Wikipedia iewiki https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.10 first-letter Media Special Discussion Usator Usator Discussion Wikipedia Wikipedia Discussion File File Discussion MediaWiki MediaWiki Discussion Avise Avise Discussion Auxilie Auxilie Discussion Categorie Categorie Discussion TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 26 168563 164681 2026-07-09T19:15:44Z Interlingue-fan 24666 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 168563 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bon articul|Edgar de Wahl|2 Decembre 2023}}{{Biografie |nómine = Edgar de Wahl |foto = Edgar de Wahl 1926.jpg |land = Imperie Russ |nascentie = 23 de august 1867 |nas_loc = Olwiopol, Governation de Kherson,<br>Imperie Russ |morte = 9 de marte 1948 |mort_loc = Tallinn, Estonia |ocupation = Matematico e linguist |successes1 = |s1_quande = |successes2 = |s2_quande = }} '''Edgar de Wahl''' (11/23 august 1867 - 9 marte 1948) esset un [[matematico]] e [[linguist]] qui nascet in Olwiopol, [[Russia]]. Hodíe li cité es nominat [[Pervomaysk]] e it es localisat in [[Ucraina]]. Wahl es max famosi por su creation, li lingue auxiliari international [[Interlingue]]. Li lingue esset conosset quam [[Occidental]] til li annu 1949. == Biografie == === Orígine === [[File:WahlWappen.jpg|197px|thumb|right|Blason del familia de Wahl.]] Edgar de Wahl apartenet al linea Päinurme del Wahl (Haus Assick). Su avo esset Carl Gustav von Wahl, qui aquisitet domenes senioral in Oajusi, Tapiku e Kavastu e, per un curt periode de témpor, il esset anc li proprietario del domene senioral de Kaave. Il havet 14 filios de du matrimonies, de qui varie genealogies de Wahl descendet. Un de ili, li avo de Edgar von Wahl, un servitor civil, [[Alexei von Wahl]], qui comprat li domene senioral Päinurme in 1837, comensat li linea Päinurme. Il anc esset luator de un domene senioral in li domene senioral de Taevere, u Oskan von Wahl (1841-1906), li patre de Edgar von Wahl, nascet. Li radices de Edgar von Wahl extendet partialmen a [[Anglia]]. Un de su atavas, li unesim marita de Carl Gustav von Wahl, Henriette Edwards, esset li filia de un mercator anglesi, George Edwards. Li duesim atava, li marita de Alexei von Wahl, Kornelia Elisabeth Knirsch, esset li matre de Marie Turner de Anglia. Li patre de Edgar von Wahl, Oskar von Wahl, un ingeniero de ferrovia, maritat Lydia Amalie Marie von Husen (1845-1907) in Tallinn in 1866. === Infantie e yunesse === Edgar von Wahl nascet in Podolia, Ukraina, li 23 de august 1867. Su genitores hat movet desde que Oskar von Wahl comensat laborar in li ferrovia Odessa-Balta-Kremenchuk-Kharkiv in 1866. On have datos diferente e contradictori pri li loco de nascentie exact de de Wahl. Su cité natal es usualmen li cité de Olviopol, ma altri fontes indica que su loco de nascentie es li cité de Bogopil (anc Bogopol), apu Olviopol, in li altri látere del Fluvie Bug Meridional. In 1869 li plu tard, li familie de Wahl hat movet a Kremenchuk. Li du fratres de de Wahl nascet ta: Oskar Paul Karl, qui morit quam infante in 1869, e Arthur Johann Oskar (qui morit in 1951). Plu tard, li du sestras de de Wahl, Lydia Jenny Cornelia (1871-1917) e Harriet Marie Jenny (1873-1920), e Jenny Theophile (qui morit in 1961) in Sant Petersburg, nascet in Tallinn. Li familie movet a Sant Petersburg in 1876 pos li intervall in Tallinn. In li sam annu, Edgar von Wahl comensat studiar in li Triesim Gymnasio in Sant Petersburg, graduante in 1886. Poy, il studiat architectura e pictura in li Facultá de Fisica e Matematica del Universitá de San Petersburg e in li Academie de Artes de San Petersburg. Pos intrar in li universitá in 1886, Wahl se unit al corporation baltic-german Nevania in San Petersburg, u in li semestre de autun de 1891 il havet li position de tresorero. Wahl graduat del Universitá de San Petersburg in 1891 e in 1893 il recivet li diploma de professor de dessin per li scol elementari. Pos graduar del universitá, Wahl laborat in un curt periode de tempo in San Petersburg in li autun de 1891 quam professor substitute ante intrar in li servicie militari. Quande il esset un infant e un adolescent, Wahl aprendet varie lingues. Quande il esset un infant, il aprendet german, russ, estonian e francesi, e in li licéo il studiat [[latin]] e grec ancian, e hispan in li universitá. Il posset far se comprender in altri nove lingues. Secunde Wahl self, il volet inventar un nove lingue quande il esset un infante. Per li ludes Native American, il developat un "lingue american native" personal de qui li gramatica esset basat in li grec e li estonian. === Servicie militari === [[File:Edgar von Wahl 1914. aastal Vene mereväe ohvitserimundris.jpg|197px|right|thumb|De Wahl con li uniforme del Marine Russ in 1914.]] In 1892 de Wahl ofertat se por servir in li Marine Russ. Durante su servicie, il viageat mult, visitante li insules del Caribe e li Unit States inter altri locs. In li comense de 1894, il recivet li gradu de ''Michman'' (russ: мичман) e retirat se bentost poy. In li estate de 1904, de Wahl esset clamat denov a servicie activ. Il servit in li Flotte del Baltic til octobre 1905, benque il ne participat in li battalies del [[Guerre Russ-Japanes]]. Secun li memories del artiste estonian Olev Mikiver, qui conosset de Wahl quande esset yun, de Wahl hat esset mult fiet de su uniforme de official del era tsarist e quelvez il mem vestit it decennies plu tard: <blockquote> E. von Wahl, incidentalmen, hat esset un oficero in li marine del tsar quande esset yun e, secun su paroles, finit un con rebellion de marineros in Sveaborg, li portu militari o fortresse maral de Helsinki, hodie nominat Suomelinna, in 1905 o 1906. Il deve haber considerat ti-ci témpor sacri, nam decennies plu tard, per exemplo, in li mariage de su sestra, il apparit con li uniform tsarist.<br>Memories de Olve Mikiver, publicat in 1993 </blockquote> It es, totvez, poc probabil que il hat partiprendet in li suppression del rebellion de Sveaborg, nam il hat esset dechargeat in ta témpor. Il mey haver esset clamat a servicie durante li Unesim Guerre Mundal. Durante su servicie in li Armé Russ, de Wahl esset premiat con li 2^esim e 3^esim gradu del Órdine de Sant Stanislav e li 3^esim grandu del Órdine de San Anna.<ref name="ERA.495">[http://www.ra.ee/dgs/_purl.php?shc=ERA.495.13.57:15854 Ohvitseride teenistuslehtede kartoteek] [File index of officers' service sheets] (in Estonian). Registration required.</ref> Pos acquiser li civitanitá estonian in li fine de 1920<ref>{{cite magazine |date= 4 January 1921|title= Siseministeeriumi teadaanne Eesti wabariigi kodakondsusesse wastuwõetute üle |trans-title= Announcement of the Ministry of the Interior about those admitted to citizenship of the Republic of Estonia|url= https://dea.digar.ee/article/AKriigiteataja/1921/01/04/19|magazine= Riigi Teataja| language= et}}</ref> de Wahl esset de 1921 anc registrat quam oficero in li reserve del Republic de Estonia.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://prosopos.esm.ee/index.aspx?type=1&id=30103|title= Edgar Vahl|website= Eesti ohvitserid 1918-1940 |publisher= Estonian War Museum|access-date= 2 May 2023|language= et}}</ref> === Tallinn 1894–1917 === [[File:Tallinn, Tallinna Reaalkool, AM N05962.jpg|thumb|Li dom del anteyan Scol Secundari de Scientie Sant Peter u de Wahl laborat quam instructor por mult annus.]] In 1894, de Wahl moet de Tallinn, u il restat li max parte de su vive. Ta autumne, il comensat laborar quam professor de matematica e fisica in li Scol Secundari de Scientie Sant Peter (hodie li [[Scol Secundari de Scientie de Tallinn]]). Plu tard, il docet dessin in li scol feminin Elise von der Howen, directet del [[Elisabeth Howen|Baronessa Elisabeth von der Howen]], in li Scol Hanseatic de Tallinng e in li Scol del Catedral de Tallinn. Su docentie esset interuptet solmen caus su servicie militari. Li stil de docentie de de Wahl esset descrit in li memories del plu tard Ministre de Education de Estonia Aleksander Veidermann, qui hat studiat in li Scol Secundari de Scientie Sant Peter inter 1906 e 1909: <blockquote> ''Matemaatikat ja füüsikat õpetas veel Edgar von Wahl, endine mereväeohvitser, kellel oli alati varuks tabav märkus mõne sündmuse või isiku kohta. Ta oli kaunis räpakas füüsikakatsete korraldamisel: sageli murdusid riistad või purunesid klaasid. Tema suhtumine õpilastesse oli lihtne, mida kinnitab ka hüüdnimi Sass.'' Matematica e fisica esset docet de Edgar von Wahl, un anteyan oficero naval qui sempre hat quelc memorabil remarcas pri un eventu o person. Il esset mult caotic quande conductet experimentes fisic: frequentmen rompet utensiles o vitre. Su atitude con li studentes esset simplic, quel es anc confirmat par su moc-nómine Sass. :— Memories de Aleksander Veiderma</blockquote> Con li change de secul, de Wahl comensat publicar articules pri linguistica in publicationes specialisat, como anc scrir in divers jurnales e revúes de Tallinn. De 1898, de Wahl hat esset membre del ''Societé Literari Estonian'' (german: ''Ehstländische Literärische Gesellschaft''), un association de lingue german quel regularmen organisat presentationes de e por su membres.<ref>{{cite news |date=8 October 1898 |title=Tageschronik. Jahresbericht der Ehstländischen literarischen Gesellschaft für 1897–98 |trans-title=Daily chronicle. The annual report of the Estonian Literature Society |url=https://dea.digar.ee/article/revalschezeitung/1898/10/08/7 |language=German |work=Revalsche Zeitung |location=Tallinn |access-date=6 May 2023|ref=none}}</ref> Su li pseudonim Julian Prorók, il publicat un '''booklet'' ''Ketzereien: Keimzellen einer Philosophie'' (''Heresies: Gametes of a Philosophy'') in 1906 pri su vision de developamentes global.<ref>{{cite book |last= Prorók|first= Julian |date= 1906|title= Ketzereien: Keimzellen einer Philosophie|url= http://hdl.handle.net/10062/71794|location= Dorpat; Leipzig|publisher= F. Schledt|hdl= 10062/71794 |isbn= 9789916151785 }}</ref> De Wahl anc ineat li politica ante li comense del Unesim Guerre Mundal. In 1913 esset electet al concil del cité de Tallinn, e devenit membre del comité del concil por li protection de monumentes de ancian edificies. Malgré su position de docent, de Wahl ne adressat questiones de education in li concil del cité. Il esset un participante activ al reuniones del concil, ma parlat poc. Pos li comense del Unesim Guerre Mundal, li germanos vivente in li Imperie Russ esset represset, inter iles, de Wahl. Li Club Nobil de Tallinn (''Tallinna Aktsiaklubi''), de quel de Wahl hat esset membre, esset cludet. In autumne 1914, il trovat se in li medie de un campanie de propaganda por changear li nómines german de locs. Como concilor del cité, participat in dicussiones pri li renomination del cité de Tallinn<ref><i>Tallinn</i> es li nómine del cité in estonian; ma dum li max part ede su historie, it esset nominat <i>Reval</i>, quel esset su nómine german.{{Cite web |last=Spray |first=Aaron |date=30 January 2023 |title=Why Estonia's Historic Capital City Of Tallinn Is Worth Visiting |url=https://www.thetravel.com/is-tallinn-estonia-worth-visiting/ |access-date=29 April 2023 |website=TheTravel |language=en}}</ref> sequente li proposition del borgomastro Jaan Poska de changear li nómine por li nómine in li ancian russ ''Kolyvan'' (in li discussion, li nómine íncorrect ''Kalyvan'' esset usat). De Wahl decovrit que li max ancian nómines del cité esset ''Ledenets'' o ''Lindanisa''. Il esset interessat in quant vell custar changear li nómine, quel es dit que provocat li "rision general" del concil. Li votes necessari por changear li nómine esset atinget in li concilie, ma li change ne evenit.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Must |first=Aadu |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/913774896 |title=Esimene maailmasoda ja Eesti |date=2014 |editor-last1= Tannberg|editor-first1= Tõnu |isbn=978-9985-858-90-5 |location=Tartu |pages=30–31, 33 |language=et |chapter=Privilegeeritust põlualuseks: baltisaksa ühiskonnategelaste represseerimine Esimese maailmasõja ajal. |oclc=913774896}}</ref> De Wahl esset electet al concil del cité avan li Revolution de Februar de 1917. In li nov concil, il devenit membre del comités del departamente de foc del cité, del education public, e de afares de gage-dom, e continuat quam membre del comité por li protection de monumentes de edificies ancian. Totvez, in agosto 1917, un nov concil esset electet, e li activitás politic de De Wahl cessat. === Vive in un Estonia índependent === In februar 1918, in li témpor del Declaration de Índependentie Estonian, de Wahl expresset su desire de unirs al militia voluntari ''Omakaitse''. Quam student qui scrit permisses de armes por voluntaries: "Inter tis qui volet portar armes, yo solmen memora un: mi profesor de fisica, von Wahl. Yo crede que yo memora it pro li bon humor que mey hat nascet in li anim de un yun student quande su professor peti le un arme."<ref name="kaitsekodu">N. Rg. Koolipoisid. Isiklikke mälestusi meie iseseisvuse saabumispäevadelt [Personal Memoirs from the days of the beginning of our independence] (in Estonian). – [http://www.digar.ee/id/nlib-digar:18269 Kaitse Kodu 1934, nr 4], p. 135.</ref> In 1919, li Scol Secundari de Scientie esset divise per lingua: li Scol Secundari de Scientie de Tallinn docet in estonian e li Scol Secundari German de Scientie de Tallinn docet in german. De Wahl continuat quam professor in li ultim, u docet matematica, fisica, geografie, cosmografie e dessin. Il havet un dom in li Strada Eha, non distant del scol, do li studentes eat con frequentie por sequet li labores. Il hat dessinat ti-ci dom in un stil marin e dunc it esset joc-nominat li "Cabine" del studentes. Inter ili, de Wahl esset populari quam professor qui esset particularmen dedicat al docentie de geografie nam il havet viageat mult. Li studentes esset impresset del fact que de Wahl esset membre del Club Anglesi, quel operat in li scol. De Wahl quelcvez descaordat con su colegos, apertmen expresante su aversion pro li art modern, per exemple comparante it al comunisme quande esset invitat a un exhibition de art del professor de art del scol. De Wahl retirat se in li medie del decennie de 1920, ma continuat docent in témpor partial til 1933. Poy, il dedicat se a su hobbies, specialmente li [[planlingues]], quel hat devenit un passion del témpor de Saint-Petersburg. Plu, il esset li editor del revúe ''Estländische Wochenschau'', inter 1929 e 1930. === Durante li Duesim Guerre Mundal === Diferentmen a su familie, de Wahl ne abandonat [[Estonia]] in 1939. Il, qui representat li idealistic ideas pan-europan, ne amat li govern national-socialist de Germania, nominant le "state termite". Il mey har restat pro ne abandonar su grand archive. Li dangere de finir un un dom de retir in Germania mey hat anc influet in su decision: to hat evenit a quelc de su conossetes.<ref name="erelt">{{Cite web |last=Erelt |first=Pekka |date=15 January 2002 |title=Keelemees, kes nägi ette Pearl Harborit |url=https://ekspress.delfi.ee/a/69055629 |access-date=29 April 2023 |website=Eesti Ekspress |language=et}}</ref> De Wahl denov evitat li duesim translocament in Germania quel evenit inter hiverne e tost verne de 1941. Il conosset li oportunitá de exear, nam quande il esset demandar pri su planes de un de su studentes, il responde, sin lassar dubitas que su intention esset restar in Estonia: <blockquote> Ti-ci Hitler, ti-ci dement, prohibe mi lingue in omni landes que il conquesta. Ti-ci personache es folli!<br>Edgar de Wagl in hiverne de 1941 </blockquote> In li unesim annu de repression soviet, de Wahl posset fugir, etsi quelc de su familiares esset arestat. Pos li comense del ocupation german de Estonia, il esset suspectosi de activitás contra li stato. De Wahl esset arestat li 12 august 1943, pro li lettres inviat a Posen, al bel-sestra de su sposa, quel esset prendet del censores in Königsberg in julí de ta annu. In ti-ci lettres, il hat predit un insurection in Polonia e consiliat a su familie ear a Germania:<ref name="erelt" /> <blockquote> pos li dissolution del Bolschevisme, circum 1944, quande li forties aliat del germanos approchat ex li nord al dangerosi Asia Minor por suppreser li insurection arab, ma no avant, it es mult probabil que par retirar truppes del landes conquestes de Germania, li poloneses va provar comensar un insurection (ili ja have campes secret con armas), e poy li odie de long duration may devenir un masacre especialmen ínhuman in villages old polonesie e mansiones quel menacia li baltes. Pro to yo vole advertir vos e omni altres in li sam situation e demandar vos abandonar Wartegau si possibil, e adminim tot medie de escapar quande li insurection arab erupte. Abandona li Reich a témpor. Yo demanda que ti-ci lettre, quel yo ha scrit a vu nu, in julí 1943, es preservat quam documente e, si possibil, dat a altri por vider.<br>Lettre de Edgar de Wahl a Lieselotte Riesenkampff in Tallinn li 18 julí 1943<ref name="kiri">Edgar Wahli kiri Lieselotte Riesenkampffile Tallinnas, 18. juulil 1943 [Letter from Edgar von Wahl to Lieselotte Riesenkampff in Tallinn on July 18, 1943] . In {{Ill|Ajalooline Ajakiri|et}}} 2016 (2), pp. 310–311 (in Estonian), tr. Reet Hünerson.</ref> </blockquote> In li sam lettre, de Wahl notat que il ante hat predit li attaca a Pearl Harbor, e li comense del guerre inter li Unit States e Japan. Durante li interrogation de Wahl ne negat lo que il hat scrit, e repetet divers del acusationes que il hat fat, "credente firmemen" in li veritá de su predictiones. De Wahl restat quelc témpor in li Camp de Labor e Education de Tallinn, ma li testimonie dat durante su interogation esset considerat strangi del ''Sicherheitsdienst'', e talmen de Wahl esset inviat por esser examinat al Clinic Psichiatric Seewald. Ta esset diagnosticat con dementia causat de su etá e esset lassat in li hospital de Seewald, quel anc salvat le del possibil pena de morte. De Wahl esset defenset de divers de su familiares e amics proxim qui dit que il nesset responsabil de su actiones.<ref name="erelt" /> Durante li razzias de bombardament in marte 1944, li dom e archiv de De Wahl esset destructet, quel esset un grand choc por il. Tri annus poy, in un lettre al occidentalist german [[A.Z. Ramstedt]], il rememorat que quel hat evenit esset un vver desastre, durante quel mult materiales unic e ínremplazzabil esset perdit. === Ultim annus e morte === [[File:Edgar von Wahli haud.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Tombe de Edgar de Wahl in Pajusi.]] In august 1945 evenit li deportation del germanos qui ancor vivet in Estonia fat del NKVD. Li liste de persones deportat includet li nómine de Wahl. In li témpor del deportation, de Wahl esset inter un docene de persones qui ne esset deportat o de qui lor situation ne posset esser determinat. Benque li causas del escapation de De Wahl es ínconosset, in quel casus li chef del labor-gruppe quel fat li deportation prendet li decission de ne prender li malades o ínhabiles, dunc li decision may haver esset influet del opinion del personale del hospital. Dunc, it esset su presentie in un hospital mental quel salvat per duesim vez a de Wahl.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49383525 |title=Umsiedlung 60 : baltisakslaste organiseeritud lahkumine Eestist: 24. novembril 1999 Tallinna Linnaarhiivis toimunud konverentsi ettekanded |date=2000 |publisher=Baltisaksa Kultuuri Selts Eestis |chapter=Täiendusi baltisakslaste ümberasumise ja Eestisse jäänud sakslaste saatuse kohta NKVD arhiiviallikate põhjal|trans-chapter =Additions about the resettlement of Baltic Germans and the fate of Germans remaining in Estonia according to the sources of NKVD|author=Indrek Jürjo |editor=Sirje Kivimäe |isbn=9985-78-025-6 |location=Tallinn |pages=126 |oclc=49383525}}</ref> Durante e pos li guerre, su colegos foren hat litt information pri li condition de De Wahl; solmen in li verne de 1946, li occidentalist finn [[A.Z. Ramstedt|A. Z. Ramstedt]] posset restorat li contact con de Wahl. It es ínclar pro quo li personale del hospital in Seewald permisset tal correspondentie; forsan que ili mey hat reconosset su dedication al linguistica esset quel fat les supportar su communication con li munde extern. De Wahl morit li 9 marte 1948. Il esset interrat li 14 marte in li sepultoria Alexander Nevsky, in li sepultoria Siselinna, in Tallinn.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Berger |first=Ric |date=Oct 1948 |title=Morte de E. Wahl |trans-title=Death of E. Wahl |url=http://cosmoglotta.pbworks.com/w/page/131688717/Cosmoglotta%20A%20141%20%28oct%201948%29 |journal=[[Cosmoglotta]] |language=ie |issue=141 |pages=98}}</ref> In 1996, su restages esset moet al Sepultoria del domene senioral Pajusi, li sepultoria del familie de Wahl.<ref>{{Cite web |title=5837 Pajusi mõisa kalmistu ja Wahlide kabel • Mälestiste otsing • Mälestised |trans-title=5837 Pajusi manor cemetery and Wahl chapel • Search for monuments • Monuments |url=https://register.muinas.ee/public.php?menuID=monument&action=view&id=5837 |access-date=2 May 2023 |website=register.muinas.ee |language=Estonian}}</ref> == Occidental == {{AP|Interlingue}} === Funde === Li eforties de De Wahl por crear un nove e ideal lingue por communication international comensat con un interesse general in lingues artificial in li Imperie Russ in li fin del 19^esim e li comense del 20^esim secules. De Wahl unesim devenit interessat in li recentmen creat [[Volapük]] in 1887, quande li colego de su patre, [[Waldemar Rosenger]], presentat le li lingue in Sant Petersburg. Il devenit un defensor activ de Volapük, recivente li titul de "Professor de Volapük" e comensat compilar un lexico maritim in Volapük (totvez ti-ci projecte nequande esset completat). In li comense de 1888, il conosset Esperanto e changeat a it.<ref name="IR">{{Cite journal |last=de Wahl |first=Edgar |date=1927 |title=Interlinguistic remiscenties |url=https://ia600208.us.archive.org/29/items/Kosmoglott-Cosmoglotta_1927_n041_jul-aug/Kosmoglott-Cosmoglotta_(1927)_n041_jul-aug.pdf |journal=Cosmoglotta |issue=41 |pages=54–64}}</ref> Li linguiste estonian [[Paul Ariste]] ha scrit que De Wahl rapidmen devenit un defensor del creator de Esperanto, li oftalmologiste [[L. L. Zamenhof]] e su labor pos leer li [[Unua Libro|unesim libre de textu]] in Esperanto, publicat in 1887. Il tost influenciat li tost grammatica de Esperanto e su vocabularium (il consiliat a Zamenhof pri quelc punctus de grammatica e vocabules por ti lingue, notabilmen li change de paroles quam tian, kian etc. a tiam, kiam por evitar un conflicte con li acusative quel in Esperanto fini se con -n).<ref>{{Cite web |title=ÖNB-ANNO - Kosmoglott (Serie A) |url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1946&page=19&size=45 |access-date=5 January 2019 |website=anno.onb.ac.at |language=Interlingue}}</ref> De Wahl anc esset un del fundatores de ''Espero'', li unesim societé russ de Esperanto fundat in Sant Petersburg in 1891, e devenit un correspondente por li revúe [[La Esperantisto]]. Il traductet fiction russ a Esperanto e complita un dictionarium Esperanto-hispan. Totvez, De Wahl no alineat se definitivmen con Esperanto, comensante serchar un nov lingue artificial: <blockquote> Il havet un caracter inquiet, sempre alquó nov. Pro ti-ci trate, quande il esset plu yun, il hat esset inclinat a recomandar nov projectes de lingues artificial [...]<br>Paul Ariste in 1967. </blockquote> Secun li esperantiste estonian Jaan Ojalo, de Wahl exeat del movement esperantist quande li [[Esperanto Reformat|propositiones de reformar li lingue]] (de queles de Wahl esset mult favorabil, havente proposit quelc de les il mem) esset rejectet del majorité de Esperantistes in 1894. Por Ojalo, de Wahl anc considerat Esperanto quam un lingue "a priori" (original, ne quam altri lingues naturalistic). Il concluset que li lingue international ideal vell dever esser plu naturalistic e comprensibil mem por tis que no hat apprendet it. De Wahl anc considerat Esperanto tro democratic, quel menaciat li cultura occidental. === Creation e introduction === [[File:Unde yelb.svg|upright=0.75|thumb|Li simbol de Occidental.]] De Wahl prendet su unesim passus por crear un lingue nov in li ultim annus del 19^esim secul. In 1896 e 1897 il publicat du articules in li revúe de Hannover nominat ''Linguist'', in queles il presentat su idés. Circum li sam témpor, Waldemar Rosenberger, qui in ta témpor esset li president del [[Academie International de Volapük|Academie de Volapük]], presentat al membres del academie su lingue, [[Idiom Neutral]]. De 1906 adavan, Rosenberger anc publicat li revúe ''Progress'', u de Wahl fat su propri propositiones por reformar li lingue, quel Rosenberger adoptat un annu plu tard in 1907. Malgré li reform, li Idiom Neutral ne ganiat popularitá. Al mem témpor, de Wahl developat un nov lingue auxiliari international, fundat sur li lingues romanic, nominat ''auli'', un acronim por ''Auxiliari Lingue International'', quel plu tard vell devenir un stadie intermediari de Occidental. De Wahl introductet ''auli'' in 1909 in li revúe ''Academia pro Interlingua - Discussiones''. In 1911, de Wahl formulat li regul de formation de paroles conosset quam "regul de Wahl", quel vell esser li base de Occidental. Li simbol de Occidental, portretante un tilde incirculat, esset introductet ante 1934 e esset selecter fro divers variatnees pro su simplicitá e simbolisme.<ref name="pigal">Engelbert Pigal (1934). [https://www.scribd.com/doc/46800383/Cosmoglotta-January-1934 Li question del insigne de occidental] – ''Cosmoglotta'' (92), p. 7. (in Interlingue)</ref> [[File:First issue of Cosmoglotta, 1922.jpg|197px|thumb|Unesim númere del revú ''Kosmoglott'', publicat in februar 1922.]] In 1916, li entusiastes russ del lingue artificial fundat li Association ''Kosmoglott'' in Sant Petersburg. De Wahl no esset un de su fundatores, ma unit se plu tard, quam fat li linguiste estonian [[Jakob Linzbach]]. De Wahl devenit li porta-voce del naturalistic scol del association; talmen pavante li vida por li creation de Occidental. Con li eventus revolutionari de 1917 e li departe de su membres ex Sant Petersburg, li activitás del association evanescet, fininte completmen in 1921, ma recomensante denov in Tallinn in li sam annu. Li activitás del association esset reviventat de De Wahl mem con Linzbach, e li nómine del association esset changeat a ''Kosmoglott''. Li ligamines esset mantenet con li ancian membres del association, qual operat in divers cités european. De Wahl anc esset li editor del revúe ''Kosmoglott'' publicat del association inter 1922 e 1926. In su unesim númere, de Wahl introductet li lingue artificial que il hat creat, Occidental. Inter 1923 e 1928, il anc promoet li lingue in li folieton ''Occidental, unic natural, vermen neutral e max facil e comprensibil lingue por International relations''. Wahl publicat un libre in 1925 titulat''Radicarium directiv del lingue International (Occidental)'' in ''8 lingues''. === Dissemination === [[File:OCCIDENTAL-Runde Mauer bei Wien 1927.jpg|197px|right|thumb|De Wahl con Occidentalistes in Vienna in 1927: de levul a dextre Hanns e Johann Robert Hörbiger, Engelbert Pigal e de Wahl]] Li unesim númere del revúe ''Kosmoglott'' contenet un lettre inviat al [[Liga de Nationes]] li 5 de septembre 1921, recomendante li introduction de un lingue perfect quel vell esser facil a acquiser, no necessarimen li max comun lingue planat, por li communication inter populos. Por trovar un lingue convenent, it esset recomendat un competition e que li candidatos mey esser evaluat de un comité de expertes convocat del Liga de Nationes. Li proposition no esset considerat del Liga de Nationes.<ref name="kosmoglott">[https://ia600203.us.archive.org/1/items/Kosmoglott-Cosmoglotta_1922_n001_feb/Kosmoglott-Cosmoglotta_(1922)_n001_feb.pdf Kosmoglott e li Liga de Nationes] (in Interlingue, French)– Kosmoglott 1922 (1), pp. 3–5.</ref> Malgré ti-ci dessuccesse, Occidental attrahet interlinguistes; in particular entusiastes de Ido (li Esperantistes restat loyal a lor lingue). Segun Ariste, dispatationes inter inter idistes e li appelle personal de De Wahl, guidat a multes a promoer li lingue. Al mem témpor que li crescentie del popularité del lingue, li activitá del association ''Kosmoglott'' diminuet, e in decembre 1928 un eventu in commemoration de Waldemar Rosenberger, qui hat morit 10 annus retro, evenit, essente li ultim grand eventu del association. [[File:E. de Wahl e. O. Jespersen.jpg|thumb|Edgar de Wahl (levul) e Otto Jespersen]] Totvez, in le decennie de 1920, nov societés occidentalist apparit. In 1927, li Association International Cosmoglotta esset fundat, essente renominat Occidental-Union un annu plu tard. Comensante in 1927, ''Kosmoglott'' comensat esser publicat in Wien (in vice de Tallinn) sub li nov nómine ''Cosmoglotta''. In li ultim númere publicat in Tallinn, de Wahl publicat, inter altri coses, li poem de Lydia Koidula "Max car donation". Li successe del nov lingue aportat celebritá international a de Wahl. Il parlat in public in numerosi cités europan e comunicat se con linguistes. In 1939, il esset li unic estonian quel esset invitat al ''5^esim Conferentie Linguistic'' in Bruxelles. Durante ti-ci témpor il esset activ in discussiones con [[Otto Jespersen]], li linguist danesi autor de altri planlingue ([[Novial]]); quel culminat con un reunion in li publication de un libre separat con su resultes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barandovská-Frank |first=Vĕra |title=Latinidaj planlingvoj (AIS-kurso, 1 studunuo) |url=http://interl.home.amu.edu.pl/interlingvistiko/Barandovska_Latinidaj_planlingvoj.pdf |language=Esperanto |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=de Wahl |first1=Edgar |url=https://onb.digital/result/10B82056 |title=Discussiones inter E. de Wahl e O. Jespersen |last2=Jespersen |first2=Otto |publisher=Occidental-Buro |year=1935 |language=ie |author-link2=Otto Jespersen}}</ref> Totvez, a diferentie de Otto Jespersen, de Wahl esset un linguist amateur. Su activitás linguistic nequande atinget problemes teoric linguistic plu larg, ma esset limimtat a constructer su propri lingue artificial e soluer problemes relatet. Benque Occidental haver successe significativ in li ultim part del decennie de 1920 e li decennie de 1930, nequande atinget li popularitá de Esperanto. Li lingue de L.L Zamenhof devenit un lingue del movementes de laboreros, li parlatores de Occidental del periode de intergera esset predonimantemen intellectuales de Europa occidental. Plu tad, li pos li mort de De Wahl, comensat li discussiones pri li change de nómine del lingue. [[Ric Berger]], un del max important occidentalistes ex Svissia, citat reportes ex li Bloc Est que li nómine Occidental esset un problema por li promotion del lingue. Berger anc hat devenit afectionat con Interlingua, quel esset presc publicat,<ref>{{Cite web |title=ÖNB-ANNO - Kosmoglott (Serie A) |url=https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1948&page=85&size=45 |access-date=5 May 2023 |website=anno.onb.ac.at}}</ref> e comensat provar un fusion de ambi lingues.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cosmoglotta 289 |url=http://cosmoglotta.narod.ru/Cg289/cg289.htm#3 |access-date=5 May 2023 |website=cosmoglotta.narod.ru}}</ref> Ti-ci du factores convenset Berger por comensar promoer li nov nómine ''Interlingue'' in februar 1948.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ÖNB-ANNO - Cosmoglotta (Serie B) |url=https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1948&page=7&size=45 |access-date=5 May 2023 |website=anno.onb.ac.at}}</ref> Li change evenit in octobre del annu sequente,<ref>{{Cite web |title=ÖNB-ANNO - Kosmoglott (Serie A) |url=https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1949&page=113&size=45 |access-date=5 May 2023 |website=anno.onb.ac.at}}</ref> e li Occidental-Union devenit li [[Interlingue-Union]], quam es nominat hodie. Li association have su propri academie e li revúe ''Cosmoglotta'' continua essente publicat par it. == Referenties == <references/> == Bibliografie == *Paul Ariste. Ed. Wahl – interlingvistika arendaja. – Noorte Hääl, 14. jaanuar 1967. *[[Ric Berger]]. Edgar de Wahl, autor de Occidental. – Cosmoglotta 1946, nr 130, lk 17–32. *[[Aleksandr Dulitšenko]]. Об интерлингвистической деятельности Э. Валя (с библиографическим приложением по данным "Kosmoglott" и "Cosmoglotta") = Pri interlingvistika agado de E. de Wahl (kun bibliografia aldono laŭ "Kosmoglott" kaj "Cosmoglotta"). – Interlinguistica Tartuensis, nr 4. Tartu 1987, lk 87–117. (kättesaadav ka [http://hdl.handle.net/10062/33858 DSpace'is]) *Pekka Erelt. Keelemehest Nostradamus. Kaheksakümmend aastat tagasi mõtles tallinlane Edgar de Wahl välja uue rahvusvahelise keele. – Eesti Ekspress, 17. jaanuar 2002, lk 32. *[[Erich Hesse]] (koost.). 166. von Wahl, Edgar.– Album Nevanorum 1847–1908. Tartu 1909, lk 178–180. (kättesaadav ka [http://hdl.handle.net/10062/34596 DSpace'is]) *[[Andreas Künzli]]. Edgar von Wahl (1867-1948) aldonaj biografiaj notoj pri la familia deveno. – Международные языки в контексте евролингвистики и интерлингвистики = Internaciaj lingvoj en konteksto de eurolingvistiko kaj interlingvistiko: материалы международной конференции (Тарту, 25-26.09.2009). Interlinguistica Tartuensis, nr 9. Tartu 2009, lk 234–239. (kättesaadav ka [http://hdl.handle.net/10062/55706 DSpace'is]) *[[Ülo Lumiste]], [[Leo Võhandu]], Kolmest Eestis loodud tehiskeelest ja nende loojatest. – [http://www.digar.ee/id/nlib-digar:104119 Akadeemia, 2007, nr 3], lk 482–510. *[[Kalmer Mäeorg]], [[Aigi Rahi-Tamm]], [https://ojs.utlib.ee/index.php/EAA/article/view/AA.2016.2.08/8109 Edgar von Wahl 1867–1948: keelemees ja poliitiline prohvet] – [[Ajalooline Ajakiri]] 2016, nr 2, lk 295–311. *Jaan Ojalo. Edgar de Wahl ja oktsidentaal. – [http://www.digar.ee/id/nlib-digar:194845 Keel ja Kirjandus, 1987, nr 8], lk 508–509. *Jaan Ojalo (koost.). Wahl, Edgar de. – Enciklopedio pri la Estona Esperanto-movado = Eesti esperanto-liikumise entsüklopeedia. Tallinn 2000, lk 82–83. *Volker von Wahl. Edgar Alexei Robert v. Wahl-Assick 11.8.1867–9.3.1948. – Erlebtes Livland: Die Familie v. Wahl 1795–1993. Weißenhorn 1995, lk 241–244. ==Ligamentes extern== * [http://interlingue.narod.ru/eng.html Un micri biografie de Edgar de Wahl] * [http://cosmoglotta.pbworks.com/w/page/131074887/Cosmoglotta%20A%20130%20%28jun%201946%29 Vive de Edgar de Wahl in Cosmoglotta A 130 (jun 1946)] * [http://www.planlingvoj.ch/Edgar_Wahl_Tartu2009.pdf Edgar von Wahl (1867-1948) Aldonaj biografiaj notoj pri lia familia deveno kaj atentigo pri grava libro pri la genealogio de la familio von Wahl] {{Redactores de Cosmoglotta}} {{Interlingue}} [[Categorie:Edgar de Wahl|*]] [[Categorie:Creatores de planlingues]] [[Categorie:Occidentalistes]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Wahl, Eric de}} [[Categorie:Wikipedia:Bon articul]] 0eobv2z41401d6676cdyzywv50iihw9 0 2461 168559 138987 2026-07-09T19:11:11Z Interlingue-fan 24666 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|1|0 */ 168559 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[ISO]] 639''' es un international standard quel lista abreviations de codifications por nómines de [[lingue]]s. Li ISO-639 have du sistemas por li standard ISO 639: *ISO 639-1:2002 ''Codification por li representation de nómines de lingues -- Part 1: Alpha-2 code'' *ISO 639-2:1998 ''Codification por li representation de nómines de lingues -- Part 2: Alpha-3 code'' Existe anc un ISO 639-3 quel es un completation del ISO 639-2. === Vide anc === *[[linguistica]] Le liste sequent apari in órdine alfabetic con li nómine del lingues. __NOTOC__ [[#A|A]] [[#B|B]] [[#C|C]] [[#D|D]] [[#E|E]] [[#F|F]] [[#G|G]] [[#H|H]] [[#I|I]] [[#J|J]] [[#K|K]] [[#L|L]] [[#M|M]] [[#N|N]] [[#O|O]] [[#P|P]] [[#Q|Q]] [[#R|R]] [[#S|S]] [[#T|T]] [[#U|U]] [[#V|V]] [[#W|W]] [[#X|X]] [[#Y|Y]] [[#Z|Z]] ==A== abk ab [[Abkhazian]] ace [[Achinese]] ach [[Acoli]] ada [[Adangme]] ady [[Adyghe]]i aar aa [[Afar]] afh [[Afrihili]] afr af [[Afrikaans]] afa [[Afro-Asiatic]] ''(altere)'' aka [[Akan]] akk [[Akkadian]] alb/sqi sq [[Albanian]] ale [[Aleut]] alg [[Algonquian]] tut [[Altaic]] ''(altere)'' amh am [[Amharic]] apa [[Apache]] ara ar [[Arabe]] arc [[Aramee]] arg an [[Aragonese]] arn [[Araucanian]] arp [[Arapaho]] arw [[Arawak]] arm/hye hy [[Armenian]] art '''[[Artificial]]''' ''(altere)'' asm as [[Assamese]] ast [[Asturian]] ath [[Athapascan]] map [[Austronesian]] ''(altere)'' ava [[Avaric]] ave [[Avestan]] awa [[Awadhi]] aym ay [[Aymara]] aze az [[Azerbaijani]] ==B== ban [[Balinese]] bat [[Baltic]] ''(altere)'' bal [[Baluchi]] bam [[Bambara]] bai [[Bamileke]] bad [[Banda]] bnt [[Bantu]] ''(altere)'' bas [[Basa]] bak ba [[Bashkir]] baq/eus eu [[Basc]] bej [[Beja]] bem [[Bemba]] ben bn [[Bengali]] ber [[Berber]] ''(altere)'' bho [[Bhojpuri]] bih bh [[Bihari]] bik [[Bikol]] bin [[Bini]] bis bi [[Bislama]] bra [[Braj]] bre br [[Breton]] bug [[Buginese]] bul bg [[Bulgarian]] bua [[Buriat]] bur/mya my [[Burmese]] bel be [[Belarusian]] ==C== cad [[Caddo]] car [[Carib]] cat ca [[Catalan language|Catalan]] cau [[Caucasian]] ''(altere)'' ceb [[Cebuano]] cel [[Celtic]] ''(altere)'' cai [[Central Amerindian]] ''(altere)'' chg [[Chagatai]] cha [[Chamorro]] che [[Chechen]] chr [[Cherokee]] chy [[Cheyenne]] chb [[Chibcha]] chi/zho zh [[Chinese]] chn [[Chinook jargon]] cho [[Choctaw]] chu [[Slavonic Ecclesiastic]] chv [[Chuvash]] cop [[Coptic]] cor [[Cornic]] cos co [[Corsican]] cre [[Cree]] mus [[Creek]] crp [[Creole]]s e [[Pidgin]]s ''(altere)'' cpe [[Creoles e Pidgins, basate in Anglese]] ''(altere)'' cpf [[Creoles e Pidgins, bassate in Francese]] ''(altere)'' cpp [[Creoles e Pidgins, bassate in Portugese]] ''(altere)'' cus [[Cushitic]] ''(altere)'' crh [[Crimee Tatar]] scr hr [[Croate]] cze/ces cz [[Chec]] ==D== dak [[Dakota]] dan da [[Danese]] dar [[Dargwa]] del [[Delaware]] din [[Dinka]] div [[Divehi]] doi [[Dogri]] dra [[Dravidian]] ''(altere)'' dua [[Duala]] dut/nld nl [[Nederlandese]] dum [[Nederlandese Medieval]] (ca. [[1050]]-[[1350]]) dyu [[Dyula]] dzo dz [[Dzongkha]] ==E== efi [[Efik]] egy [[Antique Egyptie)]] eka [[Ekajuk]] elx [[Elamita]] eng en [[Anglese]] enm [[Anglese Medieval]] (ca. [[1100]]-[[1500]]) ang [[Antique Anglese]] (ca. [[450]]-[[1100]]) myv [[Erzya]] esk [[Eskimo]] ''(altere)'' epo eo [[Esperanto]] est et [[Estonian]] ewe [[Ewe]] ewo [[Ewondo]] ==F== fan [[Fang]] fat [[Fanti]] fao fo [[Faroese]] fij fj [[Fijian]] fin fi [[Finlandese]] fiu [[Finno-Ugric]] ''(altere)'' fon [[Fon]] fra/fre fr [[Francese]] frm [[Francese Medieval]] (ca. [[1400]]-[[1600]]) fro [[Antique Francese]] ([[842]]- ca. [[1400]]) fry fy [[Frisian]] ful [[Fulah]] ==G== gaa [[Ga]] gla gd [[Gaelic]] glg gl [[Gallego]], [[Galego]] lug lg [[Ganda]] gay [[Gayo]] gez [[Geez]] geo/kat ka [[Georgian]] ger/deu de [[German]] gmh [[Alte German Medieval]] (ca. [[1050]]-[[1500]]) goh [[Antique German Basse]] (ca. [[750]] - [[1050]]) gem [[Germanic]] ''(altere)'' gil [[Gilbertese]] gon [[Gondi]] got [[Gothico]] grb [[Grebo]] grc [[Antique Grec]] (to [[1453]]) gre/ell el [[Moderne Grec]] ([[1453]] -) kal kl [[Greenlandic]] grn gn [[Guarani]] guj gu [[Gujarati]] ==H== hai [[Haida]] hat ht [[Haitian]]; Haitian Creole hau ha [[Hausa]] haw [[Hawaiian]] heb he [[Lingua hebree|Hebreo]] her hz [[Herero]] hil [[Hiligaynon]] him [[Himachali]] hin hi [[Hindi]] hmo ho [[Hiri Motu]] hun hu [[Hungaro]] hup [[Hupa]] ==I== iba [[Iban]] ice/isl is [[Icelandic]] ido io [[Ido]] ibo ig [[Igbo]] ijo [[Ijo]] ilo [[Iloko]] inc [[Indic]] ''(altere)'' ine [[Indo-Europee]] ''(altere)'' ind id [[Indonesian]] inh [[Ingush]] ina ia [[Interlingua]] (International Auxiliary language Association) ile ie [[Interlingue]] iku iu [[Inuktitut]] ipk ik [[Inupiak]] ira [[Iranian]] ''(altere)'' gle ga [[Irlandese]] sga [[Antique Irlandese]] (to [[900]]) mga [[Irlandese Medieval]] ([[900]] - [[1200]]) iro [[Iroquoian]] ita it [[Italian]] ==J== jpn ja [[Japonese]] jav jv [[Javanese]] jrb [[Judeo-Arabe]] jpr [[Judeo-Perse]] ==K== kbd [[Kabardian]] kab [[Kabyle]] kac [[Kachin]] kal kl [[Kalaallisut]]; Greenlandic xal [[Kalmyk]] kam [[Kamba]] kan kn [[Kannada]] kau kr [[Kanuri]] kaa [[Kara-Kalpak]] krc [[Karachay-Balkar]] kar [[Karen]] kas ks [[Kashmiri]] csb [[Kashubian]] kaw [[Kawi]] kaz kk [[Kazakh]] kha [[Khasi]] khm km [[Khmer]] khi [[Khoisan]] ''(altere)'' kho [[Khotanese]] kik [[Kikuyu]] kin rw [[Kinyarwanda]] kir ky [[Kirghiz]] kom [[Komi]] kon kg [[Congo]] kok [[Konkani]] kor ko [[Corean]] kpe [[Kpelle]] kro [[Kru]] kua kj [[Kuanyama]] kum [[Kumyk]] kur ku [[Kurdic]] kru [[Kurukh]] kus [[Kusaie]] kut [[Kutenai]] ==L== lad [[Ladino]] lah [[Lahnda]] lam [[Lamba]] lao lo [[Lao]] lat la [[Latin]] lav lv [[Latvian]] ltz [[Letzeburgesch]] lez [[Lezghian]] lin ln [[Lingala]] lit lt [[Lituanian]] jbo [[Lojban]] log pd [[Germano Basse]] loz [[Lozi]] lub [[Luba-Katanga]] lui [[Luiseno]] smj [[Lule Sami]] lun [[Lunda]] luo [[Luo]] ([[Kenia]] e [[Tanzania]]) ==M== mac/mkd mk [[Macedonian]] mad [[Madurese]] mag [[Magahi]] mai [[Maithili]] mak [[Makasar]] mlg mg [[Malagasy]] may/msa ms [[Malay]] mal [[Malayalam]] mlt mt [[Maltese]] man [[Mandingo]] mni [[Manipuri]] mno [[Manobo]] glv gv [[Manx]] mao/mri mi [[Maori]] mar mr [[Marathi]] chm [[Mari]] mah mh [[Marshall]] mwr [[Marwari]] mas [[Masai]] myn [[Maya]] men [[Mende]] mic [[Mi'kmaq]] min [[Minangkabau]] mis '''Miscellanee ''' ''(altere)'' moh [[Mohawk]] mdf [[Moksha]] mol mo [[Moldavian]] mkh [[Mon-Kmer]] ''(altere)'' lol [[Mongo]] mon mn [[Mongolian]] mos [[Mossi]] mul '''Multiple linguas''' (varie linguas in uso) mun [[Munda]] ==N== nah [[Nahuatl]] nau na [[Nauru]] nav nv [[Navajo]] nde nd [[Nord Ndebele]] nbl nr [[Sud Ndebele]] ndo ng [[Ndongo]] nep ne [[Nepali]] new [[Newari]] nic [[Niger-Kordofanian]] ''(altere)'' ssa [[Nilo-Saharan]] ''(altere)'' niu [[Niuean]] nog [[Nogai]] non [[Antique Norse]] nai [[Nord Amerindian]] ''(altere)'' nor no [[Norvegian]] nbo nb [[Norvegian Bokmål]] nno nn [[Norvegian Nynorsk]] nub [[Nubian]] nym [[Nyamwezi]] nya ny [[Nyanja]] nyn [[Nyankole]] nyo [[Nyoro]] nzi [[Nzima]] ==O== oci oc [[Occitan]] (post [[1500]]); Provençal oji oj [[Ojibwa]] ori or [[Oriya]] orm om [[Oromo]] osa [[Osage]] oss os [[Ossetian]] oto [[Otomian]] ==P== pal [[Pahlavi]] pau [[Palauan]] pli pi [[Pali]] pam [[Pampanga]] pag [[Pangasinan]] pan pa [[Panjabi]] pap [[Papiamento]] paa [[Papuan-Australian]] ''(altere)'' per/fas fa [[Perse]] peo [[Antique Perse]] (ca 600 - 400 B.C.) phn [[Phoenice]] pol pl [[Polonese]] pon [[Ponape]] por pt [[Portugese]] pra [[Prakrit]] pro [[Antique Provencal]] (usque [[1500]]) pus ps [[Pushto]] ==Q== que qu [[Quechua]] ==R== roh rm [[Rhaeto-Romance]] raj [[Rajasthani]] rar [[Rarotongan]] roa [[Romance]] ''(Other)'' rum/ron ro [[Romanian]] rom [[Romany]] run rn [[Rundi]] rus ru [[Russe]] ==S== sal [[Salishan]] sam [[Samaritan Aramee]] smi [[Saami]] smo sm [[Samoan]] sad [[Sandawe]] sag sg [[Sango]] san sa [[Sanskrit]] srd [[Sardinian]] sco [[Scots]] sel [[Selkup]] sem [[Semitic]] ''(altere)'' scc/srp sr [[Serbo]] (sh) [[Serbo-Croate]] srr [[Serer]] shn [[Shan]] sna sn [[Shona]] sid [[Sidamo]] bla [[Siksika]] snd sd [[Sindhi]] sin si [[Singhalese]] sit - [[Sino-Tibetan]] ''(altere)'' sio [[Siouan]] sla [[Slavic]] ''(altere)'' ssw ss [[Siswant]] (vide Swati infra) slk/slo sk [[Slovak]] slv sl [[Slovenian]] sog [[Sogdian]] som so [[Somali]] son [[Songhai]] wen [[Sorbian]] nso [[Nord Sotho]] sot st [[Sud Sotho]] sai [[Sud Amerindian]] ''(altere)'' spa es [[Lingua espaniol|Espaniol]] suk [[Sukuma]] sux [[Sumerian]] sun su [[Sundanese]] sus [[Susu]] swa sw [[Swahili]] ssw ss [[Swati]]/[[Swazi]] swe sv [[Swedish]] syr [[Syriac]] ==T== tgl tl [[Tagalog]] tah [[Tahitian]] tgk tg [[Tajik]] tmh [[Tamashek]] tam ta [[Tamil]] tat tt [[Tatar]] tel te [[Telugu]] ter [[Tereno]] tha th [[Thai]] tib/bod bo [[Tibetan]] tig [[Tigre]] tir ti [[Tigrinya]] tem [[Timne]] tiv [[Tivi]] tli [[Tlingit]] tog [[Tonga]] ton to [[Tongan]] tru [[Truk]] tsi [[Tsimshian]] tso ts [[Tsonga]] tsn tn [[Tswana]] tum [[Tumbuka]] tur tr [[Turkish]] ota [[Turkish, Ottoman]] ([[1500]] - [[1928]]) tuk tk [[Turkmen]] tyv [[Tuvinian]] twi tw [[Twi]] ==U== udm [[Udmurt]] uga [[Ugaritic]] uig ug [[Uighur]] ukr uk [[Ukrainian]] umb [[Umbundu]] und '''Undetermined''' (language or languages cannot be identified) urd ur [[Urdu]] uzb uz [[Uzbek]] ==V== vai [[Vai]] ven [[Venda]] vie vi [[Vietnamese]] vol vo [[Volapük]] vot [[Votic]] ==W== wak [[Wakashan]] wal [[Walamo]] wln wa [[Walloon]] war [[Waray]] was [[Washo]] wel/cym cy [[Welsh]] wol wo [[Wolof]] ==X== xho xh [[Xhosa]] ==Y== sah [[Yakut]] yao [[Yao]] yap [[Yap]] yid yi [[Yiddish]] yor yo [[Yoruba]] ==Z== zap [[Zapotec]] zen [[Zenaga]] zha za [[Zhuang]] zul zu [[Zulu]] zun [[Zuni]] == Ligamentes extern == * http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/—ISO 639-2/RA * http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/normtext.html * http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/codechanges.html—ISO 639-2/RA Change Notice * [http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3066.txt?number=3066 RFC 3066], ''Tags for the Identification of Languages'', Best Current Practice, January 2001 ewp1322sxqgiyy0xg340zq6s067bqka 0 4039 168561 166741 2026-07-09T19:13:20Z Interlingue-fan 24666 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:1|1|0 */ 168561 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mars Hubble.jpg|right|thumb|Mars]] '''Mars''', simbol [[file:Mars symbol (fixed width).svg|16px|♂]], es li quaresim [[planete]] del sistema solari in distantie del Sole, e li duesim max micri pos [[Mercur]].* It es parte del [[solari sistema]] e del planetes terrestri. It es nominat secun li deo roman del guerre Mars, identic con li deo grec Ares, pro su aspecte rubi. Pro li sam rason, it es anc nominat li "planete rubi". Pluri missiones spacial de observation e exploration pos li annus 1960 ha permisset un plu bon conossentie del trates de Mars: su geografie, su atmosfere, etc. Mars possede du natural satelites: Deimos e Phobos, nómines in grec mitologie in quel Phobos (timore) e Deimos (terrore) es li infantes de Ares. On posse observer Mars con li ocul nud. Su luce es mult plu debil quam to del [[Lune]] o li [[Sole]]. Solmen tre ínfrequentmen it posse esser egal a to de [[Venus (planete)|Venus]] e [[Jupiter]]. Támen, in li max favorabil configuration (quande oposition aproxima se), su luciditá posse superar li luciditá maximum de Jupiter, con un magnitúdine* aparent de -2.91. Li planete rubi anc ha inspirat un grand númere de autores de scientie-fiction. Li principal aspectes de ti romanes hat esset inspirat per li observationes telescopic del fine del 19im centennie e li comense del 20im centennie, ante visitationes per sondes*, queles fat suposir li existentie de mares e de canales. [[Categorie:Planetes]] dx8e5v14iki2b4el9tw3igjfgncwpfl 168562 168561 2026-07-09T19:13:41Z Interlingue-fan 24666 168562 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mars Hubble.jpg|right|thumb|Mars]] '''Mars''', simbol [[file:Mars symbol (fixed width).svg|16px|♂]], es li quaresim [[planete]] del sistema solari in distantie del Sole, e li duesim max micri pos [[Mercur]].* It es parte del [[solari sistema]] e del planetes terrestri. It es nominat secun li deo roman del guerre Mars, identic con li deo grec Ares, pro su aspecte rubi. Pro li sam rason, it es anc nominat li "planete rubi". Pluri missiones spacial de observation e exploration pos li annus 1960 ha permisset un plu bon conossentie del trates de Mars: su geografie, su atmosfere, etc. Mars possede du natural satelites: Deimos e Phobos, nómines in [[grec mitologie]] in quel Phobos (timore) e Deimos (terrore) es li infantes de Ares. On posse observer Mars con li ocul nud. Su luce es mult plu debil quam to del [[Lune]] o li [[Sole]]. Solmen tre ínfrequentmen it posse esser egal a to de [[Venus (planete)|Venus]] e [[Jupiter]]. Támen, in li max favorabil configuration (quande oposition aproxima se), su luciditá posse superar li luciditá maximum de Jupiter, con un magnitúdine* aparent de -2.91. Li planete rubi anc ha inspirat un grand númere de autores de scientie-fiction. Li principal aspectes de ti romanes hat esset inspirat per li observationes telescopic del fine del 19im centennie e li comense del 20im centennie, ante visitationes per sondes*, queles fat suposir li existentie de mares e de canales. [[Categorie:Planetes]] p8jlgnbxup31tiecqjt145ue425uzdq 0 4936 168560 163750 2026-07-09T19:12:41Z Interlingue-fan 24666 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:1|1|0 */ 168560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Planlingue2 |name = Lingua sistemfrater |nativename = |color = orange |creator = Pham Xuan Thai |annu = 1957 |speakers = |academie = |family = |iso1 = |iso2 = |iso3 = |carte = |textu = }} '''Lingua sistemfrater''' es un [[planlingue]] creat in li annu 1957 per [[Pham Xuan Thai]]. ==Li 12 regules== # In Frater, hay ni articul, ni flexion, ni elision, ni concordie de témpor, génere, o númere. # Li nómine, li adjective, li verbie e li adverbie have li sam radica. # Li adjective es sempre posit pos li nómine, con li exception del numeró cardinal. Li comparative de egalitá es traductet con '''je''' (“quam … quam”); li comparative de superioritá con '''plus''' (“plu … quam”); li comparative de inferioritá con '''plusne''' (“minu … quam”). li superlative de superioritá es traductet con '''plusuni''' (“li plu … quam”); li superlative de inferioritá con '''plusunine''' (“li minu … quam”). Li absolut superlative es traductet con '''tele''' (“tre”). # Li numerós cardinal es: '''uni''' (1), '''bi''' (2), '''tri''' (3), '''kuadri''' (4), '''kuinti''' (5), '''ses''' (6), '''sep''' (7), '''okta''' (8), '''nona''' (9), '''deka''' (10), '''senti''' (100), '''mil''' (1000), '''milion''' (1 000 000), '''miliar''' (1 000 000 000). Li numerós cardinal, quande posit pos li nómine, deveni numerós ordinal. Li numerós multiplicativ es format per adjuntar li parol '''tem''' (vez, témpor) al numerós cardinal. Li numerós fractional es format per adjuntar '''unisur''' (un super) al numerós cardinal. Li numerós collectiv es format per adjuntar '''per''' (per) al numerós cardinal. # Li pronómines personal es: '''mi''' (yo, me), '''mis'''' (nos), '''ni''' (tu, te [singulari]), '''nis''' (vos [plural]), '''ili''' (ti, il, le, ela, la, it), '''ilis''' (tis, ili), '''antrop''' (on). Li pronómines possessive es format per adjuntar '''ot''' (de) al pronómines personal. # Li verbie es absolutmen ínvariant in person e númere: '''pas''' (passate) designa li témpor passat; '''futur''' (futur) designa li témpor futuri; '''intem''' (in témpor) designa li gerundie; '''probable''' (probabil) designa témpor conditional; li voce passiv es format per adjuntar '''es''' al infinitive. # Hay null invertion del sequent ordina del paroles, except in [[poesie]]: '''subject-verbie-object'''. # Chascun parol es pronunciat exactmen talmen quam it es scrit: chasun lettre sempre have li sam son. # Li accentu es posit sur li ultim síllabe del parol. # Complex paroles es obtenet per pur combination del elementes quel forma ili, li fundamentale sempre posit sur li comense. # Si hay altri parol con signification negativ in li frase, li adverbie '''ne''' (ne) es omisset. # Si extran paroles, precipuemen international paroles, es format per li radica existent in Frater, changea [li su forma] secun li regul 10. Si lor radica ne existe in Frater, ili subisse null change: ili solmen prende li ortografie del parol. == Patre nor == : Pater mis in sel, : nam ni es santa, : nasionroi ni aribe, : desir ni es fakto, : sur geo omo in sel. : Don mis jurdis pani jur mis. : Perdon erormulti mis, : omo mis perdon filone mis. : Ne direk mis a proba, : e libere mis ot benne. : Amen. == Ligamentes extern == * [http://www.linguasistemfrater.mozello.com Frater.com] Site oficial (in anglesi, esperanto e interlingua) * [https://frater.fandom.com/wiki/Frater_Wiki Frater Wiki] [[Category:Planlingue]] gphzcnx8ye414r9miuj3sqmuy8gu0xu 0 11224 168565 164026 2026-07-10T10:58:16Z Interlingue-fan 24666 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:1|1|0 */ 168565 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Planlingue2 |name = Mundeze |nativename = |color = orange |creator = Djuna de Lannoy |annu = 2012 |speakers = Ínconosset |academie = |family = [[lingue artifical]]<br />&nbsp; [[lingue auxiliari international]]<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Mundeze''' |iso1 = |iso2 = |iso3 = |carte = Mundezo.jpg |textu = }} '''Mundeze''' es un [[Planlingue|lingue artificial]] creat in 2012 de Djuna de Lannoy, un hispan nascet in li Congo qui habita in [[Belgia]], con li scope de esser un lingue auxiliar international. In mundeze, omni paroles have un radica ínvariabil, de quel on posse formar li substantive, li verb, li adjective e li adverbie. Li nómines fini in -e, li verbes in -i, li adjectives in -a e li adverbies in -o. == Ortografie == Mundeze es scrit con latin alfabet, ma on posse anc usar alfare, li special ortografie developat por li lingue. == Gramatica == * It ne have articules. * Li conjugation es optional e it es fat con adverbies: ** ''pretempo'' o ''preo'': por li passate ** ''nutempo'' o ''nuo'': per li presente ** ''postempo'' o ''poso'': per li futur Por li aspecte, it hay tre adverbies, queles es scrit ante li verbe: * ''jo'' per un action finit * ''so'' per un action quel es evenient in ti momente. * ''vo'' per un action previste === Pronomines personal === * me (yo) * tu (tu) * lo (il, ella, it) * noy (noi) * voy (voi) * ley (ili) == Bibliografie == * Li information quel apare en ti-ci articul veni de [https://web.archive.org/web/20201127061112/http://www.mundeze.com págine web oficial del lingue]. [[Categorie:Planlingue]] 4vw5lyz2vrzrco23r4ru6w1ca1sv4tk 0 15535 168564 168281 2026-07-09T19:16:27Z Interlingue-fan 24666 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|1 */ 168564 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revision}} Li lingue constructet '''[[Interlingue]]''', originalmen conosset quam '''Occidental''', have un historie quel extende se un centennie desde su publication original per su creator [[Edgar de Wahl]] in 1922. == Funde == De Wahl esset unesim introductet al lingues artificial tra li volapük, un lingue auxiliari international quel apparit in 1879. De Wahl devenit un del unesim usatores del esperanto, quel il trovat per li unesim vez in 1888 durante su periode quam volapukiste e per quel esset in li processu de crear un dictionarium de termes maritim<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta A, 1946, p. 18|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1946&page=18&size=45|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415023325/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1946&page=18&size=45|archive-date=2021-04-15|access-date=2019-01-30}}</ref>. Il rapidmen devenit un fervorosi supportor del esperanto per quelc annus in quel il collaborat con Zamenhof in quel partes del designe del lingue<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta A, 1927, p. 56|url=https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1927&page=62&size=45|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413204208/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1927&page=62&size=45|archive-date=2021-04-13|access-date=2020-12-20}}</ref>, e traductet un del unesim ovres al esperanto: "Princidino Mary"<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lermontov|first=Mikhail|title=Esperanto: Princidino Mary|date=1896|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:EO_Mi%C4%A5ail_Lermontov_-_Princidino_Mary.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922200524/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:EO_Mi%C4%A5ail_Lermontov_-_Princidino_Mary.pdf|access-date=2020-12-20|url-status=live|archive-date=2021-09-22}}</ref>, publicat in 1889 originalmen con li nómine Princino Mary. Il restat un esperantiste til 1894, quande li votation por reformar li lingue dessuccesset; il esset un del du que votat ni pro li esperanto sin changes, ni pro li reforma proposit de Zamenhof, ma per un reforma completmen nov<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta A, 1946, p. 19|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1946&page=19&size=45|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203629/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1946&page=19&size=45|archive-date=2021-04-13|access-date=2019-01-30}}</ref>. Li occidental ne vell esser annunciat til 28 annus pos abandonar li esperanto, un periode in quel il laborat con altri creatores de lingues provante developar un sistema quel mey combinar naturalisme con regularitá, un combination quel devenit un punctu de venta frequentemen referret in li promotion del Occidental<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta A, 1929, p. 101|url=https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1929&page=105&size=45|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511090145/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1929&page=105&size=45|archive-date=2021-05-11|access-date=2021-05-11|quote=Inter omni projectes, Occidental es li sol quel in altissim gradu ha penat satisfar li amalgamation del du quasi contradictori postulates: regularitá e naturalitá.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1938, p. 64|url=https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1938&page=53&size=45|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511090144/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1938&page=53&size=45|archive-date=2021-05-11|access-date=2021-05-11|quote=Do secun li principies fundamental de Occidental: «junter quant possibil regularitá e naturalitá», just li form «radica» es li sol rect e apt por ti parol.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta A, 1929, p. 76|url=https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1929&size=45&page=80|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511090131/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1929&size=45&page=80|archive-date=2021-05-11|access-date=2021-05-11|quote=Nu, si li europan popules va un die introducter un tal radical ortografic reforma in su lingues quam li turcos, it va esser natural que anc li lingue international va secuer ti reforma, ma til tande, noi pensa, noi have ancor sufficent témpor e prefere ne chocar li publica e destructer li etymologie, do li regularitá e naturalitá.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta A, 1929, p. 10|url=https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1929&page=14&size=45|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511090137/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1929&page=14&size=45|archive-date=2021-05-11|access-date=2021-05-11|quote=Qui in li divers revues interlinguistic...retrosecue li labores de Wahl til lor origines, ti va constatar, que li autor de Occidental ja in su unesim publicationes esset un consecuent representant e protagonist del strict naturalitá del futuri lingue international; ma in contrast a altri interlinguistes del camp naturalistic, Wahl ha sempre accentuat que ti ci naturalitá deve accordar con plen regularitá del structura del lingue.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1935, p. 14|url=https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1935&page=14&size=45|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512060218/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1935&page=14&size=45|archive-date=2021-05-12|access-date=2021-05-11|quote=Occidental esset publicat de Prof. E. de Wahl in 1922. It ha monstrat nos que li vocabularium del grand lingues de civilisation posse esser regularisat per un sistema de derivation admirabilmen simplic, sin arbitrari formes, sin inventet regules». Pro to Occidental es un excellent combination de naturalitá e regularitá. Ti du caracteres merita esser expresset in li insigne e yo proposi representar ti du atributes per li equigambi rect-triangul sur li diametre de un circul. Li equigambie expresse que li naturalitá e li regularitá esset tractat con egal cuidas per sr. de Wahl.}}</ref>. De Wahl passat li sequent annus pos abandonar Esperanto in collaboration con linguistes quam [[Waldemar Rosenberger]] ([[Idiom Neutral]])<ref name=":9" />, [[Julius Lott]] ([[Mundolingue]]), e [[Antoni Grabowski]] (Latine Modern per un témpor, ante revenir al Esperanto)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta A, 1946, p. 18|url=https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1946&page=19&size=45|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203629/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1946&page=19&size=45|archive-date=2021-04-13|access-date=2020-12-20}}</ref>. Li metode provat de ti "partisanes del naturalisme" esset li distillation del paroles existent in lor partes per obtener li radices international in ili (quam naturalisation a nat-ur-al-is-ation), poy usat un altri paroles per mantener li radis in un minimum durante que ili mantenet un aspecte natural. In li opinion de de Wahl, it esset sempre preferibil optar per un suffixe productiv quam es fortiat a crear paroles nove ex radices completmen nov plu tard<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kosmoglott, 1923, p. 9|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1923&page=9&size=45|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415022343/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1923&page=9&size=45|archive-date=2021-04-15|access-date=2019-01-30|quote=Translation: "But I do not understand why the word "celibatario" does not fit Ido. If you have the root "celibat" you derive words such as "legatario, millionario" etc. in the same way. Someone who like M. de B[eaufront] does not understand the sense of the suffix in "secundari" may learn the word as a whole, as it is done in Ido, but I think it is better to have a perhaps somewhat fluctuating suffix than to learn 100 new root words, where I never know if the inventors in one case have preferred an international word or in another a "logical" new formation that I could never even imagine."}}</ref>. Plu, li regula de Wahl developpat plu tard permisset un derivation regular del verbes latin de ''double-stem''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Barandovská-Frank|first=Vĕra|title=Latinidaj planlingvoj (AIS-kurso, 1 studunuo)|url=http://interl.home.amu.edu.pl/interlingvistiko/Barandovska_Latinidaj_planlingvoj.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123010131/http://interl.home.amu.edu.pl/interlingvistiko/Barandovska_Latinidaj_planlingvoj.pdf|archive-date=2019-01-23|access-date=2019-01-22|quote=Male al la “Regul De Wahl”, kiu ebligas en Interlingue regulajn derivaĵojn, Interlingua konservas plurajn radikojn, ekz. ag/act (agente/actor), frang/fract (frangibil/fraction), ung/unct (unguento/unction), tiel ke sen lingvistikaj antaŭscioj pri infinitiva kaj supina formoj oni ne povas diveni la ĝustan rezulton.}}</ref>. Li [[Delegation por li Adoption de un Lingue Auxiliari International]], un córpor de academicos format per studiar li problema de un lingue international e quel recommendat li Esperanto con reformas (quel ductet al lingue conosset quam [[ido]]), evenit in 1907 ante li anunciation de Occidental. De Wahl talmen selectet inviar un memorandum de principies sur queles fundar un lingue international, un memorandum quel arrivat pos li comité hat ajornat<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta A, 1946, p. 22|url=https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1946&page=23&size=45|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203418/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1946&page=23&size=45|archive-date=2021-04-13|access-date=2020-12-21}}</ref>. Li memorandum esset solmen notat efemerimen de [[Louis Couturat]], qui esset familiar con de Wahl e su collaboratores<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta A, 1937, p. 73|url=https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1937&page=74&size=45|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413204029/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1937&page=74&size=45|archive-date=2021-04-13|access-date=2020-12-21}}</ref>. [[File:First_issue_of_Cosmoglotta,_1922.jpg|alt=|thumb|Li unesim numeró de ''Kosmoglott'' (plu tard ''Cosmoglotta''), publicat con rapiditá pos li anunciation que li Liga de Nationes esset studiant li problema de un lingue international.]] == Comense == Edgar de Wahl annunciat li creation de Occidental in 1922 con li unesim numeró del jurnal ''Cosmoglotta'', publicat in Tallinn, [[Estonian|Estonia]] con li nómine ''Kosmoglott''. Occidental esset un producte de annus de experimentation personal su li nómine ''[[Auli]]'' (''auxiliary language''), quel il usat de 1906 til 1921, e qual poy ganiat li nómine de proto-occidental. De Wahl, originalmen un defensor del volapük e poy del esperanto, comensat crear Occidental pos li votation dessuccesset de reforma del esperanto de 1984. Durante li developpation del lingue de Wahl explicat su idé in un lettre a un conossete, li Baron d'Orczy scrit in Auli: {{Citation|Mu direction in l creation de lingue universal appare a Sr d. O. rekte regresiva. Mi comprende it tre bone, nam mi comenza just de l altre fine. Mi ne statui in comenza l alfabet e l grammatica e pos deve adaptar l vocabularie a ili, ma just contrarmen, mi prende tut material international de paroles, suffixes, finitiones, formes grammatical etc., e pos mi pena organisar cel material, meter it in ordin, compilar, interpolar e extrapolar e criblar (sieben, to sift).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1946&size=45&page=25|title=Occidental A, 1946, p. 24|access-date=2019-01-06|archive-date=2021-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213201203/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1946&size=45&page=25|url-status=live}}</ref>}} De Wahl anc corespondet con li matimatico italian Giuseppe Peano, creator del [[latino sine flexione]], ganiante un appreciation por su selection de vocabularium international. "Yo crede que li libre de "Vocabulatio commune" del Professore Peano es ja un ovre plu valorosi e scientic quam li compleet litteratura scolastic de ido pri coses imaginari evokat del "fundamento" de Zamenhof", scrit il. [[File:Occidental-Union,_Wien_1928.jpg|right|thumb|Participantes in un reunion de occidentalistes in Wien, 1928: Engelbert Pigal, Karl Janotta, A. Deminger, Hanns Hörbiger, Eugen Moess, Franz Houdek, Johann Robert Hörbiger]] [[File:Occidentalists_in_Vienna,_1927.jpg|right|thumb|Reunion de usatores de Occidental (Interlingue) in Wien in 1927.]] Che su anuncie in 1922, Occidental esset presc complet<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kosmoglott, 1925, p.40|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1925&page=40&size=45|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415015947/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1925&page=40&size=45|archive-date=2021-04-15|access-date=2019-02-19|quote=Translation: "I found the most precise sense of "-atu" for example no earlier than 1924 ... maybe with time I will also find the precise sense of "-il, -esc, -itudo", etc."}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1947, p. 15|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1947&page=15&size=45|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415021222/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1947&page=15&size=45|archive-date=2021-04-15|access-date=2018-12-28|website=anno.onb.ac.at}}</ref>. De Wahl no hat intentet anunciar li lingue durante quelc annus; pos audir que li Liga de Nationes (LDN) hat comensat un inqueste pri li question del lingulingue international il decidet accelerar su publication<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta A, 1946, p. 27|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1946&size=45&page=27|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415021220/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1946&size=45&page=27|archive-date=2021-04-15|access-date=2019-01-06}}</ref> e anc pos reciver un responde favorabil li annu anteyan del Sub-Secretario General del LDN Nitobe Inazō, quel hat adoptet un resolution sur li tema in 1921<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kosmoglott 001, 1922, p. 4|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1922&page=4&size=45|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415022050/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1922&page=4&size=45|archive-date=2021-04-15|access-date=2020-08-02}}</ref>. Li unesim publication conosset in Occidental, un litt libre titulat ''Transcendent Algebra'' de Jacob Linzbach, apparit poc ante li debut de Kosmoglott<ref name="Transcendental Algebra">{{cite web|title=Transcendental Algebra|url=http://keyboardfire.com/s/transalg/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822222146/http://keyboardfire.com/s/transalg/|archive-date=2019-08-22|access-date=2019-11-30}}</ref>. Occidental comensat assemblar adherentes pro su leebilitá, malgré un complet manca de grammaticas e dictionariums<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kosmoglott, 1925, p.7|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1927&size=45&page=7|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413204017/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1927&page=7&size=45|archive-date=2021-04-13|access-date=2018-12-28|website=anno.onb.ac.at}}</ref>. Du annus plu tard, in 1924, de Wahl scrit que il esset correspondente con circa 30 persones "in bon Occidental" malgré li manca de materiales de aprension<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kosmoglott, 1924, p. 14|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1924&size=45&teil=0101&page=14|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415022346/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1924&size=45&teil=0101&page=14|archive-date=2021-04-15|access-date=2019-02-07|quote=Translation: "He asserts that Occidental, despite being easily readable, is very difficult to write and that one could hardly find 10 people in the world able to write it without errors. Well, with me alone there is already three times that number corresponding in good Occidental."}}</ref>. Du societés de Ido unit se a Occidental in li sam annu, un in Wien (Austria) nominat ''IdoSocieto Progreso'' (renominat ''Societé Cosmoglott Progress'') e li ''Societo Progreso'' in Brno (Tchekoslovakia), quel changeat su nómine a [[FEDERALI]] (''Federation del amicos del lingue international'')<ref>{{Cite web|title="Kosmoglot" – la unua interlingvistika societo en Ruslando|url=http://jki.amu.edu.pl/files/JKI%20-%2014%20-%2009%20-%20Kuznecov[1].pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922171623/http://jki.amu.edu.pl/files/JKI%20-%2014%20-%2009%20-%20Kuznecov%5B1%5D.pdf|archive-date=2020-09-22|access-date=2020-08-11}}</ref>. Li unesim dictionarium li ''Radicarium Directiv'', un collection de radices de Occidental e su equivalentes in otto lingues, esset publicat in li annu sequent<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wahl|first=E. de|title=Radicarium directiv del lingue international (Occidental) in 8 lingues.|date=1925|location=Tallinn|oclc=185538723}}</ref>. Kosmoglott anc esset un forum por altri lingues constructet, durante que it esset principalmen scrit in Occidental. Til 1924, li revúe esset anc afiliat al ''Academia pro Interlingua'', quel promoet li ''Latino sine flexione'' de Peano<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kosmoglott, 1924, p. 1|url=https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1924&page=1&size=45|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214103429/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1924&page=1&size=45|archive-date=2021-02-14|access-date=2020-12-15}}</ref>. Li nómine changead a ''Cosmoglotta'' in 1927 quande comensat oficialmen li promotion de Occidental vice altri lingues, e in januar li editorial e li buró administrativ esset moet a Mauer, un vicinage de Wien, hodie parte de Liesing<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta, 1927, p. 1|url=https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1927&page=7&size=45|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413204017/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1927&page=7&size=45|archive-date=2021-04-13|access-date=2020-12-15}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta A, 1947, p. 17|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1947&size=45&page=17|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214174909/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1947&size=45&page=17|archive-date=2021-02-14|access-date=2019-01-18}}</ref>. Mult del tost successe de Occidental in ti-ci periode venit del nov location central del buró, junt con li eforties de [[Engelbert Pigal]], anc ex Austria, de qui li articul ''Li Ovre de Edgar de Wahl'' creat un interesse in Occidental in usatores de Ido.<ref name=":1" />. Li usation in Francia comensat in 1928, en anc in li comense del decade sequent li communitá occidentaliste esset etablisset in Germania, Austria, Svedia, Tchekoslovakia e Svissia<ref>{{Cite web|title=Helvetia, January 1930|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e1e&datum=1930&page=9&size=45|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415022218/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e1e&datum=1930&page=9&size=45|archive-date=2021-04-15|access-date=2020-09-04|quote="...Occ. esset unesimli propagat per Germanes, Austrianes, Svedes, Tchecoslovacos e solmen ante du annus ha penetrat in Francia."}}</ref>. == Periode de Wien e Duesim Guerre Mundal == [[File:Postkarte_Lingue_international_Occidental.jpg|right|thumb|Carte postal con textu in Occidental creat in 1928 in Wien.]] Li periode de Wien anc esset marcat del stabilitá financial. Con li auxilie de du suportores principal: [[Hans Hörbiger]], ex Wien, e G.A. Moore ex London, Cosmoglotta prosperat malgré li crise economic. Pos li morte de ambes in 1931, Cosmoglotta esset fortiat denov a apoyarse al revenú de subscriptiones e republicationes.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1937, p.79|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1937&page=80&size=45|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415030229/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1937&page=80&size=45|archive-date=2021-04-15|access-date=2019-03-13}}</ref> Li crescent movement comensat campaniar plu assertivmen pro Occidental in li annus 1930 temporan,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta A, 1933, p. 20.|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1933&size=45&page=22|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415024026/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1933&size=45&page=22|archive-date=2021-04-15|access-date=2019-04-11}}</ref> utilisante su leebilitá a prime vista per contactar organisationes quam companies, ambassades, printeríes e li Societé de Nationes con lettres completmen in Occidental quel esset frequentmen comprendet e respondet.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1935, p. 30|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1935&size=45&page=30|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415032533/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1935&size=45&page=30|archive-date=2021-04-15|access-date=2019-02-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta A, 1931, p. 92|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1931&size=45&page=95|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027051833/http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1931&size=45&page=95|archive-date=2020-10-27|access-date=2020-10-22|quote=Un commercial firma in Tchecoslovacia scri spontanmen al redaction: "Mi firma...opera in Italia solmen per li medium de Occidental, e to in omni romanic states. To es un miraculos fact. Vu posse scrir a omni romano in Occidental e il va comprender vor idées."}}</ref> Ta lettre frequentmen includet al final li frase ''Scrit in lingue international "Occidental"''. Un grand quantitá de "documentes" numerat<ref>[[Sviss Association por Occidental]]</ref> esset productet in ta témpor anc por introducter li concepte de un lingue international e pledar pro Occidental quam responde al "turre de Babel" europan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta A, 1934, p. 52|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1934&page=52&size=45|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415021034/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1934&page=52&size=45|archive-date=2021-04-15|access-date=2019-02-20}}</ref> Discos de Occidental in gramofone por distribution esset unesim fat in ti-ci periode<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta A, 1934, p. 52.|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1934&size=45&page=67|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415014454/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1934&size=45&page=67|archive-date=2021-04-15|access-date=2019-04-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1935, p. 12|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1935&size=45&page=12|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415022338/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1935&size=45&page=12|archive-date=2021-04-15|access-date=2019-02-20}}</ref>. Li annus in 1935 e 1939 esset particularmen activ por Cosmoglotta e un duesim edition del revúe esset publicat. Originalmen titulat ''Cosmoglotta-Informationes''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta B (Cosmoglotta-Informationes), 1935, p. 1|url=https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1935&page=1&size=45|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203535/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1935&page=1&size=45|archive-date=2021-04-13|access-date=2020-12-15}}</ref>, it esset tost renominat ''Cosmoglota B'', focante in temas de plu intern interesse quam temas linguistic, reportes de Occidental in li novas, e actualisationes financial. In li comense de 1936, sin contar con li 110 númeres de Cosmoglotta e altri revúes e bulletines, it existet un totale de 80 publicationes in e pri Occidental.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1936, p. 17|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1936&size=45&page=17|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415020219/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1936&size=45&page=17|archive-date=2021-04-15|access-date=2019-02-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1936, p. 38|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1936&size=45&page=38|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415020032/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1936&page=38&size=45|archive-date=2021-04-15|access-date=2019-02-23}}</ref> Ma li annus ante li Duesim Guerre Mundal esset desfacil por Occidental e altri lingus constructet. Ili esset bannit in Germania<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta A, 1948, pg. 5|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1948&size=45&page=5|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203100042/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1948&size=45&page=5|archive-date=2021-02-03|access-date=2019-01-20|quote=(Translation) Regrettably, public propagation of Occidental was not possible in Germany from 1935 (the year when artificial languages were banned in Germany) until the end of the war...}}</ref>, Austria<ref>[http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1945&page=12&size=45 Cosmoglotta B, 1945, p. 12.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415020632/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1945&page=12&size=45|date=2021-04-15}} Translation öf the last pre-war Occidental postcard from Austria sent to Switzerland in December 1938: "My sadness from not being able to continue my interlinguistic work continues and has made me almost melancholic. Please do not send me mail in Occidental."</ref> e Tchekoslovakia, fortiat a separar se<ref>[http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1944&page=109&size=45 Cosmoglotta B, 1944, p. 109.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415021543/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1944&page=109&size=45|date=2021-04-15}} Translation: "The reality is that Occidental, like the other international languages, is prohibited in Germany, that the Occidental societies have been disbanded there (also in Czechoslovakia and Austria) even before the war, and that only regime change in those countries will make Occidental propagation a possibility again.</ref>, restat sub vigilantie del Gestapo<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta A, 1948, p. 122|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1948&size=45&page=122|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324052338/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1948&size=45&page=122|archive-date=2021-03-24|access-date=2019-02-02|quote=English translation: The final exchange of telegrams between us was your telegram in March 1938 where you asked me if I would go to The Hague to participate in the IALA conference, and my quick negative response, not followed by a letter explaining why. You certainly had guessed the cause, but you cannot know what actually happened. Immediately after the coming of Hitler I had the "honour", as president of an international organisation, to be watched by the Gestapo, which interrogated me multiple times and searched through my house, confiscating a large part of my correspondence and my interlinguistic material."}}</ref>, quel destructet materiales de instruction<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1948, p. 33.|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1948&size=45&page=33|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415024141/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1948&size=45&page=33|archive-date=2021-04-15|access-date=2019-01-16|quote=Translation: "I myself lost my entire rich Occidental-Interlingue possessions in 1936 through home raids by the infamous Gestapo...How thankful you must be to your governments which have avoided such catastrophes that our land (Germany) has suffered, one after another, for 35 years now."}}</ref>. Li bannition de lingues constructet in Germania esset particularmen damageant nam it esset li loc u li majorité del occidentalistes habitat in ta témpor<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta A, 1946, p. 32|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1946&size=45&page=32|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415024144/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1946&size=45&page=32|archive-date=2021-04-15|access-date=2019-01-06}}</ref>. Li ínabilitá de acceptar payamentes por subscriptiones esset un colpe financial quel continuat pos li guerre<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1946, p. 11|url=https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1946&page=11&size=45|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203603/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1946&page=11&size=45|archive-date=2021-04-13|access-date=2020-12-15}}</ref> junt con li division de Germania in zonas de influentie, in quelc de ili li payamentes ne esset permisset<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1947, p. 107|url=https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1947&size=45&page=99|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413204211/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1947&size=45&page=99|archive-date=2021-04-13|access-date=2020-12-15}}</ref>. De Wahl, in Tallinn, no posset communicar se con li Occidental-Union in Svissia inter 1939 e octobre 1947, unesimmen pro li guerre e poy caus li interception de postage inter Svissia e li Soviet-Union<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1947, p. 100|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1947&size=45&page=92|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415023923/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1947&size=45&page=92|archive-date=2021-04-15|access-date=2019-01-02|website=anno.onb.ac.at}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta A, 1948, p. 100|url=https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1948&page=101&size=45|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413204221/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1948&page=101&size=45|archive-date=2021-04-13|access-date=2020-12-15}}</ref>. Sin saver pri to, de Wahl esset confuset caus li manca de responde de su lettres; mem un grand collection de poesie traductet a Occidental nequande esset liverat. Li unic lettre sue recivet in Svissa arrivat in 1947, demandante al Occidental-Union pro quo it ne hat respondet su lettres<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1948, p. 99|url=https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1948&page=100&size=45|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203808/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1948&page=100&size=45|archive-date=2021-04-13|access-date=2020-12-15}}</ref>. Ínterim, li dom de de Wahl e su biblioteca hat esset destructet in li bonbardamento de Tallinn. De Wahl mem esset incarcerat durante un témpor pos su refusa de abandonar Estonia por ear a Germania, e plu tard refugiat se in un hospital psichiatric u vivet til li fin de su vive<ref>{{Cite web|last=Barandovská-Frank|first=Vĕra|title=Latinidaj planlingvoj (AIS-kurso, 1 studunuo)|url=http://interl.home.amu.edu.pl/interlingvistiko/Barandovska_Latinidaj_planlingvoj.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123010131/http://interl.home.amu.edu.pl/interlingvistiko/Barandovska_Latinidaj_planlingvoj.pdf|archive-date=2019-01-23|access-date=2019-01-22|quote="Post la okupo de Tallinn per sovetia armeo estis deportita kaj malaperinta la edzino de De Wahl, lia domo komplete forbruliĝis dum bombardado, detruiĝis lia riĉa biblioteko kaj manuskriptoj. Post la alveno de naziaj trupoj De Wahl rifuzis translokiĝon al Germanio kaj estis enkarcerigita. Por savi lin, liaj amikoj lasis proklami lin mense malsana. En la jaro 1944, 77-jaraĝa, li eniris sanatorion Seewald apud Tallinn kaj restis tie ankaŭ post la milito, ne havante propran loĝejon"}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta A, 1948, p. 98|url=https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1948&page=99&size=45|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203805/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1948&page=99&size=45|archive-date=2021-04-13|access-date=2020-12-15}}</ref>. Li eruption del guerre in 1939 haltat li publication de ambos Cosmoglottas in 1940, ma in 1941 ''Cosmoglotta B'' comensat esser publicat denov e continuat talmen til 1950<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Plan de aparition de KOSMOGLOTT 1922-1926 e COSMOGLOTTA 1927-1972 (Austrian National Library)|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1922&page=73&size=45|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415025601/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1922&page=73&size=45|archive-date=2021-04-15|access-date=2019-01-28}}</ref>. Un edition de sive Cosmoglotta A sive B esset publicat chascun mensu inter januar 1937 e septembre 1939 e poy (pos li choc initial del guerre) chascun mensu inter septembre 1941 e juní 1951<ref name=":3" />. Durante li guerre, solmen qui esset in li neutral Svissia e Svedia posset devoer self completment al lingue, continuante li activitás de forma semi-oficial<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1941, p. 1|url=https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1941&page=1&size=45|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183239/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1941&page=1&size=45|archive-date=2021-07-09|access-date=2021-07-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1943, p. 85|url=https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1943&page=85&size=45|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185453/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1943&page=85&size=45|archive-date=2021-07-09|access-date=2021-07-05}}</ref>. Durante li guerre, li occidentalistes observat que li lingue esset frequentment permisset por inviar telegrames in e extra Svissia (specialmen a e ex Svedia)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1946, p.8.|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1946&page=8&size=45|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207153229/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1946&page=8&size=45|archive-date=2021-02-07|access-date=2018-12-22|website=anno.onb.ac.at|quote=English translation: "At the assembly of the Swiss Association for Occidental in Bienne it was noted with satisfaction that despite the war the cooperation at least with the Swedish worldlanguage friends was always able to be maintained, in that the letters and telegrams written in Occidental passed by the censors without problem."}}</ref> mem sin reconossentie official, conjectente que li censores posset comprender it<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1943, p. 6|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1943&page=6&size=45|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415024228/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1943&page=6&size=45|archive-date=2021-04-15|access-date=2018-12-10}}</ref> e ili mey haver pensat que ili esset scrit in hispan o romanch<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1945, p. 15|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1945&page=15&size=45|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415021903/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1945&page=15&size=45|archive-date=2021-04-15|access-date=2018-12-10}}</ref>, un lingue minori sed official in Svissia quel in ta témpor ne havet un ortografie official. To permisset quelc communication inter li occidentalistes de Svissia e Svedia. Li altri centre de activitá de Occidental in Europa ne standat tam mult bon, con li assortimentes de materiales de studie in Wien e Tallinn hant esset destructet in bombardamentes<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1946, p.9|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1946&page=9&size=45|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415020703/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1946&page=9&size=45|archive-date=2021-04-15|access-date=2018-12-22|website=anno.onb.ac.at}}</ref> e numerosi occidentalistes inviat a campes de concentration in Germania e Tchecoslovakia<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1945, p. 119.|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1945&page=119&size=45|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203639/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1945&page=119&size=45|archive-date=2021-04-13|access-date=2018-12-22|website=anno.onb.ac.at|quote=English translation: "When I arrived in Prague after my escape from the concentration of Leitmeritz, I had literally nothing except a ragged prison uniform, the so-called "pyjama" of the prison camps...Soon after I arrived in Prague I published an ad to search friends of the international language..."}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1945, p. 83.|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1945&page=83&size=45|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415022910/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1945&page=83&size=45|archive-date=2021-04-15|access-date=2018-12-22|website=anno.onb.ac.at|quote=English translation: "The letters from France are starting to arrive in Switzerland. Especially appreciated are those from Mr. Lerond, a teacher in Bréville tra Donville (Manche) and from Mr. René Chabaud, who happily returned safe and sound from a prison camp in Germany."}}</ref>. Li contacte esset reetablisset poc post li guerre de qui restat, con lettres ex landes quam Francia, Tchekoslovakia, Finland e Grand Britannia essent enviat a Cosmoglotta. Li scritores dit que ili esset preparat por comensat li activitás denov pro li lingue<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1946, p. 108|url=https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1945&page=108&size=45|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801150349/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1945&page=108&size=45|archive-date=2021-08-01|access-date=2021-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1946. p. 119-120|url=https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1945&page=119&size=45|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203639/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1945&page=119&size=45|archive-date=2021-04-13|access-date=2020-12-17}}</ref>. ''Cosmoglotta'' hat seubscriptores in 58 cités de Svissia<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1945, p. 24|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1945&page=24&size=45|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330075537/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1945&page=24&size=45|archive-date=2021-03-30|access-date=2018-12-10}}</ref> quelc mensus ante li finition del Duesim Guerre Mundal in Europa, e ''Cosmoglotta A'' comensat su publication denov in 1946<ref name=":3" />. == Standardisation linguistic == Durante li guerre mult occidentalistes decidet standardisar li lingue<ref name=":15">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210415024913/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1943&page=85&size=45 Cosmoglotta B, 1943, p. 85:] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415024913/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1943&page=85&size=45|date=2021-04-15}} English translation: "Because the president and secretary of the Academy are located in countries in a state of war, the leading Occidentalists of the neutral countries, Switzerland and Sweden, believe it necessary to set up an INTERIM ACADEMY which will function until the other will be able to resume its work. The decisions of this interim academy will be '''conditional''', i.e.: must be validated by the regular Academy after the war, and due to that it will deliver to it all documents justifying its decisions, with detailed reasons."</ref>. De Wahl hat creat Occidental con un númere de caracteristicas ínchangeabil, ma credet que li sequition del "leges del vive" dat it un base suficentmen firm que it posset sequer un "evolution natural"<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kosmoglott, 1922, p. 65|url=https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1922&page=65&size=45|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203337/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1922&page=65&size=45|archive-date=2021-04-13|access-date=2020-12-16}}</ref>. Su flexibilitá vell "permisser témpor e practica far li modificationes que vell provar necessari"<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta A, 1927, p. 95|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1927&page=103&size=45|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415020154/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1927&size=45&page=103|archive-date=2021-04-15|access-date=2020-08-22}}</ref>. Quam resultate, quelc paroles hat plu quam un form permissibil, quel ne posset esser resoluet par decrete, talmen lassante li ultim decision al communité per includer li du formes in li unesim dictionariums de Occidental<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210415020331/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1945&page=3&size=45 Cosmoglotta B, 1945, p. 3:] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415020331/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1945&page=3&size=45|date=2021-04-15}} Translation: "For some hundreds of international words there are two forms between which it is not easy to know which one is better. E. de Wahl wisely wrote both in the first dictionaries, with the intention to let practice make the decision."</ref>. Un exemple concernat li verb "scrir", e un possibil form alternative "scripter", nam ambes creat derivationes internationalmen reconossibil: "scritura" e "scritor" ex "scrir" e "scriptura" e "scriptor" ex "scripter"<ref name=":16">{{Cite book|url=https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1925&page=14&size=45|title=Kosmoglott, 1925, p. 14|date=May 1925|access-date=2020-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203618/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1925&page=14&size=45|archive-date=2021-04-13|url-status=live}}</ref>. De Wahl expresset du preferentie pro "scrir" trovante "scripter" alquant pesant, ma comentat que li ultim esset certmen permissibil e que Occidental mey prender un evolution simil al lingues natural in quel ambe formes devenit usat in, con li form long havente un caracter plu formal e li cur un ton plu omnidial (quam ''story'' e ''history'' in anglesi)<ref name=":16" />. Li ortografie esset altri area u existet divers posibilités, a saver, li ortografie etimologic (adtractiv, eobpression), historic (attractiv, oppression) o simplificat (atractiv, opression)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1944, p. 66|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1944&page=66&size=45|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415014651/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1944&page=66&size=45|archive-date=2021-04-15|access-date=2018-12-07}}</ref>. Li unesim option esset presc nequande usat, e li ortografie simpificat devenit finalmen li standard in 1939<ref>{{Cite book|last=Schmidt|first=Dr. Thomas|title=GROSSES MODERNES WÖRTERBUCH INTERLINGUE (OCCIDENTAL) - DEUTSCH|year=2020|location=Berlin|pages=2|quote=Von seiner Entstehung bis zum Ausbruch des Zweiten Weltkrieges 1939 wurde die Rechtschreibung der Sprache deutlich vereinfacht. Diese sogenannte „simplificat ortografie“ löste die alte „historic ortografie“ ab.}}</ref>. Mult del standardisation del lingue evenit talmen tra preferenties del communité (per exemple ambes ''ac''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kosmoglott, 1926, p. 52|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1926&page=52&size=45|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415024147/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1926&page=52&size=45|archive-date=2021-04-15|access-date=2019-02-27}}</ref> e ''anc'' esset proposit ma li communité decidet se pro ''anc''), me ne omnicos. Con dúbites restant pri li formes official de quelc paroles e un manca de material destinat al public general<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1938, p. 82|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1938&size=45&page=71|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415015942/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1938&size=45&page=71|archive-date=2021-04-15|access-date=2019-03-23}}</ref>, mult témpor esset expenset durante li Duesim Guerre Mundal in lingual standardisation e creation de cursus, e pro li guerre continuante, in agosto 1943 on decidet crear un academi ínterim por oficialisar li processu<ref name=":15" />. Ti-ci processu hat comensat not mult ante li guerre, e li occidentalistes sviss, trovante se isolat del rest del continente, optat por concentrar se in li creation de materiales de instruction por haver los pret ye li fini del guerre <ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1938, p. 82|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1938&size=45&page=71|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415015942/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1938&size=45&page=71|archive-date=2021-04-15|access-date=2019-03-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1939, p. 1|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1939&page=1&size=45|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415033016/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1939&page=1&size=45|archive-date=2021-04-15|access-date=2019-03-24}}</ref>. Durante que ili fat it, ili frequentment trovat se confrontat con li decision inter du "teoreticmen egalmen bon" formas quel hat restat in li usu populari, ma de qui li presentie mey posser esser confusent por li nov aprensor del lingue <ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1945, p. 49|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1945&size=45&page=49|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415021844/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1945&size=45&page=49|archive-date=2021-04-15|access-date=2018-12-13}}</ref>. Li academie mantenet que li eforties de standardisation esset fundat sur usation, declarante que: <blockquote> "...li standardisation del lingue have su natural límites. "Standardisar li lingue ne significa arbitrarimen oficialisar un del solutiones possibil e rejecter li altris quam índesirabil e genant. On standardisa solmen solutiones queles ja ha esset sanctionat per li practica."<ref>[http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1944&page=67&size=45 Cosmoglotta B, 1944, p. 67:] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415020828/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1944&page=67&size=45 |date=2021-04-15 }} </ref> </blockquote> == IALA, Interlingua e change del nómine a Interlingue == Li Association del Lingua Auxiliari International (IALA pro su initiales in anglesi), fundat in 1924<ref>{{Cite book|last=Esterhill|first=Frank J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V-pUYFcH2PwC|title=Interlingua Institute: A History|publisher=Interlingua Institute|year=2000|isbn=9780917848025|pages=ix|access-date=2020-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413211451/https://books.google.com/books?id=V-pUYFcH2PwC|archive-date=2021-04-13|url-status=live}}</ref> por studiar e determinar li max bon lingue constructet por li communication international, esset in li comense videt con suspection communité occidentalist. Su cofundator, Alice Vanderbilt Morris, esset un esperantiste, quam ance mult de su personale<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta A, 1948, p. 84|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1948&page=84&size=45|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415025850/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1948&page=84&size=45|archive-date=2021-04-15|access-date=2019-01-31}}</ref>, e mult occidentalistes includent de Wahl self<ref name=":7" /> credet que su conductorité sub li esprantist William Edward Collinson (conosset inter li letores de Cosmoglotta pro un articul titulat "Some weak points of Occidental")<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta A, 1937, p. 1|url=https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1937&page=2&size=45|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203813/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1937&page=2&size=45|archive-date=2021-04-13|access-date=2020-12-21}}</ref> significat que it hat esset creat con un personale de linguistes profesional sub un pretextu neutral e scientic por suportar un recomendation final pro Esperanto. Li relationes tost ameliorat se, totvez, quande it devenit clar que li IALA intentet esser tam ínpartial quam possibil per familiarisar se self con omni lingues artificial existent. Ric Berger, un prominent occidentalist qui plu tard comensar supportat Interlingua in li decade de 1950, detaliat un visita quel il fat a Morris in 1935 quel vastmen ameliorat su opinion del organisation: <blockquote> Mi personal opinion ne esset tam pessimistic. Nam, trovante me in 1935 in Bruxelles, yo solicitat e obtenet strax e tre amabilmen de Sra Morris un audientie durante quel mi hóspeda, con charmant manieres, invitat me parlar in Occidental. Ella petit su marito, li ambassador american, venir audir me por constatar ti cose quel semblat interessar les mult: un lingue de quel on comprendet omni paroles sin har aprendet it![...] Sra Morris posset usar su fortune subventionante simplicmen Esperanto. To esset su jure de convictet Esperantista. Vice to ella [...] decide donar su moné a un Tribunale linguistic *neutral* por soluer li problema *scienticmen*, mem si li judicie ea contra su convictiones<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1948&page=85&size=45|title=Cosmoglotta A, 1948, p. 85|access-date=2019-01-31|archive-date=2021-04-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415031939/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1948&page=85&size=45|url-status=live}}</ref>. </blockquote> In 1945, IALA anunciat que planeat creat su propri lingue e monstrat quar possibil versiones sub consideration, omnes essent naturalistic<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta A, 1948, p. 84|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1948&page=85&size=45|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415031939/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1948&page=85&size=45|archive-date=2021-04-15|access-date=2019-01-31}}</ref> in opposition al schematisme. Occidentalistes esset pleset con li facte que IALA hat decidet crear un lingue tam simil a Occidental, vident it quam un credibil association quel dat pesu a su argument que un lingue auxiliarie devet proceder del studie de lingues natural vice provar adpatar les a un sistem artificial. Ric Berger esset particularmen positiv in li descrition de del lingue que IALA esset creant quam un victorie del scol naturalistic ("Li naturalitá esset victoriosi!")<ref name=":8" /> e "presc li sam lingue" in 1948<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta A, 1948, p. 34|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1948&size=45&page=35|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415025943/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1948&size=45&page=35|archive-date=2021-04-15|access-date=2019-01-26}}</ref>. Ma il ancor hat reservationes, dubitante ca un projecte con un aspecte e structur tam simil vell posser "subitmen causar li cade del prejudicies [contra li lingues artificial] e crear unitá inter li partisanes del lingues international"<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1948, p. 29|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1948&page=29&size=45|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415014645/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1948&page=29&size=45|archive-date=2021-04-15|access-date=2019-01-26}}</ref>. Il timet que it mey simplicmen "disperser sin utilitá li partisanes del lingue international" pos "Occidental hat fat li unitá del scole naturalistic"<ref name=":2" />. Durante que li du lingues hat un 90% de vocabularium identic<ref>{{Cite web|last=Barandovská-Frank|first=Vĕra|title=Latinidaj planlingvoj (AIS-kurso, 1 studunuo)|url=http://interl.home.amu.edu.pl/interlingvistiko/Barandovska_Latinidaj_planlingvoj.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123010131/http://interl.home.amu.edu.pl/interlingvistiko/Barandovska_Latinidaj_planlingvoj.pdf|archive-date=2019-01-23|access-date=2019-01-22|quote=Alphonse Matejka konstatis, ke la publikigita vortprovizo de Interlingua en 90% kongruas kun tiu de Interlingue, se oni ne rigardas ortografion (historian kaj simpligitan) kaj uzon de finaj vokaloj.}}</ref> sin contar con li differenties ortografic (per exemplo, filosofie e philosphia esset considerat li sam parol), structuralmen ili esset mult different. Li regul de Wahl in Occidental hat presc eliminat li verbes latin de radice duplic (verbes quam acter: ager, act-, o misser, mitter, miss-) durante que Interlingua simplicmen acceptat les quam part del sistem naturalistic<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gode|first=Alexander|title=A grammar of Interlingua: Appendix 1 (Double-Stem Verbs)|url=https://adoneilson.com/int/gi/append/double.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023125657/https://adoneilson.com/int/gi/append/double.html|archive-date=2020-10-23|access-date=2020-10-21}}</ref>. Li lingues de control (italian, hispan e/o portugalesi, francesi, anglesi) usat in Interlingua por formar su vocabularium por li plu part reuiset un parol selectibil que devet esser trovabil inter li tir lingues fonte (li "regul del tri")<ref>{{Cite web|title=Le tres principios principal del standardization international in interlingua|url=https://www.interlingua.com/historia/publicationes/standardisation.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413204205/https://www.interlingua.com/historia/publicationes/standardisation.htm|archive-date=2021-04-13|access-date=2020-12-17}}</ref>, quel vell conflicter con li substracte germanic de Occidental e divers altri paroles quel vell esser par definition ínelegibil in un lingue unificat quel retenet li metodologie de Interlingue. Aceptar paroles de occidental quam "mann", "strax", "old" e "sestra" (Interlingua: ''viro'', ''immediatemente'', ''vetere'', ''soror'') in interlingua solmen posset esser fat eliminante li lingues de control, li nucleo del metodologie de Interlingua por determinar su vocabularium. Interlingua anc permisset li conjugation optional de verbes ínregulari quam ''so'', ''son'' e ''sia''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Interlingua-English Dictionary S|url=http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED_s.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213083124/http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED_s.html|archive-date=2007-12-13}}</ref> quam li unesim person del singular, li triesim person del singular e li subjuntive del verb ''esser''. Li Occidental ancor esser recuperante del guerre. Cosmoglotta durat reportante in 1946 pri qui hat survivet li guerre, qui inter ili esset pret por participar denov e qui esset íncontactabil<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1945, p. 120|url=https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1945&page=119&size=45|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203639/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1945&page=119&size=45|archive-date=2021-04-13|access-date=2020-12-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1946, p. 4|url=https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1946&page=4&size=45|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203615/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1946&page=4&size=45|archive-date=2021-04-13|access-date=2020-12-17}}</ref>. Li revúe esset financialmen tendet pro costes de printation inflat pos li guerre e su ínabilitá de collecter payamentes ex certe landes<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1948, p. 12|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1948&size=45&page=12|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415023734/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1948&size=45&page=12|archive-date=2021-04-15|access-date=2019-01-26|quote=Translation: "Unfortunately, in 1947 we were not able to publish more than two printed editions: the enormous increase of printing costs and the difficulties transferring the credits accumulated in certain countries were the reasons why we had to be prudent about expenses...even though printing costs have increased by 5 times compared to before the war, the subscription fees have remained the same. Regretfully we have been forced to increase the subscription price this year to 8 Swiss francs..."}}</ref>, un constraste marcat con li bon-fundat<ref name="harlow2000">Harlow, Don. ''The Esperanto Book'', Chapter 3: {{Cite web|title=The Esperanto Book: 3|url=http://donh.best.vwh.net/Esperanto/EBook/chap03.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204044938/http://donh.best.vwh.net/Esperanto/EBook/chap03.html|archive-date=2012-02-04|access-date=2008-09-09}}.</ref> IALA, con centrale in Nov-York<ref>{{Cite web|title=Historia de Interlingua|url=https://www.interlingua.com/historia/|access-date=2021-11-20|website=www.interlingua.com}}</ref>. Li politica international esset altri desfacilitá por li occidentalistes por li guerre. Li comense del Guerre Frigid creat un istuation particularmen íncomfortabil por li Occidental-Union<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1948, p. 7|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1948&page=7&size=45|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415025617/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1948&page=7&size=45|archive-date=2021-04-15|access-date=2019-02-01|quote="Li recent evenimentes politic e li division del munde in du sectores de influentie (occidental e oriental) ha mettet nor propagatores de quelc landes in delicat situation. It ha devenit desfacil nu parlar pri un lingue de quel li nómine in cert landes evoca suspectiones in li circul politic. Pro to nor Centrale ha recivet ti-ci mensus, precipue de Tchecoslovacia, propositiones usar vice li nómine de Occidental ti de Interal (=INTER/national Auxiliari lingue)."}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Barandovská-Frank|first=Vĕra|title=Latinidaj planlingvoj (AIS-kurso, 1 studunuo)|url=http://interl.home.amu.edu.pl/interlingvistiko/Barandovska_Latinidaj_planlingvoj.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123010131/http://interl.home.amu.edu.pl/interlingvistiko/Barandovska_Latinidaj_planlingvoj.pdf|archive-date=2019-01-23|access-date=2019-01-22|quote="La postmilita divido de Eŭropo en orientan kaj okcidentan sektoron sentigis la nomon “Occidental” propagando por kapitalisma okcidento, tial venis proponoj ŝanĝi la nomon."}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Pigal|first=Engelbert|title=Interlingue (Occidental), die Weltsprache|publisher=Gesellschaft Cosmoglotta|year=1950|location=Vienna, Austria|pages=4|oclc=67940249|quote=Schließlich wurde aus Gründen der Neutralität mit 1. September 1949 der Name der Sprache in Interlingue geändert.}}</ref>, de qui li nómine coincidet con un liga political anti-russ; li sviss occidentalistes credet que pro to li lettres de Edgar de Wahl esset interceptet<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta A, 1948, p. 99|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1948&page=100&size=45|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203808/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1948&page=100&size=45|archive-date=2021-04-13|access-date=2019-02-01|quote=Translation: "One should not forget that the name Occidental had been selected in 1922, when it had absolutely no political significance. And today, by strange chance the title of the Occidental-Union coincides with that of a political league opposed to the Russians. It is possible that in Tallinn they considered de Wahl a person requiring police surveillance. How to protest and explain the misunderstanding from so far away?"}}</ref>. De Wahl restat sin saver pri li developationes in li lingue e li propostion durante li reste de su vive<ref>{{Cite web|title=Occidental A, 1948, p. 98|url=https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1948&page=99&size=45|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203805/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1948&page=99&size=45|archive-date=2021-04-13|access-date=2020-12-15}}</ref>. In li comense de 1948, li occidentalistes tchekoslovak hat comensat demandant un nov nómine quel vell permisser les continuar su activitás linguistic sin suspection, proposante li nómine "Interal" (international auxiliari lingue), a quel li union responde que li término Interlingue velll esser plu appropriat e que ili esset liber de presentar li lingue quam "Interlignue (Occidental)", o mem eliminar li mention a Occidental in parentesis si ili volet<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1948, p. 7|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1948&page=7&size=45|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415025617/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1948&page=7&size=45|archive-date=2021-04-15|access-date=2019-02-01}}</ref>. Ric Berger comensat pledar pro li change de nómine ex Occidental a Interlingue in 1948<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biographias: Ric(hard) Berger|url=https://www.interlingua.com/historia/biographias/berger.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413204010/https://www.interlingua.com/historia/biographias/berger.htm|archive-date=2021-04-13|access-date=2020-12-18|quote=Postea, de 1934 a 1950, ille esseva co-redactor del magazin del Occidental-Union, "Cosmoglotta", e esseva le interprenditor in 1948 quando occidental - presentate per le estoniano Edgar de Wahl - cambiava nomine a interlingue.}}</ref> quel il esperat vell auxiliar in un fusion inter li du lingues<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta, summer 2000|url=http://cosmoglotta.narod.ru/Cg289/cg289.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215222745/http://cosmoglotta.narod.ru/Cg289/cg289.htm|archive-date=2018-12-15|access-date=2018-12-13|quote=Proque yo esperat que noi vell posser un vez fusionar con Interlingua, ti-ci nov nómine devet facilisar li transition por nor membres, evitante talmen, coram li publica, un nov radical changeament de nómine. Yo dunc proposit, in februar 1948, in Cosmoglotta, remplazzar li nómine Occidental per Interlingue malgré li oposition del presidente del Academie.}}</ref>. Li votation oficial por li change de nómine evenit in li plenum del Occidental-Union in 1949 e esset aceptat con un 91% de suporte, fante li nómine oficial Interlingue, con Interlingue (Occidental) anc permisset, comensante in septembre 1949<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta A, 1949, p. 112|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/48608370/Cosmoglotta-October-1949|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724134429/https://www.scribd.com/doc/48608370/Cosmoglotta-October-1949|archive-date=2020-07-24|access-date=2019-02-09|quote=English translation: "91% of the voters have adopted the proposition of the Senate of the Occidental Union, i.e. the new name: INTERLINGUE. The usage of the name INTERLINGUE, or if one wishes INTERLINGUE (Occ.) is valid from 1.9.1949."}}</ref>. Li debut in 1951 de Interlingue debilisat Interlingue.Occiental, quel til tande hat esset íncontestat in li camp del lingues auxiliari naturalistic. Li perception del situation in ta témpor fat de Vĕra Barandovská-Frank es talmen (traductet ex Esperanto): <blockquote> In li camp del lingues artificial naturalistic Occidental-Interlingue esset til tande íncontestat (especialmen pos li morte de Otto Jespersen, autor del Novial), nam omni nov projectes esset presc imitationes de it. To applicat anc a Interlingua, ma it portat un dictionarium de 27 000 paroles fat de linguistes profesional que aportat gradn respecte, malgré in principie solmen confirmante li via que de Wahl hat comensat. Li Senate del Interlingue-Union e li Interlingue-Academie aceptat li propositiones que (1) li Interlingue Union devenit un membre collective de IALA e (2) que li Interlingue-Union restat favorabil al futur activitá de IALA e suportat it moralmen. Li unesim proposition ne esset acceptat, ma li duesim yes, dante un collaborarion practical e suporte a Interlingue<p>André Martinen, li duesim-ultim director de IALA, fat simil observationes a tis de Matejka. Il confesset que su variante preferet de Interlingua esset li max proxim a Interlingue vice ti oficialisat de Gode. In ti-ci circumstanties li eforties de Ric Berger de moer omni suportatores de Interlingue ''en masse'' a Interlingua esset un choc. Su heresie causat dúbite e interruptiones in circules de Interlingue, specialmen pos il implicat se in li publication de "Revista de Interlingua". Li old idé de un fusion natural de ambi lingues esset monstrat quam ínrealistic, con li nov lingue deveniente un rival.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Barandovská-Frank|first=Vĕra|title=Latinidaj planlingvoj (AIS-kurso, 1 studunuo)|url=http://interl.home.amu.edu.pl/interlingvistiko/Barandovska_Latinidaj_planlingvoj.pdf|quote="...la simileco inter ambaŭ interlingvoj estas tiom granda, ke certe eblos iu racia sintezo inter ili, konkludis Matejka en 1951...La senato de Interlingue-Union kaj la Interlingue-Academie pritraktis la proponojn, ke (1) Interlingue Union iĝu kolektiva membro de IALA kaj (2) Interlingue-Union restu favora al estonta aktiveco de IALA kaj morale subtenu ĝin. La unua propono ne estis akceptita, sed jes la dua, do praktike kunlaboro kaj subteno de Interlingua."|access-date=2019-01-22|archive-date=2019-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123010131/http://interl.home.amu.edu.pl/interlingvistiko/Barandovska_Latinidaj_planlingvoj.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Barandovská-Frank|first=Vĕra|title=Latinidaj planlingvoj (AIS-kurso, 1 studunuo)|url=http://interl.home.amu.edu.pl/interlingvistiko/Barandovska_Latinidaj_planlingvoj.pdf|page=18|access-date=2019-01-22|archive-date=2019-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123010131/http://interl.home.amu.edu.pl/interlingvistiko/Barandovska_Latinidaj_planlingvoj.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> </blockquote> Don Harlow similarmen resuma li annu 1951 por Occidental: <blockquote> Interlingua hat un districte electoral confectet. Presc triant annus hat passat de li creation de Occidental, de qui li forties in li munde "naturalistic" hat prevenit que altri projectes "naturalistic" mey developar su proprie movementes. Ma li stelle de Occidental hat pallidet desde li guerre. Nu, subitmen, venit ti-ci donation misset del ciel: un nov lingue constructet ancor plu "naturalistic" quam Occidental. Malgré li penas del passionat suportores de Occidental por evitar li ínevitabil -per exemple, con tacticas quam renominar li lingue Interlingue- li plupart del occidentalistes restant fat li curt peregrinage al altare de Interlingua<ref name="harlow2000" /> </blockquote> == Stagnation e reviventation == [[File:Cosmoglotta_325.jpg|thumb|Númere 325 de ''Cosmoglotta'' por li periode de januar a decembre 2019.]] Durante que li migration de tam multe usatores a Interlingua hat debilisat severmen Interlingue, li sequente cade de activitá esset gradual e evenit durante decades<ref name="Interlingua">{{Google books|id=OgHXBP3SoBsC|page=73|title=Language}}</ref><ref>{{Google books|id=V-pUYFcH2PwC|page=21|title=Interlingua Institute: A History}}</ref>. ''Cosmoglotta B'' haltat apparir pos 1950, e li frequentie de Cosmoglotta A comensat cader gradualmen: un vez chascun duesim mensu desde 1952, e poy un vez chascun trimestre desde 1963<ref name=":3" />. Altri bulletines in Interlignue continuat apparir durante ti-ci témpor quam ''Cive del Munde'' (Svissia), ''Voce de Praha'' (Tchekoslovakia), ''Sved Interlinguist'' (Svedia), ''International Memorandum'' ([[Unit Reyatu]]), ''Interlinguistic Novas'' (Francia), ''Jurnale Scolari International'' (Francia), ''Buletine Pedagogic International'' (Francia), ''Super li Frontieras'' (Francia), ''Interlingue-Postillon'' (1958, Germania), ''Novas de Oriente'' (1958, Japan), ''Amicitie european'' (1959, Svissia), ''Teorie e practica'' (Svissia-Tchekoslovakia, 1967), e''Novas in Interlingue'' (Tchekoslovakia, 1971). Barandovská-Frank credet que li reflut in interesse in Occidental-Interlingue evenit al mem témpor que li oldaritá del generation que esset unesim atraet a it ex altri lingues artificial (traductet ex Experanto): <blockquote> Li plu parte del interesates in Interlingue apartenet al generation quel devenit conossentat con Volapük, Esperanto e Ido, poy trovat li max estetic solution (esentialmen naturalistic) in Occidental-Interlingue. Mult subsequentmen met a Interlingua de IALA, quel totvez no demonstrat esser plu successosi malgré li impression de su orígine scientis, e tis qui restat fidel a Occidental-Interlingue no successet in comunicar su entusiasme al nov generation<ref name=":4" /> </blockquote> Li activitá in Interlingue atinget su punctu bass in li decenies de 1980 e li comense de 1990, quande li publication de Cosmoglotta cessat durante quelc annus. Durante que li númere 269 esset publicat in 1972 pos publicar un vez per season inter 1963<ref name=":3" />, li númere 189 ne esset atinget til li estate de 2000<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta A, Summer 2000|url=http://cosmoglotta.narod.ru/Cg289/cg289.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922200525/http://cosmoglotta.narod.ru/Cg289/cg289.htm|archive-date=2021-09-22|access-date=2018-12-13}}</ref> por un medial valore de min ca un númere per annu. Secun Harlow, "in 1985, li ultim revúe de Occidental, Cosmoglotta, haltat publicar, e su editor, [[Adrian Pilgrim]], es citat quam havent descrit Occidental quam 'un lingue mort'"<ref name="harlow2000" />. Un decade plu tard, un documentarie in 1994 de Steve Hawley e Steyger pri lingue artificial introductet li parlator de Interlingue Donal Gasper quam "un del ultim parlatores del lingue Occidental"<ref>{{Citation|last=Hawley|first=Steve|title=Language Lessons 1994|date=2010-06-01|url=https://vimeo.com/12197673|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211190635/https://vimeo.com/12197673|access-date=2019-01-30|archive-date=2019-12-11|url-status=live}}</ref>. Quam evenit con altri lingues artificial, li arrivation del interrete sporstimulat li revivation de Interlingue<ref>{{Cite web|title=Omniglot: Interlingue (Occidental)|url=https://omniglot.com/writing/occidental.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929131417/https://omniglot.com/writing/occidental.htm|archive-date=2020-09-29|access-date=2020-08-09}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web|last=Barandovská-Frank|first=Vĕra|title=Latinidaj planlingvoj (AIS-kurso, 1 studunuo)|url=http://interl.home.amu.edu.pl/interlingvistiko/Barandovska_Latinidaj_planlingvoj.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123010131/http://interl.home.amu.edu.pl/interlingvistiko/Barandovska_Latinidaj_planlingvoj.pdf|archive-date=2019-01-23|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref><ref name="Interlingua" />. In li annu 1999 li unesim Yahoo! Group in Occidental esset fundat, Cosmoglotta hat comensat esset publicat intermittentmen denov, e li lingue devenit tema de discussion in li litteratura pri lingues auxiliari<ref>{{Cite web|title=IE-Munde - Jurnal e information pri Interlingue (Occidental)|url=https://www.ie-munde.com/historie.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130162516/https://www.ie-munde.com/historie.html|archive-date=2019-01-30|access-date=2019-01-30|website=www.ie-munde.com}}</ref>. Un exemple es ''The Esperanto Book'', publicat in 1995 de Harlow, qui scrit que Occidental hat un emfase intentional in formes europan e que quelc de su sequores principal suportat un filosofie eurocentric, quel mey obstructer su expansion<ref name="harlow2000" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta A, 1927, p. 33|url=https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1927&page=39&size=45|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203551/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1927&page=39&size=45|archive-date=2021-04-13|access-date=2020-12-20}}</ref>. Támen, li vision opposit<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta A, 1927, p. 64|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1929&page=68&size=45|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415014456/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1929&page=68&size=45|archive-date=2021-04-15|access-date=2020-10-18|quote=Yo confesse que yo vide poc in li Europan cultura del ultim 1900 annus quel es tam remarcabilmen preciosi. To quo es max visibil es tyrannie, oppression, guerres e nigri superstition.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta A, 1949, p.108|url=http://cosmoglotta.pbworks.com/w/page/131845221/Cosmoglotta%20A%20149%20%28oct%201949%29|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724141051/http://cosmoglotta.pbworks.com/w/page/131845221/Cosmoglotta%20A%20149%20%28oct%201949%29|archive-date=2020-07-24|access-date=2020-10-18|quote=In ti témpor yo esset in Sydney, e pro que yo havet grand interesse por li indigenes e volet converter mi blanc fratres a un bon opinion pri ili, yo scrit in li presse pri ti heroic action e comparat li brutalitá del blanc rasse con li conciliantie e self-sacrificie del negros.}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Kosmoglott, 1924, p. 2|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1924&page=2&size=45|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215154215/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1924&page=2&size=45|archive-date=2021-02-15|access-date=2019-02-16|quote=Tal paroles nu ancor ne tro numerosi, ja in li secul passat ha augmentat in grand quantitá, e in futur va crescer in exorbitant proportion, quande, per li international comunication, li idées del stabil oriental cultures va inundar e influer li maladi Europa, quel just nu perdi su equilibrie.}}</ref> anc esset commun in li communitá e Occidental ganiat adherentes in mult nationes includet asian<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta A, 1937|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1937&size=45&page=114|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415015404/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1937&size=45&page=114|archive-date=2021-04-15|access-date=2019-01-29|quote=JAPAN: Kokusaigo-Kenkyusho, Daita 11-784, Setagaya, TOKIO (Pch. Tokio 62 061)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta A, 1958, p. 66, 77|url=https://github.com/occidental-lang/occidental-lang.github.io/blob/master/resources/Cosmoglotta_V_1958.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915114204/https://github.com/occidental-lang/occidental-lang.github.io/blob/master/resources/Cosmoglotta_V_1958.pdf|archive-date=2021-09-15|access-date=2020-12-22|website=[[GitHub]]}}</ref>. Li Wikipedia in Interlingue esset approvat in 2004. In annus recente ha recomensat li reunones oficial de parlatores de Interlingue: un in Ulm in 2013<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Litt incontra in Ulm.|journal=IE-MUNDE (Revúe in Interlingue-Occidental) Numeró 7 - Octobre 2013}}</ref>, altri in Munich in 2014 con tri participantes<ref>{{Cite web|title=IE-Munde - Jurnal e information pri Interlingue (Occidental)|url=https://www.ie-munde.com/incontra-de-interlingue-7-im-de-april-2014-in-muenchen.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130162556/https://www.ie-munde.com/incontra-de-interlingue-7-im-de-april-2014-in-muenchen.html|archive-date=2019-01-30|access-date=2019-01-30|website=www.ie-munde.com}}</ref>, e un triesim in Ulm li annu sequent con quin<ref>{{Cite journal|title=TRIESIM MINI-INCONTRA DE INTERLINGUE|journal=IE-MUNDE (Revúe in Interlingue-Occidental) Numeró 11 – Octobre 2015}}</ref> [[File:Noi_canta_in_Interlingue.jpg|thumb|Image del profil del YouTube canale ''Noi canta in Interlingue-Occidental!'']] In li ultim annus nov libres ha esset publicat in Interlingue quam ''Li litt prince''<ref name="IE">{{Cite web|title=IE-Munde – Jurnal e information pri Interlingue (Occidental)|url=https://www.ie-munde.com/textus-in-interlingue.html|access-date=2022-01-23|website=www.ie-munde.com}}</ref>, li Evangelie de Marc<ref name="IE"/>, ''Salute, Jonathan!'', e deciquin obres litterari de [[Vicente Costalago]] quam ''[[Li sercha in li castelle Dewahl e altri racontas]]'', ''[[Antologie hispan]]'', ''[[Fabules, racontas e mites]]'', e ''[[Subuqti]]''. Il cessat publicar litteratura in Interlingue in li annu 2024 etsi il támen publica in ''Cosmoglotta''. [[Dorlota Burdon]] publica desde li annu 2020 regulari original racontas in li jurnal [[Posta Mundi]] e su blog [[Puellesses]] <ref> Vide li editiones de Posta Mundi che archieve.org e li blog [https://puellesses.wordpress.com/ Puellesses]</ref>. Desde li annu 2025 mem musica in [[Interlingue]] che [[YouTube]] aparit in li canale ''[[Noi canta in Interlingue-Occidental!]]''. Li musica es creat per auxilie de [[inteligentie artificial]], ma li textus es scrit e li conception del cantes fat de Interlingueistes<ref>Vide li canale [https://www.youtube.com/@emilydewahl Noi canta in Interlingue-Occidental]] che [[YouTube]]</ref>. Desde li annu 2025 [[Patricia Schmidt]] publica su blog [[Li Luce de Interlingue]]<ref>Vide [https://lucedeinterlingue.blogspot.com/ Li Luce de Interlingue]</ref> con textus original in Interlingue. In li internet hay activ gruppes de [[Interlingue]] che [[Discord]], [[Facebook]], [[Reddit]] e un e-mail liste che io.groups. Li [[Interlingue-Union]] ancor publica li revúe [[Cosmoglotta]] duvez chascun annu. In decembre 2025, un nov revúe in Occidental con li nómine ''[[Cosmoglotta Comunité]]'' comensat esser publicat<ref>''Nov Iniciative'', in ''[https://archive.org/details/cg-336-2025-2/mode/2up Cosmoglotta 336]''</ref>. == Referenties == {{Reflist}} == Ligamentes extern == * [http://cosmoglotta.pbworks.com/w/page/132205656/Cosmoglotta%20B%20008%20%28nov-dec%201936%29 Li developation de Occidental] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xPTheWglx5I Historie de Occidental (Interlingue)] {{Interlingue}} [[Categorie:Interlingue]] s3zoxfngno2yfz6cpcwk7dxznp3tz92 0 18646 168555 155877 2026-07-09T18:57:52Z Dorlota 13847 168555 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Biografie |nómine = Sinéad O’Connor |foto = Sinead O'Connor (14828633401).jpg |land = {{IRL}} |nascentie =8-im de decembre 1966 |nasc_loc = Dublin |morte = 26-im de julí 2023 |mort_loc = London |ocupation = musico, cantatora }} '''Sinéad O’Connor''' (anc conosset quam Magda Davitt, Shuhada’ Davitt e Shuhada’ Sadaqat) esset un famosi musico e cantatora de [[Irland]]. Ella nascet li 8-im de decembre 1966 in [[Dublin]] e morit li 26-im de julí 2023 in [[London]]. Sinéad O’Connor devenit famosi in li annu 1990 per li canzon ''Nothing Compares 2 U'', quel esset scrit del rock-musico [[Prince (Musico)|Prince]]. Anc su album ''I Do Not Want What I Haven’t Got'', quel esset anc publicat in li annu 1990, esset tre successosi. Ella vendit plu quam sett milliones exemplares de ti album. Sinéad O’Connor publicat deci studio-albumes e fat anc musica por filmes. Ella esset quarvez maritat e divorciat. Sinéad O’Connor havet quar infantes. Sinéad O’Connor havet psichic problemas e convertet in li annu 2018 al [[islam]]. In li annu 2021 ella publicat su memories sub li titul ''Rememberings'' quam libre. {{DEFAULTSORT: O’Connor, Sinéad }} [[Categorie: Musicos]] d2ti0rrla1y9574x2d2ld8ncxz5a1vd 0 20794 168554 166484 2026-07-09T18:43:32Z Dorlota 13847 168554 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Biografie |nómine = Chris Rea |foto = Chris Rea 01 AB.jpg |land = {{GBR}} |nascentie = 4-im de marte 1951 |nasc_loc = Middlesbrough, Anglia |morte = 22-im de decembre 2025 |mort_loc = |ocupation = Musico }} '''Christopher „Chris“ Anton Rea''' esset un musico, cantator, gitarrist e compositor del [[Reyatu Unit]]. Il nascet li 4-im de marte 1951 in [[Middlesbrough]], ([[Anglia]]) e morit ye li 22-im de decembre 2025 in li etá de 74 annus. Chris Rea fat musica in li stil de rock-musica e [[blues]]. Chris Rea esset activ quam musico desde li annu 1973 til su morte in li annu 2025. In li annus 80 e 90 del 20-im secul li musica in in li stil de pop-musica con elementes de [[blues]], ma desde li annus 2002 Chris Rea preferet [[blues]]-musica. Su max famosi canzon es '' Driving Home for Christmas'', quel il publicat in li annu 1986. Inter 1973 e 1977 Chris Rea ludet in li music-gruppe ''Magdalene'', ma comensat in li annu 1977 su carriere quam solo-artist. Chris Rea esset maritat con Joan Lesley e li cuple havet li du filias Josephine e Julia Christina. Chris Rea dedicat a su marita e su filias li canzones Stainsby Girls (1985), Josephine (1985) e Julia (1993). {{DEFAULTSORT:Rea, Chris}} [[Categorie: Reyatu Unit]] [[Categorie: Musicos]] rm5bbneihgavlmniyswf35ofa6d12bm 0 21139 168552 2026-07-09T15:51:07Z Flamme-Bleue 21481 Creat págine contenente «Li '''Operation Husky''' esset li invasion conjunct de li Aliates in [[Sicilia]] in li estate de 1943 durant li [[Duesim Guerre Mundal]]. Ti grandiosi operation de debarcament aerian e naval comencat li 10 de julí 1943 e finit li 17 de august. Li armé de li Aliates, ductet de general [[Dwight Eisenhower]], general [[Bernard Montgomery]] e general [[George Patton]], combatet contra li truppes de li Axe ([[Germania]] e [[Italia]]). Li Aliates vinceat e dunc li...» 168552 wikitext text/x-wiki Li '''Operation Husky''' esset li invasion conjunct de li Aliates in [[Sicilia]] in li estate de 1943 durant li [[Duesim Guerre Mundal]]. Ti grandiosi operation de debarcament aerian e naval comencat li 10 de julí 1943 e finit li 17 de august. Li armé de li Aliates, ductet de general [[Dwight Eisenhower]], general [[Bernard Montgomery]] e general [[George Patton]], combatet contra li truppes de li Axe ([[Germania]] e [[Italia]]). Li Aliates vinceat e dunc li strada al Italia continental esset apert. Li political consequenties de Operation Husky esset enormi: li dictator [[Benito Mussolini]] esset de-posit de su potentie, e li nov guvernament de Italia comencat secret negotiationes de pace con li Aliates. 1napap5zmcskxd3x2rt0ox8vmm4gbny 168553 168552 2026-07-09T15:51:24Z Flamme-Bleue 21481 168553 wikitext text/x-wiki Li '''Operation Husky''' esset li invasion conjunct de li Aliates in [[Sicilia]] in li estate de 1943 durant li [[Duesim Guerre Mundal]]. Ti grandiosi operation de debarcament aerian e naval comencat li 10 de julí 1943 e finit li 17 de august. Li armé de li Aliates, ductet de general [[Dwight Eisenhower]], general [[Bernard Montgomery]] e general [[George Patton]], combatet contra li truppes de li Axe ([[Germania]] e [[Italia]]). Li Aliates vinceat e dunc li strada al Italia continental esset apert. Li political consequenties de Operation Husky esset enormi: li dictator [[Benito Mussolini]] esset de-posit de su potentie, e li nov guvernament de Italia comencat secret negotiationes de pace con li Aliates. [[Categorie:Duesim Guerre Mundal]] ai6dsidugbkbyygcd8pr89vfl97degj 168558 168553 2026-07-09T19:07:32Z Dorlota 13847 168558 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Troops from 51st Highland Division unloading stores from tank landing craft on the opening day of the Allied invasion of Sicily, 10 July 1943. A17916.jpg|280px|thumb|right|Operation Husky]] Li '''Operation Husky''' esset li invasion de li Alliates in [[Sicilia]] in li estive de 1943 durant li [[Duesim Guerre Mundal]]. Ti grandiosi militari operation de debarcament aerian e naval comensat ye li 10-im de julí 1943 e finit ye li 17-im de august. Li armé de li Alliates, directet de general [[Dwight Eisenhower]], general [[Bernard Montgomery]] e general [[George Patton]], combtatet contra li truppes del Axe ([[Germania]] e [[Italia]]). Li Alliates victet e dunc li via al [[Italia]] continental esset apert. Li political consequenties de Operation Husky esset enormi: li dictator [[Benito Mussolini]] esset de-posit de su potentie, e li nov guvernament de [[Italia]] comensat secret negocies de pace con li Alliates. [[Categorie:Duesim Guerre Mundal]] m1sobnm16h7h7ruotkc9u4g42ti0zm6 0 21140 168556 2026-07-09T19:00:15Z Dorlota 13847 Creat págine contenente «{{Biografie |nómine = Bonnie Tyler |foto = 2016 Bonnie Tyler - by 2eight - DSC8321.jpg |land = {{GBR}} |nascentie =8-im de junio 1951 |nas_loc = Skewen, Gallia |morte = 8-im de julí 2026 |mort_loc = Faro, Portugal |ocupation = musico, cantatora }} '''Bonnie Tyler''' , nascet quam Gaynor Hopkins, esset un famosi musico e cantatora de [[Gallia]], [[Reyatu Unit]]. Ella nascet ye li 8-im de junio 1951 in [[Skewen]], [[Gallia]] e morit ye li 8-im de julí 2026 i...» 168556 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Biografie |nómine = Bonnie Tyler |foto = 2016 Bonnie Tyler - by 2eight - DSC8321.jpg |land = {{GBR}} |nascentie =8-im de junio 1951 |nas_loc = Skewen, Gallia |morte = 8-im de julí 2026 |mort_loc = Faro, Portugal |ocupation = musico, cantatora }} '''Bonnie Tyler''' , nascet quam Gaynor Hopkins, esset un famosi musico e cantatora de [[Gallia]], [[Reyatu Unit]]. Ella nascet ye li 8-im de junio 1951 in [[Skewen]], [[Gallia]] e morit ye li 8-im de julí 2026 in [[Faro]], [[Portugal]]. Bonnie Tyler esset activ quam cantatora de pop-musica e rock-musica desde li annu 1969. Su unesim grand successes esset li canzones ''Lost in France'' (1976) e '' It’s a Heartache'' (1977). Su max successes esset in li annu 80 del 20-im secul per li canzones '' Total Eclipse of the Heart'' (1983) e ''Holding Out for a Hero'' (1984). Bonnie Tyler esset famosi pro su bass voce. In li annu 1991 ella publicat li canzon ''Bitterblue'', li producente esset [[Dieter Bohlen]] de [[Germania]] e li ''Bitterblue'' esset successosi in Germania. In li annu 2013 Bonnie Tyler representat li [[Reyatu Unit]] in li [[Eurovision Song Contest]], ma su canzon ''Believe in Me'' finit solmen ye li rang 19. Bonnie Tyler esset desde li annu 1973 maritat con li sportist de judo [[Robert Sullivan]]. Bonnie Tyler productet 18 studio-albumes e 3 live-albumes. Ella ganiat li musica-premies [[Grammy]] e [[Brit Award]]. {{DEFAULTSORT: Tyler, Bonnie}} [[Categorie: Musicos]] [[Categorie: Gallia]] rtr88occ947d7iv1xk1gcgahflpxuyz 168557 168556 2026-07-09T19:02:26Z Dorlota 13847 168557 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Biografie |nómine = Bonnie Tyler |foto = 2016 Bonnie Tyler - by 2eight - DSC8321.jpg |land = {{GBR}} |nascentie =8-im de junio 1951 |nas_loc = Skewen, Gallia |morte = 8-im de julí 2026 |mort_loc = Faro, Portugal |ocupation = musico, cantatora }} '''Bonnie Tyler''' , nascet quam Gaynor Hopkins, esset un famosi musico e cantatora de [[Gallia]], [[Reyatu Unit]]. Ella nascet ye li 8-im de junio 1951 in [[Skewen]], [[Gallia]] e morit ye li 8-im de julí 2026 in [[Faro]], [[Portugal]]. Bonnie Tyler esset activ quam cantatora de pop-musica e rock-musica desde li annu 1969. Su unesim grand successes esset li canzones ''Lost in France'' (1976) e '' It’s a Heartache'' (1977). Su max successes esset in li annu 80 del 20-im secul per li canzones '' Total Eclipse of the Heart'' (1983) e ''Holding Out for a Hero'' (1984). Bonnie Tyler esset famosi pro su bass voce. In li annu 1991 ella publicat li canzon ''Bitterblue'', li producente esset [[Dieter Bohlen]] de [[Germania]] e li ''Bitterblue'' esset successosi in Germania. In li annu 2013 Bonnie Tyler representat li [[Reyatu Unit]] in li [[Eurovision Song Contest]], ma su canzon ''Believe in Me'' finit solmen ye li rang 19. Bonnie Tyler esset desde li annu 1973 maritat con li sportist de judo [[Robert Sullivan]]. Bonnie Tyler productet 18 studio-albumes e 3 live-albumes. Ella ganiat li musica-premies [[Grammy]] e [[Brit Award]]. ==Discografie== ===Albumes de Bonnie Tyler=== * 1977: ''The World Starts Tonight'' * 1978: ''Natural Force'' * 1978: ''It's a Heartache'' * 1979: ''Diamond Cut'' * 1981: ''Goodbye to the Island'' * 1983: ''Faster Than The Speed Of Night'' * 1986: ''Secret Dreams And Forbidden Fire'' * 1988: ''Hide Your Heart'' * 1988: ''Notes From America'' * 1991: ''Bitterblue'' * 1992: ''Angel Heart'' * 1993: ''Silhouette In Red'' * 1995: ''Free Spirit'' * 1998: ''All In One Voice'' * 2002: ''Heart And Soul'' kun la Filharmonial Orkestro di Praha * 2004: ''Simply Believe'' * 2005: ''Wings'' * 2013: ''Rocks and Honey'' * 2019: ''Between the Earth and the Stars'' * 2021: ''The Best Is Yet to Come'' {{DEFAULTSORT: Tyler, Bonnie}} [[Categorie: Musicos]] [[Categorie: Gallia]] bv7jvowp289wg10zzxdxhlv464c8pyr