|archive-date=24 October 2020|access-date=14 September 2010|publisher=United States State Department}}</ref> udah nya diambi [[Melaka Belanda|Belanda]] dalam taun 1641. Dalam taun 1786, [[Malaya British|Empayar British]] numbuhka palan di Malaya, lebuh Sultan Kedah nyuwa [[Pulau Pinang (pulau)|pulau Pulau Pinang]] ngagai [[Kompeni Hindia Timur]] British. British ngulihka mengeri Singapura dalam taun 1819,<ref>{{cite web|last=Luscombe|first=Stephen|title=The Map Room: South East Asia: Malaya|url=http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/malaya.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010309035051/http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/malaya.htm|archive-date=9 March 2001|access-date=18 September 2010}}</ref> lalu dalam taun 1824 ngambi kuasa Melaka nitihka [[Sempekat Inggeris-Belanda 1824|Sempekat Inggeris-Belanda]]. Datai ba taun 1826, British nguasa terus Pulau Pinang, Melaka, Singapura, enggau pulau [[Koloni Mahkota Labuan|Labuan]], ti ditumbuhka sida nyadi koloni mahkota [[Kandang Pendiau Selat]]. Datai ba kurun ke-20, negeri [[Pahang]], [[Selangor]], [[Perak]], enggau [[Negeri Sembilan]], ke dikelala begulai enggau nama [[Negeri Melayu Beserakup]], bisi residen British ke dipadu meri jaku lalau ngagai pemerintah Melayu, ke alai bala pemerintah patut nangguhka timpuh nengah sempekat.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Malay States (British)|volume=17|last1=Clifford|first1=Hugh Charles|last2=Graham|first2=Walter Armstrong|pages=478&ndash;484}}</ref> Lima bengkah negeri ke bukai ba semenanjung nya, ke dikelala enggau nama [[Negeri Melayu Enda Beserakup]], taja pan ukai terus di baruh pegai British, tang mega nerima penyanding penemu British urung pun abad ke-20. Pemansang ba semenanjung enggau Borneo umum iya bebida nyentuk ngagai abad ke-19. Di baruh pegai British pengawa pindah orang China enggau India nyadi kuli diperansang.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kuar|first=Amarjit|title=International Migration and Governance in Malaysia: Policy and Performance|url=http://www.une.edu.au/asiacentre/PDF/No22.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100509145612/http://www.une.edu.au/asiacentre/PDF/No22.pdf|archive-date=9 May 2010|access-date=20 December 2011|publisher=University of New England}}</ref> Kandang menua ke diatu nyadi [[Sabah]] nyadi baruh kuasa British nyadi [[Borneo Utara]] lebuh kededua [[Kesultanan Brunei|Sultan Brunei]] enggau [[Kesultanan Sulu|Sultan Sulu]] mindahka hak ngempu kandang menua sida empu, entara taun 1877 enggau 1878.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gullick, J. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ykM9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA148 |title=Malaysia and Its Neighbours, The World studies series |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1967 |isbn=978-0-7100-4141-8 |pages=148–149}}</ref> Dalam taun 1842, Sarawak diserahka Sultan Brunei ngagai [[James Brooke]], ke nganti iya merintah nyadi [[Rajah Putih Sarawak|Rajah Putih]] atas [[Perintah Sarawak|perintah]] meredeka nyentuk ngagai taun 1946, lebuh iya nyadi [[Koloni Mahkota Sarawak|koloni mahkota]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Luscombe|first=Stephen|title=The Map Room: South East Asia: North Borneo|url=http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/sarawak.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628212629/http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/sarawak.htm|archive-date=28 June 2011|access-date=1 July 2011}}</ref> [[Perang Klang]] (1867–1874) berengkah nyadi penyarut entara Raja Abdullah enggau Raja Mahadi ketegal nyadi tuai rumah Klang, enggau Mahadi nulak pengawa Sultan [[Abdul Samad ari Selangor]] ti udah nyiri Abdullah. Penyarut nya narit [[gerempung resia]] China ke bepekit—[[Ghee Hin Kongsi]] ke mayuh nyukung Mahadi enggau [[Gerempung Resia Hai San]] nyukung Abdullah—serta tuai-tuai peturun Bugis enggau Melayu ke ngumbai Mahadi lebih sah. Perang ngerembai sepengudah Mahadi ngerampas Kubu Klang lalu Abdullah rari ke Melaka, ngachau pengawa ngasilka timah, jalai dagang, enggau pemerat komersial British ba Lembak Klang. Berebak enggau nya, [[Perang Larut]] ti nyadi ba kandang menua ke besepiak (1861–1874) entara Hai San enggau Ghee Hin di Perak sama ngasuh pelilih menua ke kaya enggau timah enda entap sereta ngasuh orang dagang British irau. Apil ari tuai-tuai Melayu minta pengawa nyadi pengantara begulai enggau pengirau ati British bekaul enggau penyarut pelilih menua muka jalai ngagai pengawa campur tangan formal, ti ngujungka [[Sempekat Pangkor 1874|Sempekat Pangkor]] taun 1874 ti numbuhka sistem peranak British ba negeri-negeri Melayu.<ref name="Azmi20122">{{cite journal|last=Arifin|first=Azmi|year=2012|title=Perak Disturbances 1871-75: British Colonialism, The Chinese Secret Societies and The Malay Rulers|url=http://journalarticle.ukm.my/5364/1/Azmi%20Arifin%20%2039%20(1)%20(July%202012).pdf|journal=Jebat: Malaysian Journal of History, Politics & Strategic Studies|volume=39|issue=1|pages=51–74|access-date=2025-11-17}}</ref> Baka ti ditulis [[Frank Swettenham]] udah nya, "Iya nya taja pan gaya utai ti nyadi begunaka campur tangan, kami datai ngagai Negeri-Negeri Melayu ketegal kangau Pemerintah Melayu, ngajar sida chara administrasyen ti manah agi."<ref name="AzmiPerak2">{{cite journal|last=Azmi Arifin|year=2018|title=Perak Disturbances 1871-75: British Colonialism, the Chinese Secret Societies and the Malay Rulers|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333081324|journal=USM Malaysian Journal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A leading light in Perak's late 19th century advance: Frank Athelstane Swettenham|url=https://www.ehm.my/publications/articles/a-leading-light-in-peraks-late-19th-century-advance-frank-athelstane-swettenham|access-date=2026-08-02|publisher=ehm.my}}</ref> Dalam [[Perang Dunya Kedua]], [[Soldadu Imperial Jipun|Soldadu Jipun]] [[Kimpin Malaya|nyerang]] sereta nguasa [[Pemegai Jipun ba Malaya|Malaya]], [[Pemegai Jipun ba Borneo British|Borneo Utara, Sarawak]], enggau [[Pemegai Jipun ba Singapura|Singapura]] lebih ari tiga taun.<ref>{{cite web|title=Malaya in World War II|url=https://ww2db.com/country/Malaya|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225184306/https://ww2db.com/country/Malaya|archive-date=25 December 2022|access-date=29 January 2023|work=World War Two Database}}</ref> Dalam timpuh tu, penyarut entara bansa nyadi lalu nasionalisme majak nambah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hock |first=David Koh Wee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awLp4TeUkzoC |title=Legacies of World War II in South and East Asia |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year=2007 |isbn=978-981-230-457-5 |location=Singapore |page=48}}</ref> Sukung rayat ngagai meredeka majak nambah pengudah Malaya dipegai baru ulih soldadu Serakup.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/asia/asia/magazine/1999/990531/mahathir1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010212095545/http://www.time.com/time/asia/asia/magazine/1999/990531/mahathir1.html|archive-date=12 February 2001|title=Our Region, Ourselves|last=Mohamad|first=Mahathir|magazine=Time|location=New York|date=31 May 1999|access-date=26 October 2010}}</ref> Perambu British pengudah perang deka nyerakupka administrasyen Malaya ari baruh siti koloni mahkota ti dikumbai [[Serakup Malaya]] napi bantah ti balat ari [[Melayu|bansa Melayu]], ti mantah pengelemi pemerintah Melayu enggau meri peranak menua ngagai [[Orang China Malaysia|raban bansa China]]. Serakup Malaya, ti ditumbuhka dalam taun 1946, lalu mungkur semua reta tengkira British di Semenanjung Tanah Melayu kelimpah ari Singapura, jampat dibuai lalu diganti enggau [[Federasyen Malaya]] kena 1 Februari 1948, ti mulaika autonomi pemerintah negeri-negeri Melayu ti dijaga British.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,816440,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106021025/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,816440,00.html|archive-date=6 November 2007|title=MALAYA: Token Citizenship|magazine=Time|location=New York|date=19 May 1952|access-date=26 October 2010}}</ref> [[File:Police_in_Malayan_Emergency.jpg|thumb| Pemesai polis [[Federasyen Malaya|Malaya]] benung nanya siku periman [[Orang China Malaysia|bebansa China]] maya [[Penusah Darurat Malaya]] taun 1949]] Dalam timpuh tu, raban pemberontak ke tebal agi bebansa China ari baruh iring [[Parti Kominis Malaya]] ngepunka operasyen gerila ke digaga dikena mejal British pansut ari Malaya. [[Darurat Malaya|Darurat Malaya (1948–1960)]] ngaul kimpin anti-penyarut ti lama dipejalaika soldadu [[Komanwel]] di Malaya.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Malayan Emergency: 1948–1960|url=http://se-asia.commemoration.gov.au/background-to-malayan-emergency/causes-and-description.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706121637/http://se-asia.commemoration.gov.au/background-to-malayan-emergency/causes-and-description.php|archive-date=6 July 2011|access-date=1 July 2011|publisher=Australian Government Department of Veteran Affairs}}</ref> Kena 31 Ogos 1957, [[Penesau Meredeka Malaya|Malaya nyadi kaban meredeka]] dalam Komanwel Bansa.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Malayan Emergency: 1948–1960|url=http://se-asia.commemoration.gov.au/background-to-malayan-emergency/causes-and-description.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706121637/http://se-asia.commemoration.gov.au/background-to-malayan-emergency/causes-and-description.php|archive-date=6 July 2011|access-date=1 July 2011|publisher=Australian Government Department of Veteran Affairs}}</ref> Udah nya, pelin ti komprehensif diperambu dikena nyerakupka Malaya enggau koloni mahkota Borneo Utara (dikelala enggau nama [[Sabah]] lebuh begulai), [[Sarawak]], enggau [[Singapura]]. Persekutuan ti diperambu nya asal iya deka diatur kena 31 Ogos 1963, beserimbai enggau hari pengingat meredeka Malaya. Taja pia, ketegal ti patut ngaga pansik pasal tikas sukung ngagai gerempung nya di Sabah enggau Sarawak ari [[Gerempung Bansa Beserakup]], baka ti dipinta orang ti ngelaban gerempung nya baka [[Sukarno]] ari [[Indonesia]] enggau [[Parti Rayat Beserakup Sarawak]], haribulan gerempung nya ditangguh nyentuk ngagai 16 September 1963.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,870460,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402050225/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,870460,00.html|archive-date=2 April 2008|title=Malaysia: Tunku Yes, Sukarno No|magazine=Time|location=New York|date=6 September 1963|access-date=17 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Boon Kheng Cheah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NOtXcEmHdjoC&pg=PA93 |title=Malaysia: The Making of a Nation |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year=2002 |isbn=978-981-230-154-3 |pages=93–}}</ref> Federasyen nya mai penyarut ti majak balat nyengkaum [[Konfrontasyen Indonesia–Malaysia|penyarut enggau Indonesia]] kelimpah ari penyarut ti enda ngetu nyadi ngelaban Kominis di Borneo enggau Semenanjung Melayu, ti majak balat ngagai [[Penyarut Kominis ba Sarawak|Penyarut Kominis Sarawak]] enggau [[Darurat Malaya Kedua]] begulai enggau sekeda isu bukai baka serang lanun Moro ari pulau-pulau selatan Filipina meraka garis entara menua ba Sabah, [[Negeri Singapura (Malaysia)|penyerara Singapura ari Federasyen]] dalam taun 1965,<ref>{{cite web|title=Proclamation on Singapore|url=http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/non_version/cgi-bin/cgi_getdata.pl?actno=1997-REVED-INDEP&segid=888373490-000012#888373490-000012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511191506/http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/non_version/cgi-bin/cgi_getdata.pl?actno=1997-REVED-INDEP&segid=888373490-000012#888373490-000012|archive-date=11 May 2011|access-date=27 October 2010|publisher=Singapore Attorney-General}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Baten, Jörg |title=A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. |date=2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-50718-0 |page=290}}</ref><ref name="TIME Art2">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,828327,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930101049/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,828327,00.html|archive-date=30 September 2007|title=Malaysia: The Art of Dispelling Anxiety|magazine=Time|location=New York|date=27 August 1965|access-date=26 October 2010}}</ref> enggau laya bansa. Penyarut tu ngujungka [[Penyadi 13 Me|penyarut bansa 13 Me]] dalam taun 1969.<ref name="Race war">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,900859,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216115230/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,900859,00.html|archive-date=16 February 2007|title=Race War in Malaysia|magazine=Time|location=New York|date=23 May 1969|access-date=26 October 2010}}</ref> Pengudah penyarut nya nyadi, [[Polisi Ekonomi Baru Malaysia|Polisi Ekonomi Baru]] ti kontroversial nya dikelancharka Menteri Besai [[Abdul Razak Hussein|Tun Abdul Razak]], nguji nambahka bagi ekonomi ti dipegai raban ''[[bumiputera]]''.<ref name="New Economic Policy">{{cite web|last=Sundaram|first=Jomo Kwame|date=1 September 2004|title=The New Economic Policy and Interethnic Relations in Malaysia|url=http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpPublications)/A20E9AD6E5BA919780256B6D0057896B?OpenDocument&panel=seriespapers|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511173349/http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpPublications)/A20E9AD6E5BA919780256B6D0057896B?OpenDocument&panel=seriespapers|archive-date=11 May 2011|access-date=27 October 2010|publisher=UNRISD}}</ref> Di baruh pegai Menteri Besai [[Mahathir Mohamad]] bisi timpuh penumbuh ekonomi enggau urbanisasyen ti jampat berengkah ari taun 1980-an. Ekonomi ngalih ari bepelasarka pengawa betanam betupi ngagai bepelasarka pengawa ngaga enggau industri. Mayuh bengkah projek besai udah tembu digaga, baka [[Menara Petronas]], [[Jalai Ekspres Utara–Selatan (Malaysia)|Jalai Ekspres Utara–Selatan]], [[MSC Malaysia|Koridor Super Multimedia]], enggau indu nengeri pentadbiran perintah besai baru [[Putrajaya]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name="New Economic Policy2">{{cite web|last=Sundaram|first=Jomo Kwame|date=1 September 2004|title=The New Economic Policy and Interethnic Relations in Malaysia|url=http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpPublications)/A20E9AD6E5BA919780256B6D0057896B?OpenDocument&panel=seriespapers|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511173349/http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpPublications)/A20E9AD6E5BA919780256B6D0057896B?OpenDocument&panel=seriespapers|archive-date=11 May 2011|access-date=27 October 2010|publisher=UNRISD}}</ref> Ba ujung taun 1990-an, [[Krisis wang Asia 1997|krisis wang Asia]] meri empas ngagai menua nya, nyau deka ngasuh makit mata duit, saham, enggau reta tengkira sida runtuh; taja pia, sida udah nya gerai.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ping Lee Poh|author2=Yean Tham Siew|title=Malaysia Ten Years After The Asian Financial Crisis|url=http://www.polsci.tu.ac.th/Papers/Malaysia%20Paper.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401070910/http://www.polsci.tu.ac.th/Papers/Malaysia%20Paper.pdf|archive-date=1 April 2010|access-date=25 July 2011|publisher=Thammasat University}}</ref> [[Skandal 1MDB]] nya skandal [[Pengawa makai suap ba Malaysia|makai suap]] global ti besai ti ngaul Menteri Besai maya nya [[Najib Razak]] dalam taun 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|date=6 July 2015|title=Malaysian taskforce investigates allegations $700m paid to Najib|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/06/malaysian-task-force-investigates-allegations-700m-paid-to-pm-najib|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422204302/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/06/malaysian-task-force-investigates-allegations-700m-paid-to-pm-najib|archive-date=22 April 2020|access-date=24 March 2018|work=The Guardian|location=London}}</ref> Skandal nya nyadika ubah keterubah ba parti politik ke megai perintah kenyau ari merdeka ba [[Pengawa bepilih besai Malaysia 2018|pengawa bepilih besai 2018]].<ref name="Opposition scores">{{cite news|date=10 May 2018|title=Malaysia election: Opposition scores historic victory|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44036178|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404171658/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44036178|archive-date=4 April 2023|access-date=6 April 2019|work=BBC News}}</ref> Dalam taun 2020-an, menua tu dipegai [[Krisis politik Malaysia 2020–21|krisis politik]] ti beserimbai enggau krisis pengerai enggau [[Empas ekonomi ari pandemik COVID-19 ba Malaysia|ekonomi]] ketegal [[Pandemik COVID-19 ba Malaysia|pandemik COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Walden|first1=Max|date=13 January 2021|title=How Malaysia went from fewer COVID cases than Australia to a national state of emergency|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-01-14/malaysia-covid-19-outbreak-state-of-emergency-case-numbers/13036038|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114221804/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-01-14/malaysia-covid-19-outbreak-state-of-emergency-case-numbers/13036038|archive-date=14 January 2021|access-date=19 July 2021|newspaper=ABC News (Australia)}}</ref> Tu udah nya ditangkan enggau [[Pengawa bepilih besai Malaysia 2022|pengawa bepilih besai]] tumu agi dalam bulan November 2022, ti ngujungka parlimen gantung keterubah dalam sejarah menua tu.<ref>{{cite news|date=19 November 2022|title=No clear winner as Malaysia election ends in hung parliament|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/19/tight-race-as-votes-counted-in-malaysias-in-general-election|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129074959/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/19/tight-race-as-votes-counted-in-malaysias-in-general-election|archive-date=29 November 2022|access-date=29 November 2022|work=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> Kena 24 Nobember 2022, [[Anwar Ibrahim]] ngangkat sumpah nyadi [[Menteri Besai Malaysia]] ke-10, nguluka perintah gempung besai.<ref>{{cite news|date=24 November 2022|title=Anwar Ibrahim sworn in as Malaysian PM after post-election deadlock|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-63698901|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128015222/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-63698901|archive-date=28 November 2022|access-date=29 November 2022|work=BBC News}}</ref> == Perintah enggau politik == {{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=300|align=right|caption_align=center|image1=King Ibrahim of Malaysia August 2025.jpg|caption1=[[Ibrahim Iskandar]]<br /><small>[[Raja Malaysia|Raja]]</small>|image2=Anwar Ibrahim in June 2026.jpg|caption2=[[Anwar Ibrahim]]<br /><small>[[Menteri Besai Malaysia|Menteri Besai]]</small>}} [[File:Istana_Negara_tepi.jpg|thumb| [[Istana Negara]], palan pengentap pendiau enggau opis rasmi [[Raja Malaysia]].]] [[File:Perdana_Putra.jpg|thumb| [[Perdana Putra]], opis [[Menteri Besai Malaysia]].]] Malaysia nyadi menua [[raja bepilih]] [[Raja bekonstitusyen|bekonstitusyen]] [[Raja federal|federal]] lalu mina sebengkah aja menua federal di [[Asia Tenggara]].<ref>{{cite web|date=26 January 2018|title=Could Federalism Smooth Southeast Asia's Rough Edges?|url=https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/could-federalism-smooth-southeast-asia-s-rough-edges|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025080259/https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/could-federalism-smooth-southeast-asia-s-rough-edges|archive-date=25 October 2019|access-date=25 October 2019|agency=Stratfor}}</ref> Sistem perintah tu dichuntoka enggau sistem parlimen [[Sistem Westminster|Westminster]], iya nya diwaris ari [[Empayar British|perintah British]].<ref name="FITA2">{{cite web|title=Malaysia Information|url=http://www.fita.org/countries/malaysia.html?ma_rubrique=cadre|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226105342/http://www.fita.org/countries/malaysia.html?ma_rubrique=cadre|archive-date=26 December 2010|access-date=27 October 2010|publisher=Federation of International Trade Associations}}</ref> Ketuai menua iya nya Raja, ke ngembuan gela rasmi iya nya [[Raja Malaysia|Yang di-Pertuan Agong]]. Raja dipilih ungkup timpuh lima taun ulih enggau ari entara semilan iku pemerintah turun temurun negeri-negeri Melayu. Empat nengeri ke bukai, ke ngembuan Gabenor gela, enda enggau ba pengawa milih. Nengah sempekat enda formal pangku pengawa nya betukar entara semilan iku nya.<ref name="FITA">{{cite web|title=Malaysia Information|url=http://www.fita.org/countries/malaysia.html?ma_rubrique=cadre|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226105342/http://www.fita.org/countries/malaysia.html?ma_rubrique=cadre|archive-date=26 December 2010|access-date=27 October 2010|publisher=Federation of International Trade Associations}}</ref> Pengawa Raja nya mayuh agi nyadi seremonial kenyau ari ubah ba [[Konstitusyen Malaysia|konstitusyen]] dalam taun 1994, milih menteri enggau kaban dewan tinggi.<ref name="dfat">{{cite web|date=February 2014|title=Malaysia country brief|url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/malaysia/malaysia_brief.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027035312/http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/malaysia/malaysia_brief.html|archive-date=27 October 2014|access-date=22 October 2014|publisher=Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade}}</ref> Kuasa legislatif dibagi entara legislatif perintah besai enggau negeri. [[Parlimen Malaysia|Parlimen]] perintah besai dua ruang tu bisi dewan baruh, [[Dewan Rakyat]] (ke mega dikelala enggau nama Dewan Pengari Rayat) enggau dewan atas, [[Dewan Negara]] (tauka Senat).<ref>{{cite web|date=3 June 2010|title=Background|url=http://www.parlimen.gov.my/index.php?modload=sites&id=5&view=23&uweb=p&lang=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106053421/http://www.parlimen.gov.my/index.php?modload=sites&id=5&view=23&uweb=p&lang=en|archive-date=6 November 2018|access-date=25 July 2011|publisher=Parlimen Malaysia}}</ref> Dewan Pengari Rayat ke bisi 222 iku kaban dipilih ungkup timpuh maksimum lima taun ari sitak ke bisi kaban tunggal. Semua 70 iku senator duduk ungkup timpuh tiga taun; 26 dipilih 13 bengkah Aum Kunsil Negeri, lalu 44 ke bukai dichiri Raja nitihka lalau Menteri Besai.<ref name="state.gov2">{{cite web|date=14 July 2010|title=Malaysia|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024160547/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|archive-date=24 October 2020|access-date=14 September 2010|publisher=United States State Department}}</ref> Parlimen nitihka sistem mayuh parti lalu perintah dipilih nengah sistem ‘pemenang pilih pemadu mayuh'.<ref name="state.gov2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=John W. Langford |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q-sti92Y7TkC&pg=PA101 |title=The Changing Shape of Government in the Asia-Pacific Region |last2=K. Lorne Brownsey |publisher=IRPP |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-88645-060-1 |pages=101–}}</ref> [[Pengawa bepilih ba Malaysia|Pengawa bepilih]] parlimen diatur enda kurang ari lima taun sekali.<ref name="state.gov2" /> Sebedau taun 2018, semina pengundi ke berejista ke beumur 21 taun ke atas aja ulih ngundi kaban Dewan Rakyat lalu, ba tebal agi nengeri, ungkup dewan legislatif nengeri. Ngundi ukai pengawa ti wajib.<ref>{{cite web|date=29 September 2008|title=Malaysia (Dewan Rakyat)|url=http://www.ipu.org/parline/reports/2197.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205034849/http://www.ipu.org/parline/reports/2197.htm|archive-date=5 December 2010|access-date=29 September 2008|publisher=Inter-Parliamentary Union}}</ref> Kena bulan Julai 2019, rang undang-undang nurunka [[umur bepilih]] ngagai 18 taun udah dikemendarka enggau rasmi.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Martin Carvalho|author2=Hemananthani Sivanandam|author3=Rahimy Rahim|author4=Tarrence Tan|date=16 July 2019|title=Dewan Rakyat passes Bill to amend Federal Constitution to lower voting age to 18|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/07/16/federal-constitution-amended-to-lower-voting-age-to-18/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928064607/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/07/16/federal-constitution-amended-to-lower-voting-age-to-18|archive-date=28 September 2022|access-date=16 July 2019|work=The Star}}</ref> [[Eksekutif (perintah)|Kuasa eksekutif]] diberi ngagai [[Kabinet Malaysia|Kabinet]], ti betuaika [[Menteri Besai Malaysia|Menteri Besai]]. Menteri Besai nya mesti nyadi kaban Dewan Rakyat, ti ba penemu Raja ti Pemadu Tinggi, merintah sukung ari majoriti kaban. Kabinet dipilih ari kaban kededua dewan Parlimen.<ref name="state.gov2" /> Menteri Besai nyadi [[Kabinet Malaysia|tuai kabinet]] enggau [[ketuai perintah]]. Kenyau [[Pengawa bepilih besai Malaysia 2018|pengawa bepilih besai 2018]], Malaysia diperintah gempung politik [[Pakatan Harapan]] (PH),<ref name="Opposition scores">{{cite news|date=10 May 2018|title=Malaysia election: Opposition scores historic victory|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44036178|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404171658/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44036178|archive-date=4 April 2023|access-date=6 April 2019|work=BBC News}}</ref> taja pan Menteri Besai [[Mahathir Mohamad]] ngelengka pangku pengawa ba tengah [[Krisis politik Malaysia 2020–21|krisis politik]] ba taun 2020. Kena bulan Mach 2020, gempung [[Perikatan Nasional]] (PN) ditumbuhka ari baruh pegai Menteri Besai [[Muhyiddin Yassin]],<ref>{{Cite news|date=29 February 2020|title=Palace: Muhyiddin to be sworn in as PM|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/02/29/istana-muhyiddin-to-be-sworn-in-as-pm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229121939/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/02/29/istana-muhyiddin-to-be-sworn-in-as-pm|archive-date=29 February 2020|access-date=29 February 2020|work=The Star Online}}</ref> sebedau Muhyiddin lenyau sukung majoriti lalu diganti sapit Menteri Besai [[Ismail Sabri Yaakob]], seiku kaban politik veteran ari [[Gerempung Bansa Melayu Beserakup|Gerempung Nasional Melayu Bersatu]] (UMNO), dalam bulan Ogos<ref>{{cite news|date=21 August 2021|title=Ismail Sabri sworn in as Malaysia's ninth Prime Minister|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2021/08/21/ismail-sabri-sworn-in-as-ninth-prime-minister|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821173721/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2021/08/21/ismail-sabri-sworn-in-as-ninth-prime-minister|archive-date=21 August 2021|access-date=22 August 2021|work=The Star}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Malaysia's Ismail Sabri Yaakob sworn in as new PM|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/21/malaysias-ismail-sabri-yaakob-sworn-in-as-new-pm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201131632/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/21/malaysias-ismail-sabri-yaakob-sworn-in-as-new-pm|archive-date=1 February 2024|access-date=25 August 2021}}</ref> Kenyau [[pengawa bepilih besai Malaysia 2022]], parlimen gantung dipilih. [[Anwar Ibrahim]] ari gempung PH dipaduka nyadi Menteri Besai ke baru ngiring perintah gempung PH, [[Barisan Nasional]], [[Gempung Parti Sarawak]], [[Gempung Rayat Sabah]] enggau sekeda parti politik enggau ngatika diri ke bukai. Berebak enggau nya, PN, semina gempung politik ke nadai dalam gempung perintah, nyadi Penyakal. [[Undang-undang Malaysia|Sistem undang-undang Malaysia]] bepelasarka undang-undang selama.<ref name="state.gov2" /> Taja pan pengawa akim lepas ari sukut teori, tang pengelepas iya udah dikerandauka lalu pengawa nyiri akim nadai akauntabiliti enggau transparen.<ref>{{cite web|title=Attacks on Justice – Malaysia|url=http://www.icj.org/IMG/MALAYSIA.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119080422/http://www.icj.org/IMG/MALAYSIA.pdf|archive-date=19 January 2012|access-date=5 December 2011|publisher=International Commission of Jurists}}</ref> Kort ke pemadu tinggi dalam sistem akim iya nya [[Kort Federal Malaysia|Kort Federal]], ditangkanka [[Kort Apil Malaysia|Kort Apil]] enggau dua buah [[Kort tinggi (Malaysia)|kort tinggi]], siti ungkup Semenanjung Malaysia enggau siti ungkup Malaysia Timur. Malaysia mega bisi siti kort spesyel dikena mendingka kes ti dibai tauka ngelaban royalti.<ref name="criminal court system2">{{cite web|title=Malaysian criminal court system|url=http://www.acclawyers.org/resources/malaysia/|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515090557/http://www.acclawyers.org/resources/malaysia/|archive-date=15 May 2011|access-date=15 December 2010|publisher=Association of Commonwealth Criminal Lawyers}}</ref> Pengudah UMNO lenyau kuasa ba [[pengawa bepilih besai Malaysia 2018]], penuduk Malaysia niki 9 penuduk dalam Indeks Demokrasi 2019 ngagai penuduk lumur 43 enti dibandingka enggau taun sebedau nya; menua tu diklasifikasyenka nyadi ‘demokrasi ti bisi penimpang’.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Democracy Index 2019 A year of democratic setbacks and popular protest|url=https://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=democracyindex2019|url-access=registration|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213043744/https://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=democracyindex2019|archive-date=13 February 2021|access-date=27 October 2020|website=[[Economist Intelligence Unit|EIU.com]]}}</ref> Penuduk Malaysia dalam [[Indeks Pengelepas Pengarang Berita]] 2020 niki 22 penuduk ngagai penuduk lumur 101 enti dibandingka enggau taun sebedau nya, lalu nyadika iya siti ari dua buah menua di Asia Tenggara ke nadai ‘Situasi Susah’ tauka ‘Situasi Keberat Serius’ bekaul enggau pengelepas pengarang berita.<ref>{{cite web|year=2020|title=2020 World Press Freedom Index|url=https://rsf.org/en/ranking/2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423104703/https://rsf.org/en/ranking/2020|archive-date=23 April 2020|access-date=27 October 2020|work=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref> Taja pia, iya nurun 18 endur ba taun ke nangkanka nya ketegal polisi perintah PN.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Malaysia: Back to harassment, intimidation and censorship {{!}} Reporters without borders|url=https://rsf.org/en/malaysia|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124091549/https://rsf.org/en/malaysia|archive-date=24 November 2021|access-date=26 July 2021|website=RSF|language=en}}</ref> Malaysia ba penuduk lumur 48 enggau 62 nitihka [[Indeks Persepsyen Makai Suap]] 2021, ti nunjukka tikas [[Pengawa makai suap ba Malaysia|makai suap]] ti ngelui ari purata. Freedom House beratika Malaysia “bibas sebagi” dalam pansik sida ba taun 2018.<ref>{{cite web|date=29 June 2018|title=Malaysia considers amending human trafficking law after U.S. report|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-trafficking/malaysia-considers-amending-human-trafficking-law-after-u-s-report-idUSKBN1JQ04Y|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407142237/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-trafficking/malaysia-considers-amending-human-trafficking-law-after-u-s-report-idUSKBN1JQ04Y|archive-date=7 April 2020|access-date=7 April 2020|website=Reuters}}</ref> Siti saman ti digaga [[Opis Pengelurus Amerika Serikat]] nuduhka pengabis mimit $3.5 billion ti ngaul ex-menteri besai [[Najib Razak]] udah dichuri ari wang turu enggi perintah menua Malaysia [[1MDB]], ti dikelala enggau nama [[Skandal 1MDB|skandal 1Malaysia Development Berhad]].<ref name=":02">{{cite news|date=28 July 2016|title=1MDB: The inside story of the world's biggest financial scandal|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/28/1mdb-inside-story-worlds-biggest-financial-scandal-malaysia|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111085317/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/28/1mdb-inside-story-worlds-biggest-financial-scandal-malaysia|archive-date=11 November 2019|work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=9 August 2019|title=1MDB: The playboys, PMs and partygoers around a global financial scandal|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-46341603|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721081321/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-46341603|archive-date=21 July 2020|access-date=15 September 2020|work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=9 August 2019|title=The bizarre story of 1MDB, the Goldman Sachs-backed Malaysian fund that turned into one of the biggest scandals in financial history|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/1mdb-timeline-the-goldman-sachs-backed-malaysian-wealth-fund-2018-12|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117032748/https://www.businessinsider.com/1mdb-timeline-the-goldman-sachs-backed-malaysian-wealth-fund-2018-12|archive-date=17 November 2020|access-date=15 September 2020|work=Business Insider}}</ref> Naka taun 2025, iya ba penuduk lumur 13 ba [[Indeks Pemaik Global]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=2025 Global Peace Index|url=https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/GPI-2025-web.pdf|access-date=2025-09-26|website=Institute for Economics & Peace|publisher=[[Institute for Economics & Peace]]|publication-date=June 2025}}</ref> === Bagi kuasa perintah === {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto;" |{{Kar Malaysia Belabel}} |} Malaysia nyadi sebengkah menua federasyen ti ngundan [[Negeri enggau kandang menua federal ba Malaysia|13 negeri enggau tiga kandang menua federal]].<ref>{{cite news|date=2 November 2015|title=Understanding the Federation of Malaysia|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/Opinion/Online-Exclusive/A-Humble-Submission/Profile/Articles/2015/11/02/understanding-federation-malaysia/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105113420/http://www.thestar.com.my/Opinion/Online-Exclusive/A-Humble-Submission/Profile/Articles/2015/11/02/understanding-federation-malaysia/|archive-date=5 November 2015|access-date=3 November 2015|newspaper=The Star|location=Kuala Lumpur}}</ref> Ari penyampau nya, 11 negeri enggau dua kandang menua federal bisi ba [[Semenanjung Malaysia]], lalu dua bengkah negeri enggau siti kandang menua federal ke bukai mungkur [[Malaysia Timur]]. Menua tu bisi tiga renggat perintah— [[Perintah menua Malaysia|perintah federal]], [[Perintah negeri ba Malaysia|negeri]], enggau kandang menua.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|year=2018|title=The Local Government System in Malaysia|url=https://www.clgf.org.uk/default/assets/File/Country_profiles/Malaysia.pdf|url-status=live|journal=[[Commonwealth Local Government Forum]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220050855/https://www.clgf.org.uk/default/assets/File/Country_profiles/Malaysia.pdf|archive-date=20 December 2024|access-date=20 December 2024}}</ref> Pengawa merintah nengeri dibagi entara perintah federal enggau perintah negeri, enggau kuasa ti bebida diungkupka ngagai tiap iku, lalu perintah federal bisi kuasa perintah terus ba kandang menua federal.<ref>{{cite web|title=Federal Territories and State Governments|url=http://mygov.malaysia.gov.my/EN/Main/MsianGov/StateGovAndFederalTerritories/Pages/StateGovAndFederalTerritories.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222231636/http://mygov.malaysia.gov.my/EN/Main/MsianGov/StateGovAndFederalTerritories/Pages/StateGovAndFederalTerritories.aspx|archive-date=22 February 2014|access-date=15 October 2013|publisher=Malaysian government}}</ref> Tetiap negeri bisi [[Aum kunsil negeri ba Malaysia|Aum Kunsil Negeri]] ke ngembuan siti ruang bilik ke alai kaban iya dipilih ari sitak ke bisi siku kaban. Perintah negeri betuaika [[Kepala perintah negeri ba Malaysia|Kepala Menteri]],<ref name="state.gov2" /> ti nyadi kaban Aum Kunsil Negeri ari parti majoriti dalam dewan. Ba tiap-tiap nengeri ke bisi pemerintah turun temurun, Kepala Menteri biasa iya dipinta nyadi [[Melayu|orang Melayu]], dichiri pemerintah nitihka lalau [[Menteri Besai Malaysia|Menteri Besai]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P-3155j7FLkC |title=The management of secondary cities in southeast Asia |publisher=United Nations Centre for Human Settlements |year=1996 |isbn=978-92-1-131313-0 |page=120}}</ref> Naka [[Pengawa bepilih besai Malaysia 2018|taun 2018]], pengawa bepilih negeri diatur berebak enggau pengawa bepilih besai nengah konvensyen, kelimpah ari ke di [[Sarawak]]. Berindik ari [[Krisis politik Malaysia 2020–2022|krisis politik 2020–2022]], semina [[Pahang]], [[Perak]] enggau [[Perlis]] milih bejalaika pengawa bepilih negeri sida sejalai enggau pengawa bepilih besai.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hutchinson|first=Francis E.|date=15 May 2024|title=Malaysia's Out-of-Sync Federal and State Elections: The Good, the Bad, and the Untimely|url=https://www.iseas.edu.sg/articles-commentaries/iseas-perspective/2024-34-malaysias-out-of-sync-federal-and-state-elections-the-good-the-bad-and-the-untimely-by-francis-e-hutchinson/|url-status=live|journal=[[ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute]]|language=en-US|volume=2024|issue=34|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220053516/https://www.iseas.edu.sg/articles-commentaries/iseas-perspective/2024-34-malaysias-out-of-sync-federal-and-state-elections-the-good-the-bad-and-the-untimely-by-francis-e-hutchinson/|archive-date=20 December 2024|access-date=20 December 2024}}</ref> Dipegai ba baruh perintah besai enggau negeri, [[Perintah kandang menua ba Malaysia|perintah kandang menua]] ngarika renggat pemerintah ke pemadu baruh di Malaysia. Naka taun 2024, Malaysia dibagi entara 19 bengkah nengeri, 40 bengkah kandang mengeri, 91 buah kunsil renggat pelilih menua, enggau empat bengkah ejensi bekanun.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Senarai PBT|trans-title=List of local governments|url=https://jkt.kpkt.gov.my/data-pbt-senarai_pbt/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118151239/https://jkt.kpkt.gov.my/data-pbt-senarai_pbt/|archive-date=18 January 2025|access-date=22 December 2024|website=[[Ministry of Housing and Local Government (Malaysia)|Ministry of Housing and Local Government]]|language=ms}}</ref> Seraya konstitusyen perintah besai ngagihka perintah kandang menua ngagai bidang kuasa eksklusif perintah negeri,<ref>{{cite web|title=Introduction to local government in Malaysia|url=http://lib.kedah.uitm.edu.my/psblibrary/notes/am110/layout/subject%20material/handouts/dpa/PAD%20320/h1.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328212349/http://lib.kedah.uitm.edu.my/psblibrary/notes/am110/layout/subject%20material/handouts/dpa/PAD%20320/h1.pdf|archive-date=28 March 2018|access-date=19 February 2014|publisher=Universiti Teknologi Mara}}</ref> dalam praktikal, [[Opis Menteri Pengawa Berumah enggau Perintah Kandang Menua (Malaysia)|Opis Menteri Pengawa Berumah enggau Perintah Kandang Menua perintah federal]] ngemataka pengawa ngatur undang-undang enggau polisi kandang menua.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web|author=Nooi, Phang Siew|date=May 2008|title=Decentralisation or recentralisation? Trends in local government in Malaysia|url=http://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/journals/index.php/cjlg/article/viewFile/759/1032|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909145130/http://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/journals/index.php/cjlg/article/viewFile/759/1032|archive-date=9 September 2016|access-date=19 February 2014|publisher=Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance}}</ref> [[Ketuai Mengeri]] (tauka presiden ungkup kunsil kandang mengeri enggau pelilih menua) enggau [[kaunsilor]] dichiri perintah negeri ke bekaul, tauka dalam kes kandang menua perintah federal, dichiri perintah federal.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|year=2023|title=Rujukan Ringkas Mengenai Dasar-Dasar Berkaitan Pihak Berkuasa Tempatan Edisi 2023|trans-title=Summary on Local Government Policies 2023 Edition|url=https://jktgateway.kpkt.gov.my/downloads/29052023_RUJUKAN_RINGKAS_MENGENAI_DASAR_DASAR_BERKAITAN_PBT.pdf|url-status=live|journal=[[Ministry of Housing and Local Government (Malaysia)|Ministry of Housing and Local Government]]|language=MS|page=20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220035246/https://jktgateway.kpkt.gov.my/downloads/29052023_RUJUKAN_RINGKAS_MENGENAI_DASAR_DASAR_BERKAITAN_PBT.pdf|archive-date=20 December 2024|access-date=20 December 2024}}</ref> Undang-undang perintah federal ngagihka pekara tanah, nyengkaum pengawa ngaga garis entara [[Rintai pelilih menua ba Malaysia|pelilih menua]], ngagai bidang kuasa perintah negeri.<ref>{{Cite journal|year=2020|title=National Land Code|url=https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/mal5145.pdf|url-status=live|journal=[[Malaysian federal government]]|page=54|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250202093708/https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/mal5145.pdf|archive-date=2 February 2025|access-date=20 December 2024|via=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}</ref> Kelimpah ari Perlis enggau kandang menua federal, tiap negeri dibagi ngagai pelilih menua, ti dibagi baru ngagai [[mukim]]. Di [[Sabah]] enggau [[Sarawak]], pelilih menua digelumu ngagai bagi menua.<ref>{{cite web|title=Malaysia Districts|url=http://www.statoids.com/ymy.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201132451/http://www.statoids.com/ymy.html|archive-date=1 December 2020|access-date=3 November 2010|publisher=Statoids}}</ref> Bebida enggau perintah kandang menua ti ngatur kuasa perintah kandang mengeri enggau pemansang infrastruktur,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=E.|first1=Lo Vullo|last2=Ho|first2=C. S.|last3=Chau|first3=L. W.|last4=F.|first4=Monforti|last5=V.|first5=Palermo|last6=S.|first6=Rivas|last7=P.|first7=Bertoldi|year=2022|title=How to Develop a Climate Action Plan (CAP) in Southeast Asia-Malaysia|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360823096|journal=[[Publications Office of the European Union]]|page=6|doi=10.2760/50282|isbn=978-92-76-52424-3|via=[[ResearchGate]]}}</ref> pelilih menua semina dikena ungkup chukai tanah.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Adnan|first1=M. Z.|last2=Suratman|first2=R. Suratman|last3=Samsudin|first3=S.|year=2019|title=Key Geographical Features on Malaysia's Land Tax System: A Comparison Study in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia|journal=International Geography Seminar 2019|volume=683|issue=683|page=2|doi=10.1088/1755-1315/683/1/012095|doi-access=free}}</ref> 13 bengkah negeri nya bepelasarka menua perintah Melayu besejarah, lalu 9 ari 11 negeri Semenanjung, ke dikelala enggau nama negeri Melayu, ngetanka ruang bilik diraja sida. [[Raja Malaysia|Raja]] dipilih sereta ari semilan iku pemerintah ngambika mangku pengawa pengelama lima taun.<ref name="state.gov3">{{cite web|date=14 July 2010|title=Malaysia|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024160547/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|archive-date=24 October 2020|access-date=14 September 2010|publisher=United States State Department}}</ref> Raja tu nyiri gabenor ti mangku pengawa pengelama empat taun ke negeri-negeri ti nadai raja, pengudah berunding enggau kepala menteri negeri nya. Tiap negeri bisi konstitusyen betulis.<ref name="Lim Hong Hai">{{cite web|author=Hai, Lim Hong|title=Electoral Politics in Malaysia: 'Managing' Elections in a Plural Society|url=http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/01361005.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190212/http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/01361005.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016|access-date=19 February 2014}}</ref> Sabah enggau Sarawak ngembuan autonomi ke jauh mayuh agi ari negeri bukai, ke pemadu tebilang ngembuan polisi enggau kawal imigresyen kediri, sereta status peranak menua ke nyelai.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hannum, Hurst |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_oV3pKJfnvcC&pg=PA342 |title=Basic Documents on Autonomy and Minority Rights |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-7923-1977-1 |pages=342–}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Lockard, Craig A.|date=March 2000|title=Sabah and Sarawak: The Politics of Development and Federalism. Kajian Malaysia, Special Issue. Edited by Francis Loh Kok Wah. Penang: Universiti Sains Malaysia, 1997. Pp. 236.|journal=[[Journal of Southeast Asian Studies]]|volume=31|issue=1|pages=210–213|doi=10.1017/S0022463400016192|s2cid=154586268}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Bong|first1=Karen|last2=Pilo|first2=Wilfred|name-list-style=amp|date=16 September 2011|title=An agreement forged and forgotten|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2011/09/16/an-agreement-forged-and-forgotten/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102042307/http://www.theborneopost.com/2011/09/16/an-agreement-forged-and-forgotten/|archive-date=2 November 2015|access-date=3 July 2014|work=The Borneo Post|location=Kuching}}</ref> Pengawa champur tangan perintah besai dalam pengawa negeri, kurang pemansang, enggau laya ketegal royalti minyak bisi sekali-sekala ngujungka penerang pasal nyerara diri ari bala ketuai di sekeda negeri baka [[Pulau Pinang]], [[Johor]], [[Kelantan]], Sabah enggau Sarawak, taja pan pekara tu bedau dititihka lalu nadai pengawa meredeka ti berat bisi.<ref>{{cite web|last=Koay|first=Su Lin|date=September 2016|title=Penang: The Rebel State (Part One)|url=http://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=2370&name=penang_the_rebel_state_part_one|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034025/http://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=2370&name=penang_the_rebel_state_part_one|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=26 November 2017|website=Penang Monthly}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Chin|first=James|year=1997|title=Politics of Federal Intervention in Malaysia, with reference to Kelantan, Sarawak and Sabah|url=https://www.academia.edu/2954857|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics|volume=35|pages=96–120|doi=10.1080/14662049708447747|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809133946/https://www.academia.edu/2954857|archive-date=9 August 2021|access-date=3 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Mohd Hazmi Mohd Rusli|date=18 October 2015|title=Could the Federation of Malaysia really come apart?|url=http://english.astroawani.com/malaysia-news/could-federation-malaysia-really-come-apart-76926|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027202437/http://english.astroawani.com/malaysia-news/could-federation-malaysia-really-come-apart-76926|archive-date=27 October 2015|access-date=3 November 2015|publisher=[[Astro Awani]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=3 November 2015|title=Will things fall apart in the Malaysian federation?|url=http://www.todayonline.com/world/asia/will-things-fall-apart-malaysian-federation?|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106024352/http://www.todayonline.com/world/asia/will-things-fall-apart-malaysian-federation|archive-date=6 November 2015|access-date=3 November 2015|newspaper=Today|location=Singapore}}</ref> ; Negeri Rintai 13 bengkah negeri enggau tiap indu nengeri (dalam tanda kurung): {{div col|colwidth=22em}} # {{flagicon|Johor}} [[Johor]] ([[Johor Bahru]]) # {{flagicon|Kedah}} [[Kedah]] ([[Alor Setar]]) # {{flagicon|Kelantan}} [[Kelantan]] ([[Kota Bharu]]) # {{flagicon|Melaka}} [[Melaka]] ([[Nengeri Melaka]]) # {{flagicon|Negeri Sembilan}} [[Negeri Sembilan]] ([[Seremban]]) # {{flagicon|Pahang}} [[Pahang]] ([[Kuantan]]) # {{flagicon|Pulau Pinang}} [[Pulau Pinang]] ([[George Town, Pulau Pinang|George Town]]) # {{flagicon|Perak}} [[Perak]] ([[Ipoh]]) # {{flagicon|Perlis}} [[Perlis]] ([[Kangar]]) # {{flagicon|Selangor}} [[Selangor]] ([[Shah Alam]]) # {{flagicon|Sabah}} [[Sabah]] ([[Kota Kinabalu]]) # {{flagicon|Sarawak}} [[Sarawak]] ([[Kuching]]) # {{flagicon|Terengganu}} [[Terengganu]] ([[Kuala Terengganu]]) {{div col end}} ; Kandang menua federal # {{flagicon|Kuala Lumpur}} [[Kuala Lumpur|Kandang Menua Federal Kuala Lumpur]] # {{flagicon|Labuan}} [[Labuan|Kandang Menua Federal Labuan]] ([[Victoria, Labuan|Victoria]]) # {{flagicon|Putrajaya}} [[Putrajaya|Kandang Menua Federal Putrajaya]] === Kaul enggau menua luar enggau soldadu === [[File:2025_Donald_Trump,_Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia_Seri_Anwar_Ibrahim,_Prime_Minister_of_Cambodia_Hun_Manet_and_Prime_Minister_of_Thailand_Anutin_Charnvirakul_before_signing_the_Kuala_Lumpur_Accord_on_October_25_at_the_ASEAN_Summit.jpg|thumb| (Kiba ke kanan) Menteri Besai Malaysia [[Anwar Ibrahim]], Presiden Amerika Serikat [[Donald Trump]], Menteri Besai Thailand [[Anutin Charnvirakul]] enggau Menteri Besai Kemboja [[Hun Manet]] pengudah nyain [[Sempekat Pengelikun Kuala Lumpur]], ti nyadi maya [[Aum Besai ASEAN 2025|Aum Besai ASEAN Ke-47]], 26 Oktober 2025.]] Sebengkah ari kaban pemungkal [[Gerempung Menua Asia Tenggara|ASEAN]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Overview|url=http://www.asean.org/64.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109233326/http://www.asean.org/64.htm|archive-date=9 January 2008|access-date=8 November 2007|publisher=Association of Southeast Asian Nations}}</ref> enggau [[Gerempung Kerejasama Islam|OIC]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Islamic Affairs (OIC) and D8 Division|url=http://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/division-multilateral-oic-d8|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309064902/http://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/division-multilateral-oic-d8|archive-date=9 March 2017|access-date=12 November 2010|publisher=Malaysian Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}</ref> menua tu ngambi bagi dalam mayuh gerempung entarabansa baka [[Gerempung Bansa Beserakup]] (GBB),<ref>{{cite web|title=Member Economies|url=http://www.apec.org/en/About-Us/About-APEC/Member-Economies.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201151002/http://www.apec.org/en/About-Us/About-APEC/Member-Economies.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2010|access-date=10 June 2011|publisher=Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation}}</ref> [[Kerejasama Ekonomi Asia Pasifik|APEC]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Member Economies|url=http://www.apec.org/en/About-Us/About-APEC/Member-Economies.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201151002/http://www.apec.org/en/About-Us/About-APEC/Member-Economies.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2010|access-date=10 June 2011|publisher=Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation}}</ref> [[Gerempung D-8 ungkup Kerejasama Ekonomi|Gerempung Kerejasama Ekonomi D-8]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Malaysia|url=http://www.developing8.org/Membermalaysia.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630135700/http://www.developing8.org/Membermalaysia.aspx|archive-date=30 June 2017|access-date=15 October 2013|publisher=Developing 8 Countries}}</ref> enggau NAM.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Non-Aligned Movement: Member States|url=http://www.nam.gov.za/background/members.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209233514/http://www.nam.gov.za/background/members.htm|archive-date=9 December 2010|access-date=5 September 2010|publisher=Non-Aligned Movement}}</ref> Iya kala nyadi chairman ASEAN, OIC, enggau NAM suba.<ref name="state.gov2" /> Ketegal menua tu [[Koloni mahkota|Koloni British]] suba, iya mega nyadi kaban [[Komanwel]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Member States|url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/142227/members/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225120634/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/member-countries|archive-date=25 December 2018|access-date=26 October 2010|publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat}}</ref> [[Kuala Lumpur]] nyadi palan [[Aum Besai Asia Timur|EAC]] keterubah dalam taun 2005.<ref name="govtnz2">{{cite web|date=4 December 2008|title=Malaysia Foreign Relations|url=http://www.asean.fta.govt.nz/malaysia-foreign-relations|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526030946/http://www.asean.fta.govt.nz/malaysia-foreign-relations/|archive-date=26 May 2010|access-date=18 September 2010|publisher=New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade}}</ref> Polisi luar Malaysia sechara rasmi bepelasarka prinsip neutral enggau ngetanka kaul likun enggau semua menua, enda ngira sistem politik sida.<ref name="kln2">{{cite web|title=Malaysia's Foreign Policy|url=http://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/foreign_policy|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704114645/http://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/foreign_policy|archive-date=4 July 2018|access-date=21 September 2010|publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Malaysia)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]}}</ref> Perintah ngemeratka pengelikun enggau penegap [[Asia Tenggara]],<ref name="govtnz3">{{cite web|date=4 December 2008|title=Malaysia Foreign Relations|url=http://www.asean.fta.govt.nz/malaysia-foreign-relations|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526030946/http://www.asean.fta.govt.nz/malaysia-foreign-relations/|archive-date=26 May 2010|access-date=18 September 2010|publisher=New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade}}</ref> lalu nguji ngemansangka agi kaul enggau menua bukai ba kandang menua nya. Ari segi sejarah perintah udah nguji ngayanka Malaysia nyadi sebengkah menua Islam ti progresif <ref name="kln">{{Cite web}}</ref> seraya ngerapitka kaul enggau [[menua Islam]] bukai. <ref name="govtnz">{{Cite web}}</ref> Siti prinsip ti tegap dalam polisi Malaysia iya nya sovereiniti menua enggau hak sesebengkah menua nguasa pengawa dalam menua iya. Malaysia nyain sempekat GBB pasal [[Sempekat Tagang Senyata Nuklear|Tagang Senyata Nuklear]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 July 2017|title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons|url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en|archive-date=6 August 2019|access-date=16 August 2019|publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=7 August 2019|title=Japan should support nuclear ban treaty, says Malaysian PM Mahathir Mohamad|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/08/07/national/politics-diplomacy/japan-support-nuclear-ban-treaty-says-malaysian-pm-mahathir-mohamad/#.XVat-XszWUk|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409090214/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/08/07/national/politics-diplomacy/japan-support-nuclear-ban-treaty-says-malaysian-pm-mahathir-mohamad/#.XVat-XszWUk|archive-date=9 April 2023|access-date=16 August 2019|work=The Japan Times}}</ref> [[Pulau-pulau Spratly]] diperebutka mayuh muea ba kandang menua nya, lalu [[Jurai kandang menua ba Tasik China Selatan|sebagi besai ari Tasik China Selatan]] dituntut [[China]]. Bebida enggau menua sepiak iya [[Vietnam]] enggau [[Filipina]], Malaysia ari sukut sejarah nyeliahka diri ari konflik enggau China.<ref>{{cite news|last=Diola|first=Camille|date=25 June 2014|title=Why Malaysia, unlike Philippines, keeps quiet on sea row|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/06/25/1338864/why-malaysia-unlike-philippines-keeps-quiet-sea-row|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627165932/http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/06/25/1338864/why-malaysia-unlike-philippines-keeps-quiet-sea-row|archive-date=27 June 2014|access-date=25 June 2014|work=[[The Philippine Star]]}}</ref> Taja pia, sepengudah kapal China nyerungkai tasik kandang menua Malaysia,<ref>{{cite news|date=27 September 2015|title=Presence of China Coast Guard ship at Luconia Shoals spooks local fishermen|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/09/27/presence-of-china-coast-guard-ship-at-luconia-shoals-spooks-local-fishermen/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929005731/http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/09/27/presence-of-china-coast-guard-ship-at-luconia-shoals-spooks-local-fishermen/|archive-date=29 September 2015|access-date=28 September 2015|newspaper=The Borneo Post|location=Kuching}}</ref> enggau ngelanggar kandang udara ngena bilun soldadu sida, Malaysia udah chakah ngutuk China.<ref>{{cite news|date=15 August 2015|title=Malaysia lodges diplomatic protest against intrusion at Beting Patinggi Ali|url=http://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2015/08/15/malaysia-lodges-diplomatic-protest-against-intrusion-at-beting-patinggi-ali/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929024442/http://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2015/08/15/malaysia-lodges-diplomatic-protest-against-intrusion-at-beting-patinggi-ali/|archive-date=29 September 2015|access-date=16 August 2015|work=The Rakyat Post|agency=Bernama}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Blanchard|first1=Ben|last2=Pullin|first2=Richard|date=18 October 2015|title=Malaysia slams China's 'provocation' in South China Sea|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/malaysia-slams-china-s/2200744.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019120244/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/malaysia-slams-china-s/2200744.html|archive-date=19 October 2015|access-date=20 October 2015|work=Channel News Asia|agency=Reuters}}</ref> [[Brunei]] enggau Malaysia dalam taun 2009 madahka deka ngetuka pengawa nuntut tanah pangan diri, lalu meri komitmen mutarka isu ti bekaul enggau garis entara menua maritim sida.<ref>{{cite news|last=Masli|first=Ubaidillah|date=17 March 2009|title=Brunei drops all claims to Limbang|url=http://www.bt.com.bn/home_news/2009/03/17/brunei_drops_all_claims_to_limbang|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712162447/http://www.bt.com.bn/home_news/2009/03/17/brunei_drops_all_claims_to_limbang|archive-date=12 July 2014|access-date=23 August 2013|url-status=usurped|work=[[The Brunei Times]]}}</ref> Filipina bisi [[Jurai Borneo Utara|tuntut ti enda aktif]] ba bagi menua timur [[Sabah]].<ref name="MYIDPHSG2">{{cite web|last=Mohamad|first=Kadir|year=2009|title=Malaysia's territorial disputes – two cases at the ICJ: Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore), Ligitan and Sipadan [and the Sabah claim] (Malaysia/Indonesia/Philippines)|url=http://www.idfr.gov.my/images/stories/publication/2009/inside_pbp.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516042053/http://www.idfr.gov.my/images/stories/publication/2009/inside_pbp.pdf|archive-date=16 May 2016|access-date=16 May 2014|publisher=Institute of Diplomacy and Foreign Relations (IDFR) Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia|page=46|quote=Map of British North Borneo, highlighting in yellow colour the area covered by the Philippine claim, presented to the Court by the Philippines during the Oral Hearings at the ICJ on 25 June 2001}}</ref> Pengawa nuntut tanah [[Singapura]] udah ngasuh penyarut nyadi,<ref>{{cite web|title=Disputed&nbsp;– International|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2070.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014013059/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2070.html|archive-date=14 October 2018|access-date=26 October 2010|publisher=CIA}}</ref> lalu penyarut mit ba garis entara menua maritim enggau darat bisi enggau [[Indonesia]].<ref name="MYIDPHSG">{{cite web|last=Mohamad|first=Kadir|year=2009|title=Malaysia's territorial disputes – two cases at the ICJ: Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore), Ligitan and Sipadan [and the Sabah claim] (Malaysia/Indonesia/Philippines)|url=http://www.idfr.gov.my/images/stories/publication/2009/inside_pbp.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516042053/http://www.idfr.gov.my/images/stories/publication/2009/inside_pbp.pdf|archive-date=16 May 2016|access-date=16 May 2014|publisher=Institute of Diplomacy and Foreign Relations (IDFR) Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia|page=46|quote=Map of British North Borneo, highlighting in yellow colour the area covered by the Philippine claim, presented to the Court by the Philippines during the Oral Hearings at the ICJ on 25 June 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=16 October 2015|title=Border disputes differ for Indonesia, M'sia|url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=103802|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019135525/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=103802|archive-date=19 October 2015|access-date=19 October 2015|newspaper=[[Daily Express (Malaysia)|Daily Express]]|location=Kota Kinabalu}}</ref> [[File:Su30mkm_flying_at_lima_two_(cropped).jpg|thumb| Bilun [[Sukhoi Su-30MKM]] TUDM]] [[Raban Besenyata Malaysia]] bisi tiga pampang: [[Soldadu Malaysia]], [[Soldadu Tasik Diraja Malaysia]] enggau [[Soldadu Langit Diraja Malaysia]]. Nadai pengawa soldadu, lalu umur ke dipinta kena nyadi soldadu enggau sukarela iya nya 18 taun. Sedadu ngena 1.5% ari GDP menua, lalu ngambi 1.23% ari pengereja pengawa Malaysia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Malaysian Military statistics|url=http://www.nationmaster.com/red/country/my-malaysia/mil-military%26all%3D1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806213531/http://www.nationmaster.com/red/country/my-malaysia/mil-military%26all%3D1|archive-date=6 August 2013|access-date=1 October 2010|publisher=NationMaster}}</ref> Raban penyaga pemaik Malaysia ari [[MALBATT]] udah meri bantu ngagai mayuh pengawa nyaga pemaik PBB, baka di [[Operasyen Gerempung Bansa Beserakup ba Kongo|Kongo]], [[Raban Pemerati Soldadu Iran–Irak Gerempung Bansa Beserakup|Iran–Irak]], [[Raban Pemantu Pengalih|Namibia]], Kemboja, Bosnia enggau Herzegovina, Somalia, Kosovo, Timor Leste, enggau Lebanon.<ref name="state.gov2" /><ref>{{cite web|date=12 February 2013|title=Malaysia – Permanent Missions to the United Nations|url=http://www.un.int/malaysia/GA/67/2013-02-12%20Protection%20of%20Civilians.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018034708/http://www.un.int/malaysia/GA/67/2013-02-12%20Protection%20of%20Civilians.pdf|archive-date=18 October 2013|access-date=15 October 2013|publisher=United Nations}}</ref> [[Atur Pengetan Kuasa Lima]] nya inisiatif pengelikun pelilih menua ke udah dipejalaika semak 40 taun. Iya ngaul pengawa latih sedadu begulai ke diatur entara Malaysia, Singapura, Australia, New Zealand, enggau United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite news|date=26 April 2010|title=Australia says major military exercise underway in Malaysia|url=http://www.mysinchew.com/node/38249|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201942/http://www.mysinchew.com/node/38249|archive-date=3 March 2016|access-date=1 October 2010|work=My Sinchew}}</ref> Latih begulai enggau main perang mega udah diatur enggau Brunei,<ref>{{cite news|last=Wood|first=Daniel|date=20 April 2014|title=Brunei, M'sia train in 11th military exercise|url=http://www.bt.com.bn/news-national/2014/04/20/brunei-m%E2%80%99sia-train-11th-military-exercise|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208183256/http://www.bt.com.bn/news-national/2014/04/20/brunei-m%E2%80%99sia-train-11th-military-exercise|archive-date=8 December 2014|access-date=5 November 2014|url-status=usurped|work=The Brunei Times}}</ref> China,<ref>{{cite web|author=Yao Jianing|date=17 September 2015|title=First China-Malaysia joint military exercise held in Malacca Strait|url=http://eng.mod.gov.cn/DefenseNews/2015-09/17/content_4620894.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001184454/http://eng.mod.gov.cn/DefenseNews/2015-09/17/content_4620894.htm|archive-date=1 October 2018|access-date=1 October 2018|work=China Military Online|publisher=[[Ministry of National Defense (China)|Ministry of National Defense]]}}</ref> India,<ref>{{cite web|author=Aman Anand|date=30 April 2018|title=First Ever Joint Army exercise on Malaysian Soil Commences with Handing-Over of Troops Ceremony|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=179020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001183858/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=179020|archive-date=1 October 2018|access-date=2 October 2018|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] (India)}}</ref> Indonesia,<ref>{{cite news|date=13 September 2010|title=Indonesia-Malaysia military exercises must continue&nbsp;– defence minister|url=http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/1284390436/indonesia-malaysia-military-exercises-must-continue-defence-minister|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922134210/http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/1284390436/indonesia-malaysia-military-exercises-must-continue-defence-minister|archive-date=22 September 2010|access-date=1 October 2010|work=ANTARA News}}</ref> Jipun,<ref>{{cite web|author=John Grevatt|date=12 September 2018|title=Japan, Malaysia sign defence accord|url=https://www.janes.com/article/82922/japan-malaysia-sign-defence-accord|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001185203/https://www.janes.com/article/82922/japan-malaysia-sign-defence-accord|archive-date=1 October 2018|access-date=1 October 2018|publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]]}}</ref> enggau Amerika Serikat.<ref>{{cite news|date=25 August 2014|title=Malaysia, US armed forces in joint exercise|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2014/08/25/Malaysia-US-armed-forces/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709175613/http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2014/08/25/Malaysia-US-armed-forces/|archive-date=9 July 2023|access-date=26 August 2014|work=The Star|location=Kuala Lumpur}}</ref> Malaysia, Filipina, Thailand, enggau Vietnam udah setuju ngatur latih begulai raban pengelikun dikena nyaga garis entara menua maritim sida sereta mutarka isu baka imigresyen nadai pemendar, lanun, enggau pengawa mai barang sechara belalai.<ref>{{cite news|date=9 August 2010|title=Malaysia, Philippines committed to enhancing border security|url=http://www.mysinchew.com/node/43096|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205247/http://www.mysinchew.com/node/43096|archive-date=3 March 2016|access-date=18 September 2010|work=My Sinchew}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=April 2013|title=Piracy in Southeast Asia: Organised Criminal Syndicates or Small Scale Opportunists?|url=http://www.graypage.com/assets/Piracy-in-Southeast-Asia-Organised-Criminal-Syndicatds-or-small-scale-opportunists.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724082702/http://www.graypage.com/assets/Piracy-in-Southeast-Asia-Organised-Criminal-Syndicatds-or-small-scale-opportunists.pdf|archive-date=24 July 2015|access-date=24 July 2015|work=Gray Page}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Carvalho|first=Martin|date=15 May 2012|title=Malaysia, Thailand military exercise to include other agencies, Asean members|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2012/05/15/Malaysia-Thailand-military-exercise-to-include-other-agencies-Asean-members/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709181144/https://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2012/05/15/Malaysia-Thailand-military-exercise-to-include-other-agencies-Asean-members/|archive-date=9 July 2023|access-date=5 November 2014|work=The Star|location=Kuala Lumpur}}</ref>Sebedau tu bisi pengirau ati pengawa militan ekstremis ba kandang endur Islam di [[Konflik Moro|selatan Filipina]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sherman|first1=Ray|last2=David|first2=Nisha|date=6 March 2020|title=Malaysia Bolsters Security Near Sea Border with Philippines|url=https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/malaysian/malaysia-philippines-03062020184117.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204233702/https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/malaysian/malaysia-philippines-03062020184117.html|archive-date=4 December 2024|access-date=5 December 2024|work=Benar News}}</ref> enggau [[Charut Selatan Thailand|selatan Thailand]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Kent|first=Jonathan|date=28 April 2004|title=Malaysia ups Thai border security|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/3666607.stm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202140536/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3666607.stm|archive-date=2 December 2010|access-date=18 September 2010|work=BBC News}}</ref> deka ngelekai ngagai Malaysia. Ketegal nya, Malaysia berengkah nambahka pengelikun garis entara menua.<ref>{{cite news|last=Parameswaran|first=Prashanth|date=19 April 2022|title=Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines Consider Expanding Sulu Sea Trilateral Patrols|url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/04/indonesia-malaysia-philippines-consider-expanding-sulu-sea-trilateral-patrols/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204234639/https://thediplomat.com/2022/04/indonesia-malaysia-philippines-consider-expanding-sulu-sea-trilateral-patrols/|archive-date=4 December 2024|access-date=5 December 2024|work=The Diplomat}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Sallehuddin|first1=Qistina|last2=Kuan|first2=Samantha|date=9 December 2022|title=Govt to step up Malaysian-Thai border security|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2022/12/859251/govt-step-malaysian-thai-border-security|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204233702/https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/malaysian/malaysia-philippines-03062020184117.html|archive-date=4 December 2024|access-date=5 December 2024|work=New Straits Times}}</ref> === Hak Asasi Mensia === [[Homoseksualiti]] [[Hak LGBTQ ba Malaysia|enda dikemendarka di Malaysia]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bearak|first1=Max|last2=Cameron|first2=Darla|date=16 June 2016|title=Here are the 10 countries where homosexuality may be punished by death|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/06/13/here-are-the-10-countries-where-homosexuality-may-be-punished-by-death-2/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523191423/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/06/13/here-are-the-10-countries-where-homosexuality-may-be-punished-by-death-2/|archive-date=23 May 2017|access-date=21 May 2017|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Avery|first=Daniel|date=4 April 2019|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|archive-date=11 December 2019|access-date=16 August 2019|work=Newsweek}}</ref> lalu piak bekuasa udah netapka ukum baka ngena rutan enggau jil.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lamb|first=Kate|date=3 September 2018|title=Women caned in Malaysia for attempting to have lesbian sex|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/03/women-caned-in-malaysia-for-attempting-to-have-lesbian-sex|access-date=26 May 2019|newspaper=The Guardian|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=7 November 2019|title=Malaysia sentences five men to jail, caning and fines for gay sex|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-lgbt-idUSKBN1XH197|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627173805/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-lgbt-idUSKBN1XH197|archive-date=27 June 2022|access-date=27 June 2022|website=Reuters|language=en}}</ref> [[Pengawa bedagangka mensia]] enggau [[pengawa bedagangka seks di Malaysia]] nyadi penanggul ti signifikan.<ref>{{cite web|date=24 May 2017|title=Malaysia must wake up to its human trafficking problem|url=https://www.newmandala.org/malaysia-must-wake-human-trafficking-problem/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710111418/https://www.newmandala.org/malaysia-must-wake-human-trafficking-problem/|archive-date=10 July 2022|access-date=7 April 2020|website=New Mandala}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=20 June 2014|title=US penalises Malaysia for shameful human trafficking record|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/jun/20/malaysia-us-human-trafficking-persons-report|website=The Guardian}}</ref> Bisi mega kes ngakim kediri ti munuh sereta bekasarka individu LGBT di Malaysia.<ref>{{cite web|date=24 August 2018|title=A brutal assault and rising fear in Malaysia's LGBT community|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/08/24/a-brutal-assault-and-rising-fear-in-malaysias-lgbt-community|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525033617/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/08/24/a-brutal-assault-and-rising-fear-in-malaysias-lgbt-community|archive-date=25 May 2022|access-date=27 June 2022|website=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=25 January 2021|title=Malaysia: Government Steps Up Attacks on LGBT People|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/01/25/malaysia-government-steps-attacks-lgbt-people|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627173805/https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/01/25/malaysia-government-steps-attacks-lgbt-people|archive-date=27 June 2022|access-date=27 June 2022|website=[[Human Rights Watch]]|language=en}}</ref> Pengawa ti enda sah ba pengawa homoseksualiti di Malaysia mega udah nyadika batang [[Pengawa bechara sodomi Anwar Ibrahim|pengawa bechara sodomi]] [[Anwar Ibrahim]], ti dikumbai Anwar bemotif politik, sebengkah chara ti disukung Raban Kereja pasal Pengawa Ngetanka Sepeneka Ati, begulai enggau Amnesty Antarabansa enggau Human Rights Watch.<ref>{{cite web|date=21 July 2008|title=Malaysia: Political Motivations Undermine Anwar Case|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/07/21/malaysia-political-motivations-undermine-anwar-case|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627173815/https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/07/21/malaysia-political-motivations-undermine-anwar-case|archive-date=27 June 2022|access-date=27 June 2022|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Doherty|first1=Ben|date=10 February 2015|title=Anwar Ibrahim guilty in sodomy case|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/10/anwar-ibrahim-guilty-in-sodomy-case|access-date=27 June 2022|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2 November 2015|title=Anwar Ibrahim: Malaysia opposition leader 'should be freed'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34704563|access-date=27 June 2022|website=BBC News}}</ref> Ukum mati dikena ungkup penyalah ti berat baka [[Pengawa munuh|munuh]], pengani, enggau [[Dagang dadah enda sah|bedagangka dadah]], sekeda ari penyalah nya kala nyadi mandatori.<ref>{{cite web|date=1 January 2015|title=Laws of Malaysia [Act 574]|url=http://www.agc.gov.my/agcportal/uploads/files/Publications/LOM/EN/Penal%20Code%20%5BAct%20574%5D2.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203104609/http://www.agc.gov.my/agcportal/uploads/files/Publications/LOM/EN/Penal%20Code%20&#91;Act%20574&#93;2.pdf|archive-date=3 December 2020|access-date=13 October 2016|publisher=Attorney General's Chamber}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Death Penalty in Malaysia|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/212428/13_05_31_DPP_Malaysia_report_FINAL_single_pages.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626042150/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/212428/13_05_31_DPP_Malaysia_report_FINAL_single_pages.pdf|archive-date=26 June 2014|access-date=15 October 2013|publisher=[[Government of the United Kingdom]]}}</ref> Taja pia, dalam bulan Julai 2023, berindik ari pengawa ngemendarka [[Akta Pengapus Ukum Mati Mandatori 2023]], ukum mati mandatori dipunaska ungkup semua penyalah di Malaysia, lalu ari nya ngemendarka akim neritka ukum mati nitihka peneka ati sida empu sereta nitihka kes. Undang-undang baru nya mega ngemunaska semua ukum jil seumur idup semula jadi, nganti nya enggau ukum jil 30 ngagai 40 taun nganti nya.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Latiff|first=Rozanna|date=3 April 2023|title=Malaysia scraps mandatory death penalty, natural-life prison terms|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/malaysia-parliament-approves-law-remove-mandatory-death-penalty-2023-04-03/|access-date=9 June 2025|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Yusry|first=Muhammad|date=3 July 2023|title=Abolishment of mandatory death penalty gazetted, to come into force tomorrow|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2023/07/03/abolishment-of-mandatory-death-penalty-gazetted-to-come-into-force-tomorrow/77669|access-date=9 June 2025|work=Malay Mail}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Tee|first=Kenneth|date=3 April 2023|title=A brief history of Malaysia's capital punishment and death row inmates|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2023/04/03/a-brief-history-of-malaysias-capital-punishment-and-death-row-inmates/62376|access-date=9 June 2025|work=Malay Mail}}</ref> == Geography == {{Main|Geografi Malaysia}} [[Fail:Malaysia_relief_location_map.jpg|alt=Relief map of Malaysia|thumb|400x400px|[[Kar topografi]] Malaysia; [[Gunung Kinabalu]] nya tuchung ke pemadu tinggi ba menua tu.]] Malaysia nya menua ke-66 pemadu besai nitihka penyampau pemesai tanah, enggau pemesai {{convert|330803|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref name="2010 stats" /> [[Semenanjung Malaysia|Malaysia Barat]] bekunsi [[Garis entara menua Malaysia|garis entara menua]] enggau [[Thailand]], seraya Malaysia Timur bekunsi garis entara menua darat enggau menua [[Indonesia]] sereta [[Brunei]].<ref name="CIA Fact Book2" /> Singapura diserara ari Semenanjung Malaysia nengah [[Selat Johor]] lalu disambung enggau iya nengah [[Jalai Peraka Ai Johor–Singapura|jalai peraka]] ti sempit enggau[[Jalai Penyambung Kedua Malaysia–Singapura|jematan]]. Menua tu mega bekunsi [[batas maritim]] enggau Indonesia, [[Vietnam]]<ref>{{cite web|title=To Reduce Conflicts, Indonesia and Malaysia Should Meet Intensively|url=http://www.ugm.ac.id/en/?q=news/to-reduce-conflicts-indonesia-and-malaysia-should-meet-intensively|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225091836/http://www.ugm.ac.id/en/?q=news%2Fto-reduce-conflicts-indonesia-and-malaysia-should-meet-intensively|archive-date=25 December 2010|access-date=26 October 2010|publisher=Universitas Gadjah Mada}}</ref> sereta [[Filipina]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Prescott |first1=John Robert Victor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-RT2lGdMZucC |title=Undelimited maritime boundaries of the Asian Rim in the Pacific Ocean |last2=Schofield |first2=Clive H |publisher=International Boundaries Research Unit |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-897643-43-3 |page=53 |access-date=2 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727120523/https://books.google.com/books?id=-RT2lGdMZucC |archive-date=27 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Garis entara menua darat mayuh ditentuka penteba geografi baka [[Sungai Perlis]], [[Sungai Golok]] sereta Pemintas Pagalayan, seraya sekeda ari garis entara menua maritim nyadika subjek jurai ti majak nyadi.<ref name="CIA Fact Book2" /> Brunei numbuhka [[enklaf]] ti nyau deka nyadi ba Malaysia,<ref>{{cite web|title=Brunei|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/brunei/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721102115/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bx.html|archive-date=21 July 2015|access-date=13 September 2011|publisher=CIA}}</ref> ketegal negeri [[Sarawak]] magika menua nya nyadi dua bagi. Malaysia tu semina menua ti ngembuan tanah ba kededua [[Asia|tanah besai Asia]] sereta [[Pulau-Pulau Melayu]].<ref name="Marshall2" /> [[Selat Melaka]], bepalan entara [[Sumatera]] enggau Semenajung Malaysia, nyadi siti ari jalai besai ti pemadu beguna dalam pengawa dagang dunya, ti mai 40% ari pengawa dagang dunya.<ref name="Schuman">{{cite magazine|last=Schuman|first=Michael|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1893032,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423052721/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1893032,00.html|archive-date=23 April 2009|title=How to Defeat Pirates: Success in the Strait of Malacca|magazine=Time|date=22 April 2009|access-date=16 August 2011}}</ref> [[Titik ekstrim Asia|titik pemadu selatan ba tanah besai Asia]] bepalan ba [[Tanjung Piai]], di negeri [[Johor]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-10-25|title=Tanjung Piai - Johor National Parks|url=https://johornationalparks.gov.my/tanjung-piai/|access-date=2025-06-12|language=en-US}}</ref> Dua bagi Malaysia, diserara ari pangan diri nengah [[Tasik China Selatan]], bekunsi rampa menua ti sebaka enggau mayuh laban kededua Semenanjung enggau Malaysia Timur bisi ngayanka [[emperan tebing tasik]] ti niki ngagai [[bukit]] enggau [[gunung]].<ref name="CIA Fact Book2" /> Semenanjung Malaysia, ti ngundan 40% ari pemesai tanah Malaysia,<ref name="Marshall2" /> ngerentang {{convert|740|km|abbr=on}} ari utara ke selatan, lalu libar maksimum iya sepemanjai {{convert|322|km|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Swee-Hock">{{Cite book |last=Saw |first=Swee-Hock |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e4Yp2QJNVWgC |title=The population of Peninsular Malaysia |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year=2007 |isbn=978-981-230-730-9 |pages=1–2}}</ref> Kandang menua tu dibagi ngagai bagi pantai barat enggau timur nengah [[Tatai Titiwangsa]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stevens |first=Alan M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cF97F--suNAC |title=Kamus Lengkap Indonesia Inggris |publisher=Ohio University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-979-433-387-7 |page=89}}</ref> lalu peninggi tuchung iya ti pemadu tinggi iya nya {{Convert|2183|m|ft}} ba [[Gunung Korbu]],<ref name="AZ">{{Cite book |last=Ooi Keat Gin |first=Gin |title=The A to Z of Malaysia |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8108-7641-5 |page=lxxxii}}</ref> ti nyadi bagi ari [[tatai bukit]] ba pusat semenanjung.<ref name="Marshall2" /> Gunung-gunung tu balat bekampung,<ref>{{cite book |last=Nations |first=F.A.O.U. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9pjtEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA152 |title=Soil Atlas of Asia |publisher=Publications Office of the European Union and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=2023 |isbn=978-92-5-137882-3 |series=JRC soil atlas series |page=152 |access-date=5 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219035030/https://books.google.com/books?id=9pjtEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA152 |archive-date=19 December 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> lalu ngundan mayuh [[granit]] sereta [[batu bemagma]] ti bukai. Mayuh ari nya udah ditiki, lalu nempa rampa menua [[karst]].<ref name="Marshall2" /> Tatai tu mega nyadi bunsu bemacham sungai di Semenanjung Malaysia.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Harun |first1=S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A_aVEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA139 |title=Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Water Resources (ICWR) – Volume 1: Current Research in Water Resources, Coastal and Environment |last2=Othman |first2=I.K. |last3=Jamal |first3=M.H. |publisher=Springer Nature Singapore |year=2022 |isbn=978-981-19-5947-9 |series=Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering |page=139 |access-date=5 December 2024}}</ref> Emperan tebing tasuk ngelingi semenanjung tu nyampau libar maksimum {{convert|50|km|mi|0}}, lalu pemanjai tebing tasik semenanjung nyampau {{convert|1931|km|abbr=on}}, taja palan penyangkai kapal mayuh bisi ba piak barat.<ref name="Swee-Hock" /> [[Fail:St._John's_Peak_Mount_Kinabalu_3.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Pemandang adap ke Tuchung St. John sebedau matahari pansut ba Gunung Kinabalu, enggau lampu nengeri ti jauh Kota Kinabalu tampak jauh kanan, Sabah, Borneo]] Malaysia Timur, ba pulau [[Borneo]], ngundan tebing tasik sepemanjai {{convert|2607|km|abbr=on}}.<ref name="CIA Fact Book2" /> Iya dibagi entara pelilih menua tebing tasik, bukit enggau [[lembak]], enggau kandang menua dalam ti bebukit.<ref name="Marshall2" /> [[Tatai Crocker]] ngerembai ngagai utara ari Sarawak,<ref name="Marshall2" /> magika negeri [[Sabah]]. Tu nyadi palan [[Gunung Kinabalu]] ti sepemanjai {{convert|4095|m|adj=on|abbr=on}},<ref name="Richmond">{{Cite book |last=Richmond |first=Simon |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781741048872 |title=Malaysia, Singapore & Brunei |publisher=Lonely Planet |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-74104-887-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781741048872/page/74 74]–75 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="Thiessen">{{Cite book |last=Thiessen |first=Tamara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DCDkRTYwN5AC&pg=PA192 |title=Borneo: Sabah – Brunei – Sarawak |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-84162-390-0 |page=192 |access-date=23 April 2014}}</ref> [[Rintai gunung ba Malaysia|gunung pemadu tinggi ba Malaysia]]. Gunung Kinabalu bepalan ba [[Taman Nasional Kinabalu]], ti dilindung nyadi sebengkah ari empat [[Palan Pesaka Dunya]] [[UNESCO]] [[Rintai Palan Pesaka Dunya ba Malaysia|ba menua Malaysia]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mount Kinabalu&nbsp;– revered abode of the dead|url=http://www.ecologyasia.com/html-loc/mount-kinabalu.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100921002507/http://ecologyasia.com/html-loc/mount-kinabalu.htm|archive-date=21 September 2010|access-date=17 September 2010|publisher=Ecology Asia}}</ref> Tatai gunung pemadu tinggi nya numbuhka garis entara menua Malaysia enggau Indonesia. Sarawak bisi Gua Mulu, sistem gua pemadu besai ba dunya, ti bepalan ba [[Taman Nasional Gunung Mulu]], Palan Pesaka Dunya ke bukai.<ref name="Marshall2" /> [[Batang Rajang]], [[Rintai sungai ba Malaysia|sungai ti pemadu panjai ba Malaysia]] mega bepalan di negeri Sarawak. Ngelingi kededua bagi menua Malaysia bisi [[Rintai pulau ba Malaysia|mayuh pulau]], ke pemadu besai iya nya [[Banggi]].<ref>{{cite report|url=http://scrfa.org/images/stories/pdf/scrfa/daw_e.malaysia.pdf|title=Reef Fish Aggregations in Sabah, East Malaysia|author=Daw, T.|date=April 2004|publisher=Society for the Conservation of Reef Fish Aggregations|volume=5|page=17|access-date=1 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519182853/http://scrfa.org/images/stories/pdf/scrfa/daw_e.malaysia.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2012|url-status=live|series=Western Pacific Fisher Survey series}}</ref> Gaya hari menua tu [[klimat tropikal|gaya ekuator]] lalu bisi [[landas]] ninting taun adap ke selatan (April ngagai Oktober) sereta adap utara (Oktober ngagai Februari).<ref name="Swee-Hock" /> Pengangat iya tampak sedang ketegal bisi tasik ti ngelingi.<ref name="Marshall2" /> Penyebah suah iya tinggi, lalu pukul rata ujan setaun iya nya {{convert|250|cm|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Swee-Hock" /> Gaya Hari Semenanjung enggau Timur bebida, laban gaya hari ba semenanjung tu dikeruga terus angin ari tanah besai, bebida enggau gaya hari ti lebih maritim ba Timur. Gaya hari menua tu tau dibagi ngagai tiga kandang menua, tanah tinggi, tanah rendah, enggau tebing tasik.<ref name="Marshall2" /> [[Ubah iklim ba Malaysia|Ubah iklim]] tau ngasuh [[peniki tikas tasik]] enggau ujan ti majak nambah, nambahka risiko bah lalu ngujungka kemarau.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Country: Malaysia|url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127191008/https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/|archive-date=27 November 2022|access-date=1 February 2023|website=World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal|language=en}}</ref> == Demografi == {{Main|Demografi Malaysia}} [[Fail:Malaysia population density 2010b.png|thumb|350x350px|alt=A map of Malaysia depicting the expected 2010 estimated population density.|Pemadat mensia (orang per km²) maya 2010]] [[Fail:Percentage distribution of Malaysian population by ethnic group, 2010.svg|thumb|alt=Percentage distribution of Malaysian population by ethnic group, 2010|The percentage distribution of Malaysian population by ethnic group based on 2010 census|350x350px]] Nitihka penerang ari Opis Statistik Malaysia, penyampau tubuh peranak menua tu manggai 32,447,385 iku ba taun 2020,<ref name="Population2010">{{Cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522234002/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf |archive-date=22 May 2014 |title=Population Distribution and Basic Demographic Characteristics |publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia |page=82 |access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref> nyadika menua ke-42 pemadu mayuh mensia. Nitihka anggar taun 2012, penyampau tubuh majak nambah 1.54 peratus setaun. Malaysia ngembuan pemadat pemayuh tubuh 96 iku per km², ba penuduk lumur 116 ba dunya ungkup pemadat mensia. Orang dalam kandang umur 15–64 taun nyadi 69.5 peratus ari penyampau tubuh; raban umur 0–14 taun setipak enggau 24.5 peratus; lalu orang tuai ke beumur 65 taun ke atas manggai 6.0 peratus. Dalam taun 1960, lebuh pengawa ngitung tubuh enggau rasmi keterubah iya dirikod di Malaysia, penyampau tubuh mensia mayuh bisi 8.11 juta iku. 91.8 peratus ari penyampau tubuh peranak menua Malaysia.<ref name="stat2010">{{Cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1215%3Apopulation-distribution-and-basic-demographic-characteristic-report-population-and-housing-census-malaysia-2010-updated-2972011&catid=130%3Apopulation-distribution-and-basic-demographic-characteristic-report-population-and-housing-census-malaysia-2010&Itemid=154&lang=en |title=Population Distribution and Basic Demographic Characteristic Report 2010 (Ethnic composition) |publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia |date=2010 |access-date=10 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008005500/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1215%3Apopulation-distribution-and-basic-demographic-characteristic-report-population-and-housing-census-malaysia-2010-updated-2972011&catid=130%3Apopulation-distribution-and-basic-demographic-characteristic-report-population-and-housing-census-malaysia-2010&Itemid=154&lang=en |archive-date=8 October 2013 }}</ref> Peranak Malaysia dibagi nitihka garis etnik setempat, enggau 69.7 peratus dianggap ''[[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|bumiputera]]''.<ref name="Q12021">{{Cite web |url=https://www.mycensus.gov.my/index.php/125-newsletter-infographics/343-infographics#gallery9c2ef0eed8-2 |title=Infographics |publisher=Department of Statistics |access-date=13 August 2021 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002053818/https://www.mycensus.gov.my/index.php/125-newsletter-infographics/343-infographics#gallery9c2ef0eed8-2 |url-status=live }}</ref> Raban bumiputera ke pemadu mayuh iya nya bansa [[Melayu]], ke ditukuka dalam konstitusyen nyadi orang [[Islam]] ke ngemeranka adat enggau budaya Melayu. Sida bejalaika tanggungpengawa ti dominan ba politik.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7121534.stm|title=Malaysia's lingering ethnic divide|author=Brant, Robin|work=BBC News|date=4 March 2008|access-date=29 October 2013|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803200852/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7121534.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Status Bumiputera mega diberi ngagai raban bansa asal ukai Melayu Sabah enggau Sarawak: ti nyengkaum bansa Dayak ([[Iban]], [[Bidayuh]], [[Orang Ulu]]), [[Kadazan-Dusun]], [[Melanau]], [[Bajau Samah|Bajau]] sereta ke bukai. Bumiputera ukai Melayu mungkur lebih setengah ari penyampau tubuh peranak Sarawak enggau lebih dua pertiga ari penyampau tubuh peranak Sabah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/publications/2001/87-7944-557-8/html/kap02_eng.htm|title=2. Socio-Economic and National Context [People]|work=Malaysian-Danish Country Programme for Cooperation in Environment and Development (2002–2006)|publisher=Miljøstyrelsens Informationscenter|access-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040921231939/https://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/publications/2001/87-7944-557-8/html/kap02_eng.htm|archive-date=21 September 2004|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/who-are-malaysias-bumiputera|title=Who are Malaysia's bumiputera?|last=Leong|first=Trinna|publisher=The Straits Times|date=3 August 2017|access-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920055010/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/who-are-malaysias-bumiputera|archive-date=20 September 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Bisi mega raban bansa asal tauka orang asal ke jauh mimit agi ba semenanjung, ke alai sida begulai dikelala enggau nama [[Orang Asli]].<ref>{{Cite book|last = Gomes|first = Alberto G.|title = Modernity and Malaysia: settling the Menraq forest nomads|publisher = Taylor & Francis Group|date = 2007|page = 10|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IiTgShFY2QEC|isbn = 978-0-203-96075-2|access-date = 2 June 2020|archive-date = 27 July 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230727120523/https://books.google.com/books?id=IiTgShFY2QEC|url-status = live}}</ref> Undang-undang pasal sapa ke bulih status bumiputera bebida entara negeri.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2009/11/4/nation/20091104194453&sec=nation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091107061431/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2009%2F11%2F4%2Fnation%2F20091104194453&sec=nation |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 November 2009 |title=PM asked to clarify mixed-race bumiputra status |work=The Star |date=4 November 2009 |access-date=26 October 2010 }}</ref> Pia mega bisi dua bengkah etnik setempat bukai ke ukai Bumiputera. 22.8 peratus ari penyampau tubuh nya bansa [[Orang China Malaysia|China Malaysia]], lalu 6.8 peratus bansa [[Orang India Malaysia|India Malaysia]].<ref name="Q12021"/> Raban bansa China setempat ari suba udah lebih dominan dalam komuniti dagang. Orang India setempat tebal agi bebansa [[Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Kuppusamy, Baradan |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/HC24Ae01.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324183428/http://atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/HC24Ae01.html |url-status=unfit |archive-date=24 March 2006 |title=Racism alive and well in Malaysia |work=Asia Times |date=24 March 2006 |access-date=27 October 2010}}</ref><ref name="Barbara">{{Cite book|last = West|first = Barbara A.|title = Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania, Volume 1|publisher = Facts on File inc|date = 2009|page = 486|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC|isbn = 978-0-8160-7109-8|access-date = 2 June 2020|archive-date = 27 July 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230727121024/https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC|url-status = live}}</ref> Peranak menua Malaysia ukai automatik diberi ngagai sida ke ada di Malaysia, tang diberi ngagai anak mit ke ada ari dua iku apai indai peranak Malaysia di luar Malaysia. Dua peranak menua enda dikemendarka nitihka undang-undang menua tu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher,IRBC,,MYS,47d6546928,0.html |title=Malaysia: Citizenship laws, including methods by which a person may obtain citizenship; whether dual citizenship is recognized and if so, how it is acquired; process for renouncing citizenship and related documentation; grounds for revoking citizenship |publisher=Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada |date=16 November 2007 |access-date=25 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124045542/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher%2CIRBC%2C%2CMYS%2C47d6546928%2C0.html |archive-date=24 November 2011 }}</ref> Peranak menua di nengeri Sabah enggau Sarawak di Kalimantan Malaysia bebida enggau peranak menua di Semenanjung Malaysia ungkup tuju imigresyen. Tetiap rayat dikeluarka kad pengelala chip pintar biometrik ti dikelala enggau nama [[MyKad|''MyKad'']] maya umur 12 taun, lalu mesti mai kad nya belama.<ref>{{Cite news|author=May, Leow Yong |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2007/8/30/nation/18649549&sec=nation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105101826/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2007%2F8%2F30%2Fnation%2F18649549&sec=nation |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 January 2009 |title=More than just a card |work=The Star |date=30 August 2007 |access-date=27 October 2010 }}</ref> Penyampau tubuh mensia mayuh ba Semenanjung Malaysia,<ref>{{Cite book|last = Hassan|first = Asan Ali Golam|title = Growth, structural change, and regional inequality in Malaysia|publisher = Ashgate Publishing|date = 2004|page = 12|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TtKxDem7CrsC|isbn = 978-0-7546-4332-6|access-date = 2 June 2020|archive-date = 27 July 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230727120523/https://books.google.com/books?id=TtKxDem7CrsC|url-status = live}}</ref> ke alai 20 juta ari urung 28 juta iku rayat Malaysia diau.<ref name="state.gov" /> 70 persin orang diau ba nengeri.<ref name="CIA Fact Book" /> Berindik ari peniki industri ti begunaka pengereja pengawa,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/13/business/worldbusiness/13iht-labor.4.7496516.html |title=As Malaysia deports illegal workers, employers run short |work=The New York Times |date=13 July 2009 |access-date=26 October 2010 |first=Soraya |last=Permatasari |archive-date=22 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222193637/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/13/business/worldbusiness/13iht-labor.4.7496516.html |url-status=live }}</ref> menua tu dipelabaka ngembuan lebih 3 juta iku pengereja pengawa migran; urung 10 peratus ari penyampau tubuh.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kent |first=Jonathan |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3964511.stm |title=Illegal workers leave Malaysia |work=BBC News |date=29 October 2004 |access-date=26 October 2010 |archive-date=2 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202140657/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3964511.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Bala NGO ke bepalan ba Sabah melabaka ari 3 juta iku ke nyadi penyampau tubuh peranak Sabah, 2 juta iku nya PATI.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.malaysiakini.com/opinions/46691 |title=Demographic implosion in Sabah? Really? |last=Quek |first=Kim |work=Malaysiakini |access-date=21 June 2010 |archive-date=15 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515042623/http://www.malaysiakini.com/opinions/46691 |url-status=live }}</ref> Malaysia nyadi tuai rumah ngagai penyampau tubuh pelarian enggau orang ke minta suaka urung 171,500 iku. Ari penyampau tubuh tu, urung 79,000 iku ari Burma, 72,400 iku ari Filipina, lalu 17,700 iku ari Indonesia. Bala pemesai Malaysia diripotka udah nyerahka orang ti dibuai terus ngagai orang ti mai mensia enggau chara belalai dalam taun 2007, lalu Malaysia ngambi RELA, sebengkah raban militia sukarelawan ti ngembuan sejarah kontroversi, dikena neritka undang-undang imigresyen sida.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=search&docid=4a40d2adc&skip=0&query=World%20Refugee%20Survey&coi=MYS |title=World Refugee Survey 2009 |publisher=United States Committee for Refugees and Immigrants |date=17 June 2009 |access-date=10 June 2011 |archive-date=12 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512224536/http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=search&docid=4a40d2adc&skip=0&query=World%20Refugee%20Survey&coi=MYS |url-status=live }}</ref> === Pengarap === {{Main|Pengarap ba Malaysia}} [[Fail:Malaysia religion by state 2020.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A Map of Malaysia showing religious statistics by state|Pengarap ti dominan di Malaysia nitihka pengawa ngitung tubuh taun 2020:<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=117&bul_id=akliVWdIa2g3Y2VubTVSMkxmYXp1UT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 |title=Launching of report on the key findings population and housing census of Malaysia 2020 |date=14 February 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Statistics Malaysia]] |access-date=26 June 2022 |archive-date=22 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822014403/https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=117&bul_id=akliVWdIa2g3Y2VubTVSMkxmYXp1UT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 |url-status=live }}</ref>Gadung tuai: Majoriti Islam > 50%<br />Gadung muda: Pluraliti Islam < 50%<br />Biru: Majoriti Kristian > 50% ]] Konstitusyen meri pengelepas pengarap, seraya numbuhka Islam nyadi "agama Persekutuan".<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Ibrahim |first1=Zawawi |last2=Mohd Rasid |first2=Imram |date=October 2019 |title=Country Profile Malaysia |url=http://grease.eui.eu/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2019/10/Malaysia-Country-Profile.pdf |website=GREASE: Religion, Diversity and Radicalisation |access-date=19 October 2022 |archive-date=19 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019065339/http://grease.eui.eu/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2019/10/Malaysia-Country-Profile.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="malaysianbar.org.my">{{Cite web|url=http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/press_statements/press_statement_malaysia_a_secular_state.html|title=PRESS STATEMENT: Malaysia a secular state|author=Ambiga Sreenevasan|publisher=The Malaysian Bar|date=18 July 2007|access-date=6 September 2017|author-link=Ambiga Sreenevasan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228154440/http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/press_statements/press_statement_malaysia_a_secular_state.html|archive-date=28 December 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nitihka angka Pengirau Penduduk enggau Pengawa Berumah 2020, etnik enggau pengarap bisi kaul ke tinggi. Kira-kira 63.5% ari penyampau tubuh ngemeranka pengarap [[Islam]], 18.7% ngemeranka pengarap [[Buddha]], 9.1% pengarap [[Kristian]], 6.1% pengarap [[Hindu]] enggau 1.3% ngemeranka pengarap [[Konfusianisme]], [[Taoisme]] enggau pengarap tradisional China ke bukai. 2.7% madahka nadai pengarap tauka ngemeranka pengarap bukai tauka nadai meri sebarang penerang.<ref name="Population2010" /> Negeri [[Sarawak]], [[Pulau Pinang]] enggau kandang menua perintah besai [[Kuala Lumpur]] ngembuan majoriti ukai Islam.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=117&bul_id=akliVWdIa2g3Y2VubTVSMkxmYXp1UT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 | title=Department of Statistics Malaysia Official Portal | access-date=26 June 2022 | archive-date=22 August 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822014403/https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=117&bul_id=akliVWdIa2g3Y2VubTVSMkxmYXp1UT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/malaysia-christians-pray-for-peace-equality-freedom/98155 | title=Malaysia Christians pray for peace, equality, freedom - UCA News | access-date=31 July 2022 | archive-date=31 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731164001/https://www.ucanews.com/amp/malaysia-christians-pray-for-peace-equality-freedom/98155 | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Islam Sunni]] ari mazhab [[Shafi'i]] nya pampang Islam ti dominan di Malaysia,<ref name="Peletz2002">{{Cite book|author=Peletz, Michael G. |title=Islamic Modern: Religious Courts and Cultural Politics in Malaysia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q4TA4hjqjJ0C|date=2002|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-09508-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|date=9 August 2012|access-date=4 September 2013|archive-date=26 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226113158/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|url-status=live}}</ref> lalu 18% orang Islam Malaysia nadai bemazhab.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=9 August 2012|access-date=5 October 2016|archive-date=26 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226113158/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/|url-status=live}}</ref> Konstitusyen Malaysia terit netapka nama utai ti ngasuh orang nyadi "Melayu", ngira Melayu sida ti bepengarap Islam, bejaku Melayu enggau tetap, ngemeranka adat Melayu, sereta diau tauka bisi aki ini ari Brunei, Malaysia enggau Singapura.<ref name="Marshall" /> Statistik ari Pengitung Penyampau Mensia 2010 nunjukka 83.6% ari penyampau tubuh China ngelala diri nyadi pengarap Buddha, enggau penyampau ke signifikan nitihka pengarap Taoisme (3.4%) enggau Kristian (11.1%), begulai enggau penyampau tubuh Islam ke mit ba kandang endur baka Pulau Pinang. Majoriti peranak India nitihka pengarap Hindu (86.2%), enggau minoriti ke signifikan ngelala diri nyadi orang Kristian (6.0%) tauka Islam (4.1%). Pengarap Kristian nyadi pengarap ke tebal agi ba komuniti bumiputera ukai Melayu (46.5%) enggau tambah 40.4% ngelala diri nyadi orang Islam.<ref name="Population2010" /> Orang Islam diwajibka nitihka pemutus Kort Syariah dalam pekara ti bekaul enggau pengarap sida. Bala akim Islam disadang nitihka sekula undang-undang Islam Shafi’i, iya nya mazhab besai Malaysia.<ref name="Peletz2002" /> Bidang kuasa kort Syariah semina diungkupka ngagai orang Islam dalam pekara baka tikah, pesaka, sarak, murtad, nukar pengarap, enggau hak ngibun anak enggau ke bukai. Nadai penyalah jenayah tauka sivil bukai di baruh kuasa kort Syariah, ti ngembuan hierarki ti sebaka enggau Kort Sivil. Kort Sivil enda mendingka pekara ti bekaul enggau pengawa Islam.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahathir |first=Marina |url=http://www.commongroundnews.org/article.php?id=28311&lan=en&sid=1&sp=0&isNew=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222100655/http://www.commongroundnews.org/article.php?id=28311&lan=en&sid=1&sp=0&isNew=0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 December 2010 |title=Malaysia moving forward in matters of Islam and women by Marina Mahathir |publisher=Common Ground News Service |date=17 August 2010 |access-date=14 September 2010 }}</ref> === Jaku === {{Main|Jaku ba Malaysia}} [[Fail:Distribution of Malaysia Families Languages.png|thumb|Agih ruang bilik jaku Malaysia ti dipandangka ngena chura: {{Legend|#FF006E|[[Jaku-jaku Melayik|Melayik]]}} {{Legend|#FF984F|[[Jaku-jaku Borneo|Borneo]]}} {{Legend|#007F0E|[[Jaku-jaku Asli|Asli]]}} {{Legend|#00FF90|[[Jaku-jaku Dayak Darat|Dayak Darat]]}} {{Legend|#4CFF00|[[Jaku-jaku Sama–Bajaw|Sama–Bajaw]]}} {{Legend|#B200FF|[[Philippine languages|Philippine]]}} {{Legend|#FFD800|[[Varieties of Chinese|Chinese]]}} {{Legend|#A0A0A0|Kandang menua enggau mayuh iti jaku}}]] Jaku rasmi enggau bansa menua Malaysia iya nya [[jaku Melayu Malaysia]],<ref name="CIA Fact Book" /> siti tukuh standard [[jaku Melayu]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=zsm |title=Malay, Standard |publisher=Ethnologue |date=2009 |access-date=25 July 2011 |archive-date=16 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116212712/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=zsm |url-status=live }}</ref> Terminologi rasmi sebedau tu iya nya {{Lang|ms|Bahasa Malaysia}} (Jaku Malaysia)<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=86783 |title=Mahathir regrets govt focussing too much on Bahasa |work=Daily Express |location=Kota Kinabalu |date=2 October 2013 |access-date=16 October 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140712044336/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=86783 |archive-date=12 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.malaysia.gov.my/portal/content/30118?language=my |title=Bahasa Rasmi |publisher=Malaysian Administrative Modernisation and Management Planning Unit |access-date=19 April 2021 |language=ms |quote=Perkara 152 Perlembagaan Persekutuan menjelaskan bahawa bahasa Melayu yang dikenali juga sebagai bahasa Malaysia adalah bahasa rasmi yang tidak boleh dipertikai fungsi dan peranannya sebagai Bahasa Kebangsaan. |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115123259/https://www.malaysia.gov.my/portal/content/30118?language=my |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ikim.gov.my/new-wp/index.php/2007/08/08/malay-language-malay-identity/ |title=Malay Language Malay Identity |author=Encik Md. Asham bin Ahmad |publisher=Institute of Islamic Understanding Malaysia |date=8 August 2007 |access-date=19 April 2021 |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115123301/https://www.ikim.gov.my/new-wp/index.php/2007/08/08/malay-language-malay-identity/ |url-status=live }}</ref> tang diatu polisi perintah ngena {{Lang|ms|"Bahasa Melayu"}} (Jaku Melayu) deka nujuka jaku resmi<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jac.gov.my/jac/images/stories/akta/federalconstitution.pdf |title=Federal Constitution |publisher=Judicial Appointments Commission |access-date=29 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324042906/http://www.jac.gov.my/jac/images/stories/akta/federalconstitution.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> lalu kededua leka jaku nya mengkang dikena.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.expatgo.com/my/2016/06/01/-history-bahasa-melayu-malaysia |title=The history of Bahasa Melayu / Malaysia: The language of the Malay(sian) people |last=Fernandez |first=Kathleen |date=1 June 2016 |access-date=19 April 2021 |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115124803/https://www.expatgo.com/my/2016/06/01/-history-bahasa-melayu-malaysia/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Williamson |first1=Thomas |title=Incorporating a Malaysian Nation |journal=Cultural Anthropology |date=August 2002 |volume=17 |issue=3 |page=401 |doi=10.1525/can.2002.17.3.401 |url=https://courses.washington.edu/globfut/Project%20Readings/Williamson.pdf |access-date=19 April 2021 |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115123258/https://courses.washington.edu/globfut/Project%20Readings/Williamson.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Akta Bahasa Kebangsaan 1967 netapka urup Latin (Rumi) nyadi tulis rasmi jaku bansa, tang nadai nagang ngena [[urup Jawi]].<ref name="National Language Act 1967">{{Cite act|title=National Language Act 1963/67|url=http://lib.perdana.org.my/PLF/GOVERNMENT%20PUBLICATION/Publication%20Laws%20of%20Malaysia%20(L.O.M)/National%20Language%20Act%201963-67%20%5BAct%2032%5D.pdf|type=Act|legislature=[[Dewan Rakyat]]|index=32|date=1967}}</ref> Jaku English mengkang nyadi jaku kedua ti aktif, enggau guna iya dikemendarka ungkup sekeda tuju rasmi ari baruh Akta Jaku Nasional 1967.<ref name="National Language Act 1967" /> Ba Sarawak, Jaku English nyadi jaku rasmi negeri begulai enggau jaku Melayu.<ref name="lang1">{{Cite news |url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/sarawak-makes-english-official-language-along-with-bm |title=Sarawak makes English official language along with BM |author=Sulok Tawie |newspaper=Malay Mail |location=Kuala Lumpur |date=18 November 2015 |access-date=18 November 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402114111/http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/sarawak-makes-english-official-language-along-with-bm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="lang2">{{Cite news |url= http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/11/18/sarawak-to-recognise-english-as-official-language-besides-bahasa-malaysia/ |title=Sarawak to recognise English as official language besides Bahasa Malaysia |newspaper=Borneo Post |location= Kuching |date=18 November 2015 |access-date=18 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160305082141/http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/11/18/sarawak-to-recognise-english-as-official-language-besides-bahasa-malaysia/ |archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="lang3">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thesundaily.my/news/1615945 |title=Sarawak adopts English as official language |newspaper=[[The Sun (Malaysia)|The Sun]] |location=Kuala Lumpur |date=19 November 2015 |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=20 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020223741/http://www.thesundaily.my/news/1615945 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ari segi sejarah, jaku English nyadi jaku perintah de facto; Jaku Melayu nyadi dominan pengudah penyarut bansa 1969 ([[insiden 13 Mei]]).<ref name="History">{{Cite book |last1= Andaya |first1= Barbara Watson |last2= Andaya |first2= Leonard Y.|title = A History of Malaysia |publisher = MacMillan |date = 1982|pages = 26–28, 61, 151–152, 242–243, 254–256, 274, 278 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5GSBCcNn1fsC|isbn = 978-0-333-27672-3}}</ref> Jaku English tauka dikumbai [[Jaku Inggeris Malaysia|jaku English Malaysia]] iya nya siti tukuh jaku English ti datai ari [[Jaku Inggeris British|jaku English British]]. Jaku English Malaysia mayuh dikena dalam pengawa dagang, begulai enggau [[jaku Manglish]], iya nya jaku English ti dikena sehari-hari enggau pengaruh jaku Melayu, China, enggau Tamil ti berat. Perintah enda meransang ngena jaku Melayu ti enda standard tang nadai kuasa ngeluarka kompaun tauka ukum ngagai sida ti ngena utai ti dianggap enda menuku jaku Melayu ba iklan sida.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zimmer |first=Benjamin |url=http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003643.html |title=Language Log: Malaysia cracks down on "salad language" |publisher=University of Pennsylvania |date=5 October 2006 |access-date=14 September 2010 |archive-date=20 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620134708/http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003643.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.nst.com.my/streets/central/dewan-bahasa-champions-use-of-bm-in-ads-1.375207 |title=Dewan Bahasa champions use of BM in ads |work=New Straits Times |location=Kuala Lumpur |date=14 October 2013 |access-date=16 October 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131024015500/http://www.nst.com.my/streets/central/dewan-bahasa-champions-use-of-bm-in-ads-1.375207 |archive-date=24 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mayuh jaku bukai dikena di Malaysia, ti ngundan orang ti bejaku 137 bansa jaku ti idup.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MY |title=Ethnologue report for Malaysia |publisher=Ethnologue |access-date=18 October 2010 |archive-date=18 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018162010/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MY |url-status=live }}</ref> Semenanjung Malaysia ngundan orang ke bejaku ngena 41 iti jaku tu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MYP |title=Ethnologue report for Malaysia (Peninsular) |publisher=Ethnologue |access-date=18 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510095800/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MYP |archive-date=10 May 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Suku bansa asal Malaysia Timur bisi jaku kediri empu ti bekaul enggau, tang mudah dibida enggau, jaku Melayu. [[Jaku Iban]] nyadi batang jaku suku bansa di Sarawak seraya jaku Dusunik enggau Kadazan dikena orang asal di Sabah.<ref>{{Cite book|last1 = Adelaar|first1 = Alexander|last2 = Himmelmann|first2 = Nikolaus P.|title = The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar|publisher = Taylor and Francis Group|date = 2005|pages = 56, 397|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5i1aMcmLWlMC|isbn = 978-0-7007-1286-1|access-date = 2 June 2020|archive-date = 5 August 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200805193042/https://books.google.com/books?id=5i1aMcmLWlMC|url-status = live}}</ref> Rayat Malaysia China tebal agi bejaku ngena dialek China ari bagi menua selatan China. Jaku China ke suah agi ditemu ba menua tu iya nya jaku Mandarin, Kanton, Hokkien, enggau ke bukai.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gerhard |first1=Leitner |last2=Azirah |first2=Hashim |last3=Hans-Georg |first3=Wolf |last4=Xiaomei |first4=W. |title=Communicating with Asia: The Future of English as a Global Language |date=2016 |section=The Chinese language in the Asian diaspora: A Malaysian experience |section-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/communicating-with-asia/chinese-language-in-the-asian-diaspora-a-malaysian-experience/49346DD6BC03DB6394B681335BD11280 |isbn=978-1-107-06261-0 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=205–215 |doi=10.1017/CBO9781107477186.014 |access-date=13 June 2022 |archive-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204010907/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/communicating-with-asia/chinese-language-in-the-asian-diaspora-a-malaysian-experience/49346DD6BC03DB6394B681335BD11280 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jaku Tamil tu tebal dikena majoriti bansa India Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Schiffman|first=Harold F.|title=Malaysian Tamils and Tamil Linguistic Culture|publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]]|date=31 December 1998|url=http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/messeas/maltamil/MALAYSIA.html|access-date=13 June 2022|archive-date=25 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825024104/http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/messeas/maltamil/MALAYSIA.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Sekeda rayat Malaysia ngembuan peturun Eropah lalu bejaku ngena jaku kreol, baka [[jaku Kristang]] ti bepelasarka jaku Portugis,<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Malaysian Creole Portuguese: Asian, African or European? |date=1975 |jstor=30027570 |pages=211–236 |last1=Hancock |first1=I. F. |volume=17 |issue=5 |journal=Anthropological Linguistics}}</ref> enggau [[jaku Chavacano]] ti bepelasarka jaku Sepanyol.<ref>{{Cite book|last = Michaelis|first = Susanne|title = Roots of Creole structures|publisher = John Benjamins Publishing Co|date = 2008|page = 279|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pPUeQLcGMOMC|isbn = 978-90-272-5255-5}}</ref> == Nota == <references group="fn" /> <references group="lower-alpha"/> == Kereban sanding == {{reflist|2}} == Laman web ke bukai == === Perintah === * [https://www.malaysia.gov.my Perintah] – Laman web rasmi perintah Malaysia * [https://www.istananegara.gov.my/ Istana Negara] – laman web rasmi raja Malaysia * [https://www.pmo.gov.my/ Menteri Besai] – laman web rasmi menteri besai Malaysia * [http://www.parlimen.gov.my Parlimen] – laman web rasmi Parlimen Malaysia * [https://kehakiman.gov.my Kort Federal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718131408/https://www.kehakiman.gov.my/ |date=18 July 2025 }} – laman web rasmi Ketuai Rejistrar Kort Federal Malaysia * [https://www.dosm.gov.my Statistik] – laman web rasmi Opis Statistik Malaysia === Sejarah === * [https://www.malaysia.gov.my/portal/content/30120 "History"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719045812/https://www.malaysia.gov.my/portal/content/30120 |date=19 July 2023 }} – Sejarah Malaysia ba perintah Malaysia === Dagang temuai === * [https://www.malaysia.travel/ Malaysia Truly Asia] – portal rasmi pengawa dagang temuai Malaysia [[Kategori:Malaysia| ]] [[Kategori:Menua ba Asia]] [[Kategori:Menua ba Asia Tenggara]] [[Kategori:Menua kaban Gerempung Menua Asia Tenggara]] qqyi2e2q7xme8thm4zdt2z3b6prvowc 20269 20268 2026-11-04T16:56:55Z Jang Edgar 20 /* Geography */ 20269 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Malaysia<!-- The name of the Federation (official name of the state) according to Art 1(1) of the Federal Constitution is, in Malay and English, Malaysia. Nothing more, nothing less. 'Federation of' was only used for the state that preceded Malaysia – Federation of Malaya. Please do not insert 'Federation of' or 'Persekutuan' for Malay name --> | common_name = Malaysia | image_flag = Flag of Malaysia.svg | alt_flag = A blue rectangle with a gold star and crescent in the canton, with 14 horizontal red and white stripes on the rest of the flag | image_coat = Coat of arms of Malaysia.svg | coa_size = 90 | symbol_type = Lambang menua | alt_coat = Shield showing the symbols of the Malaysian states with a star and crescent above and a motto below, supported by two tigers | image_map = {{Switcher|[[Fail:Malaysia (orthographic projection).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show globe|[[Fail:Location Malaysia ASEAN.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Southeast Asia|default=1}} | map_caption = {{Map caption |location_color=dark green |region=Asia |subregion= [[ASEAN]] | subregion_color = dark gray}} | national_motto = {{Lang|ms|Bersekutu Bertambah Mutu}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mygov.malaysia.gov.my/EN/Main/MsianGov/MsianFlagAndCrest/Pages/MsianFlagAndCrest.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022191931/http://mygov.malaysia.gov.my/EN/Main/MsianGov/MsianFlagAndCrest/Pages/MsianFlagAndCrest.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 October 2013 |title=Malaysian Flag and Coat of Arms |publisher=Malaysian Government |access-date=9 September 2013}}</ref><br>{{Script/Arabic|برسکوتو برتمبه موتو}} ([[Urup Jawi|Jawi]])<br />"Beserakup Betambah Kualiti" | national_anthem = "{{Lang|ms|[[Negaraku]]}}"<br />"Menuaku"{{Parabr}}{{Center|[[Fail:Negaraku instrumental.ogg]]}} | capital = [[Kuala Lumpur]]{{Refn|group=fn|Constitutional capital, ceremonial and legislative}}<br />{{Coord|3|8|N|101|41|E|region:MY|display=inline}} | admin_center = [[Putrajaya]]{{Refn|group=fn|administrative and judicial}}<br />{{Coord|2|56|N|101|42|E|region:MY|display=inline}} | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[Jaku Melayu]]{{Efn|Section 9 of the [[Akta Jaku Nasional 1963/67]] states that "The script of the national language shall be the Rumi script: provided that this shall not prohibit the use of the Malay script, more commonly known as the Jawi script, of the national language".}}{{Efn|Section 2 of the [[National Language Act 1963/67]] states that "Save as provided in this Act and subject to the safeguards contained in Article 152(1) of the Constitution relating to any other language and the language of any other community in Malaysia the national language shall be used for official purposes".}}{{Efn|name=Recognized|See Article 152 of the [[Federal Constitution of Malaysia]] and [[National Language Act 1963/67]].}} | languages_type = Jaku ti diaku | languages = [[Jaku Inggeris]]{{Efn|name=Recognized}} | ethnic_groups = {{Tree list}} * 69.7% [[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|Bumiputera]] ** 57.3% [[Orang Melayu Malaysia|Melayu]] ** 12.4% Orang asal [[Sabah]], [[Sarawak]] enggau [[Orang Asli]] * 22.9% [[Orang China Malaysia|China]] * 6.6% [[Orang India Malaysia|India]] * 0.8% [[Etnik asal ba Malaysia|Ke bukai]] {{Tree list/end}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2023 | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="2021 pop">{{Cite web|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2022/01/17/minister-census-shows-malaysias-oldest-man-and-woman-aged-120-and-118-preli/2035636|title=Minister: Census shows Malaysia's oldest man and woman aged 120 and 118; preliminary census findings to be released in Feb 2022|date=17 January 2022|publisher=Malaymail|access-date=17 January 2022|archive-date=17 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117074901/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2022/01/17/minister-census-shows-malaysias-oldest-man-and-woman-aged-120-and-118-preli/2035636|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=155&bul_id=ZjJOSnpJR21sQWVUcUp6ODRudm5JZz09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 |title=Current population and estimates, Malaysia 2021 Group |author=Department of Statistics Malaysia |access-date=1 February 2022 |date=2021 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201080046/https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=155&bul_id=ZjJOSnpJR21sQWVUcUp6ODRudm5JZz09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 |url-status=live }}</ref> | religion = {{Ubl|63.5% [[Islam ba Malaysia|Islam Sunni]] (resmi)<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.jac.gov.my/images/stories/akta/federalconstitution.pdf|title=The States, Religion and Law of the Federation|work=Constitution of Malaysia|publisher=Judicial Appointments Commission|access-date=29 October 2017|quote=Islam is the religion of the Federation; but other religions may be practised in peace and harmony in any part of the Federation.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614105535/http://www.jac.gov.my/images/stories/akta/federalconstitution.pdf|archive-date=14 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>|18.7% [[Buddha ba Malaysia|Buddha]]|9.1% [[Kristian ba Malaysia|Kristian]]|6.1% [[Hindu ba Malaysia|Hindu]]|0.9% ke bukai|1.8% enda ditemu}} | religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=117&bul_id=akliVWdIa2g3Y2VubTVSMkxmYXp1UT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09|title=Distribution and Basic Demographic Characteristic Report 2020|publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia|date=14 February 2020|access-date=26 June 2022|archive-date=22 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822014403/https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=117&bul_id=akliVWdIa2g3Y2VubTVSMkxmYXp1UT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09|url-status=live}}</ref> | religion_year = 2020 | government_type = Monarki elektif bekonstitusyen parlimen federal | leader_title1 = [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] (King) | leader_name1 = [[Ibrahim Iskandar ari Johor|Ibrahim Iskandar]] | leader_title2 = [[Menteri Besai Malaysia|Menteri Besai]] | leader_name2 = [[Anwar Ibrahim]] | legislature = [[Parlimen Malaysia|Parlimen]] | upper_house = [[Diwan Menua]] (Senat) | lower_house = [[Diwan Rayat]] (House of Representatives) | sovereignty_type = [[Hari Meredeka (Malaysia)|Meredeka]] | sovereignty_note = ari [[United Kingdom]] | established_event1 = [[Federasyen Malaya]] | established_date1 = 31 Ogos 1957<ref>{{Cite book|author=Mackay, Derek|title=Eastern Customs: The Customs Service in British Malaya and the Opium Trade|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QM5LImNbYusC&pg=PA240|date=2005|publisher=The Radcliffe Press|isbn=978-1-85043-844-1|pages=240–|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=19 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119151920/https://books.google.com/books?id=QM5LImNbYusC&pg=PA240|url-status=live}}</ref> | established_event2 = [[Hari Sarawak]] | established_date2 = 22 Julai 1963 | established_event3 = [[Hari Perintah Kediri Borneo Utara]] | established_date3 = 31 Ogos 1963<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.astroawani.com/perspektif/kenapa-kita-takut-dengan-sejarah-22258|title=31 Ogos 1963, Hari kemerdekaan Sabah yang rasmi|publisher=AWANI|date=14 May 2021|access-date=1 September 2021|archive-date=1 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901062457/https://www.astroawani.com/perspektif/kenapa-kita-takut-dengan-sejarah-22258|url-status=live}}</ref> | established_event4 = [[Hari Malaysia]] | established_date4 = 16 September 1963 | area_rank = 67th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_km2 = 330,803<ref name="2010 stats">{{Cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.my/ccount12/click.php?id=2127 |title=Laporan Kiraan Permulaan 2010 |publisher=Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia |page=27 |access-date=2 August 2023 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227065717/http://www.statistics.gov.my/ccount12/click.php?id=2127 |archive-date=27 December 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-15356257 |website=BBC News |access-date=27 January 2021 |date=24 February 2020 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126030607/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-15356257 |url-status=live }}</ref> | area_sq_mi = 127,720 | percent_water = 0.3 | population_estimate = 34,564,810<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Malaysia|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref> | population_estimate_date = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 43rd | population_census_date = 2020 | population_census = 32,447,385<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cloud.stats.gov.my/index.php/s/ppMYkLC4kyUzHKn#pdfviewer |title=Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020 |publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia |page=48 |access-date=23 March 2022 |archive-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228142122/https://cloud.stats.gov.my/index.php/s/ppMYkLC4kyUzHKn#pdfviewer |url-status=dead }}</ref> | population_density_km2 = 101 | population_density_sq_mi = 263 | population_density_rank = 116th | GDP_PPP = {{Increase}} $1.306 trilion<ref name="IMFWEO.MY">{{Cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=548,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (Malaysia) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=16 April 2024 |access-date=17 April 2024 |archive-date=16 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416230123/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=548,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2024 | GDP_PPP_rank = 30th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{Increase}} $39,030<ref name="IMFWEO.MY" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 53rd | GDP_nominal = {{Increase}} $445.519 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.MY" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2024 | GDP_nominal_rank = 36th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{Increase}} $13,315<ref name="IMFWEO.MY" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 67th | Gini_year = 2021 | Gini_change = decrease<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = 40.7 <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{Cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=MY | title=World Bank Open Data }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2022<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = 0.807<!--number only--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{Cite web |date=13 March 2024 |title=Human Development Report 2023/2024 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf |archive-date=13 March 2024 |access-date=13 March 2024 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 63rd | currency = [[Ringgit Malaysia]] (RM) | currency_code = MYR | date_format = dd-mm-yyyy | time_zone = [[Jam Standard Malaysia|JSM]] | utc_offset = [[UTC+8|+8]] | drives_on = left | calling_code = [[+60|+60]] | cctld = [[.my|.my]] | footnotes = }} '''Malaysia''' siti menua raja federal konstitusyen ba [[Asia Tenggara]] ti ditubuhka ari 11 iti negeri ba Semenanjung Malaysia, 2 iti negeri ba [[Borneo]] enggau 3 iti Wilayah Persekutuan. Pemesai menua tu nyampau 330,803 km2. Malaysia bekunsi arih tanah enggau menua [[Thailand]], [[Indonesia]], enggau [[Brunei]] sereta arih tasik enggau [[Singapura]] enggau [[Filipina]]. Ba Malaysia bisi siti titik ti pemadu selatan urung semua tanah besai Eurasia, ianya Tanjung Piai. Tuai menua Malaysia ianya Yang di-Pertuan Agong, raja elektif ti dipilih ari 9 iku raja negeri Melayu. Tuai eksekutif perintah ianya Menteri Besai. [[Kuala Lumpur]] nya indu menua Malaysia, Putrajaya nya pusat perintah federal. Malaysia siti menua perintis Serakup Menua-Menua Asia Tenggara enggau Serakup Aum Islam, sereta siti ari raban Saup Ekonomi Asia-Pasifik, Menua-Menua Komanwel, enggau Non-Alligned Movement. Asal menua tu ari perintah-perintah orang Laut ti ulih ditemu ba [[Semenanjung Malaysia]]. Menua nya udah dijajah [[Empayar British]] ari abad ke-18. Begian menua keterubah ti udah dijajah British dikumbai [[Negeri-Negeri Selat]]. Maya [[Perang Dunya Kedua]], [[British Malaya]] udah dijajah menua [[Jipun]]. Sepengudah perang nya, Semenanjung Malaysia ti dikelala enggau nama Tanah Melayu tauka Malaya maya nya, udah diserakup baruh siti komanwel maya taun 1946, sebedau nyadi [[Persekutuan Tanah Melayu]] maya taun 1948. Maya taun 1957 Semenanjung Malaysia udah meredika. Sepengudah nya, ba taun 1963, Tanah Melayu beserakup enggau [[Sabah]], [[Sarawak]], enggau [[Singapura]] ungkup nubuhka menua Malaysia. [[Singapura]] udah dipansutka ari federasyen lalu nyadi siti menua ti bibas maya taun 1965. == Nama == [[Fail:LA2-NSRW-1-0148 malaysia.jpg|thumb|left|alt=English Map of Southeast Asia, "MALAYSIA" typeset horizontally so that the letters run across the northernmost corner of Borneo and pass just south of the Philippines.|"Malaysia" dikena nyadi label ke Pulau Melayu ba kar taun 1914 dalam atlas Amerika Serikat]] Nama "[[wikt:Malaysia|Malaysia]]" datai ari dua leka jaku iya nya "[[wikt:Malays|Malays]]" enggau penambah pengujung jaku Latin-Gerika "[[wikt:-ia|-ia]]"/"[[wikt:-ία|-ία]]"<ref>{{Cite book|last=Room|first=Adrian|title=Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for Over 5000 Natural Features, Countries, Capitals, Territories, Cities and Historic Sites|publisher=McFarland & Company|date=2004|isbn=978-0-7864-1814-5|page=221}}</ref> ke ulih dikalih jaku nyadi "tanah orang Melayu".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malaysia/|title=The World Factbook – Malaysia|date=2020|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> Asal leka jaku 'Melayu' ngembuan mayuh macham teori. Bisi pelaba leka jaku tu datai ari [[jaku Sanskrit]] iya nya "Himalaya", ti nujuka kandang menua ke tinggi sereta begunung, tauka leka jaku "Malaiyur-pura", ti mai reti "nengeri gunung".<ref name="SejarahBahasaMelayu">{{Citation | last1 = Abdul Rashid Melebek | last2 = Amat Juhari Moain | title = Sejarah Bahasa Melayu ("History of the Malay Language") | publisher = [[Utusan Malaysia|Utusan Publications & Distributors]] | date = 2006 | isbn = 978-967-61-1809-7 | pages=9–10}}</ref> Teori bukai madahka asal penatai leka jaku tu ari [[jaku Tamil]] "''malai''" enggau "''ur''" ke mai reti "gunung" enggau "nengeri, tanah".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Weightman|first=Barbara A.|title=Dragons and Tigers: A Geography of South, East, and Southeast Asia|date=2011|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|page=449|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qeBfed17zxEC|isbn=978-1-118-13998-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Tiwary|first=Shanker Shiv|title=Encyclopaedia Of Southeast Asia And Its Tribes (Set Of 3 Vols.)|date=2009|publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd|page=37|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YdEjAQAAIAAJ|isbn=978-81-261-3837-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FRQwAQAAIAAJ|title=People of India |author=Singh, Kumar Suresh |volume=26 |page=981 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |date=2003 |isbn=978-81-85938-98-1}}</ref> Siti agi penemu iya nya bepun ari peristiwa Pamalayu ti mai reti Ekspedisyen Melayu. Siti penemu iya nya iya datai ari leka [[jaku Jawa]] "''mlaya''" enggau "''mlayu''" ti mai reti "belanda", ari sungai, iya nya Sungai Melayu, ti diberi nama ketegal arus iya.<ref name="SejarahBahasaMelayu"/> Varian mega bisi ayan dalam rikud ke tuai agi ari abad ke-11, nyadi toponim ungkup kandang endur di [[Sumatera]] tauka nunjukka pelilih menua ke besai agi ngelingi [[Selat Melaka]].<ref name="Barnard">{{Citation | last = Barnard | first = Timothy P. | title = Contesting Malayness: Malay identity across boundaries | publisher = Singapore University press | date = 2004 | location = Singapore | isbn = 978-9971-69-279-7 | pages=3–10}}</ref> Teks Sanskrit [[Vayu Purana]], ti dipelabaka udah bisi kenyau ari milenium keterubah, nyebut pasal tanah ti dikumbai ''‘Malayadvipa’'' ti dikelala sekeda pakar nyadi semenanjung Melayu moden.<ref>{{Cite book|title=India's Interaction with Southeast Asia: History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization, Vol. 1, Part 3 |page=266 |author=Pande, Govind Chandra |isbn=978-81-87586-24-1 |date=2005 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The economic life of northern India: c. A.D. 700–1200 |page=139 |author= Gopal, Lallanji |isbn=978-81-208-0302-2 |date=2000 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title= A Panorama of Indian Buddhism: Selections from the Maha Bodhi journal, 1892–1992 |page=612 |author=Ahir, D. C. |isbn=978-81-7030-462-3 |date=1995 |publisher=Sri Satguru Publications}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The culture and art of India |page=212 |author=Mukerjee, Radhakamal |isbn=978-81-215-0114-9 |date= 1984 |publisher=Coronet Books Inc}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title= Some contributions of India to the ancient civilisation of Indonesia and Malaysia |page=8 |author=Sarkar, Himansu Bhusan |date=1970 |publisher=Punthi Pustak}}</ref> Rikud bukai iya nya Geografi Ptolemy abad ke-2 ti ngena nama ''Malayu Kulon'' ungkup pantai barat Semenanjung Emas, enggau rikud Yijing abad ke-7 pasal Malayu.<ref name="Barnard" /> Bisi sekali, Perintah Melayu ngambi nama ari ''Sungai Melayu''.<ref name="SejarahBahasaMelayu"/><ref>{{Citation | last = Milner | first = Anthony | title = The Malays (The Peoples of South-East Asia and the Pacific) | pages = 18–19| publisher = Wiley-Blackwell | date = 2010 | isbn = 978-1-4443-3903-1}}</ref> 'Melayu' lalu dipaut ngagai [[Srivijaya]],<ref name="Barnard" /> lalu mengkang begulai enggau mayuh bengkah endur di Sumatera, nyengkaum [[Palembang]], endur ke dipelaba orang asal penumbuh [[Kesultanan Melaka]].<ref name="Andaya">{{Cite journal |last1=Andaya |first1=Leonard Y. |title=The Search for the 'Origins' of Melayu |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |date=October 2001 |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=315–316, 324, 327–328, 330 |doi=10.1017/S0022463401000169 |jstor=20072349 |s2cid=62886471 }}</ref> Iya dipelabaka mansang nyadi etnonim laban Melaka nyadi kuasa pelilih menua dalam abad ke-15. Islam nempa identiti etnik pengarap di Melaka, enggau leka jaku ‘Melayu’ pansut. Engka enggau spesifik ngenang pasal orang ke bejaku Melayu setempat ti dianggap taluk ngagai Sultan Melaka. Pengawa orang Portugis ngena penambah jaku ''Malayos'' ulih nunjukka orang ke bekuasa di Melaka. Pengelebih orang dagang ari Melaka ngasuh bansa ‘Melayu’ begulai enggau orang dagang ti bepengarap Islam, lalu ari nya sida dikaul enggau raban budaya enggau jaku ti lebih luas.<ref name="Barnard"/> Melaka lalu udah nya [[Kesultanan Johor|Johor]] ngumbai diri nyadi pusat budaya Melayu, siti penuduk ti disukung British.<ref name="Andaya"/> Pengudah ekspedisyen pelayar Peranchis [[Jules Dumont d'Urville]] ngagai [[Oceania]] maya taun 1826, siku pakar Jereman [[Johann Friedrich Blumenbach]] merambu leka jaku "Malaysia", "[[Mikronesia]]" enggau "[[Melanesia]]" ngagai ''[[Société de Géographie]]'' maya taun 1831, midaka budaya enggau raban pulau Pasifik tu ari leka jaku ke udah bisi iya nya "[[Polinesia]]". Dumont d'Urville nerangka Malaysia nyadi "kandang menua ti suah dikelala enggau nama Hindia Timur".<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1080/0022334032000120512| title = On the Islands of the Great Ocean| journal = The Journal of Pacific History| volume = 38| issue = 2| page = 163| date = 2003| last1 = d'Urville | first1 = J. S. B. C. S. D. | last2 = Ollivier | first2 = I. | last3 = De Biran | first3 = A. | last4 = Clark | first4 = G. | s2cid = 162374626}}</ref><!--Quote:The third division, Western Oceania, encompasses all the islands commonly known as the East Indies&nbsp;... I shall leave the name Malaysia to this area, since it has already been used by some authors, and I think was first given by Mr Lesson--> Maya taun 1850, raban etnologi British, [[George Samuel Windsor Earl]], nulis dalam ''Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia'', merambu deka meri nama ngagai pulau-pulau di Asia Tenggara nya “Melayunesia” tauka “Indunesia”, nitihka nama ke dulu suba.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Earl |first=George S. W. |title=On The Leading Characteristics of the Papuan, Australian and Malay-Polynesian Nations |journal=Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia (JIAEA) |date=1850 |page=119 |volume=IV}}</ref> Nama Malaysia berengkah dikena ngelabel endur ti nyadi Pulau Melayu.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Barrows |first1=David P. |title=A History of the Philippines |date=1905 |publisher=American Book Company |pages=25–26 |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/38269/38269-h/38269-h.htm#pb26}}</ref> Menua ti merdeka ari British dalam taun 1957 ngambi nama “Persekutuan Tanah Melayu” nyadika pilih ari nama bukai ti bisi potensial baka “[[Langkasuka]]”, udah bekau perintah besejarah ti bepalan ba tuchung Semenanjung Melayu.<ref name="Mapping">{{Cite book|last = Suarez|first = Thomas|title = Early Mapping of Southeast Asia|publisher = Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd|date = 1999|pages = 46–47|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZG7ZMAbv_jAC|isbn = 978-962-593-470-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=All+Primary&PageNumber=72&NavFrom=2&parentActiveTextDocId=1118475&ActiveTextDocId=1118475&filesize=15776 |title=Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957 (c. 60)e |publisher=The UK Statute Law Database |date=31 July 1957 |access-date=6 November 2010 }}</ref> Bala orang politik di Filipina kala berunding deka nukar nama menua sida "Malaysia" sebedau menua "moden" nya ngambi nama tu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sakai |first=Minako |editor1-last=Cao |editor1-first=Elizabeth |editor2-last=Morrell |title=Regional Minorities and Development in Asia |publisher=Routledge |date=2009 |page=124 |chapter-url=http://www.sabrizain.org/malaya/library/connections.pdf |isbn=978-0-415-55130-4 |chapter=Reviving Malay Connections in Southeast Asia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013055904/http://www.sabrizain.org/malaya/library/connections.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2014 }}</ref> == Sejarah == {{Batang|Sejarah Malaysia}} [[File:Malacca_Sultanate_en.svg|alt=Map showing the extent of the Malacca Sultanate, covering much of the Malay Peninsula and some of Sumatra|kiri|thumb| [[Kesultanan Melayu Melaka|Kesultanan Melaka]] bejalaika tanggungpengawa ti besai dalam ngerembaika Islam ngagai serata Pulau-pulau Melayu.]] Bukti endur mensia moden diau di Malaysia berengkah ari taun 40,000 taun ke udah.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|last=Holme|first=Stephanie|date=13 February 2012|title=Getaway to romance in Malaysia|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/international/6405497/Getaway-to-romance-in-Malaysia|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129075642/http://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/international/6405497/Getaway-to-romance-in-Malaysia|archive-date=29 November 2018|access-date=6 January 2014|website=[[stuff.co.nz]]}}</ref> Ba Semenanjung Melayu, orang keterubah diau dia dipelabaka [[Negrito|bansa Negritos]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Fix|first=Alan G.|date=June 1995|title=Malayan Paleosociology: Implications for Patterns of Genetic Variation among the Orang Asli|journal=American Anthropologist|series=New Series|volume=97|issue=2|pages=313–323|doi=10.1525/aa.1995.97.2.02a00090|jstor=681964}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Yew|first1=Chee-Wei|last2=Lu|first2=Dongsheng|last3=Deng|first3=Lian|last4=Wong|first4=Lai-Ping|last5=Ong|first5=Rick Twee-Hee|last6=Lu|first6=Yan|last7=Wang|first7=Xiaoji|last8=Yunus|first8=Yushimah|last9=Aghakhanian|first9=Farhang|last10=Mokhtar|first10=Siti Shuhada|last11=Hoque|first11=Mohammad Zahirul|last12=Voo|first12=Christopher Lok-Yung|last13=Abdul Rahman|first13=Thuhairah|last14=Bhak|first14=Jong|last15=Phipps|first15=Maude E.|date=February 2018|title=Genomic structure of the native inhabitants of Peninsular Malaysia and North Borneo suggests complex human population history in Southeast Asia|journal=Human Genetics|volume=137|issue=2|pages=161–173|doi=10.1007/s00439-018-1869-0|pmid=29383489|s2cid=253969988|quote=The analysis of time of divergence suggested that ancestors of Negrito were the earliest settlers in the Malay Peninsula, whom first separated from the Papuans ~ 50-33 thousand years ago (kya), followed by East Asian (~ 40-15 kya)...|last16=Xu|first16=Shuhua|last17=Teo|first17=Yik-Ying|last18=Kumar|first18=Subbiah Vijay|last19=Hoh|first19=Boon-Peng|url=http://eprints.ums.edu.my/22631/1/Genomic%20structure%20of%20the%20native%20inhabitants%20of%20Peninsular%20Malaysia%20and%20North%20Borneo%20suggests%20complex%20human%20population%20history%20in%20Southeast%20Asia.pdf}}</ref> Kandang menua Malaysia bisi ngambi bagi ba Jalai Batu Permata Gadung Maritim entara taun 2000 SM ngagai 1000 AD.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tsang|first=Cheng-hwa|date=24 January 2008|title=Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan|url=http://journals.lib.washington.edu/index.php/JIPA/article/view/11751|journal=Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association|volume=20|doi=10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751|doi-broken-date=13 September 2026|issn=1835-1794|url-access=subscription}}{{Dead link|date=August 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref><ref>Turton, M. (2021).</ref><ref>Everington, K. (2017).</ref><ref>Bellwood, P., H. Hung, H., Lizuka, Y. (2011).</ref> Bala orang dagang enggau orang ke diau mendam ari [[India]] enggau [[China]] datai kenyau ari kurun keterubah AD, numbuhka palan penyangkai kapal dagang enggau mengeri tebing tasik ba abad kedua enggau ketiga. Penatai sida ngujungka pengaruh India enggau China ti tegap ba budaya menua nya, lalu orang Semenanjung Tanah Melayu ngemeranka pengarap [[Hindu]] enggau [[Buddha]]. Inskripsyen [[jaku Sanskrit]] bisi ayan kenyau ari kurun keempat tauka kelima.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mühlhäusler |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oCx0D0iE2QoC |title=Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia and the Americas |last2=Tryon |first2=Darrell T. |last3=Wurm |first3=Stephen A. |publisher=Walter de Gruyer & Co |year=1996 |isbn=978-3-11-013417-9 |page=695}}</ref> Perintah [[Langkasuka]] nyadi urung kurun kedua ba kandang menua utara Semenanjung Tanah Melayu, lalu meruan nyentuk urung kurun ke-15.<ref name="Mapping">{{Cite book |last=Suarez |first=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZG7ZMAbv_jAC |title=Early Mapping of Southeast Asia |publisher=Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd |year=1999 |isbn=978-962-593-470-9 |pages=46–47}}</ref> Entara kurun ke-7 enggau ke-13, mayuh kandang menua selatan Semenanjung Tanah Melayu nyadi sebagi ari empayar maritim [[Srivijaya]]. Datai ba kurun ke-13 enggau ke-14, empayar [[Majapahit]] udah mujur ngerampas kuasa ba tebal agi semenanjung enggau Pulau-pulau Melayu ari Srivijaya.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Suporno, S. |title=Perceptions of the Past |publisher=Heinemann Books for the Asian Studies Association of Australia |year=1979 |editor-last=A. Reid |series=Southeast Asia publications |volume=4 |location=Singapore |page=180 |chapter=The Image of Majapahit in late Javanese and Indonesian Writing |editor-last2=D. Marr}}</ref> Ba pun kurun ke-15, [[Parameswara ari Melaka|Parameswara]], siku raja ke lari ari menua [[Perintah Singapura]] ke suba ke bisi kaul enggau istana lama Srivijayan, numbuhka [[Kesultanan Melayu Melaka|Kesultanan Melaka]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wake|first=Christopher H.|date=September 1964|title=Malacca's Early Kings and the Reception of Islam|journal=[[Journal of Southeast Asian History]]|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|volume=5|pages=104–128|doi=10.1017/S0217781100000958|jstor=20067505|number=2}}</ref> Penyampau pengarap Islam majak ngerembai berindik ari Parameswara ke masuk pengarap nya. Melaka nyadi palan dagang ti beguna maya tu, narit dagang ari serata kandang menua nya.<ref name="state.gov2">{{cite web|date=14 July 2010|title=Malaysia|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024160547/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|archive-date=24 October 2020|access-date=14 September 2010|publisher=United States State Department}}</ref> [[File:AMH-6472-KB_Battle_for_Malacca_between_the_VOC_fleet_and_the_Portuguese,_1606.jpg|alt=Dutch fleet vs Portuguese armada|kanan|thumb|220x220px| Armada Belanda beperang enggau armada Portugis nyadi sebagi ari [[Perang Belanda–Portugis]] dalam taun 1606 dikena nguasa [[Nengeri Melaka|Melaka]].]] Dalam taun 1511, [[Melaka]] dipegai [[Melaka Portugis|Portugal]],<ref name="state.gov3">{{cite web|date=14 July 2010|title=Malaysia|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024160547/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|archive-date=24 October 2020|access-date=14 September 2010|publisher=United States State Department}}</ref> udah nya diambi [[Melaka Belanda|Belanda]] dalam taun 1641. Dalam taun 1786, [[Malaya British|Empayar British]] numbuhka palan di Malaya, lebuh Sultan Kedah nyuwa [[Pulau Pinang (pulau)|pulau Pulau Pinang]] ngagai [[Kompeni Hindia Timur]] British. British ngulihka mengeri Singapura dalam taun 1819,<ref>{{cite web|last=Luscombe|first=Stephen|title=The Map Room: South East Asia: Malaya|url=http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/malaya.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010309035051/http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/malaya.htm|archive-date=9 March 2001|access-date=18 September 2010}}</ref> lalu dalam taun 1824 ngambi kuasa Melaka nitihka [[Sempekat Inggeris-Belanda 1824|Sempekat Inggeris-Belanda]]. Datai ba taun 1826, British nguasa terus Pulau Pinang, Melaka, Singapura, enggau pulau [[Koloni Mahkota Labuan|Labuan]], ti ditumbuhka sida nyadi koloni mahkota [[Kandang Pendiau Selat]]. Datai ba kurun ke-20, negeri [[Pahang]], [[Selangor]], [[Perak]], enggau [[Negeri Sembilan]], ke dikelala begulai enggau nama [[Negeri Melayu Beserakup]], bisi residen British ke dipadu meri jaku lalau ngagai pemerintah Melayu, ke alai bala pemerintah patut nangguhka timpuh nengah sempekat.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Malay States (British)|volume=17|last1=Clifford|first1=Hugh Charles|last2=Graham|first2=Walter Armstrong|pages=478&ndash;484}}</ref> Lima bengkah negeri ke bukai ba semenanjung nya, ke dikelala enggau nama [[Negeri Melayu Enda Beserakup]], taja pan ukai terus di baruh pegai British, tang mega nerima penyanding penemu British urung pun abad ke-20. Pemansang ba semenanjung enggau Borneo umum iya bebida nyentuk ngagai abad ke-19. Di baruh pegai British pengawa pindah orang China enggau India nyadi kuli diperansang.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kuar|first=Amarjit|title=International Migration and Governance in Malaysia: Policy and Performance|url=http://www.une.edu.au/asiacentre/PDF/No22.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100509145612/http://www.une.edu.au/asiacentre/PDF/No22.pdf|archive-date=9 May 2010|access-date=20 December 2011|publisher=University of New England}}</ref> Kandang menua ke diatu nyadi [[Sabah]] nyadi baruh kuasa British nyadi [[Borneo Utara]] lebuh kededua [[Kesultanan Brunei|Sultan Brunei]] enggau [[Kesultanan Sulu|Sultan Sulu]] mindahka hak ngempu kandang menua sida empu, entara taun 1877 enggau 1878.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gullick, J. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ykM9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA148 |title=Malaysia and Its Neighbours, The World studies series |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1967 |isbn=978-0-7100-4141-8 |pages=148–149}}</ref> Dalam taun 1842, Sarawak diserahka Sultan Brunei ngagai [[James Brooke]], ke nganti iya merintah nyadi [[Rajah Putih Sarawak|Rajah Putih]] atas [[Perintah Sarawak|perintah]] meredeka nyentuk ngagai taun 1946, lebuh iya nyadi [[Koloni Mahkota Sarawak|koloni mahkota]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Luscombe|first=Stephen|title=The Map Room: South East Asia: North Borneo|url=http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/sarawak.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628212629/http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/sarawak.htm|archive-date=28 June 2011|access-date=1 July 2011}}</ref> [[Perang Klang]] (1867–1874) berengkah nyadi penyarut entara Raja Abdullah enggau Raja Mahadi ketegal nyadi tuai rumah Klang, enggau Mahadi nulak pengawa Sultan [[Abdul Samad ari Selangor]] ti udah nyiri Abdullah. Penyarut nya narit [[gerempung resia]] China ke bepekit—[[Ghee Hin Kongsi]] ke mayuh nyukung Mahadi enggau [[Gerempung Resia Hai San]] nyukung Abdullah—serta tuai-tuai peturun Bugis enggau Melayu ke ngumbai Mahadi lebih sah. Perang ngerembai sepengudah Mahadi ngerampas Kubu Klang lalu Abdullah rari ke Melaka, ngachau pengawa ngasilka timah, jalai dagang, enggau pemerat komersial British ba Lembak Klang. Berebak enggau nya, [[Perang Larut]] ti nyadi ba kandang menua ke besepiak (1861–1874) entara Hai San enggau Ghee Hin di Perak sama ngasuh pelilih menua ke kaya enggau timah enda entap sereta ngasuh orang dagang British irau. Apil ari tuai-tuai Melayu minta pengawa nyadi pengantara begulai enggau pengirau ati British bekaul enggau penyarut pelilih menua muka jalai ngagai pengawa campur tangan formal, ti ngujungka [[Sempekat Pangkor 1874|Sempekat Pangkor]] taun 1874 ti numbuhka sistem peranak British ba negeri-negeri Melayu.<ref name="Azmi20122">{{cite journal|last=Arifin|first=Azmi|year=2012|title=Perak Disturbances 1871-75: British Colonialism, The Chinese Secret Societies and The Malay Rulers|url=http://journalarticle.ukm.my/5364/1/Azmi%20Arifin%20%2039%20(1)%20(July%202012).pdf|journal=Jebat: Malaysian Journal of History, Politics & Strategic Studies|volume=39|issue=1|pages=51–74|access-date=2025-11-17}}</ref> Baka ti ditulis [[Frank Swettenham]] udah nya, "Iya nya taja pan gaya utai ti nyadi begunaka campur tangan, kami datai ngagai Negeri-Negeri Melayu ketegal kangau Pemerintah Melayu, ngajar sida chara administrasyen ti manah agi."<ref name="AzmiPerak2">{{cite journal|last=Azmi Arifin|year=2018|title=Perak Disturbances 1871-75: British Colonialism, the Chinese Secret Societies and the Malay Rulers|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333081324|journal=USM Malaysian Journal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A leading light in Perak's late 19th century advance: Frank Athelstane Swettenham|url=https://www.ehm.my/publications/articles/a-leading-light-in-peraks-late-19th-century-advance-frank-athelstane-swettenham|access-date=2026-08-02|publisher=ehm.my}}</ref> Dalam [[Perang Dunya Kedua]], [[Soldadu Imperial Jipun|Soldadu Jipun]] [[Kimpin Malaya|nyerang]] sereta nguasa [[Pemegai Jipun ba Malaya|Malaya]], [[Pemegai Jipun ba Borneo British|Borneo Utara, Sarawak]], enggau [[Pemegai Jipun ba Singapura|Singapura]] lebih ari tiga taun.<ref>{{cite web|title=Malaya in World War II|url=https://ww2db.com/country/Malaya|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225184306/https://ww2db.com/country/Malaya|archive-date=25 December 2022|access-date=29 January 2023|work=World War Two Database}}</ref> Dalam timpuh tu, penyarut entara bansa nyadi lalu nasionalisme majak nambah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hock |first=David Koh Wee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awLp4TeUkzoC |title=Legacies of World War II in South and East Asia |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year=2007 |isbn=978-981-230-457-5 |location=Singapore |page=48}}</ref> Sukung rayat ngagai meredeka majak nambah pengudah Malaya dipegai baru ulih soldadu Serakup.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/asia/asia/magazine/1999/990531/mahathir1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010212095545/http://www.time.com/time/asia/asia/magazine/1999/990531/mahathir1.html|archive-date=12 February 2001|title=Our Region, Ourselves|last=Mohamad|first=Mahathir|magazine=Time|location=New York|date=31 May 1999|access-date=26 October 2010}}</ref> Perambu British pengudah perang deka nyerakupka administrasyen Malaya ari baruh siti koloni mahkota ti dikumbai [[Serakup Malaya]] napi bantah ti balat ari [[Melayu|bansa Melayu]], ti mantah pengelemi pemerintah Melayu enggau meri peranak menua ngagai [[Orang China Malaysia|raban bansa China]]. Serakup Malaya, ti ditumbuhka dalam taun 1946, lalu mungkur semua reta tengkira British di Semenanjung Tanah Melayu kelimpah ari Singapura, jampat dibuai lalu diganti enggau [[Federasyen Malaya]] kena 1 Februari 1948, ti mulaika autonomi pemerintah negeri-negeri Melayu ti dijaga British.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,816440,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106021025/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,816440,00.html|archive-date=6 November 2007|title=MALAYA: Token Citizenship|magazine=Time|location=New York|date=19 May 1952|access-date=26 October 2010}}</ref> [[File:Police_in_Malayan_Emergency.jpg|thumb| Pemesai polis [[Federasyen Malaya|Malaya]] benung nanya siku periman [[Orang China Malaysia|bebansa China]] maya [[Penusah Darurat Malaya]] taun 1949]] Dalam timpuh tu, raban pemberontak ke tebal agi bebansa China ari baruh iring [[Parti Kominis Malaya]] ngepunka operasyen gerila ke digaga dikena mejal British pansut ari Malaya. [[Darurat Malaya|Darurat Malaya (1948–1960)]] ngaul kimpin anti-penyarut ti lama dipejalaika soldadu [[Komanwel]] di Malaya.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Malayan Emergency: 1948–1960|url=http://se-asia.commemoration.gov.au/background-to-malayan-emergency/causes-and-description.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706121637/http://se-asia.commemoration.gov.au/background-to-malayan-emergency/causes-and-description.php|archive-date=6 July 2011|access-date=1 July 2011|publisher=Australian Government Department of Veteran Affairs}}</ref> Kena 31 Ogos 1957, [[Penesau Meredeka Malaya|Malaya nyadi kaban meredeka]] dalam Komanwel Bansa.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Malayan Emergency: 1948–1960|url=http://se-asia.commemoration.gov.au/background-to-malayan-emergency/causes-and-description.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706121637/http://se-asia.commemoration.gov.au/background-to-malayan-emergency/causes-and-description.php|archive-date=6 July 2011|access-date=1 July 2011|publisher=Australian Government Department of Veteran Affairs}}</ref> Udah nya, pelin ti komprehensif diperambu dikena nyerakupka Malaya enggau koloni mahkota Borneo Utara (dikelala enggau nama [[Sabah]] lebuh begulai), [[Sarawak]], enggau [[Singapura]]. Persekutuan ti diperambu nya asal iya deka diatur kena 31 Ogos 1963, beserimbai enggau hari pengingat meredeka Malaya. Taja pia, ketegal ti patut ngaga pansik pasal tikas sukung ngagai gerempung nya di Sabah enggau Sarawak ari [[Gerempung Bansa Beserakup]], baka ti dipinta orang ti ngelaban gerempung nya baka [[Sukarno]] ari [[Indonesia]] enggau [[Parti Rayat Beserakup Sarawak]], haribulan gerempung nya ditangguh nyentuk ngagai 16 September 1963.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,870460,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402050225/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,870460,00.html|archive-date=2 April 2008|title=Malaysia: Tunku Yes, Sukarno No|magazine=Time|location=New York|date=6 September 1963|access-date=17 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Boon Kheng Cheah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NOtXcEmHdjoC&pg=PA93 |title=Malaysia: The Making of a Nation |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year=2002 |isbn=978-981-230-154-3 |pages=93–}}</ref> Federasyen nya mai penyarut ti majak balat nyengkaum [[Konfrontasyen Indonesia–Malaysia|penyarut enggau Indonesia]] kelimpah ari penyarut ti enda ngetu nyadi ngelaban Kominis di Borneo enggau Semenanjung Melayu, ti majak balat ngagai [[Penyarut Kominis ba Sarawak|Penyarut Kominis Sarawak]] enggau [[Darurat Malaya Kedua]] begulai enggau sekeda isu bukai baka serang lanun Moro ari pulau-pulau selatan Filipina meraka garis entara menua ba Sabah, [[Negeri Singapura (Malaysia)|penyerara Singapura ari Federasyen]] dalam taun 1965,<ref>{{cite web|title=Proclamation on Singapore|url=http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/non_version/cgi-bin/cgi_getdata.pl?actno=1997-REVED-INDEP&segid=888373490-000012#888373490-000012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511191506/http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/non_version/cgi-bin/cgi_getdata.pl?actno=1997-REVED-INDEP&segid=888373490-000012#888373490-000012|archive-date=11 May 2011|access-date=27 October 2010|publisher=Singapore Attorney-General}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Baten, Jörg |title=A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. |date=2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-50718-0 |page=290}}</ref><ref name="TIME Art2">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,828327,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930101049/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,828327,00.html|archive-date=30 September 2007|title=Malaysia: The Art of Dispelling Anxiety|magazine=Time|location=New York|date=27 August 1965|access-date=26 October 2010}}</ref> enggau laya bansa. Penyarut tu ngujungka [[Penyadi 13 Me|penyarut bansa 13 Me]] dalam taun 1969.<ref name="Race war">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,900859,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216115230/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,900859,00.html|archive-date=16 February 2007|title=Race War in Malaysia|magazine=Time|location=New York|date=23 May 1969|access-date=26 October 2010}}</ref> Pengudah penyarut nya nyadi, [[Polisi Ekonomi Baru Malaysia|Polisi Ekonomi Baru]] ti kontroversial nya dikelancharka Menteri Besai [[Abdul Razak Hussein|Tun Abdul Razak]], nguji nambahka bagi ekonomi ti dipegai raban ''[[bumiputera]]''.<ref name="New Economic Policy">{{cite web|last=Sundaram|first=Jomo Kwame|date=1 September 2004|title=The New Economic Policy and Interethnic Relations in Malaysia|url=http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpPublications)/A20E9AD6E5BA919780256B6D0057896B?OpenDocument&panel=seriespapers|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511173349/http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpPublications)/A20E9AD6E5BA919780256B6D0057896B?OpenDocument&panel=seriespapers|archive-date=11 May 2011|access-date=27 October 2010|publisher=UNRISD}}</ref> Di baruh pegai Menteri Besai [[Mahathir Mohamad]] bisi timpuh penumbuh ekonomi enggau urbanisasyen ti jampat berengkah ari taun 1980-an. Ekonomi ngalih ari bepelasarka pengawa betanam betupi ngagai bepelasarka pengawa ngaga enggau industri. Mayuh bengkah projek besai udah tembu digaga, baka [[Menara Petronas]], [[Jalai Ekspres Utara–Selatan (Malaysia)|Jalai Ekspres Utara–Selatan]], [[MSC Malaysia|Koridor Super Multimedia]], enggau indu nengeri pentadbiran perintah besai baru [[Putrajaya]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name="New Economic Policy2">{{cite web|last=Sundaram|first=Jomo Kwame|date=1 September 2004|title=The New Economic Policy and Interethnic Relations in Malaysia|url=http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpPublications)/A20E9AD6E5BA919780256B6D0057896B?OpenDocument&panel=seriespapers|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511173349/http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpPublications)/A20E9AD6E5BA919780256B6D0057896B?OpenDocument&panel=seriespapers|archive-date=11 May 2011|access-date=27 October 2010|publisher=UNRISD}}</ref> Ba ujung taun 1990-an, [[Krisis wang Asia 1997|krisis wang Asia]] meri empas ngagai menua nya, nyau deka ngasuh makit mata duit, saham, enggau reta tengkira sida runtuh; taja pia, sida udah nya gerai.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ping Lee Poh|author2=Yean Tham Siew|title=Malaysia Ten Years After The Asian Financial Crisis|url=http://www.polsci.tu.ac.th/Papers/Malaysia%20Paper.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401070910/http://www.polsci.tu.ac.th/Papers/Malaysia%20Paper.pdf|archive-date=1 April 2010|access-date=25 July 2011|publisher=Thammasat University}}</ref> [[Skandal 1MDB]] nya skandal [[Pengawa makai suap ba Malaysia|makai suap]] global ti besai ti ngaul Menteri Besai maya nya [[Najib Razak]] dalam taun 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|date=6 July 2015|title=Malaysian taskforce investigates allegations $700m paid to Najib|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/06/malaysian-task-force-investigates-allegations-700m-paid-to-pm-najib|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422204302/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/06/malaysian-task-force-investigates-allegations-700m-paid-to-pm-najib|archive-date=22 April 2020|access-date=24 March 2018|work=The Guardian|location=London}}</ref> Skandal nya nyadika ubah keterubah ba parti politik ke megai perintah kenyau ari merdeka ba [[Pengawa bepilih besai Malaysia 2018|pengawa bepilih besai 2018]].<ref name="Opposition scores">{{cite news|date=10 May 2018|title=Malaysia election: Opposition scores historic victory|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44036178|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404171658/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44036178|archive-date=4 April 2023|access-date=6 April 2019|work=BBC News}}</ref> Dalam taun 2020-an, menua tu dipegai [[Krisis politik Malaysia 2020–21|krisis politik]] ti beserimbai enggau krisis pengerai enggau [[Empas ekonomi ari pandemik COVID-19 ba Malaysia|ekonomi]] ketegal [[Pandemik COVID-19 ba Malaysia|pandemik COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Walden|first1=Max|date=13 January 2021|title=How Malaysia went from fewer COVID cases than Australia to a national state of emergency|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-01-14/malaysia-covid-19-outbreak-state-of-emergency-case-numbers/13036038|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114221804/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-01-14/malaysia-covid-19-outbreak-state-of-emergency-case-numbers/13036038|archive-date=14 January 2021|access-date=19 July 2021|newspaper=ABC News (Australia)}}</ref> Tu udah nya ditangkan enggau [[Pengawa bepilih besai Malaysia 2022|pengawa bepilih besai]] tumu agi dalam bulan November 2022, ti ngujungka parlimen gantung keterubah dalam sejarah menua tu.<ref>{{cite news|date=19 November 2022|title=No clear winner as Malaysia election ends in hung parliament|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/19/tight-race-as-votes-counted-in-malaysias-in-general-election|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129074959/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/19/tight-race-as-votes-counted-in-malaysias-in-general-election|archive-date=29 November 2022|access-date=29 November 2022|work=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> Kena 24 Nobember 2022, [[Anwar Ibrahim]] ngangkat sumpah nyadi [[Menteri Besai Malaysia]] ke-10, nguluka perintah gempung besai.<ref>{{cite news|date=24 November 2022|title=Anwar Ibrahim sworn in as Malaysian PM after post-election deadlock|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-63698901|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128015222/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-63698901|archive-date=28 November 2022|access-date=29 November 2022|work=BBC News}}</ref> == Perintah enggau politik == {{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=300|align=right|caption_align=center|image1=King Ibrahim of Malaysia August 2025.jpg|caption1=[[Ibrahim Iskandar]]<br /><small>[[Raja Malaysia|Raja]]</small>|image2=Anwar Ibrahim in June 2026.jpg|caption2=[[Anwar Ibrahim]]<br /><small>[[Menteri Besai Malaysia|Menteri Besai]]</small>}} [[File:Istana_Negara_tepi.jpg|thumb| [[Istana Negara]], palan pengentap pendiau enggau opis rasmi [[Raja Malaysia]].]] [[File:Perdana_Putra.jpg|thumb| [[Perdana Putra]], opis [[Menteri Besai Malaysia]].]] Malaysia nyadi menua [[raja bepilih]] [[Raja bekonstitusyen|bekonstitusyen]] [[Raja federal|federal]] lalu mina sebengkah aja menua federal di [[Asia Tenggara]].<ref>{{cite web|date=26 January 2018|title=Could Federalism Smooth Southeast Asia's Rough Edges?|url=https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/could-federalism-smooth-southeast-asia-s-rough-edges|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025080259/https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/could-federalism-smooth-southeast-asia-s-rough-edges|archive-date=25 October 2019|access-date=25 October 2019|agency=Stratfor}}</ref> Sistem perintah tu dichuntoka enggau sistem parlimen [[Sistem Westminster|Westminster]], iya nya diwaris ari [[Empayar British|perintah British]].<ref name="FITA2">{{cite web|title=Malaysia Information|url=http://www.fita.org/countries/malaysia.html?ma_rubrique=cadre|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226105342/http://www.fita.org/countries/malaysia.html?ma_rubrique=cadre|archive-date=26 December 2010|access-date=27 October 2010|publisher=Federation of International Trade Associations}}</ref> Ketuai menua iya nya Raja, ke ngembuan gela rasmi iya nya [[Raja Malaysia|Yang di-Pertuan Agong]]. Raja dipilih ungkup timpuh lima taun ulih enggau ari entara semilan iku pemerintah turun temurun negeri-negeri Melayu. Empat nengeri ke bukai, ke ngembuan Gabenor gela, enda enggau ba pengawa milih. Nengah sempekat enda formal pangku pengawa nya betukar entara semilan iku nya.<ref name="FITA">{{cite web|title=Malaysia Information|url=http://www.fita.org/countries/malaysia.html?ma_rubrique=cadre|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226105342/http://www.fita.org/countries/malaysia.html?ma_rubrique=cadre|archive-date=26 December 2010|access-date=27 October 2010|publisher=Federation of International Trade Associations}}</ref> Pengawa Raja nya mayuh agi nyadi seremonial kenyau ari ubah ba [[Konstitusyen Malaysia|konstitusyen]] dalam taun 1994, milih menteri enggau kaban dewan tinggi.<ref name="dfat">{{cite web|date=February 2014|title=Malaysia country brief|url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/malaysia/malaysia_brief.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027035312/http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/malaysia/malaysia_brief.html|archive-date=27 October 2014|access-date=22 October 2014|publisher=Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade}}</ref> Kuasa legislatif dibagi entara legislatif perintah besai enggau negeri. [[Parlimen Malaysia|Parlimen]] perintah besai dua ruang tu bisi dewan baruh, [[Dewan Rakyat]] (ke mega dikelala enggau nama Dewan Pengari Rayat) enggau dewan atas, [[Dewan Negara]] (tauka Senat).<ref>{{cite web|date=3 June 2010|title=Background|url=http://www.parlimen.gov.my/index.php?modload=sites&id=5&view=23&uweb=p&lang=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106053421/http://www.parlimen.gov.my/index.php?modload=sites&id=5&view=23&uweb=p&lang=en|archive-date=6 November 2018|access-date=25 July 2011|publisher=Parlimen Malaysia}}</ref> Dewan Pengari Rayat ke bisi 222 iku kaban dipilih ungkup timpuh maksimum lima taun ari sitak ke bisi kaban tunggal. Semua 70 iku senator duduk ungkup timpuh tiga taun; 26 dipilih 13 bengkah Aum Kunsil Negeri, lalu 44 ke bukai dichiri Raja nitihka lalau Menteri Besai.<ref name="state.gov2">{{cite web|date=14 July 2010|title=Malaysia|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024160547/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|archive-date=24 October 2020|access-date=14 September 2010|publisher=United States State Department}}</ref> Parlimen nitihka sistem mayuh parti lalu perintah dipilih nengah sistem ‘pemenang pilih pemadu mayuh'.<ref name="state.gov2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=John W. Langford |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q-sti92Y7TkC&pg=PA101 |title=The Changing Shape of Government in the Asia-Pacific Region |last2=K. Lorne Brownsey |publisher=IRPP |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-88645-060-1 |pages=101–}}</ref> [[Pengawa bepilih ba Malaysia|Pengawa bepilih]] parlimen diatur enda kurang ari lima taun sekali.<ref name="state.gov2" /> Sebedau taun 2018, semina pengundi ke berejista ke beumur 21 taun ke atas aja ulih ngundi kaban Dewan Rakyat lalu, ba tebal agi nengeri, ungkup dewan legislatif nengeri. Ngundi ukai pengawa ti wajib.<ref>{{cite web|date=29 September 2008|title=Malaysia (Dewan Rakyat)|url=http://www.ipu.org/parline/reports/2197.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205034849/http://www.ipu.org/parline/reports/2197.htm|archive-date=5 December 2010|access-date=29 September 2008|publisher=Inter-Parliamentary Union}}</ref> Kena bulan Julai 2019, rang undang-undang nurunka [[umur bepilih]] ngagai 18 taun udah dikemendarka enggau rasmi.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Martin Carvalho|author2=Hemananthani Sivanandam|author3=Rahimy Rahim|author4=Tarrence Tan|date=16 July 2019|title=Dewan Rakyat passes Bill to amend Federal Constitution to lower voting age to 18|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/07/16/federal-constitution-amended-to-lower-voting-age-to-18/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928064607/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/07/16/federal-constitution-amended-to-lower-voting-age-to-18|archive-date=28 September 2022|access-date=16 July 2019|work=The Star}}</ref> [[Eksekutif (perintah)|Kuasa eksekutif]] diberi ngagai [[Kabinet Malaysia|Kabinet]], ti betuaika [[Menteri Besai Malaysia|Menteri Besai]]. Menteri Besai nya mesti nyadi kaban Dewan Rakyat, ti ba penemu Raja ti Pemadu Tinggi, merintah sukung ari majoriti kaban. Kabinet dipilih ari kaban kededua dewan Parlimen.<ref name="state.gov2" /> Menteri Besai nyadi [[Kabinet Malaysia|tuai kabinet]] enggau [[ketuai perintah]]. Kenyau [[Pengawa bepilih besai Malaysia 2018|pengawa bepilih besai 2018]], Malaysia diperintah gempung politik [[Pakatan Harapan]] (PH),<ref name="Opposition scores">{{cite news|date=10 May 2018|title=Malaysia election: Opposition scores historic victory|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44036178|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404171658/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44036178|archive-date=4 April 2023|access-date=6 April 2019|work=BBC News}}</ref> taja pan Menteri Besai [[Mahathir Mohamad]] ngelengka pangku pengawa ba tengah [[Krisis politik Malaysia 2020–21|krisis politik]] ba taun 2020. Kena bulan Mach 2020, gempung [[Perikatan Nasional]] (PN) ditumbuhka ari baruh pegai Menteri Besai [[Muhyiddin Yassin]],<ref>{{Cite news|date=29 February 2020|title=Palace: Muhyiddin to be sworn in as PM|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/02/29/istana-muhyiddin-to-be-sworn-in-as-pm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229121939/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/02/29/istana-muhyiddin-to-be-sworn-in-as-pm|archive-date=29 February 2020|access-date=29 February 2020|work=The Star Online}}</ref> sebedau Muhyiddin lenyau sukung majoriti lalu diganti sapit Menteri Besai [[Ismail Sabri Yaakob]], seiku kaban politik veteran ari [[Gerempung Bansa Melayu Beserakup|Gerempung Nasional Melayu Bersatu]] (UMNO), dalam bulan Ogos<ref>{{cite news|date=21 August 2021|title=Ismail Sabri sworn in as Malaysia's ninth Prime Minister|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2021/08/21/ismail-sabri-sworn-in-as-ninth-prime-minister|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821173721/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2021/08/21/ismail-sabri-sworn-in-as-ninth-prime-minister|archive-date=21 August 2021|access-date=22 August 2021|work=The Star}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Malaysia's Ismail Sabri Yaakob sworn in as new PM|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/21/malaysias-ismail-sabri-yaakob-sworn-in-as-new-pm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201131632/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/21/malaysias-ismail-sabri-yaakob-sworn-in-as-new-pm|archive-date=1 February 2024|access-date=25 August 2021}}</ref> Kenyau [[pengawa bepilih besai Malaysia 2022]], parlimen gantung dipilih. [[Anwar Ibrahim]] ari gempung PH dipaduka nyadi Menteri Besai ke baru ngiring perintah gempung PH, [[Barisan Nasional]], [[Gempung Parti Sarawak]], [[Gempung Rayat Sabah]] enggau sekeda parti politik enggau ngatika diri ke bukai. Berebak enggau nya, PN, semina gempung politik ke nadai dalam gempung perintah, nyadi Penyakal. [[Undang-undang Malaysia|Sistem undang-undang Malaysia]] bepelasarka undang-undang selama.<ref name="state.gov2" /> Taja pan pengawa akim lepas ari sukut teori, tang pengelepas iya udah dikerandauka lalu pengawa nyiri akim nadai akauntabiliti enggau transparen.<ref>{{cite web|title=Attacks on Justice – Malaysia|url=http://www.icj.org/IMG/MALAYSIA.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119080422/http://www.icj.org/IMG/MALAYSIA.pdf|archive-date=19 January 2012|access-date=5 December 2011|publisher=International Commission of Jurists}}</ref> Kort ke pemadu tinggi dalam sistem akim iya nya [[Kort Federal Malaysia|Kort Federal]], ditangkanka [[Kort Apil Malaysia|Kort Apil]] enggau dua buah [[Kort tinggi (Malaysia)|kort tinggi]], siti ungkup Semenanjung Malaysia enggau siti ungkup Malaysia Timur. Malaysia mega bisi siti kort spesyel dikena mendingka kes ti dibai tauka ngelaban royalti.<ref name="criminal court system2">{{cite web|title=Malaysian criminal court system|url=http://www.acclawyers.org/resources/malaysia/|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515090557/http://www.acclawyers.org/resources/malaysia/|archive-date=15 May 2011|access-date=15 December 2010|publisher=Association of Commonwealth Criminal Lawyers}}</ref> Pengudah UMNO lenyau kuasa ba [[pengawa bepilih besai Malaysia 2018]], penuduk Malaysia niki 9 penuduk dalam Indeks Demokrasi 2019 ngagai penuduk lumur 43 enti dibandingka enggau taun sebedau nya; menua tu diklasifikasyenka nyadi ‘demokrasi ti bisi penimpang’.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Democracy Index 2019 A year of democratic setbacks and popular protest|url=https://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=democracyindex2019|url-access=registration|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213043744/https://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=democracyindex2019|archive-date=13 February 2021|access-date=27 October 2020|website=[[Economist Intelligence Unit|EIU.com]]}}</ref> Penuduk Malaysia dalam [[Indeks Pengelepas Pengarang Berita]] 2020 niki 22 penuduk ngagai penuduk lumur 101 enti dibandingka enggau taun sebedau nya, lalu nyadika iya siti ari dua buah menua di Asia Tenggara ke nadai ‘Situasi Susah’ tauka ‘Situasi Keberat Serius’ bekaul enggau pengelepas pengarang berita.<ref>{{cite web|year=2020|title=2020 World Press Freedom Index|url=https://rsf.org/en/ranking/2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423104703/https://rsf.org/en/ranking/2020|archive-date=23 April 2020|access-date=27 October 2020|work=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref> Taja pia, iya nurun 18 endur ba taun ke nangkanka nya ketegal polisi perintah PN.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Malaysia: Back to harassment, intimidation and censorship {{!}} Reporters without borders|url=https://rsf.org/en/malaysia|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124091549/https://rsf.org/en/malaysia|archive-date=24 November 2021|access-date=26 July 2021|website=RSF|language=en}}</ref> Malaysia ba penuduk lumur 48 enggau 62 nitihka [[Indeks Persepsyen Makai Suap]] 2021, ti nunjukka tikas [[Pengawa makai suap ba Malaysia|makai suap]] ti ngelui ari purata. Freedom House beratika Malaysia “bibas sebagi” dalam pansik sida ba taun 2018.<ref>{{cite web|date=29 June 2018|title=Malaysia considers amending human trafficking law after U.S. report|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-trafficking/malaysia-considers-amending-human-trafficking-law-after-u-s-report-idUSKBN1JQ04Y|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407142237/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-trafficking/malaysia-considers-amending-human-trafficking-law-after-u-s-report-idUSKBN1JQ04Y|archive-date=7 April 2020|access-date=7 April 2020|website=Reuters}}</ref> Siti saman ti digaga [[Opis Pengelurus Amerika Serikat]] nuduhka pengabis mimit $3.5 billion ti ngaul ex-menteri besai [[Najib Razak]] udah dichuri ari wang turu enggi perintah menua Malaysia [[1MDB]], ti dikelala enggau nama [[Skandal 1MDB|skandal 1Malaysia Development Berhad]].<ref name=":02">{{cite news|date=28 July 2016|title=1MDB: The inside story of the world's biggest financial scandal|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/28/1mdb-inside-story-worlds-biggest-financial-scandal-malaysia|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111085317/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/28/1mdb-inside-story-worlds-biggest-financial-scandal-malaysia|archive-date=11 November 2019|work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=9 August 2019|title=1MDB: The playboys, PMs and partygoers around a global financial scandal|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-46341603|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721081321/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-46341603|archive-date=21 July 2020|access-date=15 September 2020|work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=9 August 2019|title=The bizarre story of 1MDB, the Goldman Sachs-backed Malaysian fund that turned into one of the biggest scandals in financial history|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/1mdb-timeline-the-goldman-sachs-backed-malaysian-wealth-fund-2018-12|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117032748/https://www.businessinsider.com/1mdb-timeline-the-goldman-sachs-backed-malaysian-wealth-fund-2018-12|archive-date=17 November 2020|access-date=15 September 2020|work=Business Insider}}</ref> Naka taun 2025, iya ba penuduk lumur 13 ba [[Indeks Pemaik Global]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=2025 Global Peace Index|url=https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/GPI-2025-web.pdf|access-date=2025-09-26|website=Institute for Economics & Peace|publisher=[[Institute for Economics & Peace]]|publication-date=June 2025}}</ref> === Bagi kuasa perintah === {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto;" |{{Kar Malaysia Belabel}} |} Malaysia nyadi sebengkah menua federasyen ti ngundan [[Negeri enggau kandang menua federal ba Malaysia|13 negeri enggau tiga kandang menua federal]].<ref>{{cite news|date=2 November 2015|title=Understanding the Federation of Malaysia|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/Opinion/Online-Exclusive/A-Humble-Submission/Profile/Articles/2015/11/02/understanding-federation-malaysia/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105113420/http://www.thestar.com.my/Opinion/Online-Exclusive/A-Humble-Submission/Profile/Articles/2015/11/02/understanding-federation-malaysia/|archive-date=5 November 2015|access-date=3 November 2015|newspaper=The Star|location=Kuala Lumpur}}</ref> Ari penyampau nya, 11 negeri enggau dua kandang menua federal bisi ba [[Semenanjung Malaysia]], lalu dua bengkah negeri enggau siti kandang menua federal ke bukai mungkur [[Malaysia Timur]]. Menua tu bisi tiga renggat perintah— [[Perintah menua Malaysia|perintah federal]], [[Perintah negeri ba Malaysia|negeri]], enggau kandang menua.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|year=2018|title=The Local Government System in Malaysia|url=https://www.clgf.org.uk/default/assets/File/Country_profiles/Malaysia.pdf|url-status=live|journal=[[Commonwealth Local Government Forum]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220050855/https://www.clgf.org.uk/default/assets/File/Country_profiles/Malaysia.pdf|archive-date=20 December 2024|access-date=20 December 2024}}</ref> Pengawa merintah nengeri dibagi entara perintah federal enggau perintah negeri, enggau kuasa ti bebida diungkupka ngagai tiap iku, lalu perintah federal bisi kuasa perintah terus ba kandang menua federal.<ref>{{cite web|title=Federal Territories and State Governments|url=http://mygov.malaysia.gov.my/EN/Main/MsianGov/StateGovAndFederalTerritories/Pages/StateGovAndFederalTerritories.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222231636/http://mygov.malaysia.gov.my/EN/Main/MsianGov/StateGovAndFederalTerritories/Pages/StateGovAndFederalTerritories.aspx|archive-date=22 February 2014|access-date=15 October 2013|publisher=Malaysian government}}</ref> Tetiap negeri bisi [[Aum kunsil negeri ba Malaysia|Aum Kunsil Negeri]] ke ngembuan siti ruang bilik ke alai kaban iya dipilih ari sitak ke bisi siku kaban. Perintah negeri betuaika [[Kepala perintah negeri ba Malaysia|Kepala Menteri]],<ref name="state.gov2" /> ti nyadi kaban Aum Kunsil Negeri ari parti majoriti dalam dewan. Ba tiap-tiap nengeri ke bisi pemerintah turun temurun, Kepala Menteri biasa iya dipinta nyadi [[Melayu|orang Melayu]], dichiri pemerintah nitihka lalau [[Menteri Besai Malaysia|Menteri Besai]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P-3155j7FLkC |title=The management of secondary cities in southeast Asia |publisher=United Nations Centre for Human Settlements |year=1996 |isbn=978-92-1-131313-0 |page=120}}</ref> Naka [[Pengawa bepilih besai Malaysia 2018|taun 2018]], pengawa bepilih negeri diatur berebak enggau pengawa bepilih besai nengah konvensyen, kelimpah ari ke di [[Sarawak]]. Berindik ari [[Krisis politik Malaysia 2020–2022|krisis politik 2020–2022]], semina [[Pahang]], [[Perak]] enggau [[Perlis]] milih bejalaika pengawa bepilih negeri sida sejalai enggau pengawa bepilih besai.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hutchinson|first=Francis E.|date=15 May 2024|title=Malaysia's Out-of-Sync Federal and State Elections: The Good, the Bad, and the Untimely|url=https://www.iseas.edu.sg/articles-commentaries/iseas-perspective/2024-34-malaysias-out-of-sync-federal-and-state-elections-the-good-the-bad-and-the-untimely-by-francis-e-hutchinson/|url-status=live|journal=[[ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute]]|language=en-US|volume=2024|issue=34|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220053516/https://www.iseas.edu.sg/articles-commentaries/iseas-perspective/2024-34-malaysias-out-of-sync-federal-and-state-elections-the-good-the-bad-and-the-untimely-by-francis-e-hutchinson/|archive-date=20 December 2024|access-date=20 December 2024}}</ref> Dipegai ba baruh perintah besai enggau negeri, [[Perintah kandang menua ba Malaysia|perintah kandang menua]] ngarika renggat pemerintah ke pemadu baruh di Malaysia. Naka taun 2024, Malaysia dibagi entara 19 bengkah nengeri, 40 bengkah kandang mengeri, 91 buah kunsil renggat pelilih menua, enggau empat bengkah ejensi bekanun.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Senarai PBT|trans-title=List of local governments|url=https://jkt.kpkt.gov.my/data-pbt-senarai_pbt/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118151239/https://jkt.kpkt.gov.my/data-pbt-senarai_pbt/|archive-date=18 January 2025|access-date=22 December 2024|website=[[Ministry of Housing and Local Government (Malaysia)|Ministry of Housing and Local Government]]|language=ms}}</ref> Seraya konstitusyen perintah besai ngagihka perintah kandang menua ngagai bidang kuasa eksklusif perintah negeri,<ref>{{cite web|title=Introduction to local government in Malaysia|url=http://lib.kedah.uitm.edu.my/psblibrary/notes/am110/layout/subject%20material/handouts/dpa/PAD%20320/h1.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328212349/http://lib.kedah.uitm.edu.my/psblibrary/notes/am110/layout/subject%20material/handouts/dpa/PAD%20320/h1.pdf|archive-date=28 March 2018|access-date=19 February 2014|publisher=Universiti Teknologi Mara}}</ref> dalam praktikal, [[Opis Menteri Pengawa Berumah enggau Perintah Kandang Menua (Malaysia)|Opis Menteri Pengawa Berumah enggau Perintah Kandang Menua perintah federal]] ngemataka pengawa ngatur undang-undang enggau polisi kandang menua.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web|author=Nooi, Phang Siew|date=May 2008|title=Decentralisation or recentralisation? Trends in local government in Malaysia|url=http://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/journals/index.php/cjlg/article/viewFile/759/1032|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909145130/http://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/journals/index.php/cjlg/article/viewFile/759/1032|archive-date=9 September 2016|access-date=19 February 2014|publisher=Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance}}</ref> [[Ketuai Mengeri]] (tauka presiden ungkup kunsil kandang mengeri enggau pelilih menua) enggau [[kaunsilor]] dichiri perintah negeri ke bekaul, tauka dalam kes kandang menua perintah federal, dichiri perintah federal.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|year=2023|title=Rujukan Ringkas Mengenai Dasar-Dasar Berkaitan Pihak Berkuasa Tempatan Edisi 2023|trans-title=Summary on Local Government Policies 2023 Edition|url=https://jktgateway.kpkt.gov.my/downloads/29052023_RUJUKAN_RINGKAS_MENGENAI_DASAR_DASAR_BERKAITAN_PBT.pdf|url-status=live|journal=[[Ministry of Housing and Local Government (Malaysia)|Ministry of Housing and Local Government]]|language=MS|page=20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220035246/https://jktgateway.kpkt.gov.my/downloads/29052023_RUJUKAN_RINGKAS_MENGENAI_DASAR_DASAR_BERKAITAN_PBT.pdf|archive-date=20 December 2024|access-date=20 December 2024}}</ref> Undang-undang perintah federal ngagihka pekara tanah, nyengkaum pengawa ngaga garis entara [[Rintai pelilih menua ba Malaysia|pelilih menua]], ngagai bidang kuasa perintah negeri.<ref>{{Cite journal|year=2020|title=National Land Code|url=https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/mal5145.pdf|url-status=live|journal=[[Malaysian federal government]]|page=54|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250202093708/https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/mal5145.pdf|archive-date=2 February 2025|access-date=20 December 2024|via=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}</ref> Kelimpah ari Perlis enggau kandang menua federal, tiap negeri dibagi ngagai pelilih menua, ti dibagi baru ngagai [[mukim]]. Di [[Sabah]] enggau [[Sarawak]], pelilih menua digelumu ngagai bagi menua.<ref>{{cite web|title=Malaysia Districts|url=http://www.statoids.com/ymy.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201132451/http://www.statoids.com/ymy.html|archive-date=1 December 2020|access-date=3 November 2010|publisher=Statoids}}</ref> Bebida enggau perintah kandang menua ti ngatur kuasa perintah kandang mengeri enggau pemansang infrastruktur,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=E.|first1=Lo Vullo|last2=Ho|first2=C. S.|last3=Chau|first3=L. W.|last4=F.|first4=Monforti|last5=V.|first5=Palermo|last6=S.|first6=Rivas|last7=P.|first7=Bertoldi|year=2022|title=How to Develop a Climate Action Plan (CAP) in Southeast Asia-Malaysia|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360823096|journal=[[Publications Office of the European Union]]|page=6|doi=10.2760/50282|isbn=978-92-76-52424-3|via=[[ResearchGate]]}}</ref> pelilih menua semina dikena ungkup chukai tanah.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Adnan|first1=M. Z.|last2=Suratman|first2=R. Suratman|last3=Samsudin|first3=S.|year=2019|title=Key Geographical Features on Malaysia's Land Tax System: A Comparison Study in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia|journal=International Geography Seminar 2019|volume=683|issue=683|page=2|doi=10.1088/1755-1315/683/1/012095|doi-access=free}}</ref> 13 bengkah negeri nya bepelasarka menua perintah Melayu besejarah, lalu 9 ari 11 negeri Semenanjung, ke dikelala enggau nama negeri Melayu, ngetanka ruang bilik diraja sida. [[Raja Malaysia|Raja]] dipilih sereta ari semilan iku pemerintah ngambika mangku pengawa pengelama lima taun.<ref name="state.gov3">{{cite web|date=14 July 2010|title=Malaysia|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024160547/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|archive-date=24 October 2020|access-date=14 September 2010|publisher=United States State Department}}</ref> Raja tu nyiri gabenor ti mangku pengawa pengelama empat taun ke negeri-negeri ti nadai raja, pengudah berunding enggau kepala menteri negeri nya. Tiap negeri bisi konstitusyen betulis.<ref name="Lim Hong Hai">{{cite web|author=Hai, Lim Hong|title=Electoral Politics in Malaysia: 'Managing' Elections in a Plural Society|url=http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/01361005.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190212/http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/01361005.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016|access-date=19 February 2014}}</ref> Sabah enggau Sarawak ngembuan autonomi ke jauh mayuh agi ari negeri bukai, ke pemadu tebilang ngembuan polisi enggau kawal imigresyen kediri, sereta status peranak menua ke nyelai.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hannum, Hurst |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_oV3pKJfnvcC&pg=PA342 |title=Basic Documents on Autonomy and Minority Rights |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-7923-1977-1 |pages=342–}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Lockard, Craig A.|date=March 2000|title=Sabah and Sarawak: The Politics of Development and Federalism. Kajian Malaysia, Special Issue. Edited by Francis Loh Kok Wah. Penang: Universiti Sains Malaysia, 1997. Pp. 236.|journal=[[Journal of Southeast Asian Studies]]|volume=31|issue=1|pages=210–213|doi=10.1017/S0022463400016192|s2cid=154586268}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Bong|first1=Karen|last2=Pilo|first2=Wilfred|name-list-style=amp|date=16 September 2011|title=An agreement forged and forgotten|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2011/09/16/an-agreement-forged-and-forgotten/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102042307/http://www.theborneopost.com/2011/09/16/an-agreement-forged-and-forgotten/|archive-date=2 November 2015|access-date=3 July 2014|work=The Borneo Post|location=Kuching}}</ref> Pengawa champur tangan perintah besai dalam pengawa negeri, kurang pemansang, enggau laya ketegal royalti minyak bisi sekali-sekala ngujungka penerang pasal nyerara diri ari bala ketuai di sekeda negeri baka [[Pulau Pinang]], [[Johor]], [[Kelantan]], Sabah enggau Sarawak, taja pan pekara tu bedau dititihka lalu nadai pengawa meredeka ti berat bisi.<ref>{{cite web|last=Koay|first=Su Lin|date=September 2016|title=Penang: The Rebel State (Part One)|url=http://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=2370&name=penang_the_rebel_state_part_one|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034025/http://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=2370&name=penang_the_rebel_state_part_one|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=26 November 2017|website=Penang Monthly}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Chin|first=James|year=1997|title=Politics of Federal Intervention in Malaysia, with reference to Kelantan, Sarawak and Sabah|url=https://www.academia.edu/2954857|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics|volume=35|pages=96–120|doi=10.1080/14662049708447747|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809133946/https://www.academia.edu/2954857|archive-date=9 August 2021|access-date=3 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Mohd Hazmi Mohd Rusli|date=18 October 2015|title=Could the Federation of Malaysia really come apart?|url=http://english.astroawani.com/malaysia-news/could-federation-malaysia-really-come-apart-76926|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027202437/http://english.astroawani.com/malaysia-news/could-federation-malaysia-really-come-apart-76926|archive-date=27 October 2015|access-date=3 November 2015|publisher=[[Astro Awani]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=3 November 2015|title=Will things fall apart in the Malaysian federation?|url=http://www.todayonline.com/world/asia/will-things-fall-apart-malaysian-federation?|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106024352/http://www.todayonline.com/world/asia/will-things-fall-apart-malaysian-federation|archive-date=6 November 2015|access-date=3 November 2015|newspaper=Today|location=Singapore}}</ref> ; Negeri Rintai 13 bengkah negeri enggau tiap indu nengeri (dalam tanda kurung): {{div col|colwidth=22em}} # {{flagicon|Johor}} [[Johor]] ([[Johor Bahru]]) # {{flagicon|Kedah}} [[Kedah]] ([[Alor Setar]]) # {{flagicon|Kelantan}} [[Kelantan]] ([[Kota Bharu]]) # {{flagicon|Melaka}} [[Melaka]] ([[Nengeri Melaka]]) # {{flagicon|Negeri Sembilan}} [[Negeri Sembilan]] ([[Seremban]]) # {{flagicon|Pahang}} [[Pahang]] ([[Kuantan]]) # {{flagicon|Pulau Pinang}} [[Pulau Pinang]] ([[George Town, Pulau Pinang|George Town]]) # {{flagicon|Perak}} [[Perak]] ([[Ipoh]]) # {{flagicon|Perlis}} [[Perlis]] ([[Kangar]]) # {{flagicon|Selangor}} [[Selangor]] ([[Shah Alam]]) # {{flagicon|Sabah}} [[Sabah]] ([[Kota Kinabalu]]) # {{flagicon|Sarawak}} [[Sarawak]] ([[Kuching]]) # {{flagicon|Terengganu}} [[Terengganu]] ([[Kuala Terengganu]]) {{div col end}} ; Kandang menua federal # {{flagicon|Kuala Lumpur}} [[Kuala Lumpur|Kandang Menua Federal Kuala Lumpur]] # {{flagicon|Labuan}} [[Labuan|Kandang Menua Federal Labuan]] ([[Victoria, Labuan|Victoria]]) # {{flagicon|Putrajaya}} [[Putrajaya|Kandang Menua Federal Putrajaya]] === Kaul enggau menua luar enggau soldadu === [[File:2025_Donald_Trump,_Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia_Seri_Anwar_Ibrahim,_Prime_Minister_of_Cambodia_Hun_Manet_and_Prime_Minister_of_Thailand_Anutin_Charnvirakul_before_signing_the_Kuala_Lumpur_Accord_on_October_25_at_the_ASEAN_Summit.jpg|thumb| (Kiba ke kanan) Menteri Besai Malaysia [[Anwar Ibrahim]], Presiden Amerika Serikat [[Donald Trump]], Menteri Besai Thailand [[Anutin Charnvirakul]] enggau Menteri Besai Kemboja [[Hun Manet]] pengudah nyain [[Sempekat Pengelikun Kuala Lumpur]], ti nyadi maya [[Aum Besai ASEAN 2025|Aum Besai ASEAN Ke-47]], 26 Oktober 2025.]] Sebengkah ari kaban pemungkal [[Gerempung Menua Asia Tenggara|ASEAN]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Overview|url=http://www.asean.org/64.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109233326/http://www.asean.org/64.htm|archive-date=9 January 2008|access-date=8 November 2007|publisher=Association of Southeast Asian Nations}}</ref> enggau [[Gerempung Kerejasama Islam|OIC]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Islamic Affairs (OIC) and D8 Division|url=http://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/division-multilateral-oic-d8|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309064902/http://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/division-multilateral-oic-d8|archive-date=9 March 2017|access-date=12 November 2010|publisher=Malaysian Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}</ref> menua tu ngambi bagi dalam mayuh gerempung entarabansa baka [[Gerempung Bansa Beserakup]] (GBB),<ref>{{cite web|title=Member Economies|url=http://www.apec.org/en/About-Us/About-APEC/Member-Economies.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201151002/http://www.apec.org/en/About-Us/About-APEC/Member-Economies.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2010|access-date=10 June 2011|publisher=Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation}}</ref> [[Kerejasama Ekonomi Asia Pasifik|APEC]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Member Economies|url=http://www.apec.org/en/About-Us/About-APEC/Member-Economies.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201151002/http://www.apec.org/en/About-Us/About-APEC/Member-Economies.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2010|access-date=10 June 2011|publisher=Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation}}</ref> [[Gerempung D-8 ungkup Kerejasama Ekonomi|Gerempung Kerejasama Ekonomi D-8]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Malaysia|url=http://www.developing8.org/Membermalaysia.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630135700/http://www.developing8.org/Membermalaysia.aspx|archive-date=30 June 2017|access-date=15 October 2013|publisher=Developing 8 Countries}}</ref> enggau NAM.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Non-Aligned Movement: Member States|url=http://www.nam.gov.za/background/members.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209233514/http://www.nam.gov.za/background/members.htm|archive-date=9 December 2010|access-date=5 September 2010|publisher=Non-Aligned Movement}}</ref> Iya kala nyadi chairman ASEAN, OIC, enggau NAM suba.<ref name="state.gov2" /> Ketegal menua tu [[Koloni mahkota|Koloni British]] suba, iya mega nyadi kaban [[Komanwel]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Member States|url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/142227/members/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225120634/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/member-countries|archive-date=25 December 2018|access-date=26 October 2010|publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat}}</ref> [[Kuala Lumpur]] nyadi palan [[Aum Besai Asia Timur|EAC]] keterubah dalam taun 2005.<ref name="govtnz2">{{cite web|date=4 December 2008|title=Malaysia Foreign Relations|url=http://www.asean.fta.govt.nz/malaysia-foreign-relations|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526030946/http://www.asean.fta.govt.nz/malaysia-foreign-relations/|archive-date=26 May 2010|access-date=18 September 2010|publisher=New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade}}</ref> Polisi luar Malaysia sechara rasmi bepelasarka prinsip neutral enggau ngetanka kaul likun enggau semua menua, enda ngira sistem politik sida.<ref name="kln2">{{cite web|title=Malaysia's Foreign Policy|url=http://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/foreign_policy|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704114645/http://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/foreign_policy|archive-date=4 July 2018|access-date=21 September 2010|publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Malaysia)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]}}</ref> Perintah ngemeratka pengelikun enggau penegap [[Asia Tenggara]],<ref name="govtnz3">{{cite web|date=4 December 2008|title=Malaysia Foreign Relations|url=http://www.asean.fta.govt.nz/malaysia-foreign-relations|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526030946/http://www.asean.fta.govt.nz/malaysia-foreign-relations/|archive-date=26 May 2010|access-date=18 September 2010|publisher=New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade}}</ref> lalu nguji ngemansangka agi kaul enggau menua bukai ba kandang menua nya. Ari segi sejarah perintah udah nguji ngayanka Malaysia nyadi sebengkah menua Islam ti progresif <ref name="kln">{{Cite web}}</ref> seraya ngerapitka kaul enggau [[menua Islam]] bukai. <ref name="govtnz">{{Cite web}}</ref> Siti prinsip ti tegap dalam polisi Malaysia iya nya sovereiniti menua enggau hak sesebengkah menua nguasa pengawa dalam menua iya. Malaysia nyain sempekat GBB pasal [[Sempekat Tagang Senyata Nuklear|Tagang Senyata Nuklear]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 July 2017|title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons|url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en|archive-date=6 August 2019|access-date=16 August 2019|publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=7 August 2019|title=Japan should support nuclear ban treaty, says Malaysian PM Mahathir Mohamad|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/08/07/national/politics-diplomacy/japan-support-nuclear-ban-treaty-says-malaysian-pm-mahathir-mohamad/#.XVat-XszWUk|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409090214/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/08/07/national/politics-diplomacy/japan-support-nuclear-ban-treaty-says-malaysian-pm-mahathir-mohamad/#.XVat-XszWUk|archive-date=9 April 2023|access-date=16 August 2019|work=The Japan Times}}</ref> [[Pulau-pulau Spratly]] diperebutka mayuh muea ba kandang menua nya, lalu [[Jurai kandang menua ba Tasik China Selatan|sebagi besai ari Tasik China Selatan]] dituntut [[China]]. Bebida enggau menua sepiak iya [[Vietnam]] enggau [[Filipina]], Malaysia ari sukut sejarah nyeliahka diri ari konflik enggau China.<ref>{{cite news|last=Diola|first=Camille|date=25 June 2014|title=Why Malaysia, unlike Philippines, keeps quiet on sea row|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/06/25/1338864/why-malaysia-unlike-philippines-keeps-quiet-sea-row|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627165932/http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/06/25/1338864/why-malaysia-unlike-philippines-keeps-quiet-sea-row|archive-date=27 June 2014|access-date=25 June 2014|work=[[The Philippine Star]]}}</ref> Taja pia, sepengudah kapal China nyerungkai tasik kandang menua Malaysia,<ref>{{cite news|date=27 September 2015|title=Presence of China Coast Guard ship at Luconia Shoals spooks local fishermen|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/09/27/presence-of-china-coast-guard-ship-at-luconia-shoals-spooks-local-fishermen/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929005731/http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/09/27/presence-of-china-coast-guard-ship-at-luconia-shoals-spooks-local-fishermen/|archive-date=29 September 2015|access-date=28 September 2015|newspaper=The Borneo Post|location=Kuching}}</ref> enggau ngelanggar kandang udara ngena bilun soldadu sida, Malaysia udah chakah ngutuk China.<ref>{{cite news|date=15 August 2015|title=Malaysia lodges diplomatic protest against intrusion at Beting Patinggi Ali|url=http://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2015/08/15/malaysia-lodges-diplomatic-protest-against-intrusion-at-beting-patinggi-ali/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929024442/http://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2015/08/15/malaysia-lodges-diplomatic-protest-against-intrusion-at-beting-patinggi-ali/|archive-date=29 September 2015|access-date=16 August 2015|work=The Rakyat Post|agency=Bernama}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Blanchard|first1=Ben|last2=Pullin|first2=Richard|date=18 October 2015|title=Malaysia slams China's 'provocation' in South China Sea|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/malaysia-slams-china-s/2200744.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019120244/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/malaysia-slams-china-s/2200744.html|archive-date=19 October 2015|access-date=20 October 2015|work=Channel News Asia|agency=Reuters}}</ref> [[Brunei]] enggau Malaysia dalam taun 2009 madahka deka ngetuka pengawa nuntut tanah pangan diri, lalu meri komitmen mutarka isu ti bekaul enggau garis entara menua maritim sida.<ref>{{cite news|last=Masli|first=Ubaidillah|date=17 March 2009|title=Brunei drops all claims to Limbang|url=http://www.bt.com.bn/home_news/2009/03/17/brunei_drops_all_claims_to_limbang|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712162447/http://www.bt.com.bn/home_news/2009/03/17/brunei_drops_all_claims_to_limbang|archive-date=12 July 2014|access-date=23 August 2013|url-status=usurped|work=[[The Brunei Times]]}}</ref> Filipina bisi [[Jurai Borneo Utara|tuntut ti enda aktif]] ba bagi menua timur [[Sabah]].<ref name="MYIDPHSG2">{{cite web|last=Mohamad|first=Kadir|year=2009|title=Malaysia's territorial disputes – two cases at the ICJ: Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore), Ligitan and Sipadan [and the Sabah claim] (Malaysia/Indonesia/Philippines)|url=http://www.idfr.gov.my/images/stories/publication/2009/inside_pbp.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516042053/http://www.idfr.gov.my/images/stories/publication/2009/inside_pbp.pdf|archive-date=16 May 2016|access-date=16 May 2014|publisher=Institute of Diplomacy and Foreign Relations (IDFR) Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia|page=46|quote=Map of British North Borneo, highlighting in yellow colour the area covered by the Philippine claim, presented to the Court by the Philippines during the Oral Hearings at the ICJ on 25 June 2001}}</ref> Pengawa nuntut tanah [[Singapura]] udah ngasuh penyarut nyadi,<ref>{{cite web|title=Disputed&nbsp;– International|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2070.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014013059/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2070.html|archive-date=14 October 2018|access-date=26 October 2010|publisher=CIA}}</ref> lalu penyarut mit ba garis entara menua maritim enggau darat bisi enggau [[Indonesia]].<ref name="MYIDPHSG">{{cite web|last=Mohamad|first=Kadir|year=2009|title=Malaysia's territorial disputes – two cases at the ICJ: Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore), Ligitan and Sipadan [and the Sabah claim] (Malaysia/Indonesia/Philippines)|url=http://www.idfr.gov.my/images/stories/publication/2009/inside_pbp.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516042053/http://www.idfr.gov.my/images/stories/publication/2009/inside_pbp.pdf|archive-date=16 May 2016|access-date=16 May 2014|publisher=Institute of Diplomacy and Foreign Relations (IDFR) Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia|page=46|quote=Map of British North Borneo, highlighting in yellow colour the area covered by the Philippine claim, presented to the Court by the Philippines during the Oral Hearings at the ICJ on 25 June 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=16 October 2015|title=Border disputes differ for Indonesia, M'sia|url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=103802|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019135525/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=103802|archive-date=19 October 2015|access-date=19 October 2015|newspaper=[[Daily Express (Malaysia)|Daily Express]]|location=Kota Kinabalu}}</ref> [[File:Su30mkm_flying_at_lima_two_(cropped).jpg|thumb| Bilun [[Sukhoi Su-30MKM]] TUDM]] [[Raban Besenyata Malaysia]] bisi tiga pampang: [[Soldadu Malaysia]], [[Soldadu Tasik Diraja Malaysia]] enggau [[Soldadu Langit Diraja Malaysia]]. Nadai pengawa soldadu, lalu umur ke dipinta kena nyadi soldadu enggau sukarela iya nya 18 taun. Sedadu ngena 1.5% ari GDP menua, lalu ngambi 1.23% ari pengereja pengawa Malaysia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Malaysian Military statistics|url=http://www.nationmaster.com/red/country/my-malaysia/mil-military%26all%3D1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806213531/http://www.nationmaster.com/red/country/my-malaysia/mil-military%26all%3D1|archive-date=6 August 2013|access-date=1 October 2010|publisher=NationMaster}}</ref> Raban penyaga pemaik Malaysia ari [[MALBATT]] udah meri bantu ngagai mayuh pengawa nyaga pemaik PBB, baka di [[Operasyen Gerempung Bansa Beserakup ba Kongo|Kongo]], [[Raban Pemerati Soldadu Iran–Irak Gerempung Bansa Beserakup|Iran–Irak]], [[Raban Pemantu Pengalih|Namibia]], Kemboja, Bosnia enggau Herzegovina, Somalia, Kosovo, Timor Leste, enggau Lebanon.<ref name="state.gov2" /><ref>{{cite web|date=12 February 2013|title=Malaysia – Permanent Missions to the United Nations|url=http://www.un.int/malaysia/GA/67/2013-02-12%20Protection%20of%20Civilians.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018034708/http://www.un.int/malaysia/GA/67/2013-02-12%20Protection%20of%20Civilians.pdf|archive-date=18 October 2013|access-date=15 October 2013|publisher=United Nations}}</ref> [[Atur Pengetan Kuasa Lima]] nya inisiatif pengelikun pelilih menua ke udah dipejalaika semak 40 taun. Iya ngaul pengawa latih sedadu begulai ke diatur entara Malaysia, Singapura, Australia, New Zealand, enggau United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite news|date=26 April 2010|title=Australia says major military exercise underway in Malaysia|url=http://www.mysinchew.com/node/38249|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201942/http://www.mysinchew.com/node/38249|archive-date=3 March 2016|access-date=1 October 2010|work=My Sinchew}}</ref> Latih begulai enggau main perang mega udah diatur enggau Brunei,<ref>{{cite news|last=Wood|first=Daniel|date=20 April 2014|title=Brunei, M'sia train in 11th military exercise|url=http://www.bt.com.bn/news-national/2014/04/20/brunei-m%E2%80%99sia-train-11th-military-exercise|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208183256/http://www.bt.com.bn/news-national/2014/04/20/brunei-m%E2%80%99sia-train-11th-military-exercise|archive-date=8 December 2014|access-date=5 November 2014|url-status=usurped|work=The Brunei Times}}</ref> China,<ref>{{cite web|author=Yao Jianing|date=17 September 2015|title=First China-Malaysia joint military exercise held in Malacca Strait|url=http://eng.mod.gov.cn/DefenseNews/2015-09/17/content_4620894.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001184454/http://eng.mod.gov.cn/DefenseNews/2015-09/17/content_4620894.htm|archive-date=1 October 2018|access-date=1 October 2018|work=China Military Online|publisher=[[Ministry of National Defense (China)|Ministry of National Defense]]}}</ref> India,<ref>{{cite web|author=Aman Anand|date=30 April 2018|title=First Ever Joint Army exercise on Malaysian Soil Commences with Handing-Over of Troops Ceremony|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=179020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001183858/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=179020|archive-date=1 October 2018|access-date=2 October 2018|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] (India)}}</ref> Indonesia,<ref>{{cite news|date=13 September 2010|title=Indonesia-Malaysia military exercises must continue&nbsp;– defence minister|url=http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/1284390436/indonesia-malaysia-military-exercises-must-continue-defence-minister|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922134210/http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/1284390436/indonesia-malaysia-military-exercises-must-continue-defence-minister|archive-date=22 September 2010|access-date=1 October 2010|work=ANTARA News}}</ref> Jipun,<ref>{{cite web|author=John Grevatt|date=12 September 2018|title=Japan, Malaysia sign defence accord|url=https://www.janes.com/article/82922/japan-malaysia-sign-defence-accord|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001185203/https://www.janes.com/article/82922/japan-malaysia-sign-defence-accord|archive-date=1 October 2018|access-date=1 October 2018|publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]]}}</ref> enggau Amerika Serikat.<ref>{{cite news|date=25 August 2014|title=Malaysia, US armed forces in joint exercise|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2014/08/25/Malaysia-US-armed-forces/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709175613/http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2014/08/25/Malaysia-US-armed-forces/|archive-date=9 July 2023|access-date=26 August 2014|work=The Star|location=Kuala Lumpur}}</ref> Malaysia, Filipina, Thailand, enggau Vietnam udah setuju ngatur latih begulai raban pengelikun dikena nyaga garis entara menua maritim sida sereta mutarka isu baka imigresyen nadai pemendar, lanun, enggau pengawa mai barang sechara belalai.<ref>{{cite news|date=9 August 2010|title=Malaysia, Philippines committed to enhancing border security|url=http://www.mysinchew.com/node/43096|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205247/http://www.mysinchew.com/node/43096|archive-date=3 March 2016|access-date=18 September 2010|work=My Sinchew}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=April 2013|title=Piracy in Southeast Asia: Organised Criminal Syndicates or Small Scale Opportunists?|url=http://www.graypage.com/assets/Piracy-in-Southeast-Asia-Organised-Criminal-Syndicatds-or-small-scale-opportunists.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724082702/http://www.graypage.com/assets/Piracy-in-Southeast-Asia-Organised-Criminal-Syndicatds-or-small-scale-opportunists.pdf|archive-date=24 July 2015|access-date=24 July 2015|work=Gray Page}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Carvalho|first=Martin|date=15 May 2012|title=Malaysia, Thailand military exercise to include other agencies, Asean members|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2012/05/15/Malaysia-Thailand-military-exercise-to-include-other-agencies-Asean-members/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709181144/https://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2012/05/15/Malaysia-Thailand-military-exercise-to-include-other-agencies-Asean-members/|archive-date=9 July 2023|access-date=5 November 2014|work=The Star|location=Kuala Lumpur}}</ref>Sebedau tu bisi pengirau ati pengawa militan ekstremis ba kandang endur Islam di [[Konflik Moro|selatan Filipina]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sherman|first1=Ray|last2=David|first2=Nisha|date=6 March 2020|title=Malaysia Bolsters Security Near Sea Border with Philippines|url=https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/malaysian/malaysia-philippines-03062020184117.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204233702/https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/malaysian/malaysia-philippines-03062020184117.html|archive-date=4 December 2024|access-date=5 December 2024|work=Benar News}}</ref> enggau [[Charut Selatan Thailand|selatan Thailand]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Kent|first=Jonathan|date=28 April 2004|title=Malaysia ups Thai border security|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/3666607.stm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202140536/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3666607.stm|archive-date=2 December 2010|access-date=18 September 2010|work=BBC News}}</ref> deka ngelekai ngagai Malaysia. Ketegal nya, Malaysia berengkah nambahka pengelikun garis entara menua.<ref>{{cite news|last=Parameswaran|first=Prashanth|date=19 April 2022|title=Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines Consider Expanding Sulu Sea Trilateral Patrols|url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/04/indonesia-malaysia-philippines-consider-expanding-sulu-sea-trilateral-patrols/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204234639/https://thediplomat.com/2022/04/indonesia-malaysia-philippines-consider-expanding-sulu-sea-trilateral-patrols/|archive-date=4 December 2024|access-date=5 December 2024|work=The Diplomat}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Sallehuddin|first1=Qistina|last2=Kuan|first2=Samantha|date=9 December 2022|title=Govt to step up Malaysian-Thai border security|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2022/12/859251/govt-step-malaysian-thai-border-security|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204233702/https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/malaysian/malaysia-philippines-03062020184117.html|archive-date=4 December 2024|access-date=5 December 2024|work=New Straits Times}}</ref> === Hak Asasi Mensia === [[Homoseksualiti]] [[Hak LGBTQ ba Malaysia|enda dikemendarka di Malaysia]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bearak|first1=Max|last2=Cameron|first2=Darla|date=16 June 2016|title=Here are the 10 countries where homosexuality may be punished by death|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/06/13/here-are-the-10-countries-where-homosexuality-may-be-punished-by-death-2/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523191423/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/06/13/here-are-the-10-countries-where-homosexuality-may-be-punished-by-death-2/|archive-date=23 May 2017|access-date=21 May 2017|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Avery|first=Daniel|date=4 April 2019|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|archive-date=11 December 2019|access-date=16 August 2019|work=Newsweek}}</ref> lalu piak bekuasa udah netapka ukum baka ngena rutan enggau jil.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lamb|first=Kate|date=3 September 2018|title=Women caned in Malaysia for attempting to have lesbian sex|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/03/women-caned-in-malaysia-for-attempting-to-have-lesbian-sex|access-date=26 May 2019|newspaper=The Guardian|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=7 November 2019|title=Malaysia sentences five men to jail, caning and fines for gay sex|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-lgbt-idUSKBN1XH197|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627173805/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-lgbt-idUSKBN1XH197|archive-date=27 June 2022|access-date=27 June 2022|website=Reuters|language=en}}</ref> [[Pengawa bedagangka mensia]] enggau [[pengawa bedagangka seks di Malaysia]] nyadi penanggul ti signifikan.<ref>{{cite web|date=24 May 2017|title=Malaysia must wake up to its human trafficking problem|url=https://www.newmandala.org/malaysia-must-wake-human-trafficking-problem/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710111418/https://www.newmandala.org/malaysia-must-wake-human-trafficking-problem/|archive-date=10 July 2022|access-date=7 April 2020|website=New Mandala}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=20 June 2014|title=US penalises Malaysia for shameful human trafficking record|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/jun/20/malaysia-us-human-trafficking-persons-report|website=The Guardian}}</ref> Bisi mega kes ngakim kediri ti munuh sereta bekasarka individu LGBT di Malaysia.<ref>{{cite web|date=24 August 2018|title=A brutal assault and rising fear in Malaysia's LGBT community|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/08/24/a-brutal-assault-and-rising-fear-in-malaysias-lgbt-community|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525033617/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/08/24/a-brutal-assault-and-rising-fear-in-malaysias-lgbt-community|archive-date=25 May 2022|access-date=27 June 2022|website=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=25 January 2021|title=Malaysia: Government Steps Up Attacks on LGBT People|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/01/25/malaysia-government-steps-attacks-lgbt-people|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627173805/https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/01/25/malaysia-government-steps-attacks-lgbt-people|archive-date=27 June 2022|access-date=27 June 2022|website=[[Human Rights Watch]]|language=en}}</ref> Pengawa ti enda sah ba pengawa homoseksualiti di Malaysia mega udah nyadika batang [[Pengawa bechara sodomi Anwar Ibrahim|pengawa bechara sodomi]] [[Anwar Ibrahim]], ti dikumbai Anwar bemotif politik, sebengkah chara ti disukung Raban Kereja pasal Pengawa Ngetanka Sepeneka Ati, begulai enggau Amnesty Antarabansa enggau Human Rights Watch.<ref>{{cite web|date=21 July 2008|title=Malaysia: Political Motivations Undermine Anwar Case|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/07/21/malaysia-political-motivations-undermine-anwar-case|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627173815/https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/07/21/malaysia-political-motivations-undermine-anwar-case|archive-date=27 June 2022|access-date=27 June 2022|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Doherty|first1=Ben|date=10 February 2015|title=Anwar Ibrahim guilty in sodomy case|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/10/anwar-ibrahim-guilty-in-sodomy-case|access-date=27 June 2022|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2 November 2015|title=Anwar Ibrahim: Malaysia opposition leader 'should be freed'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34704563|access-date=27 June 2022|website=BBC News}}</ref> Ukum mati dikena ungkup penyalah ti berat baka [[Pengawa munuh|munuh]], pengani, enggau [[Dagang dadah enda sah|bedagangka dadah]], sekeda ari penyalah nya kala nyadi mandatori.<ref>{{cite web|date=1 January 2015|title=Laws of Malaysia [Act 574]|url=http://www.agc.gov.my/agcportal/uploads/files/Publications/LOM/EN/Penal%20Code%20%5BAct%20574%5D2.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203104609/http://www.agc.gov.my/agcportal/uploads/files/Publications/LOM/EN/Penal%20Code%20&#91;Act%20574&#93;2.pdf|archive-date=3 December 2020|access-date=13 October 2016|publisher=Attorney General's Chamber}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Death Penalty in Malaysia|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/212428/13_05_31_DPP_Malaysia_report_FINAL_single_pages.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626042150/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/212428/13_05_31_DPP_Malaysia_report_FINAL_single_pages.pdf|archive-date=26 June 2014|access-date=15 October 2013|publisher=[[Government of the United Kingdom]]}}</ref> Taja pia, dalam bulan Julai 2023, berindik ari pengawa ngemendarka [[Akta Pengapus Ukum Mati Mandatori 2023]], ukum mati mandatori dipunaska ungkup semua penyalah di Malaysia, lalu ari nya ngemendarka akim neritka ukum mati nitihka peneka ati sida empu sereta nitihka kes. Undang-undang baru nya mega ngemunaska semua ukum jil seumur idup semula jadi, nganti nya enggau ukum jil 30 ngagai 40 taun nganti nya.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Latiff|first=Rozanna|date=3 April 2023|title=Malaysia scraps mandatory death penalty, natural-life prison terms|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/malaysia-parliament-approves-law-remove-mandatory-death-penalty-2023-04-03/|access-date=9 June 2025|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Yusry|first=Muhammad|date=3 July 2023|title=Abolishment of mandatory death penalty gazetted, to come into force tomorrow|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2023/07/03/abolishment-of-mandatory-death-penalty-gazetted-to-come-into-force-tomorrow/77669|access-date=9 June 2025|work=Malay Mail}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Tee|first=Kenneth|date=3 April 2023|title=A brief history of Malaysia's capital punishment and death row inmates|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2023/04/03/a-brief-history-of-malaysias-capital-punishment-and-death-row-inmates/62376|access-date=9 June 2025|work=Malay Mail}}</ref> == Geografi == {{Main|Geografi Malaysia}} [[Fail:Malaysia_relief_location_map.jpg|alt=Relief map of Malaysia|thumb|400x400px|[[Kar topografi]] Malaysia; [[Gunung Kinabalu]] nya tuchung ke pemadu tinggi ba menua tu.]] Malaysia nya menua ke-66 pemadu besai nitihka penyampau pemesai tanah, enggau pemesai {{convert|330803|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref name="2010 stats" /> [[Semenanjung Malaysia|Malaysia Barat]] bekunsi [[Garis entara menua Malaysia|garis entara menua]] enggau [[Thailand]], seraya Malaysia Timur bekunsi garis entara menua darat enggau menua [[Indonesia]] sereta [[Brunei]].<ref name="CIA Fact Book2" /> Singapura diserara ari Semenanjung Malaysia nengah [[Selat Johor]] lalu disambung enggau iya nengah [[Jalai Peraka Ai Johor–Singapura|jalai peraka]] ti sempit enggau[[Jalai Penyambung Kedua Malaysia–Singapura|jematan]]. Menua tu mega bekunsi [[batas maritim]] enggau Indonesia, [[Vietnam]]<ref>{{cite web|title=To Reduce Conflicts, Indonesia and Malaysia Should Meet Intensively|url=http://www.ugm.ac.id/en/?q=news/to-reduce-conflicts-indonesia-and-malaysia-should-meet-intensively|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225091836/http://www.ugm.ac.id/en/?q=news%2Fto-reduce-conflicts-indonesia-and-malaysia-should-meet-intensively|archive-date=25 December 2010|access-date=26 October 2010|publisher=Universitas Gadjah Mada}}</ref> sereta [[Filipina]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Prescott |first1=John Robert Victor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-RT2lGdMZucC |title=Undelimited maritime boundaries of the Asian Rim in the Pacific Ocean |last2=Schofield |first2=Clive H |publisher=International Boundaries Research Unit |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-897643-43-3 |page=53 |access-date=2 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727120523/https://books.google.com/books?id=-RT2lGdMZucC |archive-date=27 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Garis entara menua darat mayuh ditentuka penteba geografi baka [[Sungai Perlis]], [[Sungai Golok]] sereta Pemintas Pagalayan, seraya sekeda ari garis entara menua maritim nyadika subjek jurai ti majak nyadi.<ref name="CIA Fact Book2" /> Brunei numbuhka [[enklaf]] ti nyau deka nyadi ba Malaysia,<ref>{{cite web|title=Brunei|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/brunei/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721102115/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bx.html|archive-date=21 July 2015|access-date=13 September 2011|publisher=CIA}}</ref> ketegal negeri [[Sarawak]] magika menua nya nyadi dua bagi. Malaysia tu semina menua ti ngembuan tanah ba kededua [[Asia|tanah besai Asia]] sereta [[Pulau-Pulau Melayu]].<ref name="Marshall2" /> [[Selat Melaka]], bepalan entara [[Sumatera]] enggau Semenajung Malaysia, nyadi siti ari jalai besai ti pemadu beguna dalam pengawa dagang dunya, ti mai 40% ari pengawa dagang dunya.<ref name="Schuman">{{cite magazine|last=Schuman|first=Michael|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1893032,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423052721/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1893032,00.html|archive-date=23 April 2009|title=How to Defeat Pirates: Success in the Strait of Malacca|magazine=Time|date=22 April 2009|access-date=16 August 2011}}</ref> [[Titik ekstrim Asia|titik pemadu selatan ba tanah besai Asia]] bepalan ba [[Tanjung Piai]], di negeri [[Johor]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-10-25|title=Tanjung Piai - Johor National Parks|url=https://johornationalparks.gov.my/tanjung-piai/|access-date=2025-06-12|language=en-US}}</ref> Dua bagi Malaysia, diserara ari pangan diri nengah [[Tasik China Selatan]], bekunsi rampa menua ti sebaka enggau mayuh laban kededua Semenanjung enggau Malaysia Timur bisi ngayanka [[emperan tebing tasik]] ti niki ngagai [[bukit]] enggau [[gunung]].<ref name="CIA Fact Book2" /> Semenanjung Malaysia, ti ngundan 40% ari pemesai tanah Malaysia,<ref name="Marshall2" /> ngerentang {{convert|740|km|abbr=on}} ari utara ke selatan, lalu libar maksimum iya sepemanjai {{convert|322|km|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Swee-Hock">{{Cite book |last=Saw |first=Swee-Hock |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e4Yp2QJNVWgC |title=The population of Peninsular Malaysia |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year=2007 |isbn=978-981-230-730-9 |pages=1–2}}</ref> Kandang menua tu dibagi ngagai bagi pantai barat enggau timur nengah [[Tatai Titiwangsa]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stevens |first=Alan M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cF97F--suNAC |title=Kamus Lengkap Indonesia Inggris |publisher=Ohio University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-979-433-387-7 |page=89}}</ref> lalu peninggi tuchung iya ti pemadu tinggi iya nya {{Convert|2183|m|ft}} ba [[Gunung Korbu]],<ref name="AZ">{{Cite book |last=Ooi Keat Gin |first=Gin |title=The A to Z of Malaysia |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8108-7641-5 |page=lxxxii}}</ref> ti nyadi bagi ari [[tatai bukit]] ba pusat semenanjung.<ref name="Marshall2" /> Gunung-gunung tu balat bekampung,<ref>{{cite book |last=Nations |first=F.A.O.U. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9pjtEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA152 |title=Soil Atlas of Asia |publisher=Publications Office of the European Union and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=2023 |isbn=978-92-5-137882-3 |series=JRC soil atlas series |page=152 |access-date=5 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219035030/https://books.google.com/books?id=9pjtEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA152 |archive-date=19 December 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> lalu ngundan mayuh [[granit]] sereta [[batu bemagma]] ti bukai. Mayuh ari nya udah ditiki, lalu nempa rampa menua [[karst]].<ref name="Marshall2" /> Tatai tu mega nyadi bunsu bemacham sungai di Semenanjung Malaysia.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Harun |first1=S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A_aVEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA139 |title=Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Water Resources (ICWR) – Volume 1: Current Research in Water Resources, Coastal and Environment |last2=Othman |first2=I.K. |last3=Jamal |first3=M.H. |publisher=Springer Nature Singapore |year=2022 |isbn=978-981-19-5947-9 |series=Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering |page=139 |access-date=5 December 2024}}</ref> Emperan tebing tasuk ngelingi semenanjung tu nyampau libar maksimum {{convert|50|km|mi|0}}, lalu pemanjai tebing tasik semenanjung nyampau {{convert|1931|km|abbr=on}}, taja palan penyangkai kapal mayuh bisi ba piak barat.<ref name="Swee-Hock" /> [[Fail:St._John's_Peak_Mount_Kinabalu_3.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Pemandang adap ke Tuchung St. John sebedau matahari pansut ba Gunung Kinabalu, enggau lampu nengeri ti jauh Kota Kinabalu tampak jauh kanan, Sabah, Borneo]] Malaysia Timur, ba pulau [[Borneo]], ngundan tebing tasik sepemanjai {{convert|2607|km|abbr=on}}.<ref name="CIA Fact Book2" /> Iya dibagi entara pelilih menua tebing tasik, bukit enggau [[lembak]], enggau kandang menua dalam ti bebukit.<ref name="Marshall2" /> [[Tatai Crocker]] ngerembai ngagai utara ari Sarawak,<ref name="Marshall2" /> magika negeri [[Sabah]]. Tu nyadi palan [[Gunung Kinabalu]] ti sepemanjai {{convert|4095|m|adj=on|abbr=on}},<ref name="Richmond">{{Cite book |last=Richmond |first=Simon |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781741048872 |title=Malaysia, Singapore & Brunei |publisher=Lonely Planet |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-74104-887-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781741048872/page/74 74]–75 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="Thiessen">{{Cite book |last=Thiessen |first=Tamara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DCDkRTYwN5AC&pg=PA192 |title=Borneo: Sabah – Brunei – Sarawak |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-84162-390-0 |page=192 |access-date=23 April 2014}}</ref> [[Rintai gunung ba Malaysia|gunung pemadu tinggi ba Malaysia]]. Gunung Kinabalu bepalan ba [[Taman Nasional Kinabalu]], ti dilindung nyadi sebengkah ari empat [[Palan Pesaka Dunya]] [[UNESCO]] [[Rintai Palan Pesaka Dunya ba Malaysia|ba menua Malaysia]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mount Kinabalu&nbsp;– revered abode of the dead|url=http://www.ecologyasia.com/html-loc/mount-kinabalu.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100921002507/http://ecologyasia.com/html-loc/mount-kinabalu.htm|archive-date=21 September 2010|access-date=17 September 2010|publisher=Ecology Asia}}</ref> Tatai gunung pemadu tinggi nya numbuhka garis entara menua Malaysia enggau Indonesia. Sarawak bisi Gua Mulu, sistem gua pemadu besai ba dunya, ti bepalan ba [[Taman Nasional Gunung Mulu]], Palan Pesaka Dunya ke bukai.<ref name="Marshall2" /> [[Batang Rajang]], [[Rintai sungai ba Malaysia|sungai ti pemadu panjai ba Malaysia]] mega bepalan di negeri Sarawak. Ngelingi kededua bagi menua Malaysia bisi [[Rintai pulau ba Malaysia|mayuh pulau]], ke pemadu besai iya nya [[Banggi]].<ref>{{cite report|url=http://scrfa.org/images/stories/pdf/scrfa/daw_e.malaysia.pdf|title=Reef Fish Aggregations in Sabah, East Malaysia|author=Daw, T.|date=April 2004|publisher=Society for the Conservation of Reef Fish Aggregations|volume=5|page=17|access-date=1 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519182853/http://scrfa.org/images/stories/pdf/scrfa/daw_e.malaysia.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2012|url-status=live|series=Western Pacific Fisher Survey series}}</ref> Gaya hari menua tu [[klimat tropikal|gaya ekuator]] lalu bisi [[landas]] ninting taun adap ke selatan (April ngagai Oktober) sereta adap utara (Oktober ngagai Februari).<ref name="Swee-Hock" /> Pengangat iya tampak sedang ketegal bisi tasik ti ngelingi.<ref name="Marshall2" /> Penyebah suah iya tinggi, lalu pukul rata ujan setaun iya nya {{convert|250|cm|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Swee-Hock" /> Gaya Hari Semenanjung enggau Timur bebida, laban gaya hari ba semenanjung tu dikeruga terus angin ari tanah besai, bebida enggau gaya hari ti lebih maritim ba Timur. Gaya hari menua tu tau dibagi ngagai tiga kandang menua, tanah tinggi, tanah rendah, enggau tebing tasik.<ref name="Marshall2" /> [[Ubah iklim ba Malaysia|Ubah iklim]] tau ngasuh [[peniki tikas tasik]] enggau ujan ti majak nambah, nambahka risiko bah lalu ngujungka kemarau.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Country: Malaysia|url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127191008/https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/|archive-date=27 November 2022|access-date=1 February 2023|website=World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal|language=en}}</ref> == Demografi == {{Main|Demografi Malaysia}} [[Fail:Malaysia population density 2010b.png|thumb|350x350px|alt=A map of Malaysia depicting the expected 2010 estimated population density.|Pemadat mensia (orang per km²) maya 2010]] [[Fail:Percentage distribution of Malaysian population by ethnic group, 2010.svg|thumb|alt=Percentage distribution of Malaysian population by ethnic group, 2010|The percentage distribution of Malaysian population by ethnic group based on 2010 census|350x350px]] Nitihka penerang ari Opis Statistik Malaysia, penyampau tubuh peranak menua tu manggai 32,447,385 iku ba taun 2020,<ref name="Population2010">{{Cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522234002/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf |archive-date=22 May 2014 |title=Population Distribution and Basic Demographic Characteristics |publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia |page=82 |access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref> nyadika menua ke-42 pemadu mayuh mensia. Nitihka anggar taun 2012, penyampau tubuh majak nambah 1.54 peratus setaun. Malaysia ngembuan pemadat pemayuh tubuh 96 iku per km², ba penuduk lumur 116 ba dunya ungkup pemadat mensia. Orang dalam kandang umur 15–64 taun nyadi 69.5 peratus ari penyampau tubuh; raban umur 0–14 taun setipak enggau 24.5 peratus; lalu orang tuai ke beumur 65 taun ke atas manggai 6.0 peratus. Dalam taun 1960, lebuh pengawa ngitung tubuh enggau rasmi keterubah iya dirikod di Malaysia, penyampau tubuh mensia mayuh bisi 8.11 juta iku. 91.8 peratus ari penyampau tubuh peranak menua Malaysia.<ref name="stat2010">{{Cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1215%3Apopulation-distribution-and-basic-demographic-characteristic-report-population-and-housing-census-malaysia-2010-updated-2972011&catid=130%3Apopulation-distribution-and-basic-demographic-characteristic-report-population-and-housing-census-malaysia-2010&Itemid=154&lang=en |title=Population Distribution and Basic Demographic Characteristic Report 2010 (Ethnic composition) |publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia |date=2010 |access-date=10 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008005500/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1215%3Apopulation-distribution-and-basic-demographic-characteristic-report-population-and-housing-census-malaysia-2010-updated-2972011&catid=130%3Apopulation-distribution-and-basic-demographic-characteristic-report-population-and-housing-census-malaysia-2010&Itemid=154&lang=en |archive-date=8 October 2013 }}</ref> Peranak Malaysia dibagi nitihka garis etnik setempat, enggau 69.7 peratus dianggap ''[[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|bumiputera]]''.<ref name="Q12021">{{Cite web |url=https://www.mycensus.gov.my/index.php/125-newsletter-infographics/343-infographics#gallery9c2ef0eed8-2 |title=Infographics |publisher=Department of Statistics |access-date=13 August 2021 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002053818/https://www.mycensus.gov.my/index.php/125-newsletter-infographics/343-infographics#gallery9c2ef0eed8-2 |url-status=live }}</ref> Raban bumiputera ke pemadu mayuh iya nya bansa [[Melayu]], ke ditukuka dalam konstitusyen nyadi orang [[Islam]] ke ngemeranka adat enggau budaya Melayu. Sida bejalaika tanggungpengawa ti dominan ba politik.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7121534.stm|title=Malaysia's lingering ethnic divide|author=Brant, Robin|work=BBC News|date=4 March 2008|access-date=29 October 2013|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803200852/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7121534.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Status Bumiputera mega diberi ngagai raban bansa asal ukai Melayu Sabah enggau Sarawak: ti nyengkaum bansa Dayak ([[Iban]], [[Bidayuh]], [[Orang Ulu]]), [[Kadazan-Dusun]], [[Melanau]], [[Bajau Samah|Bajau]] sereta ke bukai. Bumiputera ukai Melayu mungkur lebih setengah ari penyampau tubuh peranak Sarawak enggau lebih dua pertiga ari penyampau tubuh peranak Sabah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/publications/2001/87-7944-557-8/html/kap02_eng.htm|title=2. Socio-Economic and National Context [People]|work=Malaysian-Danish Country Programme for Cooperation in Environment and Development (2002–2006)|publisher=Miljøstyrelsens Informationscenter|access-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040921231939/https://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/publications/2001/87-7944-557-8/html/kap02_eng.htm|archive-date=21 September 2004|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/who-are-malaysias-bumiputera|title=Who are Malaysia's bumiputera?|last=Leong|first=Trinna|publisher=The Straits Times|date=3 August 2017|access-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920055010/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/who-are-malaysias-bumiputera|archive-date=20 September 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Bisi mega raban bansa asal tauka orang asal ke jauh mimit agi ba semenanjung, ke alai sida begulai dikelala enggau nama [[Orang Asli]].<ref>{{Cite book|last = Gomes|first = Alberto G.|title = Modernity and Malaysia: settling the Menraq forest nomads|publisher = Taylor & Francis Group|date = 2007|page = 10|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IiTgShFY2QEC|isbn = 978-0-203-96075-2|access-date = 2 June 2020|archive-date = 27 July 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230727120523/https://books.google.com/books?id=IiTgShFY2QEC|url-status = live}}</ref> Undang-undang pasal sapa ke bulih status bumiputera bebida entara negeri.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2009/11/4/nation/20091104194453&sec=nation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091107061431/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2009%2F11%2F4%2Fnation%2F20091104194453&sec=nation |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 November 2009 |title=PM asked to clarify mixed-race bumiputra status |work=The Star |date=4 November 2009 |access-date=26 October 2010 }}</ref> Pia mega bisi dua bengkah etnik setempat bukai ke ukai Bumiputera. 22.8 peratus ari penyampau tubuh nya bansa [[Orang China Malaysia|China Malaysia]], lalu 6.8 peratus bansa [[Orang India Malaysia|India Malaysia]].<ref name="Q12021"/> Raban bansa China setempat ari suba udah lebih dominan dalam komuniti dagang. Orang India setempat tebal agi bebansa [[Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Kuppusamy, Baradan |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/HC24Ae01.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324183428/http://atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/HC24Ae01.html |url-status=unfit |archive-date=24 March 2006 |title=Racism alive and well in Malaysia |work=Asia Times |date=24 March 2006 |access-date=27 October 2010}}</ref><ref name="Barbara">{{Cite book|last = West|first = Barbara A.|title = Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania, Volume 1|publisher = Facts on File inc|date = 2009|page = 486|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC|isbn = 978-0-8160-7109-8|access-date = 2 June 2020|archive-date = 27 July 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230727121024/https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC|url-status = live}}</ref> Peranak menua Malaysia ukai automatik diberi ngagai sida ke ada di Malaysia, tang diberi ngagai anak mit ke ada ari dua iku apai indai peranak Malaysia di luar Malaysia. Dua peranak menua enda dikemendarka nitihka undang-undang menua tu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher,IRBC,,MYS,47d6546928,0.html |title=Malaysia: Citizenship laws, including methods by which a person may obtain citizenship; whether dual citizenship is recognized and if so, how it is acquired; process for renouncing citizenship and related documentation; grounds for revoking citizenship |publisher=Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada |date=16 November 2007 |access-date=25 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124045542/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher%2CIRBC%2C%2CMYS%2C47d6546928%2C0.html |archive-date=24 November 2011 }}</ref> Peranak menua di nengeri Sabah enggau Sarawak di Kalimantan Malaysia bebida enggau peranak menua di Semenanjung Malaysia ungkup tuju imigresyen. Tetiap rayat dikeluarka kad pengelala chip pintar biometrik ti dikelala enggau nama [[MyKad|''MyKad'']] maya umur 12 taun, lalu mesti mai kad nya belama.<ref>{{Cite news|author=May, Leow Yong |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2007/8/30/nation/18649549&sec=nation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105101826/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2007%2F8%2F30%2Fnation%2F18649549&sec=nation |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 January 2009 |title=More than just a card |work=The Star |date=30 August 2007 |access-date=27 October 2010 }}</ref> Penyampau tubuh mensia mayuh ba Semenanjung Malaysia,<ref>{{Cite book|last = Hassan|first = Asan Ali Golam|title = Growth, structural change, and regional inequality in Malaysia|publisher = Ashgate Publishing|date = 2004|page = 12|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TtKxDem7CrsC|isbn = 978-0-7546-4332-6|access-date = 2 June 2020|archive-date = 27 July 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230727120523/https://books.google.com/books?id=TtKxDem7CrsC|url-status = live}}</ref> ke alai 20 juta ari urung 28 juta iku rayat Malaysia diau.<ref name="state.gov" /> 70 persin orang diau ba nengeri.<ref name="CIA Fact Book" /> Berindik ari peniki industri ti begunaka pengereja pengawa,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/13/business/worldbusiness/13iht-labor.4.7496516.html |title=As Malaysia deports illegal workers, employers run short |work=The New York Times |date=13 July 2009 |access-date=26 October 2010 |first=Soraya |last=Permatasari |archive-date=22 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222193637/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/13/business/worldbusiness/13iht-labor.4.7496516.html |url-status=live }}</ref> menua tu dipelabaka ngembuan lebih 3 juta iku pengereja pengawa migran; urung 10 peratus ari penyampau tubuh.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kent |first=Jonathan |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3964511.stm |title=Illegal workers leave Malaysia |work=BBC News |date=29 October 2004 |access-date=26 October 2010 |archive-date=2 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202140657/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3964511.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Bala NGO ke bepalan ba Sabah melabaka ari 3 juta iku ke nyadi penyampau tubuh peranak Sabah, 2 juta iku nya PATI.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.malaysiakini.com/opinions/46691 |title=Demographic implosion in Sabah? Really? |last=Quek |first=Kim |work=Malaysiakini |access-date=21 June 2010 |archive-date=15 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515042623/http://www.malaysiakini.com/opinions/46691 |url-status=live }}</ref> Malaysia nyadi tuai rumah ngagai penyampau tubuh pelarian enggau orang ke minta suaka urung 171,500 iku. Ari penyampau tubuh tu, urung 79,000 iku ari Burma, 72,400 iku ari Filipina, lalu 17,700 iku ari Indonesia. Bala pemesai Malaysia diripotka udah nyerahka orang ti dibuai terus ngagai orang ti mai mensia enggau chara belalai dalam taun 2007, lalu Malaysia ngambi RELA, sebengkah raban militia sukarelawan ti ngembuan sejarah kontroversi, dikena neritka undang-undang imigresyen sida.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=search&docid=4a40d2adc&skip=0&query=World%20Refugee%20Survey&coi=MYS |title=World Refugee Survey 2009 |publisher=United States Committee for Refugees and Immigrants |date=17 June 2009 |access-date=10 June 2011 |archive-date=12 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512224536/http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=search&docid=4a40d2adc&skip=0&query=World%20Refugee%20Survey&coi=MYS |url-status=live }}</ref> === Pengarap === {{Main|Pengarap ba Malaysia}} [[Fail:Malaysia religion by state 2020.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A Map of Malaysia showing religious statistics by state|Pengarap ti dominan di Malaysia nitihka pengawa ngitung tubuh taun 2020:<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=117&bul_id=akliVWdIa2g3Y2VubTVSMkxmYXp1UT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 |title=Launching of report on the key findings population and housing census of Malaysia 2020 |date=14 February 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Statistics Malaysia]] |access-date=26 June 2022 |archive-date=22 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822014403/https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=117&bul_id=akliVWdIa2g3Y2VubTVSMkxmYXp1UT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 |url-status=live }}</ref>Gadung tuai: Majoriti Islam > 50%<br />Gadung muda: Pluraliti Islam < 50%<br />Biru: Majoriti Kristian > 50% ]] Konstitusyen meri pengelepas pengarap, seraya numbuhka Islam nyadi "agama Persekutuan".<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Ibrahim |first1=Zawawi |last2=Mohd Rasid |first2=Imram |date=October 2019 |title=Country Profile Malaysia |url=http://grease.eui.eu/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2019/10/Malaysia-Country-Profile.pdf |website=GREASE: Religion, Diversity and Radicalisation |access-date=19 October 2022 |archive-date=19 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019065339/http://grease.eui.eu/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2019/10/Malaysia-Country-Profile.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="malaysianbar.org.my">{{Cite web|url=http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/press_statements/press_statement_malaysia_a_secular_state.html|title=PRESS STATEMENT: Malaysia a secular state|author=Ambiga Sreenevasan|publisher=The Malaysian Bar|date=18 July 2007|access-date=6 September 2017|author-link=Ambiga Sreenevasan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228154440/http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/press_statements/press_statement_malaysia_a_secular_state.html|archive-date=28 December 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nitihka angka Pengirau Penduduk enggau Pengawa Berumah 2020, etnik enggau pengarap bisi kaul ke tinggi. Kira-kira 63.5% ari penyampau tubuh ngemeranka pengarap [[Islam]], 18.7% ngemeranka pengarap [[Buddha]], 9.1% pengarap [[Kristian]], 6.1% pengarap [[Hindu]] enggau 1.3% ngemeranka pengarap [[Konfusianisme]], [[Taoisme]] enggau pengarap tradisional China ke bukai. 2.7% madahka nadai pengarap tauka ngemeranka pengarap bukai tauka nadai meri sebarang penerang.<ref name="Population2010" /> Negeri [[Sarawak]], [[Pulau Pinang]] enggau kandang menua perintah besai [[Kuala Lumpur]] ngembuan majoriti ukai Islam.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=117&bul_id=akliVWdIa2g3Y2VubTVSMkxmYXp1UT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 | title=Department of Statistics Malaysia Official Portal | access-date=26 June 2022 | archive-date=22 August 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822014403/https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=117&bul_id=akliVWdIa2g3Y2VubTVSMkxmYXp1UT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/malaysia-christians-pray-for-peace-equality-freedom/98155 | title=Malaysia Christians pray for peace, equality, freedom - UCA News | access-date=31 July 2022 | archive-date=31 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731164001/https://www.ucanews.com/amp/malaysia-christians-pray-for-peace-equality-freedom/98155 | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Islam Sunni]] ari mazhab [[Shafi'i]] nya pampang Islam ti dominan di Malaysia,<ref name="Peletz2002">{{Cite book|author=Peletz, Michael G. |title=Islamic Modern: Religious Courts and Cultural Politics in Malaysia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q4TA4hjqjJ0C|date=2002|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-09508-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|date=9 August 2012|access-date=4 September 2013|archive-date=26 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226113158/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|url-status=live}}</ref> lalu 18% orang Islam Malaysia nadai bemazhab.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=9 August 2012|access-date=5 October 2016|archive-date=26 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226113158/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/|url-status=live}}</ref> Konstitusyen Malaysia terit netapka nama utai ti ngasuh orang nyadi "Melayu", ngira Melayu sida ti bepengarap Islam, bejaku Melayu enggau tetap, ngemeranka adat Melayu, sereta diau tauka bisi aki ini ari Brunei, Malaysia enggau Singapura.<ref name="Marshall" /> Statistik ari Pengitung Penyampau Mensia 2010 nunjukka 83.6% ari penyampau tubuh China ngelala diri nyadi pengarap Buddha, enggau penyampau ke signifikan nitihka pengarap Taoisme (3.4%) enggau Kristian (11.1%), begulai enggau penyampau tubuh Islam ke mit ba kandang endur baka Pulau Pinang. Majoriti peranak India nitihka pengarap Hindu (86.2%), enggau minoriti ke signifikan ngelala diri nyadi orang Kristian (6.0%) tauka Islam (4.1%). Pengarap Kristian nyadi pengarap ke tebal agi ba komuniti bumiputera ukai Melayu (46.5%) enggau tambah 40.4% ngelala diri nyadi orang Islam.<ref name="Population2010" /> Orang Islam diwajibka nitihka pemutus Kort Syariah dalam pekara ti bekaul enggau pengarap sida. Bala akim Islam disadang nitihka sekula undang-undang Islam Shafi’i, iya nya mazhab besai Malaysia.<ref name="Peletz2002" /> Bidang kuasa kort Syariah semina diungkupka ngagai orang Islam dalam pekara baka tikah, pesaka, sarak, murtad, nukar pengarap, enggau hak ngibun anak enggau ke bukai. Nadai penyalah jenayah tauka sivil bukai di baruh kuasa kort Syariah, ti ngembuan hierarki ti sebaka enggau Kort Sivil. Kort Sivil enda mendingka pekara ti bekaul enggau pengawa Islam.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahathir |first=Marina |url=http://www.commongroundnews.org/article.php?id=28311&lan=en&sid=1&sp=0&isNew=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222100655/http://www.commongroundnews.org/article.php?id=28311&lan=en&sid=1&sp=0&isNew=0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 December 2010 |title=Malaysia moving forward in matters of Islam and women by Marina Mahathir |publisher=Common Ground News Service |date=17 August 2010 |access-date=14 September 2010 }}</ref> === Jaku === {{Main|Jaku ba Malaysia}} [[Fail:Distribution of Malaysia Families Languages.png|thumb|Agih ruang bilik jaku Malaysia ti dipandangka ngena chura: {{Legend|#FF006E|[[Jaku-jaku Melayik|Melayik]]}} {{Legend|#FF984F|[[Jaku-jaku Borneo|Borneo]]}} {{Legend|#007F0E|[[Jaku-jaku Asli|Asli]]}} {{Legend|#00FF90|[[Jaku-jaku Dayak Darat|Dayak Darat]]}} {{Legend|#4CFF00|[[Jaku-jaku Sama–Bajaw|Sama–Bajaw]]}} {{Legend|#B200FF|[[Philippine languages|Philippine]]}} {{Legend|#FFD800|[[Varieties of Chinese|Chinese]]}} {{Legend|#A0A0A0|Kandang menua enggau mayuh iti jaku}}]] Jaku rasmi enggau bansa menua Malaysia iya nya [[jaku Melayu Malaysia]],<ref name="CIA Fact Book" /> siti tukuh standard [[jaku Melayu]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=zsm |title=Malay, Standard |publisher=Ethnologue |date=2009 |access-date=25 July 2011 |archive-date=16 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116212712/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=zsm |url-status=live }}</ref> Terminologi rasmi sebedau tu iya nya {{Lang|ms|Bahasa Malaysia}} (Jaku Malaysia)<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=86783 |title=Mahathir regrets govt focussing too much on Bahasa |work=Daily Express |location=Kota Kinabalu |date=2 October 2013 |access-date=16 October 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140712044336/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=86783 |archive-date=12 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.malaysia.gov.my/portal/content/30118?language=my |title=Bahasa Rasmi |publisher=Malaysian Administrative Modernisation and Management Planning Unit |access-date=19 April 2021 |language=ms |quote=Perkara 152 Perlembagaan Persekutuan menjelaskan bahawa bahasa Melayu yang dikenali juga sebagai bahasa Malaysia adalah bahasa rasmi yang tidak boleh dipertikai fungsi dan peranannya sebagai Bahasa Kebangsaan. |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115123259/https://www.malaysia.gov.my/portal/content/30118?language=my |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ikim.gov.my/new-wp/index.php/2007/08/08/malay-language-malay-identity/ |title=Malay Language Malay Identity |author=Encik Md. Asham bin Ahmad |publisher=Institute of Islamic Understanding Malaysia |date=8 August 2007 |access-date=19 April 2021 |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115123301/https://www.ikim.gov.my/new-wp/index.php/2007/08/08/malay-language-malay-identity/ |url-status=live }}</ref> tang diatu polisi perintah ngena {{Lang|ms|"Bahasa Melayu"}} (Jaku Melayu) deka nujuka jaku resmi<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jac.gov.my/jac/images/stories/akta/federalconstitution.pdf |title=Federal Constitution |publisher=Judicial Appointments Commission |access-date=29 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324042906/http://www.jac.gov.my/jac/images/stories/akta/federalconstitution.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> lalu kededua leka jaku nya mengkang dikena.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.expatgo.com/my/2016/06/01/-history-bahasa-melayu-malaysia |title=The history of Bahasa Melayu / Malaysia: The language of the Malay(sian) people |last=Fernandez |first=Kathleen |date=1 June 2016 |access-date=19 April 2021 |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115124803/https://www.expatgo.com/my/2016/06/01/-history-bahasa-melayu-malaysia/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Williamson |first1=Thomas |title=Incorporating a Malaysian Nation |journal=Cultural Anthropology |date=August 2002 |volume=17 |issue=3 |page=401 |doi=10.1525/can.2002.17.3.401 |url=https://courses.washington.edu/globfut/Project%20Readings/Williamson.pdf |access-date=19 April 2021 |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115123258/https://courses.washington.edu/globfut/Project%20Readings/Williamson.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Akta Bahasa Kebangsaan 1967 netapka urup Latin (Rumi) nyadi tulis rasmi jaku bansa, tang nadai nagang ngena [[urup Jawi]].<ref name="National Language Act 1967">{{Cite act|title=National Language Act 1963/67|url=http://lib.perdana.org.my/PLF/GOVERNMENT%20PUBLICATION/Publication%20Laws%20of%20Malaysia%20(L.O.M)/National%20Language%20Act%201963-67%20%5BAct%2032%5D.pdf|type=Act|legislature=[[Dewan Rakyat]]|index=32|date=1967}}</ref> Jaku English mengkang nyadi jaku kedua ti aktif, enggau guna iya dikemendarka ungkup sekeda tuju rasmi ari baruh Akta Jaku Nasional 1967.<ref name="National Language Act 1967" /> Ba Sarawak, Jaku English nyadi jaku rasmi negeri begulai enggau jaku Melayu.<ref name="lang1">{{Cite news |url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/sarawak-makes-english-official-language-along-with-bm |title=Sarawak makes English official language along with BM |author=Sulok Tawie |newspaper=Malay Mail |location=Kuala Lumpur |date=18 November 2015 |access-date=18 November 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402114111/http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/sarawak-makes-english-official-language-along-with-bm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="lang2">{{Cite news |url= http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/11/18/sarawak-to-recognise-english-as-official-language-besides-bahasa-malaysia/ |title=Sarawak to recognise English as official language besides Bahasa Malaysia |newspaper=Borneo Post |location= Kuching |date=18 November 2015 |access-date=18 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160305082141/http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/11/18/sarawak-to-recognise-english-as-official-language-besides-bahasa-malaysia/ |archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="lang3">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thesundaily.my/news/1615945 |title=Sarawak adopts English as official language |newspaper=[[The Sun (Malaysia)|The Sun]] |location=Kuala Lumpur |date=19 November 2015 |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=20 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020223741/http://www.thesundaily.my/news/1615945 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ari segi sejarah, jaku English nyadi jaku perintah de facto; Jaku Melayu nyadi dominan pengudah penyarut bansa 1969 ([[insiden 13 Mei]]).<ref name="History">{{Cite book |last1= Andaya |first1= Barbara Watson |last2= Andaya |first2= Leonard Y.|title = A History of Malaysia |publisher = MacMillan |date = 1982|pages = 26–28, 61, 151–152, 242–243, 254–256, 274, 278 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5GSBCcNn1fsC|isbn = 978-0-333-27672-3}}</ref> Jaku English tauka dikumbai [[Jaku Inggeris Malaysia|jaku English Malaysia]] iya nya siti tukuh jaku English ti datai ari [[Jaku Inggeris British|jaku English British]]. Jaku English Malaysia mayuh dikena dalam pengawa dagang, begulai enggau [[jaku Manglish]], iya nya jaku English ti dikena sehari-hari enggau pengaruh jaku Melayu, China, enggau Tamil ti berat. Perintah enda meransang ngena jaku Melayu ti enda standard tang nadai kuasa ngeluarka kompaun tauka ukum ngagai sida ti ngena utai ti dianggap enda menuku jaku Melayu ba iklan sida.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zimmer |first=Benjamin |url=http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003643.html |title=Language Log: Malaysia cracks down on "salad language" |publisher=University of Pennsylvania |date=5 October 2006 |access-date=14 September 2010 |archive-date=20 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620134708/http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003643.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.nst.com.my/streets/central/dewan-bahasa-champions-use-of-bm-in-ads-1.375207 |title=Dewan Bahasa champions use of BM in ads |work=New Straits Times |location=Kuala Lumpur |date=14 October 2013 |access-date=16 October 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131024015500/http://www.nst.com.my/streets/central/dewan-bahasa-champions-use-of-bm-in-ads-1.375207 |archive-date=24 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mayuh jaku bukai dikena di Malaysia, ti ngundan orang ti bejaku 137 bansa jaku ti idup.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MY |title=Ethnologue report for Malaysia |publisher=Ethnologue |access-date=18 October 2010 |archive-date=18 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018162010/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MY |url-status=live }}</ref> Semenanjung Malaysia ngundan orang ke bejaku ngena 41 iti jaku tu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MYP |title=Ethnologue report for Malaysia (Peninsular) |publisher=Ethnologue |access-date=18 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510095800/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MYP |archive-date=10 May 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Suku bansa asal Malaysia Timur bisi jaku kediri empu ti bekaul enggau, tang mudah dibida enggau, jaku Melayu. [[Jaku Iban]] nyadi batang jaku suku bansa di Sarawak seraya jaku Dusunik enggau Kadazan dikena orang asal di Sabah.<ref>{{Cite book|last1 = Adelaar|first1 = Alexander|last2 = Himmelmann|first2 = Nikolaus P.|title = The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar|publisher = Taylor and Francis Group|date = 2005|pages = 56, 397|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5i1aMcmLWlMC|isbn = 978-0-7007-1286-1|access-date = 2 June 2020|archive-date = 5 August 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200805193042/https://books.google.com/books?id=5i1aMcmLWlMC|url-status = live}}</ref> Rayat Malaysia China tebal agi bejaku ngena dialek China ari bagi menua selatan China. Jaku China ke suah agi ditemu ba menua tu iya nya jaku Mandarin, Kanton, Hokkien, enggau ke bukai.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gerhard |first1=Leitner |last2=Azirah |first2=Hashim |last3=Hans-Georg |first3=Wolf |last4=Xiaomei |first4=W. |title=Communicating with Asia: The Future of English as a Global Language |date=2016 |section=The Chinese language in the Asian diaspora: A Malaysian experience |section-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/communicating-with-asia/chinese-language-in-the-asian-diaspora-a-malaysian-experience/49346DD6BC03DB6394B681335BD11280 |isbn=978-1-107-06261-0 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=205–215 |doi=10.1017/CBO9781107477186.014 |access-date=13 June 2022 |archive-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204010907/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/communicating-with-asia/chinese-language-in-the-asian-diaspora-a-malaysian-experience/49346DD6BC03DB6394B681335BD11280 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jaku Tamil tu tebal dikena majoriti bansa India Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Schiffman|first=Harold F.|title=Malaysian Tamils and Tamil Linguistic Culture|publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]]|date=31 December 1998|url=http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/messeas/maltamil/MALAYSIA.html|access-date=13 June 2022|archive-date=25 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825024104/http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/messeas/maltamil/MALAYSIA.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Sekeda rayat Malaysia ngembuan peturun Eropah lalu bejaku ngena jaku kreol, baka [[jaku Kristang]] ti bepelasarka jaku Portugis,<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Malaysian Creole Portuguese: Asian, African or European? |date=1975 |jstor=30027570 |pages=211–236 |last1=Hancock |first1=I. F. |volume=17 |issue=5 |journal=Anthropological Linguistics}}</ref> enggau [[jaku Chavacano]] ti bepelasarka jaku Sepanyol.<ref>{{Cite book|last = Michaelis|first = Susanne|title = Roots of Creole structures|publisher = John Benjamins Publishing Co|date = 2008|page = 279|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pPUeQLcGMOMC|isbn = 978-90-272-5255-5}}</ref> == Nota == <references group="fn" /> <references group="lower-alpha"/> == Kereban sanding == {{reflist|2}} == Laman web ke bukai == === Perintah === * [https://www.malaysia.gov.my Perintah] – Laman web rasmi perintah Malaysia * [https://www.istananegara.gov.my/ Istana Negara] – laman web rasmi raja Malaysia * [https://www.pmo.gov.my/ Menteri Besai] – laman web rasmi menteri besai Malaysia * [http://www.parlimen.gov.my Parlimen] – laman web rasmi Parlimen Malaysia * [https://kehakiman.gov.my Kort Federal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718131408/https://www.kehakiman.gov.my/ |date=18 July 2025 }} – laman web rasmi Ketuai Rejistrar Kort Federal Malaysia * [https://www.dosm.gov.my Statistik] – laman web rasmi Opis Statistik Malaysia === Sejarah === * [https://www.malaysia.gov.my/portal/content/30120 "History"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719045812/https://www.malaysia.gov.my/portal/content/30120 |date=19 July 2023 }} – Sejarah Malaysia ba perintah Malaysia === Dagang temuai === * [https://www.malaysia.travel/ Malaysia Truly Asia] – portal rasmi pengawa dagang temuai Malaysia [[Kategori:Malaysia| ]] [[Kategori:Menua ba Asia]] [[Kategori:Menua ba Asia Tenggara]] [[Kategori:Menua kaban Gerempung Menua Asia Tenggara]] 6u73slwd0coc9iz6isj08unpdfdj26z 0 2889 20265 11185 2026-11-04T15:20:54Z Song GK 9 /* Penyanding */ 20265 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name=Kuijau |states=[[Malaysia]] |region=[[Sabah]] |ethnicity=7,910 [[Kuijau|orang Kuijau]] (2000)<ref>{{e25|dkr}}</ref> |speakers=?<!--no data found in the e25--> |familycolor=Austronesia |fam2=[[Jaku-jaku Melayu-Polinesia|Melayu-Polinesia]] |fam3=[[Jaku-jaku Borneo Utara|Borneo Utara]] |fam4=[[Jaku-jaku Sabah Barat Daya|Sabah Barat Daya]] |fam5=[[Jaku-jaku Dusunik|Dusunik]] |fam6=Dusun |iso3=dkr |glotto=kuij1237 |glottorefname=Kuijau |script=Unwritten }} '''Jaku ijau''' (Kuiyow), mega dikumbai Jaku Dusun Bukit, nya siti [[jaku-jaku Autronesia|jaku Austronesia]] ti dikena ba [[Sabah]], [[Malaysia]]. ==Kereban sanding== {{Reflist}} ==Laman web ke bukai== * Materials on Kuijau are included in the open access [[Arthur Capell]] collection ([http://catalog.paradisec.org.au/collections/AC2 AC2]) held by [[Paradisec]]. sq4xfu3f7z8mx02769nq2cw4yo89i0t 0 3345 20272 20218 2026-11-05T03:17:13Z Stephan1000000 680 300 20272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television|image=|genre=[[Drama procedural]]|creator={{Plainlist| * [[Derek Haas]] * [[Michael Brandt]] }}|showrunner={{plainlist| * Derek Haas * Matt Olmstead * Michael Brandt * Dick Wolf * Andrea Newman }}|starring={{Plainlist| * [[Jesse Spencer]] * [[Taylor Kinney]] * [[Monica Raymund]] * [[Lauren German]] * [[Charlie Barnett (actor)|Charlie Barnett]] * [[David Eigenberg]] * [[Teri Reeves]] * [[Eamonn Walker]] * [[Yuri Sardarov]] * [[Christian Stolte]] * [[Joe Minoso]] * [[Kara Killmer]] * [[Dora Madison Burge]] * [[Steven R. McQueen]] * [[Miranda Rae Mayo]] * [[Annie Ilonzeh]] * [[Alberto Rosende]] * [[Daniel Kyri]] * [[Adriyan Rae]] * Hanako Greensmith * Jake Lockett * [[Jocelyn Hudon]] * [[Dermot Mulroney]] }}|composer=[[Atli Örvarsson]]|country=Amerika Serikat|language=English|num_seasons=15|num_episodes=300|list_episodes=|executive_producer={{Plainlist| * [[Dick Wolf]] * [[Matt Olmstead]] * Danielle Gelber * [[Michael Brandt]] * [[Derek Haas]] * [[Joe Chappelle]] * Arthur W. Forney * [[Peter Jankowski]] * Todd Arnow * Andrea Newman * Michael Gilvary * Reza Tabrizi }}|producer={{Plainlist| * [[John L. Roman]] * Todd Arnow * Tim Deluca * [[Hilly Hicks Jr.]] * Carla Corwin * Michael Gilvary }}|location=[[Cinespace Film Studios|Cinespace Chicago Film Studios]], [[Chicago, Illinois]]|camera=[[Single-camera]]|runtime=40–44 minit|company={{Plainlist| * [[Wolf Entertainment]] * Open 4 Business Productions * [[Universal Television]] }}|network=[[NBC]]|first_aired={{Start date|2012|10|10}}|last_aired=kini|related={{Plainlist| * ''[[Chicago Med]]'' * ''[[Chicago P.D.]]'' * ''[[Chicago Justice]]'' }}}} '''''Chicago Fire''''' iya nya siri drama prosedural Amerika ti ditaburka [[NBC]]. Siri tu digaga Derek Haas enggau Michael Brandt lalu siri tu nyadi ansuran keterubah ari francais ''Chicago'' . Iya dilakun Jesse Spencer, Taylor Kinney , Monica Raymund, Lauren Jerman, Charlie Barnett, David Eigenberg, Teri Reeves, Eamonn Walker, Yuri Sardarov, Christian Stolte, Joe Miñoso, Kara Killmer, Dora Madison Miyou, Steven R. Iya dipeda keterubah iya kena 10 Oktober 2012. Kena bulan April 2023, siri tu dikemaru ungkup musim kedua belas, ti dipeda keterubah iya kena 17 Januari 2024. Kena bulan Mac 2024, siri tu dikemaru ungkup musim ketiga belas, ti dipeda keterubah iya kena 25 September 2024. Ba [[Malaysia]] siri tu ditaburka ba Akan Datang ba [[TV2]]. 8r8zjc4sin2982iocoosujqj0wu6kpc 0 3346 20271 20217 2026-11-05T03:08:30Z Stephan1000000 680 269 20271 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | image = | image_alt = | genre = {{Plain list| * [[Aksi]] * [[Polis procedural]] * [[Jenayah]] }} | creator = {{Plain list| * [[Dick Wolf]] * [[Matt Olmstead]] }} | developer = {{Plain list| * [[Derek Haas]] * [[Michael Brandt]] }} | showrunner = {{plainlist| * Matt Olmstead * Dick Wolf * Michael Brandt * Derek Haas * Rick Eid * Gwen Sigan}} | starring = {{Plain list| * [[Jason Beghe]] * [[Jon Seda]] * [[Sophia Bush]] * [[Jesse Lee Soffer]] * [[Patrick Flueger]] * [[Marina Squerciati]] * [[LaRoyce Hawkins]] * [[Archie Kao]] * [[Elias Koteas]] * [[Amy Morton]] * [[Brian Geraghty]] * [[Tracy Spiridakos]] * [[Lisseth Chavez]] * Benjamin Levy Aguilar * Toya Turner }} | opentheme = | endtheme = | composer = [[Atli Örvarsson]] | country = Amerika Serikat | language = Inggeris | num_seasons = 14 | num_episodes = 269 | list_episodes = | executive_producer = {{Plain list| * [[Dick Wolf]] * [[Matt Olmstead]] * Danielle Gelber * [[Michael Brandt]] * [[Derek Haas]] * [[Mark Tinker]] * Arthur W. Forney * [[Peter Jankowski]] * Rick Eid * Terry Miller * Gwen Sigan * Jason Beghe (musim 10–) }} | producer = {{Plain list| * Terry Miller * Jamie Pachino * Jeremy Beim * Michele Greco * Maisha Closson * Kim Rome }} | location = [[Chicago|Chicago, Illinois]] | camera = [[Single-camera setup|Single-camera]] | runtime = 40–44 minit | company = {{Plain list| * [[Wolf Entertainment]] * [[Universal Television]] }} | network = [[NBC]] | first_aired = {{Start date|2014|1|8}} | last_aired = present | related = {{Plainlist| * ''[[Chicago Fire]]'' * ''[[Chicago Justice]]'' * ''[[Chicago Med]]'' }} }} '''''Chicago P.D.''''' iya nya siri prosedur polis Amerika ti ditaburka [[NBC]] lalu digaga Dick Wolf nyadika ansuran kedua ari francais ''Chicago''. Iya dilakun Jason Beghe, Jon Seda, Sophia Bush, Jesse Lee Soffer, Patrick Flueger, Marina Squerciati, LaRoyce Hawkins, Archie Kao, Elias Koteas, Amy Morton, Brian Geraghty, Tracy Spiridakos, Lisseth Togui Javez, Lisseth Tonerya. 8 Januari 2014, nyentuk ke diatu. Pengawa mandangka nya nitihka pemesai patrol ke beuniform enggau Unit Perisikan Pelilih Menua Ke-21 Jabatan Polis Chicago lebuh sida ngiga orang ke ngereja penyalah besai ba jalai alun di mengeri nya. Ba [[Malaysia]] siri tu ditaburka ba Akan Datang ba [[TV2]]. Kena 10 April 2023, NBC ngemaru siri tu ungkup musim kesebelas, ti ditayangka keterubah iya kena 17 Januari 2024. Kena 21 Mac 2024, NBC ngemaru siri tu ungkup musim kedua belas. dyl9fqjwlznud5km12p4de81kp7b3e8 0 3347 20273 20219 2026-11-05T03:27:29Z Stephan1000000 680 224 20273 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television|image=Chicago med.jpeg|image_alt=|genre=[[Drama perubatan]]|creator={{plainlist| * [[Dick Wolf]] * [[Matt Olmstead]] }}|showrunner={{plainlist| * Andrew Schneider * Andrew Dettmann * Diane Frolov}}|developer={{plainlist| * [[Derek Haas]] * [[Michael Brandt]] }}|starring={{plainlist| * [[Nick Gehlfuss]] * [[Yaya DaCosta]] * [[Torrey DeVitto]] * [[Rachel DiPillo]] * [[Colin Donnell]] * [[Brian Tee]] * [[S. Epatha Merkerson]] * [[Oliver Platt]] * [[Marlyne Barrett]] * [[Norma Kuhling]] * [[Dominic Rains]] * [[Steven Weber]] * Guy Lockard * [[Kristen Hager]] * [[Jessy Schram]] * [[Luke Mitchell]] * [[Sarah Ramos]] * [[Darren Barnet]] }}|opentheme=|endtheme=|composer=[[Atli Örvarsson]]|country=Amerika Serikat|language=Inggeris|num_seasons=12|num_episodes=224|list_episodes=|executive_producer={{plainlist| * [[Dick Wolf]] * [[Diane Frolov]] * [[Andrew Schneider]] * [[Michael Waxman]] * [[Matt Olmstead]] * [[Michael Brandt]] * [[Derek Haas]] * Danielle Gelber * Arthur W. Forney * [[Peter Jankowski]] }}|producer={{plainlist| * Charles S. Carroll * Jeffrey Drayer * David Weinstein * Simran Baidwan * Will Pascoe * Safura Favavi }}|location=[[Chicago, Illinois]]|camera=[[Single-camera]]|runtime=40–44 minit|company={{Plainlist| * [[Wolf Entertainment]] * [[Universal Television]] }}|network=[[NBC]]|first_aired={{Start date|2015|11|17}}|last_aired=Kini|related={{Plainlist| * ''[[Chicago Fire]]'' * ''[[Chicago Justice]]'' * ''[[Chicago P.D.]]'' }}}} '''''Chicago Med''''' iya nya siri drama perubat Amerika ti ditaburka [[NBC]] lalu digaga Dick Wolf nyadi ansuran ketiga ari francais ''Chicago''. Iya dilakun Nick Gehlfuss , Yaya DaCosta, Torrey DeVitto , Rachel DiPillo , Colin Donnell , Brian Tee , S. Sarah Ramos enggau Darren Barnet, iya dipandangka keterubah iya kena 17 November 2015. ''Chicago Med'' nitihka lutur enggau indu misi jabatan kecemasan (ED) Palan Perubat Gaffney Chicago ti ditempa. Lebuh sida gawa nyelamatka nyawa, raban tu napi tekan diri enggau profesyenal ari pengawa sida. Ba [[Malaysia]] siri tu ditaburka ba Akan Datang ba [[TV2]]. Kena bulan April 2023, siri tu dikemaru ungkup musim kesembilan ti ditayangka kena 17 Januari 2024. Kena bulan Mac 2024, siri tu dikemaru ungkup musim kesepuluh ti ditayangka kena 25 September 2024. oiigbttmbtqa38q74l51jlf6ac8d2bl 0 3631 20266 16826 2026-11-04T15:35:40Z Song GK 9 20266 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox civil conflict|title=Penyadi 13 Me<br />''Peristiwa 13 Mei''<br />{{nobold|ڤريستيوا 13 مي}}<br />{{nobold|五一三事件}}<br />{{nobold|13 மே சம்பவம்}}|partof=|image=||date={{start date and age|1969|05|13|df=y}}|place=[[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia|causes=Pemutus [[pengawa bepilih besai Malaysia 1969]], lebuh [[Parti Perikatan (Malaysia)|Parti Perikatan]] alah kerusi ngagai [[Parti Aksyen Demokratik (Malaysia)|Parti Aksyen Demokratik]] ti pengambis mayuh [[orang China Malaysia|orang China]] sereta [[Parti Gerakan]].|goals=|methods=Penyarut ti balat nyadi, ngerumpak, nyerang, nunu, protes, ngerusak reta tengkira, munuh|status=|result=Penesau [[gaya darurat]] ari [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] * [[Parlimen Malaysia|Parlimen]] digantung * Penumbuh enda lama [[Kunsil Operasyen Nasional]] * [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]] ngelengka pengawa iya nyadi [[Menteri Besai Malaysia|menteri besai]] * Pengawa bejalaika [[Rukun Menua]] berengkah * Pengawa bejalaika [[Polisi Ekonomi Baru Malaysia|Polisi Ekonomi Baru]] berengkah * Penambah penyarut bansa entara raban bansa menua tu * Penumbuh [[Barisan Nasional]] ti nyadi udah tu|side1=[[File:Flag of the United Malays National Organisation.svg|18px]] [[Gerempung Bansa Melayu Beserakup|UMNO]], penyukung [[Orang Melayu Malaysia|Melayu]] enggau orang periman|side2=Orang periman bebansa China enggau [[orang India Malaysia|India]] Malaysia|side3=* [[File:Royal Malaysian Police.png|18px]] [[Polis Diraja Malaysia]] ** [[Unit Rizab Federal]] ** [[Raban Operasyen Rama]] * [[File:Badge of the Malaysian Army.svg|18px]] [[Soldadu Malaysia]] ** [[Rejimen Diraja Melayu]]|leadfigures1=[[File:Flag of the United Malays National Organisation.svg|18px]] [[Harun Idris]]|leadfigures2=|leadfigures3=[[Mohamed Salleh Ismael]]<br />[[File:Flag of the Malaysian Armed Forces.svg|18px]] [[Tunku Osman]]|casualties1=25 killed (official figure, disputed)|casualties2=143 killed (official figure, disputed)|casualties3=Unknown|howmany1=|howmany2=|injuries=|fatalities=|arrests=|notes=|image_size=}} '''Penyadi 13 Me''' nya episod pengawa kasar entara raban bansa [[Orang China Malaysia|China]]-Melayu ke nyadi di [[Kuala Lumpur]], indu nengeri Malaysia, kena 13 Me 1969. Penyarut nya nyadi sepengudah pengawa bepilih besai Malaysia taun 1969, lebuh parti penyakal baka Parti Pengawa Demokratik (DAP) enggau Gerakan bulih pemenang ngelaban gempung perintah, Parti Perikatan. Riput rasmi ari perintah ngengkah penyampau pemati ketegal penyarut nya ba 196 iku orang, taja pan bunsu diplomatik entarabansa enggau pemerati maya nya madahka penyampau nya semak 600 iku, lalu ke bukai madahka penyampau ke jauh tinggi agi, enggau mayuh mansa nya raban bansa China.<ref name="time1">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,900859,00.html|title=Race War in Malaysia|magazine=Time|date=23 May 1969|access-date=14 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070518061525/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C900859%2C00.html|archive-date=18 May 2007|url-status=dead}} </ref><ref>{{cite news|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011030700/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/05/16/asia/AS-GEN-Malaysia-Race-Riot-Book.php|archive-date=11 October 2007|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/05/16/asia/AS-GEN-Malaysia-Race-Riot-Book.php|title=New book on 1969 race riots in Malaysia may be banned, officials warn|publisher=[[International Herald Tribune]]|date=16 May 2007|access-date=22 November 2022}} </ref> Penyarut bansa nya ngujungka Yang di-Pertuan Agong madahka gaya darurat menua, ngujungka parlimen diketuka. Kaunsil Operasyen Nasional ditumbuhka nyadi perintah pengibun dikena merintah menua sementara entara taun 1969 enggau 1971. Penyadi tu besai reti dalam politik Malaysia, laban tu mejal menteri besai keterubah, Tunku Abdul Rahman, badu mangku pengawa lalu nyerahka tanggungpengawa ngagai Abdul Razak Hussein. Perintah Abdul Razak ngalihka polisi domestik sida ngambika bepiak ngagai bansa Melayu enggau pengawa bejalaika Polisi Ekonomi Baru, lalu parti Melayu UMNO nusun baru sistem politik dikena ngemansangka dominasyen Melayu nitihka ideologi ''Ketuanan Melayu'' (ke mai reti "Pemesai Melayu").<ref name="saa2002">{{Cite book |last=Lee Hock Guan |url=https://archive.org/details/southeastasianaf00_0 |title=Southeast Asian Affairs 2002 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year=2002 |isbn=9789812301628 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Daljit |page=[https://archive.org/details/southeastasianaf00_0/page/178 178] |editor-last2=Smith |editor-first2=Anthony L |url-access=registration}}</ref> == Pemungkal penyadi == === Penyarut etnik === Kena 31 Ogos 1957, Malaya bulih meredeka ari perintah kolonial. Menua nya, taja pia, napi penusah ketegal bagi pengaya ti tajam entara bansa China, ti nguasa mayuh kandang mengeri lalu diperatika nguasa sebagi besai ari ekonomi menua nya, enggau bansa Melayu, ti seranta agi sereta diau ba mayuh agi kandang menua pesisir. Penuduk spesyel kuasa politik Melayu, taja pia, dijamin ari baruh Artikel 153 konstitusyen, ti ditulis maya Malaya meredeka.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Liana Chua |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PdfIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA39 |title=The Christianity of culture: conversion, ethnic citizenship, and the matter of religion in Malaysian Borneo |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-137-01272-2 |page=39}}</ref> Bisi jurai ti angat entara raban Melayu ti deka ke atur radikal dikena ngaga supremasi Melayu nyadi institusyen (''Ketuanan Melayu''), seraya raban China minta pemerat "bansa" sida dijaga, enggau kaban parti penyakal ukai Melayu ti bepenemu minta 'Malaysian Malaysia" ukai hak spesyel Melayu.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dominik M. Mueller |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n0L9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 |title=Islam, Politics and Youth in Malaysia: The Pop-Islamist Reinvention of PAS |publisher=Routledge |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-415-84475-8 |pages=13–14}}</ref> Dalam taun 1963, ba tengah-tengah latar belakang penyarut bansa, Malaysia ditumbuhka nyadi sebuah gerempung ti nyengkaum Malaya ([[Semenanjung Malaysia]]), [[Singapura]], Borneo Utara, enggau Sarawak. Bisi beberapa kali penyadi penyarut bansa nyadi entara bansa Melayu enggau China sebedau penyarut taun 1969 nyadi. Ambika chunto, di Pulau Pinang, penyarut entara bansa betukar nyadi kasar maya pengerami seratus taun George Town dalam taun 1957, ti ngujungka beberapa hari belaya sereta beberapa iku orang mati,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Donald L. Horowitz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UwA1aaB2WGgC&pg=PA275 |title=The Deadly Ethnic Riot |publisher=University of California Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-520-23642-4 |page=275}}</ref> lalu bisi agi penyarut nyadi ba taun 1959 enggau 1964 sereta mega penyarut ngelaban pengurang nilai mata duit ke udah nya nyadi penyarut bebunuh entara raban bansa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://penangmonthly.com/penangs-forgotten-protest-the-1967-hartal/|date=25 August 2014|title=Penang's forgotten protest: The 1967 Hartal|work=Penang Monthly|access-date=7 May 2015|archive-date=30 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130121707/http://penangmonthly.com/penangs-forgotten-protest-the-1967-hartal/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Donald L. Horowitz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UwA1aaB2WGgC&pg=PA255 |title=The Deadly Ethnic Riot |publisher=University of California Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-520-23642-4 |page=255}}</ref> Di Singapura, antagonisme entara raban bansa ngujungka penyarut bansa 1964, ti ngujungka Singapura beserara ari Malaysia kena 9 Ogos 1965. === Pengawa bepilih besai taun 1969 === Dalam pengawa bepilih besai taun 1969, gempung pemerintah Parti Perikatan napi pemar ke tegap ari parti penyakal, kelebih agi dua parti ke baru ditumbuhka lalu tebal agi parti China, Parti Tindakan Demokratik (DAP) enggau Parti Gerakan. Pengawa bepilih nya ditangkanka enggau penusah bansa ti nyadi ti ngujungka atmosfera ti tegang. Siku pengereja pengawa politik bansa Melayu dibunuh raban bansa China di Pulau Pinang, lalu siku aktivis Parti Pengereja Pengawa bebansa China ditimbak lalu mati dalam penyarut enggau polis di Kuala Lumpur.<ref name="isea">{{Cite book |last=Julian C. H. Lee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffqhasVKyncC |title=Islamization and Activism in Malaysia |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year=2010 |isbn=978-981-4279-03-1 |page=41}}</ref> Bala orang ke ngelaban enggau radikal minta boikot pengawa bepilih nya lalu ngemba deka ngaga pengawa kasar, tang pengawa nguburka aktivis ke ditimbak nya, ke narit mensia mayuh lebih sepuluh ribu iku lalu diatur sebedau hari bepilih, mayuh agi dipejalaika enggau likun taja pan bisi mayuh bengkah penusah ke ngachau.<ref name="jstor">{{cite journal|title=May 13: Before and After. by Tunku Abdul Rahman; Malaysia: Death of a Democracy. by John Slimming; The May 13 Tragedy: A Report. by The National Operations Council; The May Thirteenth Incident and Democracy in Malaysia. by Goh Cheng Tiek|author=Gayl D. Ness|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=31|issue=3|date=May 1972|pages=734–736|doi=10.1017/s0021911800137969|doi-broken-date=8 January 2025|jstor=2052316}}</ref><ref name="ranjit">{{Cite book |last=Ranjit Gill |url=https://p-library2.s3.filebase.com/singapore-malaysia/Ranjit%20Gill/Of%20Political%20Bondage%20%281954%29/Of%20Political%20Bondage%20-%20Ranjit%20Gill.pdf |title=Of Political Bondage |publisher=Sterling Corporate Services |year=1990 |isbn=981-00-2136-4 |location=Singapore |pages=78–80 |access-date=5 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904173053/https://p-library2.s3.filebase.com/singapore-malaysia/Ranjit%20Gill/Of%20Political%20Bondage%20%281954%29/Of%20Political%20Bondage%20-%20Ranjit%20Gill.pdf |archive-date=4 September 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="funston">{{Cite book |last=N. John Funston |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QooeAAAAMAAJ |title=Malay Politics in Malaysia: A Study of the United Malays National Organisation and Party Islam |publisher=Heinemann Educational Books (Asia) |year=1980 |isbn=9780686318187 |page=208}}</ref> Pengawa bepilih besai diatur kena 10 Me 1969, nadai sebarang penusah nyadi. Pemutus nya ngayanka Perikatan nya udah menang kurang ari setengah ari undi rayat, siti pengurang ke besai ngagai gempung ke megai perintah.{{Sfn|Ooi|2004}} Ba renggat nasional, Perikatan udah bulih majoriti penuduk dalam parlimen, taja pan penuduk nya jauh kurang. Penyampau penuduk ke dimenang komponen China dalam Perikatan, Gerempung China Malaysia, udah dikurangka setengah. Ba renggat negeri, Perikatan nya semina udah bulih majoriti di [[Selangor]] nengah chara bekerejasama enggau chalun bibas tunggal laban penyakal udah begempung enggau Perikatan nguasa aum kaunsil negeri Selangor (taja pan tekala nya pengudah pengawa bepilih, bedau terang Perikatan nya agi deka nguasa). Perikatan mega lenyau kuasa ba [[Kelantan]] (ngagai Parti Islam Pan-Malaysia) enggau [[Perak]], lalu penyakal Gerakan menang nguasa perintah nengeri di Pulau Pinang.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Boon Kheng Cheah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NOtXcEmHdjoC&pg=PA105 |title=Malaysia: The Making of a Nation |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year=2002 |isbn=978-9812301543 |page=105}}</ref> === Pengerami pengudah pengawa bepilih === Kena malam 11 enggau 12 Me nya, DAP enggau Gerakan ngerami pemujur sida ba pengawa bepilih, enggau pemendar dipinta Tan Chee Khoon ari polis. Kelebih agi, pengawa bejalai bebala mayuh Gerakan nyambut penatai ketuai Gerakan, V. David.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kia Soong Kua |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iG5wAAAAMAAJ&q=%2211th+and+12th+May,+the+Opposition+celebrated%22 |title=May 13: Declassified Documents on the Malaysian Riots of 1969 |date=2007 |publisher=Suaram |isbn=978-9834136765 |page=42}}</ref> Pengawa bebaris penyakal nengah genturung pendiau Melayu baka Kampung Baru lalu didawa balat provokatif, enggau orang ukai Melayu ngeleseka Melayu seraya ngena rambai jaku baka "{{Lang|ms|Semua Melayu kasi habis}}" (abis semua orang Melayu) enggau "{{Lang|ms|Kuala Lumpur sekarang Cina punya}}" (Kuala Lumpur diatu China empu).<ref name="hwang_78">{{Cite book |last=Hwang |first=In-Won |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RkWCNJCl0WAC&pg=PA78 |title=Personalized Politics: The Malaysian State under Mahathir |date=2003 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=981-230-185-2 |page=78}}</ref> Sekeda penyukung penyakal dipadahka deriba ngelimpas rumah kepala menteri Selangor lalu minta iya ninggalka rumah nya bepiak ngagai siku orang China.<ref name="ethnic riot">{{Cite book |last=Donald L. Horowitz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UwA1aaB2WGgC&pg=PA284 |title=The Deadly Ethnic Riot |publisher=University of California Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-520-23642-4 |page=284}}</ref> Pengerami ti dikereja parti penyakal dipeda baka serang ngagai kuasa politik Melayu. Taja pan pemutus pengawa bepilih nya agi nyukung bansa Melayu taja pan alah, surat berita Melayu ''Utusan Melayu'' meri perambu dalam editorial ti madahka pemutus nya udah ngeruga perintah Melayu jemah ila lalu pengawa ti jampat diguna dikena ngeringka iya.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Donald L. Horowitz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UwA1aaB2WGgC&pg=PA285 |title=The Deadly Ethnic Riot |publisher=University of California Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-520-23642-4 |page=285}}</ref> Kena 12 Mei, raban Nembiak UMNO nunjukka ngagai Kepala Menteri Selangor, Harun Idris, sida deka ngatur pengawa bebaris pemenang. UMNO udah nya madahka pengawa bejalai bebala mayuh ti deka berengkah ari palan pengentap pendiau Idris. Tunku Abdul Rahman udah nya deka ngumbai pengawa bebaris bebalas nya "enda ulih diseliahka, laban enti enda pia bala kaban parti deka lenyau semengat sepengudah pengawa mandangka pengering ari Penyakal enggau jaku jai ti udah disebut ngagai sida".<ref name="hwang_78">{{Cite book |last=Hwang |first=In-Won |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RkWCNJCl0WAC&pg=PA78 |title=Personalized Politics: The Malaysian State under Mahathir |date=2003 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=981-230-185-2 |page=78}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHwang2003">Hwang, In-Won (2003). [https://books.google.com/books?id=RkWCNJCl0WAC&pg=PA78 ''Personalized Politics: The Malaysian State under Mahathir'']. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p.&nbsp;78. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/981-230-185-2|<bdi>981-230-185-2</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Raban bansa Melayu dibai ari menua pesisir tama ngagai Kuala Lumpur, ke maya nya nyadi mengeri ke tebal agi diuan bansa China. Beribu iku orang Melayu, sekeda ari sida bisi senyata, datai enggau pengawa bebaris nya.<ref name="ethnic riot">{{Cite book |last=Donald L. Horowitz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UwA1aaB2WGgC&pg=PA284 |title=The Deadly Ethnic Riot |publisher=University of California Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-520-23642-4 |page=284}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">Donald L. Horowitz (2003). [https://books.google.com/books?id=UwA1aaB2WGgC&pg=PA284 ''The Deadly Ethnic Riot'']. University of California Press. p.&nbsp;284. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23642-4|<bdi>978-0-520-23642-4</bdi>]].</cite></ref> == Penyarut == === Pekara ti nyadi tumu === Pengawa bejalai bebala mayuh UMNO diperambu pukul 7:30 lemai kena 13 Me tu tadi. Pagi nya, orang Melayu berengkah begempuru ba palan pengentap pendiau Harun Idris ba Jalai Raja Muda, ba tisi Kampung Baru, taja pan bisi sekeda udah bisi dia kenyau ari lemai Hari Minggu. Sida datai ari mayuh bengkah endur di negeri tu, baka Morib (sitak Harun) enggau Banting, lalu sekeda engka datai ari sekeda endur di [[Perak]].{{Sfn|Slimming|1969}} Nitihka riput rasmi Kaunsil Gerakan Nasional (NOC), urung pukul 6:30 lemai, laya penumpu nyadi di Setapak entara seraban orang Melayu ari Gombak ke bejalai ngagai gempuru nya enggau orang China ke meda ke ngeleseka sida, lalu pekara tu majak balat nyadi pengawa ngelempaika butul enggau batu.{{Sfn|von Vorys|1975}} Berita pasal laya nya udah nya datai ba mensia mayuh ke begempuru ba Jalai Raja Muda, lalu enda lama sebedau pukul 6:30 lemai, mayuh orang Melayu ngetu ari palan gempuru ba rumah Idris lalu nuju nengah bagi menua China ke besepiak. Orang Melayu, ke bisi senyata ''parang'' enggau keris, nunu entukar enggau kedai, munuh, sereta ngerumpak ba kandang menua orang China.<ref name="jstor" /> Nitihka penerang ari ''Time'', pemadu mimit lapan iku orang China bebadi nyawa dalam serang keterubah nya.<ref name="time pogrom3">{{cite magazine|title=Preparing for a Pogrom|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,900859-1,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019061451/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C900859-1%2C00.html|archive-date=19 October 2007|magazine=Time|page=3|date=18 July 1969|access-date=14 May 2007|url-status=dead}} </ref> Pengudah pengawa kasar nyadi, iya ngerembai enggau jampat sereta enda ulih ditagang ngagai serata mengeri dalam timpuh 45 minit, ngagai Jalai Campbell, Jalai Tuanku Abdul Rahman (Jalai Batu), Kampung Datuk Keramat, Kampung Pandan, Cheras, enggau Kampung Kerinchi.<ref>{{harvnb|The National Operations Council|1979|page=49}} </ref> === Balas enggau senyata === Nitihka penerang ari John Slimming, ti nuliska cherita pasal penyarut nya dalam taun 1969, raban bansa China diambi enggau ngenyit lalu enda malas lebih ari sejam.{{Sfn|Slimming|1969}} Riput rasmi NOC nya, taja pia, madahka elemen gerempung resia China udah nyendiaka diri napi penusah lalu benung bejalaika pengawa lebuh pengawa kasar berengkah nyadi di Kampung Baru.<ref>{{harvnb|The National Operations Council|1979|pages=53–54}} </ref> Ba Jalai Batu, orang China enggau India ke bedaja berengkah numbuhka diri nyadi raban penyaga pengelikun ke manah agi, seraya raban orang Melayu ke nguji nyerungkai kandang endur Jalai Chow Kit ditemu raban geng gerempung resia ke besenyata lalu belanda.{{Sfn|von Vorys|1975}} Bala China nyerang orang Melayu ti ditemu ba kandang endur orang China, lalu bala penaung Melayu ba panggung wayang dipilih lalu dibunuh.{{Sfn|von Vorys|1975}} Raban bansa China mega nguji deka nunu indu opis UMNO ba Jalai Batu lalu ngempang balai polis Salak Selatan.{{Sfn|Slimming|1969}}<ref>{{harvnb|The National Operations Council|1979|page=60}} </ref> Tumu lemai, orang ke ngachau nya ditemu polis, ti ngena gis pemedis mata kena nguji nagang sida. Atur Nagang Pemindah (PKP) 24 jam ungkup Kuala Lumpur dipadah nengah radio pukul 7:35 malam lalu diulang ba televisyen pukul 8:00 malam. Udah nya, entara pukul 8:30 enggau 9:00 malam, perintah timbak-munuh diberi Kepala Polis Mohamed Salleh bin Ismael . Tu ditangkan enggau siti agi perintah timbak-munuh ari Ketuai Raban Soldadu, Jeneral Tunku Osman Jiwa.{{Sfn|Slimming|1969}} Bala soldadu dianjung, lalu sida tama ngagai kandang endur ke kena penusah penyarut urung pukul 10:00 malam.<ref>{{harvnb|The National Operations Council|1979|page=61}} </ref> Mayuh orang ke enda nemu perintah nagang pemindah nya kena timbak. Bisi mega ke ditimbak lebuh bediri ba pintu enggau kebun sida empu. Pengarang berita ari menua luar ngeriputka meda raban Rejimen Melayu Diraja nimbak ngagai rumah kedai China enggau nadai kebuah ti terang.{{Sfn|Slimming|1969}} Naka pukul 5:00 pagi hari siti, piak bekuasa ba Sepital Kuala Lumpur ngeriputka bisi urung 80 iku orang ke parai ba palan nya. Bala staf sepital mega ngeriputka, mansa keterubah entara pukul 7:00 enggau 8:30 malam semua nya bansa China ke napi bakal parang enggau bakal, tang entara pukul 8:30 enggau 10:30 malam, mansa sama dibagi entara bansa China enggau Melayu. Taja pia, pengudah urung pukul 10:30 malam, mansa nyau deka semua bansa China, enggau nyau deka semua sida bakal ketegal kena timbak.{{Sfn|Slimming|1969}} === Penyadi pengudah nya === Bala soldadu begempuru ba simpang jalai ke beguna amat sereta matau jalai besai, tang taja pan udah dipadahka atur nagang pemindah, bala nembiak lelaki ba kandang endur baka Kampung Baru enggau Pudu enda ibuhka atur nya. Taja pan mayuh pemunuh nya nyadi kena malam Hari Tiga enggau pagi Hari Empat, tang pengawa nunu enggau ngerumpak kedai enggau rumah China ti dikereja orang Melayu majak nyadi, enggau tebal agi penusah betunu ti balat nyadi kena malam Hari Enam enggau Hari Lima; lebih 450 bengkah rumah angus.{{Sfn|Slimming|1969}} Orang ke pindah ketegal penyarut nya, ke mayuh sida nya bansa China, dianjung ngagai palan perari rasmi ba endur ke bebida ba mengeri—orang Melayu ngagai Stadium Negara lalu bansa China ngagai Stadium Merdeka, Stadium Chinwoo, enggau Sekula Jalai Shaw. Naka Hari Minggu tu tadi, penyampau perari China udah nambah ngagai 3,500 iku ba Stadium Merdeka, 1,500 iku ba Stadium Chinwoo, enggau 800 iku ba Sekula Shaw Road, lalu orang Melayu ba Stadium Negara udah nurun ari 650 iku kena Hari Enam ngagai 250 iku kena Hari Minggu.{{Sfn|Slimming|1969}} Lebih seribu iku pelarian agi tinggal ba Stadium Merdeka sebulan sepengudah penyarut nya nyadi.{{Sfn|Slimming|1969}} Atur nagang pemindah nya dilengkaska enda lama tang jampat diteritka baru kena pagi Hari Enam tu tadi. Iya diangkat baru pengelama tiga jam pagi Hari Enam tu tadi. Atur nagang pemindah nya dilengkaska berenggat-renggat laban gaya nya laun pulai baka selama, tang ba ujung bulan, atur nya agi dipejalaika berengkah ari pukul 3:00 lemai nyentuk pukul 6:30 pagi.{{Sfn|Slimming|1969}} Kena 28 Jun 1969, penyarut nyadi baru di Sentul maya orang Melayu nyerang orang India, lalu 15 iku mati.{{Sfn|Slimming|1969}} === Penusah bebadi nyawa === Nitihka penyampau polis ke dipejurai, sepenyampau 196 iku orang bebadi nyawa dalam penyarut nya.<ref name="hwang_72">Hwang, p. 72. </ref> Penyampau rasmi meri 143 iku ari sida ke mati nya bansa China, 25 iku bansa Melayu, 13 iku bansa India, enggau 15 iku agi (enda ditetapka),{{Sfn|von Vorys|1975}} taja pan penyampau ke enda rasmi madahka penyampau pemati bansa China mayuh agi.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64Fvi7j42wMC&pg=PA226 |title=Social Cohesion and Conflict Prevention in Asia: Managing Diversity Through Development |publisher=Washington, DC : World Bank |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8213-4874-1 |editor-last=Colletta |editor-first=Nat J. |page=226 |editor-last2=Lim |editor-first2=Teck Ghee |editor-last3=Kelles-Viitanen |editor-first3=Anita}}</ref> Bala polis diberi kuasa nguburka sebarang bangkai ti ditemu tauka muai bangkai nya ngena sebarang chara ti ulih enggau nadai tanya, lalu mayuh ari bangkai nya dibuai enggau nadai dokumen, ti ngasuh pengawa ngaga anggar penyampau pemati nya enda nyamai. Bisi sekeda diriputka dibuai ngagai Sungai Klang, lalu bisi mega dipelabaka dibuai dalam kolam ba lombong timah.{{Sfn|Slimming|1969}} Pendam bebala mayuh mansa mega bisi ditangkap dalam filem ba koloni orang sakit lan [[Sungai Buloh]] semak Kuala Lumpur.{{Sfn|Slimming|1969}} Bunsu diplomatik Barat maya nya ngengkahka penyampau nya semak 600 iku, lalu Slimming melabaka penyampau nya urung 800 iku dalam minggu keterubah enggau nyengkaum beratus iku ke lenyau enggau rasmi; pemerati enggau pengarang berita bukai meri perambu lumur empat angka.{{Sfn|von Vorys|1975}}{{Sfn|Slimming|1969}} Nitihka penyampau rasmi, bisi 439 iku individu mega dirikutka bakal.<ref name="funston">{{Cite book |last=N. John Funston |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QooeAAAAMAAJ |title=Malay Politics in Malaysia: A Study of the United Malays National Organisation and Party Islam |publisher=Heinemann Educational Books (Asia) |year=1980 |isbn=9780686318187 |page=208}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFN._John_Funston1980">N. John Funston (1980). [https://books.google.com/books?id=QooeAAAAMAAJ ''Malay Politics in Malaysia: A Study of the United Malays National Organisation and Party Islam'']. Heinemann Educational Books (Asia). p.&nbsp;208. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780686318187|<bdi>9780686318187</bdi>]].</cite></ref> 753 kes betunu udah dirikut, lalu 211 buah entukar rerak tauka balat rusak. == Penyadi tekala nya == Tekala nya pengudah penyarut nya nyadi, perintah ngambi kuasa ngenyit lalu ngetuka parlimen, ke deka begempuru baru dalam taun 1971. Iya mega ngetuka pengawa pengarang berita sereta numbuhka Kaunsil Operasyen Nasional (NOC).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pauline Pooi Yin Leong |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JpCqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA86 |title=Malaysian Politics in the New Media Age: Implications on the Political Communication Process |date=2019 |publisher=Springer Nature Singapore |isbn=9789811387838 |page=86}}</ref> == Pengudah nya == Rukun Negara, semaya setia Malaysia tde facto, nyadika timbal ngagai penyarut nya. Iya diberi kelala kena 31 Ogos 1970 nyadika chara dikena nerenakka penyerakup entara rayat Malaysia. Nasionalis Melayu [[Mahathir Mohamad]], ti maya nya siku orang politik ti kurang dikelala lalu alah ba penuduk iya nyadi chalun UMNO ba pengawa bepilih 10 Mei, nyalahka penyarut nya ngagai perintah lalu kelebih agi ngagai Menteri Besai Tunku Abdul Rahman ketegal ti "bepenemu mudah" lalu enda merambu ungkup ekonomi rayat Malaysia ti lantang. Abdul Rahman mega nyalahka “ekstremis” baka Mahathir ketegal penyarut bansa, ti ngujungka Mahathir dibuai ari UMNO.{{Sfn|Ooi|2004}} Tu ngujungka iya nuliska bup mani iya ''The Malay Dilemma'', ke alai iya mantaika chara mutarka penyarut bansa Malaysia bepelasarka pengawa mantu bansa Melayu ari sukut ekonomi nengah program tindakan afirmatif. Pengudah penyarut nya nyadi, Abdul Rahman dipejal nyadi latar belakang, enggau pengawa bejalaika menua nya ninting hari diserahka ngagai sapit menteri besai, Abdul Razak Hussein, ti mega nyadi pengarah NOC. Kena 22 September 1970, lebuh parlimen begempuru baru, Abdul Rahman ngelengka pangku pengawa nyadi menteri besai, lalu Razak Hussein ngambi pangku pengawa nya.{{Sfn|Ooi|2004}} Dalam bup iya taun 2007, ''13 Mei: Declassified Documents on the Malaysian Riots of 1969'', Kua Kia Soong madahka, bepelasarka penerang duta British ti udah dibuka, penyarut nya nyadika pengawa rampas kuasa ti dipejalaika gerempung politik UMNO ngelaban Tunku Abdul Rahman enggau bala ketuai politik dalam taun.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/article/592766/politicians-linked-malaysias-may-13-riots|work=South China Morning Post|title=Politicians linked to Malaysia's May 13 riots|first=Baradan|last=Kuppusamy|date=14 May 2007}}</ref> Dalam pengawa nguji numbuhka gempung ke besai agi, [[Barisan Nasional]] ditumbuhka nganti Parti Perikatan, enggau parti penyakal ke suba baka Gerakan, PPP, enggau PAS dikangau tama gempung nya.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Joseph Liow |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G5KLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA102 |title=Dictionary of the Modern Politics of Southeast Asia |last2=Michael Leifer |date=20 November 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-62233-8 |pages=102–}}</ref> Pengudah penyarut taun 1969, UMNO mega berengkah nusun baru sistem politik dikena ngenegapka kuasa sida. Iya ngemansangka versyen iya empu ari ''Ketuanan Melayu'', ke alai "politik menua tu udah, lalu mesti mengkang ungkup jemah ila, bepelasarka orang asal [iya nya, Melayu]: nya meh resia penegap enggau pengelantang kami lalu nya meh fakta pengidup politik ti enda ulih dikedekaka orang."<ref name="saa2002">{{Cite book |last=Lee Hock Guan |url=https://archive.org/details/southeastasianaf00_0 |title=Southeast Asian Affairs 2002 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year=2002 |isbn=9789812301628 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Daljit |page=[https://archive.org/details/southeastasianaf00_0/page/178 178] |editor-last2=Smith |editor-first2=Anthony L |url-access=registration}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLee_Hock_Guan2002">Lee Hock Guan (2002). Singh, Daljit; Smith, Anthony L (eds.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required">[[iarchive:southeastasianaf00_0|''Southeast Asian Affairs 2002'']]</span>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p.&nbsp;[[iarchive:southeastasianaf00_0/page/178|178]]. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9789812301628|<bdi>9789812301628</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Prinsip ''Ketuanan Melayu'' tu udah suah dikena dalam pengawa bepilih ti beturut-turut ulih UMNO dikena meransang sukung Melayu ngagai parti nya,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lee Hock Guan |url=https://archive.org/details/southeastasianaf00_0 |title=Southeast Asian Affairs 2002 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year=2002 |isbn=9789812301628 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Daljit |page=[https://archive.org/details/southeastasianaf00_0/page/183 183] |editor-last2=Smith |editor-first2=Anthony L |url-access=registration}}</ref> lalu iya mengkang nyadika prinsip lalau perintah bejurut.<ref name="sentinel">{{cite news|url=https://www.asiasentinel.com/p/ketuanan-melayu-power-deep-state-malaysia|title=Ketuanan Melayu: Power and the Deep State in Malaysia|work=Asia Sentinel|date=7 August 2019}} </ref> == Kereban sanding == {{Reflist}} == Bacha ke silik agi == * {{Cite book |last=Abdillah Noh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FXbpEAAAQBAJ |title=Malaysia's State Formation: Small Steps and Large Outcomes of a Contested Leviathan |date=2024 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781003805816}} rlx3vf0tzizti9azrfkut9glimr5uxi 0 3835 20270 13026 2026-11-04T18:38:05Z Kent Wang 2905 Nukar gambar gerija — West facade of Igreja de Santo António de Lisboa 35.jpg 20270 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox saint|honorific_prefix=[[Saint]]|name=Anthony of Padua|honorific_suffix=[[Order of Friars Minor|OFM]]|birth_date=15 August 1195|death_date={{death date and age|1231|6|13|1195|8|15|df=y}}|feast_day=13 June|venerated_in=[[Catholic Church]], [[Anglican Communion]]|image=Francisco de Zurbarán - Sto Antonio de Padua.jpg|caption=''Anthony of Padua'' by [[Francisco de Zurbarán]], 1627–1630|birth_name=Fernando Martins de Bulhões|birth_place=[[Lisbon]], [[Kingdom of Portugal]]|death_place={{ubl|[[Padua]], [[Lombard League]], [[Holy Roman Empire]] | {{small|(now [[Italy in the Middle Ages|Italy]])}} }}|titles=[[Doctor of the Church]]|beatified_date=|beatified_place=|beatified_by=|canonized_date=30 May 1232|canonized_place=Spoleto, Italy|canonized_by=[[Pope Gregory IX]]|attributes=Religious habit of a [[Order of Friars Minor|Friar Minor]], lily, book, [[tonsure]], holding the [[Child Jesus|Infant Jesus]], mule|patronage=[[Custody of the Holy Land]], miracles, travelers, finding one's spouse, pregnancy, harvests, animals, lost items, lost people, lost souls, poverty, sterility, the sick, the disabled, the oppressed, the hungry, the elderly, faith in the [[Blessed Sacrament]], [[sailors]], [[fishermen]], [[watermen]], [[swineherds]], [[mail carrier]]s, [[counter-revolutionaries]], [[indigenous peoples of the Americas]], [[Ysleta del Sur Pueblo|Tigua]], [[Padua]], [[Lisbon]], [[Portugal]], [[Brazil]], [[Albania]], [[Pila, Laguna]], [[Iriga, Camarines Sur]], [[Camaligan, Camarines Sur]], [[Gubat, Sorsogon]], [[Tuburan, Cebu|Tuburan]], [[Cebu]], [[Barotac Nuevo, Iloilo]], [[Cusco|Cusco, Peru]], [[Kandy, Sri Lanka]],|major_shrine=[[Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua]], [[Santo António de Lisboa, Lisbon|Church of Saint Anthony of Lisbon]]}} '''Anthony ari Padua''', OFM, ({{Langx|pt|António/Antônio de Pádua}}; {{Langx|it|Antonio di/da Padova}}; {{Langx|la|Antonius Patavinus}}) tauka '''Anthony ari Lisbon''' ({{Langx|pt|António/Antônio de Lisboa}}; {{Langx|it|Antonio da/di Lisbona}}; {{Langx|la|Antonius Olisiponensis}}; ada enggau nama '''Fernando Martins enggau Bulhões'''; 15 Ogos 1195 – 13 Jun 1231){{Sfn|Purcell|1960}}{{Sfn|Foley|McCloskey|2013}} nya siku paderi Katolik Portugis sereta kaban Ordo Friar Mit. Anthony ada sereta dibesaika ba ruang bilik ke kaya di Lisbon, Portugal, lalu midang di Padua, Itali. Dikelala orang ke sama jeman enggau iya ketegal pengawa iya ti bekuasa nginjil, penemu iya ti landik pasal bup kudus, sereta pengerindu enggau pengangkun iya ti enda nemu mati ngagai orang ti seranta enggau orang ti sakit, iya siku ari sante ti pemadu jampat dikudus dalam sejarah gerija, lalu dikanon kurang ari setaun pengudah iya mati. Iya dichiri Paus Pius XII nyadi Lutur Gerija kena 16 Januari 1946. == Pengidup == === Taun-taun keterubah === [[Fail:West facade of Igreja de Santo António de Lisboa 35.jpg|kanan|thumb| Gerija Saint Anthony, di Lisbon, [[Portugal]], digaga ba atas rumah asal endur sante Portugis nya ada.]] [[Fail:La_casa_natale_di_S._Antonio_da_Padova_-_panoramio.jpg|kanan|thumb| Endur ada Sante Anthony, di Lisbon, [[Portugal]], ti bepalan ba kript gerija ti diungkupka ngagai iya.]] Anthony ada enggau nama '''Fernando Martins de Bulhões''' di Lisbon, [[Portugal]].{{Sfn|Dal-Gal|1907}} Seraya penulis abad ke-15 madahka apai indai iya nya Vicente Martins enggau Teresa Pais Taveira, lalu apai iya nya menyadi Pedro Martins de Bulhões, aki ini sida Bulhão tauka Bulhões sebilik, Niccolò Dal-Gal ngumbai pekara tu kurang tentu.{{Sfn|Dal-Gal|1907}} Sida sebilik ti kaya sereta bekuasa ngatur iya diajar ba sekula katedral ba endur nya. Lebuh umur iya 15 taun, iya diterima nyadi Canons Regular Perintah Regang Kudus ba Biara Saint Vincent ba tisi Lisbon.{{Sfn|Dal-Gal|1907}} Dalam taun 1212, ketegal ti suah nemuai ngagai diri sebilik enggau bala bakih, iya minta dipindahka ngagai rumah indai eklisia, iya nya Biara Regang Kudus di Coimbra, ke nyadi indu nengeri Portugal maya nya.{{Sfn|Monti|2008}} Dia, Fernando ke agi biak belajar teologi enggau [[jaku Latin]]. === Seretai raban Fransiskan === [[Fail:Accademia_-_Madonna_in_trono_con_il_Bambino_tra_i_santi_Anna,_Gioachino,_Ludovico_da_Tolosa,_Antoinio_da_Padova,_Francesco_et_Bernardino_da_Siena_-_Alvise_Vivarini_Cat607.jpg|thumb| Dalam lukis Alvise Vivarini, Anthony dibida ari orang kudus bukai nengah atribut iya: bup enggau tangkai bungai lily ti bechura putih.]] Pengudah iya dichiri nyadi paderi, Fernando dichiri nyadi tuai temuai lebuh umur iya 19 taun, lalu diasuh megai pengawa ngatur temuai ngagai biara. Lebuh iya di Coimbra, sekeda Friar Minor datai lalu ngentapka diri ba sebengkah hermitage mit ba luar Coimbra ti diungkupka ngagai St. Anthony Manah{{Sfn|Monti|2008}} Fernando balat tetarit ati enggau gaya pengidup ti mudah sereta evangelikal bala friar, ti semina ditumbuhka 11 taun sebedau nya. Berita datai madahka lima iku raban Franciskan udah diputung pala di Moroko, keterubah iya ari perintah sida dibunuh. Raja Afonso II ari Portugal nebus bangkai seduai iya ngambika dipulaika lalu dikubur nyadi martir ba Biara Regang Kudus.{{Sfn|Monti|2008}} Diperansang enggau teladan sida, Fernando bulih pemendar ari piak bekuasa gerija pansut ari Canons Regular lalu masuk gerempung baru Franciskan. Lebuh iya ngaku pengidup bala friar, iya nyeretai hermitage mit di Olivais, ngena nama Anthony (ari nama chapel ke bepalan dia, diungkupka ngagai Anthony the Great), ke deka dikelala iya.{{Sfn|Silva|2011}} Anthony lalu mupuk ke Moroko, dikena ngamatka vokasyen baru iya. Taja pia, iya balat sakit di Moroko lalu belayar pulai ke Portugal enggau pengarap ulih gerai baru. Lebuh pejalai pulai, kapal nya nyimpang ari jalai lalu sangkai ba Sicily.<ref name="wintz">{{Cite web|url=http://www.americancatholic.org/Messenger/Jun2007/Feature1.asp|title=Anthony of Padua: The Italian Years – June 2007 Issue of St. Anthony Messenger Magazine Online|date=30 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630175456/http://www.americancatholic.org/Messenger/Jun2007/Feature1.asp|archive-date=30 June 2007}}</ref> Ari Sicily, iya bejalai ngagai Tuscany, ke alai iya diasuh gawa ba sebengkah konven ari ordo nya, tang iya ditemu enggau penusah ketegal gamal iya ke sakit. Pengujung iya diasuh gawa ba hermitage menua pesisir {{Lang|it|{{ill|Montepaolo|it}} di Dovadola}} (‘gunung Saint Paul ari Dovadola ’), semak Forlì, di Romagna, siti pilih ke digaga pengudah beratika pengerai iya ke enda manah. Dia, iya bisi bepanggai ba sel ke digaga seiku ari bala friar ba gua ke semak, lalu ngena awak besampi sereta belajar kediri.<ref name="foley">{{cite web|url=http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/Anthony/0-86716-202-3_lf.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001017040504/http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/Anthony/0-86716-202-3_lf.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 October 2000|title=Who Is St. Anthony?|last=Foley|first=Leonard|publisher=American Catholic|access-date=27 June 2011}}</ref> === Pengawa nginjil enggau ngajar === [[Fail:Saint_Antony_of_Padua_holding_Baby_Jesus_mg_0165.jpg|kanan|thumb| ''Sante Antony ari Padua megai Jesus ti agi mit'' ti dikarang Strozzi, c. taun 1625 enggau; bungai lili ti bechura putih ngayanka penuchi.]] Dalam taun 1222, ba nengeri Forlì, sekeda bala friar Dominican ke datai nemuai bisi datai maya pengawa ordinasyen, lalu bisi salah penemu pasal sapa ke patut nginjil. Bala Franciskan udah ngarapka siku ari raban Dominikan deka nguan palpit, laban ti tebilang enggau pengawa nginjil sida. Taja pia, orang Dominikan udah datai enggau enda besendia, ngumbai orang Franciskan deka nyadi homilis. Dalam penusah tu, tuai hermitage, ti enda ngumbai sebarang bala friar iya empu ti baruh ati ulih meri homili ke maya nya, lalu ngangauka Anthony, ti disangka iya pemadu layak, lalu minta iya bejaku sebarang utai ti tau diiri Roh Kudus. Anthony mantah, tang dikelaung, lalu jaku ajar iya ti enda beradat nya nempa peragam ti dalam ngagai bala peninga iya. Bala peninga iya ukai semina tetarit ati ketegal nyawa iya ti kaya sereta chara iya ti nangkap, tang mega ketegal tema enggau substansi jaku iya, penemu iya ti dalam pasal bup kudus, sereta pengelandik iya ngenataika pesan iya. Anthony udah nya dianjung Menyadi Gratian, menteri menua nya, ngagai menua Romagna, ke bepalan ba Bologna. Enda lama udah nya, iya ditemu orang ke numbuhka gerempung nya, iya nya Francis ari Assisi. Francis udah ngembuan ati ti enda arapka endur pelajar teologi dalam pengidup bala menyadi iya, nangika nya tau ngujungka sida ninggalka komitmen sida ngagai pengidup ti seranta enggau gawa ti bendar. Tang ba Anthony, iya tetemuka semengat ti sama enggau iya ti sama penemu enggau iya lalu mega ulih meri ajar ti diguna sebarang kaban biak dalam gerempung ti deka dichiri nyadi paderi. Dalam taun 1224, iya ngarapka pengawa nampung pelajar ungkup sebarang friar iya ngagai pengawa ngintu Anthony. Pengawa asal besampi minta tulung St.Anthony ngiga utai ke lenyau tauka dichuri tu dipansik ari siti penusah maya iya agi idup ke nyadi di Bologna. Nitihka cherita, Anthony bisi bup masmur ti beguna ba iya, laban bup nya ngundan nota enggau komen iya ngambika bisi dikena iya ngajar bala nembiak iya. Seiku orang baru ti udah milih deka mupuk udah mai psalter enggau iya. Sebedau mesin chelak ditemu, sebarang bup disalin ngena jari, lalu enggau nya, utai ti berega tinggi; siku friar Franciscan kelebih agi, berindik ari sumpah iya ti seranta, tentu nemu utai ti baka nya tusah deka diganti. Lebuh Anthony sedarka bup psalter iya nadai, iya besampi ngambika bup nya ditemu tauka dipulaika, udah nya penchuri nya dipindahka ngambika ukai semina mulaika bup nya ngagai Anthony, tang mega mulaika ngagai perintah. Bup ke dichuri nya dipadahka disimpan ba biara Franciscan di Bologna. Sesekali, Anthony ngambi pengawa bukai nyadi pengajar ba universiti baka Universiti Montpellier enggau Universiti Toulouse di selatan Perancis, tang pengawa nginjil iya dianggap pemeri iya ti pemadu tinggi. Nitihka penemu pakar sejarah Sophronius Clasen, Anthony nginjil pasal “pemesai pengarap Kristian”. Chara iya nyengkaum jaku sempama enggau penerang simbolik pasal bup kudus. Dalam taun 1226, pengudah ngulu bab besai perintah iya ke diatur ba Arles, Perancis, lalu nginjil ba kandang menua Provence, Anthony pulai ke Itali lalu dipadu nyadi superior Provinsial utara Itali. Iya milih nengeri Padua nyadika palan iya. Dalam taun 1228, iya nyadi duta ari chapter besai ngagai Paus Gregory IX . Ba kort paus, pengawa nginjil iya dipuji nyadi "kes permata [[Bup Kudus]] " lalu iya diasuh ngasilka koleksyen jaku ajar iya, ''Jaku ajar ungkup Hari Pengerami'' ''(Sermones in Festivitates)''. Gregory IX nerangka Anthony nyadi "Peti Sempekat" ''(Doktor Arca testamenti)'' . == Kereja ajih == [[Fail:St._Anthony_Preaching_to_the_Fishes_(c._1630)_-_attributed_to_Francisco_de_Herrera_the_Elder_(Detroit_Institute_of_Arts).png|thumb| ''Santo Anthony Nginjil ngagai Ikan'', c. 1630]] Cherita Anthony "ngajar ngagai ikan" bepun ari Rimini, endur iya udah nurun nginjil. Lebuh orang ke nyimpang ari pengarap dia enda bebasaka iya, Anthony dipadahka mansang ngagai tebing tasik, alai iya berengkah nginjil ba tisi ai nyentukka mayuh amat ikan dipeda begempuru ba mua iya. Orang mayuh ba mengeri nya lalu indah sida ke nyimpang ari pengarap tadi meda utai ti ngalitka ati tu lalu teperansang mendingka jaku ajar Anthony.{{Sfn|Arnald|2010}} Dalam cherita bukai ti suah ditusui, ti nyadi mega di Rimini, Anthony dichabar siku orang ti nyimpang ari pengrap ngambika ulih ngayanka pengamat penatai Kristus dalam Ekaristi. Laki nya, ti deka ngeleseka Anthony, mai siku keledai ti setengah lapar lalu nunjukka iya pemakai jelu ti baru. Saint Anthony nunjukka ngagai keledai nya monstrans ti ngundan Sakramen ti Diberekat. Keledai nya enda ibuhka pemakai jelu lalu nunduk ba mua Sakramen ti Diberkat.{{Sfn|Arnald|2010}} Tempietto Sant’Antonio nyadika tanda endur kereja ajih nya nyadi. Versyen bukai ari kereja ajih tu ngengkahka iya ba Toulouse tauka Bourges. Siti agi cherita madahka pasal siti maya di Itali lebuh Anthony benung makai enggau orang ke nyimpang ari pengarap. Iya sedar pemakai ke diengkah sida ba mua iya bisi rachun, lalu iya betapi enggau sida. Bala lelaki nya ngaku nguji deka munuh iya, tang udah nya sida enchabar iya makai enti iya amat arapka jaku ti disebut dalam Mark 16:18 pasal bala rasul Kristus: "lalu enti sida ngirup utai ti tau munuh, utai nya enda ngemediska sida". Anthony dipadahka udah merekatka pemakai nya lalu makai iya enggau nadai ngeruga, mayuh ngasuh bala tuan rumah iya alit ati.{{Sfn|Arnald|2010}} == Pemidang == [[Fail:Anthony_pereda.jpg|kanan|thumb| ''Anthony ari Padua enggau Jesus ti agi mit'' ti dilukis Antonio de Pereda, enggau silik .]] Anthony sakit ergotisme dalam taun 1231 lalu mansang ngagai palan pengenduh kampung di Camposampiero enggau dua iku friar bukai ngambika belelak. Dia, iya diau ba bilik ti digaga ke iya ba baruh daun kayu walnut. Anthony midang lebuh dalam pejalai pulai ke Padua kena 13 Jun 1231 ba biara Poor Clare di Arcella (diatu sebagi ari Padua), maya umur iya 35 taun. Baka ke udah dipinta iya, Anthony ditumbak ba gerija mit Santa Maria Mater Domini—engka digaga ba ujung abad ke-12—semak enggau sebuah biara ke ditumbuhka iya ba taun 1229. Ketegal iya ke tebilang, pengawa ngaga sebuah gerija ke besai, ke diatu Basilika Sante Anthony ari Padua, berengkah urung taun 1232 lalu tembu dalam taun 1301. Gerija ke mit agi dipasukka ngagai struktur nya nyadi Cappella della Madonna Mora tauka Chapel Madonna Gelap. Diatu basilika tu suah disebut enggau nama "Il Santo" (Sante). Bemacham cherita mega bisi ngelingi pemidang Anthony. Siku bepenemu lebuh iya mati, bala anak mit nyabak ba jalai alun lalu semua luching gerija bemunyi enggau peneka ati sida empu. Nitihka cherita bukai, lebuh iya keterubah iya dikubur, dilah, rahang, enggau tali nyawa iya dipilih nyadika relik kena dipebasaka lalu dipandangka ba relik ti besai. Lebuh bangkai iya digali 30 taun udah iya mati, bangkai iya ditemu udah bebali nyadi debu, tang dilah iya diperatika udah bekilat sereta dipeda baka ke agi nyadi sebagi ari bangkai ti idup; siti agi perati ti benung digaga madahka tu tanda pemeri iya nginjil.<ref>{{cite news|title=When Anthony spoke again|url=http://www.messengersaintanthony.com/messaggero/pagina_articolo.asp?IDX=3IDRX=1|access-date=21 March 2015|work=Messenger of Saint Anthony|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402124205/http://www.messengersaintanthony.com/messaggero/pagina_articolo.asp?IDX=3IDRX%3D1|archive-date=2 April 2015}} </ref> Kena 1 Januari 1981, [[Paus John Paul II]] ngemendarka tim saintis mansik bangkai Anthony lalu pendam nya dibuka lima hari udah nya. ==Penyanding== {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Lambar-lambar enggau salin ke bedau dipansik]] n0akzzh3t02awn6w4hoyw1fd7mytz2z 20274 20270 2026-11-05T10:31:22Z Song GK 9 /* Penyanding */ 20274 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox saint|honorific_prefix=[[Saint]]|name=Anthony of Padua|honorific_suffix=[[Order of Friars Minor|OFM]]|birth_date=15 August 1195|death_date={{death date and age|1231|6|13|1195|8|15|df=y}}|feast_day=13 June|venerated_in=[[Catholic Church]], [[Anglican Communion]]|image=Francisco de Zurbarán - Sto Antonio de Padua.jpg|caption=''Anthony of Padua'' by [[Francisco de Zurbarán]], 1627–1630|birth_name=Fernando Martins de Bulhões|birth_place=[[Lisbon]], [[Kingdom of Portugal]]|death_place={{ubl|[[Padua]], [[Lombard League]], [[Holy Roman Empire]] | {{small|(now [[Italy in the Middle Ages|Italy]])}} }}|titles=[[Doctor of the Church]]|beatified_date=|beatified_place=|beatified_by=|canonized_date=30 May 1232|canonized_place=Spoleto, Italy|canonized_by=[[Pope Gregory IX]]|attributes=Religious habit of a [[Order of Friars Minor|Friar Minor]], lily, book, [[tonsure]], holding the [[Child Jesus|Infant Jesus]], mule|patronage=[[Custody of the Holy Land]], miracles, travelers, finding one's spouse, pregnancy, harvests, animals, lost items, lost people, lost souls, poverty, sterility, the sick, the disabled, the oppressed, the hungry, the elderly, faith in the [[Blessed Sacrament]], [[sailors]], [[fishermen]], [[watermen]], [[swineherds]], [[mail carrier]]s, [[counter-revolutionaries]], [[indigenous peoples of the Americas]], [[Ysleta del Sur Pueblo|Tigua]], [[Padua]], [[Lisbon]], [[Portugal]], [[Brazil]], [[Albania]], [[Pila, Laguna]], [[Iriga, Camarines Sur]], [[Camaligan, Camarines Sur]], [[Gubat, Sorsogon]], [[Tuburan, Cebu|Tuburan]], [[Cebu]], [[Barotac Nuevo, Iloilo]], [[Cusco|Cusco, Peru]], [[Kandy, Sri Lanka]],|major_shrine=[[Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua]], [[Santo António de Lisboa, Lisbon|Church of Saint Anthony of Lisbon]]}} '''Anthony ari Padua''', OFM, ({{Langx|pt|António/Antônio de Pádua}}; {{Langx|it|Antonio di/da Padova}}; {{Langx|la|Antonius Patavinus}}) tauka '''Anthony ari Lisbon''' ({{Langx|pt|António/Antônio de Lisboa}}; {{Langx|it|Antonio da/di Lisbona}}; {{Langx|la|Antonius Olisiponensis}}; ada enggau nama '''Fernando Martins enggau Bulhões'''; 15 Ogos 1195 – 13 Jun 1231){{Sfn|Purcell|1960}}{{Sfn|Foley|McCloskey|2013}} nya siku paderi Katolik Portugis sereta kaban Ordo Friar Mit. Anthony ada sereta dibesaika ba ruang bilik ke kaya di Lisbon, Portugal, lalu midang di Padua, Itali. Dikelala orang ke sama jeman enggau iya ketegal pengawa iya ti bekuasa nginjil, penemu iya ti landik pasal bup kudus, sereta pengerindu enggau pengangkun iya ti enda nemu mati ngagai orang ti seranta enggau orang ti sakit, iya siku ari sante ti pemadu jampat dikudus dalam sejarah gerija, lalu dikanon kurang ari setaun pengudah iya mati. Iya dichiri Paus Pius XII nyadi Lutur Gerija kena 16 Januari 1946. == Pengidup == === Taun-taun keterubah === [[Fail:West facade of Igreja de Santo António de Lisboa 35.jpg|kanan|thumb| Gerija Saint Anthony, di Lisbon, [[Portugal]], digaga ba atas rumah asal endur sante Portugis nya ada.]] [[Fail:La_casa_natale_di_S._Antonio_da_Padova_-_panoramio.jpg|kanan|thumb| Endur ada Sante Anthony, di Lisbon, [[Portugal]], ti bepalan ba kript gerija ti diungkupka ngagai iya.]] Anthony ada enggau nama '''Fernando Martins de Bulhões''' di Lisbon, [[Portugal]].{{Sfn|Dal-Gal|1907}} Seraya penulis abad ke-15 madahka apai indai iya nya Vicente Martins enggau Teresa Pais Taveira, lalu apai iya nya menyadi Pedro Martins de Bulhões, aki ini sida Bulhão tauka Bulhões sebilik, Niccolò Dal-Gal ngumbai pekara tu kurang tentu.{{Sfn|Dal-Gal|1907}} Sida sebilik ti kaya sereta bekuasa ngatur iya diajar ba sekula katedral ba endur nya. Lebuh umur iya 15 taun, iya diterima nyadi Canons Regular Perintah Regang Kudus ba Biara Saint Vincent ba tisi Lisbon.{{Sfn|Dal-Gal|1907}} Dalam taun 1212, ketegal ti suah nemuai ngagai diri sebilik enggau bala bakih, iya minta dipindahka ngagai rumah indai eklisia, iya nya Biara Regang Kudus di Coimbra, ke nyadi indu nengeri Portugal maya nya.{{Sfn|Monti|2008}} Dia, Fernando ke agi biak belajar teologi enggau [[jaku Latin]]. === Seretai raban Fransiskan === [[Fail:Accademia_-_Madonna_in_trono_con_il_Bambino_tra_i_santi_Anna,_Gioachino,_Ludovico_da_Tolosa,_Antoinio_da_Padova,_Francesco_et_Bernardino_da_Siena_-_Alvise_Vivarini_Cat607.jpg|thumb| Dalam lukis Alvise Vivarini, Anthony dibida ari orang kudus bukai nengah atribut iya: bup enggau tangkai bungai lily ti bechura putih.]] Pengudah iya dichiri nyadi paderi, Fernando dichiri nyadi tuai temuai lebuh umur iya 19 taun, lalu diasuh megai pengawa ngatur temuai ngagai biara. Lebuh iya di Coimbra, sekeda Friar Minor datai lalu ngentapka diri ba sebengkah hermitage mit ba luar Coimbra ti diungkupka ngagai St. Anthony Manah{{Sfn|Monti|2008}} Fernando balat tetarit ati enggau gaya pengidup ti mudah sereta evangelikal bala friar, ti semina ditumbuhka 11 taun sebedau nya. Berita datai madahka lima iku raban Franciskan udah diputung pala di Moroko, keterubah iya ari perintah sida dibunuh. Raja Afonso II ari Portugal nebus bangkai seduai iya ngambika dipulaika lalu dikubur nyadi martir ba Biara Regang Kudus.{{Sfn|Monti|2008}} Diperansang enggau teladan sida, Fernando bulih pemendar ari piak bekuasa gerija pansut ari Canons Regular lalu masuk gerempung baru Franciskan. Lebuh iya ngaku pengidup bala friar, iya nyeretai hermitage mit di Olivais, ngena nama Anthony (ari nama chapel ke bepalan dia, diungkupka ngagai Anthony the Great), ke deka dikelala iya.{{Sfn|Silva|2011}} Anthony lalu mupuk ke Moroko, dikena ngamatka vokasyen baru iya. Taja pia, iya balat sakit di Moroko lalu belayar pulai ke Portugal enggau pengarap ulih gerai baru. Lebuh pejalai pulai, kapal nya nyimpang ari jalai lalu sangkai ba Sicily.<ref name="wintz">{{Cite web|url=http://www.americancatholic.org/Messenger/Jun2007/Feature1.asp|title=Anthony of Padua: The Italian Years – June 2007 Issue of St. Anthony Messenger Magazine Online|date=30 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630175456/http://www.americancatholic.org/Messenger/Jun2007/Feature1.asp|archive-date=30 June 2007}}</ref> Ari Sicily, iya bejalai ngagai Tuscany, ke alai iya diasuh gawa ba sebengkah konven ari ordo nya, tang iya ditemu enggau penusah ketegal gamal iya ke sakit. Pengujung iya diasuh gawa ba hermitage menua pesisir {{Lang|it|{{ill|Montepaolo|it}} di Dovadola}} (‘gunung Saint Paul ari Dovadola ’), semak Forlì, di Romagna, siti pilih ke digaga pengudah beratika pengerai iya ke enda manah. Dia, iya bisi bepanggai ba sel ke digaga seiku ari bala friar ba gua ke semak, lalu ngena awak besampi sereta belajar kediri.<ref name="foley">{{cite web|url=http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/Anthony/0-86716-202-3_lf.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001017040504/http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/Anthony/0-86716-202-3_lf.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 October 2000|title=Who Is St. Anthony?|last=Foley|first=Leonard|publisher=American Catholic|access-date=27 June 2011}}</ref> === Pengawa nginjil enggau ngajar === [[Fail:Saint_Antony_of_Padua_holding_Baby_Jesus_mg_0165.jpg|kanan|thumb| ''Sante Antony ari Padua megai Jesus ti agi mit'' ti dikarang Strozzi, c. taun 1625 enggau; bungai lili ti bechura putih ngayanka penuchi.]] Dalam taun 1222, ba nengeri Forlì, sekeda bala friar Dominican ke datai nemuai bisi datai maya pengawa ordinasyen, lalu bisi salah penemu pasal sapa ke patut nginjil. Bala Franciskan udah ngarapka siku ari raban Dominikan deka nguan palpit, laban ti tebilang enggau pengawa nginjil sida. Taja pia, orang Dominikan udah datai enggau enda besendia, ngumbai orang Franciskan deka nyadi homilis. Dalam penusah tu, tuai hermitage, ti enda ngumbai sebarang bala friar iya empu ti baruh ati ulih meri homili ke maya nya, lalu ngangauka Anthony, ti disangka iya pemadu layak, lalu minta iya bejaku sebarang utai ti tau diiri Roh Kudus. Anthony mantah, tang dikelaung, lalu jaku ajar iya ti enda beradat nya nempa peragam ti dalam ngagai bala peninga iya. Bala peninga iya ukai semina tetarit ati ketegal nyawa iya ti kaya sereta chara iya ti nangkap, tang mega ketegal tema enggau substansi jaku iya, penemu iya ti dalam pasal bup kudus, sereta pengelandik iya ngenataika pesan iya. Anthony udah nya dianjung Menyadi Gratian, menteri menua nya, ngagai menua Romagna, ke bepalan ba Bologna. Enda lama udah nya, iya ditemu orang ke numbuhka gerempung nya, iya nya Francis ari Assisi. Francis udah ngembuan ati ti enda arapka endur pelajar teologi dalam pengidup bala menyadi iya, nangika nya tau ngujungka sida ninggalka komitmen sida ngagai pengidup ti seranta enggau gawa ti bendar. Tang ba Anthony, iya tetemuka semengat ti sama enggau iya ti sama penemu enggau iya lalu mega ulih meri ajar ti diguna sebarang kaban biak dalam gerempung ti deka dichiri nyadi paderi. Dalam taun 1224, iya ngarapka pengawa nampung pelajar ungkup sebarang friar iya ngagai pengawa ngintu Anthony. Pengawa asal besampi minta tulung St.Anthony ngiga utai ke lenyau tauka dichuri tu dipansik ari siti penusah maya iya agi idup ke nyadi di Bologna. Nitihka cherita, Anthony bisi bup masmur ti beguna ba iya, laban bup nya ngundan nota enggau komen iya ngambika bisi dikena iya ngajar bala nembiak iya. Seiku orang baru ti udah milih deka mupuk udah mai psalter enggau iya. Sebedau mesin chelak ditemu, sebarang bup disalin ngena jari, lalu enggau nya, utai ti berega tinggi; siku friar Franciscan kelebih agi, berindik ari sumpah iya ti seranta, tentu nemu utai ti baka nya tusah deka diganti. Lebuh Anthony sedarka bup psalter iya nadai, iya besampi ngambika bup nya ditemu tauka dipulaika, udah nya penchuri nya dipindahka ngambika ukai semina mulaika bup nya ngagai Anthony, tang mega mulaika ngagai perintah. Bup ke dichuri nya dipadahka disimpan ba biara Franciscan di Bologna. Sesekali, Anthony ngambi pengawa bukai nyadi pengajar ba universiti baka Universiti Montpellier enggau Universiti Toulouse di selatan Perancis, tang pengawa nginjil iya dianggap pemeri iya ti pemadu tinggi. Nitihka penemu pakar sejarah Sophronius Clasen, Anthony nginjil pasal “pemesai pengarap Kristian”. Chara iya nyengkaum jaku sempama enggau penerang simbolik pasal bup kudus. Dalam taun 1226, pengudah ngulu bab besai perintah iya ke diatur ba Arles, Perancis, lalu nginjil ba kandang menua Provence, Anthony pulai ke Itali lalu dipadu nyadi superior Provinsial utara Itali. Iya milih nengeri Padua nyadika palan iya. Dalam taun 1228, iya nyadi duta ari chapter besai ngagai Paus Gregory IX . Ba kort paus, pengawa nginjil iya dipuji nyadi "kes permata [[Bup Kudus]] " lalu iya diasuh ngasilka koleksyen jaku ajar iya, ''Jaku ajar ungkup Hari Pengerami'' ''(Sermones in Festivitates)''. Gregory IX nerangka Anthony nyadi "Peti Sempekat" ''(Doktor Arca testamenti)'' . == Kereja ajih == [[Fail:St._Anthony_Preaching_to_the_Fishes_(c._1630)_-_attributed_to_Francisco_de_Herrera_the_Elder_(Detroit_Institute_of_Arts).png|thumb| ''Santo Anthony Nginjil ngagai Ikan'', c. 1630]] Cherita Anthony "ngajar ngagai ikan" bepun ari Rimini, endur iya udah nurun nginjil. Lebuh orang ke nyimpang ari pengarap dia enda bebasaka iya, Anthony dipadahka mansang ngagai tebing tasik, alai iya berengkah nginjil ba tisi ai nyentukka mayuh amat ikan dipeda begempuru ba mua iya. Orang mayuh ba mengeri nya lalu indah sida ke nyimpang ari pengarap tadi meda utai ti ngalitka ati tu lalu teperansang mendingka jaku ajar Anthony.{{Sfn|Arnald|2010}} Dalam cherita bukai ti suah ditusui, ti nyadi mega di Rimini, Anthony dichabar siku orang ti nyimpang ari pengrap ngambika ulih ngayanka pengamat penatai Kristus dalam Ekaristi. Laki nya, ti deka ngeleseka Anthony, mai siku keledai ti setengah lapar lalu nunjukka iya pemakai jelu ti baru. Saint Anthony nunjukka ngagai keledai nya monstrans ti ngundan Sakramen ti Diberekat. Keledai nya enda ibuhka pemakai jelu lalu nunduk ba mua Sakramen ti Diberkat.{{Sfn|Arnald|2010}} Tempietto Sant’Antonio nyadika tanda endur kereja ajih nya nyadi. Versyen bukai ari kereja ajih tu ngengkahka iya ba Toulouse tauka Bourges. Siti agi cherita madahka pasal siti maya di Itali lebuh Anthony benung makai enggau orang ke nyimpang ari pengarap. Iya sedar pemakai ke diengkah sida ba mua iya bisi rachun, lalu iya betapi enggau sida. Bala lelaki nya ngaku nguji deka munuh iya, tang udah nya sida enchabar iya makai enti iya amat arapka jaku ti disebut dalam Mark 16:18 pasal bala rasul Kristus: "lalu enti sida ngirup utai ti tau munuh, utai nya enda ngemediska sida". Anthony dipadahka udah merekatka pemakai nya lalu makai iya enggau nadai ngeruga, mayuh ngasuh bala tuan rumah iya alit ati.{{Sfn|Arnald|2010}} == Pemidang == [[Fail:Anthony_pereda.jpg|kanan|thumb| ''Anthony ari Padua enggau Jesus ti agi mit'' ti dilukis Antonio de Pereda, enggau silik .]] Anthony sakit ergotisme dalam taun 1231 lalu mansang ngagai palan pengenduh kampung di Camposampiero enggau dua iku friar bukai ngambika belelak. Dia, iya diau ba bilik ti digaga ke iya ba baruh daun kayu walnut. Anthony midang lebuh dalam pejalai pulai ke Padua kena 13 Jun 1231 ba biara Poor Clare di Arcella (diatu sebagi ari Padua), maya umur iya 35 taun. Baka ke udah dipinta iya, Anthony ditumbak ba gerija mit Santa Maria Mater Domini—engka digaga ba ujung abad ke-12—semak enggau sebuah biara ke ditumbuhka iya ba taun 1229. Ketegal iya ke tebilang, pengawa ngaga sebuah gerija ke besai, ke diatu Basilika Sante Anthony ari Padua, berengkah urung taun 1232 lalu tembu dalam taun 1301. Gerija ke mit agi dipasukka ngagai struktur nya nyadi Cappella della Madonna Mora tauka Chapel Madonna Gelap. Diatu basilika tu suah disebut enggau nama "Il Santo" (Sante). Bemacham cherita mega bisi ngelingi pemidang Anthony. Siku bepenemu lebuh iya mati, bala anak mit nyabak ba jalai alun lalu semua luching gerija bemunyi enggau peneka ati sida empu. Nitihka cherita bukai, lebuh iya keterubah iya dikubur, dilah, rahang, enggau tali nyawa iya dipilih nyadika relik kena dipebasaka lalu dipandangka ba relik ti besai. Lebuh bangkai iya digali 30 taun udah iya mati, bangkai iya ditemu udah bebali nyadi debu, tang dilah iya diperatika udah bekilat sereta dipeda baka ke agi nyadi sebagi ari bangkai ti idup; siti agi perati ti benung digaga madahka tu tanda pemeri iya nginjil.<ref>{{cite news|title=When Anthony spoke again|url=http://www.messengersaintanthony.com/messaggero/pagina_articolo.asp?IDX=3IDRX=1|access-date=21 March 2015|work=Messenger of Saint Anthony|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402124205/http://www.messengersaintanthony.com/messaggero/pagina_articolo.asp?IDX=3IDRX%3D1|archive-date=2 April 2015}} </ref> Kena 1 Januari 1981, [[Paus John Paul II]] ngemendarka tim saintis mansik bangkai Anthony lalu pendam nya dibuka lima hari udah nya. ==Kereban sanding== {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Pengada 1195]] [[Kategori:Pemati 1231]] [[Kategori:Sante Kristian kurun ke-13]] ir3ag1lm89wqo8koae6ndkilq93zpp9 0 3849 20263 20229 2026-11-04T15:14:05Z Song GK 9 20263 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[Malay styles and titles#Honorary styles|Yang Berbahagia]] [[Malay styles and titles#State titles|Dato' Sri]] | name = Najib Razak | native_name = {{nobold|نجيب رزاق}} | honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=MYS|size=100|DK II (Pahang)|DK I (Brunei)|SPMK (Kelantan)|DMK|SSSJ|SPSA|SSAP|SIMP|SPDK|DUNM|DP|DSAP|PNBS}} | image = Najib Razak 2008-08-21.jpg | caption = Potret rasmi, 2008 | order = ke-6 | office = Menteri Besai Malaysia | monarch = {{Unbulleted list |[[Mizan Zainal Abidin of Terengganu|Mizan Zainal Abidin]] |[[Abdul Halim of Kedah|Abdul Halim]] |[[Muhammad V of Kelantan|Muhammad V]] }} | deputy = {{Unbulleted list |[[Muhyiddin Yassin]] |[[Ahmad Zahid Hamidi]] }} | term_start = 3 April 2009 | term_end = 9 Me 2018 | predecessor = [[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]] | successor = [[Mahathir Mohamad]] | office1 = [[Presiden Gerempung Bansa Melayu Beserakup]] ke-7<br />{{small|(''ex officio'': Chairman [[Barisan Nasional]])}} | deputy1 = {{Unbulleted list|Muhyiddin Yassin|Ahmad Zahid Hamidi}} | term_start1 = 26 Mach 2009 | term_end1 = 12 Me 2018 | predecessor1 = Abdullah Ahmad Badawi | successor1 = Ahmad Zahid Hamidi | order2 = ke-9 | office2 = Sapit Menteri Besai Malaysia | primeminister2 = Abdullah Ahmad Badawi | term_start2 = 7 Januari 2004 | term_end2 = 3 April 2009 | predecessor2 = Abdullah Ahmad Badawi | successor2 = Muhyiddin Yassin | order3 = ke-12 | office3 = Kepala Menteri Pahang | monarch3 = [[Ahmad Shah ari Pahang|Ahmad Shah]] | term_start3 = 4 Me 1982 | term_end3 = 14 Ogos 1986 | 1blankname3 = Sapit | 1namedata3 = Abdul Rashid Abdul Rahman | predecessor3 = Abdul Rashid Abdul Rahman | successor3 = [[Mohd Khalil Yaakob]] {{Collapsed infobox section begin |cont = yes |Ministerial portfolios | titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes | subterm4 = 1978–1979 | suboffice4 = [[Ministry of Energy, Telecommunications and Posts (Malaysia)|Deputy Minister of Energy, Telecommunications and Posts]] | subterm5 = 1979–1981 | suboffice5 = [[Deputy Minister of Education (Malaysia)|Deputy Minister of Education]] | subterm6 = 1981–1982 | suboffice6 = [[Ministry of Finance (Malaysia)|Deputy Minister of Finance]] | subterm7 = 1986–1987 | suboffice7 = [[Ministry of Youth and Sports (Malaysia)|Minister of Culture, Youth and Sports]] | subterm8 = 1987–1990 | suboffice8 = [[Ministry of Youth and Sports (Malaysia)|Minister of Youth and Sports]] | subterm9 = 1990–1995 | suboffice9 = [[Minister of Defence (Malaysia)|Minister of Defence]] | subterm10 = 1995–1999 | suboffice10 = [[Minister of Education (Malaysia)|Minister of Education]] | subterm11 = 1999–2008 | suboffice11 = [[Minister of Defence (Malaysia)|Minister of Defence]] | subterm12 = 2008–2018 | suboffice12 = [[Minister of Finance (Malaysia)|Minister of Finance]] | subterm13 = 2012–2013 | suboffice13 = [[Ministry of Women, Family and Community Development (Malaysia)|Acting Minister of Women, Family and Community Development]] {{Collapsed infobox section end}}}} {{Collapsed infobox section begin |last=yes |Parliamentary offices |titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder |embed=yes | constituency_MP14 = [[Pekan (sitak federal)|Pekan]] | parliament14 = Malaysia | term_start14 = 6 Oktober 1986 | term_end14 = 6 September 2022<ref>{{cite web|last=Lim|first=Ida|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2022/09/02/six-questions-about-najibs-pekan-seat-and-ge15-dreams-now-that-hes-in-prison/26012|title=Six questions about Najib's Pekan seat (and GE15 dreams) now that he's in prison|date=2 September 2022|access-date=4 December 2023|website=Malay Mail|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203183758/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2022/09/02/six-questions-about-najibs-pekan-seat-and-ge15-dreams-now-that-hes-in-prison/26012|url-status=live}} On when the 14-day period would lapse for Najib, Shanmuga said "he has until end of Tuesday, September 6."</ref> | predecessor14 = Mohamed Amin Daud | successor14 = [[Sh Mohmed Puzi Sh Ali]] | term_start15 = 21 Februari 1976 | term_end15 = 14 Jun 1982 | predecessor15 = [[Abdul Razak Hussein]] | successor15 = Mohamed Amin Daud | constituency_AM16 = Bandar Pekan | assembly16 = Pahang State Legislative | term_start16 = 1982 | term_end16 = 1986 | predecessor16 = Shamsiah Abdul Hamid | successor16 = ''Sitak direrak'' {{Collapsed infobox section end}}}} | birth_name = Mohammad Najib bin Abdul Razak | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1953|7|23|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Kuala Lipis]], Pahang, Federasyen Malaya | death_date = | death_place = | residence = | party = [[Gerempung Bansa Melayu Beserakup]] (UMNO) <br/> {{small|(1976–present)}} | otherparty = [[Barisan Nasional]] (BN) <br/> {{small|(1976–present)}} | spouse = {{Unbulleted list |{{marriage|Puteri Zainah Eskandar|1976|1987|end=div.}} |{{marriage|[[Rosmah Mansor]]|1987}} }} | children = 5 (nyengkaum, [[Mohd Nazifuddin Najib|Nazifuddin]] enggau [[Nizar Najib|Nizar]]) | education = {{Unbulleted list|[[St. John's Institution]]|[[Malvern College]]}} | relatives = [[Hishammuddin Hussein]] (petunggal) <br/> [[Riza Aziz]] (stepson) <br/> [[:ms:Hussein bin Mohd Taib|Hussein bin Mohd Taib]] (aki) <br/> [[Mohamed Noah Omar]] (aki) <br/> [[Suhailah Noah]] (ini) <br/> [[Onn Hafiz Ghazi]] (first cousin once removed) | parents = {{Unbulleted list|[[Abdul Razak Hussein]] (father)|[[Rahah Noah]] (mother)}} | alma_mater = [[Universiti Nottingham]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BSc]])<ref name="Biodata1">{{cite web |title=Y.A.B. Dato' Sri Mohd Najib Tun Razak |url=http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/index.php/maklumat-kenegaraan/3162-perdana-menteri-malaysia-keenam.html |website=Jabatan Penerangan Malaysia |access-date=26 September 2018 |language=ms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926091511/http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/index.php/maklumat-kenegaraan/3162-perdana-menteri-malaysia-keenam.html |archive-date=26 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> | signature = Najib_Razak_Signature.svg | title = | native_name_lang = ms }} {{Infobox officeholder | office1 = Faction represented in [[Dewan Rakyat]] | subterm1 = 1976–1982 | suboffice1 = [[Barisan Nasional]] | subterm2 = 1986–2022 | suboffice2 = [[Barisan Nasional]] | office4 = Faction represented in [[Pahang State Legislative Assembly]] | subterm4 = 1982–1986 | suboffice4 = [[Barisan Nasional]] }} '''Mohammad Najib bin Abdul Razak''' ({{Langx|ms-Arab|محمد نجيب بن عبد الرزاق}},{{IPA|ms|muhammad nadʒɪb|lang}}; ada 23 Julai 1953) nya siku orang politik Malaysia ke kala nyadi Menteri Besai Malaysia ke-6 kenyau taun 2009 ngagai 2018. Dalam taun 2020, iya diukum ketegal makai suap dalam skandal 1Malaysia Development Berhad,<ref>{{cite web|last=Tee|first=Kenneth|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2020/07/28/high-court-finds-najib-guilty-of-misappropriation-of-rm42m-src-internationa/1888749|title=High Court finds Najib guilty of all seven charges in misappropriation of RM42m SRC International funds|date=28 Jul 2020|newspaper=[[Malay Mail]]|access-date=2 February 2024|archive-date=1 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001094146/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2020/07/28/high-court-finds-najib-guilty-of-misappropriation-of-rm42m-src-internationa/1888749|url-status=live}}</ref> siti ari skandal ngubah duit enggau ngerumpak ti pemadu besai dalam sejarah.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/28/1mdb-inside-story-worlds-biggest-financial-scandal-malaysia|title=1MDB: The inside story of the world's biggest financial scandal|work=[[The Guardian]]|first=Randeep|last=Ramesh|date=28 July 2016|access-date=31 August 2022|archive-date=11 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111085317/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/28/1mdb-inside-story-worlds-biggest-financial-scandal-malaysia|url-status=live}} </ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-08-09|title=1MDB: The playboys, PMs and partygoers around a global financial scandal|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-46341603|access-date=2022-08-31|archive-date=21 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721081321/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-46341603|url-status=live}} </ref> Iya anak Menteri Besai ke dulu suba iya nya Abdul Razak Hussein. Najib mangku pengawa nyadi chairman gempung [[Barisan Nasional]] (BN) ari bulan April 2009 ngagai Mei 2018 lalu nyadi presiden Gerempung Bansa Melayu Beserakup (UMNO) ari bulan November 2008 nyentuk Mei 2018. Taja pia, gempung nya ngasaika alah ke enda kala nyadi sebedau tu ba pengawa bepilih besai 2018, dikaitka enggau dawa makai suap ke ngaul Najib enggau sida sebilik, ke ngerusak pengadang mensia mayuh ngagai parti ke megai perintah. Pengawa ti ngepunka Chukai Barang enggau Servis, ti dianggap mayuh orang enda dikerinduka mensia mayuh, mega mayuh meri pangka ngagai penurun sukung.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-05-23|title=Mahathir moment|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/world-affairs/mahathir-moment/article10108358.ece|access-date=|website=Frontline|language=en}}</ref> Najib dipilih nyadi Kaban Parlimen Malaysia dalam taun 1976, maya umur iya 23 taun, nganti apai iya ke udah nadai ba penuduk Pekan ke bepalan ba Pahang. Ba taun ke sama, iya dipadu nyadi ketuai pampang Nembiak UMNO Pekan lalu nyadi kaban Kaunsil Pemadu Tinggi sayap anembiak. Ba taun-taun keterubah iya bejalaika pengawa politik, Najib mangku pengawa nyadi sapit menteri dalam taun 1976, lalu entara taun 1982 enggau 1986, iya nyadi Kepala Menteri Pahang. Udah nya, nyentuk ngagai taun 2009, iya betukar-tukar ba serata Kabinet Malaysia, ngambi mayuh macham portfolio menteri dalam pengawa ngetan, pelajar, budaya, nembiak enggau lumba enggau main, lalu kepenudi iya ba pekara wang. Entara taun 1993 ngagai 2009, Najib kala nyadi Sapit Presiden UMNO. Sekumbang iya nyadi Sapit Menteri Besai, iya dituduh bisi kaul enggau kes bunuh Altantuya Shaariibuu taun 2006,<ref>{{Cite web|last=HABIB|first=SHAHANAAZ|date=2008-07-03|title=Altantuya: Razak's PI makes shocking statutory declaration (Update)|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2008/07/03/altantuya-razaks-pi-makes-shocking-statutory-declaration-update|access-date=|website=The Star|language=en}}</ref> tang iya nyangkal kaul iya enggau kes nya.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tee|first=Kenneth|date=2019-01-23|title=Najib: Lies. I never met Altantuya|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/01/23/najib-lies.-i-never-met-altantuya/1715617|access-date=|website=Malay Mail|language=en}}</ref> Pengawa Najib nyadi menteri besai, entara taun 2009 enggau 2018, ditanda enggau atur liberalisasyen ekonomi, baka ngurangka subsidi perintah, ti enda dikerinduka mensia mayuh. Pengudah pengawa bepilih taun 2013, perintah iya nguji sekeda orang ke mantah iya ba dawa ngachau, pengawa jil ketuai penyakal [[Anwar Ibrahim]] berindik ari iya diukum ketegal sodomi enggau pengawa bejalaika Chukai Barang enggau Servis (GST). Iya nyadi Menteri Besai maya penusah Penerebai Bilun Malaysia 370 enggau penyarut enggau [[Korea Utara]] berindik aripemunuh Kim Jong-nam. Dalam taun 2015, Najib udah teparuk enggau skandal makai suap ti besai ke bekaul enggau kompeni beranakka puku menua 1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB) ti ngujungka gempuru minta iya badu mangku pengawa, ti betuaika timbal renggat baruh Bersih.<ref>[http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/arrests-at-rally-calling-for-najibs-resignation Arrests at rally calling for Najib's resignation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806013210/http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/arrests-at-rally-calling-for-najibs-resignation|date=6 August 2015}}. </ref><ref>[https://www.wsj.com/articles/protesters-call-on-malaysian-prime-minister-to-resign-1438437489 Protesters Call on Malaysian Prime Minister to resign] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831215050/https://www.wsj.com/articles/protesters-call-on-malaysian-prime-minister-to-resign-1438437489|date=31 August 2017}}. </ref><ref>[http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/bersih-plans-overnight-rally-in-august-to-demand-najibs-resignation Bersih plans overnight rally in August to demand Najib's resignation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826222429/http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/bersih-plans-overnight-rally-in-august-to-demand-najibs-resignation|date=26 August 2015}}. </ref> Bantah tu ngujungka Deklarasyen Peranak Menua Malaysia ti digaga [[Mahathir Mohamad]], Pakatan Harapan enggau gerempung ukai dikuasa perintah (NGO) ti nguji deka nangkap Najib.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/malaysia-alliance-demands/2572686.html|title=Malaysia alliance demands removal of scandal-hit PM Najib|access-date=9 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712144352/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/malaysia-alliance-demands/2572686.html|archive-date=12 July 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/mahathir-and-opposition-sign-declaration-to-oust-najib|title=Malaysia's Mahathir and opposition sign declaration to oust Najib|newspaper=The Straits Times|date=4 March 2016|access-date=9 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329195113/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/mahathir-and-opposition-sign-declaration-to-oust-najib|archive-date=29 March 2019|url-status=live}} </ref> Timbal Najib ngagai tuduh makai suap nya dikena iya ngerapitka agi pegai iya ba kuasa enggau chara nganti sapit menteri besai maya nya Muhyiddin Yassin, ngetuka dua bengkah surat berita lalu meransang nengah parlimen Rang Undang-undang Kaunsil Pengelikun Menua ti kontroversial ti meri menteri besai nya kuasa ti enda kala nyadi sebedau tu.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/malaysia-1mdb-najib-idUSL3N10L2P120150811#5Js2PtR7YiUo62fQ.97|title=Malaysia's Najib looks to ride out political crisis|date=11 August 2015|access-date=8 December 2015|newspaper=Reuters|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329183751/https://www.reuters.com/article/malaysia-1mdb-najib-idUSL3N10L2P120150811#5Js2PtR7YiUo62fQ.97|archive-date=29 March 2019|url-status=live}} </ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businesstimes.com.sg/government-economy/new-bill-gives-najib-extensive-powers|title=New bill gives Najib extensive powers|date=5 December 2015|access-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329200633/https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/government-economy/new-bill-gives-najib-extensive-powers|archive-date=29 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Bemacham pengawa ngurangka subsidi ari Najib udah ngujungka ungkus pengidup niki enggau jampat,<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-01-07/malaysians-seen-curbing-spending-as-living-costs-surge-economy Malaysians seen curbing spending as living costs surge] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112052004/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-01-07/malaysians-seen-curbing-spending-as-living-costs-surge-economy|date=12 November 2017}}. </ref> seraya rega minyak ti enda tetap sereta penusah ari skandal 1MDB ngujungka rega [[Ringgit Malaysia|mata duit Malaysia]] nurun.<ref>[http://www.themalaymailonline.com/money/article/ringgit-oil-pricesdrop-ahead-of-najibs-economic-address Ringgit, oil prices drop ahead of Najib's economic address] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707091723/http://www.themalaymailonline.com/money/article/ringgit-oil-pricesdrop-ahead-of-najibs-economic-address|date=7 July 2015}}. </ref><ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-07-31/ringgit-extends-monthly-losses-as-1mdb-scandal-hurts-sentiment Ringgit extends monthly losses as 1MDB scandal hurts sentiment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112052136/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-07-31/ringgit-extends-monthly-losses-as-1mdb-scandal-hurts-sentiment|date=12 November 2017}} </ref> Tu ngujungka BN alah ba pengawa bepilih besai 2018. Najib udah nya ngaku alah lalu besemaya deka mantu ngemudahka pengawa betukar kuasa enggau lanchar.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2018/05/368245/najib-congratulates-dr-mahathir-over-pm-appointment|title=Najib congratulates Dr Mahathir over PM appointment|newspaper=[[New Straits Times]]|date=11 May 2018|access-date=12 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512181921/https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2018/05/368245/najib-congratulates-dr-mahathir-over-pm-appointment|archive-date=12 May 2018|url-status=live}} </ref> Kena 3 Julai 2018, Najib ditangkap [[Komisyen Penagang Penyalah Makai Suap Malaysia]] (SPRM), ti mansik bakani RM42 juta (US$10.6 juta) lalu pansut ari SRC International, sebengkah kompeni ti bisi kaul enggau 1MDB, tama ngagai akaun bank Najib.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Malaysian PM Najib Razak arrested, to be charged on Wednesday over 1MDB scandal|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/najib-razak-arrested-1mdb-scandal-to-be-charged-10495160|access-date=29 July 2020|website=CNA|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820211427/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/najib-razak-arrested-1mdb-scandal-to-be-charged-10495160|archive-date=20 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Dalam proses nya, polis ngerampas sekeda aksesori fesyen ke berega $273 juta lebuh ngiga nengah reta tengkira iya.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/25/1mdb-scandal-explained-a-tale-of-malaysias-missing-billions 1MDB scandal explained: a tale of Malaysia's missing billions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831031907/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/25/1mdb-scandal-explained-a-tale-of-malaysias-missing-billions|date=31 August 2019}} Published by The Guardian on 25 October 2018 </ref> Najib udah nya didawa lalu diukum Kort Tinggi ketegal salah guna kuasa, ngubah duit enggau ngelanggar pengarap jenayah, nyadi Menteri Besai Malaysia keterubah diukum ketegal makai suap,<ref name="cna28jul20">{{cite news|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/malaysia-najib-razak-1mdb-trial-verdict-guilty-12967036|title=Former Malaysia PM Najib Razak found guilty of all 7 charges in 1MDB trial|website=[[CNA (news channel)|Channel News Asia]]|date=28 July 2020|access-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729201236/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/malaysia-najib-razak-1mdb-trial-verdict-guilty-12967036|archive-date=29 July 2020|url-status=live}} </ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-53563065|title=Najib Razak: Former Malaysian PM guilty on all charges in corruption trial|website=[[BBC News]]|date=28 July 2020|access-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728060122/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-53563065|archive-date=28 July 2020|url-status=live}} </ref> lalu diukum jil 12 taun enggau ukum mata duit RM210 juta.<ref name="st28jul20">{{cite news|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/ex-malaysian-pm-najib-found-guilty-on-one-count-of-abuse-of-power-in-1mdb-linked-graft|title=Ex-Malaysian PM Najib gets 12 years' jail in 1MDB-linked graft trial|website=[[The Straits Times]]|date=28 July 2020|access-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728034712/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/ex-malaysian-pm-najib-found-guilty-on-one-count-of-abuse-of-power-in-1mdb-linked-graft|archive-date=28 July 2020|url-status=live}} </ref><ref name="1cna28jul20">{{cite news|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/malaysia-najib-razak-1mdb-trial-verdict-guilty-12967036|title=Former Malaysia PM Najib Razak sentenced to 12 years in jail following guilty verdict in 1MDB trial|website=[[Channel NewsAsia]]|date=28 July 2020|access-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729201236/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/malaysia-najib-razak-1mdb-trial-verdict-guilty-12967036|archive-date=29 July 2020|url-status=live}} </ref> Berebak enggau nya, Najib mega berebak diasuh mutarka utang chukai ti berutang ngagai Opis Asil Dalam Negeri (LHDN) sepenyampau RM1.69 bilion.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-22|title=High Court allows IRB to collect RM1.69b in tax arrears from former PM Najib|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2020/07/22/high-court-allows-irb-to-collect-rm1.69b-in-tax-arrears-from-former-pm-naji/1886981|access-date=|website=www.malaymail.com}}</ref> Ukum nya dikemendarka Kort Perintah Besai kena 23 Ogos 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Wong|first=Feliz Solomon and Ying Xian|date=2022-08-23|title=Najib Razak, Malaysia's Ex-Prime Minister, to Be Imprisoned After Losing Final 1MDB Appeal|language=en-US|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/najib-razak-malaysias-ex-prime-minister-to-be-imprisoned-after-losing-final-1mdb-appeal-11661245317|access-date=2022-08-23|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=28 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328151212/https://www.wsj.com/articles/najib-razak-malaysias-ex-prime-minister-to-be-imprisoned-after-losing-final-1mdb-appeal-11661245317|url-status=live}} </ref> Diatu iya benung nembuka ukum ba Rumah Jil Kajang.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/crime-courts/2022/08/825035/najib-taken-kajang-prison|title=Najib taken to Kajang Prison|date=23 August 2022|newspaper=[[New Straits Times]]|access-date=2 February 2024|archive-date=4 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204203623/https://www.nst.com.my/news/crime-courts/2022/08/825035/najib-taken-kajang-prison|url-status=live}}</ref> Pengawa politik Najib udah dikeruga mayuh bengkah kontroversi enggau tuduh penyalah makai suap.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-08-26|title=Najib Razak's Political Career: The End of the Beginning or the End of the End?|url=https://fulcrum.sg/najib-razaks-political-career-the-end-of-the-beginning-or-the-end-of-the-end/|access-date=|website=FULCRUM|language=en}}</ref> == Pengidup tumu enggau pelajar == Najib ada kena 23 Julai 1953 ba palan pengentap pendiau rasmi Sekretari Negeri Pahang di Bukit Bius,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sayangsabah.com/en/midwife-proud-to-have-cared-for-najib/|title=Midwife proud to have cared for Najib|date=21 February 2016|publisher=Sayang Sabah|author=Vivien, Ann|access-date=23 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323155926/https://www.sayangsabah.com/en/midwife-proud-to-have-cared-for-najib/|archive-date=23 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Kuala Lipis]], Pahang. Najib nya anak sulung Menteri Besai Malaysia [[Abdul Razak Hussein|Abdul Razak]] ari enam iku menyadi. Madi iya, [[Nazir Razak|Mohd Nazir Abdul Razak]],<ref>[http://www.cimb.com/index.php?ch=subch_about_cimb_group&pg=pg_acg_our_leaders&ac=42&tpt=cimb_group#top CIMB Group, 25 May 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428175336/http://www.cimb.com/index.php?ch=subch_about_cimb_group&pg=pg_acg_our_leaders&ac=42&tpt=cimb_group#top|date=28 April 2014}}. Cimb.com. Retrieved on 24 October 2011.</ref> ngempu pemeri pinjau kedua pemadu besai menua nya iya nya, [[Bumiputra-Commerce Holdings|Bumiputra-Commerce Holdings Bhd.]]<ref>[http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/malaysia/14806-najib-deals-with-more-perception-pitfalls- PAC to haul up seven ministries, agencies for weak finances] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061036/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/malaysia/14806-najib-deals-with-more-perception-pitfalls-|date=4 March 2016}}. Themalaysianinsider.com. Retrieved on 24 October 2011.</ref> Najib mega siku ari Empat Bangsawan Pahang Darul Makmur (Kort Diraja) ketegal gelar waris iya [[Orang Kaya Indera Shahbandar]]. Iya nerima pelajar primari enggau sekondari iya ba [[St. John's Institution, Kuala Lumpur|Institusyen St. John, Kuala Lumpur]]. Iya udah nya nyambung pelajar iya ba [[Kolej Malvern]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Profile: Najib Razak : To Najib Razak the Malaysian premiership may feel like a birthright.|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/malaysia/5099246/Profile-Najib-Razak.html|publisher=The Daily Telegraph, 3 April 2009|access-date=15 March 2010|location=London|first=Thomas|last=Bell|date=3 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129175427/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/malaysia/5099246/Profile-Najib-Razak.html|archive-date=29 January 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> di [[Worcestershire]], England, lalu udah nya belajar di [[Universiti Nottingham]], ke alai iya nerima ijazah sarjana [[ekonomi industri]] dalam taun 1974. Najib Razak pulai ke Malaysia dalam taun 1974 lalu masuk dunya dagang, gawa enda lama ba [[Bank Negara Malaysia]] lalu udah nya enggau [[Petronas]] (kompeni minyak nasional Malaysia) nyadi menijar pekara rama.<ref name=":12">[http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=63996 "How Najib and Abdullah rose to nation's top post".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110621233817/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=63996|date=21 June 2011}}, [[Daily Express]], 4 April 2009</ref> ==Kereban sanding== {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Pengada 1953]] [[Kategori:Orang idup]] [[Kategori:Menteri Besai Malaysia]] [[Kategori:Sapit Menteri Besai Malaysia]] [[Kategori:Kepala Menteri Pahang]] [[Kategori:Orang Islam Malaysia]] [[Kategori:Orang Malaysia bepeturun Bugis]] [[Kategori:Orang Malaysia bepeturun Melayu]] phdxlc56qk7nrvggahapws7fpzg8zs1 20264 20263 2026-11-04T15:15:07Z Song GK 9 20264 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[Malay styles and titles#Honorary styles|Yang Berbahagia]] [[Malay styles and titles#State titles|Dato' Sri]] | name = Najib Razak | native_name = {{nobold|نجيب رزاق}} | honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=MYS|size=100|DK II (Pahang)|DK I (Brunei)|SPMK (Kelantan)|DMK|SSSJ|SPSA|SSAP|SIMP|SPDK|DUNM|DP|DSAP|PNBS}} | image = Najib Razak 2008-08-21.jpg | caption = Potret rasmi, 2008 | order = ke-6 | office = Menteri Besai Malaysia | monarch = {{Unbulleted list |[[Mizan Zainal Abidin of Terengganu|Mizan Zainal Abidin]] |[[Abdul Halim of Kedah|Abdul Halim]] |[[Muhammad V of Kelantan|Muhammad V]] }} | deputy = {{Unbulleted list |[[Muhyiddin Yassin]] |[[Ahmad Zahid Hamidi]] }} | term_start = 3 April 2009 | term_end = 9 Me 2018 | predecessor = [[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]] | successor = [[Mahathir Mohamad]] | office1 = [[Presiden Gerempung Bansa Melayu Beserakup]] ke-7<br />{{small|(''ex officio'': Chairman [[Barisan Nasional]])}} | deputy1 = {{Unbulleted list|Muhyiddin Yassin|Ahmad Zahid Hamidi}} | term_start1 = 26 Mach 2009 | term_end1 = 12 Me 2018 | predecessor1 = Abdullah Ahmad Badawi | successor1 = Ahmad Zahid Hamidi | order2 = ke-9 | office2 = Sapit Menteri Besai Malaysia | primeminister2 = Abdullah Ahmad Badawi | term_start2 = 7 Januari 2004 | term_end2 = 3 April 2009 | predecessor2 = Abdullah Ahmad Badawi | successor2 = Muhyiddin Yassin | order3 = ke-12 | office3 = Kepala Menteri Pahang | monarch3 = [[Ahmad Shah ari Pahang|Ahmad Shah]] | term_start3 = 4 Me 1982 | term_end3 = 14 Ogos 1986 | 1blankname3 = Sapit | 1namedata3 = Abdul Rashid Abdul Rahman | predecessor3 = Abdul Rashid Abdul Rahman | successor3 = [[Mohd Khalil Yaakob]] {{Collapsed infobox section begin |cont = yes |Ministerial portfolios | titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes | subterm4 = 1978–1979 | suboffice4 = [[Ministry of Energy, Telecommunications and Posts (Malaysia)|Deputy Minister of Energy, Telecommunications and Posts]] | subterm5 = 1979–1981 | suboffice5 = [[Deputy Minister of Education (Malaysia)|Deputy Minister of Education]] | subterm6 = 1981–1982 | suboffice6 = [[Ministry of Finance (Malaysia)|Deputy Minister of Finance]] | subterm7 = 1986–1987 | suboffice7 = [[Ministry of Youth and Sports (Malaysia)|Minister of Culture, Youth and Sports]] | subterm8 = 1987–1990 | suboffice8 = [[Ministry of Youth and Sports (Malaysia)|Minister of Youth and Sports]] | subterm9 = 1990–1995 | suboffice9 = [[Minister of Defence (Malaysia)|Minister of Defence]] | subterm10 = 1995–1999 | suboffice10 = [[Minister of Education (Malaysia)|Minister of Education]] | subterm11 = 1999–2008 | suboffice11 = [[Minister of Defence (Malaysia)|Minister of Defence]] | subterm12 = 2008–2018 | suboffice12 = [[Minister of Finance (Malaysia)|Minister of Finance]] | subterm13 = 2012–2013 | suboffice13 = [[Ministry of Women, Family and Community Development (Malaysia)|Acting Minister of Women, Family and Community Development]] {{Collapsed infobox section end}}}} {{Collapsed infobox section begin |last=yes |Parliamentary offices |titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder |embed=yes | constituency_MP14 = [[Pekan (sitak federal)|Pekan]] | parliament14 = Malaysia | term_start14 = 6 Oktober 1986 | term_end14 = 6 September 2022<ref>{{cite web|last=Lim|first=Ida|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2022/09/02/six-questions-about-najibs-pekan-seat-and-ge15-dreams-now-that-hes-in-prison/26012|title=Six questions about Najib's Pekan seat (and GE15 dreams) now that he's in prison|date=2 September 2022|access-date=4 December 2023|website=Malay Mail|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203183758/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2022/09/02/six-questions-about-najibs-pekan-seat-and-ge15-dreams-now-that-hes-in-prison/26012|url-status=live}} On when the 14-day period would lapse for Najib, Shanmuga said "he has until end of Tuesday, September 6."</ref> | predecessor14 = Mohamed Amin Daud | successor14 = [[Sh Mohmed Puzi Sh Ali]] | term_start15 = 21 Februari 1976 | term_end15 = 14 Jun 1982 | predecessor15 = [[Abdul Razak Hussein]] | successor15 = Mohamed Amin Daud | constituency_AM16 = Bandar Pekan | assembly16 = Pahang State Legislative | term_start16 = 1982 | term_end16 = 1986 | predecessor16 = Shamsiah Abdul Hamid | successor16 = ''Sitak direrak'' {{Collapsed infobox section end}}}} | birth_name = Mohammad Najib bin Abdul Razak | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1953|7|23|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Kuala Lipis]], Pahang, Federasyen Malaya | death_date = | death_place = | residence = | party = [[Gerempung Bansa Melayu Beserakup]] (UMNO) <br/> {{small|(1976–present)}} | otherparty = [[Barisan Nasional]] (BN) <br/> {{small|(1976–present)}} | spouse = {{Unbulleted list |{{marriage|Puteri Zainah Eskandar|1976|1987|end=div.}} |{{marriage|[[Rosmah Mansor]]|1987}} }} | children = 5 (nyengkaum, [[Mohd Nazifuddin Najib|Nazifuddin]] enggau [[Nizar Najib|Nizar]]) | education = {{Unbulleted list|[[St. John's Institution]]|[[Malvern College]]}} | relatives = [[Hishammuddin Hussein]] (petunggal) <br/> [[Riza Aziz]] (stepson) <br/> [[:ms:Hussein bin Mohd Taib|Hussein bin Mohd Taib]] (aki) <br/> [[Mohamed Noah Omar]] (aki) <br/> [[Suhailah Noah]] (ini) <br/> [[Onn Hafiz Ghazi]] (first cousin once removed) | parents = {{Unbulleted list|[[Abdul Razak Hussein]] (father)|[[Rahah Noah]] (mother)}} | alma_mater = [[Universiti Nottingham]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BSc]])<ref name="Biodata1">{{cite web |title=Y.A.B. Dato' Sri Mohd Najib Tun Razak |url=http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/index.php/maklumat-kenegaraan/3162-perdana-menteri-malaysia-keenam.html |website=Jabatan Penerangan Malaysia |access-date=26 September 2018 |language=ms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926091511/http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/index.php/maklumat-kenegaraan/3162-perdana-menteri-malaysia-keenam.html |archive-date=26 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> | signature = Najib_Razak_Signature.svg | title = | native_name_lang = ms }} {{Infobox officeholder | office1 = Faction represented in [[Dewan Rakyat]] | subterm1 = 1976–1982 | suboffice1 = [[Barisan Nasional]] | subterm2 = 1986–2022 | suboffice2 = [[Barisan Nasional]] | office4 = Faction represented in [[Pahang State Legislative Assembly]] | subterm4 = 1982–1986 | suboffice4 = [[Barisan Nasional]] }} '''Mohammad Najib bin Abdul Razak''' ({{Langx|ms-Arab|محمد نجيب بن عبد الرزاق}},{{IPA|ms|muhammad nadʒɪb|lang}}; ada 23 Julai 1953) nya siku orang politik Malaysia ke kala nyadi Menteri Besai Malaysia ke-6 kenyau taun 2009 ngagai 2018. Dalam taun 2020, iya diukum ketegal makai suap dalam skandal 1Malaysia Development Berhad,<ref>{{cite web|last=Tee|first=Kenneth|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2020/07/28/high-court-finds-najib-guilty-of-misappropriation-of-rm42m-src-internationa/1888749|title=High Court finds Najib guilty of all seven charges in misappropriation of RM42m SRC International funds|date=28 Jul 2020|newspaper=[[Malay Mail]]|access-date=2 February 2024|archive-date=1 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001094146/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2020/07/28/high-court-finds-najib-guilty-of-misappropriation-of-rm42m-src-internationa/1888749|url-status=live}}</ref> siti ari skandal ngubah duit enggau ngerumpak ti pemadu besai dalam sejarah.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/28/1mdb-inside-story-worlds-biggest-financial-scandal-malaysia|title=1MDB: The inside story of the world's biggest financial scandal|work=[[The Guardian]]|first=Randeep|last=Ramesh|date=28 July 2016|access-date=31 August 2022|archive-date=11 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111085317/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/28/1mdb-inside-story-worlds-biggest-financial-scandal-malaysia|url-status=live}} </ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-08-09|title=1MDB: The playboys, PMs and partygoers around a global financial scandal|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-46341603|access-date=2022-08-31|archive-date=21 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721081321/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-46341603|url-status=live}} </ref> Iya anak Menteri Besai ke dulu suba iya nya Abdul Razak Hussein. Najib mangku pengawa nyadi chairman gempung [[Barisan Nasional]] (BN) ari bulan April 2009 ngagai Me 2018 lalu nyadi presiden [[Gerempung Bansa Melayu Beserakup]] (UMNO) ari bulan Nobember 2008 nyentuk Me 2018. Taja pia, gempung nya ngasaika alah ke enda kala nyadi sebedau tu ba [[Pengawa bepilih besai Malaysia 2018|pengawa bepilih besai 2018]], dikaitka enggau dawa makai suap ke ngaul Najib enggau sida sebilik, ke ngerusak pengadang mensia mayuh ngagai parti ke megai perintah. Pengawa ti ngepunka Chukai Barang enggau Servis, ti dianggap mayuh orang enda dikerinduka mensia mayuh, mega mayuh meri pangka ngagai penurun sukung.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-05-23|title=Mahathir moment|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/world-affairs/mahathir-moment/article10108358.ece|access-date=|website=Frontline|language=en}}</ref> Najib dipilih nyadi Kaban Parlimen Malaysia dalam taun 1976, maya umur iya 23 taun, nganti apai iya ke udah nadai ba penuduk Pekan ke bepalan ba Pahang. Ba taun ke sama, iya dipadu nyadi ketuai pampang Nembiak UMNO Pekan lalu nyadi kaban Kaunsil Pemadu Tinggi sayap anembiak. Ba taun-taun keterubah iya bejalaika pengawa politik, Najib mangku pengawa nyadi sapit menteri dalam taun 1976, lalu entara taun 1982 enggau 1986, iya nyadi Kepala Menteri Pahang. Udah nya, nyentuk ngagai taun 2009, iya betukar-tukar ba serata Kabinet Malaysia, ngambi mayuh macham portfolio menteri dalam pengawa ngetan, pelajar, budaya, nembiak enggau lumba enggau main, lalu kepenudi iya ba pekara wang. Entara taun 1993 ngagai 2009, Najib kala nyadi Sapit Presiden UMNO. Sekumbang iya nyadi Sapit Menteri Besai, iya dituduh bisi kaul enggau kes bunuh Altantuya Shaariibuu taun 2006,<ref>{{Cite web|last=HABIB|first=SHAHANAAZ|date=2008-07-03|title=Altantuya: Razak's PI makes shocking statutory declaration (Update)|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2008/07/03/altantuya-razaks-pi-makes-shocking-statutory-declaration-update|access-date=|website=The Star|language=en}}</ref> tang iya nyangkal kaul iya enggau kes nya.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tee|first=Kenneth|date=2019-01-23|title=Najib: Lies. I never met Altantuya|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/01/23/najib-lies.-i-never-met-altantuya/1715617|access-date=|website=Malay Mail|language=en}}</ref> Pengawa Najib nyadi menteri besai, entara taun 2009 enggau 2018, ditanda enggau atur liberalisasyen ekonomi, baka ngurangka subsidi perintah, ti enda dikerinduka mensia mayuh. Pengudah pengawa bepilih taun 2013, perintah iya nguji sekeda orang ke mantah iya ba dawa ngachau, pengawa jil ketuai penyakal [[Anwar Ibrahim]] berindik ari iya diukum ketegal sodomi enggau pengawa bejalaika Chukai Barang enggau Servis (GST). Iya nyadi Menteri Besai maya penusah Penerebai Bilun Malaysia 370 enggau penyarut enggau [[Korea Utara]] berindik aripemunuh Kim Jong-nam. Dalam taun 2015, Najib udah teparuk enggau skandal makai suap ti besai ke bekaul enggau kompeni beranakka puku menua 1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB) ti ngujungka gempuru minta iya badu mangku pengawa, ti betuaika timbal renggat baruh Bersih.<ref>[http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/arrests-at-rally-calling-for-najibs-resignation Arrests at rally calling for Najib's resignation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806013210/http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/arrests-at-rally-calling-for-najibs-resignation|date=6 August 2015}}. </ref><ref>[https://www.wsj.com/articles/protesters-call-on-malaysian-prime-minister-to-resign-1438437489 Protesters Call on Malaysian Prime Minister to resign] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831215050/https://www.wsj.com/articles/protesters-call-on-malaysian-prime-minister-to-resign-1438437489|date=31 August 2017}}. </ref><ref>[http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/bersih-plans-overnight-rally-in-august-to-demand-najibs-resignation Bersih plans overnight rally in August to demand Najib's resignation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826222429/http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/bersih-plans-overnight-rally-in-august-to-demand-najibs-resignation|date=26 August 2015}}. </ref> Bantah tu ngujungka Deklarasyen Peranak Menua Malaysia ti digaga [[Mahathir Mohamad]], Pakatan Harapan enggau gerempung ukai dikuasa perintah (NGO) ti nguji deka nangkap Najib.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/malaysia-alliance-demands/2572686.html|title=Malaysia alliance demands removal of scandal-hit PM Najib|access-date=9 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712144352/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/malaysia-alliance-demands/2572686.html|archive-date=12 July 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/mahathir-and-opposition-sign-declaration-to-oust-najib|title=Malaysia's Mahathir and opposition sign declaration to oust Najib|newspaper=The Straits Times|date=4 March 2016|access-date=9 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329195113/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/mahathir-and-opposition-sign-declaration-to-oust-najib|archive-date=29 March 2019|url-status=live}} </ref> Timbal Najib ngagai tuduh makai suap nya dikena iya ngerapitka agi pegai iya ba kuasa enggau chara nganti sapit menteri besai maya nya Muhyiddin Yassin, ngetuka dua bengkah surat berita lalu meransang nengah parlimen Rang Undang-undang Kaunsil Pengelikun Menua ti kontroversial ti meri menteri besai nya kuasa ti enda kala nyadi sebedau tu.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/malaysia-1mdb-najib-idUSL3N10L2P120150811#5Js2PtR7YiUo62fQ.97|title=Malaysia's Najib looks to ride out political crisis|date=11 August 2015|access-date=8 December 2015|newspaper=Reuters|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329183751/https://www.reuters.com/article/malaysia-1mdb-najib-idUSL3N10L2P120150811#5Js2PtR7YiUo62fQ.97|archive-date=29 March 2019|url-status=live}} </ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businesstimes.com.sg/government-economy/new-bill-gives-najib-extensive-powers|title=New bill gives Najib extensive powers|date=5 December 2015|access-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329200633/https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/government-economy/new-bill-gives-najib-extensive-powers|archive-date=29 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Bemacham pengawa ngurangka subsidi ari Najib udah ngujungka ungkus pengidup niki enggau jampat,<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-01-07/malaysians-seen-curbing-spending-as-living-costs-surge-economy Malaysians seen curbing spending as living costs surge] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112052004/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-01-07/malaysians-seen-curbing-spending-as-living-costs-surge-economy|date=12 November 2017}}. </ref> seraya rega minyak ti enda tetap sereta penusah ari skandal 1MDB ngujungka rega [[Ringgit Malaysia|mata duit Malaysia]] nurun.<ref>[http://www.themalaymailonline.com/money/article/ringgit-oil-pricesdrop-ahead-of-najibs-economic-address Ringgit, oil prices drop ahead of Najib's economic address] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707091723/http://www.themalaymailonline.com/money/article/ringgit-oil-pricesdrop-ahead-of-najibs-economic-address|date=7 July 2015}}. </ref><ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-07-31/ringgit-extends-monthly-losses-as-1mdb-scandal-hurts-sentiment Ringgit extends monthly losses as 1MDB scandal hurts sentiment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112052136/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-07-31/ringgit-extends-monthly-losses-as-1mdb-scandal-hurts-sentiment|date=12 November 2017}} </ref> Tu ngujungka BN alah ba pengawa bepilih besai 2018. Najib udah nya ngaku alah lalu besemaya deka mantu ngemudahka pengawa betukar kuasa enggau lanchar.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2018/05/368245/najib-congratulates-dr-mahathir-over-pm-appointment|title=Najib congratulates Dr Mahathir over PM appointment|newspaper=[[New Straits Times]]|date=11 May 2018|access-date=12 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512181921/https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2018/05/368245/najib-congratulates-dr-mahathir-over-pm-appointment|archive-date=12 May 2018|url-status=live}} </ref> Kena 3 Julai 2018, Najib ditangkap [[Komisyen Penagang Penyalah Makai Suap Malaysia]] (SPRM), ti mansik bakani RM42 juta (US$10.6 juta) lalu pansut ari SRC International, sebengkah kompeni ti bisi kaul enggau 1MDB, tama ngagai akaun bank Najib.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Malaysian PM Najib Razak arrested, to be charged on Wednesday over 1MDB scandal|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/najib-razak-arrested-1mdb-scandal-to-be-charged-10495160|access-date=29 July 2020|website=CNA|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820211427/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/najib-razak-arrested-1mdb-scandal-to-be-charged-10495160|archive-date=20 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Dalam proses nya, polis ngerampas sekeda aksesori fesyen ke berega $273 juta lebuh ngiga nengah reta tengkira iya.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/25/1mdb-scandal-explained-a-tale-of-malaysias-missing-billions 1MDB scandal explained: a tale of Malaysia's missing billions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831031907/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/25/1mdb-scandal-explained-a-tale-of-malaysias-missing-billions|date=31 August 2019}} Published by The Guardian on 25 October 2018 </ref> Najib udah nya didawa lalu diukum Kort Tinggi ketegal salah guna kuasa, ngubah duit enggau ngelanggar pengarap jenayah, nyadi Menteri Besai Malaysia keterubah diukum ketegal makai suap,<ref name="cna28jul20">{{cite news|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/malaysia-najib-razak-1mdb-trial-verdict-guilty-12967036|title=Former Malaysia PM Najib Razak found guilty of all 7 charges in 1MDB trial|website=[[CNA (news channel)|Channel News Asia]]|date=28 July 2020|access-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729201236/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/malaysia-najib-razak-1mdb-trial-verdict-guilty-12967036|archive-date=29 July 2020|url-status=live}} </ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-53563065|title=Najib Razak: Former Malaysian PM guilty on all charges in corruption trial|website=[[BBC News]]|date=28 July 2020|access-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728060122/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-53563065|archive-date=28 July 2020|url-status=live}} </ref> lalu diukum jil 12 taun enggau ukum mata duit RM210 juta.<ref name="st28jul20">{{cite news|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/ex-malaysian-pm-najib-found-guilty-on-one-count-of-abuse-of-power-in-1mdb-linked-graft|title=Ex-Malaysian PM Najib gets 12 years' jail in 1MDB-linked graft trial|website=[[The Straits Times]]|date=28 July 2020|access-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728034712/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/ex-malaysian-pm-najib-found-guilty-on-one-count-of-abuse-of-power-in-1mdb-linked-graft|archive-date=28 July 2020|url-status=live}} </ref><ref name="1cna28jul20">{{cite news|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/malaysia-najib-razak-1mdb-trial-verdict-guilty-12967036|title=Former Malaysia PM Najib Razak sentenced to 12 years in jail following guilty verdict in 1MDB trial|website=[[Channel NewsAsia]]|date=28 July 2020|access-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729201236/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/malaysia-najib-razak-1mdb-trial-verdict-guilty-12967036|archive-date=29 July 2020|url-status=live}} </ref> Berebak enggau nya, Najib mega berebak diasuh mutarka utang chukai ti berutang ngagai Opis Asil Dalam Negeri (LHDN) sepenyampau RM1.69 bilion.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-22|title=High Court allows IRB to collect RM1.69b in tax arrears from former PM Najib|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2020/07/22/high-court-allows-irb-to-collect-rm1.69b-in-tax-arrears-from-former-pm-naji/1886981|access-date=|website=www.malaymail.com}}</ref> Ukum nya dikemendarka Kort Perintah Besai kena 23 Ogos 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Wong|first=Feliz Solomon and Ying Xian|date=2022-08-23|title=Najib Razak, Malaysia's Ex-Prime Minister, to Be Imprisoned After Losing Final 1MDB Appeal|language=en-US|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/najib-razak-malaysias-ex-prime-minister-to-be-imprisoned-after-losing-final-1mdb-appeal-11661245317|access-date=2022-08-23|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=28 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328151212/https://www.wsj.com/articles/najib-razak-malaysias-ex-prime-minister-to-be-imprisoned-after-losing-final-1mdb-appeal-11661245317|url-status=live}} </ref> Diatu iya benung nembuka ukum ba Rumah Jil Kajang.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/crime-courts/2022/08/825035/najib-taken-kajang-prison|title=Najib taken to Kajang Prison|date=23 August 2022|newspaper=[[New Straits Times]]|access-date=2 February 2024|archive-date=4 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204203623/https://www.nst.com.my/news/crime-courts/2022/08/825035/najib-taken-kajang-prison|url-status=live}}</ref> Pengawa politik Najib udah dikeruga mayuh bengkah kontroversi enggau tuduh penyalah makai suap.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-08-26|title=Najib Razak's Political Career: The End of the Beginning or the End of the End?|url=https://fulcrum.sg/najib-razaks-political-career-the-end-of-the-beginning-or-the-end-of-the-end/|access-date=|website=FULCRUM|language=en}}</ref> == Pengidup tumu enggau pelajar == Najib ada kena 23 Julai 1953 ba palan pengentap pendiau rasmi Sekretari Negeri Pahang di Bukit Bius,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sayangsabah.com/en/midwife-proud-to-have-cared-for-najib/|title=Midwife proud to have cared for Najib|date=21 February 2016|publisher=Sayang Sabah|author=Vivien, Ann|access-date=23 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323155926/https://www.sayangsabah.com/en/midwife-proud-to-have-cared-for-najib/|archive-date=23 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Kuala Lipis]], Pahang. Najib nya anak sulung Menteri Besai Malaysia [[Abdul Razak Hussein|Abdul Razak]] ari enam iku menyadi. Madi iya, [[Nazir Razak|Mohd Nazir Abdul Razak]],<ref>[http://www.cimb.com/index.php?ch=subch_about_cimb_group&pg=pg_acg_our_leaders&ac=42&tpt=cimb_group#top CIMB Group, 25 May 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428175336/http://www.cimb.com/index.php?ch=subch_about_cimb_group&pg=pg_acg_our_leaders&ac=42&tpt=cimb_group#top|date=28 April 2014}}. Cimb.com. Retrieved on 24 October 2011.</ref> ngempu pemeri pinjau kedua pemadu besai menua nya iya nya, [[Bumiputra-Commerce Holdings|Bumiputra-Commerce Holdings Bhd.]]<ref>[http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/malaysia/14806-najib-deals-with-more-perception-pitfalls- PAC to haul up seven ministries, agencies for weak finances] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061036/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/malaysia/14806-najib-deals-with-more-perception-pitfalls-|date=4 March 2016}}. Themalaysianinsider.com. Retrieved on 24 October 2011.</ref> Najib mega siku ari Empat Bangsawan Pahang Darul Makmur (Kort Diraja) ketegal gelar waris iya [[Orang Kaya Indera Shahbandar]]. Iya nerima pelajar primari enggau sekondari iya ba [[St. John's Institution, Kuala Lumpur|Institusyen St. John, Kuala Lumpur]]. Iya udah nya nyambung pelajar iya ba [[Kolej Malvern]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Profile: Najib Razak : To Najib Razak the Malaysian premiership may feel like a birthright.|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/malaysia/5099246/Profile-Najib-Razak.html|publisher=The Daily Telegraph, 3 April 2009|access-date=15 March 2010|location=London|first=Thomas|last=Bell|date=3 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129175427/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/malaysia/5099246/Profile-Najib-Razak.html|archive-date=29 January 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> di [[Worcestershire]], England, lalu udah nya belajar di [[Universiti Nottingham]], ke alai iya nerima ijazah sarjana [[ekonomi industri]] dalam taun 1974. Najib Razak pulai ke Malaysia dalam taun 1974 lalu masuk dunya dagang, gawa enda lama ba [[Bank Negara Malaysia]] lalu udah nya enggau [[Petronas]] (kompeni minyak nasional Malaysia) nyadi menijar pekara rama.<ref name=":12">[http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=63996 "How Najib and Abdullah rose to nation's top post".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110621233817/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=63996|date=21 June 2011}}, [[Daily Express]], 4 April 2009</ref> ==Kereban sanding== {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Pengada 1953]] [[Kategori:Orang idup]] [[Kategori:Menteri Besai Malaysia]] [[Kategori:Sapit Menteri Besai Malaysia]] [[Kategori:Kepala Menteri Pahang]] [[Kategori:Orang Islam Malaysia]] [[Kategori:Orang Malaysia bepeturun Bugis]] [[Kategori:Orang Malaysia bepeturun Melayu]] b9rtar25e38cs2o3c4669s07emav7y4 0 7045 20278 20123 2026-11-05T10:42:50Z Song GK 9 /* Malaysia Timur (Sarawak, Sabah enggau Labuan) */ 20278 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pelilih menua''' ({{langx|ms|Daerah}}) nya sebansa bagi kuasa perintah baruh tikas negeri di Malaysia. Ba negeri-negeri kelimpah ari [[Kelantan]], [[Sarawak]] enggau [[Sabah]], pelilih menua nya bagi kuasa perintah tikas kedua. Pelilih menua nya bagi kuasa perintah tikas ketiga pengudah ''Jajahan'' ba Kelantan, ''Bagi Menua'' ba Sabah enggau Sarawak. ==Rintai== ===Malaysia Barat (Semenanjung Malaysia)=== {{legend|#FFAAAA|[[Kandang Menua Federal (Malaysia)|Kandang menua federal (Ukai pelilih menua)]]}} {{legend|#AAFFAA|Pelilih menua bestatus mengeri}} {{legend|#AAAAFF|Pelilih menua bestatus kandang mengeri}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kandang Menua Federal / Negeri !Nama Pelilih Menua !Indu nengeri / Nengeri pemadu besai !Penyampau tubuh (2020{{My10|2020kf}})<!--Include Non-Malaysian--> !Pemesai (km²) !Penias mensia |- | rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="background:#fff;"| {{flag|Kandang Menua Federal (Malaysia)}} |- style="background:#faa;" |{{N/A}} | {{flag|Kuala Lumpur}} |{{pop density|1982112|243|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- style="background:#faa;" |{{N/A}} | {{flag|Putrajaya}} |{{pop density|109202|49|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- | rowspan="11" colspan="1" style="background:#fff;"| {{flag|Johor}} |- style="background:#aaf;" |{{flagicon image|Flag of Batu Pahat, Johor.svg}} [[Pelilih Menua Batu Pahat]] |[[Batu Pahat (town)|Batu Pahat]] |{{pop density|495338|1966|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- style="background:#afa;" |{{flagicon image|Flag of Johor Bahru, Johor.svg}} [[Pelilih Menua Johor Bahru]] |[[Johor Bahru]] |{{pop density|1711191|1066|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- style="background:#aaf;" |{{flagicon image|Flag of Kluang, Johor.svg}} [[Pelilih Menua Kluang]] |[[Kluang (pasar)|Kluang]] |{{pop density|323762|2865|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |-style="background:#aaf;" |{{flagicon image|Flag of Kota Tinggi, Johor.svg}} [[Pelilih Menua Kota Tinggi]] |[[Kota Tinggi]] |{{pop density|222382|3489|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- style="background:#aaf;" |{{flagicon image|Flag of Kulai, Johor.svg}} [[Pelilih Menua Kulai]] |[[Kulai]] |{{pop density|329497|756|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |{{flagicon image|Flag of Mersing, Johor.svg}} [[Pelilih Menu Mersing]] |[[Mersing]] |{{pop density|78195|2857|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- style="background:#aaf;" |{{flagicon image|Flag of Muar, Johor.svg}} [[Pelilih Menua Muar]] |[[Muar (mengeri)|Muar]] |{{pop density|314776|1393|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- style="background:#aaf;" |{{flagicon image|Flag of Pontian, Johor.svg}} [[Pelilih Menua Pontian]] |[[Pontian Kechil]] |{{pop density|173318|933|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |-style="background:#aaf;" |{{flagicon image|Flag of Segamat, Johor.svg}} [[Pelilih Menua Segamat]] |[[Segamat (mengeri)|Segamat]] |{{pop density|197762|2867|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |{{flagicon image|Flag of Tangkak, Johor.svg}} [[Pelilih Menua Tangkak]] |[[Tangkak]] |{{pop density|163449|977|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- | rowspan="13" colspan="1" style="background:#fff;"| {{flag|Kedah}} |- |[[Pelilih Menua Baling]] |[[Baling]] |{{pop density|142643|1529|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Pelilih Menua Bandar Baharu]] |[[Serdang, Kedah|Serdang]] |{{pop density|44412|271|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- style="background:#afa;" |[[Pelilih Menua Kota Setar]] |[[Alor Setar]] |{{pop density|374051|420|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- style="background:#aaf;" |[[Pelilih Menua Kuala Muda]] |[[Sungai Petani]] |{{pop density|544984|913|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- style="background:#aaf;" |[[Pelilih Menua Kubang Pasu]] |[[Jitra]] |{{pop density|237759|946|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- style="background:#aaf;" |[[Pelilih Menua Kulim]] |[[Kulim]] |{{pop density|337699|774|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- style="background:#aaf;" |[[Pelilih Menua Langkawi]] |[[Kuah]] |{{pop density|94138|526|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Pelilih Menua Padang Terap]] |[[Kuala Nerang]] |{{pop density|65698|1359|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Pelilih Menua Pendang]] |[[Pendang]] |{{pop density|98922|629|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- style="background:#afa;" |[[Pelilih Menua Pokok Sena]] |[[Pokok Sena]] |{{pop density|49812|244|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Pelilih Menua Sik]] |[[Sik, Kedah|Sik]] |{{pop density|67925|1635|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Pelilih Menua Yan]] |[[Yan Besar]] |{{pop density|73384|246|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- | rowspan="11" colspan="1" style="background:#fff;"| {{flag|Kelantan}} |- |{{flagicon image|Flag of Bachok, Kelantan.svg}} [[Pelilih Menua Bachok]] |[[Bachok]] |{{pop density|157288|279|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |{{flagicon image|Flag of Gua Musang, Kelantan.svg}} [[Pelilih Menua Gua Musang]]{{notetag|figures include [[Lojing|Lojing Sub-Pelilih Menua]]}} |[[Pelilih Menua Gua Musang|Gua Musang]] |{{pop density|112495|8179|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |{{flagicon image|Flag of Jeli, Kelantan.svg}} [[Pelilih Menua Jeli]] |[[Jeli]] |{{pop density|54656|1326|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- style="background:#aaf;" |{{flagicon image|Flag of Kota Bharu, Kelantan.svg}} [[Pelilih Menua Kota Bharu]] |[[Kota Bharu]] |{{pop density|555757|403|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |{{flagicon image|Flag of Kuala Krai, Kelantan.svg}} [[Pelilih Menua Kuala Krai]] |[[Kuala Krai (mengeri)|Kuala Krai]] |{{pop density|105007|2275|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |{{flagicon image|Flag of Machang, Kelantan.svg}} [[Pelilih Menua Machang]] |[[Machang (mengeri)|Machang]] |{{pop density|110008|526|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |{{flagicon image|Flag of Pasir Mas, Kelantan.svg}} [[Pelilih Menua Pasir Mas]] |[[Pasir Mas (mengeri)|Pasir Mas]] |{{pop density|230424|570|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |{{flagicon image|Flag of Pasir Puteh, Kelantan.svg}} [[Pelilih Menua Pasir Puteh]] |[[Pasir Puteh]] |{{pop density|136157|423|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |{{flagicon image|Flag of Tanah Merah, Kelantan.svg}} [[Pelilih Menua Tanah Merah]] |[[Tanah Merah, Malaysia|Tanah Merah]] |{{pop density|150766|880|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |{{flagicon image|Flag of Tumpat, Kelantan.svg}} [[Pelilih Menua Tumpat]] |[[Tumpat (mengeri)|Tumpat]] |{{pop density|179943|180|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- | rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="background:#fff;"| {{flag|Melaka}} |- style="background:#aaf;" |[[Pelilih Menua Alor Gajah]] |[[Alor Gajah]] |{{pop density|249356|674|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- style="background:#aaf;" |[[Pelilih Menua Jasin]] |[[Jasin (mengeri)|Jasin]] |{{pop density|151937|679|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- style="background:#afa;" |[[Pelilih Menua Melaka Tengah]] |[[Nengeri Melaka]] |{{pop density|597135|359|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- | rowspan="8" colspan="1" style="background:#fff;"| {{flag|Negeri Sembilan}} |- |[[Jelebu Pelilih Menua]] |[[Kuala Klawang]] |{{pop density|46026|1354|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- style="background:#aaf;" |[[Jempol Pelilih Menua]] |[[Bandar Seri Jempol]] |{{pop density|127181|1485|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Kuala Pilah Pelilih Menua]] |[[Kuala Pilah (town)|Kuala Pilah]] |{{pop density|70324|1027|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- style="background:#aaf;" |[[Port Dickson Pelilih Menua]] |[[Port Dickson (town)|Port Dickson]] |{{pop density|128657|583|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Rembau Pelilih Menua]] |[[Rembau (town)|Rembau]] |{{pop density|47278|406|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- style="background:#afa;" |[[Seremban Pelilih Menua]] |[[Seremban]] |{{pop density|692407|954|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Tampin Pelilih Menua]] |[[Tampin (town)|Tampin]] |{{pop density|88101|851|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- | rowspan="12" colspan="1" style="background:#fff;"| {{flag|Pahang}} |- style="background:#aaf;" |[[Bentong Pelilih Menua]] |[[Bentong]] |{{pop density|116799|1831|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Bera Pelilih Menua]] |[[Bandar Bera]] |{{pop density|98137|2214|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Cameron Highlands Pelilih Menua]] |[[Tanah Rata]] |{{pop density|39004|712|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Jerantut Pelilih Menua]] |[[Jerantut]] |{{pop density|96006|7561|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- style="background:#afa;" |[[Kuantan Pelilih Menua]] |[[Kuantan]] |{{pop density|548014|2960|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Lipis Pelilih Menua]] |[[Kuala Lipis]] |{{pop density|96620|5198|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Maran Pelilih Menua]] |[[Maran (town)|Maran]] |{{pop density|112330|1917|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- style="background:#aaf;" |[[Pekan Pelilih Menua]] |[[Pekan, Pahang|Pekan]] |{{pop density|121158|3805|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Raub Pelilih Menua]] |[[Raub, Pahang|Raub]] |{{pop density|96139|2269|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Rompin Pelilih Menua]] |[[Kuala Rompin]] |{{pop density|98065|5247|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- style="background:#aaf;" |[[Temerloh Pelilih Menua]] |[[Temerloh]] |{{pop density|169023|2251|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- | style="background:#fff;" rowspan="6" colspan="1" | {{flag|Pulau Pinang}} |- style="background:#afa;" |[[Central Seberang Perai Pelilih Menua]] |[[Bukit Mertajam]] |{{pop density|422985|238|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- style="background:#afa;" |[[North Seberang Perai Pelilih Menua]] |[[Kepala Batas, Penang|Kepala Batas]] |{{pop density|339132|268|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- style="background:#afa;" |[[Northeast Penang Island Pelilih Menua]] |[[George Town, Penang|George Town]] |{{pop density|556557|126|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- style="background:#afa;" |[[South Seberang Perai Pelilih Menua]] |[[Sungai Jawi]] |{{pop density|183996|242|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- style="background:#afa;" |[[Southwest Penang Island Pelilih Menua]] |[[Balik Pulau]] |{{pop density|237735|175|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- | rowspan="13" colspan="1" style="background:#fff;"| {{flag|Perak}} |- style="background:#aaf;" |[[Bagan Datuk Pelilih Menua]] |[[Bagan Datuk (town)|Bagan Datuk]] |{{pop density|82785|974|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Batang Padang Pelilih Menua]] |[[Tapah]] |{{pop density|124049|1794|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- style="background:#aaf;" |[[Hilir Perak Pelilih Menua]] |[[Teluk Intan]] |{{pop density|141959|821|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Hulu Perak Pelilih Menua]] |[[Gerik]] |{{pop density|95076|6613|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Kampar Pelilih Menua]] |[[Kampar, Perak|Kampar]] |{{pop density|98732|667|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Kerian Pelilih Menua]] |[[Parit Buntar]] |{{pop density|166352|938|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- style="background:#afa;" |[[Kinta Pelilih Menua]] |[[Batu Gajah]] |{{pop density|888767|1305|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- style="background:#aaf;" |[[Kuala Kangsar Pelilih Menua]] |[[Kuala Kangsar (town)|Kuala Kangsar]] |{{pop density|176060|2562|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- style="background:#aaf;" |[[Larut, Matang and Selama Pelilih Menua]]{{notetag|figures include Selama Sub-Pelilih Menua}} |[[Taiping, Perak|Taiping]] |{{pop density|304023|2115|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- style="background:#aaf;" |[[Manjung Pelilih Menua]] |[[Seri Manjung]] |{{pop density|246977|1126|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Muallim Pelilih Menua]] |[[Tanjung Malim]] |{{pop density|76688|949|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Perak Tengah Pelilih Menua]] |[[Seri Iskandar]] |{{pop density|94573|1282|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |-style="background:#aaf;" | style="background:#fff;"| {{flag|Perlis}} |{{N/A}} |[[Kangar]] |{{pop density|284885|819|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- | rowspan="10" colspan="1" style="background:#fff;"| {{flag|Selangor}} |- style="background:#aaf;" |[[Gombak Pelilih Menua]] |[[Bandar Baru Selayang]] |{{pop density|942336|653|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- style="background:#aaf;" |[[Hulu Langat Pelilih Menua]] |[[Bandar Baru Bangi]] |{{pop density|1400461|833|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- style="background:#aaf;" |[[Hulu Selangor Pelilih Menua]] |[[Kuala Kubu Bharu]] |{{pop density|243029|1749|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- style="background:#afa;" |[[Klang Pelilih Menua]] |[[Klang (city)|Klang]] |{{pop density|1088942|632|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |-style="background:#aaf;" |[[Kuala Langat Pelilih Menua]] |[[Teluk Datok]] |{{pop density|307787|855|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- style="background:#aaf;" |[[Kuala Selangor Pelilih Menua]] |[[Kuala Selangor]] |{{pop density|281753|1187|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- style="background:#afa;" |[[Petaling Pelilih Menua]] |[[Subang, Selangor|Subang]] |{{pop density|2298123|487|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Sabak Bernam Pelilih Menua]] |[[Sabak, Malaysia|Sabak]] |{{pop density|107057|1004|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- style="background:#aaf;" |[[Sepang Pelilih Menua]] |[[Salak Tinggi]] |{{pop density|324935|552|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- | rowspan="9" colspan="1" style="background:#fff;"| {{flag|Terengganu}} |- |{{flagicon image|Flag of Besut, Terengganu.svg}} [[Besut Pelilih Menua]] |[[Kampung Raja]] |{{pop density|154168|1234|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- style="background:#aaf;" |{{flagicon image|Flag of Dungun, Terengganu.svg}} [[Dungun Pelilih Menua]] |[[Kuala Dungun]] |{{pop density|158130|2735|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |{{flagicon image|Flag of Hulu Terengganu, Terengganu.svg}} [[Hulu Terengganu Pelilih Menua]] |[[Kuala Berang]] |{{pop density|69881|3875|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- style="background:#aaf;" |{{flagicon image|Flag of Kemaman, Terengganu.svg}} [[Kemaman Pelilih Menua]] |[[Chukai]] |{{pop density|215582|2536|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- style="background:#afa;" |{{flagicon image|Flag of Kuala Nerus, Terengganu.svg}} [[Kuala Nerus Pelilih Menua]] |[[Kuala Nerus]] |{{pop density|145643|398|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- style="background:#afa;" |{{flagicon image|Flag of Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu.svg}} [[Kuala Terengganu Pelilih Menua]] |[[Kuala Terengganu]] |{{pop density|229780|210|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |{{flagicon image|Flag of Marang, Terengganu.svg}} [[Marang Pelilih Menua]] |[[Marang, Terengganu|Marang]] |{{pop density|116605|667|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |{{flagicon image|Flag of Setiu, Terengganu.svg}} [[Setiu Pelilih Menua]] |[[Bandar Permaisuri]] |{{pop density|59651|1304|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |} ===Malaysia Timur (Sarawak, Sabah enggau Labuan)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kandang Menua Federal / Negeri !Bagi Menua !Nama !Indu nengeri !Penyampau tubuh (2020{{My10|2020kf}})<!--Include Non-Malaysian--> !Pemesai (km²) !Penias mensia |-style="background:#faa;" | style="background:#fff;" colspan="1" | {{flag|Kandang Menua Federal (Malaysia)}} |{{N/A}} | {{flag|Labuan}} |[[Victoria, Labuan|Victoria]] |{{pop density|95120|92|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- | colspan="1" rowspan="32" style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Sabah}} |- | rowspan="9" | [[Bagi Menua Pesisir|Pesisir]] |[[Pelilih Menua Beaufort]] |[[Beaufort, Malaysia|Beaufort]] |{{pop density|75716|1735|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Pelilih Menua Keningau]] |[[Keningau]] |{{pop density|150927|3533|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Pelilih Menua Kuala Penyu]] |[[Kuala Penyu]] |{{pop density|23710|453|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Pelilih Menua Membakut]]{{notetag|digazet nyadi Pelilih Menua penuh kena 30 Mach 2022<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dzulkifli |first1=Hayati |title=Membakut now a full Pelilih Menua |url=https://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news/221670/membakut-now-a-full-Pelilih Menua/ |work=Daily Express Malaysia |date=15 October 2023 }}</ref>}} |[[Membakut]] | | | |- |[[Pelilih Menua Nabawan]] |[[Nabawan]] |{{pop density|28349|6089|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Pelilih Menua Sipitang]] |[[Sipitang]] |{{pop density|37828|2732|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Pelilih Menua Sook]] |[[Sook, Sabah|Sook]] | |- |[[Pelilih Menua Tambunan]] |[[Tambunan]] |{{pop density|31573|1347|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Pelilih Menua Tenom]] |[[Tenom]] |{{pop density|51328|2409|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- | rowspan="3" | [[Bagi Menua Kudat|Kudat]] |[[Pelilih Menua Kota Marudu]] |[[Kota Marudu]] |{{pop density|69528|1917|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Pelilih Menua Kudat]] |[[Kudat]] |{{pop density|86410|1287|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Pelilih Menua Pitas]] |[[Pitas, Malaysia|Pitas]] |{{pop density|36660|1419|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- | rowspan="6" | [[Bagi Menua Sandakan|Sandakan]] |[[Pelilih Menua Beluran]] |[[Beluran]] |{{pop density|77125|5498|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Pelilih Menua Kinabatangan]] |[[Kinabatangan]] |{{pop density|143112|6605|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Pelilih Menua Paitan]] |Paitan | | | |- style="background:#aaf;" |[[Pelilih Menua Sandakan]] |[[Sandakan]] |{{pop density|439050|2266|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Pelilih Menua Telupid]] |[[Telupid]] |{{pop density|29241|2210|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Pelilih Menua Tongod, Malaysia|Pelilih Menua Tongod]] |[[Tongod]] |{{pop density|42742|10054|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- | rowspan="6" | [[Bagi Menua Tawau|Tawau]] |- |[[Pelilih Menua Kalabakan]] |[[Kalabakan]] |{{pop density|48195|3885|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Pelilih Menua Kunak]] |[[Kunak]] |{{pop density|68891|1134|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Pelilih Menua Lahad Datu]] |[[Lahad Datu]] |{{pop density|229138|7444|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Pelilih Menua Semporna]] |[[Semporna]] |{{pop density|166587|1145|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- style="background:#aaf;" |[[Pelilih Menua Tawau]] |[[Tawau]] |{{pop density|372615|2240|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- | rowspan="7" | [[Bagi Menua Pantai Barat|Pantai Barat]] |[[Pelilih Menua Kota Belud]] |[[Kota Belud]] |{{pop density|107243|1386|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- style="background:#afa;" |[[Pelilih Menua Kota Kinabalu]] |[[Kota Kinabalu]] |{{pop density|500421|351|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Pelilih Menua Papar]] |[[Papar, Malaysia|Papar]] |{{pop density|150667|1243|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- style="background:#aaf;" |[[Pelilih Menua Penampang]] |[[Penampang]] |{{pop density|162174|425|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Pelilih Menua Putatan]] |[[Putatan]] |{{pop density|68811|40|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Pelilih Menua Ranau]] |[[Ranau]] |{{pop density|85077|3608|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Pelilih Menua Tuaran]] |[[Tuaran]] |{{pop density|135665|1166|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- | colspan="1" rowspan="47" style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Sarawak}} |- | rowspan="4" | [[Bagi Menua Betong|Betong]] |[[Pelilih Menua Betong]] |[[Betong, Sarawak|Betong]] |{{pop density|36303|1547|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Pelilih Menua Kabong]] |[[Kabong]] |{{pop density|18404|799|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Pelilih Menua Pusa]] |[[Pusa]] |{{pop density|19557|947|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Pelilih Menua Saratok]] |[[Saratok]] |{{pop density|23105|888|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- | rowspan="4" colspan=1| [[Bagi Menua Bintulu|Bintulu]] |--style="background:#aaf;" |[[Pelilih Menua Bintulu]] |[[Bintulu]] |{{pop density|178646|1991|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |-style="background:#aaf;" |[[Pelilih Menua Sebauh]] |[[Sebauh]] |{{pop density|29606|5229|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |-style="background:#aaf;" |[[Pelilih Menua Tatau]] |[[Tatau]] |{{pop density|31920|4946|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- | rowspan="4" | [[Bagi Menua Kapit|Kapit]] |[[Pelilih Menua Belaga]] |[[Belaga, Sarawak|Belaga]] |{{pop density|22502|19050|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Pelilih Menua Kapit]] |[[Kapit]] |{{pop density|36030|3973|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Pelilih Menua Song]] |[[Song]] |{{pop density|9961|3935|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Pelilih Menua Bukit Mabong]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.recoda.com.my/news-events/event/launch-of-bukit-mabong-tunoh-kapit-by-the-chief-minister-of-sarawak/|title=Launch of Bukit Mabong, Tunoh, Kapit by the Chief Minister of Sarawak|publisher=Sarawak Regional Corridor Development Authority|date=3 November 2015|access-date=28 December 2016}}</ref> |[[Bukit Mabong]] |{{pop density|10155|11976|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- | rowspan="3" | [[Bagi Menua Kuching|Kuching]] |[[Pelilih Menua Bau]] |[[Bau, Sarawak|Bau]] |{{pop density|52643|884|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- style="background:#afa;" |[[Pelilih Menua Kuching]] |[[Kuching]] |{{pop density|609205|1498|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Pelilih Menua Lundu]] |[[Lundu]] |{{pop density|33479|1812|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- | rowspan="2" | [[Bagi Menua Limbang|Limbang]] |[[Pelilih Menua Lawas]] |[[Lawas]] |{{pop density|36604|3812|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Pelilih Menua Limbang]] |[[Limbang]] |{{pop density|45061|3978|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- | rowspan="5" | [[Bagi Menua Miri|Miri]] |[[Pelilih Menua Beluru]] |[[Bakong, Sarawak|Bakong]] |{{pop density|28695|4905|km2|disp=table|prec=1}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sarawak.com.my/info/rakansarawak/102001/subPelilih Menua/index.shtml |title=Rakan Sarawak October 2001 |website=www.sarawak.com.my |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606075912/http://www.sarawak.com.my/info/rakansarawak/102001/subPelilih Menua/index.shtml |archive-date=2009-06-06}}</ref> |- |[[Pelilih Menua Marudi]] |[[Marudi]] |{{pop density|18838|3079|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- style="background:#afa;" |[[Pelilih Menua Miri]] |[[Miri]] |{{pop density|248877|5143|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Subis Pelilih Menua]] |[[Subis]] |{{pop density|57289|3821|km2|disp=table|prec=1}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mdsubis.sarawak.gov.my/page-0-68-68-Latar-Belakang-Majlis-Daerah-Subis.html|title = Laman Web Rasmi Majlis Daerah Subis}}</ref> |- |[[Pelilih Menua Telang Usan]] |[[Long Lama]] |{{pop density|17406|9829|km2|disp=table|prec=1}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Abdullah |first1=Mohamad |title=Telang Usan Pelilih Menua Office a game changer |url=https://www.theborneopost.com/2015/10/07/telang-usan-Pelilih Menua-office-a-game-changer/ |work=Borneo Post Online |date=6 October 2015 }}</ref> |- | rowspan="5" | [[Bagi Menua Mukah|Mukah]] |[[Pelilih Menua Dalat]] |[[Dalat, Sarawak|Dalat]] |{{pop density|21147|905|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Pelilih Menua Daro]] |[[Daro]] |{{pop density|19477|1226|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Pelilih Menua Matu]] |[[Matu]] |{{pop density|16316|1600|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Pelilih Menua Mukah]] |[[Mukah]] |{{pop density|42275|2536|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Pelilih Menua Tanjung Manis]] |[[Belawai]] |{{pop density|7946|731|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- | rowspan="5" | [[Bagi Menua Samarahan|Samarahan]] |[[Pelilih Menua Sebuyau]]{{notetag|new Pelilih Menua declared December 2021<ref>{{cite news |title=INFOGRAPHICS: NEW DISTRICTS IN SARAWAK |url=https://bernama.com/es/infographics/index.php?v=8534 |work=BERNAMA |date=13 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>|name=sar2021}} |Sebuyau | | | |- |[[Pelilih Menua Gedong]]{{notetag|name=sar2021}} |Gedong | | | |--style="background:#aaf;" |[[Pelilih Menua Asajaya]] |[[Asajaya]] |{{pop density|33606|303|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |-style="background:#aaf;" |[[Samarahan Pelilih Menua]] |[[Bagi Menua Samarahan|Samarahan]] |{{pop density|128284|407|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Pelilih Menua Simunjan]] |[[Simunjan]] |{{pop density|36211|2218|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- | rowspan="4" | [[Bagi Menua Sarikei|Sarikei]] |[[Pelilih Menua Julau]] |[[Julau]] |{{pop density|15333|1703|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Pelilih Menua Meradong]] |[[Bintangor, Sarawak|Bintangor]] |{{pop density|20299|719|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Pelilih Menua Pakan]] |[[Pakan, Sarawak|Pakan]] |{{pop density|15462|925|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Pelilih Menua Sarikei]] |[[Sarikei]] |{{pop density|44039|985|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- | rowspan="3" | [[Bagi Menua Serian|Serian]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/04/12/serian-now-a-division/|title=Serian now a division|author=Samuel Aubrey|publisher=The Borneo Post|date=12 April 2015|access-date=15 May 2015}}</ref> |[[Pelilih Menua Serian]] |[[Serian, Sarawak|Serian]] |{{pop density|85345|1749|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Pelilih Menua Tebedu]] |[[Tebedu]] |{{pop density|25232|656|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Pelilih Menua Siburan]]{{notetag|name=sar2021}} |[[Siburan]] | | | |- | rowspan="3" | [[Bagi Menua Sibu|Sibu]] |[[Pelilih Menua Kanowit]] |[[Kanowit]] |{{pop density|24700|2254|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- style="background:#aaf;" |[[Pelilih Menua Sibu]] |[[Sibu]] |{{pop density|248064|2230|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Pelilih Menua Selangau]] |[[Selangau]] |{{pop density|19844|3795|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- | rowspan="4" | [[Bagi Menua Sri Aman|Sri Aman]] |[[Lubok Antu Pelilih Menua]] |[[Lubok Antu]] |{{pop density|33479|3143|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Pelilih Menua Sri Aman]] |[[Simanggang]] |{{pop density|61238|2324|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Pelilih Menua Pantu]]{{notetag|name=sar2021}} |[[Pantu]] |{{pop density|11150|833|km2|disp=table|prec=1}} |- |[[Pelilih Menua Lingga]] {{notetag|name=sar2021}} |[[Lingga, Malaysia|Lingga]] | | | |} == Nota == <references group="note"/> == Kereban sanding == <references /> ts6js69kyp70mqlk2avuz5fyu0y2so9 0 7091 20262 2026-11-04T15:10:13Z Song GK 9 Digaga enggau chara nyalin lambar " [[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1382456569|Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission]] " 20262 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox law enforcement agency|agencyname=Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission|nativename=<small>''Suruhanjaya Pencegahan Rasuah Malaysia''</small> <br/> {{Script/Arabic|سوروهنجاي ڤنچڬاهن رسواه مليسيا}}|abbreviation=MACC / SPRM|patch=|patchcaption=|logo=Logo of the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission.svg|logocaption=Logo of the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission|badge=|badgecaption=MACC Headquarters at Putrajaya|flag=|flagcaption=|motto=Bebas, Telus, Profesional|mottotranslated=Independent, Transparent, Professional|formed={{start date and age|1967}}|preceding1=Anti-Corruption Agency (1964–1971, 1989–2010)|preceding2=National Bureau of Investigations (1973–1982)|employees=2,937 (2017)|budget=[[Malaysian ringgit|MYR]] 216,220,000 (2017)|country=Malaysia|national=Yes|federal=|legaljuris=National|governingbody=Government of Malaysia|constitution1=[[Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission Act 2009|MACC Act 2009]]|police=Yes|speciality1=corruption|headquarters=MACC Headquarters, <br />No. 2 Lebuh Wawasan, <br />Precinct 7, [[Putrajaya]]|chief1name=[[Azam Baki]]|chief1position=Chief Commissioner|chief2name=Ahmad Khusairi Yahaya|chief2position=Deputy Chief Commissioner (Operations)|chief3name=Norazlan Mohd Razali|chief3position=Deputy Chief Commissioner (Prevention)|chief4name=Junipah Wandi|chief4position=Deputy Chief Commissioner (Management & Professionalism)|website={{URL|http://www.sprm.gov.my/}}|footnotes=}}'''Komisyen Penagang Penyalah Makai Suap Malaysia''' ({{Langx|ms|Suruhanjaya Pencegahan Rasuah Malaysia}}; [[Urup Jawi|Jawi]]: {{Script/Arabic|سوروهنجاي ڤنچڬاهن رسواه مليسيا}}), ti dipandakka enggau nama '''''SPRM''''' (sebedau tu dikelala enggau nama '''Ejensi Penagang Penyalah Makai Suap''' tauka '''''Badan Pencegah Rasuah'''''), iya nya sebengkah ejensi perintah di [[Malaysia]] ti mansik sereta ngakim [[penyalah makai suap]] ba sektor rama enggau peribit. == Kereban sanding == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} tvtad2t92iruimtbnbezdovhvax0d47 14 7092 20275 2026-11-05T10:31:48Z Song GK 9 Mencipta laman baru dengan kandungan '[[Kategori:Sante Kristian nitihka kurun|13]] [[Kategori:Orang Kristian kurun ke-13|Sante Kristian]]' 20275 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategori:Sante Kristian nitihka kurun|13]] [[Kategori:Orang Kristian kurun ke-13|Sante Kristian]] 2rr8wsebz62yr1tkmae22shv1vav0w5 14 7093 20276 2026-11-05T10:33:50Z Song GK 9 Mencipta laman baru dengan kandungan '{{birthyr|119|5}} {{Commonscat|1195 births}}' 20276 wikitext text/x-wiki {{birthyr|119|5}} {{Commonscat|1195 births}} bvsgixwfsx2qx9ldc93t2hus44ago87 14 7094 20277 2026-11-05T10:35:28Z Song GK 9 Mencipta laman baru dengan kandungan '{{deathyr|123|1}} {{Commonscat|1231 deaths}}' 20277 wikitext text/x-wiki {{deathyr|123|1}} {{Commonscat|1231 deaths}} ffvv3o18bix3hajxd7z19zuzog4dlsh