Wikipedia igwiki https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihu_mb%E1%BB%A5 MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.1 first-letter Midia Ọpụrụiche Ńkàtá Ojiarụ Ńkàtá ojiarụ Wikipedia Ńkàtá Wikipedia Faịlụ Ńkàtá faịlụ MidiaWiki Ńkàtá MidiaWiki Templeeti Ńkàtá templeeti Enyemaka Ńkàtá enyemaka Otú Ńkàtá otú Édēchághị́ Ńkàtá Édēchághị́ TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 12759 632464 631309 2026-05-09T21:15:09Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 632464 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mosia''' bụ onye ọchụnta ego [[South Africa|South]] Africa na Ghana na onye guzobere ụlọ ọrụ ike anyanwụ nke [[Sierra Leone]] bụ Easy Solar . == Mmalite ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Mosia na [[Ghana]], ma emesịa ọ kwaga South Africa. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma, ọ na-anọ na-enweghị ọkụ mgbe ụfọdụ n'ihi ọkụ eletrik a na-apụghị ịdabere na ya, nke a kpaliri mmasị ya na ike.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/profiles-in-african-power/nthabiseng-mosia-d1501460b81b|title=Nthabiseng Mosia|author=Africa|first=Power|date=2018-06-22|work=Medium|accessdate=2019-01-12}}</ref> Mosia nwetara nzere bachelọ nke Business Science na Finance na Economics na Mahadum nke Cape Town, na-agụsị akwụkwọ na klas mbụ, wee rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ nchịkwa n'ofe Africa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.iol.co.za/business-report/entrepreneurs/this-sa-entrepreneur-creates-solar-solutions-for-communities-in-sierra-leone-14819523|title=This SA entrepreneur creates solar solutions for communities in Sierra Leone {{!}} IOL Business Report|author=RAJGOPAUL|first=Dhivana|date=7 May 2018|work=www.iol.co.za|language=en|accessdate=2019-01-14}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.seforallforum.org/speaker/nthabiseng-mosia|title=Nthabiseng Mosia {{!}} Sustainable Energy for All Forum|work=www.seforallforum.org|accessdate=2019-01-14|archivedate=2018-09-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922175436/http://seforallforum.org/speaker/nthabiseng-mosia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africa.solarenergyevents.com/speakers/nthabiseng-mosia/|title=Nthabiseng Mosia|date=2019-01-14|work=Clean Energy Summit Africa|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-01-14}}</ref> N'afọ 2016, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ maka nzere masta nke lekwasịrị anya na Clean Energy Finance and Policy na School of International and Public Affairs, nke mahadum Columbia, ebe ọ zutere ndị otu ya nke Easy Solar, Eric Silverman na Alexandre Tourre .<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.lionessesofafrica.com/blog/2016/12/11/startup-story-nthabiseng-mosia|title=Nthabiseng Mosia, an entrepreneur finding affordable clean energy solutions for Africa by harnessing the power of solar technology|work=Lionesses of Africa Website|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-01-12}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sipa.columbia.edu/experience-sipa/sipa-profiles/nthabiseng-mosia|title=Nthabiseng Mosia {{!}} Columbia SIPA|work=sipa.columbia.edu|accessdate=2019-01-14|archivedate=2018-12-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228010224/https://sipa.columbia.edu/experience-sipa/sipa-profiles/nthabiseng-mosia}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Mosia na ndị otu ya chepụtara echiche maka inye ọkụ eletrik a pụrụ ịdabere na ya ma dịkwa ọnụ ala nye ezinụlọ ndị na-enweghị ọkụ na West Africa, n'oge ha gụsịrị akwụkwọ. Ha ritere nnukwu ego maka ọrụ ahụ site na asọmpi na hackathons na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|US]], dị ka D-Prize na 2015 na Columbia Venture Competition 2016. Ego mbụ nyere Mosia na ndị ọrụ ibe ya ohere ime nyocha nke nnweta ike n'ime ezinụlọ otu puku na narị ise na Sierra Leone.<ref name=":0"/> Easy Solar, na-azụ ahịa na mba ụwa dị ka Azimuth, ka e kere na 2016 dị ka atụmatụ azụmahịa iji gbasaa iru nke ngwaọrụ ike anyanwụ dị elu (dịka oriọna na usoro ụlọ) gafee Sierra Leone na-enweghị enyemaka.<ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.africa-energy.com/live-data/article/sierra-leone-acumen-and-gaia-invest-grid-solar|title=Sierra Leone: Acumen and Gaia invest in off-grid solar {{!}} African Energy|work=www.africa-energy.com|accessdate=2019-01-14}}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-enye atụmatụ ego, dị ka ịgbazite-na-nwe, na-akwụ ụgwọ-dị ka ị na-aga iji nyere ezinụlọ dara ogbenye aka imeli panel anyanwụ nke ha.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2018/04/18/30-most-promising-young-entrepreneurs-in-africa-2018/|title=30 Most Promising Young Entrepreneurs In Africa 2018|author=Nsehe|first=Mfonobong|work=Forbes|language=en|accessdate=2019-01-14}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://briefly.co.za/11923-meet-nthabiseng-mosia-sa-entrepreneur-creating-solar-solutions-abroad.html|title=Meet Nthabiseng Mosia: SA entrepreneur creating solar solutions abroad|author=Herbst|first=Denika|date=2018-05-14|work=Briefly|language=en|accessdate=2019-01-14|archivedate=2023-06-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611170318/https://briefly.co.za/11923-meet-nthabiseng-mosia-sa-entrepreneur-creating-solar-solutions-abroad.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHerbst2018">Herbst, Denika (2018-05-14). . ''Briefly''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-14</span></span>.</cite></ref> Nnyocha na-egosi na mmadụ ole na ole dịka otu n'ime otu narị ezinụlọ ime obodo na [[Sierra Leone]] nwere ọkụ eletrik. Kamgbe e guzobere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, Easy Solar na-ekwu na o nyere ezinụlọ pụkụ iri atọ ọkụ eletrik.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2"/><ref name=":5"/> Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-eme atụmatụ ịgbasa azụmahịa ahụ n'oge na-adịghị anya na [[Liberia]] na [[Guinea]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://italkstuff.com/nthabiseng-mosia/|title=PERSON OF THE WEEK: Nthabiseng Mosia|author=Nwanaka|first=Precious|date=10 September 2018|work=iTalkStuff|accessdate=14 Jan 2019|archivedate=16 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716125632/https://italkstuff.com/nthabiseng-mosia/}}</ref> Mosia bụkwa onye na-akwado ịgbasa ohere maka ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://200ysa.mg.co.za/2017/nthabiseng-mosia/|title=Nthabiseng Mosia – 2017|author=Rens|first=Simphiwe|work=Mail&Guardian|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-01-14|archivedate=2019-01-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103160343/https://200ysa.mg.co.za/2017/nthabiseng-mosia/}}</ref> == Nkwanye ùgwù == * '''2020''': Forbes Woman Africa Gen Y Award.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/39/201404.html|title=Forbes Woman Africa Awards 2020 winners announced|work=www.bizcommunity.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-03-10}}</ref> * '''2019''': Social Entrepreneur of the Year site na World Economic Forum na Schwab Foundation<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.schwabfound.org/awardees/enyonam-mosia/|title=Awardees|work=Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship|accessdate=2019-10-05|archivedate=2020-08-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806065345/https://www.schwabfound.org/awardees/enyonam-mosia/}}</ref> * '''2019''': Forbes Africa 30 Under 30 (Tech Category)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbesafrica.com/cover-story/2019/07/01/forbes-africa-30under30-list-business-technology-creatives-and-sport/|title=Forbes Africa #30Under30 list: Business, Technology, Creatives and Sport|author=Mwendera|first=Karen|date=2019-07-01|work=Forbes Africa|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-10-05}}</ref> * 2018: 30 Most Promising Young Entrepreneurs in Africa '''2018''' site n'aka Forbes<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2018/04/18/30-most-promising-young-entrepreneurs-in-africa-2018/|title=30 Most Promising Young Entrepreneurs In Africa 2018|author=Nsehe|first=Mfonobong|work=Forbes|language=en|accessdate=2019-10-05}}</ref> * '''2018''': 30 Africa Pioneers site na Quartz<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://qz.com/africa/1389574/quartz-africa-innovators-2018-a-list-of-30-pioneers/|title=Thirty Africa innovators changing the continent's present and future|author=Staff|first=Quartz|work=Quartz Africa|language=en|accessdate=2019-10-05}}</ref> * '''2017''': 100 Most Influential Young People in South Africa site na mgbasa ozi Avance.<ref>{{Cite web|work=AvanceMedia|url=http://sa.avancemedia.org/|title=Most Influential Young South Africans|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-01-12|archivedate=2019-05-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514201258/http://sa.avancemedia.org/}}</ref> * '''2017''': 200 Young South Africans site na Mail & Guardian.<ref name=":6"/> == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ovtxjgxrlakkfntyl7756fo9gu2jriv 0 14124 632417 129532 2026-05-09T14:49:57Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 632417 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Adam Madebe''' (a mụrụ ya n'afọ 1954) bụ onye na-ese ihe, a na-ekwukarị na ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe na Zimbabwe na-arụ ọrụ na ígwè.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://1-54.com/london/artists/adam-madebe/|title=1-54 Contemporary African Art Fair|work=1-54.com|accessdate=2018-07-27|archivedate=2015-09-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918050248/http://1-54.com/london/artists/adam-madebe/}}</ref> O bi ma na-arụ ọrụ na Johannesburg, South Africa. == Mmalite ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Adam Madebe na Bulawayo, Zimbabwe . Mgbe ọ na-enye ọzụzụ na Mzilikazi Art & Craft Centre, ọ malitere ịkpụ ihe oyiyi na ụrọ. N'ihe dị ka afọ 1970, metal ghọrọ onye ọ họọrọ iji mezuo ọchịchọ ya ịrụ ọrụ buru ibu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nai.uu.se/research/finalized_projects/cultural_images_in_and_of/zimbabwe/sculpture/madebe/|title=Adam Madebe - The Nordic Africa Institute|work=nai.uu.se|accessdate=2018-07-27|archivedate=2018-07-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727145636/http://nai.uu.se/research/finalized_projects/cultural_images_in_and_of/zimbabwe/sculpture/madebe/}}</ref> O mechara bụrụ onye nkuzi nka na Mzilikazi Art & Craft Centre, na-akụzi ụrọ site n'afọ 1974 ruo afọ 1992.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.inzart.co.uk/adam-madebe-biography/4578406787|title=Biography of Adam Madebe, award winning metal sculptor from Zimbabwe|work=www.inzart.co.uk|language=en|accessdate=2018-07-17|archivedate=2018-07-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717183456/http://www.inzart.co.uk/adam-madebe-biography/4578406787}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Madebe malitere ịkpụ ihe n'afọ 1982 ma nweta ọtụtụ onyinye maka ọrụ ya, gụnyere onyinye onye isi ala a ma ama maka Ọkachasị na 1994.<ref name=":1" /> Ihe ọkpụkpụ ya, nke na-abụkarị nha ma ọ bụ buru ibu, bụ akụkụ nke nchịkọta ndị a ma ama n'ụwa niile na ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ ya dịka Fallen Warrior ya gosipụtara na British Museum, ka eji dị ka ọmụmụ ihe maka ụmụ akwụkwọ nka na Zimbabwe taa.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ natara ọrụ maka ihe ọkpụkpụ ọha na eze na Zimbabwe, South Africa na [[Botswana]], gụnyere ihe ọkpụkpụ ọla nke Mahatma Gandhi (2015), kpughere na Rustenburg.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indianspice.co.za/2015/08/rustenberg-welcomes-mahatma-gandhi/|title=Rustenberg Welcomes Mahatma Gandhi {{!}} Indian Spice AdiShakti Media|work=www.indianspice.co.za|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-07-27|archivedate=2016-11-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123130804/http://www.indianspice.co.za/2015/08/rustenberg-welcomes-mahatma-gandhi/}}</ref> Isiokwu nke ihe omume telivishọn agụmakwụkwọ nke emere maka Channel 4, a maara ya karịsịa maka ọrụ ihe atụ ya, mana ọ nwetakwara otuto dị ukwuu maka ọrụ ya nke ọkara ihe atụ na echiche ya dịka 'Hot Seat' (1989).<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.inzart.co.uk/adam-madebe-hot-seat/4586643824|title='Hot Seat' (1989) by Adam Madebe sculpture in found objects and mild steel|work=www.inzart.co.uk|language=en|accessdate=2018-07-27|archivedate=2018-07-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727145950/http://www.inzart.co.uk/adam-madebe-hot-seat/4586643824}}</ref> E gosipụtara ọrụ a na ọrụ ndị ọzọ nke onye na-ese ihe a na 1:54 Contemporary African Art Fair na Somerset House na London n'ọnwa Ọktoba 2015.<ref name=":0" /> == Ọmụmụ ihe == Adam Madebe sonyere n'afọ 1989 Pachipamwe II Workshop nke emere na Cyrene Mission na mpụga Bulawayo, Zimbabwe n'akụkụ ndị na-ese ihe na-aga nke ọma Joram Mariga, Bernard Matemera, Bill Ainslie, Voti Thebe, [[Sokari Douglas Camp]] na [[David Koloane]] .<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Elsbeth|first=Court|title=Pachipamwe II: The Avant Garde in Africa?|url=https://www.academia.edu/14144483|journal=African Arts|language=en|volume=25|issue=1|issn=0001-9933}}</ref> Mgbe ahụ, Triangle Arts Trust kpọrọ ya ka ọ gaa ọmụmụ ihe ha kwa afọ na Pine Plains, New York State n'afo 1990 nakwa n'afọ 1995 gara International Artists Workshop na Yorkshire Sculpture Park.<ref name=":1" /> == Esemokwu == N'afọ 1985, Adam Madebe meriri na Tower Gardens Sculpture Competition na Bulawayo site na ihe atụ ya dị mita 3.5 n'ogologo, 'Looking To The Future'. Ọrụ nwoke a gba ọtọ mere ka mkparịta ụka dị mkpa n'obodo banyere ịdị mma ya maka ngosipụta ọha na eze na mba na-echekwa echiche.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.davidcoltart.com/2010/10/looking-into-the-future-art-and-the-law-in-zimbabwe-the-2010-lozikeyi-lecture-by-senator-david-coltart/|title=Looking into the Future: Art and the Law in Zimbabwe : The 2010 Lozikeyi Lecture by Senator David Coltart - David Coltart (Official Website)|date=2010-10-29|work=David Coltart (Official Website)|accessdate=2018-07-27|language=en-US}}</ref> E wepụrụ ya n'egbughị oge n'ogige ahụ. E mechara gosipụta ya n'ime ogige Gallery nke National Gallery of Zimbabwe nke a rụzigharịrị nke ọma na Douslin House, ọ dara ọzọ na nyocha gọọmentị obodo n'afọ 2010 ma nọgide na-ezo ọzọ na ụlọ nkwakọba ihe.<ref name=":1" /> == Ihe nrite == Ihe nrite nke mbụ Tower Gardens Sculpture Competition, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe na 'Looking To The Future' Nrite nke mbụ, WeldArt 87, Harare, Zimbabwe, na 'Jacket' Award Of Merit, Zimbabwe Heritage Exhibition 1988, Harare, Zimbabwe with 'Contemplation' Nrite nke abụọ, WeldArt 89, Harare, Zimbabwe, na 'Togetherness' Award Of Merit, Zimbabwe Heritage Exhibition, Harare, Zimbabwe with 'Hot Seat' Onyinye nsọpụrụ nke onye isi ala, Zimbabwe Heritage, Harare, Zimbabwe 1994 <ref name=":1" /> == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] p0fmobgps5nyqvctcpy3gz9bh3m6ut0 0 14134 632432 164381 2026-05-09T15:03:04Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 632432 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hassan Heshmat''' (20 Jenụwarị, 1920 &#x2D; Julaị 2006) bụ onye Egypt a ma ama na-akpụ ihe, a na-ewerekwa ya dị ka onye ọsụ ụzọ nke nka Ijipt nke oge a. A mụrụ ya n'ọnwa Jenụwarị 20, afọ 1920, na Menoufia, Egypt, Heshmat nwetara diplọma ya na Applied Arts, ọkachamara na ceramik (1938), sochiri diplọma site na Higher Institute of Technical Education for Teachers (1954). N'afọ 1957, e nyere ya agụmakwụkwọ iji mụọ Porcelain Design na Selb, Bavaria, gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'afọ 1958.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Museum of the Artist Hassan Heshmat|publisher=Ministry of Culture, Sector of Fine Arts|year=2018|location=Cairo}}</ref> A na-ewere Hassan Heshmat dị ka onye mbụ na-ese ihe na Egypt iji mepụta ọrụ na ụrọ, ihe ọkpụkpụ ya na-egosipụta ọdịnala, ịhụ mba n'anya na mmetụta uche.<ref>{{Cite web|title=حول رؤية الفنان - السيرة الذاتية - قطاع الفنون التشكيلية|url=http://www.fineart.gov.eg/Arb/CV/About.asp?IDS=607|accessdate=2022-01-17|work=www.fineart.gov.eg|archivedate=2022-01-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119214312/http://www.fineart.gov.eg/Arb/CV/About.asp?IDS=607}}</ref> E gosipụtala ọrụ ya n'ọtụtụ ebe, ma nwee ya n'ọtụtụ nchịkọta na ụlọ ọrụ gburugburu ụwa. E nyela Heshmat ihe nrite obodo na mba ụwa, na-emeri ọla ọcha na ọla edo na asọmpi International Ceramics na Italy n'afọ 1964 nakwa n'afọ 1965 yana mmeri mbụ na asọmpi iji wuo ihe ncheta ncheta maka ụka na Belgium n'afọ 1970. E nyere Heshmat asambodo nke Merit site na Egyptian Fine Arts Academy n'afọ 1980, yana Asambodo nke ekele site na Ministry of Culture n'afọ 1995, ma mesịa nye ya onyinye ekele nke steeti Egypt.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":0"/> == Ndụ == [[Usòrò:Madiha,_Bassam,_Hassan_Heshmat_in_Lev.jpg|thumb|Hassan Heshmat na nwunye ya Madiha na nwa ya nwoke Bassam]] Hassan Heshmat lụrụ Zeinab Hegazy, onye ya na ya nwere ụmụn nwanyị atọ, Sohair, Magda na Sonia, na otu nwa nwoke, Alaa. Mgbe nwunye ya Zeinab nwụsịrị, Heshmat lụrụ Madiha. Nwa ha nwoke bụ Bassam nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ mgbe ọ nwụsịrị ọrịa akụrụ (1965-1990).<ref name=":1">Nour el Din, Nadine. Interview with Sonja Hegasy, January 18, 2022. </ref> Hassan na Madiha Heshmat hiwere ụlọ ọgwụ Bassam n'akụkụ ụlọ ha iji cheta nwa ha nwoke.<ref name=":1" /> Madiha Heshmat nwụrụ n'ụlọ ha na ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ha na Febụwarị 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|date=27 February 2020|title=نعي السيدة الفاضلة حرم الفنان حسن حشمت|url=https://www.facebook.com/683964491778029/posts/1407827309391740/?d=n&mibextid=IWwPw0gPHOlmvEJX|accessdate=19 January 2022}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ == Heshmat nwetara diplọma ya na Applied Arts, ọkachamara na ceramik (1938), sochiri diplọma site na Higher Institute of Technical Education for Teachers (1954). N'afọ 1957, e nyere ya agụmakwụkwọ iji mụọ Porcelain Design na Selb, Bavaria, gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'afọ 1958.Selb bụ obodo nke ọtụtụ ndị na-emepụta ụrọ a ma ama na mba ụwa dị ka Rosenthal na Hutschenreuther (onye guzobere ụlọ ọrụ ụrọ na 1856).<ref name=":0"/> Heshmat gara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị na El Ayyat, ebe ọ na-echeta na ọ na-aga n'ogige ụlọ akwụkwọ n'oge ezumike ma na-ese iberibe nkume ma ọ bụ gravel. Ọ họọrọ iji oge ya na-ele ọdịdị anya kama iso ndị enyi ya na-egwu egwuregwu. N'ịchụso agụmakwụkwọ Fine Arts ya, ọ zụrụ ya na onye na-ese ihe n'Ijipt bụ Saeed El-Sadr (1909-1986). Heshmat na-echeta El-Sadr na-eso ụmụ akwụkwọ ya na njem otu ugboro n'izu, na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie nke Ijipt, ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie nke ndị Alakụba na Coptic, ma na-etinye oge na okike, ebe ọ 'kụrụ n'ime ha ịhụnanya nke eserese okike na ndụ'.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=الناصر|first=محمد|date=1 July 2001|title=حسن حشمت|work=مجلة نصف الدنيا|url=http://www.fineart.gov.eg/Arb/CV/About.asp?IDS=607|accessdate=18 January 2022}}</ref> Heshmat gara n'ihu na-eleta ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie nke Ijipt, ma kọwaa na ọ 'biri' ebe ahụ, na-eme 'njem' ebe ọ ga-achọpụta ihe ọhụrụ na nleta ọ bụla, na-enyocha ihe ọ kpọrọ 'akụ̀ nke mmepeanya Egypt' na nka nke ndị nna nna ya.<ref name=":2"/> == Ọrụ == [[Usòrò:Hassan_Heshmat_with_former_Egyptian_President_Mohamed_Naguib_at_his_first_exhibition,_1953.jpg|thumb|Hassan Heshmat na ngosi mbụ ya nke onye bụbu onye isi ala Ijipt bụ Mohamed Naguib guzobere, 1953]] Hassan Heshmat rụrụ ọrụ n'ụzọ bụ isi na ihe ọkpụkpụ, na-ejikọta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na isiokwu ime obodo Ijipt na ihe ndị Fero. Ọrụ ya na-egosipụta mmetụta uche, ịhụ mba n'anya, na isiokwu dị egwu, gụnyere ezinụlọ, ịbụ nne, ịhụnanya, ihe ngosi nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na nwoke nke mba ya (Ibn Al-Balad). Ọ bụ onye na-ese ihe nke ọma, ọ haziri ma mepụta ọrụ na nnweta n'uche, na-emepụta ọrụ dị mgbagwoju anya na nnukwu nha na obere nha. Ọ bụ onye Ijipt mbụ na-akpụ ihe na-akpụ obere ihe ọkpụkpụ, nke a na-anakọta ma nwee mmasị na ya. Heshmat kere ọtụtụ nnukwu ihe ọkpụkpụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ọrụ maka ntinye ọha na eze na Egypt na mba ofesi. O mere ''Nwunye nke Oké Osimiri Uhie'', ihe ọkpụkpụ dị egwu nke mita asatọ nke ghọrọ ihe nnọchianya nke Ọchịchị Oké Osimiri Uhie. Na mgbakwunye na ihe ọkpụkpụ na ntinye, Heshmat kere eserese, eserese, na ihe osise n'asụsụ ọhụụ ya. Onye na-ese ihe ghọrọ onye ama ama n'oge [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. N'oge ọrụ ya niile, Heshmat gosipụtara n'ọtụtụ ebe, n'ihe ngosi otu na nke naanị ya, ma na mpaghara ma na mba ụwa. O mere ihe ngosi ama ama na London (1956), Paris (1957), West [[Jémanị|Germany]] (1958), Syria (1960), Rome (1967), Geneva na Frankfurt (1968), Holland na [[Stockholm]] (1969), Belgium (1970), Norway (1971) na Lausanne (1976). Ọrụ ya dị na nchịkọta nke Museum of Modern Art na Cairo, Museum of Applied Arts, Budapest, Museum of Mankind (Musée de l'Homme), Paris, National Museum of Warsaw, na Peking Museum na China, tinyere ndị ọzọ. Na June 2006, ọrụ Heshmat nwetara nlebara anya dị iche iche mgbe mwakpo a wakporo ihe ọkpụkpụ ihe atụ ya mere isi akụkọ. Mwakpo a bụ nke okpukpe, otu nwanyị kpuchiri ekpuchi nke kwuru na ọ na-eme iwu chọrọ ibibi ọrụ na Hassan Heshmat Museum n'etiti abalị, na-eti mkpu 'Infidels, Infidels!'.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=de Quetteville|first=Harry|title=Statue attack fuels fears of an Islamist Egypt|work=The Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/egypt/1521629/Statue-attack-fuels-fears-of-an-Islamist-Egypt.html}}</ref> Dị ka otu isiokwu dị na ''Daily Telegraph'' si kwuo, ọrụ ndị ahụ mebiri emebi gụnyere ihe ọkpụkpụ Motherhood, 'nke nwere isi atọ a pịrị apị nke ọma, ha niile e kpochapụrụ'.Ihe ọzọ mebiri emebi bụ Heshmat's The Victory Leap, 'tribute to Egyptian troops in the 1973 Yom Kippur war' na 6th of October Panorama .<ref name=":3"/><ref name=":3"/> == Ihe ngosi nka Hassan Heshmat == N'ịbụ nke dị na Ain Shams, Hassan Heshmat Museum bụ ebe obibi na ụlọ ọrụ onye na-ese ihe, ebe ọ bi ma rụọ ọrụ. A gbanwere ụlọ onye na-ese ihe dị mita 1,200 ka ọ bụrụ ihe ngosi nka nke ọrụ ya, nke e nyere Mịnịstrị nke Omenala, ya na ụlọ ọrụ a na-etinye aka iji jeere ndị na-eto eto na-ese ihe site na mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu ozi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|author=Dadrian|first=Eva|date=2016|title=Museums and More|work=Rawi Magazine|url=https://rawi-magazine.com/articles/museums_and_more/|accessdate=19 January 2022}}</ref> Nchịkọta ihe ngosi nka gụnyere ihe karịrị narị abụọ n'ime ihe ọkpụkpụ na-ese ihe na-asụ ụzọ.Ihe ngosi nka ahụ nwere ogige ihe ọkpụkpụ nke nwere nnukwu mbipụta nke ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ Heshmat a ma ama.<ref name=":4"/> == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060821194139/http://www.egyptart.org.eg/galleries/view_artist.asp?mt=2&artstid=34&startcount=0 Hassan Heshmat] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120723220137/http://www.fineart.gov.eg/Eng/Musem/Musem.asp?IDS=15 Akụkọ banyere Hassan Heshmat Museum] nvyibgnlon88nk0rsvmsloohnv9lhn1 0 14799 632501 197821 2026-05-10T11:53:33Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 632501 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Pierra Makena''' (a mụrụ n'ụbọchị nke 11 n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 1981) bụ onye Kenya na-egwu egwu, onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye TV. O ritere ihe nkiri kachasị mma maka ọrụ ya na When Love Comes Around na [[Nollywood]] na African Film Critics Awards kwa afọ na Los Angeles.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-34247904|title=Kenyan DJ celebrates Nollywood win|date=2015-09-14|accessdate=2019-10-31|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://hashtagsquare.co.ke/dj-pierra-makena-biography/|title=DJ Pierra Makena Biography|author=JAMES (Editor-in-Chief)|first=I. AM|date=2018-01-22|work=Age, Family, Education, Net-worth, Personal Life|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-10-31|archivedate=2020-01-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129130051/http://hashtagsquare.co.ke/dj-pierra-makena-biography/}}</ref> == Afọ mbụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Makena na 11 Eprel 1981 na Meru, Kenya. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Chogoria Girls High School . Ọ gara n'ihu na Kenya Institute of Mass Communication ebe ọ gụrụ maka mmepụta redio.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sde.co.ke/article/2001243862/i-like-my-new-butt-and-boobs-dj-pierra-makena|title=I like my new butt and boobs: Dj Pierra Makena|author=Reporter|first=Nairobian|work=Standard Digital News|accessdate=2019-10-31|archivedate=2020-12-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213110236/https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/entertainment/nainotepad/2001243862/i-like-my-new-butt-and-boobs-dj-pierra-makena}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://powerke.com/dj-pierra-makena-biography-age-education-career-films-boyfriend-baby|title=DJ Pierra Makena Biography, Age, Education, Career, Films, Boyfriend, Baby|author=powerke|date=2019-10-27|work=powerke|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-10-31|archivedate=2019-10-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031064517/http://powerke.com/dj-pierra-makena-biography-age-education-career-films-boyfriend-baby}}</ref><ref name=":2"/> == Ọrụ == Ọ bụ ezie na Makena malitere ọrụ ihe nkiri ya mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ọ sonyeere ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri na TV nke Kenya n'afọ 2010. Mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, ọ rụrụ ọtụtụ emume ma nweta ihe nrite. Ụfọdụ n'ime ihe nkiri ndị o mere ka ọ nwee ọganihu n'ime ihe nkiri gụnyere Kisulisuli, Tausi, ''Tahidi High'' na Changes .<ref name=":1"/> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye na-edekọ akụkọ na onye nta akụkọ na onye na-emepụta ihe na KBC, onye mgbasa ozi mba Kenya. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dịka onye mgbasa ozi na Radio Waumini na YFM, ugbu a Hot 96. Ọrụ ya dịka onye na-egwu egwu malitere n'afọ 2010 mgbe ọ hapụrụ Scanad Kenya Limited iji nyere aka guzobe ụlọ ọrụ redio One Fm. Ugbu a, ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị Kenya kachasị achọ ma na-akwụ ụgwọ dị ukwuu. Ọ pụtago na mmemme mba ụwa na [[Burundi]], Ghana, Nigeria na America. Ọ bụ onye guzobere ihe omume Park na Chill na ọtụtụ ụgbọala na Africa.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://parentsafrica.com/2017/10/03/the-making-of-pierra/|title=The making of PIERRA MAKENA|date=2017-10-03|work=Parents Magazine Africa|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-10-31|archivedate=2019-10-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031071615/https://parentsafrica.com/2017/10/03/the-making-of-pierra/}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == * ''Kisulisuli'' * ''Tausi'' * ''Mgbe Ịhụnanya Na-abịa'' * ''Mgbanwe'' * ''Tahidi High'' * Disconnect (ihe nkiri 2018) * ''Naanị n'oge'' 2021<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt14243986/?ref_=nm_knf_t4|title=Just in Time|work=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> == Ihe nrite == * 2014 - A họpụtara ya maka Ghana Movie Awards na ngalaba kacha mma nke onye na-eme ihe nkiri na-eme ihe nkiri Africa maka ọrụ ya na ihe nkiri, When Love Comes Around .<ref name=":3"/> * 2015 - O meriri na Best Supporting Actress na Nollywood na African Film Critics Awards na Los Angeles maka ọrụ ya na ihe nkiri Ghana akpọrọ 'When Love Comes Around .<ref name=":0"/> == Ndụ onwe == Ọ bụ nne nke otu nwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201810220429.html|title=Kenya: DJ Pierra Makena Wishes Her Baby Daddy Could Be Present At Daughter's Concert|author=Kasujja|first=Mwende|date=2018-10-22|work=allAfrica.com|language=en|accessdate=2019-10-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nairobinews.nation.co.ke/chillax/team-mafisi-just-cant-get-enough-of-the-sexy-dj-pierra-makena|title=Team Mafisi just can't get enough of the curvaceous DJ Pierra Makena|work=Nairobi News|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-10-31|archivedate=2020-11-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101121757/https://nairobinews.nation.co.ke/chillax/team-mafisi-just-cant-get-enough-of-the-sexy-dj-pierra-makena}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/269943-hottest-dj-pierra-makena-unveils-hairstyle-cute-af.html|title=Hottest DJ Pierra Makena unveils new hairstyle and she looks cute AF|author=Mwarua|first=Douglas|date=2018-03-29|work=Tuko.co.ke - Kenya news.|language=en|accessdate=2019-10-31|archivedate=2020-11-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101121813/https://www.tuko.co.ke/269943-hottest-dj-pierra-makena-unveils-hairstyle-cute-af.html}}</ref> == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|5942861}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] azx7jmfhmyu3kkjn85n6ijm3cprjp0s 0 16482 632411 80889 2026-05-09T14:46:39Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 632411 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|native_name_lang=ara|birthname=Karim Abdel Aziz|birth_date={{birth date and age|1975|08|17}}|birth_place=[[Agouza]], [[Giza]], [[Egypt]]|occupation=[[actor]]|image=كريم_عبد_العزيز.png|spouse={{marriage|Heidy Sorour|2005}}|children=[[Malak Abdel Aziz]], [[Ali Abdel Aziz]]|yearsactive=1978–present}} '''Karim Abdel Aziz''' (Arabic: ) (a mụrụ na Cairo, Egypt, August 17, 1975) bụ onye Egypt na-eme ihe nkiri. Ọ bụ nwa onye nkuzi Mohammad Abdul Aziz na nwa nwanne onye nduzi ihe nkiri Omar Abdel Aziz<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elcinema.com/en/person/1001574/|title=Karim Abdelaziz - Actor - Filmography، photos، Video|work=elCinema.com|accessdate=2016-10-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1243922/|title=Karim Abdel Aziz|work=IMDb|accessdate=2016-10-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.filfan.com/news/details/55593|title=كريم عبد العزيز: مسلم ومسيحي دم واحد|accessdate=2016-10-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.albawaba.com/entertainment/nelly-karim-karim-abdel-aziz-win-big-egypt%E2%80%99s-national-film-festival-756082|title=Nelly Karim, Karim Abdel-Aziz win big at Egypt’s National Film Festival|date=2015-10-18|work=Al Bawaba|accessdate=2016-10-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.albawaba.com/entertainment/karim-abdel-aziz-549406|title=Karim Abdel Aziz is almost done with|date=2014-01-25|work=Al Bawaba|accessdate=2016-10-21}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Karim Abdel Aziz n'abalị 17 nke ọnwa August, afọ 1975, na Agouza, Giza. Abdel Aziz bụ onye nduzi nwere nnukwu ihe nketa na ihe nkiri Egypt zụlitere, ebe ọ bụ nwa nnukwu onye nduzi Mohamed Abd El Aziz. Nke a bụ ịzụlite nka mere ka ọ họrọ ọrụ ime ihe nkiri ya ebe ọ maara ọdịdị nke azụmahịa ahụ. Abdel Aziz gụrụ akwụkwọ na French School Collège De La Salle na Cairo ma gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ya. Abdel Aziz sonyeere ụlọ akwụkwọ dị elu nke ihe nkiri n'afọ 1994, iji malite ndụ dị iche kemgbe ahụ. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ngalaba nduzi n'afọ 1997 ma rụọ ọrụ dịka osote onye nduzi maka obere oge ebe mmetụta nke ịnọ n'ihu igwefoto kama ịnọ n'azụ ya nwara ya. Nke a bụ mgbe o kpebiri ịgbanwe ime ihe nkiri kama iduzi, ruo mgbe ọ nwetara ohere ya na onye nduzi Sherif Arafa na-eme ihe nkiri nke mbụ ya. Mgbe ahụ mgbe Samira Ahmed họọrọ Abdel Aziz maka ọrụ ya na ihe nkiri TV "Emraa mn zaman el hob" ọ bụ ezigbo mmalite ya dị ka ezigbo onye na-ese ihe nwere ezigbo nkà na nnukwu ọchị na ọ na-enweta ọtụtụ onyinye ruo mgbe ọ nwetara ọrụ ya n'ihu [[Mona Zaki]] na Hala Shiha na [[Ahmed Helmy]] na "Leeh khalletny ahebbak"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.rapidtvnews.com/2017052447344/osn-unveils-ramadan-programming-bundle.html|title=OSN unveils Ramadan programming bundle|author=Hawkes|first=Rebecca|work=Rapid TV News|accessdate=2017-09-19|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.albawaba.com/entertainment/karim-abdelaziz-hajj-524039|title=A Holy pilgrimage: Karim Abdel Aziz prepares to perform Hajj|date=2013-10-01|work=Al Bawaba|accessdate=2017-09-19|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable" !Mba. !Afọ !Ihe nkiri - usoro ihe nkiri TV !Ọrụ |- |1 |1978 |''Intabeho Ayoha alsada'' | Nwatakịrị |- |2 |1978 |''Albaad Yadhab llmazon Maratain'' | Nwatakịrị |- |3 |1981 |''Al Mashboh'' | Ali |- |4 |1998 |''Edhak ilsora tetla helwa'' |Tarek |- |5 |1999 |''Aboud alal Elhodod'' |Mansour |- |6 |2000 |''Gnon Elhayat'' |Magdy |- |7 |2000 |''Leh khaltny ahebak'' |Hisham |- |8 |2002 |''Haramiyya Fi KG2'' |Hassan |- |9 |2003 |''Haramiyya Fi Thailand'' |Ibrahim |- |10 |2004 |''El Pasha Telmiz'' |Basioni |- |11 |2005 |''Abu Ali'' |Hassan Abu Ali |- |12 |2006 |''Wahed Mn El nas'' |Mahmoud |- |13 |2006 |''Fi Mahatet Misr'' |Reda |- |14 |2008 |''Khareg Ala ilkanon'' |Omar Elwakil |- |15 |2010 |''Awlad Elam'' |Mostafa |- |16 |2011 |''Fasel Wa Na'od'' |Arabịa |- |17 |2014 |''Elephant Blue'' |Yehia Rashed |- |18 |2015 |Wesh Tani - usoro ihe nkiri TV | |- |19 |2017 |EL Zebaq - usoro ihe nkiri TV<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.vetogate.com/2729589|title=بالأرقام.. نسب مشاهدة الحلقات الأولى من مسلسلات رمضان ٢٠١٧|work=بوابة فيتو|accessdate=2017-09-19|language=ar-AR}}</ref> |- |20 |2019 |''Elephant Blue 2'' الفيل الأزرق ٢ |Yehia Rashed Nady onye na-enye onyinye 2019 |- |21 |2021 |Al Ikhtiyar 2: Regal Al Zel - usoro ihe nkiri TV | |- |21 |2022 |El Ghazala El Ray2a |Ọdịnihu |} == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Articles with hCards]] obifmjms12t9j7h836em98p1rj9xywm 632412 632411 2026-05-09T14:48:14Z Goodymaraj 21567 632412 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|native_name_lang=ara|birthname=Karim Abdel Aziz|birth_date={{birth date and age|1975|08|17}}|birth_place=[[Agouza]], [[Giza]], [[Egypt]]|occupation=[[actor]]|image=كريم_عبد_العزيز.png|spouse={{marriage|Heidy Sorour|2005}}|children=[[Malak Abdel Aziz]], [[Ali Abdel Aziz]]|yearsactive=1978–present}} '''Karim Abdel Aziz''' (Arabic: ) (a mụrụ na Cairo, [[Egypt]], August 17, 1975) bụ onye Egypt na-eme ihe nkiri. Ọ bụ nwa onye nkuzi Mohammad Abdul Aziz na nwa nwanne onye nduzi ihe nkiri [[Omar Abdul Aziz|Omar Abdel Aziz]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elcinema.com/en/person/1001574/|title=Karim Abdelaziz - Actor - Filmography، photos، Video|work=elCinema.com|accessdate=2016-10-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1243922/|title=Karim Abdel Aziz|work=IMDb|accessdate=2016-10-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.filfan.com/news/details/55593|title=كريم عبد العزيز: مسلم ومسيحي دم واحد|accessdate=2016-10-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.albawaba.com/entertainment/nelly-karim-karim-abdel-aziz-win-big-egypt%E2%80%99s-national-film-festival-756082|title=Nelly Karim, Karim Abdel-Aziz win big at Egypt’s National Film Festival|date=2015-10-18|work=Al Bawaba|accessdate=2016-10-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.albawaba.com/entertainment/karim-abdel-aziz-549406|title=Karim Abdel Aziz is almost done with|date=2014-01-25|work=Al Bawaba|accessdate=2016-10-21}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Karim Abdel Aziz n'abalị 17 nke ọnwa August, afọ 1975, na Agouza, Giza. Abdel Aziz bụ onye nduzi nwere nnukwu ihe nketa na ihe nkiri Egypt zụlitere, ebe ọ bụ nwa nnukwu onye nduzi Mohamed Abd El Aziz. Nke a bụ ịzụlite nka mere ka ọ họrọ ọrụ ime ihe nkiri ya ebe ọ maara ọdịdị nke azụmahịa ahụ. Abdel Aziz gụrụ akwụkwọ na French School Collège De La Salle na Cairo ma gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ya. Abdel Aziz sonyeere ụlọ akwụkwọ dị elu nke ihe nkiri n'afọ 1994, iji malite ndụ dị iche kemgbe ahụ. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ngalaba nduzi n'afọ 1997 ma rụọ ọrụ dịka osote onye nduzi maka obere oge ebe mmetụta nke ịnọ n'ihu igwefoto kama ịnọ n'azụ ya nwara ya. Nke a bụ mgbe o kpebiri ịgbanwe ime ihe nkiri kama iduzi, ruo mgbe ọ nwetara ohere ya na onye nduzi [[Sherif Arafa]] na-eme ihe nkiri nke mbụ ya. Mgbe ahụ mgbe Samira Ahmed họọrọ Abdel Aziz maka ọrụ ya na ihe nkiri TV "Emraa mn zaman el hob" ọ bụ ezigbo mmalite ya dị ka ezigbo onye na-ese ihe nwere ezigbo nkà na nnukwu ọchị na ọ na-enweta ọtụtụ onyinye ruo mgbe ọ nwetara ọrụ ya n'ihu [[Mona Zaki]] na Hala Shiha na [[Ahmed Helmy]] na "''Leeh khalletny ahebbak''"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.rapidtvnews.com/2017052447344/osn-unveils-ramadan-programming-bundle.html|title=OSN unveils Ramadan programming bundle|author=Hawkes|first=Rebecca|work=Rapid TV News|accessdate=2017-09-19|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.albawaba.com/entertainment/karim-abdelaziz-hajj-524039|title=A Holy pilgrimage: Karim Abdel Aziz prepares to perform Hajj|date=2013-10-01|work=Al Bawaba|accessdate=2017-09-19|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable" !Mba. !Afọ !Ihe nkiri - usoro ihe nkiri TV !Ọrụ |- |1 |1978 |''Intabeho Ayoha alsada'' | Nwatakịrị |- |2 |1978 |''Albaad Yadhab llmazon Maratain'' | Nwatakịrị |- |3 |1981 |''Al Mashboh'' | Ali |- |4 |1998 |''Edhak ilsora tetla helwa'' |Tarek |- |5 |1999 |''Aboud alal Elhodod'' |Mansour |- |6 |2000 |''Gnon Elhayat'' |Magdy |- |7 |2000 |''Leh khaltny ahebak'' |Hisham |- |8 |2002 |''Haramiyya Fi KG2'' |Hassan |- |9 |2003 |''Haramiyya Fi Thailand'' |Ibrahim |- |10 |2004 |''El Pasha Telmiz'' |Basioni |- |11 |2005 |''Abu Ali'' |Hassan Abu Ali |- |12 |2006 |''Wahed Mn El nas'' |Mahmoud |- |13 |2006 |''Fi Mahatet Misr'' |Reda |- |14 |2008 |''Khareg Ala ilkanon'' |Omar Elwakil |- |15 |2010 |''Awlad Elam'' |Mostafa |- |16 |2011 |''Fasel Wa Na'od'' |Arabịa |- |17 |2014 |''Elephant Blue'' |Yehia Rashed |- |18 |2015 |Wesh Tani - usoro ihe nkiri TV | |- |19 |2017 |EL Zebaq - usoro ihe nkiri TV<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.vetogate.com/2729589|title=بالأرقام.. نسب مشاهدة الحلقات الأولى من مسلسلات رمضان ٢٠١٧|work=بوابة فيتو|accessdate=2017-09-19|language=ar-AR}}</ref> |- |20 |2019 |''Elephant Blue 2'' الفيل الأزرق ٢ |Yehia Rashed Nady onye na-enye onyinye 2019 |- |21 |2021 |Al Ikhtiyar 2: Regal Al Zel - usoro ihe nkiri TV | |- |21 |2022 |El Ghazala El Ray2a |Ọdịnihu |} == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Articles with hCards]] c28gt5xxjm9juv9f49l5w0b449l1212 0 17189 632416 580023 2026-05-09T14:49:39Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 632416 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Christopher Dean "Chris" Myers bụ ónyé édémédé America na ónyé na-ese ihe, na-emepụta ọrụ ọdịbendị dị iche iche n'ọtụtụ ụzọ. Ụzọ ọ na-emekarị ka njikọ dị n'etiti ndị na-ese ihe ndị ọzọ dị mfe. Myers esorola nná ya, Walter Dean Myers, rụkọọ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ foto ụmụaka, ọ bụkwa ónyé natara onyinye Coretta Scott King, yana nsọpụrụ dị iche iche. Chris Myers nwèrè akwụkwọ na Random House ugbu a.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/childrens/childrens-industry-news/article/79095-christopher-myers-s-make-me-a-world-imprint-launches-this-fall.html|title=Christopher Myers's Make Me a World Imprint Launches This Fall|work=PublishersWeekly.com|language=en|accessdate=2019-11-02}}</ref> Myers gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Brown na 1995 na B.A. na Art-Semiotics na American Civilization, nà Whitney Museum of Art Independent Studio Program nà 1996.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scholastic.com/teachers/authors/christopher-myers/|title=Christopher Myers|author=|first=|date=|work=HarperCollins Publishers: World-Leading Book Publisher|language=en-US|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810092210/https://www.scholastic.com/teachers/authors/christopher-myers/|archivedate=2020-08-10|accessdate=2019-11-10}}</ref> Ọ bi na New York ugbu a. == Ihe ngosi (ahọrọ) == Christopher Myers egosila n'ọtụtụ ebe n'ụwa niile; ónyé na-ese ihe nwéré ndepụta dị ukwuu nke ihe ngosi onwé ya na nke otu. === Naanị ya === {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Aha ya |- |2019 |Drapetomania, Fort Gansevoort, Los Angeles, CA<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://flaunt.com/content/christopher-myers-fort-gansevoort-la|title=Drapetomania &#124; Christopher Myers at Fort Gansevoort LA|work=Flaunt Magazine|accessdate=2022-06-23|archivedate=2021-09-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917175647/https://flaunt.com/content/christopher-myers-fort-gansevoort-la}}</ref> |- | |Rotherwas Project 5: Christopher Myers, The Red Plague Rid You for Learning Me Your Language, Mead Art Museum, Amherst College, Amherist, MA<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.amherst.edu/museums/mead/exhibitions/2019/rotherwas-project-5-chris-myers|title=Rotherwas Project 5: Christopher Myers, The Red Plague Rid You for Learning Me Your Language &#124; 2019 &#124; Amherst College|work=www.amherst.edu}}</ref> |- | |''Asụsụ'', Mead Art Museum, Amherst College, Amherist, MA<ref name="auto3" /> |- | |''Ọ dịghị Onye'' bụ Aha m, Ụlọ Njehie, Los Angeles, CA<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tmr.la/echristophermyers2019|title=About 3|work=The Mistake Room}}</ref> |- | |''Flags'' of No Nations II, ACE Hotel Downtown LA, Los Angeles, CA<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.acehotel.com/losangeles/events-and-spaces/calendar/detail/mistake-room-presents-christopher-myers/|title=DTLA Events Calendar &#124; Upcoming Ace Hotel Events|work=www.acehotel.com|accessdate=2022-06-23|archivedate=2021-09-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917164732/https://www.acehotel.com/losangeles/events-and-spaces/calendar/detail/mistake-room-presents-christopher-myers/}}</ref> |- |2018 |''Ka'' ndị Mermaids soro m na-emekọ ihe, Fort Gansevoort, New York, NY<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fortgansevoort.com/exhibitions/christopher-myers2/press-release|title=Christopher Myers - Exhibitions - Fort Gansevoort|work=www.fortgansevoort.com}}</ref> |- |2017 |''Flag'' of No Nation, The Mistake Room na Paos GDL, Guadalajara, Mexico<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kalyban.com/flagsofnonation|title=Flags of No Nation|work=Christopher Myers|accessdate=2022-06-23|archivedate=2022-05-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517072704/https://www.kalyban.com/flagsofnonation/}}</ref> |} === Ìgwè === {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Aha ya |- |2021 |Desert X Biennial, Palm Springs, CA<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://desertx.org/|title=Desert X &#124; Christopher Myers|work=desertx.org}}</ref> |- | |''Mgbidi maka ihe'' kpatara ya, Anyị na-azụ ọla edo na njikọ aka na Orange Barrel Media, New York, NY<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.curbed.com/2021/02/we-buy-gold-other-side-of-something-murals-art.html|title=Murals on 9 City Buildings Will Help You Process Your Pandemic Feelings|first=Diana|author=Budds|date=February 8, 2021|work=Curbed}}</ref> |- |2020 |''Enyi na onye iro'', Mahadum Santa Clara, Santa Clara, CA<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scu.edu/art/gallery-exhibitions/gallery-exhibition-schedule/2019-2020/friend-and-foe/|title=Friend and Foe - College of Arts and Sciences - Santa Clara University|work=www.scu.edu|accessdate=2022-06-23|archivedate=2021-09-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917172226/https://www.scu.edu/art/gallery-exhibitions/gallery-exhibition-schedule/2019-2020/friend-and-foe/}}</ref> |- | |''Ọkpụkpụ'' e kewara ekewa, albertz benda, New York, NY<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.albertzbenda.com/exhibitions/past/fragmented-bodies|title=Fragmented Bodies - Exhibitions - Albertz Benda|work=www.albertzbenda.com|accessdate=2022-06-23|archivedate=2022-05-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522112737/http://www.albertzbenda.com/exhibitions/past/fragmented-bodies}}</ref> |- | |''Isikwopụ afọ ime bụ ihe'' dị otú o kwesịrị, Arsenal Gallery, New York, NY<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arsenalcontemporary.com/ny/exhib/detail/abortion-is-normal|title=Abortion Is Normal &#124; New York|work=Arsenal Contemporary Art}}</ref> |- |2019 |Plumb Line: Charles White na Contemporary, California African American Museum (CAAM), Los Angeles, CA<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://caamuseum.org/exhibitions/2019/plumb-line|title=CAAM &#124; Plumb Line: Charles White and the Contemporary|work=caamuseum.org}}</ref> |- |2017 |''Ịkụ'' azụ maka agwaetiti, TBA21-Academy na mmekorita ya na Nationalgalerie São Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Hamberger Bahnhof, Berlin, Germany<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tba21.org/fishingforislands/|title=TBA21 Academy Fishing For Islands|work=www.tba21.org}}</ref> |- |2016 |Nzukọ nke ugbu a #2, TBA21-Academy, Thyssen-Bornemisza Art Contemporary, Fort Kochi, India<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/tba21-the-convening-2-fort-kochi-review-799253|title=TBA21-Academy's The Convening #2 in Kochi|date=January 10, 2017|work=Artnet News}}</ref> |- |2014 |Akụkụ dị mkpirikpi Concerning Global Poverty, mmekorita ya na Hank Willis Thomas, Sundance, Park City, UT<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3526480/|title=Am I Going Too Fast? (Short 2014) - IMDb|date=21 January 2014}}</ref> |- | |Prospect.3: Notes for Now, mmekorita ya na The Propeller Group, Prospect Biennial, New Orleans, LA<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prospectneworleans.org/prospect-3|title=P.3|work=Prospect New Orleans|accessdate=2022-06-23|archivedate=2022-05-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518051239/https://www.prospectneworleans.org/prospect-3}}</ref> |- |2012 |Ghost Effect in Real Time, mmekorita ya na Chitra Ganesh, Tilton Gallery, New York, NY<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chitraganesh.com/work/death-by-xoko-2j4za-dy3l8-swf6c-8p4xp|title=The Ghost Effect in Real Time, Tilton Gallery|work=Chitra Ganesh}}</ref> |- |2005 |Greater New York, MoMA PS1, Queens, NY<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moma.org/artists/72526|title=Christopher Myers &#124; MoMA|work=The Museum of Modern Art}}</ref> |- |2004 |''Crystals ndị na-adọrọ mmasị nke ịdị ọcha pụrụ iche'', MoMA PS1, Queens, NY<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/4811|title=Curious Crystals of Unusual Purity &#124; MoMA|work=The Museum of Modern Art}}</ref> |} == Ọrụ ọha na eze na Kọmitii (ahọrọ) == * ''Aka'', njem ihe ncheta, ogige ntụrụndụ na ntụrụndaka, ogige Shakespeare, Philadelphia, PA (2021)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://monumentaltour.org/current-location|title=CURRENT LOCATION —|work=monumentaltour.org}}</ref> == Ebe obibi, Onyinye, Onyinye (ahọrọ) == Myers aghọwo onye natara ọtụtụ onyinye, nsọpụrụ, na ebe obibi n'oge ogologo ọrụ ya. Ụfọdụ n'ime otuto ndị a gụnyere: * 2019 Colene Brown Art Prize, BRIC, Brooklyn, NY<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fortgansevoort.com/new-page-14|title=Christopher Myers - Colene Brown Art|work=Fort Gansevoort|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-11-10}}</ref> * 2018 Art for Justice Fund Grant, New York, NY<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://artforjusticefund.org/grantees/|title=Grantees|work=Art for Justice|accessdate=2022-06-23|archivedate=2022-05-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522201024/https://artforjusticefund.org/grantees/}}</ref> * 2018 Yerba Buena Center for the Arts 100 Ndepụta, San Francisco, CA<ref name="auto" /> * 2016 Coretta Scott King Illustrator Award maka Firebird<u><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/authors/241249/christopher-myers|title=Christopher Myers {{!}} Penguin Random House|work=PenguinRandomhouse.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-11-10}}</ref></u> [[Usòrò:Misty_Copeland's_Firebird_cover.jpg|thumb|Akpụkpọ ọkụ ọkụ (2014)]] == Ihe nkiri == * ''JACK'' &, nke Christopher Myers dere ma mepụta, nke Kaneza Schaal duziri, Walker, REDCAT, November 16 Xia18, 2018; Brooklyn Academy of Music, Brooklyn, NY, October 17 Xia20, 2018; Cincinnati Contemporary Art Center, Cincinnati, OH, February 15 Xia16, 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kanezaschaal.com/works/jack-original-work/|title=JACK& – Kaneza Schaal}}</ref> * ''Ihe osise'', nke Christopher Myers dere ma mepụta, nke Kaneza Schaal duziri, The Center for the Arts, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, June 19, 2020; The New Victory Theater, New York, NY, January 10ī19, 2020; John F., Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, Washington, D.C., January 11ī13, 2019; The Arts Center at NYU Abu Dhabi, June 19, 2018; Hamburger Bahnhof, Berlin, Germany, October, 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kanezaschaal.com/works/cartography/|title=CARTOGRAPHY – Kaneza Schaal}}</ref> == Bibliography (ahọrọ) == * Gerlis, Melanie, Cork Street na-enye Frieze ntọala siri ike, Financial Times, August 28, 2021<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/90d97a92-2b44-49bf-bbd2-6dacb91fe207|title=No.9 Cork Street gives Frieze a firm footing (subscription required); Financial Times|work=Financial Times|date=28 August 2021|author=Gerlis|first=Melanie}}</ref> * Valentine, Victoria L., Akụkọ kachasị ọhụrụ na Black Art: Christopher Myers Ugbu a Repped site na James Cohan Gallery, Nicole Fleetwood Na-esonyere NYU, Derrick Adams na Jay-Z Na-arụkọ ọrụ na NFT, Dallas Museum of Art Na-enweta Basquiat mbụ ya, Culture Type, June 25, 2021<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.culturetype.com/2021/06/25/latest-news-in-black-art-christopher-myers-now-repped-by-james-cohan-gallery-nicole-fleetwood-joins-nyu-derrick-adams-and-jay-z-collaborate-on-nft-dallas-museum-of-art-acquires-its-first-basquiat/|title=Latest News in Black Art: Christopher Myers Now Repped by James Cohan Gallery, Nicole Fleetwood Joins NYU, Derrick Adams and Jay-Z Collaborate on NFT, Dallas Museum of Art Acquires Its First Basquiat|date=25 June 2021}}</ref> * Weber, Jasmine, izu na nyocha: UK Activists Occupy Science Museum; Theodore Roosevelt Arụmụka Rises, hyperallergic, June 24, 2021<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hyperallergic.com/658782/week-in-review-uk-activists-occupy-science-museum-theodore-roosevelt-controversy-resurfaces/|title=Week in Review: UK Activists Occupy Science Museum; Theodore Roosevelt Controversy Resurfaces|first=Jasmine|author=Weber|date=June 24, 2021|work=Hyperallergic}}</ref> * Westwall, Mark, Akpughe Ihe Omume Mmeghe maka New Initiative No. 9 Cork Street, Akpọrọ Fad Magazine, June 24, 2021<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fadmagazine.com/2021/06/24/frieze-reveals-opening-programme-for-new-initiative-no-9-cork-street/|title=Frieze Reveals opening programme for new initiative No.9 Cork Street|date=June 24, 2021|work=FAD Magazine}}</ref> * Duró, Manimilliano, na Brief: James Cohan na-agbakwunye Christopher Myers na Rosterizand More site na June 23, 2021, Art News, June 21, 2021<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/breaking-art-industry-news-june-2021-week-4-1234596434/|title=ARTnews in Brief: Kurt Tong Wins $87,000 Photography Award—and More from June 25, 2021|first=Maximilíano Durón,Tessa Solomon,Alex|author=Greenberger|date=June 21, 2021}}</ref> * Obere, Zachary, National Gallery na-emeghe ọzọ na ọhụụ ọhụrụ: maka ndị mmadụ niile, ''The New York Times'', May 13, 2021<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/13/arts/design/national-gallery-washington-reopen-rebrand.html|title=National Gallery of Art Reopens With a New Vision: 'For All the People'|first=Zachary|author=Small|work=The New York Times|date=May 13, 2021}}</ref> * Walker, Rohini, Sixt Sculptures Na-asọpụrụ Ndị Cowboys nke Agba echefuru echefu, KCET, Mee 4. Valentine, Victoria L, National Gallery of Art Acquires Textile Work site na Christopher Myers Na-echeta ndị ndị ndị uwe ojii gburu, Culture Type, Eprel 27, 2021<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kcet.org/shows/artbound/christopher-myers-the-art-of-taming-horses|title=Six Sculptures Pay Homage to Forgotten Cowboys of Color|date=May 4, 2021|work=KCET}}</ref> * Schoemig, Carl, "A 'Monumental' Ajụjụ, ''ndụ Palm Springs'', Eprel 12, 2021<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.palmspringslife.com/christopher-myers-artist/|title=Christopher Myers Tells Story, Raises Questions with Desert X Installation|date=April 12, 2021|work=Palm Springs Life}}</ref> * Budds, Diana, "Mgbidi dị na 9 Obodo Ụlọ ga-enyere gị aka ịhazi mmetụta ọrịa gị, Febụwarị 8, 2021 * Smith, Melissa, "5 Ihe Ị ga-eme ngwụsị izu a, na ''The New York Times'', February 4, 2021<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/04/arts/things-to-do-weekend-coronavirus.html|title=5 Things to Do This Weekend|work=The New York Times|date=February 4, 2021}}</ref> * Cohn, Alison S. na Marsh, Ariana, "The Culture Loverís February Guide, Harperís Bazaar, February 1, 2021<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/art-books-music/a35369424/february-culture-guide/|title=The Culture Lover's February Guide|first=Alison S.|author=Cohn|date=February 1, 2021|work=Harper's BAZAAR}}</ref> * Rode, Erin, "Palm Springs jụrụ ịkwado Desert X; OKs mmemme enyemaka azụmaahịa, Desert Sun, Jenụwarị 29, 2021<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.desertsun.com/story/news/2021/01/29/palm-springs-city-council-wont-sponsor-desert-x-oks-business-aid-program/4301119001/|title=Palm Springs declines to sponsor Desert X; OKs business aid program|first=Erin|author=Rode|work=The Desert Sun}}</ref> * Mitter, Siddhartha, "N'ime foto 177, onye na-ese ihe na-asọpụrụ Bed-Stuy Muse ya, ''The New York Times'', Jenụwarị 8, 2021<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/08/arts/design/olujimi-portraits.html|title=In 177 Portraits, an Artist's Homage to His Bed-Stuy Muse|first=Siddhartha|author=Mitter|work=The New York Times|date=January 8, 2021}}</ref> * Schultz, Abby, ndị na-ese ihe n'oge a na nka na ọha mmadụ, March 23, 2020<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/contemporary-artists-on-art-and-society-51584964800|title=Contemporary Artists on Art and Society|first=Abby|author=Schultz|work=www.barrons.com}}</ref> * Ollman, Leah, Cuadro Review: Olee otú onye na-ese ihe Christopher Myers si dụkọta ozi nke nnwere onwe site na akwa kwa ụbọchị, Cuadro ''Los Angeles Times'', Jenụwarị 29, 2020<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2020-01-29/christopher-myers-fort-gansevoort-review|title=Review: How artist Christopher Myers stitched messages of freedom from everyday fabrics|date=January 29, 2020|work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> * Bowie, Summer, An interview of Artist and Storyteller Christopher Myers, January 19, 2020<ref name="auto1" /> * Libbey, Peter, na-akpọ Ahmed na [[Kahlil Joseph (filmmaker)|Kahlil Joseph]] n'etiti ihu ọhụrụ na New Season, na-ekwu ''The New York Times'', Jenụwarị 14, 2020<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/14/arts/bam-season.html|title=Riz Ahmed and Kahlil Joseph Among New Faces in BAM's New Season|first=Peter|author=Libbey|work=The New York Times|date=January 14, 2020}}</ref> * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.artforum.com/picks/christopher-myers-81833|title=Christopher Myers at Fort Gansevoort Los Angeles|work=www.artforum.com}}</ref> * Collins-Hughes, Laura, ihe ngosi na-echetara ndị na-eto eto na-ege ntị: Anyị niile si ebe a site n'ebe ụfọdụ, ''The New York Times'', Jenụwarị 9, 2020<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/09/theater/cartography-new-victory-theater.html|title=A Show Reminds Young Audiences: We All Got Here From Somewhere|first=Laura|author=Collins-Hughes|work=The New York Times|date=January 9, 2020}}</ref> * Juliano, Michael, Ihe ị ga-eme na L.A. ngwụsị izu a, ''TimeOut Los Angeles'', Jenụwarị 8, 2020<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeout.com/los-angeles/things-to-do/things-to-do-in-la-this-weekend|title=The best things to do in L.A. this weekend|work=Time Out Los Angeles}}</ref> * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * Miranda, Carolina, Ihe omuma ihe omuma: Ihe omuma omenala a na-agaghị echefu echefu nke 2019 na nka dika mkpesa, ''Los Angeles Times'', Disemba 14, 2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2019-12-14/essential-arts-our-year-ender-rounds-up-the-most-unforgettable-cultural-events-of-2019|title=Essential Arts: The most unforgettable cultural events of 2019 and art as protest|date=December 14, 2019|work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> * Martin, Brittany, The Best Exhibits na Museums and Galleries na L.A. na Disemba, Los Angeles ''Magazine'', Disemba 4, 2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lamag.com/culturefiles/best-museum-exhibits/|title=The Best Exhibits at Museums and Galleries in L.A. in March|first=Brittany|author=Martin|date=March 6, 2020}}</ref> * Martin, Hannah, onye na-ese ihe Christopher Myers Debuts New Set of Figurative Quilts at Fort Gansevoort, Architectural Digest, November 14, 2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/textile-artist-christopher-myers-debuts-new-set-of-figurative-quilts-at-fort-gansevoort|title=Textile Artist Christopher Myers Debuts New Set of Figurative Quilts at Fort Gansevoort|date=November 8, 2019|work=Architectural Digest}}</ref> * Graeber, Claire, ihe ị ga-emetụta ụmụaka gị na NYC Nke a ngwụsị izu, ''The New York Times'', Septemba 12, 2019<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/12/arts/nyc-this-weekend-childrens-events.html|title=6 Things to Do With Your Kids in N.Y.C. This Weekend|first=Laurel|author=Graeber|work=The New York Times|date=September 12, 2019}}</ref> * Brara, Noor, Ọ dịghị ''ihe'' na-akwụghachi ụgwọ karịa ime ka nka dị mfe: Art Production Fund Director Casey Fremont on the Power of Public Sculpture, September 11, 2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/casey-fremont-1648348|title='There's Nothing More Rewarding Than Making Art Accessible': Art Production Fund Director Casey Fremont on the Power of Public Sculpture|date=September 11, 2019|work=Artnet News}}</ref> * Akara: Charles White na nke oge a na California African American Museum, ''Blouin Artinfo'', March 26, 2019<ref>“‘Plumb Line: Charles White and the Contemporary’ at California African American Museum,” Blouin Artinfo, March 26, 2019</ref> * BWW News Desk, New York Live Arts Presents Remount of Kaneza Schaalńs JACK, ya na Premiere of New Companion Installation, Broadway World, March 14, 2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/off-off-broadway/article/New-York-Live-Arts-Presents-Remount-Of-Kaneza-Schaals-JACK-Accompanied-By-Premiere-Of-New-Companion-Installation-20190314|title=New York Live Arts Presents Remount Of Kaneza Schaal's JACK, Accompanied By Premiere Of New Companion Installation|first=Alexa|author=Criscitiello|work=BroadwayWorld.com}}</ref> * Tancons, Claire, 10 Best of 2018, Artforum, December 5, 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.artforum.com/print/201810/claire-tancons-77723|title=Claire Tancons|work=www.artforum.com}}</ref> * Sayej, Nadia, All art is political: n'azụ America were most ambitious public art project ever, ''The Guardian'', October 15, 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2018/oct/15/50-state-initiative-behind-americas-most-ambitious-public-art-project-ever|title='All art is political': behind America's most ambitious public art project ever|date=October 15, 2018|work=the Guardian}}</ref> * Neuendorf, Henri, ebe a bụ ndị omenkà 150 na-eme bọọdụ mgbasa ozi maka steeti US ọ bụla dị ka akụkụ nke [[Hank Willis Thomas]] na Midterm Election Project, October 9, 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/for-freedoms-50-states-initiative-artists-1367275|title=Here Are the 150 Artists Making Billboards for Every US State as Part of Hank Willis Thomas's Midterm Election Project|date=October 9, 2018|work=Artnet News}}</ref> * Ndị editọ nke ARTnews, Christopher Myers na Fort Gansevoort, New York, Ọktoba 9, 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/christopher-myers-fort-gansevoort-new-york-11134/|title=Christopher Myers at Fort Gansevoort, New York|first=The Editors of|author=ARTnews|date=October 9, 2018}}</ref> * Cascone, Sarah na Goldstein, Caroline, 17 ''Ihe'' Ndị A Na-agaghị Ahụrụ na New York Art World Nke A Week, Artnet, September 10, 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/editors-picks-september-10-1338557|title=Editors' Picks: 17 Things Not to Miss in New York's Art World This Week|date=September 10, 2018|work=Artnet News}}</ref> * Nechvatal, Joseph, "A Slovenian Biennial nke na-emebi Mold, Hyperallergic, August 30, 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hyperallergic.com/397075/a-slovenian-biennial-that-breaks-the-mold/|title=A Slovenian Biennial that Breaks the Mold|first=Joseph|author=Nechvatal|date=August 30, 2017|work=Hyperallergic}}</ref> * Thomas, Sky Arundhati, Ána-Akwụkwọ na-ezukọ na Fort Kochi kwuru okwu ngwa ngwa na Isolation, Ána Artnet, Jenụwarị 10, 2017<ref name="auto2" /> * Citron, Beth, Atụl, Atụla, Atụli, Atụlla, Atụlo, Atụ<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.artforum.com/diary/beth-citron-at-the-3rd-kochi-muziris-biennale-65533|title=Beth Citron at the 3rd Kochi-Muziris Biennale|work=www.artforum.com}}</ref> * Steinhauer, Jillian, nke kacha mma nke afọ 2014: Ihe ngosi 10 anyị n'ofe United States, nke na-adịghị anabata ihe, Disemba 26, 2014<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hyperallergic.com/170616/best-of-2014-our-top-10-exhibitions-across-the-united-states/|title=Best of 2014: Our Top 10 Exhibitions Across the United States|date=December 26, 2014|work=Hyperallergic}}</ref> * Morris, Benjamin, Ka Ìhè Dị: The Propeller Group na Christopher Myers, Pelican ''Bomb'', December 10, 2014<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pelicanbomb.com/art-review/2014/the-living-need-light-and-the-dead-need-music-at-the-uno-st-claude-gallery|title=Let There Be Light: The Propeller Group with Christopher Myers|first=Pelican|author=Bomb|work=Pelican Bomb}}</ref> * Myers, Christopher, The Apartheid of Children Literature, ''The New York Times'', March 15, 2014<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/16/opinion/sunday/the-apartheid-of-childrens-literature.html|title=Opinion &#124; The Apartheid of Children's Literature|first=Christopher|author=Myers|work=The New York Times|date=March 15, 2014}}</ref> * Williams, Patricia J., Asụsụ Ndị Ọzọ Dị Elu: Asụsụ Na-adịghị Mma, Asụsụ ''The New York Times'', November 13, 2005<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/13/books/review/lies-and-other-tall-tales-outrageously-speaking.html|title='Lies and Other Tall Tales': Outrageously Speaking|first=Patricia J.|author=Williams|work=The New York Times|date=November 13, 2005}}</ref> * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/16/arts/art-in-review-off-the-record.html|title=ART IN REVIEW; 'Off the Record'|first=Holland|author=Cotter|work=The New York Times|date=May 16, 2003}}</ref> == Edensibia == <references /> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Myers, Christopher}} 65w47midmabqwvtvd8hbypujplxqibw 0 17515 632422 188842 2026-05-09T14:54:44Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 632422 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Sedrick Ervin Huckaby''' (1975) bụ ónyé America na-ese ihe nke a maara màkà iji nnukwu, impasto paint mepụta murals nke na-eme ka akwa ọdịnala na mmepụta nke nnukwu foto nke na-anọchite anya akụkọ ihe méré eme ya site na ihe oyiyi nke ndị ezinụlọ na ndị agbata obi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tylermuseum.org/SHuckaby.aspx|title="A Legacy of Love and Freedom" Unfolds at the TMA--Quilt Paintings by Texas Artist Sedrick Huckaby On View|date=April 12, 2011|work=Tyler Museum of Art|accessdate=March 17, 2016|archivedate=March 19, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319093856/http://www.tylermuseum.org/SHuckaby.aspx}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.utsa.edu/today/2015/02/farethewell.html|title=UTSA Art Gallery features exhibit "Fare Thee Well" through Feb. 20|author=Sherer|first=Scott|work=UTSA Today|accessdate=March 18, 2016}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == Huckaby bụ nwá afọ Fort Worth, [[Texas]]. Dị ka ''nwatakịrị'', Huckaby jiri oge na-ese ihe odide site na ihe ngosi TV dị ka Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles na Battlestar Galactica. Mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ọ gàrà klas na Modern Art Museum, ebe ọ zutere ónyé na-ese ihe Ron Tomlinson, ónyé gbara Huckaby ume ịchụso nka dị ka ọrụ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Calimbahin|first=Samantha|year=2016|title=Sedrick Huckaby: Local Artist Gaining National Attention|journal=Fort Worth Business Press|volume=29|pages=28–29}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ nka na Mahadum Texas Wesleyan tupu ọ nata Bachelor of Fine Arts na Mahadim Boston na 1997 na Master of Fine Arts site na Mahadam Yale na 1999.<ref>Samantha Calimbahin. “Sedrick Huckaby: Local artist gaining national attention.” ''Fort Worth Business''. Friday, July 8, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20200208045753/http://www.fortworthbusiness.com/news/arts_and_culture/sedrick-huckaby-local-artist-gaining-national-attention/article_93859204-455a-11e6-b093-e3a02701db95.html</ref> Ọ kụziri ihe na Grant Hill Collection of African American Art na Dallas Museum of Art, na site na usoro The Artist's Eye na Kimbell Art Museum na Fort Worth.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.askart.com/artist_bio/Sedrick_Huckaby/11177439/Sedrick_Huckaby.aspx|title=Artist Biography for Sedrick Huckaby|work=AskArt|accessdate=March 18, 2016}}</ref> Ọ bụ osote prọfesọ nke eserese na Ngalaba nke Art na Art History na UT Arlington, ébé ọ na-akụzi kemgbe afọ 2009. Ọ lụrụ ónyé na-ese ihe [[Letitia Huckaby]] na nna ụmụ atọ, Rising Sun, Halle Lujah, na Rhema Rain. == Ọrụ == Huckaby arụwo ọrụ na ihe oyiyi sitere na akwa ruo ọtụtụ afọ, na-ebugharị ha site na ihe ndị dị n'azụ ihe osise n'ime isiokwu nke ọrụ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://frontrow.dmagazine.com/2010/04/letitia-and-sedrick-huckaby-an-artist-couple-reaches-into-shared-memory-for-inspiration/|title=Letitia and Sedrick Huckaby: An Artist Couple Reaches Into Shared Memory For Inspiration|author=Simek|first=Peter|date=April 23, 2010|work=Front Row Blog--D Magazine|accessdate=March 17, 2016}}</ref> A gbara ya ajụjụ ọnụ banyéré ọrụ abstract ya na-emetụta akwa na podcast màkà Painters Table.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://painters-table.com/link/modern-art-notes/sedrick-huckaby-interview|title=Sedrick Huckaby: Interview|work=Painters' Table|accessdate=March 17, 2016}}</ref> A na-egosi ọrụ ya na San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, Whitney Museum of American Art, Museum of Fine Arts na Boston, Minneapolis Institute of Art, The Art Institute of Chicago, Nasher Museum of Art na Mahadum Duke, na Blanton Museum of Art. Usoro 2008 ya Big Momma's House gụnyere ihe osise 65, pastel, na eserese e mepụtara n'ime afọ abụọ. Ihe a na-elekwasị anya na nchịkọta a bụ nné nnè ya, Hallie Beatrice Carpenter, ónyé isi ezinụlọ ya na ónyé a maara nke ọma dị ka "Big Momma".<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Collins|first=Phillip|year=2008|title=Big Momma's House|journal=Valley House Gallery and Sculpture Garden|pages=38–41}}</ref> Ọrụ ya "A Love Supreme (Spring)" dabeere na egwu jazz nke otu aha ahụ nke John Coltrane, ma gosipụta usoro akwa akwa gafee ákwà ahụ na-ekwusi ike na ịdị arọ na ọdịdị. N'ihe osise a nke nwere mmanụ, ihe osise ndị e sere na ákwà ndị na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-eṅomi ụda na syncopation nke jazz nke Coltrane mgbe ọ na-asọpụrụ akwa ọdịnala [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|ndị Africa America]] nke nne nne ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kurzner|first=Lisa|year=2008|title=A patchwork of color, life: Quilts procide the texture in painter's series|journal=The Atlanta Journal - Constitution|volume=23 March 2008}}</ref> Usoro ya The 99% - Highand Hills bụ nchịkọta nke foto sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke 2011 Occupy Wall Street movement, na-egosi ọdịiche akụ na ụba nke ndị bi na US site na eserese nke ndị otu obodo na ntinye aka site na onye ọ bụla.<ref name=":1"/> A na-egosipụta ihe osise Huckaby na mbipụta February 2020 nke ''National Geographic'', na akụkọ ''Clotilda'', ụgbọ ohu ikpeazụ a maara nke rutere US na 1860.<ref>Magazine Highlights February 2020, https://www.nationalgeographicpartners.com/press/2020/1/magazine-highlights-february-2020/</ref> == Onyinye na ihe nrite == N'afọ 1999, e nyèrè Huckaby Kate Neal Kinley Memorial Fellowship site na Mahadum Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois.<ref name=":0"/> E nyèrè ya Alice Kimball English Traveling Fellowship site na Mahadum Yale na 1999 nke kwadoro njem ya iji mụọ ọrụ Henry Tanner.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://mentis.uta.edu/explore/profile/sedrick-huckaby|title=Sedrick E Huckaby {{!}} Explore University Of Texas At Arlington|work=mentis.uta.edu|language=en|accessdate=2017-01-28|archivedate=2017-02-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203075119/https://mentis.uta.edu/explore/profile/sedrick-huckaby}}</ref> Ọzọkwa na 1999 e nyere ya Provincetown Fellowship site na Fine Arts Work Center ma mesịa nọrọ ọnwa isii na-arụ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 2001, e nyèrè ya ihe nrite Best of Show ma mesịa mee ihe ngosi onwé ya màkà 20th Carrol Harris Simms National Black Art Competition and Exhibition na African American Museum na Dallas, Texas.<ref name=":0" /> == Ihe ngosi == '''Ihe ngosi onwe onye ahọpụtara'''<ref name=":0"/> * 2021 ''Siddrick Huckaby'', Blanton Museum of Art, Austin, Texas<ref>{{Cite web|author=Agresta 0|first=Michael|date=2021-06-02|title=Painter Sedrick Huckaby Looks His Subjects in the Eye, From Dreamers to an Ex-President|url=https://www.texasmonthly.com/arts-entertainment/painter-sedrick-huckaby-austin-blanton-george-w-bush/|accessdate=2022-01-10|work=Texas Monthly|language=en}}</ref> * 2016 The 99%- Highland Hills, Amon Carter Museum of American Art, Fort Worth, Texas * 2012 ''Okwukwe'' na Ezinụlọ: Sedrick Huckaby, The Grace Museum, Abilene, Texas * 2008 Siddrick Huckaby: Ịhụnanya Kasị Elu, Danforth Museum of Art, Framingham, [[Másáchusẹts|Massachusetts]]<ref>[http://www.danforthmuseum.org/ Danforth Museum of Art]</ref> * 2008 S. ''Sedrick Huckaby'': Big Momma's House, Valley House Gallery, Dallas, Texas<ref>[http://www.valleyhouse.com/ Valley House Gallery]</ref> * 2008- Ihe nketa: Ihe osise nke Sedrick Huckaby, Hammonds House Museum na Resource Center of African American Art, Atlanta, Georgia * 2006- Sedrick Huckaby: Quilts and Portraits, Nielsen Gallery, Boston, Massachusetts * 2006- ''Sedrick Huckaby'', The Greenville County Museum, Greenville, South Carolina * 2006- ''Sedrick Huckaby'', [http://www.galvestonartscenter.org/ Galveston Arts Center], Galvestón, Texas * 2006- ''Sedrick Huckaby'', San Angelo Museum of Fine Arts, San Angelo, Texas * 2006- ''Sedrick Huckaby'', Masur Museum of Art, Monroe, Louisiana * 2006- Sedrick Huckaby: National Black Fine Art Fair, New York, New York (Valley House Gallery) * 2005- Sedrick Huckaby: Portraits and Quilts, Valley House Gallery, Dallas, Texas * 2003- A Love Supreme, African American Museum, Dallas, Texas * 2003- Ebe dị n'etiti Abstraction na Representation: Sedrick Huckaby, Carillon Gallery, Tarrant County College, Fort Forth, Texas * 2002- ''Sedrick Huckaby- Ọrụ'' na-adịbeghị anya, Burlington Northern Santa Fe Corporation, Fort Worth, Texas * 2001- Akụkụ sitere na Life, Evelyn Siegel Gallery, Fort Worth, Texas * ''Ihe osise ndị'' na-adịbeghị anya, Fine Arts Work Center, Provincetown, Massachusetts * 1999- Kate Neal Kinley Fellowship Show, Mahadum Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois * 1999- Sedrick Huckaby: Ihe osise, Wendell Street Gallery, Boston, Massachusetts * 1997- ''Ọrụ Ebube nke Ndụ'', Wendell Street Gallery, Boston, Massachusetts == Nchịkọta ndị a họọrọ == * Sedrick Huckaby na Minneapolis Institute of Art, Minneapolis, Minnesota<ref>[https://collections.artsmia.org/search/Sedrick%20Huckaby Sedrick Huckaby at the Minneapolis Institute of Art]</ref> * Fort Worth Central Library, Fort Worth, Texas * Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie African American, Dallas, Texas == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325035616/https://www.uta.edu/profiles/sedrick-huckaby Peeji ngalaba Sedrick Huckaby na UTA.edu] * [http://artandseek.org/spotlight/sedrick-huckaby/ Q & A interview (Jerome Weeks) na vidiyo (Dane Walters) Monumental And Personal And Here, KERA's Art&Seek Artist Spotlight, 14 July 2016] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kmhlmTnZrAI Vidio: Sedrick Huckaby Artist Talk na Valley House Gallery, December 14, 2013] * [https://soundcloud.com/search?q=Sedrick%20Huckaby Ihe osise nke oge a Podcast] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] lbbb95wxcxw8vocsm53pd3eooixiu4p 0 17569 632413 214129 2026-05-09T14:49:00Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 632413 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Raymond Saunders''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1934) bụ ónyé America na-ese ihe nke a maara màkà ihe osise multimedia ya nke na-enwekarị mmetụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, nke na-agụnye nchịkọta, eserese, collage na ederede a chọtara.<ref name="artnet">{{Cite web|title=Raymond Saunders Biography|url=http://www.artnet.com/artists/raymond-saunders/biography|publisher=artnet|accessdate=12 December 2015}}</ref><ref name="Artsy" /><ref name="CCA">{{Cite web|title=Raymond Saunders|url=https://www.cca.edu/academics/faculty/rsaunders|publisher=California College of the Arts|accessdate=12 December 2015|archivedate=22 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222134732/https://www.cca.edu/academics/faculty/rsaunders}}</ref> A makwaara Saunders Màkà ntinye ya, ihe ọkpụkpụ, na ọrụ nhazi ya.<ref name="Artsy">{{Cite web|title=Raymond Saunders|url=https://www.artsy.net/artist/raymond-saunders|publisher=Artsy|accessdate=17 February 2016}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Saunders nwetara nzèrè Bachelor of Fine Arts na Carnegie Institute of Technology na 1960. Ọ zụrụ na [[Pensílvéníyạ|Pennsylvania]] Academy of Fine Arts, Mahadum Pennsylvania, na Barnes Foundation<ref name="American Visions">{{Cite journal|author=Chase|first=Hank|title=Raymond Saunders comes full circle|journal=American Visions|date=January 2000|volume=14|issue=6}}</ref> tupu ọ gaa n'ihu nweta nzèrè Master of Fine Arts na [[California]] College of Arts and Crafts na 1961.<ref name="askART">{{Cite web|title=Raymond Saunders|url=http://www.askart.com/artist/Raymond_Jennings_Saunders/24813/Raymond_Jennings_Saunders.aspx|publisher=askART|accessdate=19 December 2015}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Saunders bi ma na-arụ ọrụ na Oakland, California. Saunders bụbu prọfesọ nke Painting na California College of the Arts, Oakland, na prọfesụ emeritus na California State University, East Bay, na Hayward, California.<ref name="CCA"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.csueastbay.edu/art/faculty-profiles.html|title=Faculty Profiles|work=www.csueastbay.edu|accessdate=2019-03-29|archivedate=2019-03-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329034917/http://www.csueastbay.edu/art/faculty-profiles.html}}</ref> Saunders na-arụ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ mgbasa ozi dị iche iche, mana a maara ya nke ọma màkà ọrụ nke na-agụnye ihe osise na mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi, mgbe ụfọdụ na-ejikọta ihe ọkpụkpụ (dị ka na Pieces of Visual Thinking, 1987) mana na-ejigide mmekọrịta ya na mkpịsị mgbidi dị larịị na modernism na eserese. Ihe osise Saunders na-egosipụta ihe, ma na-ejikarị collage (karịsịa obere akwụkwọ e bìrì ebi a na-ahụ na ndụ kwa ụbọchị), okwu ndị a na-ede ede (mgbè ụfọdụ a na-agbakwunye ntụaka na ọdịdị n'emeghị ka usoro ihe dị ike. Nke a na-enye echiche nke akụkọ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ọbụna ọrụ ya na-enweghị atụ nke na-eme ka ọ dị iche na ndị na-ese ihe dị ka Robert Rauschenberg, Jim Dine, ma ọ bụ Cy Twombly, nke ya na ya nwèrè njikọ doro anya. N'afọ 1967, Saunders kwupụtara na "ọcha bụ ụcha".<ref name="IRAAA">{{Cite web|author=Saggese|first=Jordana Moore|title=The Pleasures and the Perils of Abstraction: Choose Paint! Choose Abstraction!, the Museum of the African Diaspora, San Francisco|url=http://iraaa.museum.hamptonu.edu/page/The-Pleasures-and-the-Perils-of-Abstraction|publisher=International Review of African American Art|accessdate=17 February 2016|archivedate=24 February 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224232906/http://iraaa.museum.hamptonu.edu/page/The-Pleasures-and-the-Perils-of-Abstraction}}</ref> N'oge niile ọ na-arụ ọrụ, Saunders ajụla echiche ahụ bụ na ndị na-ese ihe ojii na-emepụta ihe a ga-akọwa dị ka "ihe osise ojii". N'ọrụ nke ya, ọ gbalịrị ikewapụ ọrụ ya na ihe mgbochi nkè nka na-akpali njirimara, "Abụ m ónyé na-ese ihe.<ref name="UCSC">{{Cite web|title=UC Santa Cruz: Exhibitions: RAymond Saunders|url=http://art.ucsc.edu/galleries/raymond-saunders|publisher=UCSC|accessdate=17 February 2016|archivedate=22 February 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222045819/http://art.ucsc.edu/galleries/raymond-saunders}}</ref> Ekwenyeghị m na ọrụ nka kwesịrị ịbụ nke a kpaara ókè ma ọ bụ kewaa site na agbụrụ mmadụ. "<ref name="Cultural Weekly">{{Cite web|author=Saunders|first=Raymond|title=Raymond Saunders: Seen and Unseen (Interview)|url=http://www.culturalweekly.com/raymond-saunders-seen-and-unseen/|work=Cultural Weekly|publisher=Adam Leipzig|accessdate=17 February 2016}}</ref> E wezụga ihe osise ya, Saunders bụ ónyé a maara màkà mpempe akwụkwọ ya na ngwụcha afọ 1960 Black is a Color, nke na-arụ ụka megide iji ihe atụ eme ihe nke echiche "''ọcha''" na ma ụwa nka na-enweghị atụ na nke echiche na Black Nationalist omenala ederede nke ógè ahụ.<ref>Saunders, Raymond. ''Black is a Color'' San Francisco, undated (c. 1968).</ref> == Ihe ngosi == Saunders nwèrè nke mbụ ya na New York n'onwe ya n'afọ 1962.<ref name="American Visions"/> O nwèrè otu ihe osise, "Night Poetry", na Third Philadelphia Arts Festival.<ref>Third Philadelphia Arts Festival: Philadelphia Art Museum, Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, June 9 to June 24, 1962.</ref> Na ngwụcha afọ 1960, ụlọ ngosi Terry Dintenfass nọchitere anya ya n'oge mgbè ụlọ ngosi New York na-egosi ndị ọcha.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Glueck|first=Grace|title=Negroes' Art Is What's In Just Now|publisher=The New York Times Company|date=February 27, 1969}}</ref> O gosipụtara na mba ụwa, na-etinye ógè na Paris ma na-egosi na Latin Quarter's Galerie Resche.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Cohen|first=Roger|title=Once Welcomed, Black Artists Return To an Indifferent France|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/07/arts/once-welcomed-black-artists-return-to-an-indifferent-france.html|accessdate=16 February 2016|publisher=The New York Times Company|date=Feb 7, 1994}}</ref> Ihe ngosi mba ụwa ya gụnyere ebe dị na France, Germany, Switzerland, Denmark, Singapore, Korea, Japan, China.<ref name="CCA"/> E ji ihe osise ya nke Jack Johnson (1972, ugbu a na Philadelphia Museum of Art) mee ihe dị ka mkpuchi nkè Powell's Black Art and Culture na narị afọ nkè iri abụo.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Black Art and Culture in the 20th Century|publisher=Thames & Hudson|date=1997|author=Powell|first=Richard J.|location=New York, N.Y|isbn=978-0-500-18195-9|url=https://archive.org/details/blackartculturei00powe}}</ref> == Onyinye == N'afọ 1964, e nyèrè Saunders Rome Prize Fellowship na eserese.<ref>{{Cite news|title=American Academy Awards 16 Grants|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/03/31/american-academy-awards-16-grants.html?_r=0|accessdate=16 February 2016|publisher=The New York Times Company|date=March 31, 1964}}</ref> E nyèrè ya Guggenheim Fellowship na 1976 na abụọ National Endowment for the Arts Awards nke mbụ na 1977, nke abụọ na 1984.<ref>{{Cite web|title=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellows: Raymond Saunders|url=http://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/raymond-saunders/|publisher=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation|accessdate=18 February 2016|archivedate=24 February 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224175310/http://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/raymond-saunders/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=National Endowment for the Arts: 1977 Annual Report|url=https://www.arts.gov/sites/default/files/NEA-Annual-Report-1977.pdf|publisher=USA.gov|accessdate=18 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=National Endowment for the Arts: 1984 Annual Report|url=https://www.arts.gov/sites/default/files/NEA-Annual-Report-1984.pdf|publisher=USA.gov|accessdate=19 February 2016}}</ref> N'afọ 1988 ọ bụ ónyé natara 9th annual Awards na Visual Arts.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=AVA 9 Artists Announced|journal=Art Papers|date=November 1, 1989|volume=Nov/Dec 1989}}</ref> == Ọrụ nhazi == Saunders haziri Paris Connections na 1992 na San Francisco's Bomani Gallery.<ref name="CCA"/> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [[iarchive:cocac_000011|SFMoMA Raymond Saunders Ajụjụ ọnụ]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131020201338/http://www.wirtzgallery.com/bios/bio_saunders.html Akụkọ ndụ Raymond Saunders na Wirtz Gallery] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220420062957/http://www.loraschlesinger.com/saunders.html Raymond Saunders na Lora Schlesinger Gallery] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ghocspm6b0r3xd6egzwlo67dsefbgvc 0 18151 632465 186467 2026-05-09T21:21:20Z Johnnybam 24488 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344773448|Peter Fatomilola]]" 632465 wikitext text/x-wiki   Chief Peter FatomilolaListeni (amụrụ na 16 Jenụwarị 1946) bụ onye Naijiria na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-eme fim, onye na'ede uri, onye ụkọchukwu ifa na onye na-ede egwuregwu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.punchng.com/entertainment/arts-life/fatomilolas-first-film-is-ready-but/|title=Fatomilola's first film is ready, but…|accessdate=20 January 2015|work=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Fatomilola na 16 Jenụwarị 1946 na Ifisin-Ekiti, Ido-Osi Local Government Area nke Ekiti State, Nigeria, nye Chief Abraham Ojo Fatomilole na Oriakụ Elizabeth Fatomiloli. Ọ bụ nwa onye isi Ifa Priest, nke a maara dị ka Oluwo (Olu-awo, nke pụtara Lord of the Oracle), nke a kwenyere na ọ metụtara ọrụ ya na sinima Naijiria. Nne ya si Isare-Opin, EKITI LGA, Kwara State. N'afọ 1967, ọ sonyeere ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri Olokun n'okpuru nduzi nke Prọfesọ Ola Rotimi, onye ama ama na ụlọ ihe nkiri na onye ntụzi ihe nkiri na Mahadum Ife, ugbu a Mahadum Obafemi Awolowo. Ọ bụkwa onye ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ na mahadum Obafemi Awolowo, ebe ọ nwetara nzere bachelọ nke Arts na Theater Arts na 1978. Ọ bụbu onye ntụzi ihe nkiri ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị Papa Ajasco, nke Wale Adenuga mebere. Ọ pụtala n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri Naijiria ama ama dịka Sango, ihe nkiri Afrịka nke Obafemi Lasode mebere nke Wale Ogunyemi dere na 1997.[5] Ọ rụrụ ọrụ onye ụkọchukwu n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri Yoruba. == Ihe nkiri == * ''[[Papa Ajasco]]'' * ''Orisa Aiye (2024) dị ka Oluwo'' * ''Keji (2023) dị ka Baba Falola'' * ''Igbale (2023) dị ka Baba Amoye'' * ''Ndị bịara abịa (2022) dị ka Nna'' * ''Love Castle (2021) dị ka Eleemo'' * ''Rise of the Saints (2020) dị ka Orula'' * ''Kakanfo (2020) dị ka Ologbonsanwo'' * ''Ihe oyiyi ọla edo (2019) dị ka Grandpa Esho'' * ''Eze Invincible (2017) dị ka Adeyer'' * ''Ebute (2010) dị ka Awogbemi'' * ''Apaadi (2009) '' * ''Iripada (2006) dị ka onye na-akọ ọdịnihu'' * ''Afonja (2002) dị ka Afonja'' * ''[[Saworoide]] (1999) '' * ''Brass Bells (1999) dị ka Amawomaro'' * ''Sango (1997) dị ka Babalawo Oyo'' * ''Koseegbe (1995) dị ka onyeisi ndị uwe ojii'' * ''May 29 (ihe nkiri) (2020) dị ka Baba Ifa'' Ọ lụrụ ọtụtụ ndị nwunye, gụnyere otu onye na-ere ihe ọṅụṅụ na ahịhịa (Iya Fat) n'ahịa na Mahadum Obafemi Awolowo. O nwere ụmụ iri na otu. Na mgbakwunye, o nwere ọtụtụ utu aha ndị isi gburugburu Yorubaland, gụnyere Oluwo (Chief Ifa Priest) n'obodo ya nke Ifisin-Ekiti na Amuludun na Ile-Ife. == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] knxvmc0pjvw7ltmixi8tnup7dcssx3f 0 18232 632425 178670 2026-05-09T14:58:53Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 632425 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   Ntuli aka gọvanọ nke steeti Anambra nke afọ '''2003''' mere n'ụbọchị iri na itoolu nke ọnwa Eprel afọ 2003.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=2003+kaduna+governorship+election+results|title=Nigeria Presidential and Gubernatorial Elections 2003|publisher=EU Election Observation Mission|location=Abuja|format=PDF|date=April 22, 2003|accessdate=May 25, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africanelections.tripod.com/id85.html|title=19 April 2003 Gubernatorial Elections in Nigeria|publisher=African Elections Database|accessdate=May 25, 2021|archivedate=15 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515183503/https://africanelections.tripod.com/id85.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dawodu.com/aluko44.htm|title=A Preliminary Forensic Analysis of INEC's Website So Far|author=Aluko|first=Mobolaji E.|date=April 28, 2003|publisher=Dawodu.com|accessdate=May 25, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/cmsdata/212733/Nigeria-general-elections_12-&-19-April-03-May-20016_EU-EOM-report.pdf|title=Nigeria General Elections 12 & 19 April 2003 and 03 May 2003|publisher=European Union Election Observation Mission|accessdate=May 22, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/412eef5b4.html|title=Nigeria's 2003 Elections: The Unacknowledged Violence|publisher=Ref World|accessdate=May 22, 2021}}</ref> Chris Ngige nke [[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]] meriri ntuli aka, merie [[Peter Obi]] nke [[All Progressives Grand Alliance|APGA]] na ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Da">{{Cite web|url=https://dawodu.com/aluko50.htm|title=What Happened in the South-West – The Myth of Massive Repudiation & Enthusiastic Acceptance|author=Aluko, Mobolaji E.|date=May 25, 2003|publisher=Dawodu.com|accessdate=May 19, 2021}}</ref><ref name="AU">{{Cite journal|url=https://web.ccsu.edu/afstudy/upd11-4.html|title=The 2003 Elections in Nigeria: Views from a Policy Maker|author=Akinyele, T. A.|journal=Africa Update|volume=XI|issue=4|date=Fall 2004|accessdate=May 20, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2003/apr/22/072.html|title=PDP captures 27 states; ANPP-7; AD-1 l Obasanjo set for victory|date=April 22, 2003|publisher=Biafra Nigeria World.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327221428/http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2003/apr/22/072.html|accessdate=May 20, 2021|archivedate=March 27, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mepbdp.org.ng/politics.php|title=Politics|publisher=Ministry of Economic Planning, Budget and Development Partners|accessdate=May 21, 2021|archivedate=April 16, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416173100/http://mepbdp.org.ng/politics.php}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WL0307/S00248/cablegate-attempted-coup-in-anambra-state-harbinger-of.htm|title=Cablegate: Attempted Coup in Anambra State: Harbinger Of|publisher=Wikileaks|work=Scoop|date=July 25, 2003|accessdate=May 21, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/pdps-renewed-quest-for-anambra-govt-house/|title=PDP's renewed quest for Anambra Govt House|date=August 31, 2020|publisher=The Sun Online|author=Orji, Ndubuisi|accessdate=May 21, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigerian States|url=https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm|accessdate=2021-05-20|work=World Statesmen}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social and Cultural Series|volume=40|issue=4|pages=15255–15290|title=Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social and Cultural Series, April 1st-30th 2003 Published May 29th 2003|date=May 23, 2003|doi=10.1111/1467-825X.00177|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-825X.00177|accessdate=May 23, 2021}}</ref> Chinwoke Mbadinuju merịrị na [[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]] ntuli aka mbụ, mana e nyere Chris Ngige nhọpụta ahụ<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thecable.ng/atiku-how-i-blocked-a-former-anambra-governor-from-returning-to-office/amp|title=Atiku: How I blocked a former Anambra governor from returning to office|author=Owolabi, Femi|publisher=TheCable|date=January 31, 2019|accessdate=May 21, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dawodu.com/edike1.htm|title=How Anambra Governorship Poll Was Rigged|author=Edike, Tony|publisher=Dawodu.com|accessdate=May 21, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thewillnigeria.com/news/anambra-governorship-aspirants-jostle-for-pdps-ticket/|title=Anambra Governorship: Aspirants Jostle for PDP's Ticket|author=Ike, Charles|date=May 2, 2021|publisher=The Will Nigeria|accessdate=May 21, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2009/11/how-obasanjo-used-bode-george-uba-against-me-by-mbadinuju/|title=How Obasanjo used Bode George, Uba against me, by Mbadinuju|date=November 30, 2009|author=Ndiribe, Okey|publisher=Vanguard|accessdate=May 21, 2021}}</ref> ọ mere ya ị gafe AD<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/anambra-governorship-election-say-yes-to-zoning/|title=Anambra governorship election: Say 'yes' to zoning!|author=Okoye, Tiko|date=February 7, 2021|accessdate=May 21, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nairametrics.com/2017/11/19/thoughts-anambra-state-election/|title=Thoughts on Anambra Governorship Election|date=November 19, 2017|publisher=Nairametrics|accessdate=May 21, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.legit.ng/54814.html|title=Mbadinuju: I Was Forced to Pay Godfather N10m Monthly As Anambra Governor|author=Adoyo, Sarah|publisher=Legit.com|date=December 21, 2013|accessdate=May 21, 2021}}</ref> Onye abụọ Ngige bụ Okey Udeh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nigeriaworld.com/articles/2003/may/066.html|title=SAVE ANAMBRA STATE FROM ANTI-DEMOCRATIC FORCES|date=May 6, 2003|author=Nwoye, Chukwudi|work=Nigeria World|accessdate=May 31, 2021|archivedate=June 2, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213337/https://nigeriaworld.com/articles/2003/may/066.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.inigerian.com/pdp-exco-welcome-governor-chris-uba/|title=PDP Exco – Welcome, Governor Chris Uba|author=Odutola, Banjo|date=January 12, 2005|publisher=iNigeria|accessdate=May 31, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rainbownigeria.com/2020/10/08/state-governors-and-their-deputies/|title=State Governors and Their Deputies|author=Emmanuel, Odang|work=Rainbow Nigeria|accessdate=May 31, 2021|archivedate=June 2, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213047/https://rainbownigeria.com/2020/10/08/state-governors-and-their-deputies/}}</ref> == Usoro ntuli aka == A na-ahọpụta Gọvanọ nke Anambra Steeti site na iji usoro ịtụ vootu. == Nsonaazụ == Ngụkọta nke mmadụ asaa debanyere aha na Independent National Electoral Commission iji sọọ mpi na ntuli aka ahụ.<ref name="Gmj">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gamji.com/aluko/aluko46.htm|title=NIGERIAN ELECTIONS 2003: Update 006: Nigerian Presidential & Gubernatorial Candidates|author=Aluko|first=Mobolaji E.|date=February 23, 2003|publisher=Gamji|accessdate=May 20, 2021}}</ref> Onye na-azọ ọkwa onye PDP bụ Chris Ngige meriri ntuli aka maka oge mbụ, na-emeri onye na-azọrọ ọkwa APGA, [[Peter Obi]] na ndị ọzọ.<ref name="AU"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nigeriaworld.com/focus/states/governors2003.html|title=Nigerian State Elected Governors 2003|publisher=Nigeriaworld|date=September 6, 2003|editor=Odili, Chuck E.|accessdate=May 20, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://old.anambrastate.gov.ng/politics|title=Politics|publisher=Old Anambra State|accessdate=May 21, 2021|archivedate=May 21, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521144902/https://old.anambrastate.gov.ng/politics}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://independent.ng/as-anambra-governorship-election-beckons/|title=As Anambra Governorship Election Beckons|author=Okoye, Chiedu Uche|date=April 12, 2021|publisher=Independent.ng|accessdate=May 21, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/250374-analysis-obiano-broke-jinx-godfatherism-anambra.html|title=ANALYSIS: How Obiano broke jinx of godfatherism in Anambra|author=Onyeji, Ebuka|date=November 24, 2017|publisher=Premium Times|accessdate=May 21, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2005/61586.htm|title=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor 2005|date=March 8, 2006|publisher=US Department of State|accessdate=May 22, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Onoja, Adoyi|title=Nature, Character and Outcomes of Post Election Challenges in Nigeria|journal=Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria|volume=18|date=2009|pages=79–104|format=JSTOR|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41854929|accessdate=May 23, 2021}}</ref> Ọnụ ọgụgụ ngụkọta nke ndị debanyere aha na steeti ahụ bụ 1,859,795.<ref name="AU"/> Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ naanị 47.22% (ya bụ 878,212) nke ndị debanyere aha na-eme ntụli aka sonyere na mmega ahụ.<ref name="Da"/> == Edensibịa == {{Elections in Anambra State}}{{Nigerian state and local elections}} o7kp6rjjk754lxvikdqttdht0ci0uvk 0 20536 632483 98309 2026-05-10T04:02:36Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 632483 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Oluseyi Bajulaiye''', onye mba [[Naijiria]], bụ onye isi ọrụ United Nations nwere nzụlite na ọrụ UNHCR na-emetụta ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na mmemme enyemaka Kemgbe afọ 2005, ọ bụ osote onye nhazi na onye nhazi ọrụ ebere na [[Sudan]]. Na-esote ọpụpụ nke onye nhazi obibi na onye nhazi ọrụ ebere Manuel Aranda da Silva na Juun, na afọ 2007, ọ bụ kemgbe oge ahụ ka ọ bụ onye nhazi na onye nhazi nke ọrụ ebere - ọrụ nke na-ebukwa aha onye nnọchi anya pụrụ iche nke odeakwụkwọ ukwu, nke bụkwa ọkwa kachasị elu nke United Nations na mba ahụ, ma e wezụga nke onye nnọchianya pụrụ iche nke onye odeakwụkwọ ukwu Ashraf Qazi (onye a họpụtara na Septemba, na afọ 2007, na nke na mbụ). N'oge ọ nọ na Sudan, ọ nọ n'ihu n'ịhazi nzaghachi nke ndị United Nations maka idei mmiri [[Sudan]] nke afọ 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mobile.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/IRIN/5299f568d3dcdbe1e2cf24f9c0508912.htm|title=Reuters: Over 3.5 million at risk of epidemics in Sudan floods, says Bajulaiye}}</ref> Karịsịa, ọ rịọrọ ndị mba ụwa ka ha kwado nzaghachi ahụ n'ego karịrị US $ 20 nde.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/EKOI-76H9V6?OpenDocument|title=UN will need over US$ 20 million to respond to floods, says Bajulaiye|accessdate=2022-10-02|archivedate=2007-09-14|archiveurl=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20070914034441/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/EKOI-76H9V6?OpenDocument}}</ref> N'ọnwa Septemba afọ 2007, ọ bụkwa onye ọrụ gọmentị na-anabata nleta nke odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke United Nations Ban Ki Moon, ọ nyekwara aka hụ na nsogbu nke ịnweta ndị ọrụ ebere na ichebe ndị nkịtị dị na atụmatụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=74081|title=IRIN: Hopes are high for Secretary-General's push to humanitarian access and protection, says acting RC/HC Bajulaiye}}</ref> == Ebenside == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> A họpụtara ya dị ka onye otu Board Lagos State Teaching Hospital, Lagos Nigeria 2018 [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 22s69fk1zq3w7gap1iciu9t2dlq7tli 0 21887 632428 162812 2026-05-09T15:02:02Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 632428 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnonym|Doo²waa²³yɔ¹||Doo²³ya̰a̰¹yɔ¹}} Doyayo (ethnonym: '''Dowayo''') o bụ zi asụsụ ihe alaka Duru nke [[asụsụ Adamawa]] a na-asụ na [[Kameroon|Cameroon]]. Doyayo (Doo23ya̰a̰1yɔ1 'ọnụ nwoke'; n'ụzọ ọzọ Doo2waa23ya̰ a̰1yɔ 1yɔ1 ' ọnụ nwa nwoke') bụ nke ndị ''Dowayo'' (ma ọ bụ Doo2waa 23yɔ1 'nwa nwoke') na-asụ. Dị ka ''ALCAM'' si kwuo (2012), Doayo, nke nwere ndị na-asụ 18,000, bụ asụsụ bụ isi nke mpaghara ugwu nke obodo Poli (na ngalaba Faro, Northern Region).<ref name="ALCAM2012">{{Cite book|editor=Binam Bikoi|date=2012|title=Atlas linguistique du Cameroun (ALCAM)|language=fr|location=Yaoundé|publisher=CERDOTOLA|series=Atlas linguistique de l'Afrique centrale (ALAC)|isbn=9789956796069}} [[Òtù:CS1: long volume value]] [[Òtù:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> A na-asụ '''Taara''' n'ugwu ndị dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Poli, na Marka na '''mbara''' ala ndị dị n"ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ na obodo Tcheboa, ngalaba Bénoué.<ref name="ALCAM2012" /> Okwu ahụ bụ ''Namchi'', nke pụtara "ndị e gburu" ma ọ bụ "ndị na-egbutu [mmiri maka anyị]" na [[Asụsụ Fula|Fulfulde]], bụ okwu mkpuchi nke na-ezo aka ọ bụghị naanị na Doayo, kamakwa ndị agbata obi ya Duupa na Dugun (nke abụọ ikpeazụ bụ asụsụ Dii).<ref name="ALCAM2012" /> dyu7da8j92vo2j5f0dbun193iaui1nu 0 23170 632473 515897 2026-05-09T22:18:00Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 632473 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Nwando Achebe''' {{Audio|Ig-Nwando Achebe.ogg|Audio}} bụ onyé agụmakwụkwọ Naijiria-America, onyé nchịkwa agụmakwụkwọ, onyé ọkà mmụta ụmụ nwanyị, n'akwa onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na-enweta ọtụtụ onyinye.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation|title=Seeing The Whole Dance: Nwando Achebe WS '00 Brings New Perspective to African Women's Power|url=http://woodrow.org/about/fellows/achebe-nwando/|accessdate=11 May 2017|archivedate=24 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624011925/http://woodrow.org/about/fellows/achebe-nwando/}}</ref> Ọ bụ onyé Jack na Margaret Sweet Endowed Prọfesọ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme n 'akwa Associate Dean for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion na College of Social Science na Mahadum Michigan State.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nwando Achebe, Department of History|url=http://history.msu.edu/people/faculty/nwando-achebe/|accessdate=13 May 2017|archivedate=14 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614142130/http://history.msu.edu/people/faculty/nwando-achebe/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Associate Dean of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion|url=https://socialscience.msu.edu/about/leadership/faculty-excel-advocate.html|accessdate=15 August 2020}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onyé guzobere na onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke ''Journal of West African History'' .<ref>{{Cite web|author=OkayAfrica International Edition|title=Why It is Crucial to Locate the "African" in African Studies|url=http://www.okayafrica.com/op-ed-2/crucial-locate-african-african-studies/|work=okayafrica.com|accessdate=11 May 2017|archivedate=9 July 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709134530/http://www.okayafrica.com/op-ed-2/crucial-locate-african-african-studies/}}</ref> == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == A mụrụ Nwando Achebe na [[Enụgwụ|Enugu]], n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Naijiria n'ezinuló onyé edemede [[Naijiria]]<ref>{{Cite web|author=Daily Trust Newspaper|title=Nigeria: Nwando Achebe--The Woman and Her Works|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201510261741.html|work=All Africa|accessdate=13 May 2017}}</ref>, onye edemede, na onye na-ede uri, Chinua Achebe, na Christie [[Chinụa Achebe|Chinwe Achebe،]] okanmuta nke agụmakwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Offiong|first=Vanessa|title=Nigeria: Nwando Achebe--The Woman and Her Works|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201510261741.html|work=AllAfrica|accessdate=11 May 2017}}</ref> Ọ bụ nwunye Folu Ogundimu, okanmuta nke akwụkwọ akụkọ na Mahadum Michigan State, na nne nke nwa nwanyị bu, Chino.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet the Winner of the 2013 Aidoo-Snyder Prize--Dr. Nwando Achebe|url=http://africanstudiesassociation.org/publications/asa-news/november-2013-56th-annual-meeting/283-meet-the-winner-of-the-aidoo-snyder-book-prize-dr-nwando-achebe|work=African Studies Association|accessdate=13 May 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331172121/http://africanstudiesassociation.org/publications/asa-news/november-2013-56th-annual-meeting/283-meet-the-winner-of-the-aidoo-snyder-book-prize-dr-nwando-achebe|archivedate=31 March 2017}}</ref> Nwanne ya nwoke nke okenye, Chidi Chike Achebe bụ onye isi dọkịta na elekota ahu mmadu. == Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ == Achebe nwetara Ph.D. ya na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Africa na Mahadum California, Los Angeles n'afọ 2000. Onye na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme site na ọzụzụ ọ'nwere, ebe ọ maara nke puru iche bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Odida anyanwu Africa, ụmụ nwanyị, okike na akụkọ mmekọahụ. N'afọ 1996 na 1998, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Ford Foundation na Fulbright-Hays Scholar-in-Residence na The Institute of African Studies na The Department of History and International Studies na [[University of Nigeria|Mahadum]] Nigeria, [[Nsukka]]. Ọnọdụ agụmakwụkwọ mbụ ya bụ dị ka onye enyemaka okanmuta nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na College of William and Mary . Ọ gafere na Mahadum Michigan State n'afọ 2005 dị ka onye na-arụ ọrụ dika okanmuta n'afọ 2010, ọ bụkwa okanmuta Jack na Margaret Sweet wubere ugbu a. == Akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ == O bipụtara akwụkwọ isii. Akwụkwọ mbụ ya, Farmers, Traders, Warriors, and Kings: Female Power and Authority in Northern Igboland, 1900 Xia1960, bụ nke Heinemann bipụtara n'afọ 2005. N'ịbụ ópuruiche nke Ọka mmuta na onyé edemede a ma ama, Isidore Okpewho, na "ihe omume dị mkpa na mbipụta ọmụmụ okike nke Afrịka," site n'aka Chancellor na ọkà mmụta ụmụ nwanyị, Obioma Nnaemeka, Achebe's Farmers, Traders, Warriors, and Kings na-anọchite anya onyinye dị mkpa iji ghọta akụkọ okike na ụmụ nwanyị n'Africa, n'akwa mgbanwe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na okpukpe n'oge ọchịchị.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Book Blurb, Farmers, Traders, Warriors, and Kings: Female Power and Authority in Northern Igboland, 1900–1960|url=https://www.heinemann.com/products/e07078.aspx|author=Okpewho|first=Isidore|date=2005|work=Heinemann Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Obioma|first=Nnaemeka|title=Book Blub, Farmers, Traders, Warriors, and Kings: Female Power and Authority in Northern Igboland, 1900–1960|url=https://www.heinemann.com/products/e07078.aspx}}</ref> Ọbu ntinye aka dị ịrịba ama na nke na-aga n'ihu na arụmụka banyere usoro akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị, akwụkwọ ahụ na-elekwasị anya n'ihe Achebe na-ekwu dị ka ụkpụrụ ime mmụọ nke ụmụ nwanyị Igbo na ndụ ụmụ nwanyị Igbo n'ebe ugwu n'ụzọ ederede ndị dị ugbu a na akụkọ ihe mere anya Igbo na-adịghị, site n'igosi ha abụọ dị ka ndị na-ekere òkè na ime nke ugwu ala igbo. N'ime nnyocha ahụ, a na-eji akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Igbo dị n'ebe ugwu eme ihe iji maa orthodoxies a nabatara nke na-akọwa [[Women in Africa|ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka]] dị ka ndị nọ n'okpuru site n'ibuli ajụjụ na igosi ihe akaebe banyere ọdịdị nke ike na ikike ụmụ nwanyị n'ime otu ndị [[Ndị Ìgbò|Igbo]] a. Onye edemede ahụ na-akọwa ihe ọ na-ewere dị ka usoro okpukpe, akụ na ụba na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke nyere ụmụ nwanyị ohere inweta ike n'oge precolonial ma ọ bụ tupu ndi ocha aya; yana mmetụta nke colonialism na mmegide ndị ozi ala ọzọ na usoro ochie ndị a na nhọrọ ụmụ nwanyị. Dị ka akụkụ nke agụmakwụkwọ, ''Farmers, Traders, Warriors, and Kings'' enweghị ike imeri ya na njikọ ya na ihe ọ pụtara, nkọwa na nghọta. Akwụkwọ ya nke abụọ, nke a na-ekwusa [dị ka onye si kwuo? ''[[Ahebi Ugbabe]]'', nke Indiana University Press bipụtara na 2011. Ọ bụ akụkọ ndụ zuru oke banyere naanị nwanyị bụ onyeisi na eze na British Africa, ọ nwetakwala onyinye akwụkwọ atọ: Aidoo-Snyder Book Prize, Barbara "Penny" Kanner Book Prize na Gita Chaudhuri Book Prize.<ref>{{Cite web|author=African Studies Association|title=Meet the Winner of the 2013 Aidoo-Snyder Book Prize--Dr. Nwando Achebe|url=http://africanstudiesassociation.org/publications/asa-news/november-2013-56th-annual-meeting/283-meet-the-winner-of-the-aidoo-snyder-book-prize-dr-nwando-achebe|accessdate=11 May 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331172121/http://africanstudiesassociation.org/publications/asa-news/november-2013-56th-annual-meeting/283-meet-the-winner-of-the-aidoo-snyder-book-prize-dr-nwando-achebe|archivedate=31 March 2017}}</ref> Nnyocha akwụkwọ akụkọ Leeds African Studies Bulletin nke akwụkwọ ahụ na-akpọ ya otu n'ime akwụkwọ ndị a na-arụrịta ụka nke ọma, nke a na-enyocha nke ọma n'ihe gbasara akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na ndị Igbo na-achị ala, Naijiria na Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ukaegbu|first=Victor|date=Winter 2012–2013|title=A Review of Nwando Achebe's Female King of Colonial Nigeria|journal=Leeds African Studies Bulletin|volume=74|pages=103–105}}</ref> Akụkọ ndụ, ihe na-adọrọ mmasị nke nwanyị Igbo pụrụ iche, [[Ahebi Ugbabe]] (c. 1885[[1948) nke gbanwere onwe ya n'oge ndụ ya ka ọ bụrụ eze nwanyị na-ekpughe ọtụtụ ihe banyere mgbanwe nke ike nwoke na nwanyị n'okpuru ọchịchị Britain na-apụtaghị ìhè na ụzọ ụmụ nwanyị Igbo si kwurịta okwu ma kpụzie gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ịdabere na nyocha ọnụ dị ukwuu, Achebe na-etinye ndụ Ahebi n'ime ihe gbasara ọtụtụ mgbanwe nwoke na nwanyị n'ime ụmụ ''nwanyị'' nke ''nwanyị'' Headman, ''nwanyị'' Warrant Chief, ''nwanyị'' Eze na ''nwanyị'' di. N'otu oge ahụ, akụkọ ndụ ahụ na-akọwa oke nke mgbanwe ndị dị otú ahụ. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ dị nkenke, ''Eze Nwanyị nke Naịjirịa'' na-eme ka ụlọ ọrụ otu nwanyị na-eme ihe n'ịmezigharị ala nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọdịnala na nke ọchịchị na mpaghara ya. Dr. Achebe bụ onye na-ede akwụkwọ nke 2018 History of West Africa E-Course Book (British Arts and Humanities Research Council, 2018), akwụkwọ nkuzi nke e mere maka ụmụ ''akwụkwọ'' West Africa na-anwale West African Senior School Certificate Examination (WASSCE) History Paper 1, West Africa and the Wider World from Earliest Times to 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History Textbook--West African Senior School Certificated Examination|url=https://wasscehistorytextbook.com}}</ref> Ọ bụkw''a'' ''onye'' nchịkọta akụkọ ya na William Worger na Charles Ambler nke A Companion to African History (Wiley Blackwell, 2019), n'akwa Claire Robertson, Holding the World Together: African Women in Changing Perspective (University of Wisconsin Press, 2019). Achebe's 2020 Female Monarchs and Merchants Queens in Africa bụ nke Ohio University Press bipụtara.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nwando Achebe {{!}} College of Social Science {{!}} Michigan State University|url=https://socialscience.msu.edu/diversity/DABDI1/dabdi-members/nwando-achebe.html|work=socialscience.msu.edu|accessdate=27 May 2020|archivedate=8 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708065550/https://socialscience.msu.edu/diversity/DABDI1/dabdi-members/nwando-achebe.html}}</ref> Laura Seay nke The Washington Post, dere banyere Female Monarchs na Merchant Queens na Africa, akwụkwọ mara mma, nke na-adọrọ mmasị ma na-enweta ohere, nke a na-agụkarị na nke a na'anya, nke na'anya bụ akwụkwọ na-adọta mmasị na ngwa ngwa nke na-egosi ọtụtụ, ọtụtụ ụzọ ụmụ nwanyị gafee kọntinent Afrịka na-eduga ma na-aga n'ihu na-edú. Ọ na-etinye kpamkpam iji mee ka echiche nke ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka dị ka ndị na-adịghị arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ ndị na-enweghị ike ma na-egosi na ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na mpaghara ọ bụla nke ọha mmadụ. Ọ na-emekwa ka ihe dị ike na ndị Afrịka nwere ihe jikọrọ ha karịa ọdịiche, n'agbanyeghị oke na ọdịiche dị iche iche nke kọntinent ahụ. N'ikpeazụ, Achebe na-enye aka na mgbalị iji weta nyocha nke njirimara ndị na-eme ihe na African Studies, na-egosi n'ụzọ doro anya na echiche nke okike na mmekọahụ abụwo ogologo oge na-agbanwe agbanwe ma na-agbanwere na kọntinent ahụ. "<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/08/14/nwando-achebes-new-book-is-fascinating-look-africas-queens-past-present/|accessdate=15 August 2020}}</ref> == Onyinye na onyinye == Nwando Achebe enwetala onyinye site na Wenner Gren Foundation, Rockefeller Foundation, Woodrow Wilson, Fulbright-Hays, Ford Foundation, World Health Organization na National Endowment for the Humanities. Ọ bụkwa onyé natara onyinye akwụkwọ atọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title="The Politics of Knowledge Production—A Reflective Journey and Dance about the Epistemology and Practice of African Gender History"|url=https://www.international.ucla.edu/asc/event/13743|work=www.international.ucla.edu|accessdate=27 May 2020}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == * ''Farmers, Traders, Warriors, and Kings: Female Power and Authority in Northern [[:en:Igboland|Igboland]], 1900–1960.'' ISBN 0325070784 * ''The Female King of Nigeria:'' ''[[Ahebi Ugbabe]]''.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0253222486|0253222486]] * ''History of West Africa E-Course Book.''  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-9983960204|978-9983960204]] * ''A Companion to African History.''  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/047065631X|047065631X]] * ''Holding the World Together: African Women in Changing Perspective'' [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9780299321109|9780299321109]] * ''Female Monarchs and Merchants Queens in Africa''. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0821424076|0821424076]] == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Umu nwanyi guru akwukwọ na Naịjịrịa]] mykjxsoqrexyhv6d0yer4ixjec8hbws 0 25792 632436 539771 2026-05-09T15:04:04Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 632436 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Beach_in_Sharm_el-Naga02.jpg|thumb|Ihe mkpofu mmiri e kpochapụrụ n'ụsọ osimiri dị na Sharm el-Naga, Egypt]] {{Databox}}Mpekere mmiri, nke a makwaara dị ka awụba mmiri n'oké osimiri, bụ ihe mkpofu mmadụ mere nke kpachapụrụ anya ma ọ bụ na mberede n'ime oke osimiri ma ọ bụ oke osimiri. Ihe irighiri ihe na-ese n'elu mmiri na-agbakọta n'etiti gyres na n'ụsọ oké osimiri, na-asachapụkarị ala mgbe a maara ya dị ka mkpofu osimiri ma ọ bụ tidewrack. A na-akpọ ụma ekpofu ihe mkpofu n'oké osimiri. irighiri ihe na-esi n'okike dị, dị ka osisi driftwood na mkpuru osisi, dịkwa. Site na iji plastik na-abawanye ụba, mmetụta mmadụ abụrụla ihe esemokwu n'ihi na ọtụtụ ụdị plastik (petrochemical) adịghị emebi ngwa ngwa, dị ka ihe okike ma ọ bụ organic ga-adị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.euronews.com/living/2019/07/10/watch-italy-s-answer-to-the-problem-with-plastic|title=Euronews Living &#124; Watch: Italy's answer to the problem with plastic|first=Rachel|author=Graham|date=10 July 2019|work=living}}</ref> Otu ụdị mmetọ plastik kachasị ukwuu (~ 10 %) na ọtụtụ nnukwu plastik dị n'oké osimiri na-atụfu ma na-efu site na ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ azụ.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|date=2019-11-06|title=Dumped fishing gear is biggest plastic polluter in ocean, finds report|url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/nov/06/dumped-fishing-gear-is-biggest-plastic-polluter-in-ocean-finds-report|accessdate=2021-04-09|work=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> Plastic na-abanye n'ime mmiri na-eweta nnukwu egwu nye azụ, nnụnụ mmiri, anụ na-akpụ akpụ n'ime osimiri, na anụ na-enye nwa ara n'ime oké osimiri, yana ụgbọ mmiri na ụsọ mmiri.<ref name="Facts22">{{Cite web|url=http://marinedebris.noaa.gov/marinedebris101|title=Facts about marine debris|publisher=US NOAA|accessdate=10 April 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213110801/http://marinedebris.noaa.gov/marinedebris101/|archivedate=13 February 2009}}</ref> Mkpofu, mkpofu akpa, ihe na-asachapụ n'ime ebe mmiri ozuzo na ụzọ mmiri na ihe mkpofu ikuku na-efe efe na-ebute nsogbu a. Mmetọ mmiri a na-abawanye ebutela nnukwu mmetụta dị njọ dị ka ụgbụ azụ a tụfuru atụfu na-ejide anụmanụ, itinye ihe mkpofu rọba na nnukwu ihe mkpofu mmiri, yana [[Iba|ịba]] ụba nke mmetọ n'usoro nri. Na mgbalị iji gbochie ma dozie ihe mkpofu mmiri na mmetọ, a nabatara iwu na ụkpụrụ na mba ụwa, na UN gụnyere mbelata mmetọ mmiri na Sustainable Development Goal nke iri na anọ "Life Under Water". Dabere na mkpa ọ metụtara nsogbu na ọkwa dị iche iche nke onyinye, mba ụfọdụ ewebatala iwu nchebe ndị ọzọ akọwapụtara. Ọzọkwa, ụfọdụ ndị na-enweghị uru, NGO, na òtù gọọmentị na-emepụta mmemme iji chịkọta ma wepụ plastik n'oké osimiri. Agbanyeghị, na 2017 UN mere atụmatụ na n'afọ 2050, a ga-enwe plastik karịa azụ n'oké osimiri ma ọ bụrụ na emeghị nnukwu ihe..<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-04-27|title=FEATURE: UN's mission to keep plastics out of oceans and marine life|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2017/04/556132-feature-uns-mission-keep-plastics-out-oceans-and-marine-life|accessdate=2020-12-08|work=UN News|language=en}}</ref>   == Ụdị == [[Usòrò:Beach_at_Msasani_Bay,_Dar_es_Salaam,_Tanzania.JPG|thumb|Ihe mkpofu n'ụsọ osimiri dị nso na Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.]] [[Usòrò:Flostam_tern_island.JPG|thumb|Ihe mkpofu ndị e nwetara n'ụsọ osimiri dị na Tern Island na French Frigate Shoals ihe karịrị otu ọnwa.]] Ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-ekewa ihe mkpofu dị ka ala ma ọ bụ oké osimiri; n'afọ 1991, United Nations Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution mere atụmatụ na ihe ruru pasenti iri asatọ nke mmetọ ahụ sitere n'ala, ebe pasenti iri abụo fọdụrụnụ sitere na ọdachi ma ọ bụ isi mmiri.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sheavly|first=S. B.|title=Marine Debris & Plastics: Environmental Concerns, Sources, Impacts and Solutions|journal=Journal of Polymers and the Environment|volume=15|issue=4|pages=301–305|year=2007|doi=10.1007/s10924-007-0074-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Weiss|first=K.R.|title=The pileup of plastic debris is more than ugly ocean litter|journal=Knowable Magazine|year=2017|url=https://www.knowablemagazine.org/article/sustainability/2017/pileup-plastic-debris-more-ugly-ocean-litter|doi=10.1146/knowable-120717-211902}}</ref> Nnyocha ndị ọzọ na-adịbeghị anya achọpụtala na ihe karịrị ọkara nke ihe mkpofu plastik a hụrụ n'ụsọ oké osimiri Korea bụ nke oké osimiri.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jang|first=Yong Chang|title=Sources of plastic marine debris on beaches of Korea: More from the ocean than the land|journal=Ocean Science Journal|date=6 July 2014|volume=49|issue=2|pages=151–162|doi=10.1007/s12601-014-0015-8}}</ref> Ihe dị iche iche nke mmadụ mere nwere ike ịghọ ihe mkpofu mmiri; akpa rọba, balloons, ụgbọ mmiri, eriri, ihe mkpofu ọgwụ, iko na karama rọba, stubs sịga, ọkụ ọkụ sịga, iko ihe ọṅụṅụ, polystyrene, eriri azụ na ụgbụ furu efu, na mkpofu dị iche iche sitere n'ụgbọ mmiri na mmanụ mmanụ so na ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị. asaala ala mmiri. A na-ewere mgbanaka mkpọ isii, karịsịa, dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke nsogbu ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Cecil Adams|date=16 July 1999|title=Should you cut up six-pack rings so they don't choke sea birds?|url=https://www.straightdope.com/21342482/should-you-cut-up-six-pack-rings-so-they-don-t-choke-sea-birds|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006061820/http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a990716.html|archivedate=6 October 2008|accessdate=11 August 2008|work=The Straight Dope}}</ref> Ndị agha US jiri ihe a na-atụfu n'oké osimiri maka ngwá agha na bọmbụ ndị a na-ejighị mee ihe, gụnyere bọmbụ nkịtị, UXO, ogbunigwe na ngwá agha kemịkal site na ọ dịkarịa ala nke afọ 1919 ruo afọ 1970.<ref name="wbgh">{{Cite news|author=Edgar B. Herwick III|title=Explosive Beach Objects – Just Another Example Of Massachusetts' Charm|url=http://wgbhnews.org/post/explosive-beach-objects-just-another-example-massachusetts-charm|accessdate=4 August 2015|work=WGBH news|publisher=PBS|date=29 July 2015}}</ref> A tụfuru ọtụtụ nde pound nke ngwá agha na Gulf of [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]] na n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke ọ dịkarịa ala steeti 16, site na New Jersey ruo Hawaii (ọ bụ ezie na ndị a, n'ezie, anaghị agbanye mmiri n'ụsara osimiri, ọ bụghịkwa US bụ naanị mba mere nke a).<ref name="me">{{Cite news|title=Military Ordinance [sic] Dumped in Gulf of Mexico|url=http://www.maritime-executive.com/article/military-ordinance-dumped-in-gulf-of-mexico|accessdate=4 August 2015|work=Maritime Executive|date=3 August 2015}}</ref> Pasent iri asatọ nke ihe mkpofu mmiri bụ plastik.<ref name="Weisman">{{Cite book|author=Alan Weisman|title=The World Without Us|year=2007|pages=112–128|publisher=St. Martin's Thomas Dunne Books|isbn=978-0312347291}}</ref> Plastic na-agbakọta n'ihi na ha anaghị emebi dịka ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ na-eme. Ha na-agbada na foto mgbe ha na-ahụ ìhè anyanwụ, ọ bụ ezie na ha na-eme ya naanị n'ọnọdụ akọrọ, dịka mmiri na-egbochi photolysis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.orionmagazine.org/index.php/articles/article/270/|title=Polymers Are Forever|accessdate=1 July 2008|date=Summer 2007|author=Alan Weisman|publisher=Orion magazine|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516210457/http://www.orionmagazine.org/index.php/articles/article/270|archivedate=16 May 2008}}</ref> N'ime nnyocha nke afọ 2014 na-eji ụdị kọmputa, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị sitere n'ìgwè 5 Gyres, mere atụmatụ na 5.25 puku ijeri plastik dị tọn Narị abụọ na iri isii na itoolu gbasara n'oké osimiri n'otu ọnụọgụ ahụ na Northern na Southern Hemispheres.<ref>{{Cite web|title=5 Trillion Pieces of Ocean Trash Found, But Fewer Particles Than Expected|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/12/141211-ocean-plastics-garbage-patches-5-gyres-pollution-environment/|accessdate=25 January 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205025927/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/12/141211-ocean-plastics-garbage-patches-5-gyres-pollution-environment/|archivedate=5 February 2015|date=2014-12-13}}</ref> === Ihe mkpofu ụgbọ mmiri na-adịgide adịgide === Ụfọdụ ihe na ihe omume ndị a na-eji eme ihe na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na-adịghị adị ngwa ngwa, na-adịgide adịgide na gburugburu ebe obibi, ma na-agbakọta ka oge na-aga. Ihe omume ndị a nwere ike ịgụnye ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ azụ, ụgbọ mmiri na aquaculture nke na-ewe ihe ma ọ bụ na-eji akụrụngwa na gburugburu mmiri ma nwee ike tufuo ma ọ bụ tụfuo ngwa, ihe, igwe ma ọ bụ ihe mkpofu siri ike site na usoro mmepụta ihe n'ime mmiri ma ọ bụ banye n'ikpere mmiri. Nke a nwere ike ịgụnye ihe ọ bụla buru ibu dị ka ụgbọ mmiri ịkụ azụ ma ọ bụ dị ntakịrị dị ka urughuru si na Styrofoam lobster floa. N'afọ 2003, e mere nnyocha iji chọpụta ụdị, ọnụ ọgụgụ, isi iyi, na mmetụta nke ihe mkpofu mmiri na-adịgide adịgide na mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na n'akụkụ ụsọ mmiri nke Charlotte County, New Brunswick, ma nyochaa mmekọrịta ọ bụla n'etiti ọnụ ọgụgụ na ụdị ihe mkpofu ụgbọ mmiri na-anọgide adịgide, na ụdị na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ dị nso.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Smith|first=Christine|title=Persistent Industrial Marine Debris: The Relationship Between Marine Debris and Coastal Industrial Activity in Charlotte County New Brunswick|url=https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.item?id=MQ79594&op=pdf&app=Library&oclc_number=56632868|accessdate=22 March 2023}}</ref> Ihe ndị dị ka plastik ma ọ bụ ụfụfụ nwere ike ịtọgbọrọ n'ime obere ihe ma nwee ike ịdị ka obere ihe ndị dị n'oké osimiri na anụ ọhịa dịka nnụnụ, cetaceans, na azụ, ha nwekwara ike iri ihe ndị a. Ihe a na-apụghị ịgbari agbari nwere ike ịba n'ime eriri afọ na-emepụta mgbochi ma ọ bụ mmetụta ụgha nke izu oke ma mesịa nwụọ n'ihi enweghị nri kwesịrị ekwesị. === Ụgbụ Mmụọ === {{excerpt|Ghost net}}  === Obere plastik === {{excerpt|Plastic soup#Microplastics|paragraphs=1-2|file=no}} === Ihe mkpofu miri emi nke oké osimiri === A na-ahụ ọbụna ihe mkpofu mmiri n'ala nke oké osimiri Arctic.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Plastic trash invades arctic seafloor|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-205_162-57540392/plastic-trash-invades-arctic-seafloor|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025213953/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-205_162-57540392/plastic-trash-invades-arctic-seafloor/|archivedate=25 October 2012|work=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na a na-elekwasị anya n'ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke ọmụmụ ihe na mkpokọta plastik n'ụsọ oké osimiri, na mmiri dị n'elu mmiri, na nke ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri na-ebi na ọkwa dị n' elu nke ogidi mmiri riri, enwere obere ozi gbasara mkpofu na mesopelagic na nke miri emi.<ref name=":5">Chiba, S., Saito, H., Fletcher, R., Yogi, T., Kayo, M., Miyagi, S., ... & Fujikura, K. (2018). Human footprint in the abyss: 30 year records of deep-sea plastic debris. ''Marine Policy'', ''96'', 204–212.</ref> Nnyocha e mere emewo nyocha site na nlele ala, nlele vidiyo site na ụgbọ ala ndị a na-arụ n'ime obodo (ROVs), na ndị na-agba mmiri. Ha na-akachasịkwa naanị na ọrụ ndị na-apụ apụ na-adịghị agbatị ogologo oge iji gosipụta mmetụta dị ịrịba ama nke irighiri mmiri dị n'oké osimiri ka oge na-aga. Nnyocha e mere ugbu a egosila na ihe omume anthropogenic na-emetụta irighiri ihe ndị dị n'ime oké osimiri, na a na-ahụkarị plastik n'ime oke osimiri, karịsịa na mpaghara ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ nke mpaghara ndị mmadụ bi na ya, dị ka Mediterranean.<ref name=":5" /> A chọpụtala na ihe mkpofu, nke e ji ihe dịgasị iche iche dị arọ karịa mmiri dị n'elu (dị ka iko, ọla na plastik ụfọdụ), gbasaa n'ala oké osimiri na oké osimiri mepere emepe, ebe ọ nwere ike ịghọ mgbagwoju anya na corals ma gbochie ndụ ndị ọzọ dị n'ala mmiri, ma ọ bụ ọbụna lie ya n'okpuru ala, na-eme ka nhicha sie ike nke ukwuu, karịsịa n'ihi nnukwu ebe ọ gbasara ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụgbọ mmiri.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Goodman|first=Alexa J.|date=2020-01-01|title=Benthic marine debris in the Bay of Fundy, eastern Canada: Spatial distribution and categorization using seafloor video footage|journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin|language=en|volume=150|pages=110722|doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110722|pmid=31733907}}</ref> Plastics nke na-enwekarị ihe na-adịghị mma nwere ike ịmikpu site na nrube isi nke phytoplankton na nchịkọta nke ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ. Usoro oké osimiri ndị ọzọ na-emetụta mgbasa, dị ka oké ifufe nke dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na convection nke dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, na-ekere òkè n'ebufe nnukwu mkpọ irighiri ihe na irighiri ihe. Njirimara topographic nke okpuru mmiri nwekwara ike ime ka mmiri na-ada ada, na-eduga na njigide microplastics n'ebe ụfọdụ.<ref name=":6">Woodall, L. C., Sanchez-Vidal, A., Canals, M., Paterson, G. L., Coppock, R., Sleight, V., ... & Thompson, R. C. (2014). The deep sea is a major sink for microplastic debris. Royal Society open science, 1(4), 140317. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.140317</nowiki>.</ref> A Deep-sea Debris database site na Global Oceanographic Data Center nke Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), na-egosi afọ iri atọ nke foto na ihe nlele nke ihe mkpofu mmiri kemgbe 1983, ka emere n'ihu ọha n'afọ 2017. Site na puku ise na iri divves na nchekwa data, na-eji ROVs na submersibles miri emi, a gụrụ ihe mkpofu puku atọ, narị anọ na iri abụọ na ise nke mmadụ mere.<ref name=":5">Chiba, S., Saito, H., Fletcher, R., Yogi, T., Kayo, M., Miyagi, S., ... & Fujikura, K. (2018). Human footprint in the abyss: 30 year records of deep-sea plastic debris. ''Marine Policy'', ''96'', 204–212.</ref> Ụdị iberibe ihe abụọ kachasị mkpa bụ macro-plastic, nke mejupụtara 33% nke iberibe a chọtara pasenti iri asatọ na itoolu nke bụ otu eji eme ihe na ígwè, nke mejupụta 26%. A chọtara ọbụna iberibe plastik na ala nke Mariana Trench, na omimi nke 10,898m, a chọtara akpa plastik na-ejikọta na ikuku hydrothermal na obodo ndị na-ajụ oyi.<ref name=":5" /> === Ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa === {{excerpt|Garbage patch|paragraphs=1|file=no}} == Ebe e si nweta ya == [[Usòrò:Friendly_Floatees.png|thumb|Njem nke ndị enyi na enyi na-ese n'elu mmiri.]] Ndị 10 kachasị emetụta mmetọ plastik nke oké osimiri n'ụwa niile bụ, site na ọtụtụ ruo na nke kachasị, China, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Egypt, Malaysia, Nigeria, na Bangladesh, n'ụzọ dị ukwuu site na osimiri Yangtze, Indus, Yellow, Hai, Nile, Ganges, Pearl, Amur, Niger, na Mekong, na-agụnye "pasent 90 nke plastik niile ruru oké osimiri ụwa".<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jambeck|first=Jenna R.|title=Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean|journal=Science|date=12 February 2015|volume=347|issue=6223|pages=768–771|url=https://www.iswa.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Calendar_2011_03_AMERICANA/Science-2015-Jambeck-768-71__2_.pdf|accessdate=28 August 2018|doi=10.1126/science.1260352|pmid=25678662}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Christian Schmidt|title=Export of Plastic Debris by Rivers into the Sea|journal=[[Environmental Science & Technology]]|date=11 October 2017|volume=51|issue=21|pages=12246–12253|doi=10.1021/acs.est.7b02368|pmid=29019247|url=http://oceanrep.geomar.de/43169/4/es7b02368_si_001.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Harald Franzen|title=Almost all plastic in the ocean comes from just 10 rivers|url=https://p.dw.com/p/2oTF6|accessdate=18 December 2018|work=[[Deutsche Welle]]|date=30 November 2017|quote=It turns out that about 90 percent of all the plastic that reaches the world's oceans gets flushed through just 10 rivers: The Yangtze, the Indus, Yellow River, Hai River, the Nile, the Ganges, Pearl River, Amur River, the Niger, and the Mekong (in that order).}}</ref> A na-eme atụmatụ na ụgbọ mmiri 10,000 na-efu n'oké osimiri kwa afọ, na-abụkarị n'oge oké ifufe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/06/0619_seacargo.html|title=Lost Sea Cargo: Beach Bounty or Junk?|accessdate=8 April 2008|date=19 June 2001|author=Janice Podsada|publisher=National Geographic News|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406043240/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/06/0619_seacargo.html|archivedate=6 April 2008}}</ref> Otu nsị mere n'[[Òrìmìlì Pacific|Oké]] Osimiri Pacific n'afọ 1992, mgbe ọtụtụ puku ọbọgwụ rọba na ihe egwuregwu ndị ọzọ (nke a maara ugbu a dị ka "Friendly Floatees") gafere n'oké osimiri n'oge oké ifufe. Kemgbe ahụ, a chọtara ihe egwuregwu ahụ n'ụwa niile, na-enye nghọta ka mma banyere mmiri nke oké osimiri. IIhe omume ndị yiri nke ahụ emeela na mbụ, dị ka mgbe Hansa Carrier tụbara arịa iri abụọ na otu (nke nwere akpụkpọ ụkwụ Nike na-adọrọ adọrọ).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/science/05/28/coolsc.oceansecrets/index.html|title=How sneakers, toys and hockey gear help ocean science|accessdate=8 April 2008|date=28 May 2003|author=Marsha Walton|publisher=CNN}}</ref> N'afọ 2007, MSC Napoli kwụsịrị n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri English Channel, na-atụfu ọtụtụ narị containers, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-asacha na Jurassic Coast, World Heritage Site.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/devon/6287457.stm|title=Scavengers take washed-up goods|accessdate=8 April 2008|date=22 January 2007|work=BBC News}}</ref> Nnyocha nke afọ 2021 na-esote ọnwụ nke afọ 2014 nke akpa na-ebu cartridges na-ebi akwụkwọ gbakọrọ na ụfọdụ cartridgs agbasaala na nkezi ọsọ nke dị n'etiti 6 cm na 13 cm kwa sekọnd.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Wilson|first=Jonathan|date=April 29, 2021|title=Ship's lost plastic cargo washes up on shores from Florida to Norway|url=https://eandt.theiet.org/content/articles/2021/04/ship-s-lost-plastic-cargo-washes-up-on-shores-from-florida-to-norway/|work=E&T Magazine|accessdate=May 1, 2021}}</ref> Ihe mberede nke ụgbọ mmiri Tokio Express n'afọ 1997 n'ụsọ oké osimiri Britain mere ka ụgbọ mmiri na-ebu ibu na-enweghị ihe ruru nde Lego 5. Ụfọdụ n'ime iberibe ndị ahụ ghọrọ ndị bara uru n'etiti ndị na-anakọta ndị na-achọ dragọn Lego n'akụkụ osimiri. O nyekwaara nghọta bara uru n'ịmụ mmebi nbibi nke mmiri.<ref name="lego_plastic">{{Cite web|title=How long does it take for plastic to degrade: the Lego bricks study|url=https://thefactsource.com/how-long-does-it-take-for-plastic-to-degrade-the-lego-bricks-study/|work=The Fact Source|date=19 July 2021|accessdate=20 August 2021}}</ref> Na Halifax Harbour, [[Nova Scotia]], 52% nke ihe sitere na iji ogige ntụrụndụ emebere, 14% sitere na mkpofu nsị na naanị 7% site na mbupu na ọrụ ịkụ azụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Walker|first=T.R.|year=2006|title=Accumulation of marine debris on an intertidal beach in an urban park (Halifax Harbour, Nova Scotia)|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233420832|format=PDF|journal=Water Quality Research Journal of Canada|volume=41|issue=3|pages=256–262|doi=10.2166/wqrj.2006.029}}</ref> Ihe dị ka ụzọ anọ n'ụzọ ise<ref name="Algalita">{{Cite web|url=http://www.algalita.org/pdf/PLASTIC%20DEBRIS%20ENGLISH.pdf|title=Plastic Debris: from Rivers to Sea|accessdate=29 May 2008|publisher=Algalita Marine Research Foundation|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819214304/http://www.algalita.org/pdf/PLASTIC%20DEBRIS%20ENGLISH.pdf|archivedate=19 August 2008}}</ref> Nke irighiri ihe n'oké osimiri sitere na ihe mkpofu a na-awụba na mmiri site na ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa, na mmiri na-asọpụta n'obodo ukwu.[3].<ref name="Facts22">{{Cite web|url=http://marinedebris.noaa.gov/marinedebris101|title=Facts about marine debris|publisher=US NOAA|accessdate=10 April 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213110801/http://marinedebris.noaa.gov/marinedebris101/|archivedate=13 February 2009}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://marinedebris.noaa.gov/marinedebris101 "Facts about marine debris"]. US NOAA. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090213110801/http://marinedebris.noaa.gov/marinedebris101/ Archived] from the original on 13 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite></ref> Ụfọdụ nnyocha na-egosi na irighiri mmiri nwere ike na-akpa n'ebe ụfọdụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2016 nke Aruba chọpụtara na irighiri ihe chọpụtara na akụkụ ikuku nke àgwàetiti ahụ bụ ihe na-emekarị na mmiri mmiri.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Scisciolo|first=Tobia|year=2016|title=Beach debris on Aruba, Southern Caribbean: Attribution to local land-based and distal marine-based sources|journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin|volume=106|issue=–2|pages=49–57|doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.03.039|pmid=27039956}}</ref> N'afọ 2013, a chịkọtara ma nyochaa irighiri ihe si n'akụkụ osimiri isii dị na Korea: 56% bụ nke "dabere n'oké osimiri" yana 44% "dabere na ala.".<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Yong|first=C|year=2013|title=Sources of plastic marine debris on beaches of Korea: More from the ocean than the land|journal=Ocean Science Journal|volume=49|issue=2|pages=151–162|doi=10.1007/s12601-014-0015-8}}</ref> N'afọ 1987 Syringe Tide, a na-asa ihe mkpofu ahụike n'ikpere mmiri na [[Nú Jezị|New Jersey]] mgbe a na-afụ ya site na Fresh Kills Landfill.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DEFD81439F93BA35751C1A961948260|title=New York City to Pay Jersey Town $1 Million Over Shore Pollution|accessdate=25 June 2008|date=8 December 1987|author=Alfonso Narvaez|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://library.marist.edu/diglib/EnvSci/archives/hudsmgmt/ny-njharborestuaryprogram/debris.html|title=A Summary of the Proposed Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan|accessdate=25 June 2008|date=February 1995|publisher=New York-New Jersey Harbor Estuary Program|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050524210352/http://library.marist.edu/diglib/EnvSci/archives/hudsmgmt/ny-njharborestuaryprogram/debris.html|archivedate=24 May 2005}}</ref> N'àgwàetiti dịpụrụ adịpụ nke South Georgia, ihe mkpofu metụtara ịkụ azụ, ihe dịka pasenti iri asatọ na plastik, na-akpata mgbagwoju anya nke ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke akara akpụkpọ anụ Antarctic. == Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi == [[Usòrò:Albatross_at_Midway_Atoll_Refuge_(8080507529).jpg|thumb|Ihe fọdụrụ n'otu albatross nwere flotsam a na-eri.]] Ọ bụghị ihe niile gbasara mmadụ na-etinye n'ime oke osimiri na-emerụ ahụ. Ígwè na ihe ndị e ji emepụta ihe na-emebikarị gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihi na ha na-adaba n'ala ala ma ghọọ ndị na-adịghị agagharị agagharị, na n'ime omimi nke na-emighị emi, ha nwere ike ọbụna na-eme ka ọkpụkpụ na-emepụta ihe. Ụgbọ mmiri na ụgbọ ala ụgbọ oloko ejiriwo ụma kpukpu maka nzube ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://192.5.14.110/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1377/MR1377.ch5.pdf|work=Disposal Options for Ships|title=Chapter 5: Reefing|accessdate=3 May 2008|date=2 August 2006|author=Ron Hess|publisher=Rand Corporation|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629110318/http://192.5.14.110/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1377/MR1377.ch5.pdf|archivedate=29 June 2007}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye, a mara crabs hermit ka ọ na-eji iberibe ihe mkpofu n'ụsọ osimiri dị ka shei mgbe ha na-enweghị ike ịhụ ezigbo sheshell nke nha ha chọrọ.[35].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Miller|first=Shawn|title=Crabs With Beach Trash Homes – Okinawa, Japan|url=http://okinawanaturephotography.com/crabs-with-beach-trash-homes-okinawa-japan/|work=Okinawa Nature Photography|accessdate=14 October 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014084009/http://okinawanaturephotography.com/crabs-with-beach-trash-homes-okinawa-japan/|archivedate=14 October 2017|date=2014-10-19}}</ref> === Mmetụta sitere na mmetọ plastik === N'ime mmiri nke United States, e nweela ọtụtụ ihe a hụrụ site na mmetọ gụnyere: mpaghara hypoxic, okooko osisi agal na-emerụ ahụ, na ụdị ndị na-eyi egwu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Craig|first=R.|date=2005|title=Protecting International Marine Biodiversity: International Treaties and National Systems of Marine Protected Areas|journal=Journal of Land Use & Environmental Law|volume=20|issue=2|pages=333–369}}</ref> N'afọ 1972, United States Congress weputara Iwu Mmiri Mmiri, na-enye Ụlọ Ọrụ Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi ike iji nyochaa ma chịkwaa nsị mmiri, ihe mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ, ihe mkpuchi radiation na ihe ndị na-emebi ihe n'ime mmiri nke mba ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://epw.senate.gov/mprsa72.pdf|title=Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972|date=29 December 2000|publisher=US Senate|accessdate=29 May 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530014214/http://epw.senate.gov/mprsa72.pdf|archivedate=30 May 2008}}</ref> E dezigharịrị Iwu ahụ afọ iri na isii ka e mesịrị iji tinye ihe mkpofu ahụike.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/history/topics/mprsa/02.htm|title=Ocean Dumping Ban Act of 1988|date=21 November 1988|publisher=US EPA|accessdate=29 May 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090511183756/http://www.epa.gov/history/topics/mprsa/02.htm|archivedate=11 May 2009}}</ref> Ọ bụ iwu na-akwadoghị iwepụ plastik ọ bụla na mmiri US.<ref name="Facts22">{{Cite web|url=http://marinedebris.noaa.gov/marinedebris101|title=Facts about marine debris|publisher=US NOAA|accessdate=10 April 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213110801/http://marinedebris.noaa.gov/marinedebris101/|archivedate=13 February 2009}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://marinedebris.noaa.gov/marinedebris101 "Facts about marine debris"]. US NOAA. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090213110801/http://marinedebris.noaa.gov/marinedebris101/ Archived] from the original on 13 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite></ref> [[Usòrò:How_long_until_it's_gone.jpg|thumb|Oge ire ure nke ihe mkpofu mmiri]] Ihe mkpofu mmiri bụ nsogbu zuru ebe niile, ọ bụghị naanị nsonaazụ ọrụ na mpaghara ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Chow|first=Lorraine|date=29 June 2016|title=80% Of Ocean Plastic Comes From Land-Based Sources, New Report Finds.|url=http://www.ecowatch.com/80-of-ocean-plastic-comes-from-land-based-sources-new-report-finds-1891173457.html.|journal=EcoWatch}}</ref> Mpekere rọba sitere na steeti dị n'ime ala na-esi na isi ebe abụọ bụ isi: mkpofu nkịtị na ihe ndị sitere na mkpofu oghere na ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa na-efega ma ọ bụ na-asọga n'okporo ụzọ mmiri dị n'ime ime na mmiri mkpofu na-asọpụta. Ihe mkpofu ahụ na-esi n'ụzọ mmiri, osimiri, iyi na ọdọ mmiri gaa n'oké osimiri. Ọ bụ ezie na nhicha nke oké osimiri na mpaghara osimiri dị mkpa, ọ dị oke mkpa iji dozie ihe mkpofu plastik nke sitere na steeti ndị dị n'ime ala na steeti na-enweghị ala.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tibbetts|first=John H.|title=Managing Marine Plastic Pollution: Policy Initiatives to Address Wayward Waste|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|date=April 2015|volume=123|issue=4|pages=A90-3|doi=10.1289/ehp.123-A90|pmid=25830293}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Na usoro usoro, enwere ụzọ dị iche iche iji belata ọnụ ọgụgụ ihe mkpofu na-abanye n'ụzọ mmiri anyị: * Melite njem mkpofu gaa na site na saịtị site na iji nchekwa na mbupu akpa mechiri emechi * Gbochi ebe a na-eme ihe mkpofu n'akụkụ ụzọ mmiri * Kwalite ojiji nke mmanụ a na-enweta na Refuse. Plastiki eji eme ihe nke nwere ọnụ ahịa dị ala anaghị emegharị ya ọzọ ma o yikarịrị ka ọ ga-abanye n'oké osimiri.<ref>''Stemming the tide: Land-based strategies for a plastic-free ocean'' (pp. 1–48, Rep.). (2015). McKinsey Center for Business and Environment.</ref> Otú ọ dị, ịtụgharị plastik ndị a a na-achọghị nke ga-anọ n'ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa n'ime mmanụ a na-enweta na-enye ohere maka iji ya eme ihe ọzọ; enwere ike iji ha dị ka mmanụ mgbakwunye na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik * Melite ọnụego mgbake maka plastik (n'afọ 2012, United States mepụtara nde tọn 11.46 nke ihe mkpofu plastik, nke naanị 6.7% ka a nwetaghachiri.<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=EPA|title=Municipal Solid Waste Generation, Recycling, and Disposal in the United States: Facts and Figures for 2012|url=https://archive.epa.gov/epawaste/nonhaz/municipal/web/pdf/2012_msw_fs.pdf}}</ref> * Adapt Extended Producer Responsibility strategies iji mee ka ndị na-emepụta na-ahụ maka njikwa ngwaahịa mgbe ngwaahịa na nkwakọ ngwaahịa ha ghọrọ ihe mkpofu; gbaa ume ka a na-eji emepụta ngwaahịa iji belata mmetụta ọjọọ na gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nash|first=Jennifer|title=Extended Producer Responsibility in the United States|journal=Journal of Industrial Ecology|date=April 2013|volume=17|issue=2|pages=175–185|doi=10.1111/j.1530-9290.2012.00572.x}}</ref> * machibido iji nzacha sịga ma guzobe usoro nkwụnye ego maka e-siga (dị ka nke a na-eji maka propane canisters)<ref name="nationalgeographic.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/08/cigarettes-story-of-plastic/|title=Cigarette butts are toxic plastic pollution. Should they be banned?|date=9 August 2019|work=Environment}}</ref> [[Usòrò:7_Swaps.jpg|thumb|7 mgbanwe dị mfe maka otu ihe ndị mmadụ nwere ike ime iji chekwaa ihe mkpofu.]] Ndị na-eri nri nwere ike inye aka belata ọnụ ọgụgụ plastik na-abanye n'okporo ụzọ mmiri site na ibelata ojiji nke plastik a na-eji otu eme ihe, na-ezere microbeads, isonye na nhicha mmiri ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri..<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.oceanicsociety.org/blog/1720/7-ways-to-reduce-ocean-plastic-pollution-todayStrategies|title=7 Ways To Reduce Ocean Plastic Pollution Today|work=www.oceanicsociety.org|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330075852/https://www.oceanicsociety.org/blog/1720/7-ways-to-reduce-ocean-plastic-pollution-todayStrategies|archivedate=30 March 2018}}</ref> == Hụkwa ihe Ọzọ ==   == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] oxadajbukyfoxqvt6vjw0z9uxpn6y1a 0 26135 632410 439471 2026-05-09T14:46:14Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 632410 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Nzukọ 2016 United Nations Change Climate Change bụ nzukọ mba ụwa nke ndị isi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ndị na-eme ihe iji kwurịta ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi. Emere ya na Marrakech, [[Morocco]], na 7-18 Nọvemba 2016. Nzukọ ahụ webatara ọgbakọ nke iri abụọ na abụọ nke otu (COP22), nzukọ iri na abụọ nke ndị otu na Kyoto Protocol (CMP12), na nzukọ mbụ nke ndị otu na Paris Agreement (CMA1). Ebumnuche nke ogbako ahụ bụ iji kparịta ma mejuputa atụmatụ gbasara ịlụso mgbanwe ihu igwe ọgụ na iji "[gosipụta] ụwa na mmejuputa nkwekọrịta nke Paris na-aga n'ihu".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/meetings/marrakech_nov_2016/meeting/9567.php|title=Marrakech Climate Change Conference - November 2016|author=Change|first=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate|work=unfccc.int|accessdate=2017-02-21}}</ref> Ndị sonyere na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ iji nweta ngwọta zuru ụwa ọnụ maka mgbanwe ihu igwe. Onye isi oche nke nzukọ ahụ bụ Salaheddine Mezouar, Minista Moroccan maka Mmekọrịta Mba Ọzọ na Imekọ ihe ọnụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.maghrebemergent.com/actualite/maghrebine/54192-maroc-les-preparatifs-vont-bon-train-a-marrakech-pour-la-tenue-de-la-cop22-en-2016.html|title=Maroc - Les préparatifs vont bon train à Marrakech pour la tenue de la COP22 en 2016 - Maghreb Emergent|author=Xinhua|work=www.maghrebemergent.com|accessdate=2016-11-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226220656/http://www.maghrebemergent.com/actualite/maghrebine/54192-maroc-les-preparatifs-vont-bon-train-a-marrakech-pour-la-tenue-de-la-cop22-en-2016.html|archivedate=26 December 2015}}</ref> A na-atụ anya na ihe dị ka mmadụ Puku iri abụọ ga-abịa. Na 2 Mee 2016, ụlọ ọrụ ihe omume GL Events bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ọrụ ahụ. [[Food and Agriculture Organization|Òtù Nri na Ọrụ Ugbo]] nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu kwadokwara nkwadebe maka COP 22. W+ Standard meriri ihe nrite afọ 2016 UNFCCC10 maka Momentum for Change d<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nisha Onta|date=2017-01-13|title=Wocan 2016 highlights|url=https://www.slideshare.net/NishaOnta/wocan-2016-highlights}}</ref> == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == === Nkwekọrịta Nkwekọ Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu maka Mgbanwe Ihu igwe === Ndị sonyere na nnọkọ ahụ bụ ndị otu United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ('''UNFCCC'''). Ebumnuche nke mgbakọ a bụ iji gbochie "mmadụ na-etinye aka na usoro ihu igwe".<ref name="Change">{{Cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/essential_background/convention/items/6036.php|title=Introduction to the Convention|author=Change|first=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate|work=unfccc.int|accessdate=2017-02-20}}</ref> Ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na ma United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity na Convention to Combat Desertification; A na-ewere ha atọ dị ka 'Rio Conventions' nakweere na Rio Earth Summit n'afọ 1992. Enwere nzọụkwụ asaa nke UNFCCC depụtara dị ka "nchịkọta nke mgbakọ ahụ..<ref name="Change" /> # A na-ahụ nsogbu nke mgbanwe ihu igwe dị ka ihe iyi egwu nye nchekwa mmadụ. # A ghaghị ibelata gas na-ekpo ọkụ, ọkachasị na mba ndị mepere emepe, a na-agbakwa mba dị iche iche ume ka ha belata gas na. # Mba ndị nwere ọganihu ga-eme ihe iji belata ikuku na-esi ísì ụtọ ma na-eduga ụzọ maka mba ndị na-emepe emepe. # Mba ndị dị n'ọganihu ga-enyere mba ndị na-emepe emepe aka site n'inye nkwado ego na teknụzụ. # Ma mba ndị mepere emepe ma ndị na-emepe emepe na-enye akụkọ banyere iwu mgbanwe ihu igwe na ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ. # Na mba ndị na-emepe emepe, a na-ekwusi ike na uto dị ọcha iji belata mmụba nke gas na-ekpo ọkụ mgbe mba ahụ na-emepụta ihe. # Iji mee ka ndụ dị mma n'ihu mgbanwe ihu igwe, mgbakọ ahụ ga-ekwu maka ma mee mgbanwe maka mmetụta ọjọọ nke mgbanwe ihu igwe mgbe ọ dị mkpa. === Nkwekọrịta Kyoto === Nzukọ Marrakech bụ ihe na-aga n'ihu na nzukọ zuru ụwa ọnụ nke United Nations haziri na-agbaso Protocol Kyoto. E dere Kyoto Protocol n'afọ 1997 na COP3, mana a nabataghị ya ruo na 16 Febụwarị 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/background/items/2879.php|title=A Summary of the Kyoto Protocol|author=Change|first=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate|work=unfccc.int|accessdate=2017-02-20}}</ref> Ọ malitere site n'afọ 2008 ruo 2012. O mejupụtara iwu siri ike iji hụ na mbelata ikuku zuru ụwa ọnụ. E nwere usoro atọ dị mkpa nke mba nwere ike iji nyere aka belata ikuku: azụmaahịa ikuku mba ụwa, usoro mmepe dị ọcha, na mmejuputa njikọta.<ref name="unfccc.int">{{Cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php|title=Kyoto Protocol|author=Change|first=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate|work=unfccc.int|accessdate=2017-02-20}}</ref> Ebumnuche nke Protocol ahụ bụkwa iji nyere mba aka ime mgbanwe na ọnọdụ mgbanwe ihu igwe. Tụkwasị na nke a, [[Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe|Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Mgbanwe Ihu igwe nke UN]] na-enweta akụkọ site n'aka ndị otu, na-enyocha azụmahịa, ma na-aza ajụjụ maka ndị otu. UNFCC na-ewere Protocol Kyoto dị ka "nzọụkwụ mbụ" maka nguzogide mgbanwe ihu igwe..<ref name="unfccc.int" /> === Nkwekọrịta Paris === Nkwekọrịta Paris bu n'obi igbochi ịrị elu nke okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ. A na-ahazi nke a site na akụkọ ndị otu pati na-ezitere, nke pụtara iji kwalite nghọta nke omume nke ma mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe na ndị mepere emepe mere. O nwekwara usoro iji mee ka mba nwee ike ime mgbanwe n'ọnọdụ mgbanwe ihu igwe. Ụzọ mgbanwe nke obodo nwere ike isi mee ka a na-akpọ "atụnye aka nke mba niile". Ndị NDC bụ n'ezie mbọ mba ọ bụla ga-eme iji belata ihe ọkụkụ ha. Oge njedebe maka nkwekọrịta a malitere na 4 Nọvemba 2016. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, 132 n'ime ndị otu 197 kwadoro ya na mgbakọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/paris_agreement/items/9485.php|title=The Paris Agreement - main page|author=Change|first=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate|work=unfccc.int|accessdate=2017-02-20}}</ref> === COPs ndị bu ụzọ === ==== 2009: Copenhagen (COP15) ==== Ebum n'obi na ọgbakọ Copenhagen ga-esi na Kyoto, wee mebie na nkwekọrịta Copenhagen, ederede nwere ibe 3 na-akọwapụta ebumnuche mba ụwa niile gbasara mgbanwe ihu igwe (ibelata ikuku ikuku griin haus, na-amachi okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ ka ọ bụrụ 2 Celsius C na inye ijeri dollar 30). maka 2010-2012). N'agbanyeghị ebumnuche ndị a, a na-ewerekarị ọgbakọ ahụ dị ka ọdịda.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8426835.stm|title=Why did Copenhagen fail to deliver a climate deal?|date=22 December 2009|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=3 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/dec/18/copenhagen-deal|title=Low targets, goals dropped: Copenhagen ends in failure|author=Vidal|first=John|date=2009-12-18|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|accessdate=2016-11-10}}</ref> ==== 2011: Durban (COP17) ==== Ebumnuche nke ogbako Durban bụ ịmalite mkparịta ụka site na mmalite iji kwado ụzọ maka mkparita ụka n'ọdịnihu. Ah Hoc Working Group na Durban Platform for Enhanced Action ka emepụtara iji "mechie oghere ebumnuche" nke dị n'etiti nkwa ikuku gas nke mba dị iche iche mere na ebumnuche idobe mgbanwe ihu igwe n'okpuru mmụba nke 2 °C..<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/bodies/body/6645.php|title=Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action|author=Change|first=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate|work=unfccc.int|accessdate=2016-11-10}}</ref> ==== 2014: Lima (COP20) ==== Ihe kacha mkpa nke Nzukọ Lima bụ ịgbalị iji mee ka ebumnuche nke ịnọgide na-agbanwe agbanwe ihu igwe n'okpuru mmụba nke 2 °C n'etiti ụbọchị a na 2100. Nzukọ ahụ meghere na akwụkwọ nkwadebe maka nkwekọrịta COP21 n'ọdịnihu na Paris na site na ịnakwere ederede peeji 37.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Conference of the parties|year=2014|location=Lima}}</ref> ==== 2015: Paris (COP21) ==== Mba Otu narị na iri itoolu na ise ndị sonyere na ogbako ahụ nakweere nkwekọrịta ihu igwe mbụ zuru ụwa ọnụ, nkwekọrịta na-adịgide adịgide nke na-achọ ịmachi mgbanwe ihu igwe na mmụba okpomọkụ na-erughị 2 Celsius C..<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/international/negotiations/paris/index_en.htm|title=Paris Agreement - European Commission|work=ec.europa.eu|accessdate=2016-11-10}}</ref> == Ndị bịara == Enwere ike ịhazi ndị bịara mgbakọ ahụ n'otu n'ime ụdị atọ: ndị otu, ndị na-ekiri, ma ọ bụ ndị otu mgbasa ozi / mgbasa ozi. === Òtù === Enwere otu atọ dị iche iche nke mba nwere ike itinye ma ọ bụrụ na a na-ewere ha dị ka "otu". Ndị a bụ Annex I, Annex II, na Non-Annex I. Nzukọ nke otu na-ekpebi ọkwa nsonye nke obodo ọ bụla. Ọ na-ekpebi ma ọ bụrụ na obodo ahụ chọrọ inye ndị ọzọ enyemaka ego, ugboro ole ha ga-ezigara akụkọ, na iwu siri ike na obodo ha. Aha Mgbakwunye I na-ezo aka na mba ndị mepere emepe na-etinye aka na Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) na 1992 ma ọ bụ mba na mgbanwe akụ na ụba (EIT). Annex II na-ezo aka na mba ndị dị na OECD mana ọ bụghị EIT. Ndị otu a chọrọ ka ha nyere mba ndị na-emepe emepe aka n'ụzọ ego. A na-atụkwa anya na ha ga-emekwu usoro iji gbanwee gaa na teknụzụ ihu igwe na-emekọrịta ihe iji belata ikuku ikuku griin haus. Mba ndị na-abụghị nke mgbakwunye na-etolite na nke kachasị mfe maka mgbanwe ihu igwe n'ihi ọnọdụ, ọnọdụ akụ na ụba, ma ọ bụ okwu ndị ọzọ etinyere n'ime obodo ahụ. Aha ọzọ bụ "mba ndị mepere emepe kacha nta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/items/2704.php|title=Parties & Observers|author=Change|first=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate|work=unfccc.int|accessdate=2017-02-20}}</ref> Nke a na-egosi na mba ahụ nwere ike ịzaghachi nsogbu mgbanwe ihu igwe. Akara a na-egosi ndị ọzọ ọkwa nkwado dị mkpa. === Ndị na-ekiri ihe na-emenụ === Òtù ndị na-ekiri ihe na-emenụ gụnyere United Nations Systems na ụlọ ọrụ ya pụrụ iche, òtù ndị na-ahụ maka gọọmentị ('''IGOs'''), na '''òtù''' ndị na'abụghị gọọmentị.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/observer_organizations/items/9524.php|title=Observer organizations and civil society|author=Change|first=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate|work=unfccc.int|accessdate=2017-02-20}}</ref> Òtù ndị na-ekiri ihe ga-etinye akwụkwọ ma bụrụ ndị COP nabatara iji zipụ ndị nnọchiteanya na nzukọ ma ọ bụ ngosi ọ bụla metụtara UNFCCC. NGO nwere ike ịbụ azụmaahịa, òtù ndị ọrụ, ụlọ ọrụ nyocha ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ, ụmụ amaala, ìgwè ndị metụtara nwoke na nwanyị, ìgwè ndị ntorobịa, ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, ndị ọrụ ugbo, na ndị ọrụ ugwo.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> A nabatara ihe dị ka 2,000 NGO na 100 IGOs na nzukọ 2016. Ozugbo a nabatara otu nzukọ, ha agaghị etinye akwụkwọ ọzọ maka nzukọ na-esonụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/observer_organizations/items/9523.php|title=Non-admitted NGOs and IGOs|author=Change|first=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate|work=unfccc.int|accessdate=2017-02-20}}</ref> Ndị nleba anya nwere ike nyefee nzaghachi, n'aha nzukọ ha dum, metụtara isiokwu ma ọ bụ iwu n'ime ọgbakọ ahụ. == Ebumnuche nke COP22 == Ebumnuche COP ọ bụla bụ iji jikọọ aka kpebie otu esi emeso mgbanwe ihu igwe ma belata gas na-ekpo ọkụ. Otú ọ dị, kwa afọ a na-ahọrọ isiokwu dị iche ma lekwasị anya na ya. Isi okwu nke nnọkọ nke iri abụọ na abụọ bụ maka njikwa mmiri na decarbonizing ike.<ref name="cop22.org|title=COP22">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cop22.org|title=COP22 Marrakech Morocco - Sustainable Innovation Forum in partnership with United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) {{!}} COP22 Marrakech|work=www.cop22.org|accessdate=2017-02-20}}</ref> COP22 mere na 14 na 15 Nọvemba n'oge UNFCCC na Marrakech.<ref name="cop22.org|title=COP22" /> Ụzọ a ga-esi tinye nkwekọrịta Paris n'ọrụ, yana usoro maka mkparịta ụka, nọ na usoro maka COP22. Nik Gowing, onye a maara dị ka onye nta akụkọ Britain, duziri ihe omume ahụ. === Mgbasa Africa ruo COP22 === N'akụkụ COP22, nzuko nke metụtara "gburugburu ndị isi obodo 30 nke Africa" ​​mere na 16 Nọvemba 2016 na Marrakesh. Mgbakọ a lekwasịrị anya na mkparita uka ihu igwe, n'azụ Africa bụ akụkụ nke ụwa nke okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ na-eyi egwu. N'okwu mpaghara ọzọ, obodo Marrakesh nyekwara ohere ịmepụta onwe ya ihe oyiyi greener; dịka ọmụmaatụ, o nyela igwe igwe 300 maka iji ọha na eze mee ihe dịka akụkụ nke atụmatụ ịkesa igwe kwụ otu ebe nke obodo..<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://aujourdhui.ma/economie/cop22-300-velos-libre-service-a-marrakech|title=Cop22: 300 vélos libre-service à Marrakech|work=Aujourd'hui le Maroc|accessdate=2016-11-10}}</ref> === Nkwupụta nke SuRe bụ Ụkpụrụ maka akụrụngwa na-adịgide adịgide na nke na-eguzogide === N'abalị iri na anọ n'ọnwa Nọvemba, ụlọ ọrụ Swiss Global Infrastructure Basel Foundation (GIB) gosipụtara ụkpụrụ ọhụrụ maka akụrụngwa na-adịgide adịgide na Resilient na Climate Summit for Local and Regional Leaders.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gib-foundation.org/news/|title=Global Infrastructure Basel - The Sustainable Infrastructure Financing Forum and Summit|accessdate=3 January 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214084603/http://www.gib-foundation.org/news/|archivedate=14 December 2017}}</ref> GIB sonyeere na mkparịta ụka maka "ịkwanye ego mgbanwe mpaghara na-adigide" iji tinye aka na nkọwa Marrakech Roadmap maka Action. === 14 Nọvemba === ==== Nzukọ Nchịkwa Mmiri na Nchekwa ==== Okwu zuru ezu metụtara njem mmiri, akụrụngwa n'ihe gbasara nchekwa mmiri, nkesa na-adịgide adịgide, ihe ọhụrụ maka nchekwa, na ime ka mbọ maka teknụzụ ọhụrụ dị ngwa. E nwere ndị nhazi anọ nke ihe omume ahụ: Raymond van Ermen, onye Belgian so na European Water Partnership; Masagos Zulkifli, Minista na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na mmiri nke Singapore; Edgar Gutiérrez Espeleta, Minista nke gburugburu ebe obibi na ike na Costa Rica na onyeisi oche, UNEA; Susan Mboya, Onye isi oche nke Coca-Cola Africa Foundation.<ref name=":0" /> ==== Decarbonization nke Ngwongwo Ike Keynote Panel ==== Kọmitii a kwuru okwu banyere ojiji nke ihe onwunwe ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe, otu esi eji iwu mee ihe iji kwalite ahịa ike ndị na-eme ka ọ dị ọhụrụ, yana otu esi emeziwanye akụrụngwa iji kwado mgbanwe ndị a. Ndị nhazi gụnyere Nik Gowing, onye nta akụkọ Britain; H.E. Fatima Al Foora nke United Arab Emirates; Lord Gregory Baker nke United Kingdom; Andreas Regnell nke Sweden, na Jan Rabe nke Siemens AG.<ref name=":0" /> ==== Nkwurịta Okwu Na-eme ka Obodo Njem Dị N'Otu ==== Ịgagharị, ọkachasị njem ọha na eze, bụ isi ihe a na-elekwasị anya na nnọkọ a. Ndị otu ahụ kwurịtara ohere maka nhọrọ njem ọha na eze na-adịgide adịgide nke na-adọrọ mmasị onye ọrụ. Ebumnuche bụ isi bụ ịmepụta ụzọ njem ọha na eze nwere ike isi bụrụ ikuku efu. Ndị nhazi gụnyere Nik Gowing, United Kingdom; Andreas Klugescheid, United States; Lan Marie Nguyen Berg, Norway; Glen R. Murray, [[Kánada|Canada]]; Matt Rodriquez, United States.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cop22.org/agenda/|title=COP22 Marrakech Morocco - Sustainable Innovation Forum in partnership with United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) - Agenda {{!}} COP22 Marrakech|work=www.cop22.org|accessdate=2017-03-03}}</ref> ==== Nkwado Ego Omume ihu igwe Nkwụsị Isiokwu Panel ==== Otu panel a tụlere ịkwalite ngwaahịa akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ ọhụrụ n'ihe gbasara ego, ebe ọ na-etinyekwa nlebara anya ihu igwe n'oge usoro akụ na ụba. Ndị otu panel gụnyere Eric Usher, Canada; Jochen Flasbarth, Germany; Christian Grossman, Germany; Frederic Samama, [[France]]; Mustapha Bakkoury, Morocco; Monica Scatasta, Luxembourg.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cop22.org/agenda/|title=COP22 Marrakech Morocco - Sustainable Innovation Forum in partnership with United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) - Agenda {{!}} COP22 Marrakech|work=www.cop22.org|accessdate=2017-03-03}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.cop22.org/agenda/ "COP22 Marrakech Morocco - Sustainable Innovation Forum in partnership with United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) - Agenda | COP22 Marrakech"]. ''www.cop22.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-03</span></span>.</cite></ref> === 15 Nọvemba === ==== Low Carbon Innovation na Mpaghara Na-apụta apụ Keynote Panel ==== Ndị otu ahụ tụlere ka enwere ike jikọta teknụzụ ikuku dị ala n'ime akụrụngwa dị adị, ka ndị na-eme amụma ga-esi mejuputa teknụzụ n'enweghị nsogbu, yana otu UNFCCC nwere ike isi nyere azụmaahịa mpaghara aka na mgbanwe gaa na ike ndụ ndụ. Ndị nhazi ahụ gụnyere Janos Pasztor, Hungarian; H.E. Nestor Batio Bassiere, [[Burkina Faso]]; Diego Pavia; Mafalda Duarte, United States; Elham Ibrahim, Afrịka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cop22.org/agenda/|title=COP22 Marrakech Morocco - Sustainable Innovation Forum in partnership with United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) - Agenda {{!}} COP22 Marrakech|work=www.cop22.org|accessdate=2017-03-03}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.cop22.org/agenda/ "COP22 Marrakech Morocco - Sustainable Innovation Forum in partnership with United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) - Agenda | COP22 Marrakech"]. ''www.cop22.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-03</span></span>.</cite></ref> ==== Azụmaahịa Na-adịgide Adịgide Dị ka Onye Na-akwọ Mgbanwe ==== Nzukọ a mepụtara echiche maka otu esi emepụta ụdị azụmahịa nke hapụrụ obere carbon akara n'ụwa. Ndị nhazi ahụ gụnyere Philippe Joubert, Nigeria; Peter Wheeler, UK; Pertti Korhonen, Finland; Paul Simpson, UK; Eprel Crow, US.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cop22.org/agenda/|title=COP22 Marrakech Morocco - Sustainable Innovation Forum in partnership with United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) - Agenda {{!}} COP22 Marrakech|work=www.cop22.org|accessdate=2017-03-03}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.cop22.org/agenda/ "COP22 Marrakech Morocco - Sustainable Innovation Forum in partnership with United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) - Agenda | COP22 Marrakech"]. ''www.cop22.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-03</span></span>.</cite></ref> ==== Mmetụta na-emetụta ihe ọhụrụ: Ịkwalite uto agụmakwụkwọ Green ==== Nzukọ a tụlere ka teknụzụ ọhụrụ na ihe ọhụrụ ga-esi egosipụta àgwà enyi na gburugburu ebe obibi. Na mgbakwunye, ha kwesịrị inye aka mepụta ọrụ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ ma nwee ike itinye ha n'ahịa ndị dịbu adị. Ndị nhazi gụnyere Sue Reid, Indonesia; Paul Isaac Musasizi, [[Uganda]]; Eric Olson, US; Yoshioka Tatsuya, Japan.<ref name=":0" /> '''17 Nọvemba''' '''Ụmụ nwanyị Na-ahazi Mgbanwe na Ọrụ Ugbo na Nchịkwa Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ (WOCAN)''' Ihe a na-atụle na-aba uru: Ịkpali akpali na Ịtụle Mmetụta Mmekọahụ Maka Ọdịdị na Ndụ Na-adịgide Adịgide W + Standard na-enweta 2016 UNFCCC's Momentum for Change Award; Jeannettee Gurung, Phd, Lee A. West.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-11-15|title=The W+ Standard Wins the 2016 UNFCCC’s Momentum for Change Award! - WOCAN|url=https://www.wocan.org/the-w-standard-wins-the-2016-unfcccs-momentum-for-change-award/|accessdate=2022-08-22|language=en-US}}</ref> == Nkatọ na ihe ndọghachi azụ == Ntinye nke ndị otu lobby fossil fuel nwere ọnọdụ onye na-ekiri, gụnyere World Coal Association, Business Council of Australia, Business Europe, na Business Roundtable, ejirila nkatọ zute.<ref name="slezak-2016"> {{Cite news|author=Slezak|first=Michael|title=Marrakech climate talks: giving the fossil fuel lobby a seat at the table|date=6 November 2016|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/nov/07/marrakech-climate-talks-giving-the-fossil-fuel-lobby-a-seat-at-the-table|accessdate=2016-11-07}}</ref> Ndị nyocha tụrụ aro na nhọpụta [[Donald Trump]] n'afọ 2016 United States Presidential race gbochiri mgbalị na congress n'ihi echiche ya banyere mgbanwe ihu igwe. A maghị nguzo ya na mgbanwe ihu igwe.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Chomsky|first=Noam|title=Noam Chomsky on the new Trump era|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jB54XxbgI0E|work=Youtube|publisher=Al Jazeera Upfront|accessdate=2 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Victor|first=David|title=How Bad Will Trump Be for Climate Policy?|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/602852/how-bad-will-trump-be-for-climate-policy/|accessdate=19 May 2017|publisher=MIT Technology Review|date=14 November 2016}}</ref> Nkatọ ndị ọzọ sitere n'aka ndị mgbasa ozi gburugburu ebe obibi bụ ndị rụrụ ụka na Nzukọ ahụ "dị arọ na nkwupụta okwu na ìhè na ezi ọganihu." A na-ahụ ogbako na Paris afọ gara aga dị ka nke na-enye ntọala maka ọganihu n'ọdịnihu, na ihe omume na-aga nke ọma na Marrakesh kwesiri na-atụgharị nkwa ndị ahụ n'ọrụ. Nkatọ ndị ọzọ gosiri na mba ndị na-emepe emepe anaghị enweta ego zuru oke iji nyere ha aka ime mgbanwe na "mgbanwe ndị na-emelarị n'ihi okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/marrakech-climate-conference-cop-22-campaigners-extreme-disappointment-a7426426.html|title=Climate campaigners are 'extremely disappointed' in the outcome of COP22 summit|date=2016-11-19|work=The Independent|accessdate=2017-02-25|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] p3am8mot4n6st78temivf0rsw6h2ycx 0 26595 632421 137460 2026-05-09T14:54:23Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 632421 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''''28''''' Stories of AIDS in Africa bụ akwụkwọ na-abụghị akụkọ ifo nke afọ 2007 nke onye nta akụkọ Canada na onye edemede Stephanie Nolen dere.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-10-18|title=Thirty books to help us understand the world in 2020|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/oct/18/thirty-books-to-help-us-understand-the-world-in-2020|accessdate=2022-01-18|work=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> Ọ na-akọ akụkọ iri abụọ na asatọ nke ndị na'ọrụ ịlụso HIV / AIDS ọgụ na nlekọta ahụike, dị ka ndị nkwado, na ndị a chọpụtara na ha nwere nje HIV na ezinụlọ ha. Ezutela akwụkwọ a site n'aka ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ, ndị ọrụ mmadụ na ndị na-enyocha akwụkwọ. Ọ bụ akwụkwọ kacha ere ahịa na Canada.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Stephanie Nolen|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/authors/stephanie-nolen/|accessdate=2022-01-19|work=The Globe and Mail|language=en-CA}}</ref> == ndabere == ''N'afọ 2003, Nolen, onye odeakụkọ Canada nwetara ihe nrite [1], mere ka ndị isi ya na The Globe and Mail kwe ka o nyocha wee kọọ akụkọ banyere ọrịa AIDS na-efe efe na Africa.[2] Ọ kwagara Johannesburg ebe ọ nọrọ afọ anọ nyocha n'akụkụ ọ bụla nke ọrịa a...''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2007-06-16|title=Review: 28 Stories of Aids in Africa by Stephanie Nolen|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/jun/17/society|accessdate=2022-01-18|work=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2010-01-03|title=BOOK REVIEW : 28: Stories of AIDS in Africa|url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/15295|accessdate=2022-01-18|work=The New Times {{!}} Rwanda|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> == Nchịkọta akwụkwọ == [[Usòrò:Picket_over_Cape_Times_editor_2469.JPG|thumb|Zackie Achmat, na 2013]] Akwụkwọ ahụ na-akọwapụta ndị Africa 28 nwere nje HIV / AIDS, ndị rụrụ ọrụ na ahụike ma ọ bụ ịkwado, ma ọ bụ ndị ọrịa na-efe efe na-emetụta na Sub-Saharan Africa, na-achọpụta na 70% nke ọrịa HIV zuru ụwa ọnụ dị na Sub-Saharan Africa..<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=Benjamin|first=Laretta|date=2009-04-24|title=FEATURED: 28: STORIES OF AIDS IN AFRICA|url=https://englewoodreview.org/featured-28-stories-of-aids-in-africa-vol-2-17/|accessdate=2022-01-18|work=The Englewood Review of Books|language=en-US|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118232025/https://englewoodreview.org/featured-28-stories-of-aids-in-africa-vol-2-17/|archivedate=2022-01-18}}</ref> Akwụkwọ ahụ na-amalite site na ihe ndabere banyere ọrụ Nolen, nkọwa nke HIV / AIDS n'okwu ndị nkịtị, ma kwuo na ahọrọla akụkọ 28 n"ihi na nde mmadụ 28 butere HIV - AIDS.<ref name=":3"/><ref name=":2"/> Nke ọ bụla n'ime akụkọ iri abụọ na asatọ na-amalite na foto nke onye bụ isiokwu nke isi.<ref name=":3"/> * Isi nke 1 Siphiwe Hlophe onye na-elekọta ụmụ mgbei na [[Eswatini|Swaziland]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Putting a human face on AIDS|url=https://www.pressreader.com/canada/edmonton-journal/20070429/281848639164486|accessdate=2022-01-19|work=Edmonton Journal}}</ref> * Isi nke 2 Tigist Haile Michael, nwa agbọghọ ụlọ akwụkwọ Etiopia nke ọrịa AIDS mere ka ọ bụrụ nwa mgbei<ref>Pozez, Gerri. [https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&u=googlescholar&id=GALE%7CA198808685&v=2.1&it=r&sid=googleScholar&asid=efc878cd "28 Stories of AIDS in Africa."] ''Journal of International Affairs'', vol. 62, no. 2, spring-summer 2009, p. 241. ''Gale Academic OneFile'', Accessed 18 January 2022.</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|author=McCarthy|first=Mary|date=2008-07-01|title=28 Stories of AIDS in Africa by Stephanie Nolen|url=https://www.rte.ie/entertainment/book-reviews/2008/0701/445748-nolens/|work=[[Raidió Teilifís Éireann]]|language=en}}</ref> * Isi nke 3 Mohammed Ali onye ọkwọ ụgbọala Kenya<ref>{{Cite web|title=28 Stories of AIDS in Africa – Global Human Rights Direct|url=https://globalhumanrightsdirect.arizona.edu/published-human-rights-testimonials/books/28-stories-of-aids-in-africa/|accessdate=2022-01-19|work=globalhumanrightsdirect.arizona.edu}}</ref> * Isi nke 4 Prisca Mhlolo si Zimbabwe bụ onye ezinụlọ ya wakporo mgbe ọ gwara ha na ọ nwere ọrịa HIV<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|title=Profiles from the Front Lines of Africa's AIDS War|language=en|work=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=10011910|accessdate=2022-01-18}}</ref> * Isi nke 5 Regine Mamba, nne nne<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Malani|first=Preeti N.|date=2008-08-06|title=28: Stories of AIDS in Africa|url=https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.300.5.591|journal=JAMA|volume=300|issue=5|pages=591–592|doi=10.1001/jama.300.5.591|issn=0098-7484}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Twenty-eight stories represent the many faces of HIV-AIDS|url=https://www.pressreader.com/canada/calgary-herald/20070429/282076272431171|accessdate=2022-01-19|work=Calgary Herald}}</ref> * Isi nke 6 Lydia Mungherera, onye dọkịta Uganda<ref name=":4" />[[Usòrò:Gideon_Byamugisha_1.jpg|thumb|Gideon Byamugisha, na 2012]] * Cahpter 7 Noé Sebisaba, onye nyere ọbara nke o juru anya ịhụ na ọ na-arịa ọrịa HIV<ref>{{Cite news|author=Greene|first=Melissa Fay|date=2007-05-12|title=AIDS: up-close, personal, devastating|language=en-CA|work=The Globe and Mail|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/aids-up-close-personal-devastating/article723054/|accessdate=2022-01-19}}</ref> * Isi nke 8 Christine Amisi bụ onye nọọsụ na-enweghị ókèala<ref name=":2"/> * Isi nke 9 Manuel Cossa, onye na-egwupụta ọlaedo si [[Mozambique]] nke na - na<ref name=":2" /> * Isi nke 10 Cynthia Leshomo nke Botswana onye rụrụ ọrụ iji belata ihere<ref name=":2" /> * Isi nke 11 Mfanimpela Talebatse onye ọrụ ugbo na Swaziland nke nwụnahụrụ nwunye ya na ụmụ ya n'ihi HIV / AIDS ọnwa ole na ole tupu ọgwụgwọ ahụ abụrụla nke obodo ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Max|first=D. T.|date=2007-06-03|title=Don't look away|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-jun-03-bk-max3-story.html|accessdate=2022-01-19|work=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119004719/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-jun-03-bk-max3-story.html|archivedate=2022-01-19}}</ref> * Isi nke 12 Andualem Ayalew bụ onye agha Etiopia nke a chụrụ n'ọrụ ya ma gbochie ya ohere ịmụ akwụkwọ na mba ọzọ n"ihi ọnọdụ HIV ya<ref>{{Cite web|title=28 Stories of AIDS in Africa, by Stephanie Nolen - 1022 Words|url=https://www.bartleby.com/essay/28-Stories-of-AIDS-in-Africa-by-FK7NCZSXHKGEZ|accessdate=2022-01-19|work=Bartleby}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tales of Despair and of Triumph Stephanie Nolen Reports on the AIDS Epidemic in Africa|url=https://www.pressreader.com/canada/montreal-gazette/20070428/283150014254872|accessdate=2022-01-19|work=Montreal Gazette}}</ref> * Isi nke 13 Alice Kadzanja, onye nọọsụ na Zomba<ref name=":2" /> * Isi nke 14 Zackie Achmat onye a ma ama na-ahụ maka ọrịa HIV na South Africa<ref>{{Cite web|title=The AIDS beat|url=https://www.queensjournal.ca/story/2007-11-02/news/aids-beat/|accessdate=2022-01-19|work=The Journal|language=en}}</ref> * Isi nke 15 Lefa Khoele si [[Lesotho]] onye lụsoro ọrịa HIV ọgụ ruo mgbe e nyere ya ọgwụ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ<ref name=":5" /> * Isi nke 16 Pontiano Kaleebu dọkịta Uganda na-arụ ọrụ na ọgwụ mgbochi HIV / AIDS<ref name=":5" /> * Isi nke 17 Winstone Zulu onye na-ahụ maka ọrịa AIDS<ref name=":4" /> * Isi nke 18 Agnes Munyiva bụ onye Kenya na-arụ ọrụ mmekọahụ nke zere ọrịa AIDS n'agbanyeghị ihe karịrị 2,000 mmekọahụ<ref>{{Cite web|author=Nolen|first=Stephanie|date=2007-05-27|title=Staying alive: the women who are immune to Aids|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/may/27/aids.features|accessdate=2022-01-19|work=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7">Comfort, Laura. "Will the" fight" ever end?: a critical reading of the metaphors and discourses that construct HIV/AIDS in an African context." (2009).</ref> * Isi nke 19 Mpho Segomela bụ nwatakịrị South Africa nwụrụ n'ọrịa AIDS<ref name=":7" /> * Isi nke 20 Anne Mumbi, onye na-arụ ọrụ mmekọahụ nke zere ọrịa AIDS n'agbanyeghị ihe ize ndụ<ref>{{Cite web|title=28 Geschichten über Aids|url=https://www.amnesty.ch/de/ueber-amnesty/publikationen/magazin-amnesty/2007-3/aids|accessdate=2022-01-19|work=Amnesty International Schweiz|language=de}}</ref> * Isi nke 21 Gideon Byamugisha onye ụkọchukwu [[Uganda|Ugandan]] nke na-ekwu maka ihe ọma o mere, na ọdịda ya<ref>{{Cite news|author=Rice|first=Andrew|date=2007-05-24|title=An African Solution|work=The Nation|language=en-US|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/african-solution/|accessdate=2022-01-19}}</ref> * Isi nke 22 Ida Mukuka onye ndụmọdụ ọrịa AIDS si Lusaka<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-04-16|title=Mariposa Grandmothers, on behalf of the Stephen Lewis Foundation will run this event on Apr. 19|url=https://www.toronto.com/living-story/8474864-mariposa-grandmothers-on-behalf-of-the-stephen-lewis-foundation-will-run-this-event-on-apr-19/|accessdate=2022-01-19|work=Toronto.com|language=en-CA|archivedate=2022-01-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119011044/https://www.toronto.com/living-story/8474864-mariposa-grandmothers-on-behalf-of-the-stephen-lewis-foundation-will-run-this-event-on-apr-19/}}</ref> * Isi nke 23 Anita Manhiça bụ onye na-elekọta ụlọ na [[Mozambique]] nke di ya butere ọrịa, mana e boro ya ebubo na ọ butụrụ ya ọrịa<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reading Guide from 28 {{!}} Penguin Random House Canada|url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.ca/books/122432/28-by-stephanie-nolen/9780676978230/reading-guide|accessdate=2022-01-19|work=Penguin Random House Canada|language=en}}</ref> * Isi nke 24 Morolake Odetoyinbo onye na-agba mbọ ibi na nje ahụ na Naịjirịa<ref>{{Cite book|author=Umunna|first=Gregory Ejiogu|title=HIV/AIDS: Political Will and Hope|publisher=Xlibris Corporation|year=2011|isbn=978-1462869343}}</ref> * Isi nke 25 Moleen Mudimu onye kwụsịrị ịzụta ọgwụ nke na-enyere ya aka ime ka ọ dị ndụ ozugbo akụ na ụba Zimbabwe dara<ref name=":4" /> * Isi nke 26 Ibrahim Umoru onye na-eme ngagharị iwe na Naijiria<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Robinson|first=Vicki|date=July 2007|title=Lessons of health and history|journal=[[Mail & Guardian]]}}</ref> * Isi nke 27 [[Nelson Mandela]] onye nwa ya nwoke nwụrụ n'ọrịa AIDS<ref name=":2" /> * Isi nke 28 Thokozani Mthiyane onye South Africa nke na-achịkwa nje HIV ya n'ihi ọgwụ USAID kwadoro<ref>{{Cite news|author=Nolen|first=Stephanie|date=2008-12-12|title=Out of Africa|language=en-CA|work=The Globe and Mail|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/out-of-africa/article20390901/|accessdate=2022-01-19}}</ref> Akwụkwọ ahụ ji isi nke otu ndị na-agụ ya nwere ike isi nyere aka mechie.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Lloyd|first=Robin|date=2007-08-07|title=Book Review: Searching for Hope in AIDS-Ravaged Africa|url=https://towardfreedom.org/story/archives/africa-archives/book-review-searching-for-hope-in-aids-ravaged-africa/|accessdate=2022-01-19|work=Toward Freedom|language=en-US|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807040321/https://towardfreedom.org/story/archives/africa-archives/book-review-searching-for-hope-in-aids-ravaged-africa/|archivedate=2020-08-07}}</ref> == Mmeghachi omume nkatọ == Stephen Lewis kọwara akwụkwọ ahụ dị ka "akwụkwọ kachasị mma e dere banyere ọrịa AIDS, n'ezie nke kachasị njọ m gụrụla".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080615025258/http://stephenlewisfoundation.org/grassroots/grassroots_canada.htm Stephen Lewis Foundation We're Reading] (Archived from [http://www.stephenlewisfoundation.org/grassroots/grassroots_canada.htm the original] on April 15, 2008)</ref> The Guardian toro akwụkwọ ahụ maka ilekwasị anya n'akụkọ ndị mmadụ nọ n"Africa, karịa USA, ma nye Nolen otuto maka ijikọ akụkọ ahụ na ọdịbendị, ọha na eze na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref name=":0"/> Ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi nke Canada kọwara akwụkwọ ahụ dị ka "oge, mgbanwe, nke a na-enweta nke ọma" ma kọwaa otu Nolen si dee "ike, nghọta na ịdị mfe".<ref>{{Cite news|date=15 Feb 2017|title=Books: 28: Stories of AIDS in Africa|work=CBC Books|url=https://www.cbc.ca/books/28-stories-of-aids-in-africa-1.3983638}}</ref> Bono kpọrọ akwụkwọ ahụ "akwụkwọ ndekọ dị egwu".<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=28|url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/us/28-9780802716750/|accessdate=2022-01-18|work=Bloomsbury|language=en}}</ref> Laretta Benjamin, onye na-eme nchọpụta banyere ọrịa AIDS, kọwara akwụkwọ ahụ dị ka otu n'ime akwụkwọ kachasị mma ọ gụrụ, jara Nolan mma maka itinye ihu mmadụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ.<ref name=":3"/> The New Times of [[Rwanda]] kọwara akwụkwọ ahụ dị ka ma eleghị anya akụkọ kachasị mma nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke HIV / AIDS.<ref name=":2"/> James Orbinski kwuru banyere akwụkwọ ahụ "Gụọ. Na-ebe ákwá. Iwe. Karịsịa - dị ka ndị ahụ akọwapụtara n'akwụkwọ a - nweta obi ike ime. "<ref name=":1"/> == ihe nrite == * 2007 PEN Canada Paul Kidd Courage Prize (nke e nyere Nolen maka mkpuchi ya banyere nsogbu ọrịa AIDS n'Africa)<ref name=":6"/><ref>{{Cite news|date=26 Oct 2007|title=Globe reporter's AIDS coverage earns PEN Courage Prize|work=CBC|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/globe-reporter-s-aids-coverage-earns-pen-courage-prize-1.658505}}</ref> * 2007 Onyinye Gọvanọ General maka asụsụ Bekee na-abụghị akụkọ ifo, depụtara<ref name=":6" /> == Mbipụta == E bipụtara akwụkwọ ahụ n'asụsụ asaa na mba iri na otu, gụnyere:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stephanie Nolen|url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/convocation/spring-2018/stephanie-nolen|accessdate=2022-01-19|work=University of Calgary|language=en}}</ref> * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 5wc1617eka2hqo8frxlcag8h1ptx9ii 0 26854 632431 116523 2026-05-09T15:02:45Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 632431 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Dirhams marocains (MAD).jpeg|thumb|Moroccan dirham]]   Moroccan dirham (Arabic, romanized: , [[Morocco|Moroccan]] Arabic: درهم, : '''derhem'''; [[Berber languages|asụsụ Berber]]: XVI, : ; akara: '''DH'''; koodu: '''MAD''') bụ ego gọọmentị nke Obodo Morocco. Ọ bụ ulo aku Al-Maghrib, ụlọ akụ etiti nke obodo Morocco na-ewepụta ya. A na-ekewa otu dirham Moroccan n'ime otu nari ''santimat'' (otu: santim; Arabic). [[Category:Currencies with ISO 4217 code]] == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Okwu ''dirham'' sitere na ego Grik, ''drachma''. Idrissid dirham, mkpụrụ ego ọlaọcha, mepụtara na obodo Morocco n'okpuru usoro ndị eze Idrisid site na narị afọ nke asato ruo nke iri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Qantara - The Idrisids (789- 974)|url=https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=867&lang=en|work=www.qantara-med.org|accessdate=2020-05-22}}</ref> Tupu ewebata mkpụrụ ego nke oge a na afo 1882, obodo Morocco wepụtara mkpụrụ ego ọla kọpa a na-akpọ ''falus'', mkpụrụ ego ọlaọcha a na-enye ''dirham'', na mkpụrụ ego ọla edo a na-ede ''benduqi''. Site na afo 1882, dirham ghọrọ nkewa nke Moroccan rial, na Mazunas nari ise = dirham iri = otu rial. Mgbe ọtụtụ n'ime obodo Morocco ghọrọ ndị France na-echebe na afo 1912 ọ gbanwere na franc Moroccan. E weghachiri dirham na oge 16 Ọktoba 1960.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Linzmayer|first=Owen|title=The Banknote Book|chapter=Morocco|publisher=www.BanknoteNews.com|year=2013|location=San Francisco, CA|url=http://www.banknotebook.com}}</ref> Ọ nọchiri franc dị ka isi ego ma, ruo 1974, franc nọgidere na-agagharị, na otu dirham = otu nari francs. N'afọ 1974, centime nọchiri Anya franc.<ref>Krause and Mishler, 1995 Standard Catalog of World Coins, krause publications</ref> == Mkpụrụ ego igwe == N'afọ 1960, e webatara mkpụrụ ego ọlaọcha otu dirham. Mkpụrụ ego nickel otu dirham na ọlaọcha ise dirham sochiri ha na afo 1965. N'afọ 1974, site na iwebata santim, e webatara mkpụrụ ego ọhụrụ na ụdị otu, ise, iri, iri abuo na iri ise santimat na mkpụrụ ego otu na dirham ise. Mkpụrụ ego otu santim bụ aluminum, ise ruo iri na abuo santimat bụ ndị e ji ọla mee, na okpukpu atọ kachasị elu na cupro-nickel. A gbakwunyere mkpụrụ ego ọhụrụ cupro-nickel ise dirham na afo 1980 ma gbanwee ya ka ọ bụrụ mkpụrụ ego abụọ na afo 1987. Mkpụrụ ego abụọ ahụ nwere akara afọ abụọ maka ụbọchị mbipụta - 1987 na kalenda Gregorian na afo 1407 na kalenda [[Àlakụ̀ba|Islam]]. A na-emepụta santim naanị ruo afo 1987 mgbe ewepụtara atụmatụ ọhụrụ, na 1⁄2 dirham na-anọchi santimat iri ise n'agbanweghị nha maọbụ ihe mejupụtara. Mkpụrụ ego dirham ise ọhụrụ bụ bimetallic, dị ka mkpụrụ ego dirham iri nke e webatara na afo 1995. E webatara mkpụrụ ego Cupro-nickel dirham abuo n'afọ 2002. N'afọ 2012, e wepụtara usoro mkpụrụ ego ọhụrụ, na mkpụrụ ego dirham ise na iri na-eji onyinyo zoro ezo dịka njirimara nchebe. hau5mtjuixqbujnvv914f6gfqp82124 0 28644 632427 541160 2026-05-09T15:00:59Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 632427 wikitext text/x-wiki     {{Databox}} E guzobere '''Ụbọchị''' Ọhịa Mba Nile n'ụbọchị nke 21 nke Machị, site na mkpebi nke Nzukọ Ezumezu nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu na Nọvemba 28, 2013.<ref name="declaration">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200328113135/http://www.fao.org/forestry/36014-02022d20f3c3e226276b36d32b2bc811a.pdf "International Day of Forests,"] United Nations General Assembly, November 28, 2012.</ref> Kwa afọ, ihe omume dị iche iche na-eme emume ma na-eme ka a mara mkpa ụdị ọhịa niile dị, na osisi ndị dị n'èzí ọhịa, maka abamuru nke ọgbọ ndị dị ugbu a na ndị na-abịa n'ọdịnihu.<ref>[http://blog.cifor.org/14398/sharing-positive-views-about-forests-and-trees-on-the-international-day-of-forests/#.UUtTkBeoLlc Holmgren, Peter. 2013, March 21. "Sharing positive views about forests and trees on the International Day of Forests,"] CIFOR. Accessed: March 21, 2013.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=21 Reasons To Celebrate The Value Of Trees In Honor Of International Day Of Forests|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/03/21/international-day-of-forests_n_5009107.html|accessdate=21 November 2014|publisher=Huffington Post}}</ref> A na-agba mba ume ime mgbalị iji hazie ihe omume obodo, nke mba, na nke mba ụwa metụtara ọhịa na osisi, dị ka mkpọsa ịkụ osisi, na Ụbọchị Ọhịa Mba Nile. Secretariat nke United Nations Forum on Forests, na mmekorita ya na Food and Agriculture Organization, na-eme ka mmejuputa ihe omume ndị dị otú ahụ dị mfe na mmekorite ya na gọọmentị, Collaborative Partnership on Forests.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160412171400/http://www.fao.org/forestry/international-day-of-forests/en/ "International Day of Forests,"] FAO.org. Accessed: March 20, 2015.</ref> E mere emume Ụbọchị Ọhịa Mba Nile na nke mbụ ya na Machị 21, 2013. == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == Kwa afọ ihe karịrị nde hekta iri na atọ (32 nde acres) nke oké ọhịa na-efu, mpaghara nke fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ England.<ref name="loss">{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/news/forest/reforestation-the-easiest.html|title=Reforestation: the easiest way to combat climate change|publisher=UN Department of Social and Economic Affairs}}</ref> Ka oké ọhịa na-aga, otú ahụ ka ụdị osisi na anụmanụ na-aga nke ha na-anabata - 80% nke [[Biodiversity|ụdị]] dị iche iche nke ala. Nke kachasị mkpa, oké ọhịa na-arụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa na mgbanwe ihu igwe: [[Igbukpọ osisi|mgbukpọ oké ọhịa]] na na-ebute pasent 12-18 nke ikuku carbon nke ụwa - ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu CO2 niile sitere na ngalaba njem ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ourworldindata.org/ghg-emissions-by-sector|title=Sector by sector: Where do global greenhouse gas emissions come from?}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/transport-sector-co2-emissions-by-mode-in-the-sustainable-development-scenario-2000-2030|title=Transport sector CO2 emissions by mode in the Sustainable Development Scenario, 2000-2030 – Charts – Data & Statistics}}</ref> N'otu aka ahụ, oké ọhịa dị mma bụ otu n'ime 'ebe carbon na-agbanye mmiri' n'ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.americanforests.org/blog/forests-carbon-sinks/|title=Forests as Carbon Sinks|date=18 July 2017|accessdate=22 April 2021|archivedate=25 February 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225180025/https://www.americanforests.org/blog/forests-carbon-sinks/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/why-forests-are-critical-for-public-health/|title=Why Forests Are Critical for Public Health|date=27 July 2015}}</ref> Taa, oké ọhịa kpuchiri ihe karịrị pasent 30 nke ala ụwa ma nwee ihe karịrị ụdị osisi 60,000, ọtụtụ n'ime ha ka a na-amaghị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tools.bgci.org/global_tree_search.php|title=GlobalTreeSearch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/how-many-tree-species-are-there-more-you-can-shake-stick-new-database-reveals|title=How many tree species are there? More than you can shake a stick at, new database reveals|date=17 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10549811.2017.1310049|doi=10.1080/10549811.2017.1310049|title=GlobalTree ''Search'': The first complete global database of tree species and country distributions|year=2017|author=Beech|first=E.|journal=Journal of Sustainable Forestry|volume=36|issue=5|pages=454–489}}</ref> Oké ọhịa na-enye nri, eriri, mmiri na ọgwụ maka ihe dịka ijeri 1.6 nke ndị kasị daa ogbenye n'ụwa, gụnyere ụmụ amaala nwere ọdịbendị pụrụ iche.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iucn.org/resources/issues-briefs/forests-and-climate-change|title=Forests and climate change|date=11 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/forestry/livelihoods/en/|title=Forests and poverty reduction|accessdate=2023-08-13|archivedate=2022-03-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325160126/https://www.fao.org/forestry/livelihoods/en/}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == N'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 1971, "ndị otu steeti" na nnọkọ nke iri na isii nke Nzukọ nke Nri na Ọrụ Ugbo, vootu iji guzobe "Ụbọchị Ọhịa Ụwa" na Machị 21 nke afọ ọ bụla.<ref name="declaration"/> Site na 2007 ruo 2012, Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) kpọkọtara usoro ụbọchị ọhịa isii, na nzukọ kwa afọ nke United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Conference of Parties. CIFOR haziri ihe omume ndị a n'aha na mmekọrịta chiri anya na ndị ọzọ so na Collaborative Partnership on Forests (CPF). N'ịgbaso Afọ Ọhịa Mba Nile na 2011, e guzobere Ụbọchị Ọhịa Ụwa site na mkpebi nke Nzukọ Ezumezu nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu na Nọvemba 28, 2012. == History == .<ref name="declaration"/>Na Nọvemba 1971, "Ndị otu steeti" na nnọkọ nke iri na isii nke Nzukọ nke [[Food and Agriculture Organization|Food and Agriculture Organisation]], tozuru oke iji guzobe "Ụbọchị oke ọhịa nke ụwa" na March 21 nke afọ ọ bụla. === Ụbọchị Ọhịa === Ihe na-akpali Forest Day bụ mkparịta ụka na-enweghị isi na Oxford, England, na Febụwarị 2007, n'etiti ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị abụọ chere na ụwa na-eleda mkpa oké ọhịa dị n'ibelata ikuku carbon anya ma hụ mkpa dị ịrịba ama maka nyocha na echiche ọhụrụ nke ọhịa iji mee ka ndị na-eme iwu zuru ụwa ọnụ na ndị [[Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe|UNFCCC]] mara. Ha ahụghị na nzukọ ahụ ga-aghọ otu n'ime ihe omume ụwa kachasị emetụta ọhịa na mgbanwe ihu igwe taa.<ref name="his">{{Cite web|url=http://www.forestsclimatechange.org/history.html|title=History of Forest Day|publisher=CIFOR|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100905024652/http://www.forestsclimatechange.org/history.html|archivedate=September 5, 2010}}</ref> ==== Ụbọchị Ọhịa 1: Bali, Indonesia (2007) ==== [[Usòrò:Forest_day_1_image.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|220x220px|Ndị nta akụkọ gbara ajụjụ ọnụ Center for International Forestry Research ọkà mmụta sayensị Daniel Murdiyarso]] Ụbọchị Ọhịa mbụ bụ otu n'ime ihe omume ndị dị mkpa na United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Conference of the Parties (COP) 13 na Bali, Indonesia na 8 Disemba 2007. Ihe karịrị mmadụ 800 sonyere na Forest Day, gụnyere ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, ndị nnọchi anya mba, na ndị nnọchianya sitere na ndị otu gọọmentị na ndị na-abụghị gọọmentị.<ref name="fd1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.forestsclimatechange.org/events/forest-day/forest-day-6/previous-forest-days/forest-day-1.html/|title=Forest Day 1: Shaping the Global Agenda for Forests & Climate Change|publisher=CIFOR|accessdate=2023-08-13|archivedate=2013-06-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617183706/http://www.forestsclimatechange.org/events/forest-day/forest-day-6/previous-forest-days/forest-day-1.html}}</ref> Otu akụkụ dị mkpa nke Forest Day bụ mkparịta ụka panel anọ na-elekwasị anya na isiokwu ndị metụtara ọhịa na mgbanwe ihu igwe. Mkparịta ụka ndị a na-aga nke ọma nyochara okwu ndị dị ka ịtọ ntọala na ihe ịma aka usoro na ịtụle carbon ọhịa; ahịa na ihe ịma mma ọchịchị metụtara [[Usoro REDD nke United Nations|Mbelata]] Mgbasa Ozi site na Mgbukpọ ọhịa na Mmebi Ọhịa (REDD +); ime mgbanwe ihu igwe; na mgbanwe mgbanwe nke ịdị mma. Mpaghara nkwekọrịta ndị na-apụta site na mkparịta ụka gụnyere ndị a: * Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere nnukwu ihe ịma aka usoro a ga-emeri, usoro ndị dị ugbu a "dị mma" iji gaa n'ihu na imepụta usoro maka ibelata ikuku sitere na [[Igbukpọ osisi|mgbukpọ]] ọhịa na mmebi. * Ihe ịma aka metụtara ọchịchị na-eweta ihe ize ndụ kachasị maka ma ndị na-etinye ego na mba ụwa na ndị na-emetụta mpaghara n'ihe gbasara usoro ọhụrụ. * Usoro kwesịrị ịdị mfe, ọ gaghịkwa ekwughachi njehie nke Clean Development Mechanism. * Ihe ịga nke ọma nke usoro REDD+ ọ bụla ga-adabere na ọchịchọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị iji dozie ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala nke mgbukpọ ọhịa, gụnyere ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala sitere na ngalaba ọhịa. * Mgbalị ime mgbanwe kwesịrị ịgbanwe site na mmeghachi omume gaa na atụmanya, a ga-elekwasịkwa anya na ndị kachasị ike, gụnyere ndị na-adabere n'oké ọhịa. ==== Ụbọchị Ọhịa 2: Poznań, Poland (2008) ==== [[Usòrò:Forest_day_2_image.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|220x220px|Sub-plenary 1, nke IUFRO, CIFOR, ICRAF na PROFOR-World Bank haziri, tụlere isiokwu na-agafe agafe "ime mgbanwe nke oké ọhịa na mgbanwe ihu igwe". Ndị otu gụnyere (L-R): Bruno Locatelli, CIFOR; Gerhard Dieterle, World Bank; Markku Kanninen, CIFOr; Balgis Osman-Elasha, IUFRO; na Dennis Garrity, World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF).]] N'ịrụ ọrụ na nzaghachi dị mma maka Ụbọchị Ọhịa mbụ, Ụbọchị Ọchịchị 2, nke emere na Poznań, Poland, na Disemba 8, 2008, kpọkọtara ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị sonyere 900 iji kwurịta ohere na ihe ịma aka nke iwebata ọhịa n'ime atụmatụ ụwa na nke mba maka mgbanwe ihu igwe na ibelata. Ndị sonyere kwusiri ike na nnukwu mkpa nke gburugburu ebe obibi ọhịa ma kwuo na ọhịa nwere netwọk na-adabere na ibe ya nke anụmanụ, osisi na microorganisms, nke na-enye ọtụtụ ngwaahịa na ọrụ karịa carbon sequestration. Ihe ndị a gụnyere nchekwa dị iche iche, mmepụta mmiri ozuzo na ngwaahịa ndị dị oke mkpa maka ndụ nke ndị na-adabere n'oké ọhịa na ndị obodo yana akụ na ụba nke ọtụtụ mba. Ndị bịara bịara ghọtara mkpa ọ dị iwulite na nnukwu ihe ọmụma na ahụmịhe dị na njikwa ọhịa na-adịgide adịgide (SFM) ma kpọọ ndị na-ekwu okwu ka ha na ndị metụtara ọhịa na-agakwuru ka ha na-emepe iwu ihu igwe. Frances Seymour, Director General nke CIFOR nyere Yvo de Boer, onye isi odeakwụkwọ nke UNFCCC nchịkọta nke Forest Day 2.<ref name="fd2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cifor.org/fileadmin/templatesnew/res/documents/events/2008/Summary-Forest-Day-2.pdf|title=Summary of Forest Day 2|publisher=Committee representing members of the Collaborative Partnership on Forests}}</ref> Kọmitii na-anọchite anya ndị otu CPF dere nchịkọta a, ma tinye isi nkwekọrịta yana isi nkwekọ nke pụtara n'oge ụbọchị ahụ. Seymour gosipụtara mkpa ọ dị: * Gụnye oké ọhịa na usoro na usoro iji belata ihu igwe na mgbanwe * Gbaa mbọ hụ na itinye aka zuru oke na itinye aka na ọha mmadụ na usoro mkpebi mba ụwa, mpaghara, mba na mpaghara * Nweta ma kwanyere ikike nke ụmụ nwanyị, ndị ogbenye na ndị obodo ùgwù ==== Ụbọchị Ọhịa 3: Copenhagen, Denmark (2009) ==== Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị otu 1500 gara Forest Day 3 nke e mere na Copenhagen, [[Denmark]], na 13 Disemba 2009 gụnyere ndị nyere onyinye 34, ndị nnọchi anya gọọmentị, ndị nta akụkọ 88, ndị nnọchianya NGO 500, ndị isi obodo, ndị nnọchi nke ngalaba onwe 188 na ọtụtụ narị ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị ọkachamara n'ọhịa. Ebumnuche ha bụ iji hụ na imepụta na mmejuputa usoro mgbochi ihu igwe metụtara ọhịa na usoro mgbanwe n'okpuru nchebara echiche na nkwekọrịta mgbanwe ihu igwe ga-arụ ọrụ nke ọma, rụọ ọrụ nke ọma ma bụrụ nke ziri ezi. Ọ bụ ezie na UNFCCC ekwekọrịtaghị na ebumnuche ejikọta maka ibelata gas na-ekpo ọkụ, e nwere ọganihu dị ịrịba ama n'ịkwurịta okwu gbasara usoro REDD +.<ref name="nytimes">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/15/world/asia/15prexy.html?_r=2/|title=Leaders Will Delay Deal on Climate Change|work=New York Times|first=Helene|author=Cooper|date=15 November 2009}}</ref> Nkwekọrịta Copenhagen nke pụtara bụ nkwekọrịta mba ụwa mbụ iji tụọ aro ka e nweta ego iji kwado REDD+. [[Ostraliya|Australia]], [[France]], [[Japan]], [[Norway]], [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] nyere US $ 3.5 ijeri ego maka nkwadebe REDD +. Ọzọkwa, otu n'ime ihe na-egosi mkpa nke Forest Day - ikike ya ịdọta ndị isi ụwa - doro anya na Copenhagen. Ndị isi okwu na mmemme ahụ gụnyere: * Rajendra K. Pachauri, Onye isi oche nke Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change * Wangari Maathai, onye guzobere Green Belt Movement na onye nwetara ihe nrite Nobel * Gro Harlem Brundtland, onye bụbu praịm minista Norway * Hilary Benn, UK Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs * Sir Nicholas Stern, onye isi nke Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment. Onye bụbu onye isi ala US Bill Clinton pụtara site na vidiyo na onye mmeri Nobel Elinor Ostrom so na ndị ọkà okwu dị mkpa. ==== Ụbọchị Ọhịa 4: Cancún, Mexico (2010) ==== Forest Day 4 mere na 5 Disemba 2010 na Cancún, [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]]. Ihe karịrị mmadụ 1,500 gụnyere ihe karịrị ndị na-ekwu maka ihu igwe 280 bịara. Isiokwu maka Forest Day 4 bụ "Oge ime ihe", na-eme ka mkpa ọ dị ịchọpụta na oké ọhịa ụwa dị ndụ, [[Biodiversity|ụdị]] dị iche iche ha na-anabata na ọtụtụ narị nde mmadụ na-adabere na ha. Ihe omume ahụ jere ozi dị ka àkwà mmiri n'etiti International Year of Biodiversity na 2011 International Year of Forests. Ọ bụ Gọọmentị Mexico kwadoro Ụbọchị Ọhịa nke 4, site na National Forestry Commission (CONAFOR), CPF na CIFOR. Onye isi ala Felipe Calderón Hinojosa, n'okwu mmeghe ya na FD4, gwara ndị nnọkọ "... oge eruola ka anyị niile na-akwagharị, ma na-agbasi mbọ ike maka itinye [[Usoro REDD nke United Nations|REDD]] + n'ime nkwekọrịta mgbanwe ihu igwe nke mba ụwa. " N'ime arịrịọ siri ike, onye isi ala Mexico kwusiri ike, "Ma anyị gbanwere ụzọ ndụ anyị ugbu a, ma ọ bụ mgbanwe ihu igwe ga-agbanwe ya maka anyị". Okwu ndị dị mkpa nke Daniel Nepstad, onye nduzi nke mmemme mba ụwa na Amazon Environmental Research Institute na Mirna Cunningham Kain, onye isi oche nke Center for Autonomy and Development of Indigenous Peoples, mesiri ike mkpa dị oke mkpa maka ma ọ bụ ezigbo ọhịa na sayensị mgbanwe ihu igwe, yana itinye aka na ndị obodo na-adabere n'oké ọhịa dị ka ndị na-elekọta ala na ihe ndị dị n'oké osisi iji nweta nsonaazụ ziri ezi. Onye isi odeakwụkwọ nke UN maka Economic and Social Affairs Sha Zukang nyere echiche dị mkpa na-ele anya n'ihu, na-adọta uche ndị sonyere na ọtụtụ uru nke oké ọhịa na Afọ Mba Nile nke Oké ọhịa na 2011. Isi okwu ndị a tụlere na FD4 gụnyere: * Iji REDD+ mee ihe iji jikwaa ọhịa ma belata ịda ogbenye: Ụbọchị ahụ hụrụ mpụta nke nkwekọrịta siri ike na ihe ize ndụ nke enweghị ihe ọ bụla na-eme na ichebe ọhịa ụwa dị ukwuu karịa ihe ize ndụ ናይ ịga n'ihu na nkwekọrịta na-erughị oke. * REDD+ na-enye ohere dị mkpa ma dị ọnụ ala iji belata mgbanwe ihu igwe: ndị sonyere na FD4 kwupụtara na site na REDD + anyị nwere ike belata, wepụ ma zere ikuku zuru ụwa ọnụ na ọnụahịa dị mma, ọ bụrụhaala na anyị na-eburu n'uche ikike na ndụ nke ụmụ amaala na obodo ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ, ụdị dị iche iche na [[ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi]], ka anyị na-enyere mba ndị na-emepe emepe aka ime mgbanwe ihu igwe. * A ghaghị ichebe ikike nke ụmụ amaala na obodo ndị na-adabere n'oké ọhịa: Obodo ga-adị njikere itinye aka na REDD + ma ọ bụrụ na ha sonye na akụkụ niile nke REDD+ imewe na mmejuputa, ma ọ bụrụ n'inye ha ikike maka carbon n'oké osimiri ha, ma ọ bụ na ha na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na imewe iwu mpaghara, ma ọ dị ka REDD &aposite ndị asọmpi dị ike ka ha yie ọdịmma mpaghara egwu. * A chọrọ ego ndị ọzọ iji mejuputa REDD + n'ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀: A chọrọ nkwekọrịta na usoro siri ike ma nwee ike ịkọwapụta maka ịhazi akụ na ụba site na isi mmalite dị iche iche, karịsịa na mba ndị mepere emepe. Nke a ga-adị mkpa iji kpalie ma kwụọ ụgwọ maka ọrụ REDD + n'oge, nnyefe teknụzụ, iwulite ikike na mmepe nke usoro nlekota mba na nke mba, akụkọ na nkwenye (MRV), n'etiti ndị ọzọ. * Nchekwa ụdị dị iche iche bụ ihe dị mkpa maka ihe ịga nke ọma nke REDD +: Ihe karịrị pasent 90 nke ndị sonyere na FD4 kwuru na nchekwa ụdị dị ichelekana dị "dị oke mkpa" ma ọ bụ "dị mkpa" maka ihe ịga ya nke ọma nke CEDD +, ihe karịrị pasent 95 kwuru na ọ dị mkpa ileba anya na uru. * REDD + na ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala ugbo nke mgbukpọ ọhịa: ndị sonyere na FD4 tụrụ aro ọtụtụ nhọrọ iji mụbaa ọrụ ugbo ka ha na-ebelata ọnụego [[mgbukpọ osisi]] kwa afọ gụnyere: ịbawanye arụmọrụ mmepụta; ịkwalite ọtụtụ ọrụ; iduzi ego REDD+ iji mụbaa arụmọrụ na ọrụ ugbo; na ịmegharị usoro mmepụta sara mbara na ala carbon dị ala. * Ịkwalite njikọ aka n'etiti mbelata mgbanwe ihu igwe na mgbanwe gafee ala: A chọrọ nyocha ndị ọzọ iji chọpụta njikọ dị n'etiti mgbanwe na mbelata n'oké ọhịa n'ụdị dị iche iche. Ihe ịma aka abụọ a kapịrị ọnụ - nkwekọrịta na nlekota, ịkọ akụkọ na nyocha (MRV), na mmelite na-aga n'ihu na nchịkwa ọhịa ka a tụlere. * Mee ka njikọ dị n'etiti usoro MRV nke mba na nke mba maka REDD + sie ike: Ihe ịma aka ka dị maka nlekota mbibi ọhịa na ikuku peatland mana enwere ike imeri nke a site na iwu ikike na nnyefe teknụzụ, gụnyere itinye teknụzụ ọhụrụ. Ihe atụ gụnyere [[Google]]'s Earth Engine (nke Rebecca Moore, Onye isi nke Google's Global Outreach Program gosipụtara tupu Closing Plenary nke FD4), ODK na androids maka nyocha nke ọhịa na obodo. * Melite iwu ndekọ ego maka nlekọta ọhịa na mba ndị mepere emepe: Nchịkọta ego zuru oke na ọhịa ga-aba uru maka ihu igwe na ọhịa. Ndị sonyere kwetara na nke a bụ okwu dị mgbagwoju anya na nke na-ese okwu, mana ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịbịaru nkwekọrịta na iwu ọhụrụ ga-enyere aka ime ka ụzọ maka nkwekọrịta maka nkwekọ ọhụrụ nke mbelata ikuku site na mba ndị na-emepe emepe maka oge nkwekọrịta nke abụọ nke Kyoto Protocol. * Ihe ịga nke ọma nke atụmatụ na ọrụ REDD+ ga-adabere ma ha na-emetụta mgbanwe ọchịchị ma ọ bụ na ọdịda ọchịchị dị ugbu a na-akpụzi ya: Ikike nke mba ndị na-emepe emepe iji bulie ọrụ nke ihe onwunwe ọhịa ha na ibelata mgbanwe ihu igwe nwere njikọ chiri anya na mkpebi ha maka mgbanwe ọchịchị. Enwekwara nnukwu ihe ịma aka iji gbanwee usoro ndị a na-etinye n'ime ọchịchị na-adịghị mma n'oge gara aga. Otú ọ dị, iwu na ikike nke REDD + nwere ike ịdabere na nguzozi n'etiti nlekọta etiti na mkpebi dị iche iche, oge doro anya na ndokwa nke ịkekọrịta uru. * Ime ka UNFCCC sie ike na ọhịa na mgbanwe ihu igwe: Ihe ịma aka dị mkpa nke COP16 na Cancún bụ otu esi eme ka a gbanwee nkwụsịtụ na itinye ego site na nkwekọrịta Copenhagen ugbu a ka ọ bụrụ nkwa gọọmentị n'okpuru UNFCC C. Nke a nwere ike ịchọ ịhapụ "ihe ọ bụla ekwekọrịtara ruo mgbe niile kwekọrịtara" usoro mgbanwe ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ iji hụ na enwere ike ịme mkpebi dị mma na mpaghara ndị na-anọgide na nkwekọrịta. Nke a ga-eme ka o doo anya na enwere ike ịsụgharị nkwa n'omume na 2011. ===== Nkwupụta ===== * Virgilio Viana, CEO nke Amazonas Sustainable Foundation, [[Brazil]]: "Forest Day aghọwo ebe maka mkparịta ụka miri emi metụtara ọhịa na mgbanwe ihu igwe, na-ejupụta oghere dị na oghere nzukọ. Isi iyi nke mkpali maka ime iwu na mba na mba ụwa. " * Yemi Katerere, [[Usoro REDD nke United Nations|UN REDD]]: "FD na-enye nzukọ, atụmatụ na isiokwu iji jikọta ndị ọrụ, ndị na-eme iwu, ndị nchọpụta na ndị NGO na-etinye aka na ọhịa. FD bụ ebe ndị ọkachamara ga-ahụ maka ọhịa na COP. CPF nwere ọtụtụ ndị mejupụtara ya; FD na-egosipụta ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ndị metụtara ya. * Felician Ki vi, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, [[Tanzania]]: "FD pụrụ iche: Ọ na-eweta ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi, ndị na-eme iwu, ngalaba onwe, wdg. Maka mba ụfọdụ, FD na-enye ohere a na-adịghị ahụkebe iji soro mba ụwa na-emekọrịta ihe, na-agbanwerịta ihe ọmụma, ihe mmụta a mụtara na ọhịa na mgbanwe ihu igwe. " * David Diaz, Ecosystem Marketplace (Forest Trends), USA: "E nwere ọtụtụ ike dị mma gburugburu ọhịa ugbu a na FD na-enye ike ahụ. Ọnụnọ onye isi ala Calderon nwere mmetụta. Ntinye aka nke ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu pụtara na ndị ọzọ na-achị isi / ndị minista nwere ike inweta olu dị elu ma ọ bụ nwee mmasị na ọkwa ahụ. * Tony la Vina, Dean, Ateneo School of Government, Mahadum Manila, Philippines: "FD dị mkpa n'ihi ọtụtụ ndị na-abịa: ndị na-ekwu okwu, ndị na-eme iwu, ndị na'akwado - ihe dị iche iche na-adọrọ mmasị. N'ebe a, ị nwere ike inye aka ịkpụzi atụmatụ maka ọrụ ọhịa. Achọrọ m ịhụ arịrịọ siri ike nye ndị na-ekwurịta okwu na ihe na-aga n'ihu n'ala. Enwere mmetụta nke ịdị ngwa. Mkparịta ụka ahụ kwesịrị ịdị mkpa maka ihe ndị na-eme n'ala. " * Niels Elers Koch, Onye isi oche, International Union of Forest Research Organizations: "Forest Day (FD) bụ otu interface sayensị kachasị mkpa na ngalaba ọhịa, ebe ndị nchọpụta na ndị na-eme iwu na-ezukọ. " ==== Ụbọchị Ọhịa 5: Durban, South Africa (2011) ==== 2011 COP 17 bụ nke Durban, South Africa kwadoro site na 28 Nọvemba ruo 9 Disemba 2011.<ref name="cop17">{{Cite web|url=http://www.greenpeace.org/africa/en/News/news/Durban-to-Host-Climate-Conference/|title=Durban to Host Climate Conference|publisher=greenpeace.org}}</ref> Forest Day 5 mere na 4 Disemba 2011 na Durban, South Africa. CIFOR kpọkọtara ihe omume ahụ, nke ndị otu 11 nke Collaborative Partnership on Forests na Gọọmentị South Africa kwadoro site na Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo, Ọhịa na Azụmaahịa. Ihe karịrị mmadụ 1,100 sitere na mba 82 bịara, gụnyere ndị na-ekwu maka mgbanwe ihu igwe 214 na ndị nnọchi anya mgbasa ozi 65.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.forestsclimatechange.org/events/forest-day/forest-day-5.html/|title=Forest Day 5|publisher=forestsandclimatechange.org|accessdate=2023-08-13|archivedate=2019-04-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415194607/http://www.forestsclimatechange.org/events/forest-day/forest-day-5.html}}</ref> Isiokwu maka Forest Day 5 bụ 'Site na Iwu gaa n'Omume', na-ezube ime ka ndị COP na ndị metụtara ọhịa mara ụzọ isi mezuo nkwekọrịta REDD + e nwetara na Cancún na 2010 iji mepụta uru mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na gburugburu ebe obibi, yana ijikọta ọhịa n'ime atụmatụ mgbanwe n'ala. Ndị na-ahazi ya lekwasịrị anya n'okwu ndị metụtara Afrịka ndịda Sahara, nsogbu REDD + na-eche ọhịa okpomọkụ nke Congo Basin ihu, yana nlekọta na ojiji ka mma nke mpaghara ọhịa kpọrọ nkụ nke Afrịka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iisd.ca/climate/cop17/fd/|title=Forest Day Bulletin: a summary report of Forest Day 5|publisher=International Institute for Sustainable Development Reporting Services|accessdate=2012-06-20|archivedate=2016-10-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001220826/http://www.iisd.ca/climate/cop17/fd/}}</ref> Njikọ dị n'etiti ọhịa na nchekwa nri bụkwa otu n'ime isi isiokwu nke ụbọchị ahụ. Ndị na-ahazi Forest Day 5 na Agriculture and Rural Development Day (nke emere na 3 Disemba 2012) haziri n'ọnwa ndị na-eduga na ihe omume iji chọpụta ohere maka njikọ n'etiti ihe omume abụọ ahụ. E mere ọtụtụ mkparịta ụka jikọrọ aka, nke nwere isiokwu yiri ya na ọrụ ugbo nwere ọgụgụ isi, agroforestry na nchekwa nri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.climatesmartagriculture.org/72610/en/|title=climate-smart agriculture|publisher=climatesmartagriculture.org|accessdate=2012-08-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628141852/http://www.climatesmartagriculture.org/72610/en/|archivedate=2012-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.forestsclimatechange.org/events/forest-day/forest-day-5/forests-and-agriculture.html/|title=Forests and Agriculture: Link with Agriculture and Rural Development Day|publisher=forestsandclimatechange.org|accessdate=2023-08-13|archivedate=2012-12-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121209045439/http://www.forestsclimatechange.org/events/forest-day/forest-day-5/forests-and-agriculture.html}}</ref> Dị ka ọ dị n'afọ ndị gara aga, Forest Day 5 dọtara ọtụtụ ndị ọkà okwu dị elu. N'ozuzu, ihe karịrị ndị ọkà okwu 60 na ndị otu sonyere na Forest Day 5, na isii n'ime iri isi ihe ndị inyom gosipụtara. ==== Ụbọchị Ọhịa 6: Doha, Qatar (2012) ==== 2012 UNFCCC COP 18 bụ nke Doha, [[Qatar]] kwadoro site na 26 Nọvemba ruo 7 Disemba 2012.<ref name="cop18">{{Cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/files/press/news_room/unfccc_in_the_press/application/pdf/pr20112911_cop18.pdf|title=Decision on the host of COP18|publisher=United Nations Climate Change Secretariat}}</ref> Forest Day 6 mere n'akụkụ nke COP 18, na 2 ruo 3 Disemba 2012, ma tụlee okwu ndị sitere na REDD + ego na mgbanwe, ọzara, mgbake ọhịa na mgbake ọhịa.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120420022406/http://www.forestsclimatechange.org/events/forest-day/ Forest Day 6], CIFOR. Accessed: March 21, 2013.</ref> ==== Global Landscapes Forum: Warsaw, Poland (2013) ====   N'afọ 2013, Ụbọchị Ọhịa jikọtara ya na [[Ụbọchị Ọrụ Ugbo na Mmepe Ime Obodo]] iji guzobe Global Landscapes Forum (GLF), na ihe omume mmeghe nke emere na Warsaw, [[Poland]] n'akụkụ 2013 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP19).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://forestsnews.cifor.org/11958/forest-day-time-to-move-on|title=Forest Day – time to move on|date=2012-12-02|work=CIFOR Forests News|accessdate=2017-12-17|language=en-US}}</ref> === Ụbọchị Oké Ọhịa Mba Nile === ==== 2013 ==== A na-eme emume ụbọchị mbụ nke International Day of Forests gburugburu ụwa site na ịkụ osisi na ihe omume ndị ọzọ dị na obodo, gụnyere nka, foto na ihe nkiri yana mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi.<ref>[https://www.un.org/esa/forests/international-day-of-forests/IDF-2013.html "International Day of Forests - 2013 Celebrations,"] UN Forum on Forests. Accessed: March 20, 2015.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160227181925/http://www.fao.org/forestry/85604/en/ "Celebrating International Day of Forests 2013,"] FAO.org. Accessed: March 20, 2015.</ref> ==== 2014 ==== N'afọ 2014, Ụbọchị Ọhịa Mba Nile lekwasịrị anya na "njikọ onwe onye na nke pụrụ iche nke onye ọ bụla na Ọhịa", site na mkpọsa akpọrọ "Ọhịa m" . E mere ihe omume pụrụ iche na isi ụlọ ọrụ United Nations na "Ndị inyom dị ka ndị nnọchi anya mgbanwe maka ọhịa na mmepe na-adịgide adịgide".<ref>[https://www.un.org/esa/forests/international-day-of-forests/IDF-2014.html "International Day of Forests - 2014 Celebrations,"] UN Forum on Forests. Accessed: March 20, 2015.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160227182154/http://www.fao.org/forestry/86084/en/ "Celebrating International Day of Forests 2014,"] FAO.org. Accessed: March 20, 2015.</ref> ==== 2015 ==== Isiokwu 2015 maka Ụbọchị Ọhịa Mba Nile bụ "Ọhịa Ndị Na-agbanwe Mgbanwe ihu igwe".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/international-day-of-forests/previous-years/2015/en/|title=International Day of Forests 2016|publisher=FAO|work=FAO Web Site|accessdate=March 5, 2018|archivedate=November 28, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128231001/https://www.fao.org/international-day-of-forests/previous-years/2015/en/}}</ref> ==== 2016 ==== Isiokwu ahọpụtara iji mee emume Ụbọchị Ọhịa Mba Nile nke 2016 bụ ọhịa na mmiri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/international-day-of-forests/previous-years/2016/en/|title=International Day of Forests 2016|publisher=FAO|work=FAO Web Site|accessdate=March 5, 2018|archivedate=March 6, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306000650/http://www.fao.org/international-day-of-forests/previous-years/2016/en/}}</ref> Oké ọhịa bụ isi ihe na-enye mmiri dị ọcha na mbara ala. E mere ihe karịrị 100 na mba 55 iji mee emume ụbọchị ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Events around the world|url=http://www.fao.org/forestry/91448/en/|publisher=FAO|accessdate=2023-08-13|archivedate=2016-04-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416184016/http://www.fao.org/forestry/91448/en/}}</ref> Na Rome, isi ụlọ ọrụ FAO, e mere ihe omume pụrụ iche iji mee ka ọrụ dị mkpa nke oké ọhịa pụta ìhè n'inye aka na nchekwa mmiri na nri.<ref>{{Cite news|title=UN: Water, Forests and Jobs All Interdependent|url=http://ens-newswire.com/2016/03/22/un-water-forests-and-jobs-all-interdependent/|publisher=Environment News Service|date=22 March 2016|accessdate=4 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Celebrating the International Day of Forests in Rome|url=http://www.fao.org/forestry/91468/en/|publisher=FAO|accessdate=2023-08-13|archivedate=2016-04-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416032225/http://www.fao.org/forestry/91468/en/}}</ref> ==== 2017 ==== Isiokwu 2017 maka Ụbọchị Ọhịa Mba Nile bụ "Ọhịa na Ike".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/international-day-of-forests/previous-years/idf-2017/en/|title=International Day of Forests 2017|publisher=FAO|work=FAO Web Site|accessdate=March 5, 2018|archivedate=March 22, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322145019/http://www.fao.org/international-day-of-forests/previous-years/idf-2017/en/}}</ref> Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ FAO depụtara ihe omume iri na itoolu emere iji mee emume IFD na 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=International Day of Forests 2017 Events|url=http://www.fao.org/international-day-of-forests/previous-years/idf-2017/events/en/|publisher=FAO|work=FAO Web Site|accessdate=March 5, 2018|archivedate=March 22, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322145018/http://www.fao.org/international-day-of-forests/previous-years/idf-2017/events/en/}}</ref> ==== 2018 ==== Isiokwu nke Ụbọchị Ọhịa Mba Nile na 2018 bụ "Ọhịa na Obodo Na-adịgide Adịgide Adị".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/international-day-of-forests/en/|title=International Day of Forests 2018|publisher=FAO|work=FAO Web Site|accessdate=March 5, 2018}}</ref> '''2019''' Isiokwu 2019 maka Ụbọchị Ọhịa Mba Nile bụ "Ọhịa na Mmụta. "<ref>{{Cite web|author=Hub|first=IISD's SDG Knowledge|title=Event: International Day of Forests 2019 {{!}} SDG Knowledge Hub {{!}} IISD|url=https://sdg.iisd.org:443/events/international-day-of-forests-2019/|accessdate=2021-03-21|language=en-US}}</ref> '''2020''' Isi okwu maka Ụbọchị Ọhịa Mba Nile 2020, nke Collaborative Partnership on Forests họọrọ, ga-abụ "Ọhịa na Biodiversity: Ọ dị oke ọnụ ahịa ịla n'iyi".<ref>{{Cite web|title=International Day of Forests 2020: "Forests and Biodiversity: Too precious to lose" {{!}} The Forest and Landscape Restoration Mechanism {{!}} Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|url=http://www.fao.org/in-action/forest-landscape-restoration-mechanism/news-and-events/news-detail/en/c/1258736/#:~:text=The%20central%20theme%20for%20the,:%20Too%20precious%20to%20lose.%E2%80%9D|accessdate=2021-03-21|work=www.fao.org|archivedate=2020-07-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723212909/http://www.fao.org/in-action/forest-landscape-restoration-mechanism/news-and-events/news-detail/en/c/1258736#:~:text=The%20central%20theme%20for%20the,:%20Too%20precious%20to%20lose.%E2%80%9D}}</ref>   '''2021''' Isiokwu nke International Forest Day maka 2021 bụ "Nweghachi ọhịa: ụzọ maka mgbake na ọdịmma".<ref>{{Cite web|title=अंतर्राष्ट्रीय वन दिवस 2021: इतिहास, महत्व, विषय और उत्सव|url=https://www.uttarakhandhindinews.in/2021/03/world-forest-day-2021-hindi-history-significance-theme.html|accessdate=2021-03-21}}</ref> '''2022''' Isiokwu nke International Forest Day maka 2022 bụ "Ọhịa na mmepụta na oriri na-adịgide adịgide".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.genevaenvironmentnetwork.org/resources/updates/international-day-of-forests-22/|title=International day of forests 2022|accessdate=19 October 2022|work=Geneva environment network}}</ref> '''2023''' Isiokwu nke International Forest Day maka 2023 bụ "Ọhịa dị mma maka ndị nwere ahụike"<ref>[https://www.un.org/en/observances/forests-and-trees-day International Day of Forests, United Naations]</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ụbọchị Arbor * Ụbọchị mmata * Ememe mba ụwa * Afọ Mba Nile nke Oké Ọhịa (2011) * Global Landscapes Forum (GLF) * Ndepụta ụbọchị ncheta * Ndepụta ụbọchị gburugburu ebe obibi * [[Nzukọ Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu Maka Ọhịa]] == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category|Forest Day}} * Official website for International Day of Forests, [[Òtù Nri na Ọrụ Ugbo|Food and Agriculture Organization]] * Official website for International Day of Forests, [[Nzukọ Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu Maka Ọhịa|United Nations Forum on Forests]] * [http://www.worldwoodday.org Ụbọchị Osisi Ụwa] ; Nzukọ * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230321150305/http://www.cpfweb.org/en/ Njikọ Nkwekọrịta n'Oké Ọhịa], FAO * [http://www.cifor.org/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ CIFOR] * [https://forestsnews.cifor.org/ CIFOR blọọgụ ọhịa] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220105114518/https://www.climatesmartagriculture.org/ Ọrụ ugbo mara mma] ; Ebe ndebe ihe ochie * [http://www.cifor.org/fileadmin/templatesnew/res/documents/cop/FORESTDAYSUMMARYFINAL.pdf Nkwupụta mkpirikpi Forest Day 1] * [http://www.cifor.org/fileadmin/templatesnew/res/documents/events/2008/Summary-Forest-Day-2.pdf Nkwupụta mkpirikpi Forest Day 2] * [http://www.cifor.org/fileadmin/templatesnew/res/documents/events/2009/FD3-summary-report.pdf Nkwupụta mkpirikpi Forest Day 3] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230813041804/http://forestday.org/events/forest-day/forest-day-6/previous-forest-days/forest-day-4.html Nkwupụta mkpirikpi Forest Day 4] {{forestry}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 8bdtx39e6dg1nvdnt3g8y2imvypfdyo 0 28777 632415 577483 2026-05-09T14:49:26Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 632415 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}}Ntuziaka 2003/30/EC bụ ntuziaka European Union maka ịkwalite ojiji nke biofuels maka njem EU. Ntuziaka ahụ batara n'ọrụ na Mee 2003, ma kwuo na mba ndị ga-eme ihe ga-eme na EU na-ezube iji dochie 5.75% nke mmanụ ala niile (petrol na diesel) site na 2010. Ntuziaka ahụ kwukwara maka ebumnuche dị n'etiti nke 2% site na 31 Disemba 2005. Ebumnuche nke 5.75% ga-emezu na 31 Disemba 2010. A ga-agbakọ pasentị ndị a dabere na ike dị n'ime mmanụ ụgbọala ma tinye ya na mmanụ ụgbọala na mmanụ diesel maka ebumnuche njem etinye n'ahịa nke steeti ndị otu. A gbara mba ndị mejupụtara ume ka ha nweta ihe mgbaru ọsọ "na-egosi" nke mba ahụ n'ụzọ kwekọrọ na ebumnuche zuru oke. Ntuziaka 2003/30/EC ka e wepụrụ site na Ntuziaka 2009/28/EC. == Iwu == * COM (2001) 547, Nkwurịta okwu nke European Commission nke 7 Nọvemba 2001 banyere Atụmatụ Omume na Atụmatụ abụọ maka Ntuziaka iji kwalite ojiji nke Mmanụ Ọhụrụ maka Njem, malite na nhazi na nkwalite ego nke biofuels<ref>{{Cite web|title=on alternative fuels for road transportation and on a set of measures to promote the use of biofuels|url=http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/doc/comm2001-547-en.pdf|work=November 2001|publisher=EU Commission|accessdate=15 January 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030153548/http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/doc/comm2001-547-en.pdf|archivedate=30 October 2012}}</ref> * COM (2006) 845, Nkwurịta okwu nke European Commission na Council na European Parliament: Biofuels Progress Report, nke na-atụ aro ibuli ihe mgbaru ọsọ biofuel ruo 10% site na 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/energy/energy_policy/doc/07_biofuels_progress_report_en.pdf|title=Archived copy|accessdate=1 March 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070322191231/http://ec.europa.eu/energy/energy_policy/doc/07_biofuels_progress_report_en.pdf|archivedate=22 March 2007}}</ref> * Iwu ndị metụtara ya: ** Ntuziaka Council 2003/96/EC nke 27 Ọktoba 2003 na-agbanwe usoro Community maka ụtụ isi nke ngwaahịa ike na ọkụ eletrik ** COM (2007) 18: Atụmatụ maka ntụziaka na-agbanwe ntụziaka Fuel Quality Directive 98/70/EC (nke a na-akpọkwa ntụziaka metụtara ogo mmanụ ụgbọala na mmanụ diesel), dịka ntụziaka 2003/17/EC dezigharịrị: ndị na-eweta mmanụ ụgbọala kwesịrị ibelata gas na-ekpo ọkụ site na mmanụ ụgbọ mmiri site na 2011 gaa n'ihu, site na 1% afọ. == Nsonaazụ == Akụkọ ọganihu nke afọ 2007 chọpụtara na biofuel nwere naanị pasent 1 nke òkè, na-erughị ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke 2% ma ọ bụ ihe mgbaru ndụ nke mba ndị mejupụtara ya, nke bụ pasent 1.4 .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ebb-eu.org/legis/biofuels%20progress%20report%20100107%20provisional%20version.pdf|title=Archived copy|accessdate=15 July 2014|archivedate=23 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923232739/http://www.ebb-eu.org/legis/biofuels%20progress%20report%20100107%20provisional%20version.pdf}}</ref> A gbanwere ebumnuche nke afọ 2010 mgbe e wepụrụ ntụziaka 2003/30/EC site na ntụziaka 2009/28/EC nke nwere ebumnuche 10% site na 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1405390611862&uri=CELEX:02009L0028-20130701|title=EUR-Lex - 02009L0028-20130701 - EN - EUR-Lex}}</ref> == Ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ala a na-ebo ebubo na ọ na-emebi ala == Na 2008-04-29, Friends of the Earth Europe (FoEE) wepụtara akụkọ na-ekwu na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ na-azọrọ n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi na ebumnuche nke European Commission na-atụ aro na mmezigharị nke Fuel Quality Directive enweghị ike imezu.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.foeeurope.org/press/2008/Apr28_Oil_industry_undermining_emissions_reductions.html |title=FoE Europe – Press Release |accessdate=2023-08-13 |archivedate=2018-06-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616030403/http://www.foeeurope.org/press/2008/Apr28_Oil_industry_undermining_emissions_reductions.html }}</ref> Akụkọ ahụ kwuru kpọmkwem na ọ ga-ekwe omume maka ụlọ ọrụ ndị a iji belata gas na-ekpo ọkụ site na ọ dịkarịa ala 10.5% ruo 15.5% site na ibelata ọkụ na ikuku yana arụmọrụ ike na mmezi nke refinery.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/news/oil-companies-attacked-for-resisting-climate-targets/|title=Oil companies attacked for resisting climate targets|date=30 April 2008|work=euractiv.com|accessdate=15 June 2018}}</ref> N'ihe gbasara nsogbu ego, akụkọ ahụ kwuru na uru ruru ijeri $ 125 nke ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ niile mara ọkwa na 2007. "N'agbanyeghị uru ha na-enweta n'elu, ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ adịghị njikere ịkwụ ụgwọ nke ibelata ikuku. O yiri ka ebe ọ bụ na itinye ego ndị a anaghị [[Abá|aba]] uru, ụlọ ọrụ agaghị eme ha ọ gwụla ma ndị na-achịkwa ya manyere ha, "akụkọ ahụ kwuru. == Nkatọ == N'abalị iri na anọ n'ọnwa Jenụwarị n'afọ 2008, Kọmishọna Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke EU bụ Stavros Dimas kwupụtara na EU na-atụgharị uche na mmemme biofuel ya n'ihi nchegbu gburugburu ebe obibi na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ntuziaka ọhụrụ ga-ahụ na ebumnuche EU anaghị emebi ihe.<ref>''EU rethinks biofuels guidelines '' By Roger Harrabin bbc.co.uk Monday, 14 January 2008 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7186380.stm</ref> Onye ọrụ EU nwere nchegbu karịsịa banyere mmetụta nke biofuels na ịrị elu ọnụ ahịa nri, mbibi oké ọhịa, karịsịa site na mmepụta [[Nmanu nri|mmanụ nkwụ]] na nchegbu maka ụlọ ọrụ ndị bara ọgaranya na-achụpụ ndị ogbenye n'ala ha iji gbanwee ya ka ọ bụrụ ihe ọkụkụ. N'abalị iri na asatọ n'ọnwa Jenụwarị n'afọ 2008, Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Na-ahụ [[Nlekota gburugburu ebe obibi|Nlekọta Gburugburu Ebe Obibi]] nke UK House of Commons welitere nchegbu yiri nke ahụ, ma kpọọ oku ka a kwụsị ọrụ na ebumnuche mmanụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Are Biofuels Sustainable|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmselect/cmenvaud/76/76.pdf|work=January 2008|publisher=House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee|accessdate=15 January 2014}}</ref> Ọnọdụ a na-ekwughachi nguzo nke ọtụtụ òtù na-abụghị nke gọọmentị na ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>''EU renewables policy: doubts and flaws'' http://www.tni.org/detail_page.phtml?act_id=17839</ref> Otu n'ime nzaghachi EU gụnyere iwebata ụkpụrụ nkwado na mmemme biofuel. Nke a gụnyere ndokwa ndị dị mkpa na-ekwu maka nsogbu nke mbibi oké ọhịa na mgbanwe ala na-enweghị isi. Ndị a na-enye iwu na biofuels na bioliquid: * enweghi ike imepụta ya n'ebe nwere ọtụtụ ihe dị iche iche. * enweghi ike imepụta ya n'ọhịa ndị a na-emetụbeghị aka, ebe echedoro na savannah dị iche iche (ala ahịhịa); na * Enweghị ike inweta ya site na mpaghara ndị nwere nnukwu carbon, gụnyere ala mmiri na oké ọhịa na-aga n'ihu.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Transformations in EU biofuels markets under the Renewable Energy Directive and the implications for land use, trade and forests|author=Johnson|first=Francis|publisher=CIFOR|year=2013|isbn=9786028693813|location=Bogor Barat|pages=15}}</ref> Nzukọ omebe iwu nke Europe kwadokwara iwu dị nro karị na-agbanwe ebumnuche ya maka afọ 2015. Ọ bụ ezie na e debere ebumnuche 10% maka 2020 ahụ, ntụziaka ahụ setịpụrụ ebumnuche nwa oge nke 5% maka 2015.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Handbook of Bioenergy Economics and Policy|author=Khanna|first=Madhu|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|year=2009|isbn=9781441903686|location=Berlin|pages=405}}</ref> == Hụkwa ==   * Iwu EU * Ike ndụ * Nri na mmanụ * Ọrụ Mgbasa Ozi Mgbasa (mmejuputa UK) * Iwu ike nke European Union * Ọpụpụ nke mmanụ ala == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2003/30/oj Ihe odide nke ntụziaka] * [https://ec.europa.eu/energy/topics/renewable-energy/biofuels_en Peeji nke European Commission banyere biofuels] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20171026202354/http://www.efoa.org/ EFOA] * [https://www.tni.org/my/node/12895 Nchịkọta nke nkatọ nke ntụziaka EU biofuels] 72gadgmvrkubxyjxzwzge8xt6cz2cql 0 29324 632424 495855 2026-05-09T14:56:44Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 632424 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Rodney Adam Coronado (amuru Julaị 3, 1966) bu ikike anumanu America na onye na-akwado gburugburu ebe ama ama maka omume agha ya na ngwụcha 1980s na 1990s. Dị ka akụkụ nke [[Onye Ọzụzụ Atụrụ Oké Osimiri Òtù Nchekwa|Sea Shepherd Conservation Society]], ọ na-emikpu ụgbọ mmiri abụọ whaling ma bibie Iceland si naanị whale-processing eweta na 1986. O duru Animal Liberation Front's Operation Bite Back mkpọsa megide ajị ụlọ ọrụ na ya na-akwado ụlọ ọrụ na mmalite 1990s, bụ nke bụ. na-etinye aka n'ọtụtụ ọkụ bombings. Mgbe a wakporo ụlọ ọrụ nyocha mink nke Michigan State na mmalite 1992, a tụrụ Coronado mkpọrọ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ ise. O mechara kweta na ọ bụ naanị ya mere ihe ọjọọ. Emepụtara Iwu Nchedo Animal Enterprise 1992 na nzaghachi omume ya. Ọrụ ahụ gara n'ihu na-elekwasị anya n'ịtọhapụ anụmanụ kama ibibi ihe onwunwe. Coronado sokwa Earth First rụọ ọrụ. Mgbalị ya gara n'ihu na 2000s. A tụrụ ya mkpọrọ ọnwa asatọ ọzọ na 2004 maka imebi ịchụ nta ọdụm ugwu Arizona ma lekwasịrị ya anya n'okpuru iwu mgbochi iyi ọha egwu na 2006 maka ịkọpụta nkọwa nke ngwaọrụ mgba ọkụ nke Michigan State na ebe ọha. N'oge a mara ya ikpe, ọ kwụsịrị ime ihe ike, bụ́ ndị a tụrụ mkpọrọ ọtụtụ afọ na ịbụ nna ọhụrụ ya metụtara. O jere ozi afọ agbakwunyere maka ụgwọ ngwaọrụ na-ere ọkụ yana ọnwa anọ agbakwunyere maka mmebi oge oge. Kemgbe 2013, Coronado etinyela aka na nchekwa anụ ọhịa wolf isi awọ na United States. Ọ tọrọ ntọala Wolf Patrol, otu anaghị akwụ ụgwọ na-enyocha ọgwụgwọ anụ ọhịa wolf ma na-akọ ịchụ nta anụ ọhịa wolf iwu na-akwadoghị. == Mbido ndụ na ime ihe ike == [[Usòrò:Rod_Coronado_of_Great_Lakes_Wolf_Patrol_explains_wolf_traps.webm|thumb|Coronado na-akọwa ọnyà anụ ọhịa wolf na 2014]] A mụrụ Rod Coronado na 1966 site na nna nna Pascua Yaqui wee zụlite na California. (Edebanyeghị aha ya na agbụrụ dị ka nke 2006.) Mgbe ọ bụ nwata, a na-akwa ya emo maka ịhụnanya o nwere maka okike. N'ime ahụmahụ ndị o nwere na-akpa, vidio telivishọn nke ịchụ nta ahịa ahịa nke Canada metụrụ ya n'obi nke ukwuu. Ọ sonyeere Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, otu ndị na-eme ihe ike na-emegide whaling, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma. Coronado mechara sonye na Earth First!, bọọdụ nchịkọta akụkọ ya, yana Anim Liberation Front, otu ikike ụmụ anụmanụ dị n'okpuru ala nke tọhapụrụ anụmanụ n'ugbo ajị anụ na ụlọ nyocha. Na Nọvemba 1986, Rod Coronado na David Howitt dara ụgbọ mmiri whaling abụọ na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Reykjavik wee mebie ebe naanị Iceland na-arụ ọrụ whale na Hvalfjord. Ndị òtù abụọ ahụ nọ n'Òtù Ọzụzụ Atụrụ na-echekwa Oké Osimiri ahụ anọwo ọtụtụ izu na Iceland na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta azụ̀ ma na-akpa nkata ihe ha mere. Na Nọvemba 8, di na nwunye ahụ wepụrụ faịlụ kọmputa nke ụlọ ọrụ Hvalfjord, friji na akụrụngwa ụlọ nyocha nwere cyanic acid na sledgehammers ihe karịrị awa asatọ. Ha gbara kilomita iri ise n’ebe ndịda ruo Reykjavik, bụ́ ebe ha banyere n’ụgbọ mmiri anọ nke ụlọ ọrụ whaling abụọ ma meghee valvụ mmiri ha. Ndị nche gbochiri ha ịbanye n'ụgbọ mmiri ndị ọzọ. Coronado na Howitt ji ụgbọ elu gbaga Luxembourg. E mebiwo ihe dị ka nde $2 (nke ruru $5 million na 2022). Coronado haziri wee duru mkpọsa nke ndị Animal Liberation Front nke mmalite 1990 megide ụlọ ọrụ ajị anụ na ụlọ ọrụ nyocha na-akwado ya, nke a maara dị ka Operation Bite Back. Mwakpo mbụ, na June 1991, gbara ọkụ n'ugbo mink nnwale nke Mahadum [[Oregon]] State, na-ere ndekọ nyocha na-ere ọkụ ma na-eduga na mmechi ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. N'ime otu izu, mwakpo ọzọ gbawara Edmonds, Washington, Northwest Farm Food Cooperative, nke wetara nri mink. N'August, ndị na-eme ihe ike wakporo otu ugbo mink nke Mahadum Washington State. Na February 1992, Coronado na abụọ ndị ọzọ na-akwado Animal Liberation Front gbara ụlọ ọrụ nyocha mink nke Michigan State University ọkụ, na-akpata $200,000 na mmebi ma na-akpali 32 afọ nyocha. Na 1995, a mara Coronado ikpe ịga mkpọrọ ọnwa 57, nyocha afọ atọ, na ntaramahụhụ $2 nde. Coronado ekwuola na ya etinyeghị aka na mwakpo a ewezuga ije ozi dị ka onye na-ekwuchitere ndị otu anụ ọhịa, ma were obere ọrụ nke inye aka na mwakpo ahụ iji zere ikpe ma wepụ ebubo sitere na mwakpo ndị ọzọ. Naanị afọ 25 ka Coronado kwetara na ọ bụ naanị onye mere mwakpo ahụ. Mgbasa ozi ahụ gara n'ihu n'oge a tụrụ ya mkpọrọ na-elekwasị anya n'ịtọhapụ anụmanụ kama imebi akụ na ụba. Iwu nchekwa ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti 1992, nke ewuru iji chedo azụmaahịa dabere na anụmanụ, ka emebere ya nke ukwuu na nzaghachi Coronado. Mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, Coronado kere ma dee akwụkwọ akụkọ Strong Hearts. N'ịgbaso iyi egwu nke ọdụm ugwu na-adaba na mgbada ugwu Tucson, Ngalaba Egwuregwu Egwuregwu na Azụ nke Arizona mara ọkwa ịchụ nta n'ime mpaghara Sabino Canyon na Machị 10, 2004. Site na echiche sayensị kewara ekewa banyere uru nke ịkwaga ọdụm na ụbọchị iri nke ngagharị iwe, ngalaba ahụ. nwara ịkwagharị ọdụm ndị ahụ mana ọ chọtara egwu ole na ole. Ihe ngwụcha ngagharị iwe ahụ bụ njide Coronado, na Machị 24, maka ịgbasa ísì ọdụm n'ogige ahụ iji mebie nkịta na-eso ụzọ. A kwụsịrị ịchụ nta a ụbọchị anọ ka e mesịrị. Coronado, onye na-akwado ụwa mbụ Matthew Crozier, na onye nta akụkọ Esquire so ha bụ ndị eboro ebubo imebi iwu n'oge iwu mmechi mberede na itinye aka na onye uwe ojii. Site na 2006 ruo 2007, Coronado jere ozi ọnwa asatọ nke ikpe gọọmentị etiti ọnwa iri. N'etiti ihe ndabere nke Green Scare, oge nke gọọmentị etiti na-emegide mgbagha gburugburu ebe obibi na ikike ụmụ anụmanụ, Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) jidere Coronado na February 2006 dịka akụkụ nke Operation Backfire. Ọtụtụ afọ gara aga, n'August 2003, Coronado kwuru okwu na San Diego na ikike ndị na-akwado ndị FBI dekọrọ. Na nzaghachi nye ajụjụ ndị na-ege ntị banyere mgba ọkụ nke steeti Michigan, Coronado jiri ihe ọ juiceụ juiceụ dị nso dị nso kọwaa ka ngwaọrụ ahụ na-ere ọkụ si arụ ọrụ. Nnukwu ndị juri butere ebubo na Coronado gosipụtara ihe mgbawa na ebumnuche ime mpụ. Ịbụ nna na afọ nke mkpọrọ gbanwere ihe ndị Coronado na-ebute ụzọ. Mgbe e mesịrị na 2006, tupu ikpe ngwaọrụ na-ere ọkụ na-aga n'ụlọ ikpe na mgbe ọ na-eje ozi oge maka ikpe ọdụm ugwu, Coronado dere akwụkwọ ozi mepere emepe site n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na-ajụ ime ihe ike dị ka ụzọ maka nrụgide ọha na eze na-atụle otú mgbalị iwu na oge mkpọrọ siri metụta ndụ ya. , ezinụlọ, na ụmụntakịrị. Ụzọ a bụ ọpụpụ maka Coronado, bụ onye ugbu a bụ onye ama ama n'okpuru ala n'etiti ndị na-ahụ maka ikike gburugburu ebe obibi na anụmanụ. Amara ya maka omume ya na-akwadoghị iwu na-akwadoghị na nkwado ọhaneze ogologo oge maka ụzọ ndị agha ọgụ, na ngosipụta pụtara ìhè na nso nso a na telivishọn mba (Nkeji 60 na 2005) na ikwu okwu na Mahadum America (2003). Ma ịzụ ụmụ, ka o dere, na-eme ka ndị nne na nna “na-eme kpọmkwem ụkpụrụ [ha] na-achọ ịkụziri ụmụ [ha] ihe. Ikpe ngwaọrụ mgba ọkụ ahụ kwụsịrị dị ka mstrial nwere ndị juri kwụgburu. O kpere ikpe na na March 2008 a mara ya ikpe otu afọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ maka mgbanwe ndị ọzọ kwụsịrị ikpe na "na-aga n'ihu na ndụ [ya]", na-ama na-ama na-agbanwe agbanwe echiche ime ihe ike. A tọhapụrụ Coronado na 2009. N'afọ sochirinụ, onye ọka ikpe zigaghachiri ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ maka ọnwa anọ mgbe a chọpụtara Coronado na enyi enyi Mike Roselle na Facebook na-emebi oge ọhụụ ya. Coronado etinyela aka na nchekwa anụ ọhịa wolf isi awọ na United States kemgbe 2013. Ọ tọrọ ntọala Wolf Patrol, otu gburugburu ebe obibi na-abụghị uru nke na-enyocha ọgwụgwọ anụ ọhịa wolf ma na-akọ ịchụ nta anụ ọhịa wolf iwu na-akwadoghị. == Ndụ onwe onye == Coronado lụrụ na 2007 ma nwee ụmụ abụọ: nwa nwoke a mụrụ na 2001 na ada nwunye ya, nke a mụrụ tupu mmekọrịta ha. == Hụkwa == * Nkwado Nkwado Maka Nnwere Onwe Ụwa * Okike na gburugburu ebe obibi miri emi *[[Anarchism]] == Ihe odide == <references responsive="1"></references> == Akwụkwọ ==  (2003) "Reykjavik Raiders", Okwu ọmụmụ na gburugburu ebe obibi Ethics (na en). Rowman & Littlefield, 27–33. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7425-7264-5</nowiki>. (2009) Operation Bite Back: Rod Coronado's War to Chekwa American Wilderness (na en). Bloomsbury. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-60819-142-0</nowiki>. == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==   Coronado, Rod (2004). "Mmemme kpọmkwem na-asụ ụda karịa okwu", ndị na-eyi ọha egwu ka ọ bụ ndị na-alụ ọgụ nnwere onwe? Ntụleghachi na nnwere onwe nke anụmanụ. Akwụkwọ Lantern, 178–184. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1590560549</nowiki>. Coronado, Rod (2011). Àkụ na-enwu ọkụ: Edekọtara Ederede nke Anụmanụ Nnwere Onwe Front Warrior Rod Coronado. Warcry Communications. Àtụ:ISBN Ndị FBI nwara iji oge #MeToo ịmanye onye na-eme ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi ka ọ bụrụ onye na-enye ozi (en-US). Ntinye aka (2018-09-01). Àtụ:Cite magazine Kedu otu Wolf Patrol's Rod Coronado si kpasuo ndị dinta [[Wiskonsin|Wisconsin]] iwe. Ibe obodo (2015-11-02). Ụjọ, Rik. Eco-Warriors (2006) (Àtụ:ISBN) (2008) "Rodney Coronado na The Animal Liberation Front", Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature (na en). A&C Black, 1331–. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4411-2278-0</nowiki>. == Njikọ mpụga == Media related to Rod Coronado at Wikimedia Commons [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Anarchism]] bdwd5ybbb0m3zlgfj21ypqk1657u5pn 632426 632424 2026-05-09T15:00:25Z Goodymaraj 21567 632426 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rodney Adam Coronado''' (amuru Julaị 3, 1966) bu ikike anumanu America na onye na-akwado gburugburu ebe ama ama maka omume agha ya na ngwụcha 1980s na 1990s. Dị ka akụkụ nke [[Onye Ọzụzụ Atụrụ Oké Osimiri Òtù Nchekwa|Sea Shepherd Conservation Society]], ọ na-emikpu ụgbọ mmiri abụọ whaling ma bibie Iceland si naanị whale-processing eweta na 1986. O duru Animal Liberation Front's Operation Bite Back mkpọsa megide ajị ụlọ ọrụ na ya na-akwado ụlọ ọrụ na mmalite 1990s, bụ nke bụ. na-etinye aka n'ọtụtụ ọkụ bombings. Mgbe a wakporo ụlọ ọrụ nyocha mink nke Michigan State na mmalite 1992, a tụrụ Coronado mkpọrọ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ ise. O mechara kweta na ọ bụ naanị ya mere ihe ọjọọ. Emepụtara Iwu Nchedo Animal Enterprise 1992 na nzaghachi omume ya. Ọrụ ahụ gara n'ihu na-elekwasị anya n'ịtọhapụ anụmanụ kama ibibi ihe onwunwe. [[Colorado|Coronado]] sokwa Earth First rụọ ọrụ. Mgbalị ya gara n'ihu na 2000s. A tụrụ ya mkpọrọ ọnwa asatọ ọzọ na 2004 maka imebi ịchụ nta ọdụm ugwu Arizona ma lekwasịrị ya anya n'okpuru iwu mgbochi iyi ọha egwu na 2006 maka ịkọpụta nkọwa nke ngwaọrụ mgba ọkụ nke Michigan State na ebe ọha. N'oge a mara ya ikpe, ọ kwụsịrị ime ihe ike, bụ́ ndị a tụrụ mkpọrọ ọtụtụ afọ na ịbụ nna ọhụrụ ya metụtara. O jere ozi afọ agbakwunyere maka ụgwọ ngwaọrụ na-ere ọkụ yana ọnwa anọ agbakwunyere maka mmebi oge oge. Kemgbe 2013, Coronado etinyela aka na nchekwa anụ ọhịa wolf isi awọ na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]]. Ọ tọrọ ntọala Wolf Patrol, otu anaghị akwụ ụgwọ na-enyocha ọgwụgwọ anụ ọhịa wolf ma na-akọ ịchụ nta anụ ọhịa wolf iwu na-akwadoghị. == Mbido ndụ na ime ihe ike == [[Usòrò:Rod_Coronado_of_Great_Lakes_Wolf_Patrol_explains_wolf_traps.webm|thumb|Coronado na-akọwa ọnyà anụ ọhịa wolf na 2014]] A mụrụ Rod Coronado na 1966 site na nna nna Pascua Yaqui wee zụlite na [[California]]. (Edebanyeghị aha ya na agbụrụ dị ka nke 2006.) Mgbe ọ bụ nwata, a na-akwa ya emo maka ịhụnanya o nwere maka okike. N'ime ahụmahụ ndị o nwere na-akpa, vidio telivishọn nke ịchụ nta ahịa ahịa nke Canada metụrụ ya n'obi nke ukwuu. Ọ sonyeere Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, otu ndị na-eme ihe ike na-emegide whaling, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma. Coronado mechara sonye na Earth First!, bọọdụ nchịkọta akụkọ ya, yana Anim Liberation Front, otu ikike ụmụ anụmanụ dị n'okpuru ala nke tọhapụrụ anụmanụ n'ugbo ajị anụ na ụlọ nyocha. Na Nọvemba 1986, Rod Coronado na David Howitt dara ụgbọ mmiri whaling abụọ na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Reykjavik wee mebie ebe naanị Iceland na-arụ ọrụ whale na Hvalfjord. Ndị òtù abụọ ahụ nọ n'Òtù Ọzụzụ Atụrụ na-echekwa Oké Osimiri ahụ anọwo ọtụtụ izu na Iceland na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta azụ̀ ma na-akpa nkata ihe ha mere. Na Nọvemba 8, di na nwunye ahụ wepụrụ faịlụ kọmputa nke ụlọ ọrụ Hvalfjord, friji na akụrụngwa ụlọ nyocha nwere cyanic acid na sledgehammers ihe karịrị awa asatọ. Ha gbara kilomita iri ise n’ebe ndịda ruo Reykjavik, bụ́ ebe ha banyere n’ụgbọ mmiri anọ nke ụlọ ọrụ whaling abụọ ma meghee valvụ mmiri ha. Ndị nche gbochiri ha ịbanye n'ụgbọ mmiri ndị ọzọ. Coronado na Howitt ji ụgbọ elu gbaga [[Luxembourg]]. E mebiwo ihe dị ka nde $2 (nke ruru $5 million na 2022). Coronado haziri wee duru mkpọsa nke ndị Animal Liberation Front nke mmalite 1990 megide ụlọ ọrụ ajị anụ na ụlọ ọrụ nyocha na-akwado ya, nke a maara dị ka Operation Bite Back. Mwakpo mbụ, na June 1991, gbara ọkụ n'ugbo mink nnwale nke Mahadum [[Oregon]] State, na-ere ndekọ nyocha na-ere ọkụ ma na-eduga na mmechi ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. N'ime otu izu, mwakpo ọzọ gbawara Edmonds, [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]], Northwest Farm Food Cooperative, nke wetara nri mink. N'August, ndị na-eme ihe ike wakporo otu ugbo mink nke Mahadum Washington State. Na February 1992, Coronado na abụọ ndị ọzọ na-akwado Animal Liberation Front gbara ụlọ ọrụ nyocha mink nke Michigan State University ọkụ, na-akpata $200,000 na mmebi ma na-akpali 32 afọ nyocha. Na 1995, a mara Coronado ikpe ịga mkpọrọ ọnwa 57, nyocha afọ atọ, na ntaramahụhụ $2 nde. Coronado ekwuola na ya etinyeghị aka na mwakpo a ewezuga ije ozi dị ka onye na-ekwuchitere ndị otu anụ ọhịa, ma were obere ọrụ nke inye aka na mwakpo ahụ iji zere ikpe ma wepụ ebubo sitere na mwakpo ndị ọzọ. Naanị afọ 25 ka Coronado kwetara na ọ bụ naanị onye mere mwakpo ahụ. Mgbasa ozi ahụ gara n'ihu n'oge a tụrụ ya mkpọrọ na-elekwasị anya n'ịtọhapụ anụmanụ kama imebi akụ na ụba. Iwu nchekwa ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti 1992, nke ewuru iji chedo azụmaahịa dabere na anụmanụ, ka emebere ya nke ukwuu na nzaghachi Coronado. Mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, Coronado kere ma dee akwụkwọ akụkọ Strong Hearts. N'ịgbaso iyi egwu nke ọdụm ugwu na-adaba na mgbada ugwu Tucson, Ngalaba Egwuregwu Egwuregwu na Azụ nke Arizona mara ọkwa ịchụ nta n'ime mpaghara Sabino Canyon na Machị 10, 2004. Site na echiche sayensị kewara ekewa banyere uru nke ịkwaga ọdụm na ụbọchị iri nke ngagharị iwe, ngalaba ahụ. nwara ịkwagharị ọdụm ndị ahụ mana ọ chọtara egwu ole na ole. Ihe ngwụcha ngagharị iwe ahụ bụ njide Coronado, na Machị 24, maka ịgbasa ísì ọdụm n'ogige ahụ iji mebie nkịta na-eso ụzọ. A kwụsịrị ịchụ nta a ụbọchị anọ ka e mesịrị. Coronado, onye na-akwado ụwa mbụ Matthew Crozier, na onye nta akụkọ Esquire so ha bụ ndị eboro ebubo imebi iwu n'oge iwu mmechi mberede na itinye aka na onye uwe ojii. Site na 2006 ruo 2007, Coronado jere ozi ọnwa asatọ nke ikpe gọọmentị etiti ọnwa iri. N'etiti ihe ndabere nke Green Scare, oge nke gọọmentị etiti na-emegide mgbagha gburugburu ebe obibi na ikike ụmụ anụmanụ, Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) jidere Coronado na February 2006 dịka akụkụ nke Operation Backfire. Ọtụtụ afọ gara aga, n'August 2003, Coronado kwuru okwu na San Diego na ikike ndị na-akwado ndị FBI dekọrọ. Na nzaghachi nye ajụjụ ndị na-ege ntị banyere mgba ọkụ nke steeti Michigan, Coronado jiri ihe ọ juiceụ juiceụ dị nso dị nso kọwaa ka ngwaọrụ ahụ na-ere ọkụ si arụ ọrụ. Nnukwu ndị juri butere ebubo na Coronado gosipụtara ihe mgbawa na ebumnuche ime mpụ. Ịbụ nna na afọ nke mkpọrọ gbanwere ihe ndị Coronado na-ebute ụzọ. Mgbe e mesịrị na 2006, tupu ikpe ngwaọrụ na-ere ọkụ na-aga n'ụlọ ikpe na mgbe ọ na-eje ozi oge maka ikpe ọdụm ugwu, Coronado dere akwụkwọ ozi mepere emepe site n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na-ajụ ime ihe ike dị ka ụzọ maka nrụgide ọha na eze na-atụle otú mgbalị iwu na oge mkpọrọ siri metụta ndụ ya. , ezinụlọ, na ụmụntakịrị. Ụzọ a bụ ọpụpụ maka Coronado, bụ onye ugbu a bụ onye ama ama n'okpuru ala n'etiti ndị na-ahụ maka ikike gburugburu ebe obibi na anụmanụ. Amara ya maka omume ya na-akwadoghị iwu na-akwadoghị na nkwado ọhaneze ogologo oge maka ụzọ ndị agha ọgụ, na ngosipụta pụtara ìhè na nso nso a na telivishọn mba (Nkeji 60 na 2005) na ikwu okwu na Mahadum America (2003). Ma ịzụ ụmụ, ka o dere, na-eme ka ndị nne na nna “na-eme kpọmkwem ụkpụrụ [ha] na-achọ ịkụziri ụmụ [ha] ihe. Ikpe ngwaọrụ mgba ọkụ ahụ kwụsịrị dị ka mstrial nwere ndị juri kwụgburu. O kpere ikpe na na March 2008 a mara ya ikpe otu afọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ maka mgbanwe ndị ọzọ kwụsịrị ikpe na "na-aga n'ihu na ndụ [ya]", na-ama na-ama na-agbanwe agbanwe echiche ime ihe ike. A tọhapụrụ Coronado na 2009. N'afọ sochirinụ, onye ọka ikpe zigaghachiri ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ maka ọnwa anọ mgbe a chọpụtara Coronado na enyi enyi Mike Roselle na Facebook na-emebi oge ọhụụ ya. Coronado etinyela aka na nchekwa anụ ọhịa wolf isi awọ na United States kemgbe 2013. Ọ tọrọ ntọala Wolf Patrol, otu gburugburu ebe obibi na-abụghị uru nke na-enyocha ọgwụgwọ anụ ọhịa wolf ma na-akọ ịchụ nta anụ ọhịa wolf iwu na-akwadoghị. == Ndụ onwe onye == Coronado lụrụ na 2007 ma nwee ụmụ abụọ: nwa nwoke a mụrụ na 2001 na ada nwunye ya, nke a mụrụ tupu mmekọrịta ha. == Hụkwa == * Nkwado Nkwado Maka Nnwere Onwe Ụwa * Okike na gburugburu ebe obibi miri emi *[[Anarchism]] == Ihe odide == <references responsive="1"></references> == Akwụkwọ ==  (2003) "Reykjavik Raiders", Okwu ọmụmụ na gburugburu ebe obibi Ethics (na en). Rowman & Littlefield, 27–33. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7425-7264-5</nowiki>. (2009) Operation Bite Back: Rod Coronado's War to Chekwa American Wilderness (na en). Bloomsbury. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-60819-142-0</nowiki>. == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==   Coronado, Rod (2004). "Mmemme kpọmkwem na-asụ ụda karịa okwu", ndị na-eyi ọha egwu ka ọ bụ ndị na-alụ ọgụ nnwere onwe? Ntụleghachi na nnwere onwe nke anụmanụ. Akwụkwọ Lantern, 178–184. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1590560549</nowiki>. Coronado, Rod (2011). Àkụ na-enwu ọkụ: Edekọtara Ederede nke Anụmanụ Nnwere Onwe Front Warrior Rod Coronado. Warcry Communications. Àtụ:ISBN Ndị FBI nwara iji oge #MeToo ịmanye onye na-eme ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi ka ọ bụrụ onye na-enye ozi (en-US). Ntinye aka (2018-09-01). Àtụ:Cite magazine Kedu otu Wolf Patrol's Rod Coronado si kpasuo ndị dinta [[Wiskonsin|Wisconsin]] iwe. Ibe obodo (2015-11-02). Ụjọ, Rik. Eco-Warriors (2006) (Àtụ:ISBN) (2008) "Rodney Coronado na The Animal Liberation Front", Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature (na en). A&C Black, 1331–. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4411-2278-0</nowiki>. == Njikọ mpụga == Media related to Rod Coronado at Wikimedia Commons [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Anarchism]] ncueul2n9stf96nvpj3d6wbxeisobqj 0 30634 632437 495573 2026-05-09T15:04:35Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 632437 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Abdulmumin Jibrin <small>PhD</small>|image=Jibrin Abuja Event.jpg|caption=Abdulmumin Jibrin|office3=Member of the [[House of Representatives of Nigeria]]|term_start3=6 June 2011|term_end3=1 November 2019|predecessor3=Hon. Ubale Jadaga Kiru|successor3=Hon. Ali Datti Yako|office2=Executive Director of Business Development, Federal Housing Authority|term_start2=July 2020|term_end2=October 2021|predecessor2=Mrs. Ebere Alalibo|successor2=Position repositioned|office=Executive Director of Research and Innovation Development, Federal Housing Authority|term_start=October 2021|term_end=May 2022|predecessor=Position established|successor=|party=[[Political parties in Nigeria|New Nigeria People’s Party]]|otherparty=[[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|People's Democratic Party]] (PDP) (2010–2014)<br>[[All Progressives Congress]]<br>(APC) (2014–2022)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://punchng.com/breaking-tinubu-campaign-group-dg-jibrin-dumps-apc/ |title=BREAKING: Tinubu campaign group DG, Jibrin, dumps APC - Punch Newspapers |date=7 May 2022 |publisher=Punch}}</ref>|birth_date={{Birth date and age|df=yes|1976|09|09}}|birth_place=Kano, Nigeria|death_date=|death_place=|nationality=Nigerian|residence=[[Kano (city)|Kano]], [[Abuja]]|alma_mater=[[University of Abuja]]|occupation=Legislature|profession=Politician|website=}} . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Speaker congratulates Gbenga Ashafa, AbdulMumin Jibrin on FHA appointments|url=https://www.radionigeria.gov.ng/2020/08/06/speaker-congratulates-gbenga-ashafa-abdulmumin-jibrin-on-fha-appointments/|work=Radio Nigeria|accessdate=6 August 2020}}</ref>'''Abdulmumin Jibrin''' pronunciation ⓘ<nowiki></link></nowiki> ( mmalite 9 September 1976) bụ onye ike ọchịchị Naijiria, onye ọchụnta ego, ụlọ, na onye bụbu onye otu ụlọ omebe iwu Naijiria [1] nọchitere anya Kiru / Bebeji ike etiti Kano State [2]  ] bụ onye mgbaàmà na nso nso a [3] na ikpo okwu nke New Nigerian People Party .  Ọdụdụ dịka onye isi ngalaba na ọhụrụ nke Federal Housing Authority site na Ọktoba 2021 ruo Mee 2022, n'okpuru isi President [[Muhammadu Buhari]] == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A Game Abdulmumin Jibrin na Kano n' Game Alhaji Labaran Mohammed Jibrin na Hajia Amina Gambo.  Ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Kano tupu a kwaga ya Kaduna ma mechaa Abuja ebe nne na nna ya biri n'oge dị iche iche iji gaa n'ihu n'agụm akwụkwọ ya. Abdulmumin gara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị ndị agha Janguza, Kano (1983–1986) tupu ọ kwaga Command Children School Jaji, Kaduna (1986–1988).  Ọkọ akwụkwọ na Science Secondary School [[Abaji]], Abuja (1989–1992), na Bwari Secondary School, Abuja (1992–1994).  O mechara gaa agụm akwụkwọ ibe wee akara akara ugo icon bachelor na na-enyere ndị hụrụ na Mahadum Abuja, Nigeria na 1999, M.Sc na International Affairs and Diplomacy na [[Mahadum nke Ahmadu Bello|Mahadum Ahmadu Bello]], Zaria, Nigeria na 2003 na Ph.D.  na International Relations na Mahadum Abuja Nigeria na 2009. Ọ gara London Business School 2009-2009, Harvard Business School 2009-2010, International Business House, London 2009, na European Institute of Business Administration INSEAD France, 2009 ebe akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ma ụlọ dị dị iche iche na Senior Executive Program (SEP68 LBS).  ).  Nsogbu Economy Global Economy (LBS), Mkparịta ụka, Mkpebi Mkpebi na Usoro Nkwekọrịta (HBS), elo maka ụdị ndu (PLD9 HBS), International oil Trading (IBH London) na Telecommunications Strategy and Marketing ( INSEAD ).  Ọ dechara Oxford Strategic Leadership Programme (OSLP) na 2016. Oka saịtị MBA na SBS – Swiss Business School, Zurich, Switzerland 2012–2014. Abdulmumin Jibrin malitere ọrụ ọkachamara mbụ ya na mgbasa ozi site na ịrụ ọrụ na Century Research and Communication Limited na mgbe e mesịrị na ụlọ ọrụ ihe owuwu. Mgbe ọ nọsịrị na ụlọ ọrụ nkwukọrịta na ahụmịhe ụfọdụ n'okpuru ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ewu ụlọ, ọ gara n'ihu guzobe ụlọ ọrụ nke ya, Green Forest Investment Limited na 2003. Jibrin mechara bụrụ onye isi njikwa na onye isi oche / CEO nke Green Forest Group Limited, yana ndị enyemaka na Energy, Property Development, Investment, Agriculture, Construction na Engineering. Ọ bụkwa onyeisi oche (Nigeria) nke Turkish Construction Giant, TASYAPI n'etiti 2010 na 2011. Ọ International Relations na Nasarawa State University, Nigeria, ma dee akwụkwọ na ngalaba nke International Relations viz- ihu ọhụrụ nke Nigeria's Foreign Policy, Nigeria Role in Peace Keeping Operations in Africa.  Ọ bụkwa onye otu Nigeria-America na Nigeria-British Chambers of Commerce.  Ọ bụ oche oche Abuja ngalaba nke Nigeria-British Chamber of Commerce (NBCC) n'etiti 2010 - 2011. [[Usòrò:Budget_appropriation.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb| Onye isi oche kọmitii na-ahụ maka fu ego, Hon.  Abdulmumin Jibrin (Nri aka nri nke atọ) ya na President Muhammadu Buhari (n'aka nri nke asaa), osote onye isi ala Yemi Osinbajo (n'aka ekpe nke asaa), oche Senate Bukola Saraki (6th Right) House of Reps  Speaker, Yakubu Dogara (nke aka nri nke ise), Oga oche Senate Committee on Appropriation, Senator Mohammed Danjuma Goje na ndị isi ndị ọzọ na mbịnye aka nke Budget 2016 n'ibu nke President, Abuja, Nigeria]] .A họpụtara Jibrin ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ omebe iwu ndị omebe iwu Naijiria na-anọchite anya Kiru/Bebeji Federal constituency nke Kano State n'okpuru Peoples Democratic Party - PDP n'afọ 2011 tupu ọ banye n'otu ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị ọhụrụ na Naijiria, All Progressives Congress (APC) na 2014.  ma emesịa họpụta ya ọzọ ka ọ bụrụ Ụlọ Ndị Nnọchiteanya na 2015. Jibrin bụ onye isi oche kọmitii na-ahụ maka ego na azụ nke asaa [1] </link> na ihe na Federal Ministry of Finance na Parastatals ya, Federal Revenue, Preparation of Revenue framework/Estimate for the Federal budgets, Sovereign Wealth Fund  - SWIA, Tax Matters, Fiscal okwu, Gọọmenti akwụkwọ ego na bank na Statutory Corporations na ndị ji ọrụ, ọrụ na nhọrọ nke ngwaahịa na-abụ n'etiti ọrụ ndị ọzọ.  Dị ka Oga oche nke kọmitii ego, ọ bụ onye na-ekwu okwu n'ihe gbasara mba.  N'afọ 2015, Jibrin dị ka ndị ọchịchị nke 8th maka onye isi oche maka ụmụ ego ruo mgbe ọ gbara arụkwam na July 2016 dị ka onye isi oche kọmitii. [[Usòrò:Jibrin_Economic_Summit.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Jibrin ya na onye chịburu Naijiria, Goodluck Jonathan na mmemme Nigerian Economic Summit Group]] Jibrin bidoro njem ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị ya mgbe ọ na-eje ozi dịka onye nhazi otu nkwado ma mechaa bụrụ onye otu PDP/Obasanjo Mgbasa Ozi Onyeisiala n'etiti 2002-2003. O mechara bụrụ onye ọrụ mmemme na isi ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi onye isi ala PDP na 2007. N'oge na-adịghị anya a họpụtara Jibrin na Ụlọ Ndị Nnọchiteanya ka ọ hiwere otu, nke a na-akpọ 7th Assembly Group, bụ nke ọtụtụ n'ime ndị omeiwu a họpụtara ọhụrụ na mbụ. Ebumnuche nke otu ahụ dịka Jibrin siri kwuo, dị ka e hotara n'akwụkwọ akụkọ mba, bụ ije ozi dị ka "ikpo okwu maka ndị otu a họpụtara ahọpụta iji guzobe ndị enyi na ịfefe echiche na-esite na mpaghara dị iche iche maka ọdịmma obodo niile." <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.africanoutlookonline.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1741%3Anigerias-house-leadership-new-group-emerges&Itemid=628|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130116083320/http://www.africanoutlookonline.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1741:nigerias-house-leadership-new-group-emerges&Itemid=628|archivedate=16 January 2013|title=Nigerian House Leadership: New Group Emerges|author=Ovada Ohiare, Abuja|publisher=African Outlook|accessdate=28 June 2011}}</ref> Ndị ụlọ omebe iwu họpụtara Jibrin ka ọ bụrụ onye isi otu kọmitii na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na ego, Petroleum Upstream, Petroleum Downstream, na Gas Resources iji nyochaa ebubo ebubo [[Nigerian National Petrleum Corporation|NNPC]] ji ụgwọ ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti na nzaghachi maka mkpesa na-aga n'ihu nke ndị Naijiria na-abawanye maka ịba ụba. aza ajụjụ n'akụkụ gọọmentị ha. Nnyocha nke kọmitii nkwonkwo Abdulmumin Jibrin duziri mechara gosi na anaghị ebufe ego ijeri naira 450 nke [[Nigerian National Petrleum Corporation|NNPC]] na akaụntụ gọọmentị etiti megidere ngalaba 162 (1) nke iwu 1999. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/news/164533-nnpc-should-refund-n3098trn-to-federation-account-house-report%27|title=NNPC Should Refund N3.098trn to Federation Account –House Report|author=Turaki Hassan|publisher=Daily Trust|accessdate=7 June 2011}}</ref> Jibrin okpurukwala awụ ojuju na Naijiria na-adabere oke na ego onyonyo na gas.  E aka n'ọkwa ya dị ka Louis oche nke kọmitii na-ahụ maka ego na ụlọ, Jibrin chịkọtala ọtụtụ ndị na-azụrụ ndị ọrụ na ndị nwe ụlọ iwu mana ọnweghị oke na ndị a: egwuregwu nke ego ha nwere n'onwe ha nke na-ahụ.  maka ego a na-enweta n'ime ụlọ ọrụ.  [1] N'okpuru elu Abdulmumin, kọmitii na-ahụ maka ego ozila nna nna ego na- anabataghị ụgwọ n'ime ego a na-enweta nkwado ma mechaa manye ndị ụlọ ọrụ na-akwụ ụgwọ.  [2] [3] Kọmitii na-ahụ maka ego n'okpuru Jibrin kaadị ezi Nkwado maka nke Treasury Single Account policy (TSA) na n'ikpeazụ na ngosi nke mpi ego nke ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ iwu na-abanye n'ime ụlọ.  ọnụ ọgụgụ site na ngalaba Executive nke ọzọ gaa na ndị omebe iwu site n'aka President Muhammadu.  Buhari. Site n'ikike nke Ụlọ ahụ, Jibrin durukwa kọmitii ego ka ọ malite nyocha zuru oke na ụlọ ọrụ mkpuchi na mkpuchi nke akụ na ihe onwunwe gọọmentị ebe a na-achọpụta ọtụtụ ihe na-enye nsogbu n'ihe gbasara mmebi nke usoro na iwu ndị dị ugbu a. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2012/07/reps-query-nicons-failure-to-pay-n12-3b-claims/|title=Reps query NICON's failure to pay N12.3b claims|author=Rotimi Akinwumi (Abuja)|publisher=Daily Independent|accessdate=12 July 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234420/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2012/07/reps-query-nicons-failure-to-pay-n12-3b-claims/|archivedate=3 March 2016}}</ref> Kọmiti ahụ amalitela ọrụ iji kagbuo ma megharịa iwu mkpuchi dị ugbu a. N'otu aka ahụ, Abdulmumin gara n'ihu leba anya n'ịkwado ụtụ isi na mbupụ site n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke akụ na ụba. Kpọmkwem, kọmitii ahụ malitekwara nyocha nke nnabata ụtụ isi nke ụlọ akụ. Nke a ga-enyocha ọrụ ụlọ akụ dị ka ndị na-anakọta ụtụ na ndị na-atụ ụtụ isi. <ref> {{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardianmobile.com/readNewsItem1.php?nid=14055|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130630101426/http://www.theguardianmobile.com/readNewsItem1.php?nid=14055|archivedate=30 June 2013|title='How Reps Will Probe Banks Over Tax Remittance'|author=Guardian Reporter|publisher=The Guardian Newspaper|accessdate=20 May 2013}}</ref> Abdulmumin chịkwaa ọhụrụ maka nhọpụta nke NITEL [1] nke bụbu ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi kacha kacha na Nigeria, eleghị anya mkpọchị ụgbọ mmiri mmiri, [2] mgbada ikike inyefe ntọhapụ na ihe ndị ọzọ na-akwado maka nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ.  nyọkọ gbasara ego ụlọ ezinụlọ naira na na-akpa mkpa mmemme mmemme ego n'etiti ndị ọzọ. Jibrin bụkwa onye so na kọmitii House on Foreign Affairs, Gas, Electoral Affairs, Youth Development, and Special Ọrụ ebe o nyere aka nke ukwuu n'ọrụ kọmitii ndị a. Jibrin bụ onye isi oche kọmitii na-emekọ ihe ọnụ kwa afọ nke na-agbanwe ego gọọmentị etiti etiti oge mmefu na Fiscal Strategy Paper (MTEF) bụ nke na-ahụ maka akara akụ na ụba niile na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ebu ụzọ na-agba ọsọ maka mmefu ego obodo Naijiria ma n'etiti oge 2011- 2015. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://leadership.ng/nga/articles/36237/2012/10/02/substance_2012_budget_impasse.html|title=The Substance of 2012 Budget Impasse|publisher=Leadership Newspaper|accessdate=2 October 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121205071217/http://www.leadership.ng/nga/articles/36237/2012/10/02/substance_2012_budget_impasse.html|archivedate=5 December 2012}}</ref> N'afọ 2013, Jibrin bụ otu n'ime ndị ụlọ omebe iwu duru ndị omebe iwu mbụ nke mmadụ iri atọ na asaa siri na otu ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị People's Democratic Party (PDP) banye n'otu ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị bụ All Progressive Party (APC). N'ọnwa Maachị afọ 2015, Abdulmumin zọọrọ ọchịchị wee họpụta ya ọzọ n'ụlọomeiwu nke Kiru / Bebeji Kano steeti, Nigeria. Dị ka onyeisi oche nke Appropriation, Jibrin nwere nlekọta ọrụ na Budget ụlọ ọrụ na mba mmefu ego, appropriation nke ego maka ogbugbu nke mmemme na ọrụ gọọmentị. Ọ hụkwara na atumatu gbasara mmefu ego na mmefu ego nke gọọmentị kwekọrọ na atụmatụ mmefu ego nke afọ ma gbaa ajụjụ gbasara gbasara mmefu ego, ego na akụ na ụba na-akwado mkpokọta mmefu na nnata na mmefu ego, ndụmọdụ ndị bụ isi na amụma mmefu nke Onye isi ala na ngosi nke mmefu ego, jide okwu, ebe a na-enweta akaebe sitere n'aka Minista nke ego, Minista atụmatụ na mmefu ego, Gọvanọ nke Central Bank, Onye isi oche nke National Economic Intelligence Agency na ndị ọ bụla ọzọ dị ka Kọmitii, nwere ike. tụlee uru maka ọrụ ya, Nhazi, nyochaa ma na-ahụ maka mmejuputa iwu ntinye ego niile mgbe ndị omeiwu mba gafere, gbasara mmefu ego kwa afọ na atụmatụ mkpọgharị na usoro mmefu nke etiti oge. Dịkwa ka onyeisi oche nke kọmitii na-ahụ maka ego, Jibrin bụ onye so na kọmitii nkwonkwo nke na-agbanwe usoro mmefu ego nke etiti oge na akwụkwọ gbasara ego (MTEF/FSP) nke 2016 budget. Ọ durukwa usoro ahụ dịka onyeisi oche nke ntinye ego nke butere nbibi nke mmefu ego mgbakwunye afọ 2015 nke Onyeisiala Muhammadu Buhari zigara n'ụlọomeiwu. Jibrin bụ onye otu kọmitii na-ahụ maka nhazi, ihe gbasara mba ofesi, egwuregwu, mmekọrịta gọọmentị etiti, ntuli aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ụkpụrụ omume na ihe ùgwù, na mmepe ntorobịa. Jibrin kwadoro ụgwọ maka iwu iji kagbuo Iwu Nkwekọrịta Infrastructure Concession Regulatory Commission (Establishment) Act, 2005 wee wepụta Iwu Ọchịchị Ọha na Ọha na Ọha, 2016 iji wusie ma kwalite ọrụ nlekọta nke Commission ma tinye ya nke ọma n'ịhazi nsonye ahụ. nke ọha na eze na nkeonwe na ịkwalite ihe owuwu, mmepe, imepụta ọrụ ma ọ bụ mmezi nke akụrụngwa ma ọ bụ ọrụ mmepe nke gọọmentị etiti site na nhazi mmekorita nkeonwe; na ihe ndị ọzọ metụtara ya (HB. 358) Na Maachị 2012, Jibrin ghọrọ onye Naijiria nke atọ ahọpụtara maka isonye na mmemme onye isi mba ofesi France a ma ama nke gọọmentị France haziri site n'aka Ministri nke mba ofesi nke France. Ihe karịrị otu puku ndị ndu na-ekwe nkwa esonyela na mmemme ahụ kemgbe ọ malitere na 1989. Naanị pasentị itoolu nke ndị sonyere bụ ndị a họpụtara site na Africa na naanị atọ sitere na Nigeria. Jibrin ji ohere nke mmemme ahụ were kụnye uche n'ihe gbasara mmepe na Naijiria ma mesie ike na-abawanye mmekorita n'etiti Nigeria na France. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pomaska.pl/5301/frances-international-visitor-leadership-program.html|title=République de France: France's International Visitor Leadership Program|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the French Republic}}</ref> == Asọmpi ikwu okwu == OkN'Ọnọ Ma ọchịchị afọ 2015, Hon Abdulmumin Jibrin zọọ ɔkwa ma bụrụkwa ndị obodo ya bụ Kiru/Bebeji Kano steeti, Nigeria àmà ọzọ ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ omebe iwu.  Ọ bụ onye na-achọ ịzọ ọkwa ụlọ mana o mechara rituo maka Hon Yakubu Dogara, onye gara n'ihu mmeri, wee bụrụ Louis oche nke ngwaahịa.  Jibrin bụ onye na-akwado isi na onye na-akwado ndị omebe iwu Yakubu Dogara 8th Assembly nke mere ka ọ pụta ìhè. Ọkà okwu Dogara họpụtara Abdulmumin ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi oche nke Kọmitii Ụlọ Nnọchiteanya na ntinye ego. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Speakership: Jibrin steps down for Dogara|url=http://www.championnews.com.ng/speakership-jibrin-steps-down-for-dogara/|work=Champion Newspapers|accessdate=29 July 2016|archivedate=19 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819015112/http://www.championnews.com.ng/speakership-jibrin-steps-down-for-dogara/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Adebayo|first=Hassan|title=Yakubu Dogara emerges House of Reps Speaker|url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/184718-breaking-yakubu-dogara-emerges-house-of-reps-speaker.html|work=Premium Times|accessdate=29 July 2016}}</ref> Ọkwa ọ nọrọ n'afọ 2015 ruo mgbe ọ gbara arụkwaghịm n'afọ 2016. Ọnwa ole na ole ka ọ gbasịrị arụkwaghịm, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/211530-house-of-reps-suspends-jibrin.html|title=House of Reps suspends Jibrin &#124; Premium Times Nigeria|date=28 September 2016}}</ref> Dogara kwụsịtụrụ ya ka ọ gbasịrị asịrị nke o boro ndị isi ụlọ omeiwu nta ahụ ebubo na ọ na-ekpuchi mmefu ego kwa afọ na ịkwọ ụgbọala nrụrụ aka. Nkwụsị ahụ were otu afọ ndị omebe iwu, na-ejedebe na Maachị 2018 ka a kọrọ na Jibrin rịọrọ Ụlọ Nzukọ ahụ mgbaghara. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/261600-reps-lifts-suspension-on-abdulmumin-jibrin.html|title=Reps lifts suspension on Abdulmumin Jibrin &#124; Premium Times Nigeria|date=13 March 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Hon Abdulmumin Jibrin Emerge DG Femi Gbajabiamila Speakership Campaign Org - Latest Breaking News in Nigeria Today Headlines - All Nigerian Newspapers|url=https://latestnews.ng/hon-abdulmumin-jibrin-emerge-dg-femi-gbajabiamila-speakership-campaign-org/|work=Punch|accessdate=31 March 2019|archivedate=7 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707100736/https://latestnews.ng/hon-abdulmumin-jibrin-emerge-dg-femi-gbajabiamila-speakership-campaign-org/}}</ref>Na ịdị njikere ime omebe iwu zuciyar nke afọ 2019, APC jigidere ụlọ ụlọ iwu, were oche otu obere na iri nri.  Hon.  Ndị na-eche Femi Gbajabiamila ka ọ bụrụ eze ụlọ ụlọ omebe iwu nke ndụ.  N’April 1, 2019, otu Femi Gbajabiamila Mgbasa Ozi Ọhapụrụ Okwukwe gosi Hon Jibrin ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ya. N'okwu nhọpụtapụta ise ya, [1] onye omeiwu a mgbaàmà maka Kiru/Bebeji Federal Constituency nke Kano State, Abdulmumin Jibrin ndị nhoputa ya dị ka ihe na-aga n'ihu n'ụdị onye mụrụ anwụ, Chief Obafemi Awolowo.  , gbakwụnye na Gbajabiamila bụ nwoke.  nke ndị nwere ikike ihe mere eme. Hon Femi Gbajabiamila, onye bụ onye ụlọ omebe iwu kamgbe 2003, nabatara nhọpụta Jibrin ma na 11 April 2019 meri onye iro ya, Hon.  Mohammed Umar Bago, na 283 votes. N'ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2020, Jibrin tụfuru oche ụlọ omebe iwu ya n'aka onye PDP bụ Ali Datti-Yako ka e mere ntuli aka ọzọ na mpaghara gọọmenti etiti ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/374415-pdp-candidate-defeats-abdulmumin-jibrin-in-kano-rerun.html|title=PDP candidate defeats Abdulmumin Jibrin in Kano rerun|date=26 January 2020}}</ref> Abdulmumin Jibrin bụ onye isi ala Muhammadu Buhari họpụtara na 24 July 2020 Executive Director of Business Development, Federal Housing Authority. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Speaker congratulates Gbenga Ashafa, AbdulMumin Jibrin on FHA appointments|url=https://www.radionigeria.gov.ng/2020/08/06/speaker-congratulates-gbenga-ashafa-abdulmumin-jibrin-on-fha-appointments/|work=Radio Nigeria|accessdate=6 August 2020}}</ref> Dị ka onye isi nchịkwa nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepe azụmahịa, Jibrin ga-ahụ maka atụmatụ ụlọ azụmahịa, ọha na eze na ụlọ ọrụ nke ndị isi ọrụ ngalaba na-enyere aka, ya bụ: - Onye isi njikwa (Usoro Ụlọ), Onye isi njikwa (Private partnership & Zonal Coordination), General Onye njikwa (ihe owuwu), Onye isi njikwa (Njikwa Ngwongwo), Onye isi njikwa (Pre-Projects), na Onye isi njikwa (njikwa ogo). E wezụga Sorondọrọ nhọrọ na azụmahịa ya, Jibrin nwere ike miri emi na ọrụ nke o ji guzobe ihe nrite na egwu / nkuzi kwa afọ na NYSC n'ofe Naijiria.  Ọ bụ naanị ya na-akwado mmemme nzụkọ ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum nke Abuja .  Jibrin ngokwala dị mkpa nke ga-eme ka mbọ njikọ ka mma na mahadum ma rụziri ụfọdụ ụlọ ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ.  O mebere Lailife Foundation raara onwe ya nye ndi na-enweghi ọhọd ma na-anọdụkwa na bọọdụ AYAHAY Foundation ., [1] ọrụ ebere nke nyere ya, Maryam Augie-Abdulmumin hiwere.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2016/10/to-commemorate-the-international-day-of-the-girl-child-ayahay-foundation-empowers-girls-in-northern-nigeria/|title=To Commemorate the International Day of the Girl Child AYAHAY Foundation Empowers Girls in Northern Nigeria|date=11 October 2016}}</ref> == Nkwanye ugwu na ihe nrite == Jibrin enwetala ọtụtụ nri nri na ndị isi maka ihe ọ rụpụtara ma n'ọkachamara na ndụ ọha.  A kpọbakwara ya n'òtù ndị dị iche dị iche iche maka onyinye ya mgbanwe onwe ya na omume dị ka ike ụwa si dị.  N'afọ 2000, e nyere Jibrin ihe nrite nke ndụ mmadụ site n'aka otu ụmụ akwụkwọ, Mahadum Abuja, Nigeria . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.youthfederation.org/index.php/news/186-young-ambassadors-for-peace-pledge-unrelentling-efforts-for-peace|title=Awards for International Youth Ambassadors for Peace|author=Youth Federation for World Peace|publisher=YFWP|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303021328/http://youthfederation.org/index.php/news/186-young-ambassadors-for-peace-pledge-unrelentling-efforts-for-peace|archivedate=3 March 2012}}</ref>N'afọ 2009, e nyere Jibrin onyinye nturu ugo United Nations Global Peace Foundation dị ka onye isi anya udo.  Ọ bụ onye nnata akara nke Hope Award nke African-Caribbean Society nke Mahadum Ọgụgụ na 2010. [1] A kwanyere ya ugwu dị ka onye nnochite anya ndị nke ụwa site n'aka Òtù Ndị Ntorobịa Maka Udo mmụta na 2010. N'afọ 2012, e webatara Jibrin ka ọ bụrụ Fellow Chartered Institute of Finance na Control nke Nigeria CIFN.  N'ime otu awụ ahụ, ọ natara onyinye nturu ugo maka onye isi oche kọmitii ụlọ kacha mma site n'aka Chartered Insurance Institute of Nigeria (CIIN).  Na Nọvemba 2012, a na-echebe ya na ihe nrite maka Ọkachamara Iwu site n'aka 7th National Assembly Media Merit Award.  N'akwụkwọ 2013, e nyere Jibrin ihe nrite Distinguished for Contribution to National Development site na Nigeria Conservation, UK.  Mgbe e ịhụ na 2013, e nyere akwụkwọ ịja mma maka ọrụ ọrụ site n'aka Justice & Fairness Organisation, Kano State. . <ref name="wstates">{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_native.html|title=Abdulmumin was turbaned Jarman Bebeji - The Office of Hon. Abdulmumin Jibrin|work=abdulmuminjibrin.com|accessdate=10 November 2012}}</ref>Jibrin onye isi oche kọmitii kacha pụta ìhè nke mba (Revenue Development) site n'aka ndị na-eso ụzọ onye kwuo uche ya na Frankfurt Germany na 2013 na 2014 ọ kpọbatara ya dị ka onye ibe nke Institute of Mass Communication & Information  Management nke Naijirịa na ibe nke Institute of Ndị Nnọkọ Ndị Nyere nke Nigeria.  Maka mmemme ọrụ ebere ya, e nyere Jibrin nri Paul Harris Fellow na 2012. Abdulmumin Jibrin nwere aha omenala Jarman Bebeji nke Kano Emirate Council nyere ya na Nọvemba 2012 == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|2}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Jibrin, Abdulmumin}} 905wwavba8mf0dwd4q5ufgfmyi0iyns 0 31814 632435 127536 2026-05-09T15:03:48Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 632435 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Thomas Babington Macaulay|image=<!-- filename only, no "File:" or "Image:" prefix, and no enclosing [[brackets]] -->|caption=|birth_date={{Birth date|1826|01|17|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Kissy, Sierra Leone]]|death_date={{Death date and age|1878|01|17|1826|01|17|df=y}}|death_place=[[Lagos]], [[Lagos Colony]]}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] Thomas Babington Macaulay (17 Jenuarị 1826 – 17 Jenụarị 1878) bụ onye ụkọchukwu na onye nkuzi na Naịjirịa. Ọ bụ onye isi na onye nchoputa nke CMS Grammar School, Lagos, na nna onye mba Naijiria bụ Herbert Macaulay. == Ndụ == Thomas Babington Macaulay mụrụ na Kissy, [[Sierra Leone]], na 17 Jenụwarị 1826 nye nne na nna Yoruba bụ ndị British West Africa Squadron tọhapụrụ na ahia ahia ohu nke Trans Atlantic. Nna ya bụ Ojo-Oriare si Ikirun na Oyo Province (ugbu a Osun State), ebe nne ya bụ Kilangbe si Ile-Ogbo, nakwa na Oyo Province. Macaulay zụrụ azụ na CMS Training Institute, Islington, na King's College, [[London]]. Ọ bụ obere onye otu Bishọp Samuel Ajayi Crowther, onye ada ya nke abụọ, Abigail, lụrụ na 1854. == Ọnwụ == Macaulay nwụrụ n'ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya (17 Jenụwarị 1878) site na kịtịkpa na Lagos wee lie ya n'ili Ajele. Babington Macaulay Junior Seminary, ụlọ akwụkwọ na-ahụ maka ụlọ akwụkwọ na [[Ikorodu]], Lagos ka a na-akpọ aha ya. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}}   7. A na-akpọkwa Thomas Babington Macaulay aha ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na Ikorodu, Lagos i1r4zu9wfl578ostla6xgvm211otvf6 0 31997 632418 127734 2026-05-09T14:50:14Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 632418 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Ayotunde Adeyoola Phillips|image=|image_size=|caption=|office1=[[Chief Judge of Lagos State]]|term_start1=10 June 2012|term_end1=26 July 2014|office2=|term_start2=|term_end2=|office3=|term_start3=|term_end3=|predecessor3=[[Inumidun Akande]]|successor3=[[Oluwafunmilayo Olajumoke Atilade]]|birth_date={{Birth date and age|df=yes|1949|07|26}}|birth_place=[[London]]|death_date=|death_place=|party=}} Ayotunde Adeyoola Phillips (amuru 26 Julaị 1949) bu onye oka iwu Naijiria na onye bu onye isi ọka ikpe nke Lagos State. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Ayotunde Adeyoola Williams na 26 Julaị 1949, na London, nwa mbụ nke onye ọka ikpe nwụrụ anwụ James Oladipo Williams na Henrietta Aina Williams, onye ọkaikpe mụrụ Legọs steeti. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị na Lọndọn tupu ya na nwanne ya, Oluwafunmilayo Olajumoke Atilade laghachi Naijiria. O nwetara asambodo asambodo West Africa na [[Queen's College, Lagos|Queen's College]], Lagos na [[Ibadan]] Grammar School tupu ya aga na mahadum Lagos ebe o nwetara nzere bachelọ na iwu n'ọnwa Jun 1973. O mechakwara ọrụ otu afo Youth Service na Enugu State Ministry of Ikpe ziri ezi ma kpọọ oku na 1974. == Ọrụ iwu == Ọ malitere ọrụ ya na Kehinde Sofola's Chambers na Nọvemba 1975, otu afọ ka ọ kpọchara oku na ụlọ mmanya. Ọ hapụrụ ụlọ ahụ na Septemba 1976 wee sonye na ọrụ Lagos State Development and Property Corporation dị ka onye ọka iwu wee ruo ọkwa onye ndụmọdụ gbasara iwu na 1990, n'otu afọ ahụ ọ nwetara mbufe na Ministry of Justice ebe ọ nwetara ikike mmụta. Ọkwa onye ọka ikpe High Court n'afọ 1994. N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2012, [[Babatunde Fashola]] họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ọkaikpe ma mgbe ọ lachara ezumike nka na June 2014, Ọkaikpe Oluwafunmilayo Olajumoke Atilade, nwanne ya nwanyị tọrọ, nọchiri ya. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 9rltr7uficeevvw0bc0jhi7vgf6pxxr 632420 632418 2026-05-09T14:53:04Z Goodymaraj 21567 632420 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Ayotunde Adeyoola Phillips|image=|image_size=|caption=|office1=[[Chief Judge of Lagos State]]|term_start1=10 June 2012|term_end1=26 July 2014|office2=|term_start2=|term_end2=|office3=|term_start3=|term_end3=|predecessor3=[[Inumidun Akande]]|successor3=[[Oluwafunmilayo Olajumoke Atilade]]|birth_date={{Birth date and age|df=yes|1949|07|26}}|birth_place=[[London]]|death_date=|death_place=|party=}} '''Ayotunde Adeyoola Phillips''' (amuru 26 Julaị 1949) bu onye oka iwu Naijiria na onye bu onye isi ọka ikpe nke [[Ȯra Lagos|Lagos State]]. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Ayotunde Adeyoola Williams na 26 Julaị 1949, na [[London]], nwa mbụ nke onye ọka ikpe nwụrụ anwụ [[James Oladipo Williams]] na Henrietta Aina Williams, onye ọkaikpe mụrụ Legọs steeti. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị na Lọndọn tupu ya na nwanne ya, Oluwafunmilayo Olajumoke Atilade laghachi Naijiria. O nwetara asambodo asambodo West Africa na [[Queen's College, Lagos|Queen's College]], Lagos na [[Ibadan]] Grammar School tupu ya aga na mahadum Lagos ebe o nwetara nzere bachelọ na iwu n'ọnwa Jun 1973. O mechakwara ọrụ otu afo Youth Service na Enugu State Ministry of Ikpe ziri ezi ma kpọọ oku na 1974. == Ọrụ iwu == Ọ malitere ọrụ ya na Kehinde Sofola's Chambers na Nọvemba 1975, otu afọ ka ọ kpọchara oku na ụlọ mmanya. Ọ hapụrụ ụlọ ahụ na Septemba 1976 wee sonye na ọrụ Lagos State Development and ''Property Corporation'' dị ka onye ọka iwu wee ruo ọkwa onye ndụmọdụ gbasara iwu na 1990, n'otu afọ ahụ ọ nwetara mbufe na Ministry of Justice ebe ọ nwetara ikike mmụta. Ọkwa onye ọka ikpe High Court n'afọ 1994. N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2012, [[Babatunde Fashola]] họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ọkaikpe ma mgbe ọ lachara ezumike nka na June 2014, Ọkaikpe [[Oluwafunmilayo Olajumoke Atilade]], nwanne ya nwanyị tọrọ, nọchiri ya. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] kr1tmbfiux5afajwv2hdkyphot0z5yc 0 32340 632419 623235 2026-05-09T14:50:31Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 632419 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Oké ọhịa mmiri nke Niger Delta''' bụ mpaghara ọhịa na-ekpo ọkụ na ndịda [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]. O nwere oké ọhịa mmiri dị ọcha na Niger Delta nke Osimiri Niger. Oké ọhịa a bụ nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu n'Africa na-esote oké ọhịa Congo. <ref name="wwf">{{Cite web|title=Niger Delta swamp forests|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0122|publisher=World Wildlife Federation|language=en|accessdate=June 20, 2020}}</ref><ref name="ecomap">{{Cite web|title=Map of Ecoregions 2017|url=https://ecoregions2017.appspot.com/|publisher=Resolve, using WWF data|language=en|accessdate=June 20, 2021}}</ref><ref name="dopa">{{Cite web|title=Niger Delta swamp forests|url=https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/30122|publisher=Digital Observatory for Protected Areas|language=en|accessdate=June 20, 2021}}</ref><ref name="eoe">{{Cite web|title=Niger Delta swamp forests|url=https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Niger_Delta_swamp_forests|publisher=The Encyclopedia of Earth|language=en|accessdate=June 20, 2021}}</ref>Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere nnukwu obodo ndị dị na mpụga mpaghara ahụ, mpaghara ahụ anọwo na-anọpụ iche n'ihi ihe isi ike nke iwu okporo ụzọ gafee marshes, ọ bụ ezie na nke a na-agbanwe site na mmepe nke mmanụ na ụlọ ọrụ ịkpụ osisi. Nnyocha sayensị amalitela n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, a na-achọpụtakwa ụdị ọhụrụ n'ime afọ ndị 1990. <ref name="eoe" />Nnyocha mmanụ na mmetọ abụwo ihe iyi egwu nye ọhịa na mpaghara Niger Delta.  <ref>Amarachi Paschaline Onyena, Kabari Sam (2020).  A review of the threat of oil exploitation to mangrove ecosystem: Insights from Niger Delta, Nigeria * Global Ecology and Conservation Volume 22, June 2020, e00961</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Ebe na nkọwa == Ógbè ọhịa mmiri nke Niger Delta na-ekpuchi ókèala triangular n'ọnụ Osimiri Niger. A na-eweghachi nsọtụ ndịda ihe dị ka kilomita 10 site na Gulf of Guinea, nke mpaghara mangroves nke Central Africa na-egbochi ebe mmetụta nke mmiri nnu pụtara ìhè. &nbsp;E guzobere ókèala ọdịda anyanwụ nke mpaghara ahụ n'akụkụ Osimiri Benin, ọnụ ugwu dị n'ebe ugwu nke obodo Aboh, na ọnụ ọwụwa anyanwụ na-aga n'akụkụ [[Imo River|Osimiri Imo]]. Obodo [[Ugwu Ọcha|Port Harcourt]] dị n'akụkụ ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke mpaghara ecoregion. Mpaghara Niger Delta nke Naịjirịa dị n'akụkụ Ọwara Oké Osimiri Guinea. Ọ bụ delta kachasị ukwuu n'Africa na delta nke atọ kachasị ukwuu n"ụwa nakwa marshland kachasị ukwuu na West na Central Africa. <ref>Akegbejo-Samsons, Y., & Omoniyi, I. T. (2009). Management challenges of mangrove forests in Africa: A critical appraisal of the coastal mangrove ecosystem of Nigeria. Nature and Faune, 24, 50–55.</ref>Mpaghara ahụ sitere na Aboh (5°33′49′′ N na 6°31′38′′ E) Ndokwa East, Delta State na North ruo Palm Point (4°16′22′′ N na6°05′27′′ E) Bayelsa State na ndịda. Mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ-ọdịda anyanwụ dị n'etiti Benin ma ọ bụ ọnụ mmiri Osimiri Etiopia (5°44′11′′ N na 5°3′49′′ E) Delta State na ọdịda anyanwụ na ọnụ mmiri Osimira Imo (4°27′16′′ N na 7°35′27′′ E) [[Ikot-Abasi|Ikot Abasi]], [[Ȯra Akwa Ibom|Akwa Ibom State]] n'ebe ọwụwa Anyanwụ.<ref>NDDC. (2005). Niger Delta regional development master plan. Port Harcourt: Author. Niger Delta Environmental Survey (NDES). (1997). Environmental and socio-economic characteristics. Port Harcourt: NDDC.</ref> A na-ewu Delta Niger site na mmiri si n'osimiri Niger. Ala ahụ dị larịị na alaka ndị na-agagharị agagharị nke osimiri ahụ. Niger Delta nwere netwọk dị iche iche nke osimiri na iyi ndị na-ekesa Osimiri Niger. <ref>Ayansina Ayanlade & Nicolas Drake. Forest loss in different ecological zones of the Niger Delta Nigeria: evidence from remote sensing. GeoJournal (2016) 81:717 – 735 DOi 10:1007/s 10708 – 015 – 9658 - y</ref>Ala nke delta ahụ dịgasị iche site na osimiri na iyi ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe, na ájá na ụrọ na-egosi ihe ndị fọdụrụ n'ụgbọ mmiri ochie, ụrọ dị arọ nke mmiri na-agba n'azụ ụsọ mmiri, na ụrọ silty na ụrọ n'ala dị elu. [https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0122 "Niger Delta swamp forests"]. World Wildlife Federation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref>Enwere ike ịkọwa Delta Niger n'ime mpaghara anọ dị iche iche: ya bụ, ọhịa mangrove, ọhịa mmiri dị ọcha, ọhịa mmiri ozuzo dị ala na ahịhịa ndị ọzọ sitere na mmetụta mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. <ref>Udo, R. K. (1978). A comprehensive geography of West Africa (pp. 226–247). Ibadan: Heinemann Educational Books</ref>Mangroves bụ oké ọhịa dị mgbagwoju anya nke na-eto n'ebe nkwonkwo n'ime ala kpọrọ nkụ na oké osimiri mepere emepe na mpaghara okpomọkụ ma bụrụ isi iyi nke nnukwu ihe ndị dị ndụ na enweghị ihe ndị dị adị. <ref>Adams, W. M. (1993). Indigenous use of wetlands and sustainable development in West Africa. Geogr J. 159(2):209 - 218</ref>Oké ọhịa mangrove nke Naijiria dị na mpaghara Niger delta ma bụrụkwa oké ọhịa mangrova a na-emegbu emegbu n'ụwa. <ref>Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2007. The worlds Mangroves 1980 – 2005. FAO  Forestry paper 153  FAO, Rome</ref>Mpaghara Niger Delta nke Naịjirịa nwere ala nke ihe dị ka 70000 km2 na-anọchite anya 7.5% nke ala Naịjirị. Ọ mejupụtara mmanụ itoolu - na-emepụta steeti viz; Abia, Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross River, Delta, Edo, Imo, Ondo na Rivers. &nbsp;Steeti ndị a nwere ihe karịrị agbụrụ 40 ma nwee mpaghara gọọmentị ime obodo 185 (LGAs) na ndị bi na ya na-asụ ihe dị ka asụsụ 250 dị iche iche. <ref>Maduka O, Tobin-West C. Is living in a gas-flaring host community associated with being hypertensive? Evidence from the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. BMJ Glob Health 2017;2:e000413. doi:10.1136/ bmjgh-2017-000413</ref>Mpaghara Niger Delta so n'ime mpaghara kachasị elu nke hydrocarbon n'ụwa. Nnyocha na mmebi nke hydrocarbons malitere na mpaghara ahụ na 1957 site na nchọpụta mmanụ na Oloibiri na River State ma kemgbe ahụ na-aga n'ihu ruo taa (2023).<ref>Onuoha, F.C. (2008). Oil Pipeline Sabotage in Nigeria: Dimensions, Actors and Implications for National Security L/C. African Security Review, 17(3)</ref><ref>O. Uchegbulam and E.A. Ayolabi. Satellite Image Analysis using Remote Sensing Data in Parts of Western Niger Delta, Nigeria. Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences (JETEAS) 4(4): 612-617 © Scholarlink Research Institute Journals, 2013 (ISSN: 2141-7016)</ref> == Ọnọdụ ihu igwe == Mpaghara ahụ nwere ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ, dịka nhazi ihu igwe Köppen (Am) si dị. A na-eji oge ọkọchị dị iche iche mara ihu igwe a na okpomọkụ na-adịgide adịgide n'afọ niile, na nkezi okpomọkụ nke ọnwa ọ bụla n'elu 18 °C (64 °F). &nbsp;&nbsp;Ihe na-erughị 60 mm, mana ihe karịrị (100- (nkezi / 25) mm, nke mmiri ozuzo na-ada n'oge ọnwa kachasị akọrọ. &nbsp;Ọnọdụ ihu igwe a dị n'etiti savannah na oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo. <ref name="kop">{{Cite web|author=Kottek, M., J. Grieser, C. Beck, B. Rudolf, and F. Rubel, 2006|title=World Map of Koppen-Geiger Climate Classification Updated|url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/Paper_2006.pdf|publisher=Gebrüder Borntraeger 2006|language=en|accessdate=September 14, 2019}}</ref><ref name="kop-data">{{Cite web|title=Dataset - Koppen climate classifications|url=https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/world-maps-k%C3%B6ppen-geiger-climate-classification|publisher=World Bank|language=en|accessdate=September 14, 2019}}</ref>Oge mmiri ozuzo na-amalite na Machị-Eprel ruo Ọktoba. Mmiri ozuzo sitere na 2,500 mm / afọ n'ebe ugwu ruo 4,000 mm / afọ dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri n'ebe ndịda. &nbsp;&nbsp;<ref name="wwf" />. World Wildlife Federation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref>Mmiri ozuzo bụ 90-100% maka ihe ka ukwuu n'afọ.<ref name="eoe" />. The Encyclopedia of Earth<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Mmebi na-etinye oké ọhịa mmiri dị n'ime mmiri Niger n'ihe ize ndụ, yabụ ọ dị mkpa ịghọta ihe mejupụtara ha, nkesa ha, na ọnọdụ ha. N'ime nnyocha nke nyochara ụdị dị iche iche nke okooko osisi na ihe mejupụtara mpaghara ọhịa iri na isii nke otu hekta, a chọpụtara ụdị 116 sitere na ụdị 82 na ezinụlọ 36. Ebe ndị a na-enye nsogbu gosipụtara mbelata nke ụdị ọgaranya mana ụdị dị iche iche dị iche iche na ọnụ ọgụgụ osisi dị ukwuu. Nnyocha ahụ na-egosipụta mkpa ọ dị maka nkwụsi ike nke ụdị na ụdị dị iche iche ma mesie ike mkpa nchekwa lekwasịrị anya na mpaghara mebiri emebi.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=DeFries|first=Ruth S.|date=March 2010|title=Deforestation driven by urban population growth and agricultural trade in the twenty-first century|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo756|journal=Nature Geoscience|language=en|volume=3|issue=3|pages=178–181|doi=10.1038/ngeo756|issn=1752-0908}}</ref> == Flora na anụmanụ == Ihe dị ka 67% nke ecoregion kpuchiri n'oké ọhịa mechiri emechi, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. 13% ọzọ bụ oké ọhịa mepere emepe, 8% ala mmiri na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, 5% obodo ma ọ bụ ụlọ elu, 3% n'okpuru ọrụ ugbo, na mmiri na-adịgide adịgide na nke oge. <ref name="dopa" />. Digital Observatory for Protected Areas<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2021</span>.</ref>Osisi abura (''Hallea ledermannii''), nke a na-ahụkarị n'oge gara aga, a na-egbutu ya na delta. Osisi ndị a na-ahụkarị n'oké ọhịa ahụ gụnyere nkwụ mmanụ (''[[Elaeis guineensis]]''), osisi Azobe (''Lophira alata''), nutmeg Africa (''Pycnanthus angolensis''), ''Ricinodendron heudelotii'', ''Hallea ledermannii'', osisi Flatcrown (''Albizia adianthifolia''), mango ọhịa (''Irvingia gabonensis''), (''Klainedoxa gabonensis''"), (Treculia africana), na ụdị nke (''Ficus'').<ref name="eoe" />{{Cite web|title=Niger Delta swamp forests|url=https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Niger_Delta_swamp_forests|publisher=The Encyclopedia of Earth|language=en|accessdate=June 20, 2021}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> Oasis maka osisi na anụmanụ kemgbe oge Upper Cretaceous bụ Niger Delta, nnukwu ọhịa Africa. N'ịgbaso nchọpụta mmanụ 1950s, ọrụ mmadụ etinyela Niger Delta egwu. Niger Delta red colobus na Niger Delta pygmy hippopotamus bụ ụdị anụmanụ abụọ na-enye nwa ara na-ebi na delta. Mpaghara atọ nke Delta bụ mpaghara etiti azụ, akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Delta, na oké ọhịa idei mmiri. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ụdị anụmanụ dị iche iche dị iche iche na delta, achọtala ụdị ọhụrụ n'oge na-adịbeghị anya. A maghị osisi ndị sitere na Delta, n'agbanyeghị ụdị okooko osisi a na-adịghị ahụkebe. Enyí Africa, chimpanzees, crested genets, na pygmy hippos na Niger Delta so n'ụdị ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ. Mmepe nke okporo ụzọ na ọwa mmiri, nchọta mmanụ, na igbutu Abura, ụdị osisi bara uru, niile nyere aka na [[mbibi ebe obibi]] nke delta. Mpaghara ahụ na-eche nsogbu ndị dị ka mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ ihu, ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, esemokwu, na nchọpụta akụ na ụba na-enweghị isi.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Igu|first=Nwabueze I.|date=2017-01-02|title=Freshwater swamp forest use in the Niger Delta: perception and insights|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13416979.2017.1280887|journal=Journal of Forest Research|language=en|volume=22|issue=1|pages=44–52|doi=10.1080/13416979.2017.1280887|issn=1341-6979}}</ref> '''1.5 Ogige Oké ọhịa Ikibiri''' Ogige ọhịa Ikibiri Creek dị na Bayelsa State na mpaghara Niger Delta. A na-enweta ya na ihe onwunwe ọhịa nke gụnyere ngwaahịa osisi, osisi ọgwụ, osisi ịchọ mma, na anụ ọhịa. N'ụzọ dị mwute, ebe nchekwa ahụ dị ka ebe nchekwa ndị ọzọ dị na mpaghara Niger Delta nọ na ụzọ mkpụmkpụ n'ihi ụfọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba, mmepe na nchịkwa.<ref>Ayanlade A., 2014, Remote Sensing of Environmental Change in the Niger Delta, Nigeria, PhD thesis submitted to Department of Geography, School of Social Sciences and Public Policy, King's College London, University of London)</ref> '''Mmetụta nke Biodiversity nke Ebe Nchedo''' A na-atụ anya na mpaghara Niger Delta nke Naịjirịa bụ ebe obibi nke ụdị anụ ọhịa na ahịhịa dị iche iche. Ọnụnọ nke ụdị 28 nke anụmanụ na-ebi n'ala na n'ala metụtara ezinụlọ ''Bufo'' (ụdị Bufo na ''Nectophryne''), Pipidae (''Silurana'' na ''Hymenochirus''), nidae (''Hylarana'', ''Ptychadena'', ''Aubria'', ''Conraua'', ''Hoplobatrachus'', na ''Phrynobatrachus''), Arthroleptidae (Arthroleptis), Rhacophoridae (''Chiromantis''), Microhylidae (''Phrynomantis''), na Hyperly, Niger, mpaghara isii. <ref>Akani G.C., Politano E., and Luiselli L., 2004, Amphibians recorded in forest swamp areas of the River Niger Delta (southeastern Nigeria), and the effects of habitat alteration from oil industry development on species richness and diversity, Applied Herpetology, 2(1): 1-22 <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1163/1570754041231604</nowiki></ref>Ebe obibi nke ụdị anụmanụ ndị a na-ahụkarị na ndị a na'ihe ize ndụ nke gụnyere Sclater's guenon (''Cercopithecus sclateri''), Nigerian white-throated guenon, red-capped mangabey (''Cercocebus torquatus'') na Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti) dị n'ihe izeign. <ref name="Ikemeh R.A. 2015">Ikemeh R.A., 2015, Assessing the Population Status of the Critically Endangered Niger Delta Red Colobus (Piliocolobus epieni), Primate Conservation, (29):87-96)</ref>Ụmụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara karịsịa Heslop's pygmy hippopotamus (''Hexaprotodon liberiensisheslopi'') na-apụ n'anya ugbu a na mpaghara Niger Delta n'ihi nlekọta na-adịghị mma nke ebe echedoro, enweghị usoro nchekwa na njikwa kwesịrị ekwesị.<ref name="Ikemeh R.A. 2015" /> '''Ihe ịma aka nke Ebe Echebe''' N'ozuzu, ụdị dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na-agụnye ụdị dị ichelekana nke ihe ndị bi ndụ (viz: osisi, anụmanụ, ụmụ ahụhụ) a na-ahụ n'ụwa n'agbanyeghị gburugburu ebe obibi (arịa, mmiri na ala). <ref name="ReferenceB">Izah S.C, Aigberua A.O., and Nduka J.O., 2018a, Factors affecting the population trend of biodiversity in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, International Journal of Avian and Wildlife Biology, 3(3):206‒214</ref>[[Environmental degradation|Mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi]] na mgbukpọ ọhịa emetụtala ihe onwunwe dị iche iche. A chọpụtala na mmetọ, hypertrophication acidification, ọla dị arọ, mmetọ okpomọkụ, mmetụ nuklia, mmetorị mmanụ na gas na mmetụ mmadụ bụ isi mmetọ na-akpata mbelata nke ụdị dị iche iche na Niger Delta. <ref>Oribhabor B.J., 2016, Impact of Human Activities on Biodiversity in Nigerian Aquatic Ecosystems, Science International, 4: 12-20 <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.17311/sciintl.2016.12.20</nowiki> )</ref>Dị ka omenala si dị, ọhịa Niger Delta Swamp na-enye ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ, mba na mba ụwa ọrụ bara uru. N'ihi nchebara echiche mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba n'ihi ịchọ ihe oriri na ndụ, enwere nnukwu nrụgide na gburugburu ebe obibi na-eduga na mmebi na mgbukpọ nke gburugburu ebe obibi nke Niger Delta. <ref>Izah S.C, Aigberua A.O., and Nduka J.O., 2018a, Factors affecting the population trend of biodiversity in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, International Journal of Avian and Wildlife Biology, 3(3):206‒214)</ref>Ihe kachasị akpata mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi na mgbukpọ ọhịa na ala mmiri Niger Delta gụnyere nchọpụta mmanụ na gas na mmebi, igbu osisi gabigara ókè, na ọkụ ọhịa. <ref>Ayanlade A., and Proske U., 2015, Assessing wetland degradation and loss of ecosystem services in the Niger Delta, Nigeria, Marine and Freshwater Research <nowiki>http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/MF15066</nowiki></ref><ref>Izah S.C., Angaye C.N., Aigberua A.O., and Nduka J.O., 2017a, Uncontrolled bush burning in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria: potential causes and impacts on biodiversity, International Journal of Molecular Ecology and Conservation, 7(1): 1-15 <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.5376/ijmec.2017.07.0001</nowiki>)</ref>Ngwaahịa ọhịa dị mkpa bụ osisi, osisi, osisi ọgwụ, anụ ọhịa, nri bụ isi ihe na-eweta ngwaahịa na ọrụ ọhịa. <ref>Erefitei A., 2016, Bayelsa State Forest Management <nowiki>http://www.bodmasnewsblog.com/2016/05/bayelsa-state-forest-management.html</nowiki></ref>na ojiji gabigara oke na-eduga na mmebi na mgbukpọ nke usoro okike nke mpaghara Niger Delta. <ref name="ReferenceB" />Enwere ọtụtụ nsonaazụ maka ịbawanye ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mgbukpọ ọhịa na ụdị dị iche iche nke gburugburu ebe obibi Niger Delta, n'ihi mmetụta ọjọọ na gburugburu ebe obibi, ụdị dị ichelekana nke mpaghara ahụ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ ebe ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ adịlarị. <ref>Ayanlade A., 2014, Remote Sensing of Environmental Change in the Niger Delta, Nigeria, PhD thesis submitted to Department of Geography, School of Social Sciences and Public Policy, King's College London, University of London</ref>Tụkwasị na nke a, ojiji dịgasị iche iche nke ala, ya bụ ọrụ iwu ụlọ, ime obodo, mmepụta ihe na mmebi nke ebe nchekwa ọhịa nke na-agụnye iji anụ ọhịa eme ihe n'ụzọ gabigara ókè, ịchụ nta iwu na-akwadoghị, igbu osisi na ọkụ ọhịa bụ isi ihe na-akpata mbelata nke ebe echedoro. <ref name="ReferenceB" />N'ihi ihe ndị a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu, a chọpụtala na a na-egbu anụ ọhịa n'efu ma gosipụta ya maka ire ere n'ime gburugburu ụfọdụ n'ime ebe nchekwa. <ref>Ohimain E.I., Izah S.C., and Otobotekere D., 2014, Selective impacts of the 2012 water floods on the vegetation and wildlife of Wilberforce Island, Nigeria, International Journal of Environmental Monitoring Analysis, 2: 73-85 <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20140202.13</nowiki></ref><ref name="ReferenceB" />Otu ihe dị mkpa na-ahazi mbelata n'ebe ndị a na-echebe bụ ọkụ ọhịa. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, e nweela mmụba n'ọnụ ọgụgụ ọkụ ọhịa. <ref>Izah S.C., Angaye C.N., Aigberua A.O., and Nduka J.O., 2017a, Uncontrolled bush burning in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria: potential causes and impacts on biodiversity, International Journal of Molecular Ecology and Conservation, 7(1): 1-15 <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.5376/ijmec.2017.07.0001</nowiki></ref>N'ihi mmebi na-enweghị atụ nke na-akpata mfu nke ihe ndị dị mkpa dị n'oké ọhịa, e guzobere ebe nchekwa iji chekwaa ebe obibi ahụ. <ref name="Abere S.A. 2011">Abere S.A., and Ezenwaka J., 2011, Evaluation of forest resources conservation laws in Nigeria, Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 2(5): 49-54</ref>Iji mezuo nke a, iwu gọọmentị etiti, steeti na nke ime obodo na-echebe ụdị dị iche iche nke e mere iji hụ na nchekwa na nchebe nke gburugburu ebe obibi. N'agbanyeghị nke a, a ka na-ere ụdị ụfọdụ n'ihu ọha n'ahịa Naijiria. E nwere iwu na iwu ndị na-adịgide adịgide na nchekwa nke ihe onwunwe okike na Naịjirịa. Iwu na iwu ndị a gụnyere iwu nchedo akụ na ụba mba 1989 (nke guzobere kansụl nchedo iji mepụta ma tinye n'ọrụ iwu iji dozie ọhịa, ịkụ azụ, anụ ọhịa, ala na nchekwa mmiri), Iwu Federal Environmental Protection Agency (Isi 131, Iwu nke Federation, 1990) nke e guzobere iji bulie nchedo nke akụ na ụba sitere na iwu gburugburu ebe obibi siri ike, Iwu Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi (Nkebi 86 nke 1992) (Nkebebebebe iwu nke ụdị dị iche iche iche dị iche iche dị na ndụ ọhịa ọ bụla na-emebi na-eme atụmatụ) <ref name="Abere S.A. 2011" />Otú ọ dị, n'agbanyeghị iwu na iwu ndị a, mmebi nke ihe onwunwe ọhịa gụnyere n'ebe ndị a na-echebe ka na-abawanye na-eme ka iwu na iwu ghara ịdị irè na nchekwa nke ihe onyinyo ọhịa. <ref>Izah S.C, Aigberua A.O., and Nduka J.O., 2018a, Factors affecting the population trend of biodiversity in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, International Journal of Avian and Wildlife Biology, 3(3):206‒214</ref>A chọpụtala na ụdị anụ ọhịa ndị nọ n'okpuru nchebe nke iwu gọọmentị etiti Act 11, Schedule I (ya bụ ''Atherurus africanus'', ''Tragelaphus spekei'', ''Hyemoschus aquaticus'', ''Neotragus batesi'', ''Aonyx capensis'', ''Manis tricuspis'', ''Uromanis tetradactyla'') na Schedule II (viz; ''Genetta'' sp., ''Nandinia binotata'', ''Viverra civetta'', na ụdị ''Cercopithecus'' dị iche iche) na-ere ahịa n'ihu ọha n'ahịa<ref>Akani, G.C., Amadi N., Eniang E.A., Luiselli L., and Petrozzi F., 2015, Are mammal communities occurring at a regional scale reliably represented in "hub" bushmeat markets? A case study with Bayelsa State (Niger Delta, Nigeria), Folia Zool, 64(1): 79-86 <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.25225/fozo.v64.i1.a9.2015</nowiki></ref> ==== Nnyocha mmanụ na gas na mmepụta ==== Akụkụ ọ bụla nke nchọpụta mmanụ na mmebi nwere mmetụta na-adịghị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi na ụdị dị iche iche nke gburugburu ebe obibi. Nnyocha ala ọma jijiji nke mmanụ site na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ na-agụnye iwepụ akara ala ọma jijijii, iji dynamite na igwu ala nke na-akpata mgbukpọ ọhịa na mmebi nke gburugburu ebe obibi. <ref>Kadafa, A. A. (2012). Environmental impacts of oil exploration and exploitation in the Niger Delta of Nigeria. ''Global Journal of Science Frontier Research Environment & Earth Sciences'', ''12''(3), 19-28.</ref>A chọrọ itinye paịpụ mmanụ na gas maka nkesa mmanụ na gas na ebe achọrọ. A rụnyere ihe dị ka kilomita 7,000 nke paịpụ na mpaghara Niger Delta. &nbsp;Iwu na ntinye nke paịpụ ndị a na-agụnye iwepụ nnukwu ebe obibi iji mee ka paịpụ maka nkesa mmanụ na gas na ebe achọrọ. <ref>Onuoha, F.C. (2008). Oil Pipeline Sabotage in Nigeria: Dimensions, Actors and Implications for National Security L/C. African Security Review, 17(3)</ref>Pipelines ndị a na-agafe n'oké ọhịa na mangroves na-agbapụta mgbe ụfọdụ na nsị a na-ebughị n'obi n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi na-akpata mmebi na mgbukpọ nke gburugburu ebe obibi. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Wiki activate SDG]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] r5xq8dosxsffcsajbz3cgwd0tjrffwg 0 32526 632462 142172 2026-05-09T20:08:42Z Goodymaraj 21567 632462 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <references responsive="1"></references>   '''Johann Wolfgang''' (von) Goethe[lower-alpha 1] (28 Ọgọst 1749 – 22 Maachị 1832) bụ onye German na-ede uri, onye na-ede egwuregwu, onye na-agụ akwụkwọ, ọkà mmụta sayensị, onye ọchịchị steeti, onye ntụzi ihe nkiri, na onye nkatọ.[1]  Ọrụ ya gụnyere egwuregwu, uri, akwụkwọ, na nkatọ ịma mma, yana akwụkwọ akụkọ gbasara ihe ọkụkụ, ahụ ike na agba.  A na-ewere ya dị ka onye edemede kachasị ukwuu na nke kacha nwee mmetụta n'asụsụ German, ọrụ ya enwewokwa mmetụta dị ukwuu na nke dị ukwuu n'echiche akwụkwọ edemede, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na nkà ihe ọmụma Western site na njedebe narị afọ nke 18 ruo ugbu a.[1].  [2]. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Johann Wolfgang von Goethe — Biography|url=http://knarf.english.upenn.edu/Goethe/bio.html|accessdate=3 January 2023|work=knarf.english.upenn.edu}}</ref> Goethe biri na Weimar na Nọvemba 1775 na-esochi akwụkwọ nke akwụkwọ mbụ ya, The Sorrows of Young Werther (1774).  Duke nke Saxe-Weimar, Karl August, akwụkwọ ya na 1782. Goethe bụ onye mbụ njikwa agụmagụ Sturm und Drang .  N'ime afọ iri mbụ ya na Weimar, Goethe isi onye otu kansụl, Duke (1776-1785), nọ ọdụ na kọmitii agha na okporo ụzọ, na-ahụ maka elele ogbunigwe ili na Ilmenau dị nso, wee me usoro njikwa nhazi na  ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.  Mahadum Jena .  O ti aka na nhazi akwụkwọ nke Weimar na iwughachi Obí Ducal ya.  [ala-alfa 2] .Ihe ọrụ mbụ nke Goethe, Metamorphosis of Plants, mgbe ọ lọtara na njem 1788 nke Ịtali.  Na 1791, e mere ya onye isi ụmụaka nke ụlọ ihe nkiri na Weimar, na 1794 ọ gosiri ihe ya na onye na-eme ihe nkiri, onye ọkà ihe mere eme, na onye ọkà ihe nke bụ Friedrich Schiller, onye egwuregwu ya ruo ruo ruo eruo.  mgbe Schiller nwụrụ na 1805. N'ime oge a Goethe akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ya nke abụọ, Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship ;  Amaokwu epic Hermann na Dorothea, na, na 1808, mbụ mbụ nke ihe nkiri ya na-akpa ewu ewu, Faust .  Mkparịta ụka ya na ọrụ dị iche iche na-eme mmekọrịta ihe na 1790s na Schiller, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Johann Gottfried Herder, Alexander von Humboldt, [1] Wilhelm von Humboldt, na August na Friedrich Schlegel nipaswo na-akpọkọta Weimar Classicism . Onye ọkà ihe German bụ Arthur Schopenhauer hụrụ Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship otu n'ime akwụkwọ a na-eke ịkwụsị edetụrụla, [lower-alpha 3] mgbe onye ọkà ihe America na onye edemede bụ Ralph Waldo Emerson ahụmahụ Goethe dị ka otu n'ime "  ndi" isii n'onu ya.  Otu aha (ya na Plato, Emanuel Swedenborg, Montaigne, Napoleon, na Shakespeare).  Okwu Goethe na nlebanya bụ ntọala nke ọtụtụ ọrụ ndị ndụ, ofufe ụka Johann Peter Eckermann na Goethe (1836).  Ọtụtụ ndị na-ede ụda debere uri ya na egwu Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert, Mendelssohn, Berlioz, Liszt, Wagner na Mahler . [[Usòrò:Goethehaus-ffm011.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb| Ebe Nche Goethe na Frankfurt (Großer Hirschgraben]] Nna Goethe, Johann Caspar Goethe, bi na akara ya n'otu nnukwu ụlọ ( taa Ndị Goethe ) na Frankfurt, mgbe ahụ bụ obodo eze ukwu nweere onwe ya nke Ukwu Rom Dị Nsọ .  Ọ bụ ebe ahụ na mgbanwela iwu na Leipzig ma bụrụ onye mgbaàmà ka ọ bụrụ onye kansụl Imperial, Johann Caspar Goethe adịghị aka na ihe omume obodo.  [1] Johann Caspar ngosi nne Goethe, Catharina Elisabeth Textor, na Frankfurt na 20 Ọgọst 1748, mgbe ọ dị afọ 38 na ọ bụ 17. [2] Ụmụ ha niile, e Johann Wolfgang na nwanne ya nwoke Cornelia Friederica Christiana ( na na na  1750), nwụrụ mgbe ha dị obere. . <ref name="Grimm36">[[Herman Grimm]]: ''Goethe. Vorlesungen gehalten an der Königlichen Universität zu Berlin.'' Vol. 1. J.G. Cotta'sche Buchhandlung Nachfolger, Stuttgart / Berlin 1923, p.&nbsp;36</ref>Goethe na-eto eto nkuzi n'aka nna ya na ndị nkuzi onwe ya na isiokwu ndị a na-elu n'oge ahụ, ọrụ ( Latịn, Greek, Hebrew Bible (nkenke), [1] French, Italian, and  Johann Caspar, n'ịbụ onye nwere ikike nkụda n'ọchịchọ nke onwe ya, kpebisiri ike na ụmụ ya kwesịrị inwe uru ọ lụfuru ọ tụfuru. .Ọ bụ ebe ahụ nnukwu Goethe na- ese, ọ map ngwa ngwa n'akwụkwọ;  Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock (1724–1803) na Homer so na ọkachamma mbụ ya.  [1] O foto n'ebe a na-eme ihe nkiri, ihe ngosi ihe nkiri nke a na-hazi kwa afọ masịrị ya nke ukwuu.  n'iche ya na nke isi isiokwu na- ugboro ugboro na akwụkwọ edemede ya Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship <references responsive="1"></references> Goethe matakwara ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Frankfurt. Valerian Tornius dere: ''Goethe – Leben, Wirken und Schaffen'' . <ref>Ludwig-Röhrscheid-Verlag, Bonn 1949, p.&nbsp;26</ref> Na mbido edemede Goethe gosipụtara ịhụnanya ya na ''Gretchen'', onye ga-emecha pụtaghachi na <nowiki><i id="mwmw">Faust</i></nowiki> ya, na ihe omume ndị ọ ga-eji kọwaa nkenke na ''Dichtung und Wahrheit'' . <ref>[[Emil Ludwig]]: ''Goethe – Geschichte eines Menschen.'' Vol.&nbsp;1. Ernst-Rowohlt-Verlag, Berlin 1926, pp.&nbsp;17–18</ref> Ọ hụrụ Caritas Meixner n'anya (1750–1773), nwa nwanyị onye ahịa Worms bara ọgaranya na enyi nwanne ya nwanyị, onye ga-emesịa lụọ onye ahịa G.&nbsp;F.&nbsp;Schuler. <ref>[[Karl Goedeke]]: ''Goethes Leben.'' Cotta / Kröner, Stuttgart around 1883, pp.&nbsp;16–17.</ref> Goethe gụrụ iwu na Mahadum Leipzig site na 1765 ruo 1768. Ọ kpọrọ iwu ikpe ochie asị site n'obi, na-ahọrọ kama ịga nkuzi nke prọfesọ mahadum na onye na-ede uri bụ Christian Fürchtegott Gellert . Na Leipzig, Goethe hụrụ Anna Katharina Schönkopf n'anya, onye omenkà na onye na-elekọta ụlọ, na-ede amaokwu banyere ya na ụdị Rococo . N'afọ 1770, ọ wepụtara nchịkọta mbụ nke uri ya n'amaghị aha, ''Annette'' . Mmasị ya enweghị nkatọ maka ọtụtụ ndị na-ede uri nke oge a kwụsịrị ka ọ na-etolite mmasị na Gotthold Ephraim Lessing na Christoph Martin Wieland . N'oge a, Goethe edeworị nnukwu ihe, mana ọ tụfuru ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọrụ ndị a niile ma e wezụga ihe nkiri ''Die Mitschuldigen'' . Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ Auerbachs Keller na akụkọ ya nke Johann Georg Faust 's 1525 barel ịgba ọsọ masịrị ya nke ukwuu nke na Auerbachs Keller ghọrọ naanị ebe dị adị na ihe nkiri kọlọtọ ya ''Faust Part One'' . Nyere na ọ na-eme obere ọganihu na ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ ya, a manyere Goethe ịlaghachi na Frankfurt na njedebe nke August 1768. Na Alsace, Goethe gbawara. Ọ dịghị ala ala ọzọ ọ ga-akọwa dị ka nke ịhụnanya dị ka Rhineland na-ekpo ọkụ, nke sara mbara. Na Strasbourg, Goethe zutere Johann Gottfried Herder . Ha abụọ ghọrọ ezigbo enyi, na n'ụzọ dị mkpa na mmepe ọgụgụ isi nke Goethe, Herder kpalitere mmasị ya na [[William Shakespeare]], Ossian na n'echiche nke ''Volkspoesie'' (abụ abụ). Na 14 October 1772 Goethe kwadoro nnọkọ n'ụlọ nne na nna ya iji sọpụrụ German mbụ "Shakespeare Day". A kọwara onye mbụ ọ maara na ọrụ Shakespeare dị ka edemede nke onwe ya na ngalaba akwụkwọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uni-duisburg-essen.de/einladung/Vorlesungen/dramatik/goetheshak.htm|title=Originally speech of Goethe to the ''Shakespeare's Day'' by University Duisburg|publisher=Uni-duisburg-essen.de|accessdate=17 July 2014}}</ref> Na ngwụcha Ọgọst 1771, Goethe nwetara akara mmụta agụmakwụkwọ nke Licentiate in Law site na Strasbourg wee nwee ike guzobe obere omume iwu na Frankfurt. Ọ bụ ezie na n'ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ya, o nyewo olu n'ọchịchọ ime ka ikike na-aga n'ihu nke mmadụ, enweghị ahụmahụ ya mere ka ọ gaa n'ihu n'ike n'okwu mbụ ya, bụ nke a baara ya mba ma tụfuo onye ahịa ọzọ. N'ime ọnwa ole na ole, nke a kwụsịrị ọrụ iwu ya n'isi. N'ihe dị ka oge a, Goethe maara ụlọ ikpe Darmstadt, bụ ebe a na-eto mmepụta ya. Ọ bụ n'ụwa ahụ ka e nwere Johann Georg Schlosser (onye mechara bụrụ ọgọ nwanne Goethe) na Johann Heinrich Merck . Goethe gbasorokwa atụmatụ agụmagụ ọzọ; oge a, nna ya ajụghị, na ọbụna nyere aka. Goethe nwetara nnomi nke akụkọ ndụ nke onye njem [[Onye isi|a ma ama]] site na Agha Ndị Ala German . N'ime izu ole na ole, a rụgharịrị akụkọ ndụ ya ka ọ bụrụ ihe nkiri mara mma. Aha ya bụ ''Götz von Berlichingen'', ọrụ ahụ wee gbatịa n'etiti ndị Goethe dịkọrọ ndụ. {{Infobox writer|honorific_prefix=[[Geheimrat]]|name=Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|honorific_suffix=|image=Goethe (Stieler 1828).jpg|caption=Goethe in 1828, by [[Joseph Karl Stieler]]|birth_name=Johann Wolfgang Goethe|birth_date={{birth date|1749|8|28|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Free Imperial City of Frankfurt]], [[Holy Roman Empire]]|death_date={{death date and age|1832|3|22|1749|8|28|df=y}}|death_place=[[Weimar]], [[Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach|Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach]], [[German Confederation]]|occupation=[[Poet]], [[novelist]], [[playwright]], [[natural philosophy|natural philosopher]], [[politician|statesman]]|language=German|education={{plainlist| * [[Leipzig University]] * [[University of Strasbourg]]}}|period=|genres={{hlist|[[Fiction]] ([[poetry]]|[[novel]]|[[romance (prose fiction)|romance]]|[[drama]])}}{{hlist|[[Non-fiction]] ([[aesthetic criticism]]|[[treatise]]|[[article (publishing)|article]]|[[autobiography]]|[[oration]]|[[letter (message)|correspondence]])}}|movement={{plainlist| * ''[[Sturm und Drang]]'' * [[Weimar Classicism]] * [[Romanticism in science]]}}|subject=|years_active=From 1770|notableworks={{plainlist| * [[Goethe's Faust|''Faust'']] * ''[[The Sorrows of Young Werther]]'' * ''[[Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship]]'' * ''[[Elective Affinities]]'' * "[[Prometheus (Goethe)|Prometheus]]" * ''[[Theory of Colours|Zur Farbenlehre]]'' * ''[[Italian Journey|Italienische Reise]]'' * ''[[West–östlicher Divan]]''}}|spouse={{marriage|[[Christiane Vulpius]]|1806|1816|end=died}}|children=5 (4 died young), including [[August von Goethe]]|parents={{ubl | [[Johann Caspar Goethe]] | [[Catharina Elisabeth Goethe|Catharina Elisabeth Textor]]}}|relatives={{ubl | [[Cornelia Schlosser]] <small>(sister)</small> | [[Christian August Vulpius]] <small>(brother-in-law)</small> | [[Johann Georg Schlosser]] <small>(brother-in-law)</small> | [[Ottilie von Goethe]] <small>(daughter-in-law)</small> | [[Walther von Goethe]] <small>(grandson)</small>}}|module={{Infobox officeholder |embed=yes | office = [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]] of [[Saxe-Weimar|Duchy of Saxe-Weimar]] | term_start = 1782 | term_end = 1784 | office2 = Superintendent of the ducal library and Chief Adviser of Saxe-Weimar <small>(from 1775)</small> | office3 = Commissioner of the War, Mines and Highways Commissions of Saxe-Weimar <small>(from 1779)</small> }}|signature=Goethe Signature.svg}} === Nkọwapụta === o9g3blh5tn7emsi8yu5e445z3exrw0w 0 38307 632470 174542 2026-05-09T22:02:21Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 632470 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <ref>{{Cite web|title=My Father’s Son {{!}} African Film|url=http://africa-archive.com/na/my-fathers-son|accessdate=2024-02-21|language=en-US}}</ref> Nwa Nna m bụ ihe nkiri ọchị Namibia 2010 nke Joel Haikali duziri.  Ọ bụ Panduleni Hailundu, Patrick Hainghono na Senga Brockerhoff.  Ihe nkiri a na-egosi ụdị dị n'etiti ụdị obodo na ime obodo na Namibia, yana njikọ dị n'etiti ebubo ọgbara ọhụrụ na nke omenala <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-03-16|title=Africa in Motion|url=https://www.africa-in-motion.org.uk/|accessdate=2024-02-21|work=Africa in Motion|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-02-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215025033/https://www.africa-in-motion.org.uk/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Films {{!}} Africultures : My Father's son|url=https://africultures.com/films/?no=12883|accessdate=2024-02-21|work=Africultures|language=fr-FR}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Sun|first=Namibian|date=2015-09-02|title=AfricAvenir presents: ‘My Father’s Son’|url=https://www.namibiansun.com/news/africavenir-presents-my-fathers-son|accessdate=2024-02-21|work=Namibian Sun|language=en}}</ref> . <ref>{{Cite web|author=patrpaaa|date=2010-10-14|title=Windhoek Premiere - "My Father’s Son", a Joel Haikali film, 28 October 2010, 20h at NTN|url=https://www.africavenir.org/windhoek-premiere-my-fathers-son-a-joel-haikali-film-28-october-2010-20h-at-ntn/|accessdate=2024-02-21|work=AfricAvenir International e.V.|language=de-DE|archivedate=2024-02-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221081518/https://www.africavenir.org/windhoek-premiere-my-fathers-son-a-joel-haikali-film-28-october-2010-20h-at-ntn/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=My Father's Son (2010)|url=https://www.avclub.com/film/reviews/my-father-s-son-2010|accessdate=2024-02-21|work=The A.V. Club|language=en}}</ref>Ngilifa, onye ọchụnta ego na-aga nke ọma nke si n’isi obodo Windhoek, lakụ n’obodo ya dị na Ovamboland, n’ebe ugwu Namibia, mgbe afọ 21 na-akụ ya.  Ọ na-akpọpụta nke ya ọkaibe n'obodo mepere emepe, bụ onye si n'agbụrụ dị iche.  Ha na-achọ nwanne ya nwoke nke nta, bụ onye ka bi n'ime obodo dịka onye na-azụ ehi, ka ha "napụta" ya na ndụ omenala "azụ azụ".  Otú ọ dị, ndị ha ime ka o kweta isonyere ha n’obodo ahụ na-anya ndị obodo ahụ, bụ́ ndị ji omenala na ihe nketa ha na-anya isi, na-akwa ya emo.  Esemokwu omenaala na-atọ ọchị na-esote dị ka ihe nkiri a na-akpa àgwà dị n'etiti obodo mepere emepe nke Africa ọgbara ọhụrụ na-ese omenala ya <ref>{{Cite web|date=September 4, 2015|title=Namibia: Africavenir Presents My Father's Son By Joel Haikali|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201509041551.html|work=All Africa}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=My father's son {{!}} WorldCat.org|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/889302192|accessdate=2024-02-21|work=search.worldcat.org|language=en}}</ref>Onye rụpụtara ihe nkiri a bụ Joe Vision Production, ụlọ ọrụ Joel Haikali hibere, onye dekwara ma duzie ihe nkiri ahụ.  Ihe nkiri a nwere ike ụka n'asụsụ Oshiwambo, Afrikaans na bekee .  A gbara ya na Windhoek na n'ime ime obodo dị na Ovamboland .  E nkiri ihe nkiri a na October 2010 na Namibia <ref>{{Cite web|title=My Father's Son {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/my_fathers_son|accessdate=2024-02-21|work=www.rottentomatoes.com|language=en}}</ref> Ihe nkiri ahụ mfe dị mma site n'aka ndị nkatọ na ndị na-ege ntĩ, bụ ndị toro ọchịchị ya, ndị mmadụ na-achọ na ihe omenala.  A nkiri ihe nkiri a maka ihe nrite ihe nkiri kacha mma na 2011 Namibia Film Awards.  E gosikwara ihe nkiri a na mmemme ihe nkiri mba ụwa dị iche iche, dị ka Pan-African Film Festival, Durban International Film Festival na Africa in Motion Film Festival 8c664xqogay139idj9walllks6k53r9 0 39712 632471 214067 2026-05-09T22:10:21Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 632471 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Miss Nigeria''' bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa afọ na-egosipụta àgwà ọma nke ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria, na inye ohere agụmakwụkwọ mahadum. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Full List of Miss Nigeria 2016 Contestants Released - ONLINE DAILYS|date=16 December 2016|url=https://www.onlinedailys.com/miss-nigeria-2016-contestants-released/|accessdate=2021-10-27|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-10-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027142753/https://www.onlinedailys.com/miss-nigeria-2016-contestants-released/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Brand Icon Image - Latest Brand, Tech and Business News: 44th Miss Nigeria Set to hold December - Organizers|url=https://www.brandiconimage.com/2021/10/44th-miss-nigeria-set-to-hold-december.html|accessdate=2021-10-27|work=Brand Icon Image - Latest Brand, Tech and Business News}}</ref> A na-atụ anya na onye mmeri ga-egosipụta àgwà kwesịrị nṅomi ma na-eje ozi dị ka ihe nlereanya nye ụmụ agbọghọ na-eto eto na mba ahụ. ''[[Daily Times (Nigeria)|Daily Times]]'' na-ahazi asọmpi ahụ ugbu a. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2019/12/01/miss-taraba-becomes-43rd-miss-nigeria/|title=Miss Taraba becomes 43rd Miss Nigeria - P.M. News}}</ref> Onye nwe aha ugbu a bụ ụdị hijab [[Shatu Garko]] dị afọ 18 bụ onye nọchitere anya North-East, ma bụrụ onye mmeri [[Ndi áláküba|Muslim]] mbụ. <ref>[https://punchng.com/18-year-old-hijab-model-shatu-garko-wins-miss-nigeria-2021/ 18-year-old Hijab Model Wins Miss Nigeria]</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Ụlọ ọrụ na-ebi akwụkwọ na-ebipụta na Naijiria n'oge ahụ - ndị na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ obodo ''[[Daily Times (Nigeria)|Daily Times]]'' - hiwere aha Miss Nigeria franchise nke malitere dị ka asọmpi foto na 1957. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-07-27|title=History of Beauty Pageants in Nigeria: The Good, Ugly and the Untold Sides.|url=http://modelsnaija.com/history-of-beauty-pageants-in-nigeria/|accessdate=2021-06-24|work=Models Naija|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-06-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624205859/http://modelsnaija.com/history-of-beauty-pageants-in-nigeria/}}</ref> Ndị na-asọmpi nyefere foto n'ụlọ ọrụ [[Lagos]] akwụkwọ ahụ bụ ebe ahọpụtara ndị ikpeazụ; A kpọrọ ndị na-eme nke ọma ka ha sonye n'egwuregwu ikpeazụ - nke n'oge ahụ na-agụnyeghị asọmpi igwu mmiri - na Lagos Island Club. Onye ọrụ UAC [[Grace Oyelude]] meriri mbipụta mbụ nke Miss Nigeria, ma mechaa were akụkụ nke ego nrite £200 ya gaa England ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ nọọsụ . <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/ngguardian/2002/dec/07/article15.html |title=My Reign As First Miss Nigeria |accessdate=2024-03-27 |archivedate=2023-04-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403211347/http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/ngguardian/2002/dec/07/article15.html }}</ref> N'adịghị ka nkwenkwe a ma ama, [[Julie Coker]] abụghị onye mbụ Miss Nigeria - onye nkụzi ụlọ akwụkwọ emeriwo Miss Western Nigeria n'ezie. Agbanyeghị, ọ gbara asọmpi n'asọmpi ahụ n'afọ ka ọchịchị Oyelude chịchara, mana onye odeakwụkwọ ụlọ ọrụ Helen Anyamaeluna tụfuru ya. <ref>[http://www.thenigerianvoice.com/nvnewsthread1/29455/6/ In My Time, We Knew Nothing About Genotype]</ref> Nene Etule bụbu onye na-akwa akwa akwa ka bụ onye na-abụghị onye Naijiria meriri asọmpi ahụ; ọ tozuru oke dịka ndị South Cameroon nọ n'okpuru iwu Naijiria na 1959. <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=FwD9ivR86LsC&dq=nene+etule&pg=PA253 Cameroon Political Story]</ref> N'afọ sochirinụ, a kpọgharịrị asọmpi ahụ nwa oge 'Miss Independence' iji mee ncheta nnwere onwe nke obodo ahụ site n'ọchịchị Briten, na onye mgbasa ozi WNTV na-aga n'ihu bụ Rosemary Anieze nwetara okpueze na emume nke gụnyere Coker dịka otu n'ime ndị ọka ikpe. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thenationonlineng.net/archive2/tblnews_Detail.php?id=52240|title=Enahoro's humour made me fall in love with him|accessdate=26 September 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123091818/http://www.thenationonlineng.net/archive2/tblnews_Detail.php?id=52240|archivedate=23 January 2016}}</ref> Mgbe narị afọ iri ọhụrụ ahụ gasịrị, Miss Nigeria ghọrọ onyinyo nke onye mbụ ya, na ejidere asọmpi ahụ na 2004. Tupu nke a, ọ nweghị onye mmeri e chiri okpueze ka Clara Ojo nwesịrị mmeri site na 1994 ruo 1998 n'ihi na onye nhazi enweghị ike ikpokọta asọmpi n'oge a. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, Ojo na-anọgide na-abụ Miss Nigeria kacha ogologo oge (Ọ bụ ezie na ọ dịghị asọmpi e mere site na 2004 ruo 2010, Ene Lawani akwụsịlarị ọrụ emume ogologo oge tupu a zụta aha franchise n'aka ''Daily Times'' . N'otu aka ahụ, ọ dịghị onye meriri okpueze ruo afọ asaa ka e mesịrị. Stella Owivri ruo mgbe emegharịrị ihe nkiri ahụ na 1977 mgbe Miss World Cindy Breakspeare na-achị Toyin Monney). Na 2010, mgbe mgbalị afọ isii gasịrị, AOE Events and Entertainment, nke onye bụbu MBGN [[Nike Oshinowo]] na-eduzi na-abanye na Miss Nigeria franchise site ''Daily Times'' . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/between-brand-owners-and-miss-nigeria-/83095/|title=Between Brand Owners and 'Miss Nigeria'|date=18 July 2010|work=[[Thisday]]|accessdate=30 May 2012}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tribune.com.ng/sat/index.php/entertainment-extra/1311-miss-nigeria-returns-after-six-years-to-hold-in-three-continents.html|title=Miss Nigeria Returns After Six Years •To Hold in Three Continents|author=Olukole|first=Tope|date=19 June 2010|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|accessdate=30 May 2012}}</ref> Maka oge mbụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme ya, ntinye ghe oghe nye ndị inyom nọ na mba ọzọ, <ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/201006150058.html Nigeria: Miss Nigeria Pageant Returns]</ref> na mmụọ nsọ Miss America, Oshinowo maliteghachiri Miss Nigeria dị ka usoro ihe ọmụmụ nke na-enye nkuzi n'efu maka ndị mbụ, nke abụọ, na nke atọ, na onye nwe aha Miss Nigeria na-enweta ohere agụmakwụkwọ ka ọ mụọ na mahadum ọ bụla n'ụwa niile. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.punchng.com/spice/society/feyijimi-shodipo-embraces-fashion/|title=Feyijimi Shodipo Embraces Fashion|accessdate=4 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224102312/http://www.punchng.com/spice/society/feyijimi-shodipo-embraces-fashion/|archivedate=24 December 2012}}</ref> Miss Nigeria ọhụrụ a gụnyere ihe ngosi eziokwu ''bụ The Making of a Queen'' nke hụrụ ndị na-asọmpi na-asọ mpi n'ọrụ dị iche iche nke ndị inyom Naijiria gụnyere isi nri na stovu nkụ n'èzí, nnabata, na iso ndị ahịa ahịa na-akpakọrịta, na ọtụtụ ndị na-asọmpi na-eche ihu nchụpụ kwa izu. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dailytimes.com.ng/article/miss-nigeria-casting-holds-abuja-today |title=Miss Nigeria casting holds in Abuja today |accessdate=2024-03-27 |archivedate=2013-04-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419223247/http://www.dailytimes.com.ng/article/miss-nigeria-casting-holds-abuja-today }}</ref> A na-eji akwa omenala ndị Afrịka mee uwe mgbede na, nke kachasị, a kwụsịrị asọmpi igwu mmiri . <ref>[http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=68731:-miss-nigeria-pageant-showcasing-beauty-brains-and-culture&catid=189:celebrity&Itemid=716 Miss Nigeria Pageant... Showcasing Beauty, Brains and Culture]</ref> The pageant gbara afọ abụọ tupu nzukọ nke pageant eweghara site Beth Model Management CEO na onye bụbu Miss Nigeria UK, [[Elizabeth Elohor Isiorho]] na 2012. <ref>[http://www.thenationonlineng.net/2011/index.php/sunday-magazine/glamour/59926-nigerian-beauty-pageants-still-evolving-elohor-aisien.html Nigerian beauty pageants still evolving -Elohor Aisien]</ref> Elizabeth kwụsịrị ịhazi asọmpi ahụ na 2014. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Elohor Aisien's exit from Miss Nigeria pageant|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/elohor-aisiens-exit-from-miss-nigeria-pageant/|publisher=The Nation|date=8 March 2014}}</ref> N'afọ 2016 Miss Nigeria hiwere Green Girl Project, atụmatụ mmepe obodo nke ezubere iji nye ụmụ agbọghọ ike ka ha bụrụ ndị na-akwado omume na-adigide iji hụ na gburugburu ebe dị ọcha na udo. Ọ na-achọkwa inye ụmụ agbọghọ ohere ka ha bụrụ ndị ọrụ mgbanwe maka gburugburu ebe obibi. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://missnigeria.ng/our-projects/|title=Our Projects|accessdate=2024-03-27|archivedate=2024-04-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419093221/https://www.missnigeria.ng/our-projects/}}</ref> == Ọkwa mba ụwa == N'afọ 1963, Miss Nigeria 1962 Yemi Idowu ghọrọ onye mmeri mbụ nọchite anya obodo ahụ na Miss United Nations ebe ọ ruru ọkara nke ikpeazụ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Eazzycom|title=Looking back on the historic Miss Nigeria pageant|url=http://www.missnews.com.br/historia/looking-back-on-the-historic-miss-nigeria-pageant/|accessdate=2021-06-24|work=www.missnews.com.br|language=pt-br|archivedate=2021-06-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204306/http://www.missnews.com.br/historia/looking-back-on-the-historic-miss-nigeria-pageant/}}</ref> N'afọ sochirinụ, onye na-ere ahịa Edna Park ghọrọ nanị Miss Nigeria na Miss Universe, ma a na-echetara ya nke ọma maka imebi mgbede mgbe ọ dara na ogbo mgbe ọ erughị eru iri na ise. Ndị uwe ojii na ndị ọrụ asọmpi kpụpụrụ ya, <ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1298&dat=19640731&id=395NAAAAIBAJ&sjid=8YoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7316,2784372 Miss Nigeria Not Selected]</ref> wee nọrọ abalị n'ụlọ ọgwụ Miami ebe a na-akasi ya obi site n'aka Nneka Onyegbula, nwunye onye nnọchi anya Nigeria, onye kọrọ na "Ndị ọka ikpe niile bụ ndị ọcha, ha dịkwa ọcha. 'Enweghị oke ike ikpe ịma mma ụmụ agbọghọ gbara ọchịchịrị. Kemgbe Park, ọ nweghị Miss Nigeria ọzọ gbagoro asọmpi na Miss Universe, <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=qzA_YjwDH9oC&dq=edna+park,+miss+nigeria&pg=PA102 Miss Universe:Beauty]</ref> n'agbanyeghị na obodo ahụ laghachiri na ọkwa mba ụwa mgbe nwa akwụkwọ [[Ǹkà|Art]] Rosaline Balogun ghọrọ onye ọrụ gọọmentị mbụ Miss Nigeria na Miss World na 1967. Ọ <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; &#x5D; ''<nowiki><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2013)">akụkọ</span></nowiki>''</sup> e mere na 1969, ma onye odeakwụkwọ nọ na London bụ Morenike Faribido (née Coker) ka ejiri aka họrọ iji aha "Miss Nigeria" ma nọchite anya obodo ahụ na Miss World. <ref>[https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/12/25/serious-reflection-on-a-departed-beauty-queen/ Reflections of a Departed Beauty Queen]</ref> == Asọmpi == A chọrọ ka ndị na-asọmpi bụrụ ndị na-alụghị di, na-amụghị nwa, ma ghara ime ime, nwere ezigbo iwu bekee, na ndị amaala Naijiria. Ha kwesịrị ịbụ ndị nọ n'agbata afọ 18 na 25, nwere ezi ahụ ike, na ndị nwere àgwà dị mma na-enweghị egbugbu ma ọ bụ mkpọpu na ntị. Asọmpi a na-amalite site na oku ịbanye ebe ndị nwere mmasị na-enweta akwụkwọ ndebanye tupu mmemme nyocha amalite. Ndị ọka ikpe na-ahọpụta ọtụtụ ndị asọmpi maka ogige ntụzịaka na-adịru ngụkọta nke izu 2–3 ebe a na-enye ndị asọmpi ọrụ iji nwalee nkà ha na mpaghara dị iche iche. A na-enyekwa ha ọzụzụ n'ọrụ dị iche iche iji nye ha ike, ịzụlite nkà ịzụ ahịa ha, na ikpughe ha na ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche na-eme ka ha ghọta ma malite ịmụta ọrụ onye nnọchiteanya. Na mbụ, a na-enye ndị asọmpi nọmba n'oge ngosi ndụ, mana nke a gbanwere n'afọ 2010 mgbe onye ọ bụla nọchiri anya steeti Nigeria. Maka mbipụta 2013, ha nọchitere onwe ha n'otu n'otu - onye ọ bụla na-asọ mpi ka ebipụtara aha ha na sash ha, na naanị iri abụọ na otu n'ime ndị ọkara iri atọ na isii gbara asọmpi n'ikpeazụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.punchng.com/spice/society/as-elohor-aisen-hosts-miss-nigeria-2013/|title=As Elohor Aisen Hosts Miss Nigeria|accessdate=16 June 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616105015/http://www.punchng.com/spice/society/as-elohor-aisen-hosts-miss-nigeria-2013/|archivedate=16 June 2013}}</ref> N'afọ 2015, ndị asọmpi na-anọchi anya steeti ọzọ. == Nkatọ == Onye bụbu onye njikwa peeji nke Yomi Onanuga gwara onye na-agba ajụjụ ọnụ na 2006: "Anyị na-agwụ ike ịhụ ụmụ agbọghọ na ogbo mgbe izu abụọ gachara n'ogige, na-enwekwa obi ụtọ, naanị ihe anyị na-ahụ bụ na ha jụrụ ha [ajụjụ] wee merie. Ọnwa abụọ ka e mesịrị, otu onye jụrụ ya otu ajụjụ ahụ, ọ nweghị ike ịza, ndị mmadụ wee malite ịjụ, sị, ''Ebee ka o si nweta okpueze ya?'' " <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/womanofthesun/2006/june/06/womanofthesun-6-06-2006-004.htm|title=Miss Nigeria organiser speaks to The Sun|accessdate=29 April 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061230181144/http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/womanofthesun/2006/june/06/womanofthesun-6-06-2006-004.htm|archivedate=30 December 2006}}</ref> Nwa akwụkwọ English Literature [[Ibinabo Fiberesima]] enweghị ike ịkpọ osote Chancellor nke Mahadum Ibadan nke ọ gara n'oge mkparịta ụka Miss Nigeria 1991. <ref>[http://www.independentngonline.com/DailyIndependent/Article.aspx?id=4104 It's Not Easy Being A Single Mother –Bibiana Ohio]</ref> O kwuputala n'ọtụtụ ajụjụ ọnụ na na webụsaịtị mbụ ya na ọ gbara asọmpi na 1997, <ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/201312220167.html I Was Destined to Be an Entertainer]</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thenet.ng/2013/04/ibinabo-fiberesima-prepares-for-miss-earth-nigeria-2013/|title=Ibinabo Prepares For Miss Earth Nigeria|accessdate=8 January 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112102316/http://thenet.ng/2013/04/ibinabo-fiberesima-prepares-for-miss-earth-nigeria-2013/|archivedate=12 January 2014}}</ref> mana okwu a na-agbagha n'ihi na ọ nweghị asọmpi e mere n'afọ ahụ; Clara Ojo nwetara aha site na 1994 ruo 1998 mgbe o chiri onye ga-anọchi ya Regina Nnawunbar. Fiberesima agbaala asọmpi na 1991, gụchara nke abụọ n'azụ Bibiana Ohio. == Asịrị == Toyin Monney, bụ nne nanị ya na-azụ ụmụ nke gbochiri ozi gbasara afọ ndụ ya n'ezie (A sịrị na ọ dị afọ 32), ka amachibidoro ịsọ mpi na Miss World, na-ahapụghị oge iji hazie visa maka onye mmeri nke abụọ Miss Nigeria. E boro Miss Nigeria 1981 Tokunboh Onanuga ebubo ụgha nke WAEC asambodo ọ jiri nweta nnabata na [[University of Lagos|Mahadum Lagos]], <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://theyesng.com/on-parade-nigerias-8-most-controversial-ex-beauty-queens/ |title=On Parade |accessdate=2024-03-27 |archivedate=2021-12-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226100046/https://theyesng.com/on-parade-nigerias-8-most-controversial-ex-beauty-queens/ }}</ref> ma emesịa chụpụrụ ya; N'afọ 2011, WAEC kwuputara n'akara Twitter ha na Onanuga mere aghụghọ. <ref>[https://archive.today/20130216163906/http://www.punchng.com/entertainment/e-punch/a-queen-her-age-and-tale-bearers/A queen, her age, and tale bearers]</ref> A gbara Binta Sukai ike ịsọ mpi na 1990 mgbe a nụrụ kepu kepu na ọ bụghị onye Naijiria. E mechara kwenye na onye na-emepụta ejiji na-achọsi ike bụ naanị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke Scotland . Na 2001, ''City People'' kpughere na Miss Nigeria na-achị achị, Valerie Peterside dị afọ iri atọ, ghaara ụgha banyere afọ ndụ ya n'ezie (Ọ gwara ndị nhazi na ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na ise) ma mebie iru eru mahadum ya (a kọrọ na a chụpụrụ ya na [[Mahadum nke Ahmadu Bello|Mahadum Ahmadu Bello.]] tupu agụchaa akwụkwọ n'ihi mmejọ nyocha). <ref>[https://archive.today/20120713133942/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Naija-news/message/1419 Peterside Dethroned]</ref> Ka nyocha nke ọtụtụ ndị Naijiria a ma ama gụnyere onye bụbu onye nchịkọta akụkọ ''Daily Times'' Tony Momoh na onye bụbu onye asọmpi Miss Nigeria [[Julie Coker]], e mere mkpebi ịchụpụ ya n'ocheeze. Peterside, onye gbara afọ gara aga (Again dị ka onye dị afọ iri abụọ na ise), lụrụ ọgụ iji dobe okpueze ahụ, mana a manyere ya ịgba arụkwaghịm, na-ekwe ka onye gbara ọsọ mbụ, Applied Chemistry nwa akwụkwọ Amina Ekpo, weghara. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.namibian.com.na/2001/June/africa/01FEC571A0.html|title=Amina Ekpo is named new Miss Nigeria 2001|accessdate=19 March 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050502080623/http://www.namibian.com.na/2001/June/africa/01FEC571A0.html|archivedate=2 May 2005}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newswatchngr.com/editorial/prime/2001/02072001/bob10702130356.htm|title=Stripped of her Crown|accessdate=15 June 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121129011655/http://www.newswatchngr.com/editorial/prime/2001/02072001/bob10702130356.htm|archivedate=29 November 2012}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị ama ama ya dị ka Miss Nigeria 2002, Sylvia Edem gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'ihe gbasara mmekọrịta mba ụwa dọtara ndị mgbasa ozi ọzọ mgbe a nụrụ kepu kepu na ọ chepụtara ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya ka ọ bụrụ asọmpi, dịka Peterside buru ya ụzọ. A kwenyere na Edem dị afọ iri atọ, ruo mgbe nyocha gosipụtara na ọ bụ n'ezie iri abụọ na atọ. == Ndị nwe aha == [[Usòrò:Beauty_Estanyi_Tukura_01.jpg|thumb| Miss Nigeria 2019 Beauty Tukura na-asọ mpi dị ka Miss Taraba]] {| class="wikitable" !Year !Title Holder !Region/State of origin* !''Notes'' |- !1957 |'''[[Grace Oyelude|Grace Atinuke Oyelude]]''' |[[Ógbè Ebe Ugwu, Naịjirịa|Northern Region]] |''Now retired from nursing'' |- !1958 |'''Helen Anyamaeluna''' † |Mid-West Region | |- !1959 |'''Nene Etule''' |Victoria (Non-Nigerian) |''Now Nene Malafa'' |- !1960 |'''Rosemary Nkem Anieze''' ''also known as "Miss Independence"'' |Mid-West Region |''Now Rosemary Anieze-Adams, worked in TV and radio'' |- !1961 |'''Clara Ifeoma Emefiena''' |[[Mid-Western Region, Nigeria|Mid-West Region]] | |- !1962 |'''Yemi Idowu'''† |Western Region |''Later Yemi Majekodunmi; was semi-finalist at ''Miss United Nations |- !1963 |'''Alice Alache Akla Ad'epe''' |[[Ógbè Ebe Ugwu, Naịjirịa|Northern Nigeria]] |''First Idoma winner'' |- !1964 |'''Edna Park''' |Mid-West Nigeria |''First Nigerian at'' Miss Universe |- !1965 |'''Anna Eboweime''' |Mid-West Nigeria | |- !1967 |'''Rosaline Yinka Balogun''' |Western State |''First undergraduate to win pageant; First official Miss Nigeria at Miss World'' |- !1968 |'''Foluke Abosede Ogundipe'''† |Western State | |- !1970 |'''Stella Owivri''' † ''Also known as "Miss New Nigeria"'' |Mid-Western State | |- !1977 |'''Toyin Edna Monney''' |Lagos |''Oldest winner (32)'' |- !1978 |'''Irene Omagbemi''' |Lagos | |- !1979 |[[Helen Prest-Ajayi|'''Helen Prest''']] |Bendel |''Later Helen Prest-Davis and now Helen Prest-Ajayi; lawyer, author and columnist''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.punchng.com/spice/society/helen-prest-ajayi-and-her-daughter/|title=Helen Prest and Her Daughter|accessdate=5 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513225014/http://www.punchng.com/spice/society/helen-prest-ajayi-and-her-daughter/|archivedate=13 May 2012}}</ref> |- !1980 |'''Syster Esther Jack''' |Rivers | |- !1981 |'''Tokunbo Onanuga''' ''dethroned'' |Lagos |''Dethroned after false WAEC results were discovered''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newswatchngr.com/editorial/prime/2001/02072001/bob10702130356.htm|title=Stripped of her Crown|accessdate=15 June 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121129011655/http://www.newswatchngr.com/editorial/prime/2001/02072001/bob10702130356.htm|archivedate=29 November 2012}}</ref> |- !1982 |'''Rita Baraleye Martins''' ''resigned'' |Rivers | |- !1984 |'''Cynthia Oronsaye''' |Bendel | |- !1985 |'''Rosemary Nkemdilim Okeke''' |Imo |''Later Rosemary Wright; last Miss Nigeria at Miss World, now fashion designer'' |- !1986 |'''Rita Anuku''' † |Bendel | |- !1987 |'''Stella Okoye''' |Imo | |- !1988 |'''Adewunmi Adebowale''' |Lagos |''Now Wunmi Ogunbiyi; manager with Zenith Bank'' |- !1990 |'''[[Binta Sukai]]''' |Kaduna | |- !1991 |'''Bibiana Ohio-Esezeoboh''' |Bendel |''Former actress, now real estate agent and voice artist''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldlawdirect.com/article/2524/international-child-abduction-wrongful-removal.html|title=Bibiana Court Document|accessdate=15 April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123091818/http://www.worldlawdirect.com/article/2524/international-child-abduction-wrongful-removal.html|archivedate=23 January 2016}}</ref> |- !1993 |'''Janet Olukemi Fateye''' |Lagos |''Now Janet Gabriel; IT consultant'' |- !1994 |'''Clara Nosakhare Ojo''' |Edo |''Longest-serving Miss Nigeria; now Pastor Clara Kolawole'' |- !1998 |'''Regina Nnawunbar''' |Abia | |- !2000 |'''Vien Bemigho Tetsola''' ''also known as the "Millennium Queen"'' |Delta |''Now known as Israel Shepherd; pastor'' |- !2001 ''a'' |'''Valerie Ama Peterside''' ''dethroned'' |Rivers |''Dethroned for forging age and qualifications'' |- !2001 ''b'' |'''Amina Eyo Ekpo''' ''replaced Peterside'' |Akwa Ibom |''Now applied chemist''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.punchng.com/spice/essence/im-not-desperate-to-be-popular-amina-ekpo/|title=Amina Ekpo|accessdate=2 July 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702145812/http://www.punchng.com/spice/essence/im-not-desperate-to-be-popular-amina-ekpo/|archivedate=2 July 2015}}</ref> |- !2002 |'''Sylvia Ansa Edem''' |Cross River |''First South-South winner; now Sylvia Emechete, businesswoman'' |- !2003 |'''Nwando Okwuosa''' |Anambra |''Last Miss Nigeria to compete at international level'' |- !2004 |'''Ene Maya Lawani''' |Benue |''Now fashion designer specializing in headgear'' |- !2010 |'''Oluwadamilola Agbajor''' |Delta | |- !2011 |'''Oluwafeyijimi Modupeola Sodipo''' |Ogun | |- !2013 |'''[[Ezinne Akudo|Ezinne Akudo Anyaoha]]''' |Imo |''Now lawyer and activist'' |- !2015 |'''Pamela Lessi Peter-Vigboro''' |Rivers |''First Ogoni winner; now professional photographer'' |- !2016 |'''Chioma Stephanie Obiadi''' |Anambra |''Previously Miss Earth Nigeria 2016'' |- !2017 |'''Mildred Peace Ehiguese''' |Adamawa |''First North-Eastern winner'' |- !2018 |'''Chidinma Leilani Aaron''' |[[Ȯra Enugu|Enugu]] | |- !2019 |'''Beauty Etsanyi Tukura''' |[[Ȯra Taraba|Taraba]] |''First winner from Taraba State'' |- !2021 |'''[[Shatu Garko|Shatu Sani Garko]]''' |[[Nkeji Ochíchííwu Kano|Kano]] |''First [[Ndi áláküba|Muslim]] winner'' |- |} * Na-egosi mpaghara/steeti sitere n'oge ọchịchị === Ndị asọmpi ama ama === [[Usòrò:Ufuoma_Ejenobor_for_Collectibles.JPG|thumb|213x213px| Miss Nigeria 2004 onye na-agba ọsọ [[Ufuoma McDermott|Ufuoma Ejenobor]] ga-emesịa kpọọ [[Miss Earth Nigeria]]]] [[Usòrò:Damilola_Bolarinde_2.png|thumb|214x214px| Miss Nigeria 2017 finalist Damilola Bolarinde bụ TNQ ugbu a]] * [[Mbong Amata|Mbong Odungide]] (2004) - Most Beautiful Girl in Akwa Ibom 2003 and actress * [[Isabella Ayuk]] (2004) - MBGN 2011 * Damilola Bolarinde (2017) - TNQ 2022 * [[Omasan Buwa]] (1987) - MBGN 1987 * [[Queen Celestine]] (2013) - Onye isi nri na MBGN Universe 2014 * Cynthia Umezulike (2004) - Model, ọkàiwu, na Miss Commonwealth Nigeria 2010 <ref>[http://www.thenigerianvoice.com/nvnews/37340/1/i-want-to-give-hope-to-the-african-child-cynthia-b.html I Want to Give Hope to the African Child]</ref> * Chika Chikezie (1998) - MBGN 1998 * [[Julie Coker]] (1958) - Onye na-agụ akụkọ na onye na-egosi TV <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thenationonlineng.net/archive2/tblnews_Detail.php?id=52240|title=Julie Coker interview|accessdate=26 September 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123091818/http://www.thenationonlineng.net/archive2/tblnews_Detail.php?id=52240|archivedate=23 January 2016}}</ref> * [[Ufuoma McDermott|Ufuoma Ejenobor]] (2004) – Actress and [[Miss Earth Nigeria]] 2004 * [[Maryam Elisha]] (2010 na 2013) - Onye na-emepụta ejiji * Joan Elumelu (1981) - Onye Okike, ''Supermodel Na-esote Naijiria'' <ref>[https://archive.today/20130413204826/http://www.thenationonlineng.net/2011/index.php/sunday-magazine/glamour/10487-i-participated-in-the-miss-nigeria-contest-because-of-the-car-prize-joan-okorodudu.html Joan Okorodudu]</ref> * [[Ibinabo Fiberesima]] (1991) - Onye na-eme ihe nkiri * [[Linda Ikeji]] (2003) - Model na blọgụ * Augustina Iruviere (2001) - Onye na-eme ihe nkiri na MBGN World 1999 * Susan Hart (1993) - Nwanyị ọchụnta ego na MBGN 1994 * [[Sylvia Nduka]] (2010) - Nwanyị ọchụnta ego na MBGN 2011 <ref>[http://fabmagazineonline.com/the-lie-sylvia-nduka-most-beautiful-girl-in-nigeria-2011-told-and-the-buzz-by-sharon-ojong/ The Lie Sylvia Nduka Told]</ref> <ref>[http://www.informationng.com/2011/08/controversies-still-trailing-sylvia-nduka.html Controversies Still Trailing Sylvia Nduka]</ref> * Chikaodili Nna-Udosen (2019) – TNQ 2020 * [[Queen Nwokoye]] - Actress * Eva Ewemade Ogbebor (2003) - Ime ime na [[Miss Earth Nigeria]] 2003 '''ndetu:''' * <small>† Ugbu a anwụọla</small> === Ndị njide aha na-akwadoghị === * A na-akọwakarị onye mgbasa ozi ochie Julie Coker dị ka onye mbụ Miss Nigeria, mana ọ meriri Miss Western Nigeria n'ezie. <ref>[http://fabmagazineonline.com/fab-news-chief-ebenezer-obeys-70th-birthday-party-in-london/ FAB News: Chief Ebenezer Obey's 70th Birthday Party in London]</ref> * N'afọ 1963, Miss Nigeria chiri okpueze nke mbụ ha nwetara Idoma Alice Ad'epe, ma otu dị iche iche, Miss Nigeria World, haziri iji họrọ onye nnọchiteanya Miss World. Martha Bassey dị afọ 16 pụtara onye mmeri n'agbanyeghị ndapụta sitere n'aka ndị ọka ikpe kọwara ndị asọmpi ahụ dị ka "ihe jọgburu onwe ya", mana ndị nhazi Miss World chụpụrụ ya n'ihi afọ ndụ. Eric Morley ekwenyela na ọ nweghị onye nnọchi anya Naijiria kwesịrị ekwesị ahọpụtara, mana onye mbụ gbara ọsọ Gina Onyejiaka ghọrọ onye nnọchi anya Nigeria mbụ mgbe ọ gbagoro na London n'ego nke ya (Miss World nhazi Mecca Dancing jụrụ ịkwụ ụgwọ ụgbọ elu ya iji zere ebubo ihu ọma ya. ). Agbanyeghi na Miss World nabatara ya dika onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi, ndi Nigeria High Commission jụrụ ikweta Onyejiaka.  </link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<span title="Ti isi iyi?<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> * N'afọ 1966, mgbe Miss Nigeria ezipụghị onye nnọchiteanya na Miss World (Ọ dịghị asọmpi e mere na Lagos n'afọ ahụ), Uzor Okafor bi na Lọndọn bụ onye a chụpụrụ ka onye osote onye isi ala Naijiria bụ Latif Dosumu jụrụ ibinye aka n'akwụkwọ ndebanye aha ya dị ka achọrọ. site na Miss World Organisation, na-ekwu na High Commission akwadoghị asọmpi na ya mere enweghị ike ịgbanye nkwado gọọmentị. <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=fSNpHWBeHucC&dq=uzor+okafor+miss+world&pg=PA151 Miss World Contestant Review]</ref> Okafor kọwara nsonye ya dị ka ngosipụta nke ihu ọma, ma kwukwa na ụlọ ọrụ High Commission kwenyela ya na ya nwere ike ịdebanye aha dịka onye ga-azọ ọkwa ọchịchị, mana Dosumu gọnahụrụ ya. Okafor, onye mụrụ otu n'ime ụmụ ya nwanyị abụọ ọnwa asaa gara aga, e nyere iwu ka ọ hapụ asọmpi ahụ ozugbo (E kwere ka ụmụ nwanyị lụrụ di na-asọmpi na Miss World tupu mmalite 70s). Okafor mechara kwuo na ọ kwara ụta maka itinye aka ya na asọmpi ahụ, ma kpughee na ọ bụ di ya Britain bụ Bruce Newman gbara ya ume ka ọ bụrụ asọmpi. <ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2512&dat=19661112&id=K7hIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=UQENAAAAIBAJ&pg=4666,1840887 Nigerian Entry for Miss World Disqualified]</ref> * Enweghị asọmpi e mere na 1969 n'ihi [[Nigerian Civil War|agha obodo Naijiria]], mana a họpụtara Morenike Faridibo dị ka onye na-akwadoghị Miss Nigeria na emume e mere na London. <ref>[https://dailytrust.com/remembering-a-mothers-well-lived-life/ Remembering a Mother's Well-Lived Life]</ref> * N'oge na-adịghị anya Agbani Darego meriri na Miss World, Miss Nigeria 2001 Amina Ekpo gbara akwụkwọ ikpe megide onye ogbo MBGN ya, na-ebo Darego ebubo ụgha na iji aghụghọ gosi onwe ya dị ka "Miss Nigeria" na mba ụwa na-enweghị ikike (N'ogo mba ụwa, ndị nnọchiteanya MBGN bụ ndị na-akwụ ụgwọ. dị ka "Miss Nigeria"). Onye bụbu onye isi njikwa ''Daily Times'' Onukaba Adinoyi Ojo, onye kọwarala ndị MBGN ama ama dị ka "ndị eze na-akwụ ụgwọ dị ala" kwadoro ikpe $ 10,000,000, na-ekwu na "Anyị ga-eme ihe niile kwere omume iji hụ na anyị gbochiri ndị mmadụ imebi akwụkwọ ikike ikike dị ka Miss Nigeria." [na] agaghị ekwe ka onye ọ bụla megharịa anyị anya." <ref>[http://www.panapress.com/Fellow-Nigerian-s-10-million-dollar-suit-hangs-on-Miss-World--13-451225-18-lang1-index.html Fellow Nigerian's 10-million-dollar suit hangs on Miss World]</ref> == Ọdịiche dị n'etiti Miss Nigeria na MBGN == Ndị Silverbird Group na-ahazi asọmpi kachasị mma nke Girl na Nigeria (MBGN) ebe ''Daily Times'' (Folio) na-elekọta Miss Nigeria ugbu a. Asọpụrụ asọmpi igwu mmiri Miss Nigeria na 2011, mana njirimara a ka na-ewu ewu na MBGN. <ref>[http://sundaytrust.com.ng/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4051:miss-nigeria-returns-after-6-years-without-swim-wear-segment&catid=53:the-arts Miss Nigeria Returns after 6 years, without swim wear segment]</ref> Ihe ọzọ pụtara ìhè bụ naanị ndị asọmpi MBGN na-aghọ ndị nnọchi anya na asọmpi mba ụwa na-akpaghị aka. <ref>[http://www.vanguardngr.com/2010/08/being-a-beauty-queen-is-huge-responsibility-%E2%80%94-nike-oshinowo-soleye/ Being a Beauty Queen is Huge Responsibility]</ref> == Omenala ama ama == [[Usòrò:QueenNwokoye.jpg|thumb|187x187px| Miss Nigeria 2002 onye meriri n'ikpeazụ [[Queen Nwokoye]] gbara egwu na ihe nkiri Nollywood '''Miss Nigeria''' dị ka onye meriri.]] * Ihe nkiri 2004 ''Miss Nigeria'' na-egosi onye na-eme ihe nkiri [[Queen Nwokoye]], bụ onye na-asọ mpi n'egwuregwu ndụ n'ezie, na-erute nnukwu njedebe; agwa ya na-emeri ụdị akụkọ ifo. [[Stephanie Okereke Linus|Stephanie Okereke]], onye debere nke atọ na asọmpi ibe MBGN, na-egwu onye na-asọ mpi nke na-etinye nke abụọ. <ref>[https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/11710/ive-not-kissed-for-real-in-moviesqueen-nwokoye.html I've Not Kissed For Real in Movies]</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 66nhnfe43leskn5nt81yf8zdvahykzl 0 40793 632400 163822 2026-05-09T13:45:20Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 632400 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Nehru Foundation for Development''' ( '''NFD''' ) bụ ntụkwasị obi ebere nke a raara nye mmepe ime obodo na mmata gburugburu ebe obibi. Vikram Sarabhai hiwere ya na 1965. A na-arara ntọala ahụ iji kwalite agụmakwụkwọ gburugburu ebe obibi na iche echiche banyere nsogbu mmepe ugbu a na onye ọ bụla na ọkwa ọha. == Nchegbu == Ebumnuche bụ isi nke ntọala ahụ bụ inye aka gbaa ume ikere òkè na mmepe nke echiche / atụmatụ metụtara nsogbu nke mmepe site na ụzọ dị iche iche. NFD na-eme ọtụtụ mmemme mmụta na ngalaba dịka [[Ọmúmú-ónúọgụgụ|mgbakọ na mwepụ]] na [[Amamihe|sayensị]] . Ndị otu Council of Management na-eduzi ọrụ ndị a nke nwere ndị ama ama n'ọhịa dị iche iche si n'ofe mba ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Karmayoga|url=http://www.karmayog.org/ngonews/ngonews_6160.htm|accessdate=27 January 2012|archivedate=28 February 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228062118/http://www.karmayog.org/ngonews/ngonews_6160.htm}}</ref> == Ụlọ ọrụ mmekọ == A na-arụ ọrụ dị iche iche nke NFD site na ụlọ ọrụ mmekọ VASCSC, VIKSAT, CHETNA, CEE, na KHAMIR. === Vikram A Sarabhai Community Science Center (VASCSC) ===   Vikram A Sarabhai Community Science Center bụ ebe sayensị . Ọ dị na [[Ahmedabad]], Gujarat, [[Ndia|India]] . === Center for Health Education, Training and Nutrition Awareness (CHETNA) === ==== Vikram Sarabhai Center for Development Interaction (VIKSAT) ==== Vikram Sarabhai Center for Development Interaction (VIKSAT) ka e hibere n'afọ 1977 dị ka ọrụ NFD iji rụọ ọrụ mmezi gburugburu ebe obibi. Ebumnuche nke nzukọ a gụnyere: * kwalite ma wusie ụlọ ọrụ ndị mmadụ ike (PIs) maka njikwa akụrụngwa eke (NRM) * kpalite atụmatụ NRM na-ekere òkè ọhụrụ maka mgbasa na ịbawanye elu * na-arụ ọrụ maka itinye aka nke ọma nke obodo, ọkachasị ụmụ nwanyị, na otu obodo na ọgbakọ amụma * gbalịsie ike ịmepụta usoro iwu na usoro iwu kwesịrị ekwesị * kwado teknụzụ na ịnweta ozi na ịnyefe na NRM * netwọk na ndị otu gọọmentị, ndị na-abụghị ndị gọọmentị (NGO) na PI na ụlọ ọrụ nka ndị ọzọ maka nke a dị n'elu. N'ime afọ 35 gara aga, VIKSAT na obodo dị na mpaghara ha na-arụ ọrụ n'ọkwa dị larịị maka ịmepụta ụdị nke na-ahụ maka nkwado nke ibi ndụ site na njikwa akụ sitere n'okike. Iji welie ikere òkè bara uru na njikwa akụ sitere n'okike, VIKSAT anọwo na-arụ ọrụ n'ịkwanye nkà ndị metụtara njikwa, iwu ụlọ ọrụ, mmepụta akụ na nkwado ndị ọzọ. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, VIKSAT nwere ụlọ ọrụ ubi ise na mpaghara anọ nke Gujarat, ya bụ, Bhiloda, Kheroj na mpaghara Sabarkantha; Satlasana na mpaghara Mehsana; Kukama, na mpaghara Kachchh; na Radhanpur na mpaghara Patan nwere isi ụlọ ọrụ dị na Ahmedabad, Gujarat. Ebe ọrụ bụ isi nke VIKSAT bụ njikwa akụ na ụba na-adịgide adịgide site na itinye aka na oke ọhịa, ala, mmiri, ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide, di iche iche dị iche iche, nkwado amụma na ike ụmụ nwanyị. VIKSAT's Council of Management bụ onye isi ugbu a site n'aka Prof. (Dr.) MS Swaminathan, ọkà mmụta sayensị a ma ama na onye ndu Green Revolution na India. Isi ihe na-akpali akpali nke VIKSAT gụnyere Natural Resource Management, Land and Water Management, sustained livelihoods and Institutions & Capacity Building. Iji welie ikere òkè bara uru na njikwa ihe onwunwe eke, VIKSAT na-arụ ọrụ n'ịkwalite nkà obodo metụtara nhazi otu, iwu ụlọ ọrụ, ọzụzụ na nkwado akụ ndị ọzọ. ===== Mmezu ===== * Isonye na Nzukọ mba ụwa na mmepe na-adigide, 2002 * VIKSAT nwetara onyinye nturu ugo nke mba Indira Priyadarshini Vrikshamitra Puraskar na 1997 site na Ministry of Environment & Forests, New Delhi. Ihe nrite a bụ n'ịkwado onyinye pụrụiche n'ihe gbasara ịkpa oke ọhịa na mmepe ala ahịhịa. * VIKSAT kwalitere Shree Janjharmata TGCS, Malekpur nwetara ihe nrite mba a ma ama Indira Priyadarshini Vrikshamitra Puraskar na 2002 site na Ministry of Environment & Forests, New Delhi na ngalaba ọkwa ọkwa obodo. * VIKISAT ahọpụtara dị ka onye ikpeazụ n'ahịa mmepe ụwa asọmpi, 2006 * Onye mmekọ, mmekorita mmiri zuru ụwa ọnụ, 2006 * VIKSAT kwalitere Shree Ashapura TGCS, Nana Kothasana nwetara Gram Sanghthan Paritoshik 2005 site na Development Support Center, Ahmedabad. === Center for Environment Education (CEE) ===   E hiwere Center for Environment Education ma ọ bụ CEE na 1984 site na nkwado sitere na Ministry of Environment and Forests (India) . Ebumnuche bụ isi nke CEE bụ ịkwalite mmata na nghọta ọha na eze maka gburugburu ebe obibi n'ebumnobi ịkwalite nchekwa na ijigide ihe okike na ihe ndị sitere n'okike. <ref>{{Cite web|title=About CEE|url=http://www.nfdindia.org/cee.htm}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ministry of environment and forests|url=http://moef.nic.in/divisions/ee/ee.html#coe}}</ref> === Khamir === Khamir bụ ntinye aka nke NFD, Confederation of India Industry na ''Kutch Navnirman Abhiyan'' nke Gọọmenti Gujarat na-akwado. Maka nchekwa na mpaghara nka, gburugburu ebe obibi na ihe nketa na Kutch District, KHAMIR eguzobewo dị ka agụmakwụkwọ, ọzụzụ, ihe ngosi na nkọwa nkọwa. <ref>{{Cite web|title=About Khamir|url=http://www.nfdindia.org/khamir.htm|accessdate=2024-04-06|archivedate=2012-02-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223205259/http://www.nfdindia.org/khamir.htm}}</ref> == Hụkwa == == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] lmp58eo2foc4rybqeei3h88epdet211 0 40801 632429 450152 2026-05-09T15:02:18Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 632429 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.periodicobolivia.com.bo/el-pais-en-estado-de-asedio/|title=El país en estado de asedio|language=es|accessdate=26 October 2020|archivedate=30 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030132359/https://www.periodicobolivia.com.bo/el-pais-en-estado-de-asedio/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eju.tv/2020/01/grave-error-estrategico-de-evo-morales/|title=Grave error estratégico de Evo Morales|language=es|accessdate=26 October 2020}}</ref>Chapare Drug Cartel bụ onye omempụ Bolivia raara onwe ya nye ndị ahịheji ike na ahaha ndị mmadụ [1] na-arụ ọrụ na mpaghara Chapare.  [2] Maka nke a, ọtụtụ ndị nta mere eme a mara mma dị ka Chapare Cartel <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bolivianthoughts.com/2019/11/17/evo-seeks-to-create-a-farc-in-bolivia-evo-busca-crear-unas-farc-en-bolivia/|title=Evo seeks to create a FARC in Bolivia – Evo busca crear unas FARC en Bolivia|date=17 November 2019|language=en|accessdate=26 October 2020}}</ref> N'oge ọchịchị Evo Morales niile na Bolivia na nchụpụ nke DEA <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/el-mundo/evo-morales-suspendio-las-actividades-de-la-dea-en-bolivia-nid1065652/|title=Evo Morales suspendió las actividades de la DEA en Bolivia|date=November 2008|language=es|accessdate=26 October 2020}}</ref> na obodo a na 2008, ịzụ ahịa ọgwụ ọjọọ amụbaala na mba ahụ. Kemgbe 2014, Bolivia bụ otu n'ime ndị isi na-emepụta cocaine n'ụwa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insightcrime.org/investigations/bolivia-the-new-hub-for-drug-trafficking-in-south-america/|title=Bolivia: the New Hub for Drug Trafficking in South America|date=27 March 2017|language=en|accessdate=26 October 2020}}</ref> Dị ka [[Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu|UN]] si kwuo, 94% nke mmepụta coca nke mba ahụ na-aga ahịa na-akwadoghị. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unodc.org/bolivia/es/press/entrevista_erbol.html|title=El 94% De La Coca De Chapare No Pasa Por El Mercado Legal|language=es|accessdate=27 October 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/america/opinion/2019/03/17/bolivia-narcoestado-cuya-politica-exterior-defiende-el-narcotrafico/|title=Bolivia, narcoestado cuya política exterior defiende el narcotráfico|language=es|accessdate=26 October 2020}}</ref> cartel nwere njikọ siri ike ugbu a na otu ndị agha ndị nke Movement for Socialism.  [1] [2] [3] N'ihi ihe ndị a nile, Interamerican Institute for Democracy dị iche nke Evo Morales dị ka nke a Narco-state .  [4] Ọhụụ a bụ onye Diego Ayo sitere na ntọala Vicente Pazos Kanki.  [5] Ugbu a, maghị usoro nke cartel ahụ.  Otú ọ dị, dị ka onye nta ndị Peruvian Jaime Bayly si kwuo, onye isi nke cartel ga-abụ onye bụbu Francis oche nke Bolivia, Evo Morales [6] [7] ebe ndị otu ndị na-akụ coca bụ ndị na-ebunye  .  ọgwụgwọ maka mba ụwa. == Chronology nke cartel na conformation nke Narco-state == . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://repositorio.umsa.bo/bitstream/handle/123456789/16666/IE-058.S.Ramos-2011.Las%20federaciones%20del%20tr%C3%B3pico%20de%20Cochabamba.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|title=LAS FEDERACIONES DEL TRÓPICO DE COCHABAMBA EN EL PROCESO DE CONSTRUCCIÓN DE UN INSTRUMENTO POLÍTICO (1992-1999)|language=es|accessdate=26 October 2020|archivedate=26 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026165019/https://repositorio.umsa.bo/bitstream/handle/123456789/16666/IE-058.S.Ramos-2011.Las%20federaciones%20del%20tr%C3%B3pico%20de%20Cochabamba.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref>Chapare Cartel sitere na nke isii Federaciones Cocaleras del Tropico, na mpaghara Chapare .  A na-arara ndị otu a maka nzere na akwụkwọ coca, nke kacha ochie bụ Federación Especial de Colonizadores de Chimore, nke ntọala ntọala na 1964 N'afọ 1996, Evo Morales bụ onye a na- Ale-ama na-ekiri oche nke kọmitii nhazi nke echiche isii nke ebe nchekwa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.efe.com/efe/america/sociedad/cocaleros-bolivianos-ratifican-a-evo-morales-como-su-maximo-dirigente/20000013-3765338|title=Cocaleros bolivianos ratifican a Evo Morales como su máximo dirigente|language=es|accessdate=26 October 2020}}</ref> Nkwalite nke akwụkwọ a ga-enweta ga-abụ n'echiche nke Evo Morales na onye isi oche nke mba ahụ na oge mbụ ya, nke akụkọ na 2006 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/america_latina/2010/05/100531_2247_bolivia_morales_narcos_jaw|title=Morales reconoce poder de narcos en Bolivia|date=31 May 2010|language=es|accessdate=26 October 2020}}</ref>N'afọ 2010, Evo Morales onye na-agụ mgbasa ozi BBC nke Britain na-apapapọ ike abanyela na ọkwa niile nke steeti, n'agbanyeghị na ọ boro [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] ebubo nke a, na-achọ ihe àmà nke a. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eju.tv/2011/09/en-bolivia-caso-sanabria-involucra-a-22-personas-alivio-en-el-gobierno-opositores-recin-se-conocern-implicaciones/|title=En Bolivia caso Sanabria involucra a 22 personas. Alivio en el gobierno; opositores: recién se conocerán implicaciones|language=es|accessdate=26 October 2020}}</ref>Na 2011, General nke ndị uwe ojii Bolivian, René Sanabria Oropeza na onye bụbu onye isi ọgwụ nke Evo Morales kenyere, boro [1] ikpe na United States maka akara akara ọgwụ.  [2] N'otu afɔ ahụ, Morales sere egwu ya na Sanabria ga- ụkpụrụ aha MAS iji eji maka ikpe ya. Na 2012, onye bụbu Senator Roger Pinto jụrụ [[Brazil]] maka mgbapu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ihi egwu nke mwakpo na nchekwa nke onwe ya na inwe "ihe akaebe nke nrụrụ aka na njikọ na ịzụ ahịa ọgwụ ọjọọ na ọkwa kachasị elu nke gọọmentị President Evo Morales". <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.coha.org/bolivia-struggles-to-combat-narco-trade/|title=Bolivia Struggles to Combat Narco Trade|date=18 July 2012|language=en|accessdate=26 October 2020}}</ref> Na Septemba 2013, a chọtara obodo mmụọ nke e wuru naanị maka mmepụta ọgwụ na Oruro na ndị mgbasa ozi na-atụ aka na gọọmentị. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://impresa.lapatria.bo/noticia/158630#_=/|title=Hallan "narco pueblo fantasma"|language=es|accessdate=26 October 2020|archivedate=26 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026212247/https://impresa.lapatria.bo/noticia/158630#_=/}}</ref> Na Septemba 2015, ejideburu onye ọchụnta ego Bolivia José Luis Sejas Rosales maka ikike ijide mba ụwa maka ịzụ ahịa ọgwụ ọjọọ na [[Argentina]]. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eju.tv/2015/09/caso-narco-cisternas-capturan-al-dueno-de-la-empresa-creta-acusado-de-narcotrafico/|title=Caso narco-cisternas. Capturan al dueño de la empresa Creta acusado de narcotráfico|language=es|accessdate=26 October 2020}}</ref> Sejas Rosales bụbu onye ndụmọdụ Yacimientos Petrolifos Fiscales Bolivianos. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eju.tv/2019/05/al-menos-15-casos-de-narcotrafico-enlodaron-a-autoridades-del-pais/|title=Al menos 15 casos de narcotráfico enlodaron a autoridades del país|language=es|accessdate=26 October 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.paginasiete.bo/seguridad/2019/9/28/clan-lima-lobo-cae-lider-van-tras-su-hermana-ligada-al-mas-232446.html|title=Clan Lima Lobo: cae líder y van tras su hermana ligada al MAS|language=es|accessdate=26 October 2020|archivedate=26 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026220611/https://www.paginasiete.bo/seguridad/2019/9/28/clan-lima-lobo-cae-lider-van-tras-su-hermana-ligada-al-mas-232446.html}}</ref>N'October 2017, na ọrụ n'etiti ndị uwe ojii Federal Brazil na ndị uwe ojii Matto Grosso, ụgbọ elu nwere 480. E jidere, ma jide kilogram cocaine, na mba a, Carmen Iris Lima Lobo, onye bụbu onye na-  azọ ọkwa nke ngalaba Beni .  [1] Na mbụ, na Sept, njidere nwa nwanne ya, Abio Adhemar Andrade Lima Lobo n'otu obodo a maka ịnwa ike Brazil 480. n'arọ.  nke cocaine Na Eprel 18, 2018, e jidere onye bụbu onye nnọchi anya Bolivia na Brazil, Haisen Ribero maka inwe 528.&nbsp;n'arọ. nke cocaine dị ọcha. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.paginasiete.bo/seguridad/2018/4/18/hallan-cocaina-pura-en-hacienda-de-un-exconsul-del-mas-177001.html|title=Hallan cocaína pura en hacienda de un excónsul del MAS|language=es|accessdate=26 October 2020|archivedate=30 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030095724/https://www.paginasiete.bo/seguridad/2018/4/18/hallan-cocaina-pura-en-hacienda-de-un-exconsul-del-mas-177001.html}}</ref> Ụbọchị ole na ole ka e mesịrị, na arịrịọ gọọmentị, a tọhapụrụ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.opinion.com.bo/articulo/policial/desvinculan-exc-oacute-nsul-caso-narcotr-aacute-fico/20180419003900611096.html|title=Desvinculan a un excónsul de caso de narcotráfico|language=es|accessdate=26 October 2020}}</ref> Na Eprel 23, 2019, ejidere Gonzalo Medina, onye bụbu onye isi FELCN na onye isi ndị uwe ojii Bolivia, Fernando Moreira, maka ebubo ịzụ ahịa ọgwụ ọjọọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lostiempos.com/actualidad/pais/20190423/aprehenden-gonzalo-medina-al-capitan-moreira-investigados-narcotrafico|title=Aprehenden a Gonzalo Medina y al capitán Moreira investigados por narcotráfico|date=23 April 2019|language=es|accessdate=26 October 2020}}</ref> Na June 4 nke otu afọ ahụ, e jidere onye ọrụ MAS ọzọ, Mayerling Castedo, ya na ndị ezinụlọ ya (ụmụ ya: Darío na Joice Candia Castedo yana ọgọ ya nwoke Hugo Yañez na nwa nwanne ya, Luís Darío. Candia Zelada) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lostiempos.com/actualidad/pais/20190604/cae-clan-narcotrafico-beni-vinculado-exfuncionarios|title=Cae clan de narcotráfico en Beni, vinculado a exfuncionarios|date=4 June 2019|language=es|accessdate=26 October 2020}}</ref> site n'aka ndị uwe ojii maka ebubo ịzụ ahịa ọgwụ ọjọọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lostiempos.com/actualidad/pais/20190604/mayerling-castedo-funcionaria-del-mas-vinculada-al-clan-narco-del-beni|title=Mayerling Castedo, la funcionaria del MAS vinculada al clan narco del Beni|date=4 June 2019|language=es|accessdate=26 October 2020}}</ref> Na Disemba 18, e jidere onye bụbu consul Diego Fernando Vega Ibarra na Argentina maka ịzụ ahịa ọgwụ ọjọọ na mba ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lostiempos.com/actualidad/pais/20191218/exconsul-detenido-droga-impulsaba-llegada-evo-oran|title=El excónsul detenido con droga impulsaba llegada de Evo a Orán|date=18 December 2019|language=es|accessdate=26 October 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eju.tv/2020/02/quien-es-dora-vallejos-con-un-patrimonio-de-us-150-mm-y-muy-cercana-a-poderosos-del-mas/|title=¿Quién es Dora Vallejos con un patrimonio de $us 150 MM y muy cercana a poderosos del MAS?|language=es|accessdate=26 October 2020}}</ref>Na Febụwarị 6, 2020,ejidere Dora Vallejos, nyere onye na-ere ọgwụ Bismark Carlos Padilla na enyi nke onye bụbu onye minista MAS Carlos Romero na General Gonzalo Medina, maka ọgwụ ọgwụ. Na Machị 5, 2020, a tụrụ Terán na Elba Terán, ụmụnne nwanyị Margarita Terán (onye so na pati MAS), mkpọrọ afọ 15 maka mpụ nke ịzụ ahịa ọgwụ ọjọọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lostiempos.com/actualidad/pais/20200305/elba-teran-es-sentenciada-15-anos-carcel-narcotrafico|title=Elba Terán es sentenciada a 15 años de cárcel por narcotráfico|date=5 March 2020|language=es|accessdate=26 October 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://correodelsur.com/seguridad/20200410_faustino-yucra-fue-trasladado-de-santa-cruz-a-la-paz.html|title=Faustino Yucra fue trasladado de Santa Cruz a La Paz|language=es|accessdate=26 October 2020}}</ref>N'Eprel 10 nke afọ ahụ,ejidere Faustino Yucra, onye bụbu onye ndu coca na enyi Evo Morales, ebubo ebubo ọgwụ ike, iyi egwu egwu na ịgba mgba okpuru.{{Organized crime groups in the Americas}} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Aha]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] d1c284w2egyz0em3of3xoynlxtntm7e 0 40893 632398 627750 2026-05-09T13:21:21Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 632398 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vh1press.com/series/cartel-crew|title=CARTEL CREW|publisher=VH1}}</ref> Cartel Crew bụ usoro ihe onyonyo n'ezie America nke ewepụtara na VH1 na Jenụwarị 7, 2019. Ọ na-akọ akụkọ kwa ụbọchị nke ndị edemede ha nweburu njikọ na cartels na Miami, Florida .  Usoro a na-egosi ka ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na-anwa ịnya iwu na ndụ na ime ihe na- mmetụta nke cartel nwere na ndụ ha kwa ụbọchị. == Nkedo == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Ihe nkiri nke ''Cartel Crew'' ! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Onye otu nkedo ! colspan="3" scope="colgroup" | Oge |- ! scope="col" | 1 ! scope="col" | 2 ! scope="col" | 3 |- | scope="row" | Michael Blanco | colspan="3" {{cMain}} |- | scope="row" | Marie Ramirez -D'Arellano | colspan="3" {{cMain}} |- | scope="row" | Kat "Tatu Baby" Flores | colspan="3" {{cMain}} |- | scope="row" | Stephanie Acevedo | colspan="3" {{cMain}} |- | scope="row" | Nicole Zavala | colspan="3" {{cMain}} |- | scope="row" | Carlos "Loz" Oliveros | colspan="2" {{cMain}}| {{n/a|}} |- | scope="row" | Dayana Castellanos | colspan="3" {{cMain}} |- | scope="row" | Michael Zavala | colspan="1" {{cRecurring}}| colspan="2" {{cMain}} |- | scope="row" | Salomé "Betty Idol" Jackson | {{n/a|}}| {{cRecurring}}| {{cMain}} |- | scope="row" | Mike "Majix" Yuen | colspan="3" {{cRecurring}} |- | scope="row" | Ali Cabrera Tapia | colspan="3" {{cRecurring}} |- | scope="row" | Eddie Soto | {{n/a|}}| colspan="2" {{cRecurring}} |- | scope="row" | Ivette Saucedo | {{n/a|}}| colspan="2" {{cRecurring}} |- | scope="row" | Emma Coronel Aispuro | {{n/a|}}| {{cGuest}}| {{n/a|}} |- |} == Ihe omume == {{Series overview|color1=#B30219|link1=<includeonly>Cartel Crew</includeonly>#Season 1 (2019)|episodes1=10|start1={{Start date|2019|1|7}}|end1={{End date|2019|3|11}}|color2=#030303|link2=<includeonly>Cartel Crew</includeonly>#Season 2 (2019)|episodes2=11|start2={{Start date|2019|10|7}}|end2={{End date|2019|12|9}}|color3=#BCC9D2|link3=<includeonly>Cartel Crew</includeonly>#Season 3 (2021)|episodes3=10|start3={{Start date|2021|6|7}}|end3={{End date|2021|8|9}}}} === Oge 1 (2019) === {{Episode table|background=#B30219|overall=5|season=5|title=54|airdate=21|viewers=14|country=U.S.|episodes={{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 1 | EpisodeNumber2 = 1 | Title = Life After Narcos | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|1|7}} | Viewers = 0.95<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-7-2019.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109062630/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-7-2019.html|url-status=live|archive-date=January 9, 2019|title=UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.7.2019 - Showbuzz Daily|website=www.ShowBuzzDaily.com|access-date=October 12, 2019|accessdate=April 6, 2024|archivedate=January 9, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109062630/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-7-2019.html}}</ref> | ShortSummary = | LineColor = B30219 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 2 | EpisodeNumber2 = 2 | Title = She Set Me Up | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|1|14}} | Viewers = 0.93<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-14-2019.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116200702/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-14-2019.html|url-status=live|archive-date=January 16, 2019|title=UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.14.2019 - Showbuzz Daily|website=www.ShowBuzzDaily.com|access-date=October 12, 2019|accessdate=April 6, 2024|archivedate=January 16, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116200702/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-14-2019.html}}</ref> | ShortSummary = | LineColor = B30219 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 3 | EpisodeNumber2 = 3 | Title = The Ultimate Disrespect | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|1|21}} | Viewers = 0.81<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-21-2019.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124041538/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-21-2019.html|url-status=live|archive-date=January 24, 2019|title=UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.21.2019 - Showbuzz Daily|website=www.ShowBuzzDaily.com|access-date=October 12, 2019|accessdate=April 6, 2024|archivedate=January 24, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124041538/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-21-2019.html}}</ref> | ShortSummary = | LineColor = B30219 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 4 | EpisodeNumber2 = 4 | Title = New York, Old Secrets | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|1|28}} | Viewers = 0.68<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-28-2019.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201001858/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-28-2019.html|url-status=live|archive-date=February 1, 2019|title=UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.28.2019 - Showbuzz Daily|website=www.ShowBuzzDaily.com|access-date=October 12, 2019|accessdate=April 6, 2024|archivedate=February 1, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201001858/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-28-2019.html}}</ref> | ShortSummary = | LineColor = B30219 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 5 | EpisodeNumber2 = 5 | Title = Who Is Giselle Rosario? | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|2|4}} | Viewers = 0.67<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-4-2019.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207020029/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-4-2019.html|url-status=live|archive-date=February 7, 2019|title=UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.4.2019 - Showbuzz Daily|website=www.ShowBuzzDaily.com|access-date=October 12, 2019|accessdate=April 6, 2024|archivedate=February 7, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207020029/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-4-2019.html}}</ref> | ShortSummary = | LineColor = B30219 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 6 | EpisodeNumber2 = 6 | Title = It's How You Die and When You Die | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|2|11}} | Viewers = 0.69<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-11-2019.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213123639/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-11-2019.html|url-status=live|archive-date=February 13, 2019|title=UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.11.2019 - Showbuzz Daily|website=www.ShowBuzzDaily.com|access-date=October 12, 2019|accessdate=April 6, 2024|archivedate=February 13, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213123639/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-11-2019.html}}</ref> | ShortSummary = | LineColor = B30219 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 7 | EpisodeNumber2 = 7 | Title = Forbidden Paradise, Part 1 | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|2|18}} | Viewers = 0.76<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-18-2019.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221061753/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-18-2019.html|url-status=live|archive-date=February 21, 2019|title=UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.18.2019 - Showbuzz Daily|website=www.ShowBuzzDaily.com|access-date=October 12, 2019|accessdate=April 6, 2024|archivedate=February 21, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221061753/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-18-2019.html}}</ref> | ShortSummary = | LineColor = B30219 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 8 | EpisodeNumber2 = 8 | Title = Forbidden Paradise, Part 2 | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|2|25}} | Viewers = 0.58<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-25-2019.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227060710/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-25-2019.html|url-status=live|archive-date=February 27, 2019|title=UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.25.2019 - Showbuzz Daily|website=www.ShowBuzzDaily.com|access-date=October 12, 2019|accessdate=April 6, 2024|archivedate=February 27, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227060710/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-25-2019.html}}</ref> | ShortSummary = | LineColor = B30219 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 9 | EpisodeNumber2 = 9 | Title = Back to Miami, Back to Reality | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|3|4}} | Viewers = 0.64<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-3-4-2019.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043448/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-3-4-2019.html|url-status=live|archive-date=March 6, 2019|title=UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.4.2019 - Showbuzz Daily|website=www.ShowBuzzDaily.com|access-date=October 12, 2019|accessdate=April 6, 2024|archivedate=March 6, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043448/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-3-4-2019.html}}</ref> | ShortSummary = | LineColor = B30219 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 10 | EpisodeNumber2 = 10 | Title = Out With a Boom Boom | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|3|11}} | Viewers = 0.70<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-3-4-2019.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043448/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-3-4-2019.html|url-status=live|archive-date=March 6, 2019|title=UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.4.2019 - Showbuzz Daily|website=www.ShowBuzzDaily.com|access-date=October 12, 2019|accessdate=April 6, 2024|archivedate=March 6, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043448/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-3-4-2019.html}}</ref> | ShortSummary = | LineColor = B30219 }}}} === Oge 2 (2019) === {{Episode table|background=#BCC9D2|overall=5|season=5|title=54|airdate=21|airdateR=<ref name="TFC">{{cite web |title=Cartel Crew – Listings |url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/showatch/cartel-crew/listings/ |website=[[The Futon Critic]] |access-date=June 7, 2021}}</ref>|viewers=14|country=U.S.|episodes={{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 22 | EpisodeNumber2 = 1 | Title = La Famila Over Everything | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|6|7}} | Viewers = 0.46<ref>{{cite web|url=https://programminginsider.com/monday-ratings-the-bachelorette-season-opener-leads-abc-to-victory/|title=Monday Ratings: Monday Ratings: 'The Bachelorette' Season-Opener Leads ABC to Victory |last=Berman|first=Marc|date=June 8, 2021|work=Programming Insider|access-date=July 12, 2021}}</ref> | ShortSummary = | LineColor = BCC9D2 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 23 | EpisodeNumber2 = 2 | Title = It's the Prenup for Me | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|6|14}} | Viewers = 0.22<ref>{{cite web|url=https://programminginsider.com/monday-ratings-soft-starts-for-abcs-celebrity-dating-game-and-the-cw-drama-the-republic-of-sarah/|title=Monday Ratings: Soft Starts for ABC's ''Celebrity Dating Game'' and The CW Drama ''The Republic of Sarah''|last=Berman|first=Marc|date=June 15, 2021|work=Programming Insider|access-date=July 12, 2021}}</ref> | ShortSummary = | LineColor = BCC9D2 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 24 | EpisodeNumber2 = 3 | Title = Dear Michael | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|6|21}} | Viewers = 0.40<ref>{{cite web|url=https://programminginsider.com/monday-ratings-the-bachelorette-leads-abc-to-diluted-victory/|title=Monday Ratings: ''The Bachelorette'' Leads ABC to Diluted Victory|last=Berman|first=Marc|date=June 22, 2021|work=Programming Insider|access-date=August 2, 2021}}</ref> | ShortSummary = | LineColor = BCC9D2 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 25 | EpisodeNumber2 = 4 | Title = Never Break Bread with You | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|6|28}} | Viewers = 0.29<ref>{{cite web|url=https://programminginsider.com/monday-ratings-more-victory-for-the-home-of-the-bachelorette-abc/|title=Monday Ratings: More Victory for the Home of ''The Bachelorette'' – ABC|last=Berman|first=Marc|date=June 29, 2021|work=Programming Insider|access-date=August 12, 2021}}</ref> | ShortSummary = | LineColor = BCC9D2 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 26 | EpisodeNumber2 = 5 | Title = What's the Tea | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|7|5}} | Viewers = 0.53<ref>{{cite web|url=https://programminginsider.com/monday-ratings-abc-and-nbc-share-modest-dominance/|title=Monday Ratings: ABC and NBC Share Modest Dominance|last=Berman|first=Marc|date=July 6, 2021|work=Programming Insider|access-date=August 17, 2021}}</ref> | ShortSummary = | LineColor = BCC9D2 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 27 | EpisodeNumber2 = 6 | Title = A Very Blanco Wedding Part 1 | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|7|12}} | Viewers = 0.51<ref>{{cite web|url=https://programminginsider.com/monday-ratings-abcs-the-bachelorette-tops-quiet-evening/|title=Monday Ratings: ABC's ''The Bachelorette'' Tops Quiet Evening|last=Berman|first=Marc|date=July 13, 2021|work=Programming Insider|access-date=August 17, 2021}}</ref> | ShortSummary = | LineColor = BCC9D2 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 28 | EpisodeNumber2 = 7 | Title = A Very Blanco Wedding Part 2 | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|7|19}} | Viewers = 0.41<ref>{{cite web|url=https://programminginsider.com/monday-ratings-the-bachelorette-leads-abc-to-more-victory/|title=Monday Ratings: ''The Bachelorette'' Leads ABC to More Victory|last=Berman|first=Marc|date=July 20, 2021|work=Programming Insider|access-date=August 17, 2021}}</ref> | ShortSummary = | LineColor = BCC9D2 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 29 | EpisodeNumber2 = 8 | Title = Journey for Justice | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|7|26}} | Viewers = 0.37<ref>{{cite web|url=https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-7-26-2021.html|title=ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.26.2021|last=Metcalf|first=Mitch|author-link=Mitch Metcalf|date=July 27, 2021|work=Showbuzz Daily|access-date=September 26, 2021|accessdate=April 6, 2024|archivedate=August 29, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829213343/https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-7-26-2021.html}}</ref> | ShortSummary = | LineColor = BCC9D2 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 30 | EpisodeNumber2 = 9 | Title = Part of the Solution | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|8|2}} | Viewers = 0.37<ref>{{cite web|url=https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-8-2-2021.html|title=ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.2.2021|last=Metcalf|first=Mitch|author-link=Mitch Metcalf|date=August 3, 2021|work=Showbuzz Daily|access-date=September 26, 2021|accessdate=April 6, 2024|archivedate=August 22, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822011536/https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-8-2-2021.html}}</ref> | ShortSummary = | LineColor = BCC9D2 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 31 | EpisodeNumber2 = 10 | Title = La Familia Forever | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|8|9}} | Viewers = 0.43<ref>{{cite web|url=https://programminginsider.com/monday-ratings-the-bachelorette-leads-abc-to-victory-modest-return-for-game-show-the-wall-on-nbc/|title=Monday Ratings: 'The Bachelorette' Leads ABC to Victory; Modest Return for Game Show 'The Wall' on NBC|last=Berman|first=Marc|work=Programming Insider|date=August 10, 2021|access-date=September 26, 2021}}</ref> | ShortSummary = | LineColor = BCC9D2 }}}} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * {{IMDb title|tt9425126}} [[Òtù:Aha]] 1qxtlo5maa65hs1yk2tfmb6oj3nfdym 0 42397 632434 165107 2026-05-09T15:03:30Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 632434 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|honorific-prefix=General|name=Jarl Wahlström|honorific-suffix=|image=Lady-Baden-Powell-1960.jpg|caption=Jarl Wahlström (right) together with [[Helvi Sipilä]] (left) during the visit of [[Lady Baden-Powell]] (middle) to Helsinki in 1960.|imagesize=|office=12th [[Generals of The Salvation Army|General of The Salvation Army]]|predecessor=[[Arnold Brown (General of The Salvation Army)|Arnold Brown]]|successor=[[Eva Burrows]]|term_start=14 December 1981|term_end=9 July 1986|birthname=Jarl Holger Wahlström|birth_date={{birth date|1918|07|09|df=yes}}|birth_place=[[Helsinki]], [[Finland]]|death_date={{death date and age|1999|12|03|1918|07|09|df=y}}|death_place=Helsinki, Finland|nationality=|spouse=Maire Nyberg}} Jarl Holger Wahlström (9 Julaị 1918 – 3 Disemba 1999) bụ Ọchịagha nke iri na abụọ nke The Salvation Army (1981–86). == Akụkọ ndụ == Amụrụ na Colonel Rafael Wahlström, ọ bụ ọdụdụ nwa n'ime ihe ise.  O tolitere na Finland, ebe nna ya bụ onye isi nri.  Ọrọ Onye iro mgbe ọ dị afụ asaa.  Na 1937, ọ hụ International Training College na [[London]], England, dị ka onye cadet na nhụnanya ndị na-anụ ọkụ n'obi, ihe onye isi na 1938. Nhọpụta mbụ ya bụ osote onye ọrụ na Oulu Corps.  Mgbe Agha nsogbu nke mgbaàmà, e debanyere ya n'ahụ agha afụ apụ.  Afọ ikpeazụ nke ọrụ agha ya bụ onye ndọrọ batalion.  [1] Ọ na-egwu egwu megide Soviet Union, n'oge Agha oyi na Agha Ọga n'ihu<ref name="LutheranSalvationists">{{Cite book|author=Lydholm|first=Gudrun Maria|date=24 February 2017|title=Lutheran Salvationists? The Development Towards Registration as an Independent Faith Community in The Salvation Army in Norway with Focus on the Period 1975–2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r_ZTDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Jarl+Wahlstr%C3%B6m%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA110|publisher=Wipf & Stock|isbn=978-1-4982-9787-5}}</ref> Mgbe ọ la mụrụ na 1944, ọ na-egosi Lieutenant Maire Nyberg.  A akụkọ ya onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Finland mgbe agha ahụ biri.  Afọ asaa ka ọdịdị, a kpọgara ya na ngalaba Helsinki dị ka mgbidi.  Na 1963, a mgbaàmà ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ike na Finland.  Otu afọ ka ịhụ, ọ na-egosi Knight of the Order of the Lion of Finland n'ihi ọrụ ya na Scout Movement .<ref name="bio">{{Cite web|title=GENERAL JARL WAHLSTRÖM (R) PROMOTED TO GLORY|url=http://www.salvationist.org/intnews.nsf/vw_web_articles/64F4830987D7A20D80256C0000316091?opendocument|work=The Salvation Army Community|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=8 December 1999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308055132/https://www.salvationist.org/intnews.nsf/vw_web_articles/64F4830987D7A20D80256C0000316091?opendocument|archivedate=8 March 2016}}</ref> <ref name="bio"/>Nhọpụta mbụ Wahlström na mba ofesi bịara na 1972, mgbe ọ na-akpọ onye isi isi maka mpaghara [[Kánada|Canada]] na Bermuda .  Ọ gara n'ihu bụrụ ndị agha mpaghara na Finland na 1976 wee bụrụ na Sweden na 1981. A àmà ya n'ọkwa General ka ahụ Chineke <ref>{{Cite web|title=Generals|url=https://www.salvationarmy.org.uk/generals|work=The Salvation Army|author=<!--Not stated-->|accessdate=1 August 2020}}</ref>Dị ka General, ọ duru otu International Leader's Conference of The Salvation Army na Berlin 1984 na a Holy Land Congress otu afọ ka e nwee.  Ọ durukwa International Youth Congress na 1985 na Macomb, Illinois, USA.  Nke a bụ n'ọnụ ndị mbụ egwuregwu ndị agha zuru ụwa nke mbụ mbụ 1950 yana-enye mba ofesi Salvation Army ga-enwe na ikike UK Na 1986, Wahlström lara ezumike nká n'ọrụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike, na-alaghachi Helsinki. Mgbe ọ rịasịrị ọrịa ogologo oge, ọ nwụrụ na 1999. <ref name="bio"/> == Ihe nketa == <ref name="bio"/> O dere abụ 857 na The Salvation Army Song Book (ụdị 1986), "Achọtara nnukwu ihe n'ijere ozi".  A kwanyere ugwu site na Order of Civil Merit nke South Korea na-anata Medal Mugunghwa na 1983. Ọ akara akara ule na akwụkwọ ozi Humane sitere na Mahadum Western Illinois na 1985. Rotary International kwa Wahlström na Paul Harris Fellowship na 1987.  wee mee ya onye ọchịagha nke Order of the White Rose na Finland na 1989 <ref name="LutheranSalvationists"/>General Wahlström bụkwa onye nna na ọ kwalitere mba ụwa nke ndị agha agha, na okpukpe ụka ecumenical ya.  Ọ Masar "nguzozi n'etiti ndị ụka na ecumenism" na "nwere uche mepere emepe na ezi uche iji soro ndị nke ụzọ ndị ọzọ na-arụkọ ọrụ". == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|30em}}{{s-start}} {{succession box|before=[[Arnold Brown (General of The Salvation Army)|Arnold Brown]]|title=[[Generals of The Salvation Army|General of The Salvation Army]]|years=1981&ndash;1986|after=[[Eva Burrows]]}} {{s-end}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230724140930/http://www.sawiki.net/index.php/Jarl_Wahlstr%C3%B6m Jarl Wahlstrom na SAWiki (Salvation Army)] [[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]] 2s80ultx9drdq4xeszyrgoo8jcelal7 0 45965 632395 631868 2026-05-09T12:48:37Z CommonsDelinker 87 Removing [[:c:File:Senga_Nengudi.jpg|Senga_Nengudi.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Infrogmation|Infrogmation]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Senga Nengudi.jpg|]]. 632395 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox person|name=Senga Nengudi|image=|alt=<!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software -->|caption=Nengudi, circa 1980s|birth_name=Sue Irons|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1943|09|18}}|birth_place=Chicago, Illinois, U.S.|other_names=|alma_mater=[[California State University, Los Angeles]],<br> [[Waseda University]]|occupation=Artist, Sculptor, Curator, Dancer|years_active=1960s–present|known_for=Visual art|notable_works=|movement=Studio Z, Performance Art, Sculpture|spouse=Elliott Fittz|awards=Nasher Prize Laureate 2023|website={{URL|http://www.sengasenga.com/}}}} Senga Nengudi (née Sue Irons; amuru September 18, 1943) [1] bu onye nlere anya na onye nleba anya nke Afrika-Amerika .  A mara ya nke ọma maka ihe ọkpụkpụ ya na-ahụ ahụkebe na-akpata ihe ndị na-akwado ọchịchị choreographed.  Ọ bụ nke otu ndị omenkà avant-garde nke Africa-American na-arụ ọrụ na New York City na Los Angeles, site na 1960s wee gawa Akpọrọ Nengudi aha 2023 Nasher Prize Laureate maka ebe aka ya na-ejide nke ọkpụkpụ == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A አካላዊ Nengudi Sue Irons na Chicago, Illinois na 1943. [1] Mgbe nna ya nwụsịrị na 1949, ya na nne ya kwagara Los Angeles na Pasadena .  [2] N'ihi usoro ụlọ akwụkwọ dị iche iche, Nengudi ikikera onwe ya n'etiti ụlọ akwụkwọ, na-akwụkwọ azụ na azụ n'etiti Los Angeles na Pasadena.  Nwa nwanne nna ya bụ Eileen Abdulrashid bụkwa onye na-ese ihe<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mutualart.com/Article/Repondez-sil-vous-plait--An-Interview-wi/71B964571BB7D4AF|title=Repondez s'il vous plait: An Interview with Senga Nengudi|author=Hegert|first=Natalie|date=September 28, 2016|work=MutualARt|accessdate=May 29, 2024|archivedate=April 18, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418233202/https://www.mutualart.com/Article/Repondez-sil-vous-plait--An-Interview-wi/71B964571BB7D4AF}}</ref> <ref name=":0"/>Mgbe ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Dorsey High School, Nengudi fim nkà na ịgba egwu n'oge 1960 na [[California]] State University, Los Angeles, na-agụsị akwụkwọ na nzere bachelọ na 1967. [1] Ọ pụta otu awụ na-agụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum  Waseda dị na Tokyo, na-enwe ndị na-enwe mmasị ikwu Gutai Art Association .  [2] Na 1967, ọ la mfe na California State University, site na nke ọ ndị a Master of Arts degree na ọkpụkpụ na 1971. N'oge akwụkwọ, na 1965, ọ gbara akwụkwọ na Watts Towers Art Center mgbe Noa Purifoy bụ onye isi  .  Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dịka onye nkuzi nka na Pasadena Art Museum na Fine Arts Community Workshop Ọ kwagara New York City n'oge na-adịghị anya ka ọ gaa n'ihu n'ahụ ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe, ọ na-agakwa azụ na azụ n'etiti New York City na Los Angeles ugboro ugboro.  [1] Na 2016 ọ ama akara ugo mkpa nka nka na Colorado .  Ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Colorado Springs, Colorado ebe ya na di ya, Elliott Fittz bi <ref>{{Cite web|title=Senga Nengudi Fittz - Colorado College|url=https://www.coloradocollege.edu/other/commencement/archive/2016/senga-nengudi-fittz.html|accessdate=2021-07-14|work=www.coloradocollege.edu|archivedate=2023-05-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513040701/https://www.coloradocollege.edu/other/commencement/archive/2016/senga-nengudi-fittz.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Oral history interview with Senga Nengudi, 2013 July 9-11|url=https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-senga-nengudi-16131|accessdate=2021-07-14|work=www.aaa.si.edu|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Nengudi bụ akụkụ nke radical, avant-garde Black art ngosi na ma New York City na Los Angeles, n'oge 1960 na 1970s. Cheryl Banks bụ onye ọzọ na-ese ihe bụ onye ya na Nengudi rụkọrọ ọrụ na onye ya na ya na-ederịta akwụkwọ ozi ugboro ugboro gbasara ọrụ ha. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Senga Nengudi Papers, 794|url=https://amistad-finding-aids.tulane.edu/repositories/2/resources/709|accessdate=2021-07-14|work=Amistad Research Center}}</ref> .Ọ bụ ọrụ na veranda abụọ: Pearl C. Woods Gallery na Los Angeles (nke Greg Pitts nwere ma duzie ya), na Just Above Midtown (JAM) na New York City.  JAM bụ nke Linda Goode Bryant nwere ma duzie ya, onye isi Nengudi.  [1] Ọ kọwapụtala ike okike nke ọrụ na veranda dị ka ndị a bụ, "ịkụ ọkụtu akwụkwọ" maka obodo ndị oji ojii <ref name=":0" /> === Studio Z mkpokọta na arụmọrụ === N'ọgwụ 1970s, Nengudi arọ ọrụ n'okpuru Brockman Gallery's CETA na-akwado ọrụ nka, ebe ọ zutere Maren Hassinger .  Ihe omume a nyere Nengudi na Hassinger ọ karin emume maka Freeway Fets, ihe ngosi ya na ndị na-ese ihe David Hammons, Franklin Parker na ndị ọzọ bụ ụzọ nke Studio Z. [1] Nke a mkpokọta, nke ihe dị ka LA  Rebellion, ndị na-ese ihe nkiri America America " dị iche site na vidiyo ha na omume akwụkwọ."  [2] [3] Hammons na Hassinger ozi ndị na-arụkọ ọrụ oge niile na ọrụ ya.  [4] Ndị ọzọ so na Studio Z egwu Ronn Davis, [5] Duval Lewis, RoHo, Barbara McCullough, [[Houston Conwill]], na Joe Ray (onye na-ese ihe) .  [6] N'afọ 1978, Nengudi akwụkwọ ya na Hassinger maka ụgwọ nke ndị nka abụọ ahụ kwalitere mgbe ha na-akpa n'ime nnukwu webụ pantyhose.  Ihe omume ahụ ụzọ ụzọ e si amachibido site na iwu okike mmadụ.  Nengudi mekwara ọtụtụ foto ahazi n'oge a.  Ọ na-achọkarị n'ime ha onwe ya n'asụsụ ama dị ka onye na-ahụ nwoke ma ọ bụ ajụ, na-agbagha agbagha. === Gburugburu nke ọrụ === Nhazi omenala, agbụrụ na agbụrụ na-agbagwoju anya ghọrọ isi n'ọrụ Nengudi dịka njikwa mmachi nwoke na nwanyị. Ọ na-ejikọtakarị ụdị nka nka nke Africa, Eshia na nke America maka iberibe arụmọrụ ya na foto emepụtara. Ọ bụ ezie na oeuvre ya na-akọwapụta okwu gbasara okike, agbụrụ na agbụrụ, ọrụ Nengudi na-elekwasị anya na ụzọ ndị agha usoro a si emetụta onye ọ bụla na-agba mbọ ịkwalite mkpali omenala maka ndị ikom na ndị inyom. Ọ na-akpọkarị nkà ihe ọmụma Africa na Eastern dị ka ihe na-akwado ọrụ ya. == Ọrụ == === Usoro ''RSVP'', 1975–1977 === N'afọ 1975, mgbe a mụsịrị nwa ya nwoke wee hụ mgbanwe n'ahụ ya, Nengudi malitere usoro ''RSVP'' ya (nke a makwaara dị ka ''repondez s'il vous plait),'' nke a kacha mara ya. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Gyarkye|first=Lovia|date=2020-11-09|title=An Artist's Continuing Exploration of the Human Form|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/09/t-magazine/senga-nengudi-art.html|accessdate=2020-11-12}}</ref> <ref name=":0"/> N'ịkọkọta mmasị ya na mmegharị ahụ na ihe ọkpụkpụ, Nengudi kere ihe osise na-adịghị ahụkebe nke ihe ndị a na-eme kwa ụbọchị site na usoro choreographed nke a na-eme n'ihu ndị na-ege ntị ma ọ bụ weghara na igwefoto. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|author=Brownell|first=Jake|title=Colorado Springs Artist Senga Nengudi Takes the World Stage at Venice Biennale|url=https://www.cpr.org/2017/06/21/colorado-springs-artist-senga-nengudi-takes-the-world-stage-at-venice-biennale/|accessdate=2021-10-30|work=Colorado Public Radio|language=en}}</ref> A na-eji ihe ndị a na-eme kwa ụbọchị mee ihe a kpụrụ akpụ, dị ka pantyhose, na akụkụ ndị a na-agbatị, gbagọrọ agbagọ, kechie, ma jupụta na ájá. <ref name=":5" /> A na-ekokwasịkarị ihe ọkpụkpụ ndị a rụchara, bụ́ ndị e bu n’obi ka ndị na-ege ntị nwee ike imetụ ha aka, bụ́ ndị a na-ekokwasịkarị n’ahụ́ mgbidi gallery ma gbatịa n’ofe ebe a na-ese foto, na-eme ka ụdị akụkụ ahụ́ dị iche iche pụta, ara na-ada ada, na afọ nne. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hammer.ucla.edu/now-dig-this/artists/senga-nengudi/|title=Senga Nengudi {{!}} Now Dig This! digital archive {{!}} Hammer Museum|work=Hammer Museum|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-04}}</ref> <ref name=":3"/> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt29x9b6pn/qt29x9b6pn.pdf|title=Bodies in Action: Senga Nengudi's R.S.V.P. Répondez S'il Vous Plaît (1977/2003)|author=Taormina|first=Victoria Marie|date=June 2016|work=University of California, Riverside|accessdate=March 3, 2019}}</ref> Maka ya, iji pantyhose eme ihe dị ka ihe na-egosipụta ngbanwe nke ahụ mmadụ, karịsịa ahụ nwanyị. <ref name=":5" /> <ref name="hyperallergic.com">{{Cite web|url=https://hyperallergic.com/146981/the-improvised-body-the-reemergence-of-senga-nengudi/|title=The Improvised Body: The Reemergence of Senga Nengudi|date=September 6, 2014|work=Hyperallergic|accessdate=April 13, 2019}}</ref> Ọkpụkpụ ndị a yana mkpirisi arụmọrụ ya mechara gụnyere pantyhose gosipụtara ụdị anụ ahụ, njirimara agbụrụ, ọdịdị ahụ, na mmetụta ọha mmadụ na ahụ ụmụ nwanyị. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/museums/ct-ent-0921-senga-nengudi-20170919-story.html|title=Senga Nengudi stretches the limits of womanhood|author=Hawbaker|first=KT|work=chicagotribune.com|accessdate=2018-03-04|language=en-US}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị na ọ na-etinyekwu aka na obodo ndị America America na-ese ihe na Los Angeles, mgbe usoro "RSVP" mere mpụta mbụ ya, ọ nweghị mmasị ọha na eze na ọrụ ya. Otu n'ime ezigbo ndị enyi Nengudi na otu n'ime ndị na-arụkọ ọrụ nka, David Hammons weputara nkọwa maka enweghị mmasị ọha na eze na ọrụ Nengudi, na-akọwa ya na ọmarịcha ihe ịchọ mma dị ugbu a n'ọtụtụ akụkụ Nengudi n'ime 1960s na 1970s. Ọzọkwa, ihe ọkpụkpụ “RSVP” nke Nengudi dị nnọọ iche na ọtụtụ ọrụ nka mere ndị ọgbọ ya nka na Los Angeles na New York na-ewu ewu. Emere Nengudi mara echiche nke nka nke ọha na eze ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe osise nke ndị ọgbọ ya mere, karịsịa na New York, ebe ụfọdụ ndị chere na ọ naghị eme "nkà ojii." <ref name=":2"/> Ihe ọkpụkpụ "RSVP" nke Nengudi emeela ka ọ pụta ìhè n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na ihe ngosi otu ndị na-eme njem, gụnyere na ngosi, ''Ugbu a Dig Nke a!'' ''Art & Black Los Angeles 1960–1980'' (site na 2011–2013) na ''Blues for Smoke'' (2013). <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.artinamericamagazine.com/reviews/senga-nengudi/|title=Senga Nengudi – Art in America|work=Art in America|accessdate=2018-03-04|language=en-US}}</ref> === ''Ememe maka Fets okporo ụzọ'' (1978) === Nengudi na ndị otu Studio Z mkpokọta (gụnyere Hammons na Hassinger) iche, Ememe maka Freeway Fets (1978) n'okpuru okporo ụzọ ụzọ na Pico Boulevard na Los Angeles.  [1] Nengudi haziri uwe na akwa isi nke pantyhose mere maka ndị na-eme ihe nkiri.  Hammons na Hassinger nke ọrụ nke ike nwoke na-enwe, ebe Nengudi na-arụ ọrụ dịka ike iji ọgụ nwoke na ahụ.  Ma egwu egwu na egwu, nke ndị otu Studio Z mere, emelitere <ref>{{Cite web|author=Stillman|first=Nick|title=Senga Nengudi's "Ceremony for Freeway Fets" and Other Los Angeles Collaborations|url=http://eastofborneo.org/articles/senga-nengudis-ceremony-for-freeway-fets-and-other-los-angeles-collaborations|accessdate=February 7, 2014|publisher=East of Borneo}}</ref> === ''Warp Trance'' (2007) === N'oge obibi ya na 2007 na Fabric Workshop na Museum na Philadelphia, Nengudi webatara nka vidiyo n'ime omume ya nke mbụ.  [1] [2] N'oge ọ gara n'ebe a na-akwa akwa na gburugburu steeti ahụ, ọ de vidiyo na ihe ngosi nke igwe igwe akwa na-arụ ọrụ zuru oke, ma chịkọtakwa ihe dị ka ike Jacquard punch,  bụ nke ejiri igwe Jacquard loom, igwe igwe akwa.  Na nrụnye ikpeazụ, Nengudi tụpụtara vidiyo na ihuenyo puta nke ike ntụ n'ohere nwere ike gburugburu sitere na ngwaọrụ.  [1] Ụbọchị ahụ na-egosi isiokwu nke nkà na ẹzé, soja egwu nke ọrụ, egwu nke oge a, na ikwughachi egwu egwu nke ọrụ. === Abụ na curation === Na mgbakwunye na nrụnye ya, ihe ọkpụkpụ, na ihe ngosi ya, Nengudi na-emepụtakwa eserese, foto na uri. Ọ kọwapụtala ihe ngosi, gụnyere ihe ngosi solo nke Kira Lynn Harris na Cue Art Foundation na New York n'oge opupu ihe ubi nke 2009. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Kira Lynn Harris|url=http://cueartfoundation.org/kira-lynn-harri/|accessdate=2018-04-05|work=CUE Art Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ na-ede abụ n'okpuru pseudonyms Harriet Chin, Propecia Lee, na Lily B. Moor. <ref name=":3"/> N'ajụjụ ọnụ, Nengudi kọwara ka o siri kpebie iji aha pseudonym ndị a:<blockquote>"Ọ niile malitere mgbe m hụrụ a ogbe nke akwụkwọ ozi na nkà na-enweghị atụ na nnọọ African-anya, ma mgbe m tụgharịrị n'elu akwụkwọ ozi ma hụ na onye na-ese bụ ọcha, m chere, "Gịnị bụ heck? "E mesịa, ajụrụ m ihe mere m ji zaghachi otú ahụ. Echere m banyere okwu a nke ịkpọ aha, na otú anyị si abanye ná nkwubi okwu dabeere na agbụrụ nke aha. N'ezie, ọ bụrụ na ọ dịghị aha jikọtara, mgbe ahụ, ndị mmadụ nanị ga-azaghachi na aha. na-arụ ọrụ n'onwe ya, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ ọrụ nke onye aha ya bụ "Yamamoto" ma ọ bụ "Rodriguez," e nwere ozugbo ọzọ nzacha nke anyị na-etinye na-ekiri ya dị ka Br'er Rabbit, na-agbalị ịbụ onye aghụghọ, iji ihe na-egwu egwu, na ime ka ndị mmadụ na-ele ihe anya n'ụzọ dị iche." --Senga Nengudi <ref name=":0"/></blockquote> == Ihe ngosi == Nengudi na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ihe ngosi solo na veranda na ụlọ ngosi mgbe ihe ochie na United States na mba ụwa.  Ihe ngosi solo ya egwu Senga Nengudi (1971), Mahadum California State, Los Angeles ;  Vestige: Nchọpụta nke America site na Christopher Columbus'SD (1981), Dị n'elu Midtown Gallery, New York ;  Warp Trance (2007), [[Pensílvéníyạ|Pennsylvania]] Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia ;  Senga Nengudi: Mmegharị ahụ na-emeziwanye (2015-2018), sitere na Mahadum Colorado Springs Galleries of Contemporary Art;  na Isi Azụ & Elu: Senga Nengudi, Performance Objects (1976 - 2015) (2018), sitere na Baltimore Museum of Art <ref name="Gallery CV">{{Cite web|title=Senga Nengudi|url=https://www.levygorvy.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Nengudi-1.pdf|work=Lévy Gorvy|publisher=Lévy Gorvy Gallery|accessdate=23 July 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628124108/https://www.levygorvy.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Nengudi-1.pdf|archivedate=28 June 2022}}</ref> Onye na-ese ihe eso n'elu ihe ngosi na ihe ngosi otu, ngosi 57th Venice Biennale (2017) <ref name="Gallery CV"/> == Ọrụ ndị a ma ama na mkpokọta ọha ==   == Akwụkwọ ndị ahọpụtara == * Nengudi, Senga; Ụlọ ihe nkiri na ihe ngosi nka (2007). Senga Nengudi. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka na ihe ngosi nka. * Nengudi, Senga; Ụlọ nkwakọba ihe (2012). Senga Nengudi : hụrụ gị n'anya. Syracuse, New York: Ụlọ nkwakọba ihe. * Nengudi, Senga; Claus, Elisabeth (2012). Senga Nengudi. Aschaffenburg, Bavaria: Neuer Kunstverein Aschaffenburg eV KunstLANDing. * Nengudi, Senga; Jones, Kelly ; Cube ọcha (2014). Senga Nengudi : alt. London, England: White Cube. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1906072876|1906072876]] * Nengudi, Senga; Jones, Kelly; Luard, Mmanụ aṅụ; Ụjọ, Dorothy; Cube ọcha (2014). Senga Nengudi : Alt : n'ime White Cube. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781906072872|9781906072872]] * Nengudi, Senga; Burnett Abrams, Nora; Auther, Elissa; Jones, Amelia ; Pitts Angaza, Gregory (2015). Senga Nengudi : mmeghari mmegharị ahụ. Denver, Colorado: Museum of Contemporary Art Denver . [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780692536254|9780692536254]] * Nengudi, Senga; Yasar, Begum; Bradley, Rizvana; Lévy, Dominique (2016). Senga Nengudi : [Septemba 10 - Ọktoba 24, 2015]. Obodo New York; London, England: Dominique Lévy. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781944379025|9781944379025]] == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20211025185235/http://www.sengasenga.com/about.html Senga Nengudi webụsaịtị] * [https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/senga-nengudi-papers-17614 Akwụkwọ Senga Nengudi, 1947, gburugburu 1962-2017], sitere na Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution * [http://www.moma.org/collection/artist.php?artist_id=40531 Senga Nengudi], MoMA * [https://www.moma.org/learn/moma_learning/senga-nengudi-r-s-v-p-i-19772003 Senga Nengudi na mmụta MoMA] * [https://aapaa.org/2009/12/14/senga-nengudi-biography/ Senga Nengudi na ebe nchekwa ihe ngosi nka nke Amerịka] * [http://radicalpresenceny.org/?page_id=356 "Senga Nengudi"], Radical Presence NY [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] mgtdg5z1hqwi5jsx6015b45y890hli2 0 48470 632430 173262 2026-05-09T15:02:29Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 632430 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Tracey "Africa" Norman''', aka '''Tracey Africa''', bụ ihe ngosi ejiji nke America, na ihe nlereanya mbụ nke [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|African-American]] trans nwanyi iji nweta ama ama na ụlọ ọrụ ejiji. <ref name="NYM">{{Cite news|url=https://nymag.com/thecut/2015/12/tracey-africa-transgender-model-c-v-r.html?mid=nymag_press|title=The First Black Trans Model Had Her Face on a Box of Clairol|author=Yuan, Jada|date=December 14, 2015|work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thefashionspot.com/runway-news/712717-strut-premiere-party/|title=Strut Premier Party: 5 Things We Learned|date=2016-09-13|work=theFashionSpot|accessdate=2019-12-16}}</ref> N'ịbụ nke sitere na Newark, [[Nú Jezị|New Jersey]], Norman emepụtala ma sere foto maka akwụkwọ ndị dị ka ''Essence'', ''Vogue Italia'' na ''Harper's Bazaar'' India. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nymag.com/thecut/2015/12/susan-taylor-tracey-africa.html|title=Susan Taylor Says She Wouldn't Have Outed Tracey Africa|author=Yuan|first=Jada|date=27 December 2015|work=The Cut|accessdate=2016-03-11}}</ref> Norman nwekwara mkpuchi akwụkwọ akụkọ na akụkọ ndụ gbasara na ''New York Magazine'' . == Ndụ mbido == Tracey Norman mụrụ na Newark, New Jersey na 1952. Norman kwuru na ọ bụ nwanyị site n'oge ọ bụ nwata, mana o nweghị ihe nlereanya ọ bụla na-ele anya dị ka nwata, na-ekwu na "M na-enwe mmetụta mgbe niile n'ime, ebe ọ bụ na m nwere ike icheta, na m bụ nwanyị." <ref name="Queer Newark Oral History Project">{{Cite web|title=Tracey Africa Norman Interview|url=https://queer.newark.rutgers.edu/sites/default/files/transcript/2016-10-31%20Tracey%20Africa%20Norman%20interviewed%20by%20Naomi%20Extra.pdf|work=Queer Newark Oral History Project|publisher=Queer Newark Oral History Project|accessdate=2 December 2023}}</ref> Mgbe ọ bụ nwata, ọ na-amụ ụmụ nwanyị na ndụ ya, dị ka ndị nkuzi ya na ndị ezinụlọ ya nwanyị, iji mụta àgwà nwanyị. Ọ bụ nwa ihere na nke dị jụụ, ma bụrụ onye mbụ n'ime ezinụlọ ya gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị. <ref name="Queer Newark Oral History Project" /> Mgbe Norman dị obere, otu n'ime ndị agbata obi ya tọrọ ya mmetọ mmekọahụ, na nke mbụ ya nwetara ahụmahụ nke ịbụ onye a na-akpọ fag. <ref name="Queer Newark Oral History Project" /> Mgbe e mesịrị, n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị o kwuru na ya na ndị agbata obi abụọ bụ ndị bi na ụlọ ya na-enwe mmekọahụ. <ref name="Queer Newark Oral History Project" /> N'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ya na ezinụlọ ya lanarịrị 1967 Newark Riots, ma na-echeta ịhụ tankị ndị agha na-agbada n'okporo ámá ebe ya na ezinụlọ ya bi, bụ nke dị na mpaghara Weequahic nke ndị Juu na-emekarị. <ref name="Queer Newark Oral History Project" /> Ọ gara Clinton Place Junior High. Norman na-ebikarị nne ya na-etolite, mana afọ ole na ole na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ya na nna ya biri, nke ọ na-amasịghị. Mgbe ọ gachara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ọ laghachiri na nne ya ma ọ nweghị mmekọrịta ya na nna ya ruo mgbe e mesịrị na ndụ ya. <ref name="Queer Newark Oral History Project" /> Mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nke obere, onye nkuzi nka ya, onye ọ kpọnyere arụsị, gosipụtara ya na ụlọ ihe nkiri, wee zute onye na-eme ihe nkiri Pearl Bailey. <ref name="Queer Newark Oral History Project" /> Nne ya na nna ya bụ ndị ọkachamara na-agba agba, ndị mụrụ ya zutere ebe a na-agba bọọlụ na Newark. <ref name="Queer Newark Oral History Project" /> Ha na-akpọrọ ya na nwanne ya nwanyị na-agba bọọlụ mgbe ha bụ ụmụaka. Nne na nna ya rụrụ ọrụ dị iche iche mgbe Norman na-etolite, nne ya mechara nweta ọrụ na County Food Stamp Department, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ ruo afọ 25. N'oge okpomọkụ, Norman ga-eleta ezinụlọ ya na [[Nort Kárólínạ|North Carolina]]. N'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ọ gara North Tech, ma mụta ka e si arụ ọrụ na ụgbọ ala, mana nke a bụ ahụmahụ mmụta dị iche iche. <ref name="Queer Newark Oral History Project" /> Mmasị ya na ụgbọ ala etolitela n'oge ọ bụ nwata, mgbe ọ na-anya ụgbọ ala nna nna ya. N'ụbọchị ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na 1972, ọ pụtara na nne dị ka nwanyị, nne ya na-akwado ya nke ukwuu, na-egosi ya "ịhụnanya na-enweghị atụ." <ref name="Queer Newark Oral History Project" /> Nke a bụ oge dị ezigbo mkpa na ndụ Norman. == Ọrụ == === Mmalite === Ná mmalite 1970, afọ abụọ ka ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Norman gbara ọsọ na enyi ochie nke tụrụ aro ka ọ bụrụ ihe nlereanya, ọ malitere ime ihe ngosi na mpaghara Newark, na-arụ ọrụ na Al Grundy, onye bụ onye na-ese etemeete, na nwanne Grundy., onye bụ onye na-emepụta ejiji. Ya na ụmụ agbọghọ ndị ọzọ ga na-eme njem na-arịgo na mgbada paseeji nke ụlọ Grundy ka ha mụta ka esi aga ije na runway. <ref name="Queer Newark Oral History Project">{{Cite web|title=Tracey Africa Norman Interview|url=https://queer.newark.rutgers.edu/sites/default/files/transcript/2016-10-31%20Tracey%20Africa%20Norman%20interviewed%20by%20Naomi%20Extra.pdf|work=Queer Newark Oral History Project|publisher=Queer Newark Oral History Project|accessdate=2 December 2023}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://queer.newark.rutgers.edu/sites/default/files/transcript/2016-10-31%20Tracey%20Africa%20Norman%20interviewed%20by%20Naomi%20Extra.pdf "Tracey Africa Norman Interview"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> N'ime afọ ole na ole, Norman rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ihe nlereanya na mpaghara Newark na New York, ọ ga-agakwa na ihe ngosi ejiji nke ụdị ndị a ma ama, na-amụta ọtụtụ ihe banyere ịmegharị ihe n'oge ahụ. <ref name="Queer Newark Oral History Project" /> Ọ ga-eji ụkwụ na-agba ọsọ n'ụzọ ụgbọ elu ya nke ukwuu n'ihi na ọ na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-agba agba, ma ọ mụtara ngwa ngwa. Iji banye na ihe ngosi ejiji, ọ ga-agwa ndị mmadụ na ya bụ nwa akwụkwọ na Ụlọ Ọrụ Nkà na Ụzụ Ejiji na New York City. <ref name="Queer Newark Oral History Project" /> Na 1975, a chọtara Norman mgbe ọ banyere n'ime ihe ngosi foto na onye na-ese foto ejiji Irving Penn, bụ onye sere ya maka ''Italian Vogue'' . <ref name="NYM">{{Cite news|url=https://nymag.com/thecut/2015/12/tracey-africa-transgender-model-c-v-r.html?mid=nymag_press|title=The First Black Trans Model Had Her Face on a Box of Clairol|author=Yuan, Jada|date=December 14, 2015|work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFYuan,_JadaWong,_Aaron2015">Yuan, Jada; Wong, Aaron (December 14, 2015). </cite></ref> Akpọghị ya ka ọ bụrụ foto foto ahụ, mana ọ gbagoro n'ìgwè nke ụdị wee hụ na onye na-ese foto ama ama bụ Irving Penn na-agba ya ajụjụ ọnụ. N'oge na-adịghị anya, ọ nwetara ọrụ mbụ ya, bụ nke a ma ama, ka ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Italian Vogue, na-enweta 1,500 dollar kwa ụbọchị. <ref name="Queer Newark Oral History Project" /> Ọ ngwa ngwa ghọrọ ihe nlereanya a ma ama, ma nwee ọrụ na mba niile. N'oge a, ọ rụkwara ọrụ na ihe ngosi ejiji na Newark Symphony Hall. Norman rụkwara ọrụ maka Irving Penn, bụ onye kwalitere ọrụ nlegharị anya ya, a na-akwụkwa ya ụgwọ dị ka "Beverly Johnson na-eto eto," nke mere ka ọ bụrụ onye a ma ama na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Norman n'oge a nwere ezigbo ọrụ ịwe ihe nke ọma, na-arụ ọrụ na ebe ndị dị ka Chicago, New York, Las Vegas, na Miami; nke a gụnyere mgbasa ozi ntutu na imepụta katalọgụ. <ref name="Queer Newark Oral History Project" /> Ọ kwagara New York ka ọ gaa n'ihu n'ọrụ ya, afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, ọ pụtara na igbe nke Clairol's "Born Beautiful" agba ntutu No. 512, Dark Auburn. <ref name="NYM" /> Ọ bụ transgender mana debere nke ahụ n'okpuru mkpuchi, wee nweta nkwekọrịta pụrụ iche na Avon, maka ahịrị nlekọta anụ ahụ. <ref name="NYM" /> N'ihe dị ka n'oge a, ka ọ na-etolite na-eto eto, ọ malitere ichegbu onwe ya na a ga-ekpughe ụdị ọmụmụ ya. Ọ na-ahọrọkarị ịrụ ọrụ na ụdị ọcha, ma ọ chọghị ịrụ ọrụ maka Essence, mana ọ mere n'ihi na ọ chọrọ ịnweta mkpuchi akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya. <ref name="Queer Newark Oral History Project" /> Na 1980, mgbe ọ na-ese foto na magazin ''Essence'', ebe ọ na-eme ka ọ dị ka Cleopatra, onye na-enyere aka na ntutu isi ya, [[André Douglas]], chọpụtara banyere okike ọmụmụ ya wee gwa onye nchịkọta akụkọ, Susan Taylor, bụ onye nọkwa na set. O kwuru na ọ na-enwe mmetụta na-adịghị mma n'oge onye enyemaka ahụ gosipụtara okike ya, mana ozugbo ahụ Susan gwara ya na ihe niile dị mma. <ref name="Queer Newark Oral History Project" /> N'agbanyeghị nke a, ọ nweghị ike nweta ọrụ ozugbo n'ụbọchị ka ọ gachara. N'ihi iwe ahụ na n'ihi na ọha mmadụ anabataghị ya, e bipụtaghị foto ya na ọ nweghị ụlọ ọrụ ga-eso ya rụọ ọrụ ọzọ. Ọ gara ịhụ onye nnọchi anya ya Zoli, o wee mee ihe ngọpụ maka ịgba ya ọkụ, na-ekwu na úkwù ya buru ibu, n'agbanyeghị na ọ bụ nha 6. <ref name="Queer Newark Oral History Project" /> Ọrụ ya kwụsịrị ozugbo, ma ọ gbalịsiri ike ịchọta ọrụ, Essence akwụghịkwa ya ụgwọ maka foto ndị ha sere n'ụbọchị ahụ. <ref name="Queer Newark Oral History Project" /> Ọ laghachiri n'ụlọ nne ya na Newark. Norman rụrụ ọrụ ngosi Newark mpaghara ruo oge ụfọdụ, na n'oge a, o kpebiri ịkwaga Paris na ndị enyi abụọ bụ ndị bụkwa ụdị. Ya na ndị enyi ya ndị ọzọ na-eme ihe ngosi dara ogbenye n'oge a, ma na-adabere n'ụzọ ego na ibe ha, na-atụgharị n'aka iji kwụọ ụgwọ ụlọ. <ref name="Queer Newark Oral History Project">{{Cite web|title=Tracey Africa Norman Interview|url=https://queer.newark.rutgers.edu/sites/default/files/transcript/2016-10-31%20Tracey%20Africa%20Norman%20interviewed%20by%20Naomi%20Extra.pdf|work=Queer Newark Oral History Project|publisher=Queer Newark Oral History Project|accessdate=2 December 2023}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://queer.newark.rutgers.edu/sites/default/files/transcript/2016-10-31%20Tracey%20Africa%20Norman%20interviewed%20by%20Naomi%20Extra.pdf "Tracey Africa Norman Interview"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> Enweghị ọtụtụ ọrụ n'ihi na ya na enyi ya Sherry erutela Paris n'oge ezumike. Ha gbalịsiri ike inweta nri, na-erikwa Sanwichi ndị e ji achịcha, fries French, na mọstad mee. <ref name="Queer Newark Oral History Project" /> Ọ nwetara ọrụ na Obí dị na Paris, ebe ya na ụdị abụọ ndị ọzọ rụrụ dị ka Supremes. <ref name="Queer Newark Oral History Project" /> Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Obí, ọ na-eme n'oge oriri na ọṅụṅụ ndị mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị a na-akpọ egwu tii, na-arụ ọrụ n'akụkụ nwanyị gba ọtọ na-agba ịnyịnya. <ref name="Queer Newark Oral History Project" /> Mgbe e mesịrị, na Paris o nwere ike ịbanye nkwekọrịta ọnwa 6 na Balenciaga . Ozugbo nkwekọrịta ahụ kwụsịrị, Norman chọtara enweghị ọrụ na Milan wee laghachi New York ebe ọ bịanyere aka na Grace del Marco Agency. Ụlọ ọrụ a enyeghị ya ọtụtụ ọrụ na Norman anabatala na ọrụ ịme ngosi ya agwụla. Ọ kwụsịrị ịrụ ọrụ na Show Center, ebe ọ rụrụ na ihe ngosi peep burlesque maka ụmụ nwanyị trans. Kemgbe ọ nọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ime obodo ịdọrọ bọọlụ wee weba ya n'ụlọ nzukọ ama ama na 2001. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-12-15|title=The First Black Trans Model Had Her Face on a Box of Clairol|url=http://www.thecut.com/2015/12/tracey-africa-transgender-model-c-v-r.html|accessdate=2021-01-26|work=The Cut|language=en}}</ref> Na mmalite nke ọrụ ịgba bọọlụ ya, ọ dị ya ka a nabataghị ya, mgbe ọ ga-aga bọọlụ na 1970 na New York. <ref name="Queer Newark Oral History Project" /> Ọ bụ onye ama ama karịa na ebe egwuregwu bọọlụ New Jersey. N'ọgwụgwụ 1980 na 1990, ọ na-asọ mpi na bọọlụ iji nweta ihe nrite maka ihe ndị dị ka uwe kacha mma, ọ na-enwetakwa nlebara anya nke ukwuu n'ihi njem nlereanya ya. <ref name="Queer Newark Oral History Project" /> Ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Ballroom house "House of Africa," malite na 1990, na nke a bụ ebe ọ nwetara aha etiti ya "Africa," na-arụ ọrụ na New York na Brooklyn n'okpuru aha a. <ref name="Queer Newark Oral History Project" /> Nkeji ọ meriri bụ nnukwu ihe nrite ihu, ahụ na runway. <ref name="Queer Newark Oral History Project" /> Ọ na-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ihe nkiri bọọlụ n'ihi nka ọ na-eme ihe ngosi, ndị ọzọ na-agbalịkwa ịmụta ije ije ka ya. Norman kwukwara na ọ bụ onye a ma ama n'ihi na ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị na-asọmpi bọọlụ nwere akpụkpọ ahụ gbara ọchịchịrị, nke mere ka ọ pụta ìhè. <ref name="Queer Newark Oral History Project" /> E mechara họpụta ya dị ka "nne" nke Ụlọ nke Africa, ma nọrọkwa n'ọkwá a afọ abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ. <ref name="Queer Newark Oral History Project" /> Norman nwere nnọọ nkà nke na ọ nwetara ihe nrite sitere n'ụlọ ebe a na-eme egwuregwu, ma e wezụga LeBaija. <ref name="Queer Newark Oral History Project" /> Ọ nwetala iko bọọlụ na New York, New Jersey, Baltimore, Washington, na Atlanta. <ref name="Queer Newark Oral History Project" /> === Mweghachi ọrụ === == Ndụ onwe onye == Norman na-ekwu na mmetụta nke ịdị iche na-alaghachi azụ ruo na ọ nwere ike icheta. Na a cover akụkọ maka ''New York Magazine'' o kwuru "ọ dị nnọọ ka m na-ebi ndụ na-ezighị ezi ahu. M na-enwe mmetụta mgbe nile [[Nwanyi|nwanyị]] ." <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecut.com/2015/12/tracey-africa-transgender-model-c-v-r.html?mid=twitter_cut|title=The First Black Trans Model Had Her Face on a Box of Clairol|date=15 December 2015}}</ref><blockquote>“A na-amatakarị m dị ka nwanyị. Ọ bụ ''New York'' mag na ''London Times'' na ''Marie Claire'' tinyere okwu trans wee tinye ya n'aha m. Aghọtara m mgbasa ozi maka ya na mmasị ọ na-akụ, mana m mere ka nke ahụ pụta ìhè n'ajụjụ ọnụ ọ bụla nke m na-achọpụtaghị dị ka trans. Enweghị m nsogbu na ndị mmadụ na-eji ya. Naanị m na-ekwu nke ahụ n'onwe m, achọpụtabeghị m na okwu trans ma ọ bụ ịbụ trans. Echere m, n'ihi na oge dị iche. N̄konyụn̄ n̄kokpon n̄kpere mme erenowo. Naanị ụmụ nwanyị gbara m gburugburu. Ahụrụ m ka ha na-akparịta ụka, na-akparịta ụka, ka ha na-eje ije, ka ha si nọdụ ala. Ọbụlagodi mmasị nwanyị nke nwanyị masịrị m nke ahụ bụ ihe m chọrọ ịbụ. " <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2021-02-02|title=Tracey 'Africa' Norman Looks Back on Her Legendary Modeling Career|url=https://www.advocate.com/transgender/2021/1/27/transgender-tracey-africa-norman-clairol-model|accessdate=2021-02-09|work=www.advocate.com|language=en}}</ref></blockquote>Nye Norman ndụ ya n'ụlọ yana ụlọ akwụkwọ adịghịrị ya mfe. O nwere nna nke na-alụ ọrịa kansa ọgụ na otu ezinụlọ ọ na-atụ ụjọ ịpụta. Ọ bụ ezie na ụjọ tụrụ ya ịgwa ezinụlọ ya, obi ruru ya ala mgbe nne ya gbatịpụrụ aka ya maka nnukwu mmakọ—o chere na ọ nọ n’ụlọ. <ref name="NYM">{{Cite news|url=https://nymag.com/thecut/2015/12/tracey-africa-transgender-model-c-v-r.html?mid=nymag_press|title=The First Black Trans Model Had Her Face on a Box of Clairol|author=Yuan, Jada|date=December 14, 2015|work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFYuan,_JadaWong,_Aaron2015">Yuan, Jada; Wong, Aaron (December 14, 2015). </cite></ref> Nne ya kwetara na ya amabuola. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecut.com/2015/12/tracey-africa-transgender-model-c-v-r.html?mid=twitter_cut|title=The First Black Trans Model Had Her Face on a Box of Clairol|date=15 December 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.thecut.com/2015/12/tracey-africa-transgender-model-c-v-r.html?mid=twitter_cut "The First Black Trans Model Had Her Face on a Box of Clairol"]. </cite></ref> Mgbe ọ pụtakwuru ezinụlọ ya, ọ chọrọ ịmalite mgbanwe mana nke ahụ abụghị usoro dị mfe. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecut.com/2015/12/tracey-africa-transgender-model-c-v-r.html?mid=twitter_cut|title=The First Black Trans Model Had Her Face on a Box of Clairol|date=15 December 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.thecut.com/2015/12/tracey-africa-transgender-model-c-v-r.html?mid=twitter_cut "The First Black Trans Model Had Her Face on a Box of Clairol"]. </cite></ref> O kwuwo na ya na-echeta ịzụrụ uwe mbụ ya na ụlọ ahịa ngalaba S. Klein, bụ nke na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-ebipụta floral. Ọ na-eyi nha 16, emesia tụfuo nnukwu ibu. <ref name="Queer Newark Oral History Project">{{Cite web|title=Tracey Africa Norman Interview|url=https://queer.newark.rutgers.edu/sites/default/files/transcript/2016-10-31%20Tracey%20Africa%20Norman%20interviewed%20by%20Naomi%20Extra.pdf|work=Queer Newark Oral History Project|publisher=Queer Newark Oral History Project|accessdate=2 December 2023}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://queer.newark.rutgers.edu/sites/default/files/transcript/2016-10-31%20Tracey%20Africa%20Norman%20interviewed%20by%20Naomi%20Extra.pdf "Tracey Africa Norman Interview"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> Ka ọ na-aga n'ihu na mgbanwe ya, ọ malitere inwe ụdị ejiji siri ike, na-enwe mmasị karịsịa maka akpụkpọ ụkwụ ụdị mule. <ref name="Queer Newark Oral History Project" /> Afọ ole na ole n'ime mgbanwe ya, Norman gbara ọsọ banye n'otu nwa klas ya ochie bụ onye nweworo otu mgbanwe ahụ. <ref name=":0" /> Nke a bụ mgbe ọ mụtara na ya nwere ike ịṅụ ọgwụ mgbochi afọ, na-enweghị placebo, ka ọ bụrụ nwanyị ọ na-abụ mgbe niile. <ref name=":0" /> N'oge na-adịghị anya, ọ malitere ịga trans clubs na nke a bụ ebe ọ hụrụ a dọkịta mere n'okpuru-the-table hormone gbaa. <ref name=":0" /> Ogbugba ndị a bụ ihe nyere ya ahụ nwanyị, ara ya tolitere wee malite ifelata. <ref name=":0" /> Ịmata njirimara nwanyị ya were obere oge karịa ka ọ pụtara pụta. Ọ bụ ezie na otu afọ zuru ezu ka ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ ka ọ dị ya ka ọ ga-agafe dị ka nwanyị n'ehihie n'ihu ọha. <ref name=":0" /> Mgbe ọ gafechara, ọ malitere iso ndị enyi ya dị ka Le Joc na Murphy gaa ụlọ mmanya Newark na klọb. <ref name="Queer Newark Oral History Project">{{Cite web|title=Tracey Africa Norman Interview|url=https://queer.newark.rutgers.edu/sites/default/files/transcript/2016-10-31%20Tracey%20Africa%20Norman%20interviewed%20by%20Naomi%20Extra.pdf|work=Queer Newark Oral History Project|publisher=Queer Newark Oral History Project|accessdate=2 December 2023}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://queer.newark.rutgers.edu/sites/default/files/transcript/2016-10-31%20Tracey%20Africa%20Norman%20interviewed%20by%20Naomi%20Extra.pdf "Tracey Africa Norman Interview"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> Le Joc bụ onye ama ama n'etiti ụdị, Norman zutere ọtụtụ ụdị ama ama n'ebe ahụ. Otú ọ dị, ọ hụghị ya n'anya ịga n'ụlọ mmanya, n'ihi na ọ bụ ndị nwoke na-edina ụdị onwe, ọ dịghịkwa eche na a nabatara ya, na-eche na a na-akparị onye ọ bụ dị ka nwanyị. <ref name="Queer Newark Oral History Project" /> N'ajụjụ ọnụ 2021 ya na pọdkastị ''LGBTQ&amp;amp;A'', Norman kwuru na ya amataghị dị ka nwanyị transgender, kama ọ bụ naanị nwanyị. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2021-02-02|title=Tracey 'Africa' Norman Looks Back on Her Legendary Modeling Career|url=https://www.advocate.com/transgender/2021/1/27/transgender-tracey-africa-norman-clairol-model|accessdate=2021-02-09|work=www.advocate.com|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.advocate.com/transgender/2021/1/27/transgender-tracey-africa-norman-clairol-model "Tracey 'Africa' Norman Looks Back on Her Legendary Modeling Career"]. </cite></ref> Ọ bụ mgbasa ozi etinyela okwu ahụ "transgender" dị ka njirimara ya. Ọ na-akọwapụta dị ka nwanyị, ma na-enwekarị, na-ekwupụta na "transgender pụtara ọha mmadụ na-etinye gị n'ụdị." <ref name="Queer Newark Oral History Project">{{Cite web|title=Tracey Africa Norman Interview|url=https://queer.newark.rutgers.edu/sites/default/files/transcript/2016-10-31%20Tracey%20Africa%20Norman%20interviewed%20by%20Naomi%20Extra.pdf|work=Queer Newark Oral History Project|publisher=Queer Newark Oral History Project|accessdate=2 December 2023}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://queer.newark.rutgers.edu/sites/default/files/transcript/2016-10-31%20Tracey%20Africa%20Norman%20interviewed%20by%20Naomi%20Extra.pdf "Tracey Africa Norman Interview"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> Norman ekwuola na ya bụ onye hụrụ anụmanụ n'anya, ma hụ nkịta n'anya. <ref name="Queer Newark Oral History Project" /> Ọ naghịkwa aṅụ mmanya ma ọ bụ aṅụ sịga, na-ejigide ndụ dị nro. <ref name="Queer Newark Oral History Project" /> == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * Akụkọ akụkọ dị na ihe ngosi ''Pose'' sitere na ihe atụ nke ịjụ Tracey Norman nwetara site na ''Playboy'' na ''The Oprah Winfrey Show .'' <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-14|title=Tracey Africa, Model 'Pose's Angel Is Based On, Rejected by 'Playboy'|url=https://www.out.com/transgender/2019/9/14/tracey-africa-model-poses-angel-based-rejected-playboy|accessdate=2021-09-10|work=www.out.com|language=en}}</ref> * Laverne Cox na-asọpụrụ Tracey Africa yana ụmụ nwanyị ojii ndị ọzọ, dị ka Tina Turner na [[Beyoncé Knowles|Beyoncé]], na mbipụta October 2016 nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Cosmopolitan'' . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Mosely|first=Rachel|date=2016-09-06|title=See Laverne Cox Pay Tribute to 3 Icons|url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/celebs/a63605/laverne-cox-role-models-beyonce-tina-turner/|accessdate=2021-09-10|work=Cosmopolitan|language=en-US}}</ref> * ''Oji n'akụkụ abụọ: Akụkọ agbụrụ agbụrụ nke Trans Identity'' nke C. Riley Snorton (Mahadum nke Minnesota Press, 2017) * Carol Jenkins nọdụrụ ala na Tracey Norman maka Black America na 2016 iji kparịta ọrụ mmalite ya yana ịmaliteghachi ya. == Ntụaka == <references /> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] lofcjp4jwvrk1uxv6ss9x1jgdkg5upg 0 49920 632409 539371 2026-05-09T14:45:45Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 632409 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Sunflower_seedlings.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Mkpụrụ osisi [[Common sunflower|Sunflower]], ụbọchị atọ mgbe ọ gbasịrị]] [[Usòrò:Sunflower_growing_time_lapse.gif|thumb|Oge okooko osisi na-agbada n'ala. Akụkụ dị n'elu, na-egosi otú mgbọrọgwụ na akụkụ elu nke osisi ahụ si eto]] Germination bụ usoro nke akụkụ ahụ na-esi na mkpụrụ ma ọ bụ spore tolite. A na-etinye okwu ahụ maka ipu nke seedling site na mkpụrụ nke angiosperm ma ọ bụ gymnosperm, uto nke sporeling site na spore, dị ka spores nke fungi, ferns, nje bacteria, na uto nke pollen tube site na ọka pollen. nke osisi mkpụrụ. == Mkpụrụ osisi == [[Usòrò:Horticulture_Tray3.jpg|thumb|150x150px|Igbe mkpụrụ osisi a na-eji n'ọrụ ugbo maka ịgha mkpụrụ na ịkpụ osisi na plọg na-eto eto]] [[Usòrò:Sprossenglas.JPG|thumb|Igwe na-agbasa (glass sprouter jar) na plastik sieve-lid]] [[Usòrò:Raapstelen_gekiemde_zaden_(Brassica_campestris_germinating_seeds).jpg|thumb|250x250px|''Brassica campestris'' na-epulite mkpụrụ]] [[Usòrò:Mung_bean_germination.ogv|áká_ịkẹngạ|250x250px|Vidio oge nke mkpụrụ mung bean na-epulite]] Germination na-abụkarị uto nke ihe ọkụkụ dị n'ime mkpụrụ nke na-ebute nguzobe nke mkpụrụ osisi ahụ. Ọ bụkwa usoro nke ịmaliteghachi ígwè ọrụ metabolic nke mkpụrụ ahụ na-ebute mpụta nke radicle na plumule. Mkpụrụ nke osisi vaskụla bụ obere ngwugwu a na-emepụta na mkpụrụ osisi ma ọ bụ cone mgbe njikọ nke nwoke na nwanyị na-amụ nwa. Mkpụrụ niile topụtara nke ọma nwere ẹmbrayo na, n'ọtụtụ ụdị osisi, ụfọdụ ebe nchekwa nri, kechie ya na uwe mkpuru. Mkpụrụ osisi na-ehi ụra bụ mkpụrụ nwere ike ime nke na-adịghị eto n'ihi na ha chọrọ mkpali ime ụlọ ma ọ bụ gburugburu ebe obibi kpọmkwem iji maliteghachi uto. N'okpuru ọnọdụ kwesịrị ekwesị, mkpụrụ ahụ na-amalite itolite na ẹmbrayo na-amalitekwa itolite, na-etolite ghọọ mkpụrụ osisi.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2019)">clarification needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> [[Usòrò:Seed_Germination.png|thumb|Nzọụkwụ 1: Mmiri na-abanye n'ime mmiri, na-akpata mgbawa nke mkpuchi mkpụrụ. Nzọụkwụ 2: Mmiri nke mkpuchi mkpụrụ ahụ na-eme ka mgbọrọgwụ (1) na plumule (2) pụta; a na-emeghe cotyledons (3).<br />Nzọụkwụ 3: Nke a na-egosi nzọụkwụ ikpeazụ na ntolite nke mkpụrụ ahụ, ebe cotyledons na-agbasa, nke bụ ezigbo akwụkwọ. Rịba ama: A ghaghị idebe okpomọkụ n'ọnọdụ kachasị mma.]] Mmekpahu nke ala nwere ike ime ka osisi na-eto ngwa ngwa site n'ikpughe mkpụrụ nke dị n'ime ala maka mgbanwe na gburugburu ebe obibi ebe ọ nwere ike ịbụ na e gbochiri germination na mbụ site na omimi nke mkpụrụ osisi ma ọ bụ ala nke dị oke ọnụ. A na-ahụkarị nke a n'ebe a na-eli ozu ma e liri ya.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Forensic Botany|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2012}}</ref> Mkpọpụta mkpụrụ na-adabere na ọnọdụ ime na mpụga. Ihe ndị kachasị mkpa na mpụga gụnyere oke okpomọkụ, mmiri, oxygen ma ọ bụ ikuku na mgbe ụfọdụ ìhè ma ọ bụ ọchịchịrị.[1] Osisi dị iche iche chọrọ mgbanwe dị iche iche maka ịmị mkpụrụ nke ọma. Ọtụtụ mgbe, nke a na-adabere n'ụdị mkpụrụ dị iche iche ma na-ejikọta ya na ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke ebe obibi nke osisi. Maka ụfọdụ mkpụrụ, mmeghachi omume germination ha n'ọdịnihu na-emetụta ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi n'oge a na-emepụta mkpụrụ; Ọtụtụ mgbe nzaghachi ndị a bụ ụdị ezumike mkpụrụ. * A chọrọ '''Mmiri''' maka ntolite. Mkpụrụ ndị tozuru etozu na-akpakarị oke akọrọ ma chọọ [[Iba|ịba]] mmiri dị ukwuu, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ịdị arọ nke mkpụrụ ahụ, tupu metabolism na uto nke mkpụrụ ndụ amaliteghachi. Ọtụtụ mkpụrụ chọrọ mmiri zuru ezu iji mee ka mkpụrụ ahụ dị mmiri mana ezughị iji mee ka ha dị mmiri. A na-akpọ mmịpụta mmiri site na mkpụrụ, nke na-eduga na ọzịza na ịgbaji mkpuchi mkpụrụ. Mgbe a na-emepụta mkpụrụ, ọtụtụ osisi na-echekwa nri na mkpụrụ ahụ, dị ka starch, protein, ma ọ bụ mmanụ. Ihe oriri a na-enye nwa e bu n'afọ nri. Mgbe mkpụrụ ahụ na-amị mmiri, a na-arụ ọrụ hydrolytic enzymes nke na-emebi ihe oriri ndị a echekwara n'ime kemịkalụ bara uru.<ref name="Raven">{{Cite book|first=Peter H|author=Raven|title=Biology of Plants|url=https://archive.org/details/biologyofplants00rave_0|edition=7th|publisher=W.H. Freeman and Company Publishers|year=2005|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/biologyofplants00rave_0/page/504 504–508]|isbn=978-0-7167-1007-3}}</ref> Mgbe mkpụrụ osisi ahụ si na mkpuchi mkpụrụ osisi pụta ma malite itolite mgbọrọgwụ na akwụkwọ, nri mkpụrụ osisi ahụ na-agwụkarị; n'oge a, photosynthesis na-enye ike dị mkpa maka uto na-aga n'ihu na mkpụrụ osisi ahụ chọrọ mmiri, ihe oriri, na ìhè na-agagide. * Mkpụrụ na-etolite na-achọ oxygen maka metabolism.<ref>{{Cite journal|year=1962|title=Effects of Reduced Oxygen Tension on Germination and Seedling Growth|journal=Physiologia Plantarum|volume=15|issue=3|pages=437–444|doi=10.1111/j.1399-3054.1962.tb08047.x}}</ref> A na-eji oxygen eme ihe na iku ume aerobic, isi iyi nke ike mkpụrụ osisi ruo mgbe ọ na-eto akwụkwọ.<ref name="Raven" /> Oxygen bụ gas ikuku nke a na-ahụ n'ime oghere ala; ọ bụrụ na e liri mkpụrụ n'ime ala ma ọ bụ ala jupụtara na mmiri, mkpụrụ ahụ nwere ike ịnwụ n'agụụ. Mkpụrụ ụfọdụ nwere mkpuchi mkpụrụ nke na-egbochi ikuku oxygen ịbanye na mkpụrụ ahụ, na-akpata ụdị ụra nke na-agbaji mgbe mkpuchi mkpụrụ ahụ kpọnwụrụ iji kwe ka mgbanwe gas na mmiri si na gburugburu ebe obibi. ** N'ime ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke osisi, dị ka osikapa, ntolite anaerobic nwere ike ime n'ọnọdụ mmiri. Mkpụrụ ahụ na-emepụta oghere coleoptile nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka 'snorkel', na-enye mkpụrụ ahụ ohere oxygen.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Magneschi|first=Leonardo|title=Rice germination and seedling growth in the absence of oxygen|journal=Annals of Botany|date=25 July 2008|volume=103|issue=2|pages=181–196|doi=10.1093/aob/mcn121|pmid=18660495|url=https://academic.oup.com/aob/article/103/2/181/187259|accessdate=27 March 2022}}</ref> * '''Okpomọkụ''' na-emetụta mkpụrụ ndụ metabolic na uto. Mkpụrụ sitere na ụdị dị iche iche na ọbụna mkpụrụ sitere na otu osisi ahụ na-epulite n'ọtụtụ okpomọkụ. Mkpụrụ na-enwekarị ọnọdụ okpomọkụ nke ha ga-epulite, ha agaghị eme ya n'elu ma ọ bụ n'okpuru nke a. Ọtụtụ mkpụrụ na-epulite na okpomọkụ dịtụ elu karịa 60-75 F (16-24 C) [okpomọkụ ime ụlọ n'ụlọ ndị na-ekpo ọkụ], ebe ndị ọzọ na-ewulite n'elu oyi na ndị ọzọ na'epulite naanị na nzaghachi na mgbanwe okpomọkụ n'etiti okpomọkụ na oyi. Mkpụrụ ụfọdụ na-epulite mgbe ala dị jụụ 28-40 F (-2 - 4 C), na ụfọdụ mgbe ala dị ọkụ 76-90 F (24-32 C). Mkpụrụ ụfọdụ chọrọ ikpughe na okpomọkụ oyi (vernalization) iji kwụsị ụra. Mkpụrụ ụfọdụ na-ehi ụra agaghị epulite ọbụlagodi na ọnọdụ dị mma. Mkpụrụ ndị na-adabere na okpomọkụ iji kwụsị ụra nwere ụdị ụra nke ahụike. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-egbochi mkpụrụ ndị chọrọ oyi nke oge oyi ka ha ghara itolite ruo mgbe ha na-abanye na mmiri n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ ma nwee okpomọkụ dị jụụ. oyi stratification bụ usoro nke na-eme ka ụra kwụsị tupu ìhè na-apụta nke na-akwalite ntolite.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Variation in Seed Dormancy and Germination within and between Individuals and Populations of a Species. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and, Evolution of Dormancy and Germination.|first=Carol C|author=Baskin|publisher=Elsevier Science|year=2014|isbn=9780124166837|location=Burlington|pages=5–35}}</ref> Degree Celsius anọ dị jụụ iji kwụsị ụra maka ọtụtụ mkpụrụ osisi na-ehi ụra, mana ụfọdụ ìgwè, ọkachasị n'ime ezinụlọ Ranunculaceae na ndị ọzọ, chọrọ ọnọdụ dị jụụ karịa -5 C. Mkpụrụ ụfọdụ ga-epulite mgbe okpomọkụ dị n'oge ọkụ n'Ọkụ ọhịa nke na-agbaji uwe mkpụrụ ha; nke a bụ ụdị ụra anụ ahụ. Ọtụtụ akwụkwọ nri ndị a na-ahụkarị kwa afọ nwere okpomọkụ kacha mma n'etiti 75-90 F (24-32 C), ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ụdị (dịka radishes ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ nri) nwere ike ịmalite na okpomọkụ dị ala, dị ka 40 F (4 C), si otú a na-enye ha ohere ịmalite. a ga-esi na mkpụrụ osisi dị na oyi oyi. Okpomọkụ na-adịchaghị mma na-eduga n'ọnụọgụ ihe ịga nke ọma dị ala yana ogologo oge germination. * '''Ìhè ma ọ bụ ọchịchịrị''' nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-akpata gburugburu ebe obibi maka ntolite ma bụrụ ụdị ụra nke ahụike. Ìhè ma ọ bụ ọchịchịrị anaghị emetụta ọtụtụ mkpụrụ, mana ọtụtụ mkpụrụ photoblastic, gụnyere ụdị ndị a na-ahụ n'ọhịa, agaghị epulite ruo mgbe oghere dị n'elu ụlọ ahụ na-enye ohere ìhè zuru ezu maka uto nke mkpụrụ osisi ahụ.<ref name="Raven" />{{Cite book|first=Peter H|author=Raven|title=Biology of Plants|url=https://archive.org/details/biologyofplants00rave_0|edition=7th|publisher=W.H. Freeman and Company Publishers|year=2005|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/biologyofplants00rave_0/page/504 504–508]|isbn=978-0-7167-1007-3}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> * Scarification na-eṅomi usoro okike nke na-eme ka mkpuchi mkpụrụ ahụ ghara ịdị ike tupu ya efọọ. N'okike, mkpụrụ ụfọdụ chọrọ ọnọdụ ụfọdụ iji pulite, dị ka okpomọkụ nke ọkụ (dịka, ọtụtụ osisi ndị Australia), ma ọ bụ ịba n'ime mmiri ruo ogologo oge. Ndị ọzọ ga-agafe n'ụzọ mgbari nri nke anụmanụ iji mee ka mkpuchi mkpụrụ ahụ ghara ịdị ike iji kwe ka mkpụrụ osisi ahụ pụta.<ref name="Raven" /> [[Usòrò:Sjb_whiskey_malt.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Mkpụrụ ọka bali a na-agbanye n'ime ya]] === Ihi ụra === Ụfọdụ mkpụrụ ndụ dị ndụ na-ehi ụra ma chọọ oge ka ukwuu, na / ma ọ bụ mkpa ka a nọrọ n'ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi ụfọdụ tupu ha emee ka ha bilie. Mmiri na-Ihi ụra nke mkpụrụ nwere ike ịmalite n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke mkpụrụ ahụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ime embryo; n'ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ, mkpuchi mkpụrụ ahụ na-emetụta. Ịkwụsị ụra na-agụnyekarị mgbanwe na membranes, nke a na-amalite site na mgbaàmà na-akwụsị ụra. Nke a na-emekarị naanị n'ime mkpụrụ mmiri.<ref>{{Cite book|first=J Derek|author=Bewley|title=The encyclopedia of seeds: science, technology and uses Cabi Series|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aE414KuXu4gC&pg=PA203|year=2006|pages=203|isbn=978-0-85199-723-0}}</ref> Ihe ndị na-emetụta ụra mkpụrụ na-agụnye ọnụnọ nke homonụ ụfọdụ nke osisi, ọkachasị abscisic acid, nke na-egbochi ntolite, na gibberellin, nke na'akwụsị ụra mkpụrụ. N'ime ime mmanya, a na-eji gibberellin edozi mkpụrụ ọka bali iji hụ na mkpụrụ osisi na-epulite maka mmepụta nke malt ọka bali.<ref name="Raven" />{{Cite book|first=Peter H|author=Raven|title=Biology of Plants|url=https://archive.org/details/biologyofplants00rave_0|edition=7th|publisher=W.H. Freeman and Company Publishers|year=2005|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/biologyofplants00rave_0/page/504 504–508]|isbn=978-0-7167-1007-3}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> === Ebe a na-akụ mkpụrụ === Na nkọwa ụfọdụ, mpụta nke radicle na-egosi njedebe nke germination na mmalite nke "ntọala", oge na-eji ihe nchekwa nri echekwara na mkpụrụ. Germination na nguzobe dị ka akụkụ ahụ nwere onwe ya bụ akụkụ dị oke egwu na ndụ ihe ọkụkụ mgbe ha kacha nwee mmerụ ahụ, ọrịa na nrụgide mmiri.[1]. Enwere ike iji ndepụta germination mee ihe dị ka ihe na-egosi phytotoxicity na ala. Ọnwụ anwụ n'etiti ịgbasa mkpụrụ na mmecha nke nguzobe nwere ike ịdị elu nke na ọtụtụ ụdị emezigharịla imepụta mkpụrụ buru ibu.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Ọnụ ọgụgụ ntolite na ikike ntolite == [[Usòrò:Seedling_of_Eucalyptus.jpg|thumb|mkpụrụ osisi eucalyptus na-epulite mgbe ụbọchị atọ nke ịgha mkpụrụ gasịrị]] N'[[Oru ugbo|ọrụ ugbo]] na ịkọ ubi, '''Ọnụ ọgụgụ ntolite''' na-akọwa mkpụrụ ole nke otu ụdị [[osisi]], ụdị ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ osisi nwere ike itolite n'otu oge. Ọ bụ ihe atụ nke oge ntolite ma na-egosipụtakarị dị ka pasent, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọnụọgụ ntolite 85% na-egosi na ihe dị ka 85 n'ime 100 mkpụrụ ga-epulite n'okpuru ọnọdụ kwesịrị ekwesị n'oge ntolite enyere. A na-ekpebi ọnụ ọgụgụ mkpụrụ osisi na-etolite site na ihe ndị mejupụtara mkpụrụ ndụ, ọdịdị ọdịdị na ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ọnụ ọgụgụ ntolite bara uru maka ịgbakọ ọnụ ọgụgụ mkpụrụ dị mkpa maka mpaghara a nyere ma ọ bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ osisi achọrọ. Maka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mkpụrụ na ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ "ọnụ ọgụgụ ntolite" bụ oge a na-ewe maka usoro ntolite iji mezue malite n'oge ịgha mkpụrụ. N'aka nke ọzọ, a na-akpọ ọnụ ọgụgụ mkpụrụ nwere ike mezue ntolite n'ime ndị mmadụ (ya bụ, mkpụrụ osisi) dị ka '''ikike ntolite'''. Mmiri [[Ńnú|nnu]] nke ala bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị na-eme ka nrụgide ghara ịdị na ya. Nchegbu gburugburu ebe obibi na-akpali ụfọdụ ọrụ metụtara nchekasị [CuZn-superoxide dismutase (SOD), Mn-SOD, L-ascorbate oxidase (AO), DNA polymerase Delta 1 (POLD) -1, Chaperon (CHAPE) na okpomọkụ shock protein (HSP) -21], nkwụsi ike nke template mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na mmelite nke ihe nketa photosynthetic pigment. <ref name="FH">{{Cite journal|first=Kamile|author=Ulukapi|title=The role of exogenous glutamine on germination, plant development and transcriptional expression of some stress-related genes in onion under salt stres|url=https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/fhort-2024-0002|journal=[[Folia Horticulturae]]|volume=36|issue=1|pages=1–17|date=February 2024|pmid=|doi=10.2478/fhort-2024-0002}}</ref>. Ntinye nke exogenic glutamine na-egbochi usoro a. Nnyocha e mere na mkpụrụ yabasị na-egosi mbelata n'oge ntolite, mmụba na coefficient nke ọsọ ntolite, ọnụọgụ ntolite na pasentị ntolite mgbe enyere osisi glutamine exogenous.<ref name="FH" /> === Nrụzi nke mmebi DNA === Àgwà mkpụrụ na-akawanye njọ ka mmadụ na-aka nká, nke a na-ejikọkwa na mkpokọta mmebi nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa.<ref name="pmid25750428">{{Cite journal|title=The importance of safeguarding genome integrity in germination and seed longevity|journal=Journal of Experimental Botany|volume=66|issue=12|pages=3549–58|date=June 2015|pmid=25750428|doi=10.1093/jxb/erv080}}</ref> N'oge ntolite, a na-arụ ọrụ usoro nrụzi iji dozie Mmebi DNA.<ref name="pmid11321247">{{Cite journal|title=The alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis/comet assay: a way to study DNA repair in radicle cells of germinating Vicia faba|journal=Folia Biologica|volume=47|issue=2|pages=50–4|year=2001|pmid=11321247}}</ref> Karịsịa, enwere ike idozi otu na abụọ na DNA.<ref name="pmid20584150">{{Cite journal|title=A plant DNA ligase is an important determinant of seed longevity|journal=The Plant Journal|volume=63|issue=5|pages=848–60|date=September 2010|pmid=20584150|doi=10.1111/j.1365-313X.2010.04285.x}}</ref> DNA mmebi kinase ATM nwere ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịgwakọta ọganihu site na ntolite na nzaghachi nrụzi na mmebi DNA nke mkpụrụ ochie ahụ gbakọtara. <ref name="pmid27503884">{{Cite journal|title=DNA damage checkpoint kinase ATM regulates germination and maintains genome stability in seeds|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=113|issue=34|pages=9647–52|date=August 2016|pmid=27503884|doi=10.1073/pnas.1608829113}}</ref> === Mkpụrụ osisi Dicot === [[Usòrò:Stages_of_germination_in_pea_plants.svg|thumb|Nzọụkwụ nke ntolite nke osisi pea: A. mkpụrụ osisi, B. radicle, C. mgbọrọgwụ mbụ, D. mgbọrọ ndụ nke abụọ, E. cotyledon, F. plumule, G. leaf, H. tap mgbọrọgwụ&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;]] Akụkụ nke osisi nke mbụ na-apụta site na mkpụrụ ahụ bụ mgbọrọgwụ embryonic, nke a na-akpọ mgbọrọgwụ ma ọ bụ mgbọrọ ndụ bụ isi. Ọ na-enye ohere ka mkpụrụ osisi ahụ na-arapara n'ala ma malite ịmị mmiri. Mgbe mgbọrọgwụ ahụ na-amị mmiri, mkpụrụ osisi na-apụta site na mkpụrụ ahụ. Mkpụrụ osisi a nwere akụkụ atọ: cotyledons (akwụkwọ mkpụrụ), ngalaba nke osisi n'okpuru cotyledones (hypocotyl), na ngalaba nke osisi karịa cotyledon (epicotyl). Ụzọ osisi ahụ si apụta dị iche n'etiti ìgwè osisi.<ref name="Raven" />{{Cite book|first=Peter H|author=Raven|title=Biology of Plants|url=https://archive.org/details/biologyofplants00rave_0|edition=7th|publisher=W.H. Freeman and Company Publishers|year=2005|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/biologyofplants00rave_0/page/504 504–508]|isbn=978-0-7167-1007-3}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> ==== Epigeal ==== EEpigeal germination (ma ọ bụ epigeous germination) bụ okwu botanical na-egosi na germination na-ewere ọnọdụ n'elu ala. Na germination epigeal, hypocotyl na-agbatị ma mepụta nko, na-adọkpụrụ kama ịkwanye cotyledons na apical meristem n'ime ala. Ozugbo ọ rutere n'elu, ọ na-agbatị ma na-adọta cotyledons na agbapụ n'ọnụ nke seedlings na-eto eto n'ikuku. Agwa, tamarind, na pọọpọ bụ ihe atụ nke osisi na-eto n'ụzọ dị otú a.<ref name="Raven" />{{Cite book|first=Peter H|author=Raven|title=Biology of Plants|url=https://archive.org/details/biologyofplants00rave_0|edition=7th|publisher=W.H. Freeman and Company Publishers|year=2005|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/biologyofplants00rave_0/page/504 504–508]|isbn=978-0-7167-1007-3}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> ==== Hypogeal ==== A pụkwara ime ntolite site na hypogeal germination (ma ọ bụ hypogeous germination), ebe epicotyl na-agbatị ma mepụta nko. N'ụdị ntolite a, cotyledons na-anọ n'okpuru ala ebe ha na-emesị mebie. Peas, Chickpeas na mango, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na-epulite n'ụzọ a.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Plant propagation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-gQh6OI7GcC&q=mango+hypogeous+germination&pg=PA61|year=1989|publisher=New Age International|isbn=978-81-224-0065-6}}</ref> === Uto nke monocot === N'ime mkpụrụ monocot, a na-ekpuchi mgbọrọgwụ embryo na cotyledon site na coleorhiza na coleoptile, n'otu n'otu. Coleorhiza bụ akụkụ mbụ na-etolite site na mkpụrụ ahụ, mgbọrọgwụ na-esote. A na-akwagharị coleoptile n'ala ruo mgbe ọ ruru n'elu. N'ebe ahụ, ọ na-akwụsị ịgbatị ma akwụkwọ mbụ na-apụta.<ref name="Raven" />{{Cite book|first=Peter H|author=Raven|title=Biology of Plants|url=https://archive.org/details/biologyofplants00rave_0|edition=7th|publisher=W.H. Freeman and Company Publishers|year=2005|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/biologyofplants00rave_0/page/504 504–508]|isbn=978-0-7167-1007-3}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> === Uto n'oge === Mgbe mkpụrụ na-epulite n'enweghị usoro anọ niile nke mmepe mkpụrụ, ya bụ, globular, ọdịdị obi, ọdịdị torpedo, na ọkwa cotyledonary, a maara ya dị ka ntolite ngwa ngwa.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Mkpụrụ osisi na-epulite == Ihe ọzọ na-eme ka mkpụrụ na-etolite n'oge ndụ nke gymnosperms na Osisi ndị na-agbasa okooko osisi bụ ntolite nke mkpụrụ ntụ ọka mgbe mmịpụta. Dị ka mkpụrụ, a na-eme ka mmiri gwụ mkpụrụ pollen n'ụzọ siri ike tupu a tọhapụ ya iji mee ka ọ dịkwuo mfe ịgbasa ha site n'otu osisi gaa na nke ọzọ. Ha nwere uwe nchebe nwere ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ (ruo 8 na gymnosperms, 2-3 na osisi na-agbasa okooko). Otu n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ndị a bụ [[Tube cell (plant)|mkpụrụ ndụ tube]]. Ozugbo mkpụrụ ntụ ọka ahụ dara na stigma nke [[Ìfulū|okooko osisi]] na-anabata (ma ọ bụ cone nwanyị na gymnosperms), ọ na-ewe mmiri ma na-epulite. Mkpụrụ osisi na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe site na mmiri na stigma, yana nhazi na physiology nke stigma na ụdị.<ref name="Raven" />{{Cite book|first=Peter H|author=Raven|title=Biology of Plants|url=https://archive.org/details/biologyofplants00rave_0|edition=7th|publisher=W.H. Freeman and Company Publishers|year=2005|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/biologyofplants00rave_0/page/504 504–508]|isbn=978-0-7167-1007-3}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> A pụkwara ime ka ntụ ọka na-epulite ''in vitro'' (n'ime efere petri ma ọ bụ tube nnwale). <ref name="Martin">{{Cite journal|title=In vitro measurement of pollen tube growth inhibition|journal=Plant Physiology|volume=49|issue=6|pages=924–5|date=June 1972|pmid=16658085|doi=10.1104/pp.49.6.924}}</ref><ref name="Pfahler">{{Cite journal|title=In vitro germination characteristics of maize pollen to detect biological activity of environmental pollutants|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|volume=37|pages=125–32|date=January 1981|pmid=7460877|doi=10.2307/3429260}}</ref> N'oge ntolite, mkpụrụ ndụ tube na-agbatị n'ime tube pollen. N'ime okooko osisi ahụ, tube pollen na-etolite n'akụkụ àkwá ebe ọ na-ewepụ sperm mepụtara na mkpụrụ pollen maka imeju. Mkpụrụ ntụ ọka na-etolite na mkpụrụ ndụ sperm abụọ ya bụ microgametophyte nwoke tozuru etozu nke osisi ndị a.<ref name="Raven" />{{Cite book|first=Peter H|author=Raven|title=Biology of Plants|url=https://archive.org/details/biologyofplants00rave_0|edition=7th|publisher=W.H. Freeman and Company Publishers|year=2005|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/biologyofplants00rave_0/page/504 504–508]|isbn=978-0-7167-1007-3}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> === Enweghị nkwekọ n'onwe ya === Ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ osisi na-ebu ma akụkụ ọmụmụ nwoke ma nke nwanyị na okooko osisi ha, enwere nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nke mmịpụta mkpụrụ n'onwe ya ma si otú a na-ịmụ nwa. Ụfọdụ osisi na-eji njikwa nke ntolite ntụ ọka dị ka ụzọ isi gbochie mmịpụta mkpụrụ osisi a. Uto na uto nke pollen tube na-agụnye mgbaàmà nke mkpụrụ ndụ n'etiti stigma na pollen. Na enweghị nkwekọ n'onwe ya na osisi, stigma nke osisi ụfọdụ nwere ike ịmata pollen site n'otu osisi ahụ ma gbochie ya itolite.<ref name="Takayama">{{Cite journal|title=Self-incompatibility in plants|journal=Annual Review of Plant Biology|volume=56|issue=1|pages=467–89|year=2005|pmid=15862104|doi=10.1146/annurev.arplant.56.032604.144249}}</ref> == Mkpụrụ osisi spore na-epulite == Mkpụrụ osisi pụkwara izo aka na mpụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ site na spores na-ezu ike na uto nke sporeling hyphae ma ọ bụ thalli site na spors na fungi, algae na ụfọdụ osisi. Conidia bụ ụmụ na-enweghị mmekọahụ (mmụba na-enweghị njikọta nke gametes) spores nke fungi nke na-epulite n'okpuru ọnọdụ ụfọdụ. Enwere ike ịmepụta mkpụrụ ndụ dịgasị iche iche site na conidia na-etolite. Ndị a na-ahụkarị bụ germ tubes nke na-eto ma na-etolite na hyphae. Ọdịdị mbụ na mgbatị nke nje tube na fungus ''Aspergillus niger'' ejirila 3D jiri Holotomography microscopy. Ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ọzọ bụ conidial anastomosis tube (CAT); ndị a dị iche na germ tubes n'ihi na ha dị gịrịgịrị, dị mkpụmkpụ, enweghị alaka, na-egosipụta uto siri ike na ụlọ n'ebe ibe ha nọ. Mkpụrụ ndụ ọ bụla nwere ọdịdị tubular, mana tube anastomosis conidial na-emepụta àkwà mmiri nke na-enye ohere njikọta n'etiti conidia.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Conidial anastomosis fusion between Colletotrichum species|journal=Mycological Research|volume=108|issue=Pt 11|pages=1320–6|date=November 2004|pmid=15587065|doi=10.1017/S0953756204000838}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Cell biology of conidial anastomosis tubes in Neurospora crassa|journal=Eukaryotic Cell|volume=4|issue=5|pages=911–9|date=May 2005|pmid=15879525|doi=10.1128/EC.4.5.911-919.2005}}</ref> [[Usòrò:3D-visualization_of_Aspergillus_niger_spore_germination.gif|thumb|3D-visualization nke ''Aspergillus niger'' spore germination. E jidere onyinyo a site na iji microscopy Holotomography.]] === Mkpụrụ osisi ndị na-ezu ike === Na spores na-ezu ike, ntolite na-agụnye ịgbaji nnukwu mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ nke spore na-ehi ụra. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na zygomycetes, zygosporangium nwere mgbidi dị arọ na-emeghe ma zygospore dị n'ime na-ebute sporangiophore na-apụta. N'ime ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ, ntolite na-ezo aka na mpụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ amoeboid site na spore siri ike. Mgbe ọ gbawara akpụkpọ ahụ, mmepe ọzọ na-agụnye nkewa mkpụrụ ndụ, mana ọ bụghị mmepe nke ihe dị ndụ nwere ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ na amoebas na-ebi ndụ n'efu nke slime molds). <ref name="Raven" />{{Cite book|first=Peter H|author=Raven|title=Biology of Plants|url=https://archive.org/details/biologyofplants00rave_0|edition=7th|publisher=W.H. Freeman and Company Publishers|year=2005|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/biologyofplants00rave_0/page/504 504–508]|isbn=978-0-7167-1007-3}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> === Osisi ndị a na-akpọ Ferns na mosses === N'ime [[osisi]] ndị dị ka Briophytes, ferns, na ndị ọzọ ole na ole, spores na-epulite n'ime gametophytes onwe ha. Na bryophytes (dịka, mosses na liverworts), spores na-epulite n'ime protonemata, yiri fungal hyphae, nke gametophyte na-etolite. Na ferns, gametophytes bụ obere prothalli dị ka obi nke a na-ahụkarị n'okpuru osisi toro eto na-ewepụ spore.<ref name="Raven" />{{Cite book|first=Peter H|author=Raven|title=Biology of Plants|url=https://archive.org/details/biologyofplants00rave_0|edition=7th|publisher=W.H. Freeman and Company Publishers|year=2005|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/biologyofplants00rave_0/page/504 504–508]|isbn=978-0-7167-1007-3}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> === Nje bacteria === Nje bacteria spores nwere ike ịbụ exospores ma ọ bụ endospores nke bụ ihe na-adịghị eme ụra nke ọtụtụ nje bacteria dị iche iche mepụtara. Ha enweghị ma ọ bụ ọrụ metabolic dị ala ma na-emepụta ha na nzaghachi maka ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi na-adịghị mma.<ref name="GhuysenHakenbeck1994">{{Cite book|author=J.-M. Ghuysen|title=Bacterial Cell Wall|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RjBxBsRY-AEC&pg=PA167|date=9 February 1994|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-08-086087-9|pages=167–}}</ref> Ha na-enye ohere ịdị ndụ ma ọ bụghị ụdị ọmụmụ.<ref name="SolomonBerg2010">{{Cite book|author=Eldra Solomon|title=Biology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=itHVNZicPgwC&pg=PT554|date=15 September 2010|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-538-74125-5|pages=554–}}</ref> N'okpuru ọnọdụ kwesịrị ekwesị, spore na-epulite iji mepụta nje bacteria dị ndụ. A na-emepụta endospores n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ nne, ebe a na-emepụta exospores na njedebe nke mkpụrụ ndụ nne dị ka bud.<ref name="Britannica2002">{{Cite book|author=Encyclopedia Britannica|title=Encyclopedia britannica|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aoVUAAAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica|isbn=978-0-85229-787-2}}</ref> == Mkpụrụ osisi na-akpali ìhè == Dị ka e kwuru na mbụ, ìhè nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-akpali usoro ntolite. Mkpụrụ ahụ kwesịrị inwe ike ikpebi mgbe oge zuru oke iji bulie ma ha na-eme nke ahụ site n'ịghọta ihe ngosi gburugburu ebe obibi. Ozugbo ntolite malitere, ihe oriri ndị echekwara n'oge ntozu okè na-amalite ịgbari nke na-akwado mgbasawanye mkpụrụ ndụ na uto zuru oke.<ref name="Penfield-2017" />{{Cite journal|title=Seed dormancy and germination|journal=Current Biology|volume=27|issue=17|pages=R874–R878|date=September 2017|pmid=28898656|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.050}}</ref> N'ime ntolite na-akpali ìhè, phytochrome B ([[PHYB]]) bụ photoreceptor nke na-ahụ maka mmalite mmalite nke ntolite. Mgbe ìhè na-acha ọbara ọbara dị, a na-agbanwe PHYB ka ọ bụrụ ụdị ya na-arụ ọrụ ma si na cytoplasm gaa na nucleus ebe ọ na-eme ka mbelata nke PIF1. PIF1, phytochrome-interaction-factor-1, na-achịkwa ntolite n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma site n'ịbawanye ngosipụta nke protein ndị na-egbochi njikọ nke gibberellin (GA), nnukwu hormone na usoro ntolite.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Light-Mediated Hormonal Regulation of Plant Growth and Development|journal=Annual Review of Plant Biology|volume=67|pages=513–37|date=April 2016|pmid=26905653|doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-043015-112252}}</ref> Ihe ọzọ na-akwalite ntolite bụ HFR1 nke na-agbakọta n'ìhè n'ụzọ ụfọdụ ma na-emepụta heterodimers na-adịghị arụ ọrụ na PIF1.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Nitric oxide promotes light-initiated seed germination by repressing PIF1 expression and stabilizing HFR1|journal=Plant Physiology and Biochemistry|volume=123|pages=204–212|date=February 2018|pmid=29248678|doi=10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.11.012}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na a maghị kpọmkwem usoro ahụ, nitric oxide (NO) na-arụkwa ọrụ na ụzọ a. A na-eche na NO na-egbochi ngosipụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa PIF1 ma mee ka HFR1 kwụsie ike n'ụzọ ụfọdụ iji kwado mmalite nke ntolite.<ref name="Penfield-2017">{{Cite journal|title=Seed dormancy and germination|journal=Current Biology|volume=27|issue=17|pages=R874–R878|date=September 2017|pmid=28898656|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.050}}</ref> Bethke et al. (2006) kpughere mkpụrụ Arabidopsis na-ehi ụra na NO gas ma n'ime ụbọchị 4 sochirinụ, 90% nke mkpụrụ ahụ kwụsịrị ụra ma mebie. Ndị dere ya lere anya n'otú NO na GA si emetụta usoro vacuolation nke mkpụrụ ndụ aleurone nke na-enye ohere ka a gbarie mmegharị nke ihe oriri. A NO mutant mere ka igbochi vacuolation mana mgbe e mesịrị gbakwunye GA usoro ahụ na-arụ ọrụ ọzọ na-eduga na nkwenye na NO bụ tupu GA na ụzọ. NO nwekwara ike ibute mbelata nke mmetụta nke abscisic acid (ABA), hormone osisi nke na-akpata n'ụzọ dị ukwuu maka ụra mkpụrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Arabidopsis aleurone layer responds to nitric oxide, gibberellin, and abscisic acid and is sufficient and necessary for seed dormancy|journal=Plant Physiology|volume=143|issue=3|pages=1173–88|date=March 2007|pmid=17220360|doi=10.1104/pp.106.093435}}</ref> Nkwekọrịta dị n'etiti GA na ABA dị mkpa. Mgbe ọkwa ABA dị elu karịa GA mgbe ahụ nke ahụ na-eduga na mkpụrụ na-ehi ụra na mgbe ọkwa GA dị elu, mkpụrụ na-etolite.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Dormancy and germination: How does the crop seed decide?|journal=Plant Biology|volume=17|issue=6|pages=1104–12|date=November 2015|pmid=26095078|doi=10.1111/plb.12356}}</ref> Mgbanwe dị n'etiti ụra mkpụrụ na ntolite kwesịrị ime n'oge mkpụrụ nwere ohere kachasị mma nke ịdị ndụ na ihe dị mkpa nke na-amalite usoro ntolite mkpụrụ na uto osisi n'ozuzu ya dị mfe.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Hụkwa ==   == Ebem si dee == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] f0ngm9wkecect3q96a7d3yhe4zdpdua 0 52938 632472 189918 2026-05-09T22:11:30Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 632472 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Giselle Zarur Maccise''' (amụrụ 29 Mee 1987) bụ onye nta akụkọ egwuregwu Mexico na onye nta akụkọ telivishọn Fox Deportes . Ọ rụkwara ọrụ maka netwọọkụ telivishọn Televisa na Canal F1 Latin America, wee kpuchie egwuregwu dị iche iche n'oge ọrụ ya niile, dị ka [[Usoro nke Mbụ|Formula One]] na NASCAR ịgba ọsọ moto, Njikọ bọọlụ MX Liga, tenis na Super Bowl LIV na Miami. == Akụkọ ndụ == [[Usòrò:Ricky_stenhouse_jr_victory_lane_(52703148111).jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb| Zarur (jide igwe igwe Fox) na-eche ịgba ajụjụ ọnụ Ricky Stenhouse Jr. mgbe 2023 Daytona 500 gasịrị]] A mụrụ Zarur na 29 Mee 1987, <ref name="HDM2018">{{Cite news|author=Camacho-Zazueta|first=Manuel|title=Giselle Zarur, la única mujer en cubrir el Gran Premio de México|url=https://heraldodemexico.com.mx/panorama/giselle-zarur-la-unica-mujer-en-cubrir-el-gran-premio-de-mexico/|work=[[El Heraldo de México]]|language=es|date=25 October 2018|accessdate=18 September 2020}}</ref> na [[Mézíkọ city|Mexico City]], Mexico. <ref name="FoxBio">{{Cite web|title=Giselle Zarur: Host and Reporter, Fox Deportes|url=https://www.foxsports.com/presspass/bios/on-air/giselle-zarur|publisher=[[Fox Deportes]]|accessdate=18 September 2020}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye Lebanọn site na nne na nna ya na nne na nna ya ochie, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Castellanos Sahagún|first=Sergio|date=22 May 2020|title=Liga MX: Giselle Zarur, la bella conductora aficionada del Club América|url=https://www.soyfutbol.com/tendencias/Liga-MX-Giselle-Zarur-la-bella-conductora-aficionada-del-Club-America-20200522-0089.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923124740/https://www.soyfutbol.com/tendencias/Liga-MX-Giselle-Zarur-la-bella-conductora-aficionada-del-Club-America-20200522-0089.html|archivedate=23 September 2020|accessdate=18 September 2020|publisher=Soy Futbol|language=es}}</ref> <ref name="MCallArticle">{{Cite news|author=Cauich|first=Eduard|date=24 July 2019|title=Giselle Zarur habla de su nuevo reto en FOX Deportes y de los avances de la mujer en el periodismo deportivo|language=es|work=[[The Morning Call]]|url=https://www.mcall.com/hoyla-otros-gisellezarur-story.html|accessdate=18 September 2020}}</ref> ma bụrụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Centro de Estudios en Ciencias de la Comunicación. <ref name="HDM2018" /> Zarur malitere ọrụ mgbasa ozi ya na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi Televisa na 2010, <ref name="FoxBio" /> <ref name="AS2020">{{Cite news|author=Alonso|first=Sara|title=La conductora mexicana, Giselle Zarur, se une a Fox Deportes|url=https://us.as.com/us/2019/07/09/tikitakas/1562702156_841683.html|work=[[AS (newspaper)|AS]]|language=es|date=9 July 2019|accessdate=18 September 2020}}</ref> ma kpuchie ụdị egwuregwu dị iche iche dị ka [[Usoro nke Mbụ|Formula One]] motor race, Liga MX football league na tennis ; <ref name="AS2020" /> Formula One bụ ebe ọ nwetara nkwanye ùgwù kachasị maka nka ya na usoro ahụ wee kọọ akụkọ oge niile. Ọ kọkwara akụkọ maka Formula One maka Canal F1 Latin America, ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi Latin America nke netwọkụ ahụ. <ref name="MCallArticle" /> Ọrụ Zarur na bọọlụ Mexico hụrụ akụkọ ya na asọmpi egwuregwu kachasị na mba ahụ, dị ka asọmpi El Súper Clásico n'etiti klọb América na Guadalajara . <ref name="FoxBio" /> == Ntụaka == rụkwara ọrụ maka netwọọkụ telivishọn Televisa na Canal F1 Latin America, wee kpuchie{{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Archived [https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/autor-opinion/columnistas/giselle-zarur Giselle Zarur] </link> na El Universal * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200923140857/https://noticieros.televisa.com/conductores/giselle-zaarur/ Giselle Zarur] Archived </link> na Televisa.news [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] o3oqhhvh2qx9cwhk0xdcy4wbg5f9bp6 0 53506 632433 320075 2026-05-09T15:03:17Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 632433 wikitext text/x-wiki Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition bụ egwuregwu vidiyo 2019 ezigbo oge emebere site na World's Edge na Alaeze Ukwu Echefuru na nke Xbox Game Studios bipụtara. Ọ bụ onye na-emegharị egwuregwu 1999 Age of Empires II: Age of Kings, na-eme ncheta afọ 20 nke mbụ. Ọ na-egosipụta ihe onyonyo emelitere nke ọma, na-akwado mkpebi 4K, yana gụnye mgbasawanye niile gara aga site na nke izizi na HD mbipụta. Na mgbakwunye, egwuregwu ahụ gụnyere Khans Ikpeazụ, mgbasawanye nke na-agbakwunye mmepeanya ọhụrụ anọ dabere na Central Asia na [[Owuwa Anyanwu Obodo Beke|Eastern Europe]], yana mkpọsa ọhụrụ anọ. Age nke Alaeze Ukwu II: E weputara mbipụta nkọwa maka Windows na Nọvemba 14, 2019, wee bufee ya na Xbox One na Xbox Series X/S na Jenụwarị 31, 2023. == Egwuregwu == A na-ekekọrịta isi ihe egwuregwu egwuregwu na nke mbụ. Onye na-emegharị ihe na-agụnye eserese 4K, ihe ngosi dị mma maka ndị agha na ụlọ, ikike ịbuba na n'ihu, yana ụdị ọhụụ ọhụrụ. Ọ na-egosipụta mgbasawanye ọhụrụ a na-akpọ The Last Khans ma gụnye mmepeanya ọhụrụ anọ: Bulgarians, Cumans, Lithuanians na Tatars. Agbakwunyere mkpọsa ọhụrụ anọ maka mmepeanya ọhụrụ: Ivaylo, Kotyan Khan, Tamerlane na Pachacuti bụ maka mmepeanya Inca ma dochie El Dorado site na HD Edition (Ndị Lithuan anaghị apụta dị ka mmepeanya a na-egwu egwu na mkpọsa ọ bụla; Otú ọ dị, ha na-anọchite anya Poles. na mkpọsa Ivaylo).[1][2] Ọ gụnyere mgbasawanye niile gara aga site na nke mbụ (Ndị mmeri) na mbipụta HD (Echefuru, alaeze Africa, Rise of the Rajas) Ndị na-egwu egwuregwu nwere ike ịhọrọ n'etiti AI mbụ, HD Edition AI emelitere nke agbakwunyere n'akụkụ HD Edition nke egwuregwu ahụ, na AI ọhụrụ mepụtara maka Definitive Edition.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pcgamesn.com/age-of-empires-2-definitive-edition/review|title=Age of Empires 2: Definitive Edition review – reverent treatment|work=pcgamesn.com|author=White|first=Sam|date=12 November 2019|accessdate=10 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112141758/https://www.pcgamesn.com/age-of-empires-2-definitive-edition/review|archivedate=November 12, 2019}}</ref> AI mbụ ga-aghọ aghụghọ iji nwee asọmpi, ebe AI ọhụrụ ahụ dị elu nke na ọ gaghị achọ ịghọ aghụghọ ọ bụla. Mgbe ndị AIs ochie na ndị ọhụrụ zutere ibe ha n'ule, ndị ọhụrụ meriri ndị ochie n'ụzọ dị mfe. A na-ekwukwa na ịchọta ụzọ nke otu ka mma. Ndị na-egwu egwuregwu nwere ike Mgbanwe ọrụ obodo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bgr.in/reviews/age-of-empires-ii-definitive-edition-review-reliving-the-past-in-glorious-4k-859536/|title=Age of Empires II Definitive Edition Review: Price in India and review|first=Bodhisatwa|author=Ray|date=November 21, 2019|work=BGR India|accessdate=December 20, 2019|archivedate=December 20, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220081524/https://www.bgr.in/reviews/age-of-empires-ii-definitive-edition-review-reliving-the-past-in-glorious-4k-859536/}}</ref> [[Ala ugbo|Ugbo]] ugbu a nwere nhọrọ a ga-agbanyeghachi ya na-akpaghị aka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hardcoregamer.com/2019/12/12/review-age-of-empires-ii-definitive-edition/363375/|title=Review: Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition|date=December 12, 2019|work=Hardcore Gamer|accessdate=December 20, 2019|archivedate=December 14, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214041818/https://www.hardcoregamer.com/2019/12/12/review-age-of-empires-ii-definitive-edition/363375/}}</ref> == Ọganihu == Age of Empires II: The Age of Kings bụ nke Ensemble Studios mepụtara ma wepụta ya na 1999. Microsoft nwetara Ensemble Studios na 2001 ma mechie ya na 2009, ozugbo ọrụ ikpeazụ ha, Halo Wars, gwụchara. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gamespot.com/news/2715282.html|title=Microsoft to acquire Ensemble Studios|work=GameSpot|accessdate=May 3, 2001|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214185016/http://www.gamespot.com/news/2715282.html|archivedate=February 14, 2009}}</ref><ref name="ign_2009-01-30">{{Cite web|author=Robinson|first=Martin|date=January 30, 2009|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2009/01/30/ensemble-studios-shuttered|title=Ensemble Studios Shuttered|work=[[IGN]]|accessdate=June 11, 2024|archivedate=September 25, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925181534/https://www.ign.com/articles/2009/01/30/ensemble-studios-shuttered}}</ref> Hidden Path Entertainment mepụtara remaster dị elu nke Age of Empires II, HD Edition, nke e wepụtara na 2013. N'etiti atụmatụ ndị ọzọ, HD Edition gbakwunyere njikọta Steam Workshop maka ọdịnaya omenala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/age-of-empires-ii-hd-arriving-april-9/1100-6404962/|title=Age of Empires II HD arriving April 9|accessdate=June 11, 2024|archivedate=May 17, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517075846/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/age-of-empires-ii-hd-arriving-april-9/1100-6404962/}}</ref> N'otu oge ahụ, otu ìgwè ndị modders anọwo na-emepụta ọdịnaya ndị ọzọ na mmezi njehie maka egwuregwu mbụ, nke a na-akpọ Forgotten Empires. Na-abịaru Microsoft nso mgbe a tọhapụrụ mod ahụ na ngwụcha afọ 2012, ma mụta na Microsoft na-emepụta HD Edition ma nwee mmasị ịgbanwe mod ha ka ọ bụrụ ntọhapụ gọọmentị. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forgottenempires.net/age-of-empires-2-hd-the-forgotten/the-story-so-far|title=The Story so Far... - Forgotten Empires|accessdate=June 11, 2024|archivedate=June 11, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611225232/https://www.forgottenempires.net/age-of-empires-2-hd-the-forgotten/the-story-so-far}}</ref> Mgbalị ha ghọrọ mmụba mbụ maka HD Edition, "The Forgotten", mepụtara na njikọ aka na Skybox Labs. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/age-of-empires-2-hd-gets-new-expansion-pack/1100-6416048/|title=Age of Empires 2 HD gets new expansion pack|accessdate=June 11, 2024|archivedate=June 11, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611225232/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/age-of-empires-2-hd-gets-new-expansion-pack/1100-6416048/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pcgamer.com/after-14-years-an-aoe2-fan-mod-becomes-an-official-expansion/|title=After 14 years, an Age of Empires 2 fan mod becomes an official expansion|work=PC Gamer|date=August 19, 2013|author=Williams|first=Katie|accessdate=June 11, 2024|archivedate=February 25, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225051239/https://www.pcgamer.com/after-14-years-an-aoe2-fan-mod-becomes-an-official-expansion/}}</ref> Ndị otu mod, nke bụzi Forgotten Empires LLC, gara n'ihu na-arụkọ ọrụ na Microsoft na mgbasawanye ọhụrụ maka HD Edition. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Mashiur|first=Zoheb|date=2017-01-05|title=Age of Empires 2: Evergreen, not Forgotten|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/shout/overclock/age-empires-2-evergreen-not-forgotten-1340374|accessdate=2024-02-25|work=The Daily Star|language=en|archivedate=August 20, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820105704/https://www.thedailystar.net/shout/overclock/age-empires-2-evergreen-not-forgotten-1340374}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/age-of-empires-2-forgotten-empires|title=How a Mod Team Helped Age of Empires 2 Thrive|work=Rock, Paper, Shotgun|date=December 28, 2015|first=Richard|author=Moss|accessdate=June 11, 2024|archivedate=May 21, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521202935/https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/age-of-empires-2-forgotten-empires}}</ref> == Ntọhapụ == [[Usòrò:Adam_Isgreen_and_Bert_Beeckman.png|thumb|Bert Beeckman (onye guzobere Forgotten Empires) na Adam Isgreen na E3 2019]] N'abalị iri abụọ na otu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2017, na Gamescom, Microsoft kwupụtara na Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition nọ na mmepe site na Forgotten Empires, Tantalus Media na Wicked Witch Software. Na June 9, 2019, Microsoft kpughere ụgbọala na-adọkpụ egwuregwu na Xbox E3 2019. A tọhapụrụ ya na Xbox Game Pass maka PC na mgbakwunye na Steam na Ụlọ Ahịa Windows na Nọvemba 14, 2019. A mara ọkwa ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na [[Xbox One]] na Xbox Series X/S / S n'oge 25th anniversary livestream na October 25, 2022, a tọhapụrụ ya na Jenụwarị 31, 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gematsu.com/2022/10/age-of-empires-ii-definitive-edition-coming-to-xbox-series-and-xbox-one-on-january-31-2023-age-of-empires-iv-in-2023|title=Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition coming to Xbox Series and Xbox One on January 31, 2023; Age of Empires IV in 2023|first=Sal|author=Romano|work=Gematsu|date=October 25, 2022|accessdate=October 25, 2022|archivedate=October 25, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025181653/https://www.gematsu.com/2022/10/age-of-empires-ii-definitive-edition-coming-to-xbox-series-and-xbox-one-on-january-31-2023-age-of-empires-iv-in-2023}}</ref> Ụdị njikwa ahụ gosipụtara ma gamepad na òké na njikwa keyboard, yana nhọrọ cross-platform play na PC version. === Mgbasawanye === A mara ọkwa mgbasawanye, Lords of the West, na Disemba 15, 2020, wee wepụta ya na Jenụwarị 26, 2021. Mgbasawanye nke ndị Lord nke West webatara mmepeanya abụọ ọzọ, ndị Burgundians na Ndị Sicilian, yana mkpọsa ọhụrụ atọ, na-egosi Edward Longshanks, ndị Duke Ndị Burgundy, na Hautevilles.<ref name="LotW">{{Cite web|title=Pre-Order Age of Empires II: DE – Lords of the West, coming January 26th!|url=https://www.ageofempires.com/news/pre-order-lords-of-the-west/|publisher=Forgotten Empires|language=lithuanian|date=December 15, 2020|accessdate=December 20, 2020|archivedate=January 7, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107080710/https://www.ageofempires.com/news/pre-order-lords-of-the-west/}}</ref> A mara ọkwa mmụba nke abụọ, Dawn of the Dukes, na Eprel 10, 2021, wee wepụta ya na August 10. O webatara mmepeanya abụọ nke Central Europe, Ndị [[Poland]], na Ndị Bohemia, ebe Ndị Lithuania bụ isiokwu nke mkpọsa, yana mkpọsa ọhụrụ atọ, na-egosi Jadwiga, Jan Žižka, na Algirdas na Kestutis. A mara ọkwa mmụba nke atọ, Dynasties of India, na Eprel 14, 2022, a tọhapụrụ ya na Epril 28. Ọ na-egosipụta mmepeanya ọhụrụ atọ, Ndị Bengal, Ndị Dravidian, na ndị Gurjaras. Tụkwasị na nke a, mmụba ahụ na-egosipụtakwa mmepeanya India dị ugbu a, nke a kpọrọ Hindustani. E webatara mkpọsa ọhụrụ atọ, nke gosipụtara Babur, Rajendra, na Devapala. Iji mee emume ncheta afọ iri abụọ na ise nke franchise, a mara ọkwa mmụba nke anọ, Return of Rome. O nwere ọdịnaya sitere na Age of Empires: Definitive Edition nke e webatara na Age of Ampires II: Definitive mbipụta engine, tinyere otu mmepeanya ọhụrụ (Liac Việt) na mkpọsa ọhụrụ atọ (nke gosipụtara Sargon nke Akkad, Pyrrhus nke Epirus na Trajan), na mmepeanya Rom maka egwuregwu ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ageofempires.com/news/icymi-broadcast-blog/|title=Age of Empires 25th Anniversary Broadcast – the Rundown|first=Michael|author=Mann|date=October 25, 2022|accessdate=October 29, 2022|archivedate=October 29, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221029190541/https://www.ageofempires.com/news/icymi-broadcast-blog/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Partis|first=Danielle|date=2023-05-15|title=The Return of Rome Expansion Turns Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition Into The Game From Your Nostalgic Memories|url=https://news.xbox.com/en-us/2023/05/15/age-of-empires-ii-return-of-rome/|accessdate=2023-05-22|work=Xbox Wire|language=en-US|archivedate=May 22, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522115938/https://news.xbox.com/en-us/2023/05/15/age-of-empires-ii-return-of-rome/}}</ref> A tọhapụrụ ya na Mee 16, 2023. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ageofempires.com/news/return-of-rome-everything-you-need-to-know/|title=Return of Rome: Everything You Need to Know|publisher=Age of Empires|date=5 May 2023|accessdate=October 3, 2023|archivedate=October 16, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016184736/https://www.ageofempires.com/news/return-of-rome-everything-you-need-to-know//}}</ref> Na 8 Septemba 2023, a gbakwunyere mkpọsa abụọ (Ascent of Egypt na The First Punic War) site na Age of Empires: Definitive Edition na Return of Rome.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ageofempires.com/news/additional-campaigns-come-to-return-of-rome/|title=Additional Campaigns Come to Return of Rome!|publisher=Age of Empires|date=8 September 2023|accessdate=October 3, 2023|archivedate=September 23, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923171335/https://www.ageofempires.com/news/additional-campaigns-come-to-return-of-rome/}}</ref> A gbakwunyere mkpọsa abụọ ọzọ maka ''Nlaghachi nke Rom'', Glory of Greece na Voices of Babylon, na October 31.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ageofempires.com/news/preview-age-of-empires-ii-definitive-edition-update-95810/|title=Preview: Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition – Update 95810|publisher=Age of Empires|date=30 October 2023|accessdate=October 30, 2023|archivedate=October 30, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030233102/https://www.ageofempires.com/news/preview-age-of-empires-ii-definitive-edition-update-95810/}}</ref> A mara ọkwa mmụba nke ise, The Mountain Royals, na October 16, 2023, wee wepụta ya na October 31. Ọ na-ewebata mmepeanya ọhụrụ abụọ, Ndị Georgia na Ndị Armenia, yana mkpọsa ọhụrụ atọ, na-egosi Tamar, Thoros the Great, na Ismail.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ageofempires.com/news/pre-order-aoe-ii-de-the-mountain-royals/|title=Pre-Order Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition – The Mountain Royals!|publisher=Age of Empires|date=16 October 2023|accessdate=October 20, 2023|archivedate=October 20, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020150536/https://www.ageofempires.com/news/pre-order-aoe-ii-de-the-mountain-royals/}}</ref> A mara ọkwa mgbasawanye akụkọ, Victors and Vanquished, na Febụwarị 23, 2024, wee wepụta ya na Machị 14. Ọ na-agbakwunye ihe nkiri iri na itoolu site n'aka Ramsey Abdulrahim; iri na anọ bụ ihe ọhụrụ nke ọrụ ya gara aga, ise n'ime ha bụ ihe ọhụrụ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Tolbert|first=Samuel|date=23 February 2024|title=Age of Empires 2: Definitive Edition gets new campaign-focused Victors and Vanquished DLC for Xbox consoles and Windows PC|url=https://www.windowscentral.com/gaming/xbox/age-of-empires-2-definitive-edition-gets-new-campaign-focused-victors-and-vanquished-dlc-for-xbox-consoles-and-windows-pc|accessdate=23 February 2024|work=Windows Central|language=en|archivedate=February 24, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224005153/https://www.windowscentral.com/gaming/xbox/age-of-empires-2-definitive-edition-gets-new-campaign-focused-victors-and-vanquished-dlc-for-xbox-consoles-and-windows-pc}}</ref><ref name="arstechnica_2024-02-26">{{Cite web|author=Purdy|first=Kevin|date=February 26, 2024|url=https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2024/02/age-of-empires-2-gets-another-expansion-25-years-later-and-deservedly-so/|title=Age of Empires 2 gets another expansion 25 years later, and deservedly so|work=[[Ars Technica]]|accessdate=February 27, 2024|archivedate=February 27, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227001933/https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2024/02/age-of-empires-2-gets-another-expansion-25-years-later-and-deservedly-so/}}</ref> Na June 2021, maka oge mbụ kemgbe Age of Empires Online, e webatara mkpọsa nkwado n'ime egwuregwu ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ageofempires.com/news/aoe2de-pupcoop/|title=Co-Op has Arrived in June's Public Update Preview!|date=2021-06-15|author=Age DE Team|accessdate=2021-12-28|archivedate=December 28, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228193005/https://www.ageofempires.com/news/aoe2de-pupcoop/}}</ref> == Nnakwere ==   Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition nwetara nyocha "dị mma n'ozuzu" dị ka nyochaa aggregator Metacritic nwere akara 84/100 site na nyocha 32.[1] Windows Central's Cale Hunt toro ọrụ nka emelitere, ihe ngosi na ụdị mgbakwunye ndụ mana ọ katọrọ nchọta ụzọ AI wee rụtụ aka na ọ dị mkpa maka ịhazigharị ọzọ. == Ihe edeturu == <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> == Ebem si dee == 9lwckaunm9oesfhgtr79cfw5q01hunb 2 53730 632443 424422 2026-05-09T15:36:11Z Goodymaraj 21567 632443 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="padding:3px;"><div style="font-family:verdana; height:250%; width:100%; overflow:auto; background:#ffd700; padding: 2px; text-align: left"> <div style="position:fixed; right:2%; top:5%; overflow:visible; z-index:100;"> [[File:Skull and Crossbones.svg|28px|link=]] </div> <div style="border: 1px solid silver; margin: 0em 1em 0em 1em; text-align: center; padding:5px; clear: both; background-color: #4169e1; font-family: ; font-size:80%; color: #560319; text-align: justify;"> <div style="position:fixed; left:2%; bottom:2%; overflow:visible; z-index:100;"> [[File:Human skull - animation 02.gif|120px]] </div><div style="position: relative; margin: 0 -1em; padding: 0; background-color: transparent; border: 1px none #ddd; height: 1%;"> <div style="position: relative; margin: 0 auto; background: #000000; width: 560px; border: 1px solid #cccccc; height: 1%;">{{clear}}I'm Here to do my best.{{#babel:en-5}}{{#babel:ig-N}}{{#babel:ha-1}}</div> </div> </div>{{Userbox|border-c=#000000|id=[[File:Smartphone_icon_-_Noun_Project_283536.svg|50px]]|id-c=#ffffff|id-fc=#ff0000|id-s=14|info=This user contributes with a [[w:smartphone|smartphone]].|info-c=#d6d6d6|info-fc=#000000|info-s=8}}{{Userbox|border-c=#000000|id=[[File:Wikimedia_logo_family_complete-2013.svg|70px]]|id-c=#ffffff|id-fc=#000000|id-s=14|info=This user loves contributing to Wikimedia projects.|info-c=#006499|info-fc=#ffffff|info-s=8}} rig99d0uubgqjjrvzyhbyyhdx5jxptj 0 54182 632396 540817 2026-05-09T12:49:13Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 632396 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Ndị Chiefs Manawa''' bụ otu ndị otu egwuregwu rugby nke ụmụ nwanyị New Zealand hiwere isi na Hamilton, New Zealand na-asọ mpi n'asọmpi Super Rugby Aupiki . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Green light for Super Rugby Aupiki|url=https://www.allblacks.com/news/green-light-for-super-rugby-aupiki/|accessdate=2021-10-06|work=allblacks.com|date=6 October 2021|language=en-NZ|archivedate=2022-08-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802154426/https://www.allblacks.com/news/green-light-for-super-rugby-aupiki/}}</ref> Ndị isi Manawa meriri n'oge mmalite nke asọmpi Super Rugby Aupiki. Ha enweghị mmeri n'oge oge niile wee merie [[Ụmụ nwanyị na-acha anụnụ anụnụ|ụmụ nwanyị Blues]] 35-0 na agba ikpeazụ iji nweta aha. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Chapman|first=Grant|date=2022-03-20|title=Super Rugby Aupiki: Chiefs Manawa dominate Blues to stay unbeaten, claim inaugural championship|language=en|work=Newshub|url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/sport/2022/03/super-rugby-aupiki-chiefs-manawa-dominate-blues-to-stay-unbeaten-claim-inaugural-championship.html|accessdate=2022-03-20}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-03-20|title=Chiefs Manawa crowned Sky Super Rugby Aupiki champs|url=https://www.superrugby.co.nz/news/chiefs-manawa-crowned-sky-super-rugby-aupiki-champs/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320141247/https://www.superrugby.co.nz/news/chiefs-manawa-crowned-sky-super-rugby-aupiki-champs/|archivedate=20 March 2022|accessdate=2022-03-20|work=superrugby.co.nz|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Reive|first=Christopher|date=2022-03-20|title=Super Rugby Aupiki: Chiefs storm away to claim inaugural title|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/super-rugby-aupiki-chiefs-storm-away-to-claim-inaugural-title/IINILWLWR5XINROLGSYNE5K4MI/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320153334/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/super-rugby-aupiki-chiefs-storm-away-to-claim-inaugural-title/IINILWLWR5XINROLGSYNE5K4MI/|archivedate=20 March 2022|accessdate=2022-03-20|work=NZ Herald|language=en-NZ}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Pearson|first=Joseph|date=2022-03-20|title=Chiefs Manawa overwhelm gallant Blues in decider to win first Super Rugby Aupiki title|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/women-in-sport/128111108/chiefs-manawa-overwhelm-gallant-blues-in-decider-to-win-first-super-rugby-aupiki-title|accessdate=2022-03-20|work=Stuff|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2023, ha gara n'ihu n'usoro mmeri ha n'oge oge niile, mana Matatu meriri ha na ngwụcha. Ndị Chiefs Manawa bụ ndị ikpeazụ maka afọ nke atọ kwụ ọtọ n'afọ 2024 chere [[Ụmụ nwanyị na-acha anụnụ anụnụ|ụmụ nwanyị Blues]] ihu na Eden Park mana ha gụchara ọzọ. Agbanyeghị, na-eso nke ikpeazụ, ha jikọtara ọzọ ka ha tinye Chiefs Manawa Development XV ihu na USA n'ihu ule PAC4 ha megide Black Ferns. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chiefs.co.nz/news-item/chiefs-manawa-development-xv-to-assist-usa-ahead-of-their-pac4-test|title=Chiefs Manawa Development XV to assist USA ahead of their PAC4 test|accessdate=2024-10-23|archivedate=2024-05-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525023751/https://www.chiefs.co.nz/news-item/chiefs-manawa-development-xv-to-assist-usa-ahead-of-their-pac4-test}}</ref> Ndị Chiefs Manawa Development XV jikọtara ya na USA na egwuregwu ọzụzụ 29-29. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == === Esemokwu mere eme === [[Ụmụ nwanyị na-acha anụnụ anụnụ|Ụmụ nwanyị Chiefs na Blues]] kere akụkọ ihe mere eme mgbe ha gbara n'asọmpi Super Rugby ụmụ nwanyị mbụ na New Zealand na 1 Mee 2021. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2021-04-27|title=History in the making as Chiefs and Blues women prepare to play at Eden Park|url=https://www.superrugby.co.nz/news/history-in-the-making-as-chiefs-and-blues-women-prepare-to-play-at-eden-park/|accessdate=2022-08-13|work=superrugby.co.nz|language=en-GB|archivedate=2022-02-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215180521/https://www.superrugby.co.nz/news/history-in-the-making-as-chiefs-and-blues-women-prepare-to-play-at-eden-park/}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Blues and Chiefs combine for historic first Super Aotearoa Women's clash|url=https://www.aucklandrugby.co.nz/aru/newsarticle/101802?newsfeedid=972103|accessdate=2022-08-13|work=www.aucklandrugby.co.nz}}</ref> Ndị Blues kwadoro egwuregwu a na Eden Park wee kpọọ ya dị ka isi okpukpu abụọ tupu asọmpi Round 10 Super Rugby Aotearoa n'etiti otu ndị nwoke ha. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> Ndị isi ndị a bụ ndị Waitomo Group, bụ ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ụgbọala na-arụ na Waikato, bụ ndị akpọrọ Waitomo Wahine Chiefs. <ref name=":1" /> Ndị Chiefs gosiri na ọ dị mma maka ụmụ nwanyị Blues ma merie ha nnukwu mmeri n'asọmpi akụkọ ihe mere eme ha. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2021-05-01|title=Chiefs women deliver crushing victory over Blues in historic women's Super Rugby fixture|url=https://www.1news.co.nz/2021/05/01/chiefs-women-deliver-crushing-victory-over-blues-in-historic-womens-super-rugby-fixture/|accessdate=2022-08-13|work=1 News|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=Burnes|first=Campbell|date=2021-05-01|title=Chiefs too good in historic Super women's clash|url=https://www.allblacks.com/news/chiefs-too-good-in-historic-super-womens-clash/|accessdate=2022-08-13|work=allblacks.com|language=en-NZ|archivedate=2022-03-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306180718/https://www.allblacks.com/news/chiefs-too-good-in-historic-super-womens-clash/}}</ref> Ha meriri 39–12 ka otu abụọ ahụ gosipụtara nka ha wee gbarie ụfọdụ ọmarịcha mbọ. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":3" /> === Super Rugby Aupiki ọkwa; Ndị otu Squad na nkuzi akpọrọ aha === Na 6 Ọktoba 2021, New Zealand Rugby kwadoro asọmpi ụmụ nwanyị nwere otu anọ nke akpọrọ Super Rugby Aupiki maka Maachị 2022. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-05|title=New Zealand Rugby confirms a Four-team women's Super Rugby Aupiki for March 2022|url=https://oceania.rugby/news/fourteam-womens-super-rugby-aupiki-confirmed-for-march-2022-2021106|accessdate=2022-08-13|work=oceania.rugby|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-06|title=NZR announces new women's Super Rugby competition|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/super-rugby-aupiki-new-zealand-rugby-announces-new-four-team-womens-competition/CYOQRVGXV6PZUGQI7BVZ45RWIM/|accessdate=2022-08-13|work=NZ Herald|language=en-NZ|archivedate=2022-12-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202120855/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/super-rugby-aupiki-new-zealand-rugby-announces-new-four-team-womens-competition/CYOQRVGXV6PZUGQI7BVZ45RWIM/}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|author=Nelson|first=Trudi|title="This is a no-brainer": New Zealand Rugby launches elite women's competition|url=https://www.sen.com.au/news/2021/10/06/this-is-a-no-brainer-new-zealand-rugby-launches-elite-womens-competition|accessdate=2022-08-13|work=www.sen.com.au|language=en}}</ref> Asọmpi a ga-agba izu anọ a na-akwụkwa ụmụnwaanyị ụgwọ maka nsonye ha. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Pearson|first=Joseph|date=2021-10-05|title=Super Rugby Aupiki: Players will be paid in NZ Rugby's new elite women's competition|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/women-in-sport/126594314/super-rugby-aupiki-players-will-be-paid-in-nz-rugbys-new-elite-womens-competition|accessdate=2022-08-13|work=Stuff|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Voerman|first=Andrew|date=2021-05-06|title=New Zealand Rugby commits to launching new elite women's competition in 2022|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/women-in-sport/125045349/new-zealand-rugby-commits-to-launching-new-elite-womens-competition-in-2022|accessdate=2022-08-13|work=Stuff|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":4" /> Ndị isi ndị ahụ wepụtara ndepụta mbinye aka n'egwuregwu yana otu atọ ndị ọzọ na Nọvemba 2021. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-04|title=Inaugural Super Rugby Aupiki squads announced|url=https://www.superrugby.co.nz/news/inaugural-super-rugby-aupiki-squads-announced/|accessdate=2022-08-13|work=superrugby.co.nz|language=en-GB|archivedate=2022-02-11|archiveurl=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220211/https://www.superrugby.co.nz/news/inaugural-super-rugby-aupiki-squads-announced/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-04|title=Inaugural Super Rugby Aupiki squads announced|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/super-rugby-aupiki-inaugural-squads-announced/AUZWWP3I7UYKR72WSIRVYNOOTE/|accessdate=2022-08-13|work=NZ Herald|language=en-NZ}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-03|title=2022 Chiefs Women's Squad announced|url=https://www.chiefs.co.nz/news-item/2022-chiefs-womens-squad-announced|accessdate=2022-08-13|work=Chiefs|language=en|archivedate=2021-11-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103193205/https://www.chiefs.co.nz/news-item/2022-chiefs-womens-squad-announced}}</ref> Ekwuputa nhazi nhazi ahụ ka emechara na Allan Bunting aha ya bụ Onye isi nchịkwa, Crystal Kaua na Rodney Gibbs ga-enyere ya aka. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-06|title=Super Rugby: Rotorua's Allan Bunting named head coach of Chiefs Women|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/rotorua-daily-post/news/super-rugby-rotoruas-allan-bunting-named-head-coach-of-chiefs-women/LUCBKIBETO647NZAS2QUUF6ZCI/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006235606/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/rotorua-daily-post/news/super-rugby-rotoruas-allan-bunting-named-head-coach-of-chiefs-women/LUCBKIBETO647NZAS2QUUF6ZCI/|archivedate=6 October 2021|accessdate=2021-11-13|work=NZ Herald|language=en-NZ}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-21|title=Chiefs Manawa announce coaching set-up|url=https://www.sunlive.co.nz/news/285781-chiefs-manawa-announce-coaching-setup.html|accessdate=2022-08-13|work=www.sunlive.co.nz|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-20|title=Chiefs Manawa unveil coaching line-up for inaugural Super Rugby Aupiki season|url=https://www.rugbypass.com/news/chiefs-manawa-unveil-coaching-line-up-for-inaugural-super-rugby-aupiki-season/|accessdate=2022-08-13|work=www.rugbypass.com|language=en}}</ref> === Aha otu na njirimara === Ndị isi ahụ ewepụtala aha ọhụrụ ha na uwe ndị otu ụmụ nwanyị ga-eji n'oge mbido Super Rugby Aupiki. E kpughere na otu a ga-akpọ '''Chiefs Manawa''' . Okwu ''Manawa'' sitere na okwu abụọ - ''mana'' na ''wāhine'' . The Chiefs Mana ịbụ a " ''Central ogidi nke club na wāhine ịbụ ndị kasị ama njirimara nke otu'' ." <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=2021-12-03|title=Chiefs unveil name, jersey for inaugural women's squad|url=https://www.1news.co.nz/2021/12/03/chiefs-unveil-name-jersey-for-inaugural-womens-squad/|accessdate=2022-08-13|work=1 News|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2021-12-02|title=Chiefs women's team reveal 'Manawa' as their identity for Super Rugby Aupiki|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/women-in-sport/300469301/chiefs-womens-team-reveal-manawa-as-their-identity-for-super-rugby-aupiki|accessdate=2022-08-13|work=Stuff|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":7">{{Cite web|date=2021-12-03|title=Chiefs wahine team takes the name Chiefs Manawa|url=https://www.teaomaori.news/chiefs-wahine-team-takes-name-chiefs-manawa|accessdate=2022-08-13|work=Māori Television|language=en}}</ref> Ekpugherekwa uwe otu egwuregwu ahụ n'otu oge ahụ, akụkụ kachasị mkpa nke imewe ahụ bụ ''mangōpare'' (hammerhead shark) - imewe nke na-egosi " ''mkpebi siri ike na ike'' "; Mgbe a na-elele ya site n'akụkụ ọzọ ụkpụrụ ahụ na-egosi ọdịdị ''Manawa'' (obi na-akụ). N'ime uwe mwụda ahụ bụ ''Te Raranga Harakeke'' - akwa ákwà flax - " ''nke na-ejikọta na nka nka nke ịkpa akwa nwanyị'' ." Ọ na-anọdụ n'azụ nhazi nke ụkpụrụ ''kōwhaiwhai'' nke " ''na-anọchi anya ụzọ mmiri na-ejikọta na mpaghara ndị isi ndị na-enye aka'' ." <ref name=":5"/> <ref name=":6"/> <ref name=":7"/> === Ndị mmeri oge mbido === Ndị Chiefs Manawa gbara Matatọ n'ime egwuregwu oge tupu oge mbido Super Rugby Aupiki, ha meriri 28–20. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Goile|first=Aaron|date=2022-03-05|title=Chiefs Manawa Super Rugby Aupiki pre-season win over Matatū marred by injuries|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/women-in-sport/127968026/chiefs-manawa-super-rugby-aupiki-preseason-win-over-matat-marred-by-injuries|accessdate=2022-08-13|work=Stuff|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-03-05|title=Chiefs Manawa hold on to defeat Matatū in pre-season hit-out|url=https://www.allblacks.com/news/chiefs-manawa-hold-on-to-defeat-matatu-in-pre-season-hit-out/|accessdate=2022-08-13|work=allblacks.com|language=en-NZ}}</ref> Ndị isi Manawa chere Matatu ihu ọzọ na egwuregwu mmeghe nke Super Rugby Aupiki. Ha meriri ka ha gbasịrị mgba mgba na akara nke 17–15. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Burnes|first=Campbell|date=2022-03-10|title=Chiefs Manawa edge Matatū in Sky Super Rugby Aupiki opener|url=https://www.superrugby.co.nz/news/chiefs-manawa-edge-matatu-in-sky-super-rugby-aupiki-opener/|accessdate=2022-08-13|work=superrugby.co.nz|language=en-GB|archivedate=2022-05-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524152051/https://www.superrugby.co.nz/news/chiefs-manawa-edge-matatu-in-sky-super-rugby-aupiki-opener/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Royen|first=Robert van|date=2022-03-10|title=Chiefs Manawa edge Matatū in thrilling Super Rugby Aupiki opener|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/women-in-sport/300537173/chiefs-manawa-edge-matat-in-thrilling-super-rugby-aupiki-opener|accessdate=2022-08-13|work=Stuff|language=en}}</ref> Ha zutere Hurricanes Poua na agba abụọ, ha gbara ọsọ n'ime ise iji merie egwuregwu nke abụọ ha 29–8 wee nọgide na-enweghi mmeri. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Burnes|first=Campbell|date=2022-03-15|title=Chiefs Manawa go 2-0 in Sky Super Rugby Aupiki|url=https://www.superrugby.co.nz/news/chiefs-manawa-go-2-0-in-sky-super-rugby-aupiki/|accessdate=2022-08-13|work=superrugby.co.nz|language=en-GB|archivedate=2024-04-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410075000/https://www.superrugby.co.nz/news/chiefs-manawa-go-2-0-in-sky-super-rugby-aupiki/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Pearson|first=Joseph|date=2022-03-15|title=Super Rugby Aupiki: Chiefs Manawa overcome Hurricanes Poua despite losing two players to sinbin|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/women-in-sport/128062589/super-rugby-aupiki-chiefs-manawa-overcome-hurricanes-poua-despite-losing-two-players-to-sinbin|accessdate=2022-08-13|work=Stuff|language=en}}</ref> Agba nke ikpeazụ hụrụ ka ha na-eche ihu megide [[Ụmụ nwanyị na-acha anụnụ anụnụ|ndị Bọọlụ]] ka ha na-emeri ha enweghị akara site na mmeri 35-0 wee kpue ndị mmeri mbụ nke Super Rugby Aupiki. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Pearson|first=Joseph|date=2022-03-20|title=Chiefs Manawa overwhelm gallant Blues in decider to win first Super Rugby Aupiki title|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/women-in-sport/128111108/chiefs-manawa-overwhelm-gallant-blues-in-decider-to-win-first-super-rugby-aupiki-title|accessdate=2022-08-13|work=Stuff|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Burnes|first=Campbell|date=2022-03-20|title=Chiefs Manawa crowned Sky Super Rugby Aupiki champs|url=https://www.superrugby.co.nz/news/chiefs-manawa-crowned-sky-super-rugby-aupiki-champs/|accessdate=2022-08-13|work=superrugby.co.nz|language=en-GB|archivedate=2022-03-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320141247/https://www.superrugby.co.nz/news/chiefs-manawa-crowned-sky-super-rugby-aupiki-champs/}}</ref> === 2023 === A họpụtara Crystal Kaua dị ka onye isi nchịkwa nke Chiefs Manawa maka oge 2023 Super Rugby Aupiki. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-09-28|title=Crystal Kaua named Head Coach of Waitomo Chiefs Manawa|url=https://www.chiefs.co.nz/news-item/crystal-kaua-named-head-coach-of-waitomo-chiefs-manawa|accessdate=2022-10-17|work=Chiefs|language=en|archivedate=2022-10-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017084159/https://www.chiefs.co.nz/news-item/crystal-kaua-named-head-coach-of-waitomo-chiefs-manawa}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Powell|first=Alex|date=2022-09-28|title=Super Rugby Aupiki: First female coaches appointed for expanded 2023 competition|language=en|work=Newshub|url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/sport/2022/09/super-rugby-aupiki-first-female-coaches-appointed-for-expanded-2023-competition.html|accessdate=2022-10-16}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-09-27|title=Super Rugby Aupiki returns for 2023 with two new coaches|url=https://www.nzsportswire.com/2022/09/28/super-rugby-aupiki-returns-for-2023-with-two-new-coaches/|accessdate=2022-10-17|work=NZ Sports Wire|language=en-NZ|archivedate=2022-10-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017004606/https://www.nzsportswire.com/2022/09/28/super-rugby-aupiki-returns-for-2023-with-two-new-coaches/}}</ref> Ndị Chiefs Rugby Club kwuputara na Chiefs Manawa ga-egwu otu uwe na otu ndị nwoke iji mee ka ha sie ike dị ka akụkụ nke klọb na ịga n'ihu na-akwado maka ohere nha anya na rugby. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Both teams to play in the same jersey in 2023 {{!}} Chiefs Rugby|url=https://www.chiefs.co.nz/news-item/both-teams-to-play-in-the-same-jersey-in-2023|accessdate=2023-07-25|work=Chiefs|language=en|archivedate=2023-07-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725035702/https://www.chiefs.co.nz/news-item/both-teams-to-play-in-the-same-jersey-in-2023}}</ref> == Ndị otu dị ugbu a == Na 28 Nọvemba 2023, ekwuputara ndị otu egwuregwu Super Rugby Aupiki nke 2024 . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-11-28|title=Super Rugby Aupiki: Squads announced for the extended 2024 competition|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/rugby/super-rugby/301016187/super-rugby-aupiki-squads-announced-for-the-extended-2024-competition|accessdate=2023-12-12|work=Stuff|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-11-28|title=Chiefs Manawa squad announced for 2024|url=https://www.chiefs.co.nz/news-item/chiefs-manawa-squad-announced-for-2024|accessdate=2023-12-22|work=Chiefs|language=en|archivedate=2023-12-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222075537/https://www.chiefs.co.nz/news-item/chiefs-manawa-squad-announced-for-2024}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:90%;" ! colspan="3" |Chiefs Super Rugby Aupiki squad |- valign="top" | '''Props''' * {{Flagicon|Fiji}} '''[[Bitila Tawake]]''' * {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} '''[[Kate Henwood]]''' * {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} '''[[Krystal Murray]]''' * {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} '''[[Tanya Kalounivale]]''' * {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Te Urupounamu McGarvey]] '''Hookers''' * {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} '''[[Luka Connor]]''' * {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Vici-Rose Green]] '''Locks''' * {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} '''[[Charmaine Smith (rugby union)|Charmaine Smith]]''' * {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} '''[[Chelsea Bremner]]''' * {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Chyna Hohepa]] * {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Mia Anderson (rugby union)|Mia Anderson]] | '''Loose forwards''' * {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Ashlee Gaby-Sutherland]] * {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} '''[[Kennedy Simon]]''' ([[Captain (sports)|c]]) * {{Flagicon|Japan}} '''[[Seina Saito]]''' * {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Victoria Edmonds]] '''Halfbacks (scrum-halves)''' * {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} '''[[Ariana Bayler]]''' * {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} '''[[Arihiana Marino-Tauhinu]]''' '''First five-eighths (fly-halves)''' * {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} '''[[Hazel Tubic]]''' * {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Kiriana Nolan]] * {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} '''[[Chelsea Semple]]''' | '''Midfielders (centres)''' * {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Azalleyah Ma′aka]] * {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Merania Paraone]] * {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} '''[[Grace Steinmetz]]''' '''Outside backs''' * {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Apii Nicholls]] * {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Georgia Daals|Georgia Thompson]] * {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Grace Kukutai]] * {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} '''[[Mererangi Paul]]''' * '''{{Flagicon|New Zealand}}''' [[Olive Watherston]] * '''{{Flagicon|New Zealand}}''' [[Reese Anderson]] * '''{{Flagicon|New Zealand}}''' '''[[Renee Holmes]]''' * '''{{Flagicon|New Zealand}}''' '''[[Ruby Tui]]''' |- | colspan="3" style="height: 10px;" | |- | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |<small>(c) Denotes team Captain, '''Bold''' denotes internationally capped, ^SP denotes a shadow player and ^ST indicated short-term cover. <br /><br /> {{notelist|group="Squad"}}</small><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha "> <references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references> </div> |} == Ndị nkuzi na njikwa ugbu a == * '''Onye isi nkuzi:''' Crystal Kaua * '''Onye nkuzi enyemaka:''' Dwayne Sweeney * '''Onye nkuzi enyemaka:''' Carla Hohepa * '''Onye njikwa:''' Hannah Shalders * '''Dọkịta:''' Thomas Pett * '''Physio:''' Sian Northy * '''Onye nkuzi ike na ntụzịaka:''' Tasmyn Jackson * '''Onye nyocha:''' Tandi Keet * '''Onye nyocha ihe enyemaka:''' Reese Lane == Ndị isi == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" !Onye nkuzi ! Oge ! Ref |- | align="left" |</img>[[Leslie-Ann Elder|Les Okenye]] | 2022 | <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-24|title=Waitomo Chiefs Manawa Captain Announced|url=https://www.chiefs.co.nz/news-item/waitomo-chiefs-manawa-captain-announced|accessdate=2022-08-13|work=Chiefs|language=en|archivedate=2022-05-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518161517/https://www.chiefs.co.nz/news-item/waitomo-chiefs-manawa-captain-announced}}</ref> |- | align="left" |</img> [[Kennedy Simon]] | 2023–Ọ dị ugbu a | <ref>{{Cite web|author=Wood|first=Jesse|date=2024-02-06|title=New Chiefs captain ''drives the standards and lives the values'|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/waikato-news/news/kennedy-simon-retained-as-chiefs-manawa-captain-for-2024-sky-super-rugby-aupiki/LVY67TXCSFCWHK52DJMWVZVECI/|accessdate=2024-02-06|work=NZ Herald|language=en-NZ}}</ref> |} == Ndị nkuzi == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Ndị isi Manawa na-azụ site na ụbọchị, egwuregwu na pasent mmeri <big>'''*'''</big> ! Onye nkuzi ! Oge ! style="width:1.5em;" | G ! style="width:1.5em;" | W ! style="width:1.5em;" | D ! style="width:1.5em;" | L ! % |- | align="left" |</img> [[Allan Bunting]] | 2022 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 100% |- | align="left" |</img> [[Crystal Kaua]] | 2023–Ọ dị ugbu a | 12 | 8 | 0 | 4 | 66.66% |- ! colspan="2" | Ngụkọta (2022-ugbu a) * ! 15 ! 11 ! 0 ! 4 ! 73.33% |- align="center" | colspan="7" style="border-bottom:1px transparent; line-height:150%;" | <small>Emelitere na: '''13 Eprel 2024'''</small> |} '''ndetu:'''<div style="line-height:1.2em; margin-left:1.7em; font-size:88%;">   Official [[Super Rugby Aupiki]] competition matches only, including finals.</div> == Ntụaka ==  {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 2sma6yz2l4fitbi3bdqmkawhsnwr26v 0 54207 632461 578119 2026-05-09T20:07:56Z Goodymaraj 21567 632461 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn">Marta Eggerth</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Marta_Eggerth_in_Los_Angeles,_1935_(cropped).jpg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Marta Eggerth na 1935</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |A mụrụ ya | class="infobox-data" | <span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1912-04-17</span>)</span> 17 Eprel 1912<br /><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">[[Budapest]], [[Austria-Hungary]] (nke bụzi Hungary) </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Nwụrụ | class="infobox-data" |26 Disemba 2013 <span style="display:none">(2013-12-26)</span> (afọ 101) &nbsp;<br /><div class="deathplace" style="display:inline">[[Rye (town), New York|Rye, New York]], U.S.</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọrụ (s) | class="infobox-data role" |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-agụ egwu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Afọ ndị ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |1922–2013 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Nwunye | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Template:Marriage/styles.css" /><div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Jan Kiepura</div> (nwụrụ n'afọ 1936; nwụrụ n'afọ 1966) (nwụrụ n'afọ 1936; nwuru n'afọ 1966) &nbsp;&#x20;&nbsp;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụmụaka | class="infobox-data" |2 |} '''Marta Eggerth''' (17 Eprel 1912 - 26 Disemba 2013) bụ onye Hungary na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-agụ Egwú site na "''The Silver Age of Operetta''".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b9f56b636|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310194444/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b9f56b636|archivedate=March 10, 2016|title=Marta Eggerth|work=[[BFI]]}}</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-ede egwu opera a ma ama na narị afọ nke 20, gụnyere Franz Lehár, Fritz Kreisler, Robert Stolz, Oscar Straus, na Paul Abraham, dere ọrụ karịsịa maka ya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/dec/30/marta-eggerth|title=Marta Eggerth obituary|author=Ronald Bergan|authorlink=Ronald Bergan|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=30 December 2013}}</ref> == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Eggerth na Budapest, nwa nwanyị nke Tilly (née Herzog, ma ọ bụ Herzegh), onye na-eme ihe nkiri coloratura soprano, na Paul Eggerth, onye nduzi ụlọ akụ.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yf0ZAAAAYAAJ&q=Marta+Eggerth+Budapest|title=Current Biography Yearbook|publisher=H. W. Wilson|year=1944|accessdate=27 December 2013}}</ref> Eggerth malitere ịbụ abụ n'oge ọ bụ nwata. Nne ya raara onwe ya nye nwa ya nwanyị, onye a na-akpọ "Wunderkind" mgbe ọ dị afọ 11 na-eme mpụta mbụ ihe nkiri na operetta Mannequins. Ọ bụ n'oge a na afọ ndị sochirinụ ka Eggerth malitere ịbụ abụ coloratura nke ndị na-ede egwú gụnyere Rossini, Meyerbeer, Offenbach na Johann Strauss II.Mgbe ọ ka dị afọ iri na ụma, Eggerth malitere njem nleta na [[Denmark]], Holland na Sweden tupu ya erute na Vienna na òkù nke Emmerich Kálmán. Kálmán kpọrọ ya òkù Vienna ka ọ mụọ Adele Kern, onye ama ama coloratura nke Vienna State Opera, na operetta Das Veilchen vom Montmartre (The Violet of Montmartre). Eggerth mechara weghara ọrụ aha ya na otuto dị egwu mgbe Kern enweghịzi obi ike na mberede. Mgbe e mesịrị, Eggerth rụrụ ọrụ nke Adele na Max Reinhardt ama 1929 Hamburg mmepụta nke Die Fledermaus mgbe ọ dị afọ 17. == Ọrụ == N'oge mmalite afọ 1930, ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri chọpụtara Eggerth, ọrụ ya wee gaa n'ihu wee bụrụ onye a ma ama n'ụwa niile. O mere ihe karịrị ihe nkiri 40 n'asụsụ ise: Hungarian, English, German, French na Italian. N'etiti ihe ndị dị mkpa bụ, Where is this Lady (1932); Ein Lied, ein Kuss, ein Mädel (Berlin 1932, egwu Robert Stolz); The Csardas Princess (1934); The Blonde Carmen (Berlin 1955); ''Casta Diva'', akụkọ Bellini (Rome 1935); ''Das Hofkonzert'' (1936); ''Zauber der Bohème'', ya na Jan Kiepura (Vienna 1936, egwu Robert Stolc); yana ihe nkiri abụọ Franz Lehár dere maka ya, Es war einmal ein Walzer (1932) na Die ganze Weltht (Vienna dre 1935). Ọ bụ na setịpụrụ ihe nkiri 1934 ''Mein Herz ruft immer nach dir'' (''Obi m Na-akpọ Gị'', egwu Robert Stolz) ka ọ zutere ma hụ nwa okorobịa Polish tenor, Jan Kiepura n'anya. Ha lụrụ na 1936 ma bụrụ ndị a maara dị ka Europe's ''Liebespaar'' (Love Pair) na-akpata mmetụta ebe ọ bụla ha pụtara. Na Febụwarị 10, 1938, Jan Kiepura mere nke mbụ ya na Metropolitan Opera nke New York, na-abụ ọrụ Rodolfo na La bohème nke Puccini. Ọ gara n'ihu bụrụ abụ na-edu ndú na Tosca, Rigoletto, Carmen, Manon, na Aida, yana ịme ihe ruru 80 concerts kwa afọ na United States na Canada. Mgbe Kiepura gara United States, Shubert Theatre na Broadway bịanyere aka na Eggerth ka ọ pụta na egwu egwu Richard Rodgers Higher and Higher. O mechara binye aka na Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer na Hollywood na, n'oge mmalite 1940s, ya na Judy Garland mere ihe nkiri abụọ: Maka M na My Gal na 1942 (nakwa ọrụ ihe nkiri mbụ Gene Kelly) na Presenting Lily Mars na 1943. Na [[Chicago]], Eggerth na Kiepura rụkọtara ọrụ n'ọkwa opera na La bohème na nyocha dị egwu. N'afọ 1943, ha so na Broadway na Majestic Theater na mmepụta nke Lehár's The Merry Widow, na Robert Stolz na-eduzi ma na-eme ihe nkiri site na George Balanchine. Ha ga-emecha mee Nwanyị di ya nwụrụ Obi Ụtọ karịa ugboro 2,000, n'asụsụ ise na Europe na America dum. [nke achọrọ] Na 1945, ha laghachiri na Broadway ọnụ na egwu Polonaise.[1] Mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị, ha laghachiri na France na-eme njem na ime ihe nkiri, dị ka Valse Brillante (1949) na ''The Land of Smiles'' (1952), tupu ha ebute The Merry di ya nwụrụ na London's Palace Theatre na 1954. N'oge niile ọ na-arụ ọrụ, Eggerth nọgidere na-eme njem ntụrụndụ na [[Europe]], Canada na United States, na-ejikọta ọtụtụ ihe nkiri ya, opera, egwu ihe nkiri, na ọkachasị opera Viennese. Usoro ihe omume Kiepura na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-apụtakarị na di na nwunye ahụ ga-ekewapụ nwa oge. Ma njem nke di na nwunye a na mba ụwa na-akpọkọtakarị ha n’otu obodo, bụ́ ebe ha na-eme ihe nkiri n’ebe ìgwè mmadụ nwere obi ụtọ. Na London, ha nyere egwu egwu abụọ rere n'otu izu na Royal Albert Hall na 1956. Di na nwunye ahụ nọgidere na-abụ abụ na 1950s na 1960 na ọtụtụ mmepụta nke The Merry di ya nwụrụ na United States, ihe nkiri na ihe ndị ọzọ na Europe. N'afọ 1965, ha kpọghachitere Di ya nwụrụ na Berlin maka ọsọ ọzọ na-aga nke ọma. Kiepura nwụrụ na 1966. Eggerth kwụsịrị ịbụ abụ n'oge a ruo ọtụtụ afọ. N'ikpeazụ, nne ya mere ka o kweta, o kpebiri ịmaliteghachi ọrụ ya. N'afọ ndị 1970, ọ malitere ime ihe ngosi telivishọn mgbe nile, na ịrụsi ọrụ ike na-egwu egwu na Europe. N'afọ 1982, ọ laghachiri na ogbo America ka ọ rụkọọ ọrụ na egwu egwu Tom Jones/Harvey Schmidt Colette chere Diana Rigg na Seattle na Denver, na emesịa na Stephen Sondheim's Follies na Pittsburgh. N'afọ 1999, mgbe ọ dị afọ 87, ọ bụrụ abụ n'elu ikpo okwu nke Vienna State Opera na kọntaktị ụtụtụ pụrụ iche nke onye na-eme ihe nkiri na ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Marcel Prawy kwadoro, iji mee ka ụlọ ọrụ opera ahụ mepụta ihe mbụ nke Lehár's The Merry Widow. Ọ bụrụ abụ sitere na operetta n'asụsụ anọ ma nata otuto na-enweghị isi. Ọ kwughachiri medley a n'afọ 2000, na mmemme iji mee emume ncheta afọ 200 nke Vienna's Theater an der Wien. N'afọ 2001, Eggerth laghachiri London maka "An Interview-in-Concert" na Wigmore Hall, ya na onye nduzi-onye na-eme piano Alexander Frey na onye edemede na onye nkatọ Britain, Brendon Carroll. Ọ bụrụkwara abụ na kọntaktị Licia Albanese-Puccini Foundation kwa afọ na Lincoln Center's Alice Tully Hall na-eme mkpọtụ. A hụrụ ya na Austria na usoro nyocha ihe onyonyo ama ama, Tatort, na-arụ ọrụ diva merela agadi nke a na-enyo enyo na ikpe igbu ọchụ. Isi ihe dị na 2006/2007 gụnyere ihe nkiri abụọ na ajụjụ ọnụ na Metropolitan Museum of Art; ihe ngosi a na-ere ere na Café Sabarsky na Neue Galerie na-atọ ndị na-ege ntị ụtọ na nnukwu agha Viennese/Berlin cabaret nke wit, nka na egwu na mkparịta ụka emere dị ka akụkụ nke Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ọmụmụ Osher Lifelong University nke New York; mpụta na Nzukọ Ọdịbendị Austrian dịka akụkụ nke usoro ha kacha operetta; operetta master klas na Manhattan School of Music; yana nhụta na Òtù Ndị Juu Maka Ọrụ Maka Ndị Agadi (JASA). Ọrụ ikpeazụ ya bụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 99 na 2011. <ref name="Timesobit">[[Margalit Fox|Fox, Margalit]]. [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/31/arts/music/marta-eggerth-the-callas-of-operetta-dies-at-101.html?_r=0&adxnnl=1&rref=obituaries&hpw=&adxnnlx=1388466988-ArGxqAERZeJ7X35w5ya+Qg "Marta Eggerth, 'the Callas of Operetta', Dies at 101"], ''The New York Times'', December 30, 2013</ref> == Ihe nrite == E nyere Eggerth ọtụtụ ihe ịchọ mma nka dị mkpa site na Austria, Germany, Poland, na Ịtali iji kwado ihe ndị ọ rụzuru na operetta, ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri. Nkwado ikpeazụ ya gụnyere Knights Cross nke Order of the Merit nke Republic of [[Poland]], Knights Cross of the Order of the Mérit nke Republic nke [[Hungary]], nsọpụrụ kachasị elu nke ala nna ya, na Erwin Piscator Life Achievement Award maka ihe ndị ọ rụzuru. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dziennikzachodni.pl/artykul/1075946,marta-eggerth-przezyla-101-lat-przez-30-lat-byla-zona-jana-kiepury-historia-dz,id,t.html|language=pl|author=Katarzyna Pachelska|date=28 December 2013|accessdate=13 July 2015|publisher=[[Dziennik Zachodni]]|title=Marta Eggerth przeżyła 101 lat. Przez 30 lat była żoną Jana Kiepury|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713215511/http://www.dziennikzachodni.pl/artykul/1075946,marta-eggerth-przezyla-101-lat-przez-30-lat-byla-zona-jana-kiepury-historia-dz,id,t.html|archivedate=13 July 2015}}</ref> N'afọ 2003, Patria Music wepụtara CD ugboro abụọ nke egwu ya akpọrọ My Life My Song.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.patriamusic.com/review/amazon_marta.php|title=Patria Productions}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Eggerth lụrụ onye Poland na-eme ihe nkiri Jan Kiepura . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.patriamusic.com/marjan.php|title=Pianist Marjan Kiepura plays Chopin Mazurkas & Waltzes}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Eggerth nwụrụ na 26 Disemba 2013 na Rye, New York. Ọ dị afọ 101.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wien.orf.at/news/stories/2622516/|title=Operettensängerin Marta Eggerth gestorben|publisher=[[ORF (broadcaster)|ORF]]|date=27 December 2013|accessdate=27 December 2013|language=de}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri ==   == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|0250964}} * Marta EggerthnaEbe nchekwa data nke Intanet Broadway * [http://film.virtual-history.com/person.php?personid=881 Foto na akwụkwọ] * [https://patriamusic.com/marta.php Marta Eggerth] na PatriaMusic * [[WNYC]].org/story/45615-marta-eggerth/" id="mwAR0" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Akụkụ "Evening Music", May 4, 2007, WNYC [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] la9l69dyvqowjluxbkhjhvk2beax5zf 0 59125 632414 578060 2026-05-09T14:49:14Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 632414 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   Marjorie Phyllis Oludhe Macgoye (21 Ọktoba 1928 – 1 Disemba 2015) mụrụ na Southampton, England, mana ọ kwagara Kenya obere oge ka Kenya nwechara onwe ya.[1] Ọ bụ onye na-ede uri, onye na-ede akwụkwọ, na onye na-ere akwụkwọ ozi ala ọzọ. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na mahadum [[London]] maka nzere bachelor na master's. Na 1954, ọ kwagara Kenya ire akwụkwọ, mgbe ọ nọkwa, o zutere Daniel Oludhe Macgoye, bụ́ dọkịta, ha lụọkwa na 1960.[1] Ọ ghọrọ nwa amaala Kenya na 1964. Mgbe ọ kwagara Kenya, ọ malitere ịchụso ọrụ ịghọ onye edemede. Na mbụ, o bipụtara akụkọ na magazin; ka ihe ịga nke ọma ya na-eto, ọ malitere ide akwụkwọ ogologo oge. Na mbido afọ 1970, a na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ ya na uri ya. O ritere ihe nrite maka ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ya, gụnyere Growing Up at Lina School (1971) na Murder in Majengo (1972), mana akwụkwọ akụkọ ya a ma ama bụ Coming to Birth (1986). Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya ndị nwetara ihe nrite gosipụtara ndụ nwanyị Kenya n'oge 1956-1978. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Marjorie Phyllis King na 21 Ọktoba 1928 na Southampton, England, nye Phyllis (née Woolcott) na Richard King.[1] [2] Nna ya malitere ịrụ ọrụ dịka onye nkuzi n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Vosper Thornycroft na nne ya bụ onye nkuzi. Otu nwa, Marjorie gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị na 1945 wee mụọ asụsụ Bekee na Royal Holloway College, Mahadum London. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ụlọ ahịa akwụkwọ Foyles na London ka ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na kọleji. O nwetara nzere masters na bekee na Birkbeck College, University of London, afọ asatọ ka e mesịrị. == Ọrụ na alụmdi na nwunye == Macgoye gara Kenya n'ihi akwụkwọ anamachọihe nke Church Missionary Society (CMS), nke dugara n'inye ya ka ọ rụọ ụlọ ahịa akwụkwọ CMS na Nairobi. N'afọ 1954, mgbe ọ bịarutere Kenya, mba ahụ nọ n'ọgba aghara ọchịchị, ọ nọkwa n'ọnọdụ siri ike. O sonyeere ndị Afrịka n'ọrụ mmụta ịgụ na ide, ma na-enyekarị ndị nwanyị a tụrụ mkpọrọ akwụkwọ Ndị Kraịst n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Remand dị na Nairobi. N’ebe ahụ, ọ zutere Daniel Oludhe Macgoye, bụ́ onye ọrụ ahụ́ ike, ha lụọkwa na 1960. Di na nwunye ahụ kwagara n’ụlọ ọgwụ Alupe Leprosy Mission, nke dị nso n’ókè Kenya na [[Ịtụ Mgbere Ahịa Mmadụ na Mba Uganda|Uganda]] kewapụrụ, n’agbata 1961 na 1966 kwa, ha mụrụ ụmụ anọ ọnụ: Phyllis, George, Francis na Lawrence..<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2015-12-31|title=Marjorie Oludhe Macgoye obituary|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/dec/31/marjorie-oludhe-macgoye|accessdate=2022-10-21|first=Emilia|author=Ilieva|language=en}}</ref> N'ọkara ikpeazụ nke afọ 1960, Marjorie kụziri ihe na Kisumu, wee malite itinye aka na obodo Luo nke di ya na ezinụlọ ya nọ na ya, ma mụta asụsụ ya, akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọdịnala na ọdịbendị, ọbụna obodo Luo kpọrọ ya "nne Gem". Ọ ghọrọ nwa amaala Kenya n'afọ 1964. N'afọ 1971, ya na ụmụ ya si Kenya kwaga maka ọrụ na-elekọta ọbá akwụkwọ mahadum na [[Tanzania]], ebe di ya nọgidere n'azụ. Ọ ghọrọ onye njikwa nke SJ Moore Bookshop na 1975. Ọ na-eduzi ọgụgụ akwụkwọ na ogbako maka ọtụtụ ndị edemede Kenya na ọwụwa anyanwụ Afrịka. Site na 1983, ọ gbanwere uche ya gaa n'ide akwụkwọ. N'oge a, ọ nọgidere na-etinye aka na ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'ọtụtụ ụzọ, dị ka isonye na arụmụka mba.<ref name=":0" /> == Ọrụ == * ''Ịzụlite n'Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Lina'' (1971) * ''Ogbugbu na Majengo'' (1972) * ''Ịbịa A mụrụ ya'' (1986) * ''Oge Ugbu a'' (1987) * ''Ndụ n'okporo ámá'' (1987) * ''Victoria na Ogbugbu na Majengo'' (1993) * ''Ịga n'ụlọ'' (1994) * ''Chira'' (1997) * Ndị ''Black Hnad'' Gang (1997) * ''Abụ nke Nyarloka na Abụ Ndị Ọzọ'' (1997) * ''Ugbo a na-akpọ Kishinev'' (2005) == Ọrụ ndị a ma ama == Coming to Birth - Coming to Born, nke meriri ihe nrite Sinclair, bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ banyere ndụ Paulina.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Coming to Birth|url=https://www.feministpress.org/books-a-m/4oi5zwgeuxvxunzczf0osrwtyfh181|accessdate=2022-10-21|work=Feminist Press|language=en-US}}</ref> N'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ a, Macgoye na-anwa iji tụnyere Kenya tupu ọchịchị na nke na-esote ọchịchị site n'echiche nke nwanyị Kenya nke hapụrụ obodo ya mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii ka ya na di ọhụrụ ya biri na Nairobi. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ malitere site na mmeghe nke Martin Were, onye Paulina lụrụ. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ ma bụrụ onye na-arụ ọrụ n'etiti. Site n'ụkpụrụ ndị Kenya, ọ na-egosipụta àgwà niile nke nwa okorobịa nwere ọdịnihu na-aga nke ọma. Otú ọ dị, di ya na-anwa ịchịkwa ya, nke na-eduga n'alụmdi na nwunye na-enweghị obi ụtọ jupụtara na nghọtahie na mmechuihu. Ọ tụfuru ime ugboro atọ ma ghara ịrụ ọrụ ọdịnala nke ụmụ nwanyị. N'ikpeazụ, ka Kenya na-enweta nnwere onwe ya, ọ nwetakwara nnwere onwe ụfọdụ. Ọpụpụ ọ bụla o nwere yiri ọgụ Kenya maka nnwere onwe. Mgbe mbụ ya na di ya hapụrụ ụlọ, Kenya nọ n'ọnọdụ mberede. Ọ natara ọrụ na mba ọzọ nke kewara ya na di ya. Ọ ghaghị ịkwado onwe ya site n'ịkụzi ọrụ ịkwa akwa. Ọ mụrụ nwa site na nwoke ọzọ, mana e gburu nwa ahụ, ọ laghachiri Nairobi, ebe ọ zutere di ya.<ref>{{Cite news|title=COMING TO BIRTH|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/marjorie-oludhe-macgoye/coming-to-birth/|work=Kirkus Reviews|date=1 December 2020}}</ref> Paulina bụ onye na-amaghị ihe na onye na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla mgbe akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ malitere, mana ka ọ na-eru n'ọgwụgwụ ya, ọ bụ nwanyị nwere onwe ya nke nwere ike iguzo maka ihe ọ kwenyere na ya.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Macgoye|first=Marjorie Oludhe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zs0ixo5qOmgC&q=Paulina+was+a+na%C3%AFve+and+ignorant+when+the+novel+first+started%2C+but+towards+the+end+of+the+novel%2C+she+is+an+independent+woman+capable+of+standing+up+for+what+she+believes+in|title=Coming to Birth|date=1986|publisher=East African Publishers|isbn=978-9966-46-270-1|language=en}}</ref> The Present Moment - akwụkwọ akụkọ banyere ụmụ nwanyị asaa meworo agadi n'ụlọ ndị agadi, ndị si n'agbụrụ dị iche iche. Ụmụ nwanyị ndị a na-ekerịta akụkọ ha, gụnyere akụkọ ịhụnanya, ọgụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ha chere ihu na ọnwụ ụmụ ha. Akwụkwọ akụkọ a na-enye akụkọ dị mma banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Kenya, ahụmịhe dị iche iche ụmụ nwanyị ndị a gafere na mmeso ụmụ nwanyị n'ime ọha mmadụ. Site na mmekọrịta, ndị na-agụ ya na-aghọta ọkwa dị iche iche nke ike na ikike nke ụmụ mmadụ nwere. A na-atụle isiokwu ndị dị ka ụmụ nwanyị ịbụ ihe onwunwe nke ụmụ nwoke, ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ndị na-eme mkpebi, ụmụ nwanyị bụ ndị nne na ụmụ nwanyị dị Ka ndị ọkà mmụta.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gurnah|first=Abdulrazak|title=Suffering with Stoicism: Kenyan Histories|journal=Third World Quarterly|date=1988|volume=10|issue=2|pages=973–978}}</ref> Chira – akwụkwọ akụkọ nke achọpụtara na onye na-akwado ya nwere ọrịa AIDS. Ọ bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ Kenya mbụ lere AIDS anya dị ka ihe siri ike. Aha n'asụsụ agbụrụ na-emebi ọrịa, mana ọ bụkwa ihe atụ maka "obodo Kenya nke oge a" ebe enwere ọrụ, eziokwu zoro ezo na ibu ọrụ. N'akwụkwọ akụkọ a, Macgoye kọwara ndị na-agụ ihe AIDS bụ, gịnị bụ ihe na-akpata ya, otú o si agbasa, na otú e si egbochi mgbasa ya.. Homing In - akwụkwọ akụkọ a meriri n'ọkwa nke abụọ maka asọmpi Jomo Kenyatta Literature Prize nke Kenya na 1995. Homing In bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ banyere Ellen Smith. Ọ bụ onye bi na Europe di ya nwụrụ nke ya na Martha Kimani, onye na-elekọta ya n'Afrịka.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Homing In|url=https://www.africanbookscollective.com/books/homing-in|work=African Books Collective}}</ref> Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ na-ezo aka n'ihe omume ndị dị ka atụmatụ ndị agha, mmetụta nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ na Africa, bọmbụ ndị Germany na London, Mau, esemokwu banyere [[Ibe nwaanyị ugwu|ibi úgwù ụmụ nwanyị]], na ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị nweere onwe ha nke Kikuyu. Na mbido akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ, e nwere nnukwu nkewa agbụrụ n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị abụọ ahụ. Otú ọ dị, ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ, ụmụ nwanyị abụọ si n'ebe dị iche iche ghọtara na ha bụ ndị na-adịghị ike ma chọọ ibe ha ka ha dịrị ndụ. Ha na-eme enyi ma na-akwado ibe ha. Freedom Song - uri (ballad) banyere nwa agbọghọ, Atieno onye nwanne nna ya kpọbatara. Nwanne nna ya megburu ya ma jiri ya mee ihe. E mesoro ya dị ka ohu. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'akwụghị ụgwọ ọ bụla ma ghara ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ. O mechara nwụọ n'ihi ọbara ọgbụgba mgbe ọ mụsịrị nwa n'ihi na ọ dị obere.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Lugaenda|first=Abbas|title=ANALYSIS OF THE POEM 'A FREEDOM SONG' (Marjorie Oludhe Macgoye)|url=https://www.academia.edu/39156066}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Macgoye|first=Marjorie Oludhe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e8L_a0bdHJgC&q=Freedom+Song+%E2%80%93+a+poem+by+Marjorie+Oludhe+Macgoye|title=Make it Sing & Other Poems|date=1998|publisher=East African Publishers|isbn=978-9966-46-647-1|language=en}}</ref> Victoria na Murder na Majengo - onye na-eme ihe nkiri, aha ya bụ Victoria, bụ nwanyị ọchụnta ego na-aga nke ọma nke nwere ụlọ ahịa na Majengo, Nairobi. O si n'ime ime obodo Luo bịa ma wulite ihe ịga nke ọma ya site na ọtụtụ àjà. A kọwapụtara ihe gara aga ya mgbe nwa nwanne ya nwoke si Kano, Lucas, gara Victoria maka ọrụ. Victoria lụrụ di mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise n'ihi agụụ. Nna ya ahụghị idei mmiri ma mee ihe ọ bụla iji chekwaa anụ ụlọ na ihe ọkụkụ ha. Obi adịghị ya ụtọ n'alụmdi na nwunye ya ma chee na inwe nwa ga-agbanwe ọnọdụ ahụ, mana di ya enweghị ike ịmụ nwa. Mgbe ọ nwara ime afọ abụọ, nwoke ọzọ tụụrụ ime ya. Victoria kpebiri na ọ chọghịzi ịlụ di ma gbaa ọsọ mgbe amuchara nwa ya. Chelagat, onye ọchụnta ego na-aga nke ọma na onye nwe ụlọ ndị akwụna, napụtara ya. Victoria rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye akwụna iji nweta ego. N'ikpeazụ, ọ ghọrọ onye nweere onwe ya n'ụzọ ego ma mesịa nweta agụmakwụkwọ ụfọdụ. Victoria chọpụtara na Chelagat na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye nledo site n'inweta ozi site n'aka ndị ikom ma mee otu ihe ahụ. Victoria meghere ụlọ ahịa Nairobi mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ n'akụkụ ya na mkpuchi ụlọ ahịa ahụ.<ref name="Mwichuli & Makokha 2020">{{Cite journal|author=Mwichuli|first=Maurice Simbili|title=Struggle for Survival: Female Masculinisation as Presented in Macgoye's Coming to Birth and Victoria and Murder in Majengo|journal=Journal of Postcolonial Writing and World Literatures|date=15 February 2020|volume=1|issue=1|pages=4–14|url=https://www.royalliteglobal.com/world-literatures/article/view/49}}</ref> == Mmeghachi omume == Na Victoria and Murder in Majengo and Coming to Birth ọ na-eweghachi onyinyo ụmụ nwanyị site n'inye àgwà dị ka obi ike na ike nye ndị isi nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ya. N'ime ụwa ndị nna ochie, àgwà ndị a bụ nke ụmụ nwoke ma ọ bụghị ụmụ nwanyị. Na Victoria na Murder in Majengo, Victoria na-ewere ọtụtụ ọrụ ọdịnala a na-ewere dị ka nwoke. Victoria gbapụtara onwe ya site n'ịpụ n'alụmdi na nwunye ahụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ ghaghị ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye akwụna iji kwụọ ụgwọ ụtụ isi n'ihi na nna ya enweghị ụzọ isi mee ya. Ọ bụrụ na ọ chere nna ya, ọ gaara ewe ya ogologo oge iji nweta mgbapụta. N'ebe a, Victoria na-akọwa ọrụ ọdịnala nke ụmụ nwanyị site n'ịghara ịpụ n'alụmdi na nwunye. Ọ dịghịzi mkpa ịnata iwu n'aka ụmụ nwoke. N'agbanyeghị ọrụ ya, o nwere ike inweta nnwere onwe ego, nke bụ ọrụ nwoke. Site na imeghe ụlọ ahịa ya na Nairobi, ọ na-akọwa ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị ọdịnala site n'iji ndị ọzọ rụọ ọrụ ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye nledo. Victoria gụrụ akwụkwọ nke ọma ma zụlite nwa nwanyị dị ka Victoria.<ref name="Mwichuli & Makokha 2020" /> N'otu aka ahụ, na Coming to Birth, Paulina na-akọwa ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị ọdịnala site n'inweta agụmakwụkwọ wee sonye n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ọrụ aka. Ọ ghọrọ onye nlekọta na Kenya ma nwee ike ịnwe onwe ya n'ụzọ ego. Ọbụna o nyere ihe karịrị ụmụnne ya na di ya. Ọrụ ha gbanwere n'oge na-adịghị anya ka Martin na-adabere ugbu a. Ma Victoria ma Paulina bụ ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-edo onwe ha n'okpuru ụmụ nwoke. Ha nwetara nnwere onwe ha site na obi ike na agụmakwụkwọ ha. Ha nwetara nnwere onwe ego site na ọrụ ha wee bụrụ ndị na-enye ndị ọzọ. Ụmụ nwanyị na-eguzo maka onwe ha n'ụzọ dị iche iche, nke bụ Macgoye na-akpali ụmụ nwanyị nke oge a ịgụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ya iguzo maka onwe ya n'etiti ndị nna ochie.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Macgoye|first=Marjorie Oludhe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zs0ixo5qOmgC|title=Coming to Birth|date=1986|publisher=East African Publishers|isbn=978-9966-46-270-1|language=en}}</ref> Macgoye bipụtara ọtụtụ ọrụ na nsogbu dị iche iche Kenya chere ihu. Ụfọdụ ọrụ ya, dị ka Freedom Fighter, abanyela na usoro ọmụmụ ụlọ akwụkwọ Kenya. Ọrụ ya na-anọchi anya olu ụmụ nwanyị a na-emegbu emegbu iji nyere aka mee ka enweghị ikike na ikike ọchịchị dị na ọha mmadụ.[1] N'abụ a, ọ tụlere okwu gbasara ịrụ ụmụaka n'ọrụ, bụ nke a na-ahụkarị n'obodo ndị Africa. Ọ rụtụkwara aka n'okwu gbasara imebi ikike mmadụ dị ka ọrụ ụmụaka na nlekọta nne na nna ezughị oke bụ nke a ka na-ahụkarị na ọ bụghị naanị Africa kamakwa n'ụwa niile. Abụ a na-ezipụ ozi site n'ịkụda omume ndị a. N'abụ Nyarloka, ọ na-egosi mgba mgba ụmụ nwanyị na-eche ihu na-agafe n'obodo ọhụrụ; ọ na-egosi ihe ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị East Africa na-alụ. Ọ bụ ezie na e dere abụ a ọtụtụ iri afọ gara aga, ọ ka bara uru ugbu a.[2] Ọtụtụ ọrụ Macgoye na-ewere ọnọdụ na Majengo. A maara Majengo dị ka mpaghara ọkụ na-acha uhie uhie ebe enwere ọtụtụ ọrụ mmekọahụ na ime ihe ike.[3] Ebe obibi Macgoye bụ chọọchị na ebe ọ na-egbo mkpa ndị ọ na-achọghị. O nyeere ndị nwere ọrịa uche, AIDS, ndị ọgwụ ọjọọ riri ahụ́, ndị na-enwe mmekọahụ, na ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi aka. Ọ ga-akwado ndị nwunye a gbahapụrụ agbahapụ na ndị na-enwe mmekọahụ bụ́ ndị na-enweghịzi ike ịrụ ọrụ. Ndị nta akụkọ, ndị nta akụkọ, ụmụ akwụkwọ, na ndị ọzọ na-abịa n'ebe ọ nọ ka ọ na-agbalị idozi nsogbu na inyere ndị nọ ná mkpa aka. Ọ na-enye olileanya na ịhụnanya na-enweghị atụ maka ndị "na-achọghị".<ref>{{Cite news|title=Marjorie Oludhe Macgoye: Mother Africa, born in Southampton|url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/magazine/Marjorie-Oludhe-Macgoye-Mother-Africa-born-in-Southampton-/434746-2993248-tk32tiz/index.html|work=The East African|date=11 December 2015}}</ref> == Ihe edeturu n'okpuru ala == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] i7ags5506uglceqthzfmsdtg0utmd26 0 59747 632484 205710 2026-05-10T05:10:52Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 632484 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:KitchenWitch.JPG|thumb| Amoosu kichin [[Norway|Norwegian]]]] '''Amoosu kichin''', mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ '''onye amoosu ụlọ''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.religions-and-spiritualities-guide.com/kitchens-witch.html|title=Kitchens witch, a witch of the home and hearth, practices, overview, tools|publisher=Religions-and-spiritualities-guide.com|accessdate=2012-08-04|archivedate=2012-07-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713034336/http://www.religions-and-spiritualities-guide.com/kitchens-witch.html}}</ref> bụ [[poppet]] ma ọ bụ nwa bebi nke emere n'ụlọ nke yiri mgbaasị ma ọ bụ crone nke egosipụtara na kichin ebe obibi dị ka mma ihu ọma <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://home.earthlink.net/~lunafaeart/id2.html|title=Kitchen Witches|publisher=Home.earthlink.net|accessdate=2012-08-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629103707/http://home.earthlink.net/~lunafaeart/id2.html|archivedate=2011-06-29}}</ref> na ịchụpụ mmụọ ọjọọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://doggychild.tripod.com/kitchenwitchmaker|title=kitchen witches, kitchen witch dolls|publisher=Doggychild.tripod.com|accessdate=2012-08-04|archivedate=2012-07-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723090850/http://doggychild.tripod.com/kitchenwitchmaker/}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Enwere ụfọdụ arụmụka banyere ebe amoosu kichin si malite, ụfọdụ na-azọrọ na Scandinavia na ndị ọzọ [[Jémanị|Germany]], <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.germandeli.com/witch.html|title=The German Kitchen Witch|publisher=Germandeli.com|accessdate=2012-08-04|archivedate=2012-08-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829032116/http://www.germandeli.com/witch.html}}</ref> mana nkwenye na-ezo aka na omenala Northern Europe ochie, dịka o yiri ka ọ gbasaara na mbụ. The [[poppet]] kwesịrị igosi "ezigbo" <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kitchenbos.com/index.html|title=Kitchen design interior|publisher=Kitchenbos.com|date=2011-01-03|accessdate=2012-08-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303171440/http://kitchenbos.com/index.html/|archivedate=2012-03-03}}</ref> amoosu nke na-akpali mmepụta na nchekwa na kichin, ma na-emegidekwa ọchịchọ ọjọọ ọ bụla a na-eduzi n'ụlọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://scandinaviantouch.com/KitchenWitches.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208171342/http://scandinaviantouch.com/KitchenWitches.htm|archivedate=2011-02-08|title=Kitchen Witches|publisher=Scandinavian Touch|accessdate=2012-08-04}} (Archived)</ref> A na-ewere ya dị ka chi ọma inye enyi ma ọ bụ onye òtù ezinụlọ amoosu kichin. Ka ndị na-amaghị ndị amoosu kichin wee ghọta ihe ọ pụtara, mgbe ụfọdụ, a ga-ekonye ihe ndetu n'olu amoosu <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ths.gardenweb.com/forums/load/dolls/msg1121525920538.html|title=Kitchen Witch - Dollmaking Forum - GardenWeb|publisher=Ths.gardenweb.com|accessdate=2012-08-04}}</ref> na-ekwu ihe yiri:<blockquote>Ihe nzuzo a ma ama nke isi nri Goof-Proof: Amoosu kichin ama ama Ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ, ndị Norwegian atụkwasịwo ezigbo amoosu a na kichin ha. Ha kwenyere na o nwere ikike ime ka anụ ahụ ghara ire ọkụ, ite ka ọ ghara isi ya, na ofe ka ọ ghara ịwụfu.</blockquote> === Na England === Ọ bụ ezie na amachaghị na England nke oge a, a maara onye amoosu kichin na England n'oge Tudor . Uche John Crudgington, onye si Newton, Worfield, Shropshire dị n'England, nke dị na 1599, na-eke ihe ya n'etiti nwunye ya na ụmụ ya atọ, "ma e wezụga cubbard na halle amoosu na kytchyn nke m na-enye ma na-enye Roger nwa m." <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://chesterfieldpagans.org/2013/03/30/poppets-a-very-sympathetic-tradition|title=Poppets: A very sympathetic tradition|accessdate=2014-10-21|date=2013-03-13|author=Amalasuntha|archivedate=2014-10-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021185855/http://chesterfieldpagans.org/2013/03/30/poppets-a-very-sympathetic-tradition/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://websfor.me.uk/crudgington/wills/john1599_will.asp|title=Crudgington Family Organisation|publisher=Websfor.me.uk|accessdate=2012-08-04}}</ref> == Hụkwa ==   == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * {{Cite book|author=Murphy-Hiscock|first=Arin|title=The Way of the Hedge Witch: Rituals and Spells for Hearth and Home|publisher=Provenance Press|location=Avon, Massachusetts|year=2009|isbn=978-1-59869-974-6}} * {{Cite book|author=Robinson|first=Sarah|title=Kitchen witch : food, folklore & fairy tale|date=2022|isbn=978-1-910559-69-7|oclc=1304817226}} g2hbhynx9i8i87h4uci6z2iv61s4fly 0 60670 632438 631293 2026-05-09T15:11:05Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 632438 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nicholas Mutu Ebomo''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria. Ọ bụ onye otu na-anọchite anya Bomadi / Patani Federal Constituency na Ụlọ Ndị Nnọchiteanya. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=10th National Assembly Members - Voter - Validating the Office of the Electorate on Representation|url=https://orderpaper.ng/voter/10th-national-assembly-member?id=Mutu-Nicholas-Ebomo-1766|accessdate=2024-12-28|work=orderpaper.ng|archivedate=2025-03-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250316034725/https://orderpaper.ng/voter/10th-national-assembly-member?id=Mutu-Nicholas-Ebomo-1766}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. ''orderpaper.ng''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-12-28</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=National Assembly {{!}} Federal Republic of Nigeria|url=https://www.nass.gov.ng/mps/single/334|accessdate=2024-12-28|work=www.nass.gov.ng}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.nass.gov.ng/mps/single/334 "National Assembly | Federal Republic of Nigeria"]. ''www.nass.gov.ng''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-12-28</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Nicholas Mutu na 15 June 1960 ma si Delta Steeti.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onyeisi oche nke Kansụl Gọọmentị Obodo Bomadi site na 1996 ruo 1997. N'afọ 1999, a họpụtara ya n'okpuru ikpo okwu nke Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) . Ewezuga ịbụ Onye isi oche Kọmitii Ụlọ na Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC) site na 2009 ruo 2019, ọ rụkwara ọrụ na ọtụtụ kọmitii ndị ọzọ. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Legislator Details - ConsTrack Track and Report on Governement Funded Projects in Nigeria|url=https://www.constrack.ng/legislator_details?id=85|accessdate=2024-12-28|work=www.constrack.ng|archivedate=2024-12-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228233316/https://www.constrack.ng/legislator_details?id=85}}</ref> == Edensibịa == [[Otú:1960 births]] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] gockwjydssxnmixd0qggf4upxyrp5qb 0 66985 632495 594818 2026-05-10T09:56:04Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 632495 wikitext text/x-wiki  Paul bu onye mba Amerika na afụ màkà ndi ara na uche was Appelbaum were oyi bu Elizabeth dollars onye ịse mahadum bụrụ waa onye oka ikpe na akuzi ìhè ndị Ara na. Eme Appelbaum bụ Elizabeth K. Dollard Prọfesọ nke Psychiatry, Medicine, na Law, na Director, Division of Law, Ethics, and Psychiatry، Department of Psychiatry (Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons) kemgbe afọ 2006. Appelbaum onye isi oche nke American Psychiatric Association (2002-2003) na onye isi oche of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law (1995-1996). <ref name="ColumbiaMed">{{Cite web|title=Paul S. Appelbaum faculty profile|url=http://asp.cumc.columbia.edu/facdb/profile_list.asp?uni=psa21&DepAffil=Psychiatry|work=columbia.edu|publisher=Columbia University Medical School|accessdate=28 April 2015}}</ref> Appelbaum bụ onye otu Standing Committee on Ethics of the World Psychiatric Association, na Onye isi oche nke APA's DSM Steering Committee. Ọ bụ Fritz Redlich Fellow na Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences; e nyere ya Isaac Ray Award nke American Psychiatric Association maka "onyinye dị ịrịba ama na forensic psychiatry na akụkụ psychiatric nke iwu. " A hụ pụtara Appelbaum na mahadum gbasara ndi ara nke National Academy of Sciences, <ref name="ColumbiaMed"/> ọ bụkwa Hastings Center Fellow. == Agụmakwụkwọ na mmalite ọrụ == Oputara na mahadum no nà Stuyvesant Appelbaum bụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Stuyvesant High School, Columbia College na Harvard Medical School. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Massachusetts Mental Health Center na Boston. N'oge ọ na-arụ ọrụ ahụike, Appelbaum gụrụ akwụkwọ dị ka nwa akwụkwọ pụrụ iche na Harvard Law School. Ọ kọwara ọzụzụ iwu ya dị ka "ihe dị oke mkpa maka mmepe ọrụ m n'ọdịnihu". <ref name="Sarkar">{{Cite journal|author=Sarkar|first=Sameer|title=An American perspective: Paul S. Appelbaum: in conversation with Sameer P. Sarkayr|journal=Psychiatric Bulletin|date=1 August 2002|volume=26|issue=8|doi=10.1192/pb.26.8.305}}</ref> Ọ ghọrọ osote prọfesọ nke psychiatry na Western Psychiatric Institute, Mahadum nke Pittsburgh Medical School. Ọ na-eto ọnọdụ nwa akwụkwọ pụrụ iche o nwere na Graduate School of Public Health, Mahadum Pittsburgh mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka prọfesọ na-eme nchọpụta gbasara ọrịa uche na-enyere ya aka "iji obi ike ka ukwuu mee ihe na nyocha gbasara iwu na ọrịa uche". <ref name="Sarkar" /> Ọ laghachiri na Massachusetts Mental Health Center ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ọrụ na onye isi nke mmemme na Psychiatry na Law maka otu afọ, tupu ọ ghọọ A. F. Zeleznik Distinguished Professor of Psychiatry, na Mahadum nke Massachusetts Medical School. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ ọtụtụ afọ dị ka onyeisi oche nke Ngalaba nke Ọrịa Uche na onye nduzi nke Iwu na Ọrịa Ufe na Mahadum nke Massachusetts Medical School. Mpaghara ndị ọkachamara ya gụnyere arụmụka na omume nke nkwenye a maara nke ọma, nghọta nke mmetụta nke iwu na ọrịa uche, na amụma nke ihe ize ndụ iji duzie ọrụ uche nke ọma. Ọrụ mbụ ya na [[Tom Grisso]] na nyocha nke ikike onye ọrịa enweela mmetụta dị ukwuu maka nyocha na ọgwụgwọ ka mma nke ndị ọrịa obodo na ndị omempụ. Kemgbe ọ kwagara na Columbia College of Physicians & Surgeons na 2006, Appelbaum lekwasịrị anya na ahụike, omume na akụkụ iwu nke nyocha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mmadụ.<ref name="FutureMedicine">{{Cite news|title=Interview: Ethics and law continue to shape psychiatric practice and research; Paul S. Appelbaum|publisher=Future Medicine|date=2013}}</ref> Ọ na-eduzi Center for Research on the Ethical, Legal and Social Implications of Psychiatric, Neurologic and Behavioral Genetics.<ref name="CEER">{{Cite web|title=Center for Research on the Ethical, Legal and Social Implications of Psychiatric, Neurologic and Behavioral Genetics|url=http://braingenethics.cumc.columbia.edu/people/|work=braingenethics.cumc.columbia.edu|accessdate=5 May 2015}}</ref> Anọ n'ime akwụkwọ Appelbaum enwetala Manfred Guttmacher Award site na American Psychiatric Association na American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. Appelbaum ghọrọ onye isi oche nke American Psychiatric Association na Mee 2002. Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Amerika Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, na nke Massachusetts Psychiatric Society. Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Council on Psychiatry and Law ugboro abụọ, na Commission on Judicial Action maka American Psychiatric Association, ma jee ozi dị ka onye otu MacArthur Foundation Research Networks on Mental Health and the Law and on Mandated Community Treatment. Ọ natara onyinye Isaac Ray nke American Psychiatric Association maka 'onyinye dị ịrịba ama na forensic psychiatry na akụkụ psychiatric nke iwu".<ref name="Sarkar"/> Appelbaum tolitere na Brooklyn, New York, nwa nke onye na-ebu akwụkwọ ozi na onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ.<ref name="Sarkar"/> Ọ lụrụ Diana Muir Appelbaum; ha nwere ụmụ atọ toro eto, Binyamin Appelbaum; Yoni Appelbaum; na Avigail Appelbau<ref>{{Cite web|first=Martina|author=Brendel|title=Alumni Updates: Dr. Paul S. Appelbaum '72 Comes Home to Columbia|publisher=[[Columbia College Today]]|date=April 2007|url=https://www.college.columbia.edu/cct_archive/mar_apr07/updates2.html|accessdate=2025-10-13|archivedate=2021-07-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731225121/https://www.college.columbia.edu/cct_archive/mar_apr07/updates2.html}}</ref> ma bụrụ ndị ọgbakọ Ramath Orah na Manhattan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Annual Dinner 2014 Honoring Paul & Dede Appelbaum and Andre & Shalhevet Jacobvitz|publisher=Congregation Ramath Orah|url=https://www.ramathorah.org/annualdinner2014|accessdate=January 20, 2019|archivedate=January 21, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121233108/https://www.ramathorah.org/annualdinner2014}}</ref> * The Clinical Handbook of Psychiatry and the Law, (3rd ed., 2000) na Thomas G. Gutheil. * ''Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mgbanwe: Iwu Ahụike Uche na njedebe nke Mgbanwe,'' (1994). * Nyochaa Ikike Ikike Ikwenye na Ọgwụgwọ: Ntuziaka maka ndị dọkịta na ndị ọrụ ahụike ndị ọzọ, (1998) na Thomas Grisso. * Ndị ọrụ kewara ekewa, ndị kewara eke: A Case Approach to Mental Health Ethics, (1987) na Stanley Joel Reiser, Harold J. Bursztajn, na Thomas G. Gutheil. * Rethinking Risk Assessment, (2001) ya na John Monahan, Henry J. Steadman, Eric Silver, Pamela Clark Robbins, Edward P. Mulvey, Loren H. Roth, Thomas Grisso, na Steven Banks. {{Reflist|30em}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 2y9ixnc3ha2e5csspfxk10skh1rptkq 0 74172 632480 598878 2026-05-10T01:26:55Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 632480 wikitext text/x-wiki Ogologo oge mkpirikpi (STEL) bụ nkezi mkpughe a na-anabata n'ime obere oge, nke na-abụkarị nkeji iri na ise ma ọ bụrụhaala na nkezi oge anaghị agafe nkezi nha. STEL bụ okwu e ji eme nnyocha gbasara ikpughe ihe, ahụike ọrụ, ịdị ọcha ụlọ ọrụ na nsí. STEL nwere ike ịbụ oke iwu na United States maka ikpughe ihe kemịkalụ. Ụlọ Ọrụ Nchekwa na Ahụike Ọrụ (U.S. OSHA) ewepụtala OSHA-STELs maka 1,3-butadiene. benzene na ethylene oxide. Maka kemịkal, a na-emekarị nyocha STEL maka nkeji iri na ise ma gosipụta ya na akụkụ kwa nde (ppm), ma ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ na milligrams kwa cubic mita (mg / m3). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.seton.co.uk/coshh-assessment|title=Coshh Assessment Guide}} Sunday, March 15, 2020</ref> Nzukọ American nke ndị na-ahụ maka ahụike nke ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị na-ebipụta ndepụta sara mbara nke STELs dị ka ọnụ ụzọ njedebe (TLV-STEL). __TOC__ == Ihe mgbochi mba yiri nke ahụ == * United Kingdom COSHH (Nchịkwa nke Ihe Ndị Dị Mkpa Na-adịghị Ahụike [1]).[2] ** COSHH (''Nchịkwa nke Ihe Ndị Dị Mkpa Na-adịghị Ahụ Ike'').<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hse.gov.uk/toolbox/harmful/exposure.htm|title=Workplace exposure limits|accessdate=2026-03-22|archivedate=2019-03-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316220533/http://www.hse.gov.uk/toolbox/harmful/exposure.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/books/eh40.htm|title=EH40/2005 Workplace exposure limits}}</ref> * Australia ** OES Occupational Exposure Standard * France VLEP 8h00 (Valeur Limite d'Exposition Professionnelle 8h00) VLEP CT (Valeor Limite d"Exposition Professional Court Terme) ** VLEP 8h00 (Ọdịdị Ikike nke Ihe ngosi Ọkachamara 8h00) ** VLEP CT (Ezigbo Ogologo Oge Egwuregwu) * Netherlands ** MAC (Maximaal Aanvaarde Concentratie) * Malaysia PEL (Ikwupụta Ikike) ** PEL (Ikwupụta Ikike Ikike) * Poland ** NDSCh (''[[:pl:NDSCh|Najwyższe dopuszczalne stężenie chwilowe]]'') * Russia PDC (nke a na-ekwe ka ọ gbasaa) ** PDC (nke a na-ekwe ka ọ bụrụ) == Hụkwa == * Ikike ikpughe * Ọnụ ọgụgụ omume nke ikpughe == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist}} iheqvlu9jrqzv8ma0849wne7goqj9yp 0 74490 632482 621115 2026-05-10T03:05:01Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 632482 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Olayemi Olajumoke Abiodun Oyebanji''' bụ prọfesọ Naijiria, onye nkuzi na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ nke [[Ȯra Ekiti|Ekiti Steeti]] ugbu a kemgbe 2023 dị ka nwunye gọvanọ, [[Biodun Oyebanji]]. == Akụkọ ndụ ya == Ọ si Ado-Ewi na Ado-Ekiti Local Government Area nke Ekiti State.<ref name="Ado">{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/god-prepared-me-to-become-first-lady-ekiti-govs-wife-olayemi-oyebanji/|title=God prepared me to become First Lady, Ekiti governor's wife Olayemi Oyebanji|work=Punchng.com|date=5 February 2023}}</ref> Ọ gara Mahadum Ibadan, ebe ọ zutere di ya wee gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere na Education Management mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ọ laghachiri na Mahadum nke Ibadan iji kụzie dị ka onye nkuzi. Ọ mechara nweta kwa Ph.D na Educational Management.<ref name="Ado"/><ref name="lecturer">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/09/dr-olayemi-oyebanji-a-first-lady-properly-so-called/|title=Dr Olayemi Oyebanji: A First Lady properly so-called|work=Vanguard Nigeria|date=18 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ui.edu.ng/news/my-family-has-long-history-ui-says-ekiti-state-governor|title=My family has a long history with UI, says Ekiti State governor|accessdate=25 March 2026}}</ref> Ọ ghọrọ First Lady mgbe e mere di ya ka ọ bụrụ gọvanọ nke [[Ekiti State|Ekiti Steeti]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/cw0qq78v82ro|title=Ekiti State don officially swear in Biodun Oyebanji as Governor|work=[[BBC Pidgin]]|date=16 October 2022|language=pcm}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/cw0qq78v82ro "Ekiti State don officially swear in Biodun Oyebanji as Governor"]. ''[[BBC Pidgin]]'' (in Nigerian Pidgin). 16 October 2022.</cite> [[Category:CS1 foreign language sources (ISO 639-2)|pcm]]</ref> N'afọ 2024, ọ malitere ọrụ akpọrọ Widows, Aged, Orphans and the Homeless (WAOH) na Ekiti State, na "Àdìre Èkìtì" iji kwalite mmepụta nke ákwà [[:en:Adire (textile art)|Adire]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.waohfoundation.org/blog_details.php?a=ekiti-first-lady-launches-widow-screening-for-empowerment-project|title=Ekiti First Lady launches widow screening for empowerment project|date=30 May 2024|work=[https://www.waohfoundation.org WAOH Foundation]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.waohfoundation.org/blog_details.php?a=ekiti-first-lady-launches-widow-screening-for-empowerment-project "Ekiti First Lady launches widow screening for empowerment project"]. ''[https://www.waohfoundation.org WAOH Foundation]''. 30 May 2024.</cite><span data-ve-ignore=""> </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Templeeti:Cite web|cite web]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="">External link in <code class="cs1-code"><code class="cs1-code">&#x7C;work=</code></code> ([[Help:CS1 errors#param has ext link|help]])</span> [[Category:CS1 errors: external links]]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ekitistate.gov.ng/archives/27899|title=Oyebanji's wife launches Àdìre Èkìtì Hub as 200 youths commence training|work=Ekiti State Government|date=4 March 2024}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.ekitistate.gov.ng/archives/27899 "Oyebanji's wife launches Àdìre Èkìtì Hub as 200 youths commence training"]. ''Ekiti State Government''. 4 March 2024.</cite></ref> Ọ bụkwa onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru ụmụ nwanyị nke kwuru maka mkpa ụmụ nwanyị dị, na-akwado Ahụike ụmụ nwanyị maka ndị nne na inye ara naanị na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi maka ụmụ ọhụrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ekitipodium.com/2026/03/18/empower-women-build-a-stronger-nigeria-oyebanjis-wife/|title=Empower women, build a stronger Nigeria - Oyebanji's wife|date=18 March 2026|work=Ekiti Podium}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://ekitipodium.com/2026/03/18/empower-women-build-a-stronger-nigeria-oyebanjis-wife/ "Empower women, build a stronger Nigeria - Oyebanji's wife"]. ''Ekiti Podium''. 18 March 2026.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/ekiti-govs-wife-awards-50-orphans-scholarship-provides-school-supplies/|title=Ekiti gov's wife awards 50 orphans scholarship, provides school supplies|date=15 January 2025|work=The Punch}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://punchng.com/ekiti-govs-wife-awards-50-orphans-scholarship-provides-school-supplies/ "Ekiti gov's wife awards 50 orphans scholarship, provides school supplies"]. ''The Punch''. 15 January 2025.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stateofthestates.ng/2026/01/03/ekiti-first-lady-beats-drum-for-breastfeeding-immunisation-to-save-newborns/|title=Ekiti First Lady beats drum for Breastfeeding, Immunisation to save newborns|work=State of the States|date=3 January 2026|accessdate=26 March 2026|archivedate=10 April 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260410084605/https://www.stateofthestates.ng/2026/01/03/ekiti-first-lady-beats-drum-for-breastfeeding-immunisation-to-save-newborns/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20260410084605/https://www.stateofthestates.ng/2026/01/03/ekiti-first-lady-beats-drum-for-breastfeeding-immunisation-to-save-newborns/ "Ekiti First Lady beats drum for Breastfeeding, Immunisation to save newborns"]. ''State of the States''. 3 January 2026.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/oyebanjis-wife-canvasses-exclusive-breastfeeding-immunisation/|title=Oyebanji's wife canvasses exclusive breastfeeding, immunization|work=Punch Newspapers|date=14 December 2024}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://punchng.com/oyebanjis-wife-canvasses-exclusive-breastfeeding-immunisation/ "Oyebanji's wife canvasses exclusive breastfeeding, immunization"]. ''Punch Newspapers''. 14 December 2024.</cite></ref> Dị ka nwanyị mbụ, ọ kwadoro mmepe obodo na Ekiti Steeti site na onyinye.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://newsanchorng.com/2025/03/12/oyebanji-donates-school-bus-to-school-in-ekiti-harps-on-maintenance-culture/|title=Oyebanji donates school bus to school in Ekiti, harps on maintenance culture|date=12 March 2025|work=City News}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://newsanchorng.com/2025/03/12/oyebanji-donates-school-bus-to-school-in-ekiti-harps-on-maintenance-culture/ "Oyebanji donates school bus to school in Ekiti, harps on maintenance culture"]. ''City News''. 12 March 2025.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ekitistate.gov.ng/archives/26159|title=Ekiti First Lady restates Ekiti Government's commitment to sports development|work=Ekiti State Government|date=29 June 2023}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.ekitistate.gov.ng/archives/26159 "Ekiti First Lady restates Ekiti Government's commitment to sports development"]. ''Ekiti State Government''. 29 June 2023.</cite></ref> Ọ bụ onye nkuzi dị elu ugbu a na Mahadum Ibadan.<ref name="lecturer"/> ==Ntụaka== {{Reflist}} 1kzqrm4o925h4cwrsiuah59nluy27u0 0 74538 632485 621291 2026-05-10T05:41:18Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 632485 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" |Onye sonyere |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;" |Aha ndị ọzọ | class="infobox-data" |Onye na-ehi ụra |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;" |[[Programmer|Onye mmepe]] | class="infobox-data" |Omume Hacking Health nke Dutch |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;" |Ntọala mbụ | class="infobox-data" |2016 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;" |[[Operating system|Usoro ịrụ ọrụ]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Android (operating system)|gam akporo]]; [[iOS]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;" |[[Software categories#Categorization approaches|Ụdị]] | class="infobox-data" |eHealth; [[EHealth|Ahụike]] Mobile; Mmekọrịta onye ọrịa |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;" |Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ | class="infobox-data" |<span class="url">[https://web.archive.org/web/20250907053130/http://participatient.eu/ participatient.eu]</span>&nbsp;<span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show">[[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52055417?uselang=en#P856|text-top|frameless|10x10px|Edit this on Wikidata]]</span> |} Participatient bụ ngwa ekwentị iji tinye ndị ọrịa n'ime mkpebi n'oge ha nọ n'ụlọ ọgwụ. E mepụtara ngwa a dị ka ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ na Netherland iji jiri eHealth mee ihe dị ka ngwaọrụ iji kpalie ndị ọrịa itinye aka. Ọrụ a malitere na Dutch Hacking Health (DHH) wee merie ihe nrite DHH nke 2016 maka ihe ọhụrụ eHealth kacha mma, n'okpuru aha 'Bedpartner' <ref name="smarthealth">{{Cite web|url=https://www.smarthealth.nl/trendition/2016/05/26/recap-dutch-hacking-health-2016/|title=Terugblik: Dutch Hacking Health 2016 - TrendITion|work=smarthealth.nl|accessdate=2018-04-20}}</ref><ref name="lumc">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lumc.nl/cen/att/1015200/lumc-magazine|work=lumc.nl|title=www.lumc.nl/cen/att/1015200/lumc-magazine|accessdate=2018-04-20}}</ref> Ngwa Participatient nwere modulu nwere ozi gbasara ngalaba ahụ na nnabata, ọgwụ mgbu, na ojiji katita mmamịrị, ebumnuche ya bụ ịkpalite isonye na ndị ọrịa ma mee ka ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ dị nchebe ma dịkwa mma. Emebere ngwa a iji gbaa ndị ọrịa na ndị ọrụ ahụike ume ka ha na-ekwurịta okwu ma mara ihe. E nyochachara nke a na ọrụ PECCA (Patient Engagement Counter CAUTI with an App) nke ụlọ ọrụ Netherlands kwadoro maka nyocha na mmepe ahụike (ZonMw). <ref name="zonmw">{{Cite web|url=https://www.zonmw.nl/nl/onderzoek-resultaten/preventie/programmas/project-detail/infectieziektebestrijding-2014-2017/reducing-the-risk-of-catheter-associated-urinary-tract-infections-via-a-smartphone-application-for-p/|title=Reducing the risk of catheter-associated urinary tract infections via a smartphone application for patients – Participatient|work=ZonMw|accessdate=2018-04-20}}</ref> N'ime nnyocha PECCA, Ọrịa na-efe n'ụzọ nsị belatara nke ukwuu mgbe mmejuputa ngwa na-elekwasị anya na onye ọrịa, yana nkuzi ahụike, nzaghachi site na ozi ịntanetị na nkwado maka ndị ọrụ. Ọ bụ ezie na, ọrụ ahụ belataghị oke ojiji na-ekwesịghị ekwesị nke iji eriri mmiri mee ihe. Otú ọ dị, mbelata na-ekwesịghị ekwesị nke 5.8% na ohere nke 0.27 na-atụ aro omume dị mma. Ntinye aka nke onye ọrịa yiri ka ọ na-ebelata CAUTI ma nwee ike belata ọrịa ndị ọzọ metụtara nlekọta ahụike. Onye sonyere bụ otu n'ime ọrụ ntọala nke Dutch National eHealth Living Lab (NeLL). <ref name="nationalehealthlivinglab">{{Cite web|url=https://nationalehealthlivinglab.nl/projects/participatient/|title=Participatient - NeLL|work=nationalehealthlivinglab.nl|accessdate=2018-04-20}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} ei2s8vgvma2uoig1p5xz5l94wd0ttbq 0 74900 632463 630582 2026-05-09T20:56:55Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 632463 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Nsofwa Petronella Sampa''' bụ onye Zambia na-ahụ maka ọrịa HIV na onye ndụmọdụ ahụike. Ọrụ Sampa na-elekwasị anya n'iso ndị na-arịa ọrịa HIV na nkwarụ rụọ ọrụ. Ọ bụ onye natara Mandela Washington Fellowship, <ref name="Duquesne">{{Cite web|title=Duquesne University to Strengthen African Ties With Mandela Exchange Grant|url=https://www.duq.edu/news/duquesne-university-to-strengthen-african-ties-with-mandela-exchange-grant|work=Duquesne University|accessdate=18 December 2018|date=22 May 2018}}</ref> onye YALI <ref name="Mwale" /> na onye na-erite uru na PEPFAR. Mgbe ọ chọpụtara ọnọdụ ahụike ya dị ka onye nwere Nje HIV, Sampa malitere ịkwado ndị na-arịa HIV / AIDS. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Sampa na Zambia, mba nwere ọrịa HIV zuru oke. Nna ya nwụrụ na 1994 <ref name="Zimba" /> mgbe ọ dị afọ 2 na nne ya nwụrụ na 2002 mgbe Sampa dị naanị afọ 10. <ref name="CHIMWEMWE" /> Nwanne nna Sampa ghọrọ onye na-elekọta ya, ọ gakwara ya. Sampa na-aṅụ ọgwụ kwa ụbọchị n'amaghị ihe mere o ji na-a ya ma ọ bụ ihe kpatara ya, ma ọ bụ gịnị mere ụmụ nwanne ya bi n'otu ụlọ ji emeghị otu ihe ahụ, <ref name="Zimba" /> dịka ezinụlọ ahụ ekwughị ya. N'afọ 2003, ọ hụrụ faịlụ ahụike ya, nke kpughere ozi na-agbanwe ndụ na a chọpụtara na ọ na-arịa ọrịa HIV mgbe ọ dị afọ 3, mana n'oge ahụ, ọ jụrụ ajụjụ ọ bụla ma ọ bụ soro ndị ikwu ya kwurịta ya.<ref name="Zimba" /> Sampa gara Mary Queen of Peace <ref name="Mwale">{{Cite news|author=Mwale|first=Zio|title=Nsofwa: Vision lost but lives positively|url=http://www.daily-mail.co.zm/nsofwa-vision-lost-but-lives-positively/|accessdate=28 February 2018|work=Zambia Daily Mail|date=16 February 2018}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMwale2018">Mwale, Zio (16 February 2018). [http://www.daily-mail.co.zm/nsofwa-vision-lost-but-lives-positively/ "Nsofwa: Vision lost but lives positively"]. ''Zambia Daily Mail''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> maka agụmakwụkwọ praịmarị ya ma mesịa debanye aha ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ obibi maka agụmakọta sekọndrị ya. Mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ obibi, otu ọgbọ chọpụtara na Sampa nọ na ọgwụgwọ anti-retroviral (ARV). N'oge na-adịghị anya, a dọrọ ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ dum aka ná ntị ma Sampa chọtara onwe ya ka a na-akparị ya ma na-anọpụ iche, ebe ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ agaghị eso ya na ya nwee ụlọ ihi ụra.<ref name="CHIMWEMWE">{{Cite news|author=MWALE|first=CHIMWEMWE|title=Being HIV positive not death sentence – Sampa|url=http://www.daily-mail.co.zm/hiv-positive-death-sentence-sampa/|accessdate=28 February 2018|work=Zambia Daily Mail|date=2 December 2014}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMWALE2014">MWALE, CHIMWEMWE (2 December 2014). [http://www.daily-mail.co.zm/hiv-positive-death-sentence-sampa/ "Being HIV positive not death sentence – Sampa"]. ''Zambia Daily Mail''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ dara mbà n'obi nke ukwuu, ma tụfuo ọgwụ ya. <ref name="Mwale" /> <ref name="Zimba">{{Cite news|author=Zimba|first=Miriam|title=A Walk through the Valley of Death|url=http://www.times.co.zm/?p=46767|accessdate=28 February 2018|work=Times of Zambia|date=25 December 2014}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZimba2014">Zimba, Miriam (25 December 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20180629002517/http://www.times.co.zm/?p=46767 "A Walk through the Valley of Death"]. ''Times of Zambia''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Ahụike ya kara njọ nke ukwuu, ọ ghaghịkwa ịhapụ ụlọ akwụkwọ. Ọ malitere ibute ọrịa, ụkwara nta na meningitis, n'ihi ya, ọ kpuru ìsì ma kpọọ nkụ n'otu ntị. <ref name="Mwale" /> <ref name="CHIMWEMWE" /><ref name="Zimba" /> Nwanne nne Sampa kpọrọ onye ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara HIV / AIDS, [[Mannasseh Phiri]], ka ọ dụọ Sampa ọdụ, ọ bụkwa site n'aka ya ka ọ matara na nne ya anwụọla n'ihi ọrịa metụtara HIV / AIDS. <ref name="Mwale" /><ref name="CHIMWEMWE" /> Mgbe ọ gbakere, Sampa gara Munali High School, nke na-enye agụmakwụkwọ maka ndị na-adịghị ahụ ụzọ, <ref name="Mwale" /> <ref name="CHIMWEMWE" /> ma mụta asụsụ ndị ìsì na Zambia Library for the Visually Impaired.<ref name="Zimba" /> Mgbe ahụ, ọ gụrụ ndụmọdụ ahụike na nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na [[Chainama College of Health Sciences]] na 2013 ka o wee nwee ike iso ndị na-arịa ọrịa HIV na nkwarụ rụọ ọrụ. <ref name="Mwale" /> <ref name="Zimba" /> == Ọrụ == Sampa bụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara HIV na onye ndụmọdụ gbasara uche. Ọ na-arụkọ ọrụ na ndị nwere HIV iji melite ọnọdụ ha, bie ndụ dị mma.,<ref name="Embassy" /> ma gbaa ezinụlọ ume ka ha na ụmụaka kparịta maka nsogbu ahụike.<ref name="Mwale"/> Ọ na-enyere ndị nwere HIV aka ịgbaso usoro ọgwụgwọ. Kemgbe Mee 2019, Sampa na-arụ ọrụ na ọrụ Positive Movement iji nye ndị nwere nkwarụ ike, ọkachasị ndị ìsì.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tedxlusaka.com/speaker-announcement-nsofwa-petronella-sampa/|title=Speaker Announcement: Nsofwa Petronella Sampa|author=Kambandu|first=Mali|date=2019-05-17|work=TEDxLusaka|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-05-28}}</ref> == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == N'afọ 2014, ọ bụ onye ritere uru na Atụmatụ Mberede nke Onye isi ala maka Enyemaka Ọrịa AIDS . <ref name="Zimba"/><ref name="Embassy">{{Cite web|title=Living Positively|url=http://usembassyzambia.podbean.com/2015/02/|work=U.S. Embassy Zambia|accessdate=18 December 2018|date=3 February 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://usembassyzambia.podbean.com/2015/02/ "Living Positively"]. ''U.S. Embassy Zambia''. 3 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref>Na 2017, o meriri Mandela Washington Fellowship site na Young African Leaders Initiative nke nyere ya ohere ịmụ ọzụzụ n'ọkwa ọchịchị obodo na mba Amerịka..<ref name="Mwale"/> == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] atuub2z2ko9k7793uoidv2yaynkfg0z 0 75265 632481 632171 2026-05-10T01:49:38Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 632481 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Okiki Afolabi''' {{Audio|Okiki_Afolabi.wav|listen}} (amụrụ na 12 Disemba 1994 na [[Ibadan]], [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]])bụ onye egwuregwu bọọlụ ọkachamara na Naịjirịa nke na-agba bọọlụ dịka onye na-aga n'ihu na Al-Tadamon, otu egwuregwu bọọlụ ọkachamara nke ndị Kuwait nke dị na Al Farwaniya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://africanfootball.com/news/677027/Malaysian-club-Kelantan-FA-double-Okiki-pay-agent|title=Malaysian club Kelantan FA double Okiki pay - agent - Nigeria Premier League 2016 - Malaysia}}</ref> Ọ bụ otu n'ime mba Nigeria U-20 na U-23 ahọpụtara. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1933403-okiki-afolabi-firmo-con-talleres-la-sorprendente-contratacion-del-goleador-de-la-liga-de-nigeria|title=Okiki Afolabi firmó con Talleres: la sorprendente contratación del goleador de la Liga de Nigeria|publisher=|accessdate=7 September 2016|date=2016-08-31}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == === Sunshine Stars F.C. === He began his career in the [[Sunshine Stars F.C.]] in Nigeria Premier League, he managed to convert 13 goals in 17 games played. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> === Ụlọ ọrụ === In August 2016, Okiki was tested at argentine Racing Club playing for Argentine Primera División.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://owngoalnigeria.com/2016/08/29/argentine-club-registers-okiki-afolabi-silent-on-tiongoli-tonbara/|title=Argentine Club Registers Okiki Afolabi, Silent On Tiongoli Tonbara – OwnGoal Nigeria|publisher=|accessdate=7 September 2016}}</ref> However, he decided to emigrate to Cordoba and play for Talleres.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.completesportsnigeria.com/50240-2/|title=Okiki Afolabi Thrilled After Joining Argentina's Talleres - Complete Sports Nigeria|date=1 September 2016|publisher=|accessdate=7 September 2016|archivedate=5 September 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160905050057/http://www.completesportsnigeria.com/50240-2/}}</ref> After a couple of weeks of trial, he was accepted into the institution and Okiki became part of the first team. He was signed for one year with a purchase option. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> === Jimma Aba Jifar F.C. === Afolabi bịanyere aka na Jimma Aba Jifar F.C., onye mbụ na-asọmpi na Premier League nke Etiopia na mmalite oge 2017/18. Ọ nwere oge mbụ ọ gara nke ọma na klọb ahụ nwetara ihe nrite onye kacha enye goolu (23) ma nyere klọb ahụ aka imeri iko mbụ ya. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> === Ismaily SC === After a wonderful season in Ethiopia league he achieved the top scorer award and the most valuable player. Okiki drew the attention of some clubs and he received offers but he preferred to sign 4 years contract with the Egyptian giant Ismaily SC. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Nsọpụrụ == '''Ụlọ ọrụ Córdoba''' * Mbụ B nke Mba: 2016 '''Jimma Aba Jifar''' * Njikọ Premier nke Etiopia: 2017-182017–18 * Goal kacha elu Onye na-agba goolu 23: 2017-182017–18 == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 99u8ed97k4u4icxtjh7x4d0p4t6cug0 0 75315 632440 632323 2026-05-09T15:28:03Z OGA Goody 61205 fixed reference error 632440 wikitext text/x-wiki Bacteria dị ebe niile, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ihe ndị na-ebi ndụ n'efu na-enwekarị otu mkpụrụ ndụ. Ha mejupụtara nnukwu ngalaba nke nje ntakịrị ndị na-enwe otu mkpụrụ ndụ. Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị micromita ole na ole n'ogologo, '''Nje bacteria''' so n'ụdị ndụ ndị mbụ pụtara n'ụwa, ma dịrị n'ọtụtụ [[Habitat|ebe obibi]] ya ndị e nwegasịrị. Bacteria na-ebi na ikuku, ala, mmiri, mmiri ndị na-agbapụta na nkume dị n'ụdị asiid, Ihe mkpofu radioactive, na ebe omimi Biosphere nke ụwa. Bacteria na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ọtụtụ ọkwá nke usoro nkesa nri site na imegharị na ibugharị ihe oriri na nkedo nke nitrogen sitere na ikuku. Usoro mmeghari na mbughari nri gụnyere ire ure nke ozu; nje bacteria na-ahụ maka ọkwa ire ure na usoro a. N'ime obodo ihe ndị dị ndụ dị nke gbara oghere hydrothermal gburugburu nakwa isi mmiri jụrụ oyi, nje bacteria extremophile na-enye ihe oriri dị mkpa iji mee ka ndụ dịgide site na ịgbanwe ihe ndị a gbazere agbaze, dị ka hydrogen sulphide na methane, ka ha nye ike. Bacteria na-ebikwa ndụ inwe mmekọrịta onye rie ibe ya erie, onye rie ibe ya ahapụ nakwa nke orim egbum ha na osisi na ụmụ anụmanụ. A kọwabeghị nke ka n'ọnụ ọgụgụ banyere ọmụmụ nje bacteria, e nwekwara ọtụtụ ụdị ndị a na-apụghị ịzụlite na ụlọ nnyocha. A maara ọmụmụ nke nje bacteria dị ka bacteriology, alaka nke isi ọmụmụ Microbiology. Dị ka ụmụ anụmanụ niile, ụmụ mmadụ bukwa ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu (ihe dị ka 10¹³ ruo 10¹⁴) nke Nje bacteria.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sender|first=Ron|title=Revised Estimates for the Number of Human and Bacteria Cells in the Body|journal=PLOS Biology|date=19 August 2016|volume=14|issue=8|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1002533|pmid=27541692}}</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime ha dị n'ime eriri afọ, ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọtụtụ n' akpụkpọ ahụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime nje bacteria dị n'ime na n'elu ahụ anaghị emerụ ahụ ma ọ bụ bụrụ nke e dowere n'ọnọdụ a site na mmetụta nchebe nke usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ, bụrụkwa na ọtụtụ n'ime nke ndị a bara uru, ọkachasị ndị dị na eriri afọ.<ref name="McCutcheon">{{Cite journal|title=The Genomics and Cell Biology of Host-Beneficial Intracellular Infections|journal=Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology|volume=37|issue=1|pages=115–142|date=October 2021|pmid=34242059|doi=10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120219-024122}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ ụdị nje bacteria na-akpata ọrịa, ọkachasị ọtụtụ Ọrịa na-efe efe, gụnyere ọgbụgbọ na ọnyụnyụ, sifilis, anthrax, ekpenta, ụkwara nta, tetanus na ọrịa bubonic. Ọrịa nje bacteria ndị kachasị njọ bụ ọrịa iku ume. A na-eji ọgwụ nje agwọ ọrịa nje ma na-ejikwa ha n'ọrụ ugbo, na-eme ka iguzogide ọgwụ nje bụrụ nsogbu na-arịwanye elu. Bacteria dị mkpa na ọgwụgwọ nsị na mgbari nke [[Mmanu mmanu|mwufu mmanụ ike]], mmepụta nke cheese na yogọt site na mgbaze, iweghachite ọlaedo, palladium, ọla kọpa na ọla ndị ọzọ na ngalaba ngwupụta ihe (Biomining, Bioleaching), yana na biotechnology, nakwa na mmepụta ọgwụ nje na kemịkal ndị ọzọ. A na-ewebu ha dị ka [[Osisi|akụmakụ]] ndị mejupụtara klas Schizomycetes ("fission fungi"), mana e kenyere ''nje bacteria'' ugbu a dị ka nje ndị nwere otu mkpụrụ ndụ. N'adịghị ka mkpụrụ ndụ nke ụmụ anụmanụ na nje ndị nwere ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ọzọ, mkpụrụ ndụ nje nwere chromosomes dị gburugburu, enweghị nucleus ma na-adịghị enwekarịkwa organelle ndị membrane na-ejikọta. Ọ bụ ezie na okwu a bụ nje bacteria na-agụnye nje niile ndị nwere otu mkpụrụ ndụ, nhazi ga n'ụdị sayensị gbanwere mgbe e mechara nchọpụta nke afọ ndị 1990 na nke ndị nwere otu mkpụrụ ndụ (prokaryotes) nwere òtù ụzọ abụọ dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ sitere na otu nna nna ochie. A na-akpọ ngalaba evolushọn ndị a Bacteria na Archaea. N'adịghị ka Archaea, nje bacteria nwere lipids ejikọrọ ha na ester na membrane nke mkpụrụ ndụ, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Santhosh|first=Poornima Budime|title=Archaeosomes: New Generation of Liposomes Based on Archaeal Lipids for Drug Delivery and Biomedical Applications|journal=ACS Omega|date=10 January 2023|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–9|doi=10.1021/acsomega.2c06034|pmid=36643444}}</ref> nweekwa ihe ndị na-eme ka ha gbatịa too ogologo ndị na-eguzogide ADP-ribosylation sitere na nsị diphtheria, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kessel|first=Michael|title=Archaebacterial elongation factor is ADP-ribosylated by diphtheria toxin|journal=Nature|date=September 1980|volume=287|issue=5779|pages=250–251|doi=10.1038/287250a0|pmid=6776409}}</ref> na-eji formylmethionine na mmalite nke mmepụta protin <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Falb|first=Michaela|title=Archaeal N-terminal Protein Maturation Commonly Involves N-terminal Acetylation: A Large-scale Proteomics Survey|journal=Journal of Molecular Biology|date=October 2006|volume=362|issue=5|pages=915–924|doi=10.1016/j.jmb.2006.07.086|pmid=16950390}}</ref> ma nwee ọtụtụ ọdịiche mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, gụnyere 16S rRNA dị iche.<ref name="pmid37129483">{{Cite journal|title=Microbial Diversity Biased Estimation Caused by Intragenomic Heterogeneity and Interspecific Conservation of 16S rRNA Genes|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|volume=89|issue=5|pages=e0210822|date=May 2023|pmid=37129483|doi=10.1128/aem.02108-22|url=}}</ref> == Okwu mmalite == [[Faịlụ:Bacillus_subtilis_2.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|''Bacillus subtilis'' dị ka osisi igwe ]] Okwu a bụ ''nje ''bacterium'''' (/bækˈtɪəriə/ i; sg.: ''nje bacteria'') bụ ụbara nke ụdị Neo-Latin ya bụ bacterium, nke bụ ịsụgharị ya n'asụsụ Roman nke okwu Grik oge ochie bụ βακτήριον (''baktḗrion''), ụdị obere nke βακτηρία (''baktēría''), nke pụtara 'osisi' ma ọ bụ 'mkpara', n'ihi na ndị mbụ a chọpụtara nwere Ọdịdị osisi. == Ihe ọmụma banyere nje Bacteria == Ọ bụ ezie na ọ dị nchịkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ puku iri anọ na atọ nke ụdị nje bacteria ndị a gụrụla aha, mana amụbeghị maka ọtụtụ n'ime ha. N'ezie, naanị ụdị nje bacteria iri mejupụtara ọkara nke akwụkwọ niile a na-ebipụta gbasara nje bacteria, ebe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ pasent iri asaa na ise nke nje bacteria niile a kpọrọla aha enweghị nnyocha agụmakwụkwọ ọbula lekwasịrị ha anya.<ref name="Jensen-2025" /> Ụdị a kacha mụọ maka ha, ''Escherichia coli'', nwere ihe karịrị ọmụmụ narị puku atọ e bipụtara na ha, <ref name="Jensen-2025" /> mana ọtụtụ n'ime akwụkwọ mbipụta ndị a nwere ike iji ya naanị dị ka ihe nlere anya imepụta ụdị yiri ya iji mụọ maka ụdị ndị ọzọ, n'enyeghị nghọta ọ bụla banyere ịdị ndụ ya. Pasent iri itoolu nke ihe ọmụmụ sayensị banyere nje bacteria na-elekwasị anya na ihe na-erughị otu pasent nke ụdị nke ndị e nwegasịrị, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụrụ nje bacteria na-akpata ọrịa ndị metụtara ahụike mmadụ.<ref name="Jensen-2025" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Callaway|first=Ewen|title=These are the 20 most-studied bacteria — the majority have been ignored|journal=Nature|date=23 January 2025|volume=637|issue=8047|pages=770–771|doi=10.1038/d41586-025-00038-x|pmid=39794431}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na E. coli bụ ma eleghị anya nje bacteria a kacha mụọ maka ya, otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ya dị puku anọ ka a na-amụghị nke ọma maka ha ma ọ bụ bụrụ nke a na-amaghị. Ụfọdụ nje bacteria nwere obere genomes (na-erughi mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa narị isii, dịka ''Mycoplasma'') na-enwekarị akụkụ dị ukwuu n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ha niile nke e mere ka na-arụ ọrụ, ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ n'ime ihe dị mkpa echekwara n'ọtụtụ ụdị ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Médigue|first=Claudine|date=December 2007|title=Annotation, comparison and databases for hundreds of bacterial genomes|journal=Research in Microbiology|volume=158|issue=10|pages=724–736|doi=10.1016/j.resmic.2007.09.009|pmid=18031997}}</ref> == Akụkọ Mmalite na Mmalite evolushọn == [[Faịlụ:Phylogenetic_tree_of_life_LUCA.svg|thumb|Osisi phylogenetic nke Bacteria, Archaea na Eukarya, ya na nna nna ikpeazụ zuru ụwa ọnụ (LUCA) na mgbọrọgwụ <ref name="pmid2112744">{{Cite journal|title=Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=87|issue=12|pages=4576–79|date=June 1990|pmid=2112744|doi=10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576}}</ref>]] Ndị nna nna nke nje bacteria bụ microorganism ndị nwere naanị otu mkpụrụ ndụ bụ Ụdị ndụ mbụ pụtara n'ụwa, ihe dị ka ijeri afọ anọ gara aga. Ruo ihe dị ka ijeri afọ atọ, ọtụtụ ihe ndị dị ndụ ha naanị otu a ga-ejinwu igwe microscope hụ ha, ebe nje bacteria na archaea bụ ụdị ndị dị ndụ kachasị n'ọnụ ọgụ. <ref name="pmid31475212">{{Cite journal|title=Human microbial ecology and the rising new medicine|journal=Annals of Translational Medicine|volume=7|issue=14|date=July 2019|pmid=31475212|doi=10.21037/atm.2019.06.56}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Disparate rates, differing fates: tempo and mode of evolution changed from the Precambrian to the Phanerozoic|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=91|issue=15|pages=6735–42|date=July 1994|pmid=8041691|doi=10.1073/pnas.91.15.6735}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Environmental diversity of bacteria and archaea|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=50|issue=4|pages=470–78|date=August 2001|pmid=12116647|doi=10.1080/106351501750435040}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na fossils nke nje bacteria dị, dị ka stromatolites, enweghị ọdịdị kpọmkwem ha gbochiri iji ha mee nnyocha nke akụkọ mmalite nje, ma ọ bụ iji nye deeti nke oge mmalite nke otu ụdị nje bacteria. Otú ọ dị, enwere ike iji usoro mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mee ihe iji wughachi phylogeny nke nje bacteria, ebe ọmụmụ ihe ndị a na-egosi na nje bacteria buru ụzọ kewapụ site na usoro archaeal / eukaryotic.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Archaea and the prokaryote-to-eukaryote transition|journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews|volume=61|issue=4|pages=456–502|date=December 1997|doi=10.1128/mmbr.61.4.456-502.1997|pmid=9409149}}</ref> Onye nna ochie kachasị ọhụrụ (MRCA) nke nje bacteria na archaea nwere ike ịbụ hyperthermophile nke biri ihe dị ka ijeri afọ abụọ na ọkara ruo afọ atọ na ụma abụọ gara aga.<ref name="pmid29894297">{{Cite journal|title=Twitch or swim: towards the understanding of prokaryotic motion based on the type IV pilus blueprint|journal=Biological Chemistry|volume=399|issue=7|pages=799–808|date=June 2018|pmid=29894297|doi=10.1515/hsz-2018-0157}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=The universal ancestor and the ancestor of bacteria were hyperthermophiles|journal=Journal of Molecular Evolution|volume=57|issue=6|pages=721–30|date=December 2003|pmid=14745541|doi=10.1007/s00239-003-2522-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=A genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=4|date=November 2004|pmid=15535883|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-4-44}}</ref> Ndụ mbụ e nwere n'ala nwere ike ịbụ nje bacteria ihe dị ka ijeri afọ atọ na ụma iri abụọ na abụọ gara aga.<ref name="NG-20180723">{{Cite journal|title=Microbial life and biogeochemical cycling on land 3,220 million years ago|date=23 July 2018|journal=[[Nature Geoscience]]|volume=11|issue=9|pages=665–671|doi=10.1038/s41561-018-0190-9|url=https://hal.univ-brest.fr/hal-01901955/file/Homann%20et%20al.%202018%20-%20accepted-1.pdf}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Bacteria sonyekwara na akụkọ oke mgbasa ihe e kere eke nke abụọ, nke archaea na nke ndị nwere ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ (eukaryotes).<ref name="Gabaldón">{{Cite journal|title=Origin and Early Evolution of the Eukaryotic Cell|journal=Annual Review of Microbiology|volume=75|issue=1|pages=631–647|date=October 2021|pmid=34343017|doi=10.1146/annurev-micro-090817-062213}}</ref><ref name="Callier">{{Cite journal|title=Mitochondria and the origin of eukaryotes|journal=Knowable Magazine|date=8 June 2022|doi=10.1146/knowable-060822-2}}</ref> N'ebe a, ihe ndị dị ndụ nwere ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ malitere mgbe nje bacteria ochie banyere na mmekọrịta endosymbiotic, ha na ndị nna nna ihe ndị dị ndụ nwere ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ, ndị nke n'onwe ha nwere ike ha metụtara Archaea.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Evaluating hypotheses for the origin of eukaryotes|journal=BioEssays|volume=29|issue=1|pages=74–84|date=January 2007|pmid=17187354|doi=10.1002/bies.20516}}</ref><ref name="Dyall">{{Cite journal|title=Ancient invasions: from endosymbionts to organelles|journal=Science|volume=304|issue=5668|pages=253–257|date=April 2004|pmid=15073369|doi=10.1126/science.1094884}}</ref> Nke a gụnyere nlomi nke sitere na proto-eukaryotic cells nke alphaproteobacterial symbionts iji mepụta mitochondria maọbu hydrogenosomes, nke a ka na-ahụ na Eukarya niile a maara (mgbe ụfọdụ n'ụdịe mere ka ọ dị nta n'ebe ọ dị ukwuu, ọmụmaatu n'ụdị amitochondrial protozoa).<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Katiyar|first=Santosh K.|title=Comparisons of ribosomal RNA sequences from amitochondrial protozoa: implications for processing, mRNA binding and paromomycin susceptibility|journal=Gene|date=January 1995|volume=152|issue=1|pages=27–33|doi=10.1016/0378-1119(94)00677-K|pmid=7828924}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tůmová|first=Pavla|title=Inheritance of the reduced mitochondria of Giardia intestinalis is coupled to the flagellar maturation cycle|journal=BMC Biology|date=December 2021|volume=19|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12915-021-01129-7|pmid=34493257}}</ref> Ka e mesịrị, ụfọdụ ihe ndị dị ndụ nwere ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ ndị nwerela mitochondria mitochondria lomiri ihe ndị dị ndụ ndị yiri cyanobacteria, nke wetara mmepụta nke chloroplasts na algae na n'akụmakụ. Nke a ka amaara dịka primary endosymbiosis.<ref name="pmid34018613">{{Cite journal|title=Why is primary endosymbiosis so rare?|journal=The New Phytologist|volume=231|issue=5|pages=1693–1699|date=September 2021|pmid=34018613|doi=10.1111/nph.17478}}</ref> == Ebe obibi == Nje bacteria di ebe niile, na-ebi n'ebe ọbula ohere dị n'elu ụwa gụnyere aja, n'okpuru mmiri, n'ime ime ala, ọbụnadị na gburugburu ebe obibi ndị ahụ dị egwu dị ka mmiri ndị si na nkume agbapụta dị ọkụ ma dịkwa n'ụdị asiid yana n'ebe mkpofu radioactive.<ref name="pmid17331729">{{Cite journal|title=Life in acid: pH homeostasis in acidophiles|journal=Trends in Microbiology|volume=15|issue=4|pages=165–171|date=April 2007|pmid=17331729|doi=10.1016/j.tim.2007.02.005}}</ref><ref name="pmid33114255">{{Cite journal|title=Extremophilic Microorganisms for the Treatment of Toxic Pollutants in the Environment|journal=Molecules|volume=25|issue=21|date=October 2020|pmid=33114255|doi=10.3390/molecules25214916}}</ref> A na-eche na nchịkọta na e nwere 2×10³⁰ nje bacteria n'elu ụwa,<ref name="pmid30760902">{{Cite journal|title=Bacteria and archaea on Earth and their abundance in biofilms|journal=Nature Reviews. Microbiology|volume=17|issue=4|pages=247–260|date=April 2019|pmid=30760902|doi=10.1038/s41579-019-0158-9}}</ref> na-aghọ nchịkọta nke ihe ndị dị ndụ nke ọ bú naanị akụmakụ ka ha n'ọnụ ọgụ .<ref name="Bar-On">{{Cite journal|title=The biomass distribution on Earth|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=115|issue=25|pages=6506–6511|date=June 2018|pmid=29784790|doi=10.1073/pnas.1711842115}}</ref> Ha mụbara amụba na mmírí ndị na-adọ adọ nakwa n'osimiri, na arctic ice, yana geothermal springs ebe ha na-enyw nri ndị a chọrọ maka ịdị ndụ site n'igbanwe ihe ndị gbazerela agbaze dịka hydrogen sulphide na methane, ka ha nye ike.<ref name="pmid34203823">{{Cite journal|title=Molecular Physiology of Anaerobic Phototrophic Purple and Green Sulfur Bacteria|journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences|volume=22|issue=12|date=June 2021|pmid=34203823|doi=10.3390/ijms22126398}}</ref> Ha na-ebi n'elu nakwa n'ime akụmakụ na n'ụmụ anumanu. Ọtụtụ n'ime ha anaghị akpata ọria, bara uru na gburugburu ebe obibi ha, ma bụrụ ndị a chọrọ maka ndụ.<ref name="McCutcheon">{{Cite journal|title=The Genomics and Cell Biology of Host-Beneficial Intracellular Infections|journal=Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology|volume=37|issue=1|pages=115–142|date=October 2021|pmid=34242059|doi=10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120219-024122}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcCutcheon2021">McCutcheon JP (October 2021). [[doi:10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120219-024122|"The Genomics and Cell Biology of Host-Beneficial Intracellular Infections"]]. ''Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology''. '''37''' (1): <span class="nowrap">115–</span>142. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120219-024122|10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120219-024122]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34242059 34242059].</cite></ref> Ala bụ nnukwu isi iyi nke nje bacteria, ebe gram ole na ole nke aja na-enwe agbata nde kwuru ndè nke njé . Ha niile bátá uru nye ọdịdị ala, na-agbari ihe mkpofu ndị nwere nsi, ma na-enughari ike. A na-ahụ ha ọbụnadị na ikuku, ebe otu kubik mita ikuku nwere ndè otu narị nke mkpụrụ ndụ bacteria. Oke osimiri na iyi hanwa nwe gburugburu ọnụ ọgụgụ nje dị 3 &#xD7; 10²⁶ nke na-eweta ihe ruru pasent iri ise nke ikuku ndụ ndị mmadụ na-eku. Naanị agbata pasent abụọ nke ụdị nje dị iche iche e nwere ka amụrụla nke ọma maka ha. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right:auto" |+Nje bacteria na-eri ibe ha !Ebe obibi !Ụdị dị iche iche !Ihe odide |- |Okpomọkụ (ma e wezụga 15 °C Antarctica) &nbsp; |Cryptoendoliths |[48] |- |Okpomọkụ (70-121 °C): isi iyi, ikuku Mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ n'okpuru mmiri, mkpo oké osimiri&nbsp;Akpụkpọ ahụ |''Thermus aquaticus'' |<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The search for life on Europa: limiting environmental factors, potential habitats, and Earth analogues|journal=Astrobiology|volume=3|issue=4|pages=785–811|date=December 2003|pmid=14987483|doi=10.1089/153110703322736105}}</ref>[47]<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Temperature limits to deep subseafloor life in the Nankai Trough subduction zone|journal=Science|volume=370|issue=6521|pages=1230–1234|date=December 2020|pmid=33273103|doi=10.1126/science.abd7934|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5b65v425}}</ref> |- |Rad, 5MRad |''Deinococcus radiodurans'' |[48] |- |nnu, 47% nnu (Oké Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ, Great Salt Lake) |ụdị dị iche iche |[47][48] |- |Acid pH 3 |ụdị dị iche iche |<ref name="pmid17331729">{{Cite journal|title=Life in acid: pH homeostasis in acidophiles|journal=Trends in Microbiology|volume=15|issue=4|pages=165–171|date=April 2007|pmid=17331729|doi=10.1016/j.tim.2007.02.005}}</ref> |- |Alkaline pH 12.8 |betaproteobacteria |[48] |- |Space (afọ 6 na satellite NASA) |''Bacillus subtilis'' |[48] |- |3.2 kilomita n'okpuru ala&nbsp; |ụdị dị iche iche |[48] |- |Nnukwu nrụgide (Mariana Trench - 1200 atm) |Moritella, Shewanella na ndị ọzọ |[48] |} == Ọdịdị == [[Faịlụ:Bacterial_morphology_diagram.svg|alt=a diagram showing bacteria morphology|áká_èkpè|thumb|Bacteria na-egosipụta ọtụtụ ọdịdị na nhazi nke mkpụrụ ndụ ]] '''Nha maọbu ogologo'''. Bacteria na-egosipụta ọdịdị na nha dịgasị iche iche. Mkpụrụ ndụ nje bacteria bụ ihe dịka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ iri nke mkpụrụ ndụ eukaryotic ma na-adịkarị 0.5 ruo 5.0 micrometers n'ogologo. Otú ọ dị, a na-ahụ ụdị ole na ole na anya nkịtị - dịka ọmụmaatụ, ''Thiomargarita namibiensis'' ruru ọkara milimita n'ogologo, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Big bacteria|journal=Annual Review of Microbiology|volume=55|pages=105–137|year=2001|pmid=11544351|doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.55.1.105}}</ref> ''Epulopiscium fishelsoni'' ruru 0.7 mm, <ref name="Williams2011">{{Cite journal|year=2011|title=Who are you calling simple?|journal=New Scientist|volume=211|issue=2821|pages=38–41|doi=10.1016/S0262-4079(11)61709-0}}</ref> ebe ''Thiomargarita magnifica'' nwere ike iru ọbụna cm abụọ n'ogologo, nke ji okpukpu iri ise karịa nje bacteria ndị ọzọ a maara. <ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1126/science.abb3634|title=A centimeter-long bacterium with DNA contained in metabolically active, membrane-bound organelles|date=2022|journal=Science|volume=376|issue=6600|pages=1453–1458|pmid=35737788}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Largest bacterium ever found is surprisingly complex|journal=Nature|date=June 2022|pmid=35750919|doi=10.1038/d41586-022-01757-1}}</ref> N'etiti ndị kacha obere na nje bacteria bụ ndị òtù ''Mycoplasma'', ndị na-adị naanị 0.3 micrometers, dị obere ka Nje virus kachasị ukwuu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycoplasma hominis: growth, reproduction, and isolation of small viable cells|journal=Journal of Bacteriology|volume=124|issue=2|pages=1007–1018|date=November 1975|pmid=1102522|doi=10.1128/JB.124.2.1007-1018.1975}}</ref> Ụfọdụ nje bacteria nwere ike ịdị obere karịa nke a, mana a naghị amụ nke ọma banyere Ultramicrobcteria ndị a.<ref name="Velimirov2001">{{Cite journal|year=2001|title=Nanobacteria, Ultramicrobacteria and Starvation Forms: A Search for the Smallest Metabolizing Bacterium|journal=Microbes and Environments|volume=16|issue=2|pages=67–77|doi=10.1264/jsme2.2001.67}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''Ọdịdị''' Ọtụtụ ụdị nje bacteria dị ma ọ bụghị n'ụdị gbara okirikiri, a na-akpọ ''cocci'' (''otu coccus'', sitere n'asụsụ Greek ''kokkos'', ọka, mkpụrụ), ọ bụrụ n'ụdị osisi, a na-akpọ ''bacilli'' (sing. bacillus, site na Latịn ''baculus'', nkụ). <ref>{{Cite book|title=Living at Micro Scale|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|year=2009|isbn=978-0-674-03116-6|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|pages=20–25|language=en}}</ref> Ụfọdụ nje bacteria, nke a na-akpọ ''vibrio'', na-adị ka osisi ndị gbagọtụrụ agbagọ ma ọ bụ nke dị ka ákàrà rịkọm; ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịdị n'ụdị fịkọtụrụ afịkọ a na-akpọ ''spirilla'', ma ọ bụ fịkọsiri ike, nke a kpọrọ ''spirochaetes''. A kọwaala ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke ọdịdị ndị ọzọ a na-adịghị ahụkebe, dị ka nje bacteria dị ka kpakpando.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Staying in Shape: the Impact of Cell Shape on Bacterial Survival in Diverse Environments|journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews|volume=80|issue=1|pages=187–203|date=March 2016|pmid=26864431|doi=10.1128/MMBR.00031-15}}</ref> Ụdị dịgasị iche iche a ka a na-ekpebi site na mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ nje na cytoskeleton ma dị mkpa n'ihi na ọ nwere ike imetụta ikike nje bacteria ahụ inweta ihe oriri, ịrapara n'elu ihe, igwu egwu ka na mmiri ma gbapụnahụ ndị na-eri ibe ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Bacterial cell shape|journal=Nature Reviews. Microbiology|volume=3|issue=8|pages=601–10|date=August 2005|pmid=16012516|doi=10.1038/nrmicro1205}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=The selective value of bacterial shape|journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews|volume=70|issue=3|pages=660–703|date=September 2006|pmid=16959965|doi=10.1128/MMBR.00001-06}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Relative_scale.svg|thumb|Ụdị nha nke prokaryotes (Bacteria) gosipụtara, ma e jiri ya tụnyere nke ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ na Biomolecules ]] == Ọdịdị mkpụrụ ndụ Ya == [[Faịlụ:Prokaryote_cell.svg|alt=Prokaryote cell with structure and parts|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ọdịdị na ndịnaya nke mkpụrụ ndụ nje bacteria Gram-positive (nke a na-ahụ site n'eziokwu na ọ bụ naanị ''otu'' membrane nke mkpụrụ ndụ dị) ]] == Omume == === Ịgagharị === [[Faịlụ:Dvulgaris_micrograph.JPG|thumb|Transmission electron micrograph na-egosi ''Desulfovibrio vulgaris'' na-egosi otu flagellum n'otu nsọtụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ. Ogwe aka bụ 0.5 micrometers n'ogologo]] Ọtụtụ nje bacteria na agagharị agagharị (nke nwere ike ịnọgharị onwe ya) ma mee ya site na iji usoro dịgasị iche iche. Ihe kachasị mma a mụrụ n'ime ndị a bụ flagella, ogologo eriri nke moto na-atụgharị na ala ya iji mepụta mmegharị dị ka propeller.<ref name="Bardy">{{Cite journal|title=Electron microscopic observations of prokaryotic surface appendages|journal=Journal of Microbiology|volume=55|issue=12|pages=919–26|date=December 2017|pmid=29214488|doi=10.1007/s12275-017-7369-4}}</ref> A na-eji ihe dị ka protein iri abụọ eme flagellum nke nje bacteria, yana ihe dị ka proteins iri atọ ọzọ achọrọ maka nhazi na nchịkọta ya.<ref name="Bardy" /> Flagellum bụ ihe na-agbagharị agbagharị nke a na-eji motor nwere ike ila azụ nke na-eji gradient electrochemical gafee membrane maka ike n'ala ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The bacterial flagellum: reversible rotary propellor and type III export apparatus|journal=Journal of Bacteriology|volume=181|issue=23|pages=7149–53|date=December 1999|pmid=10572114|doi=10.1128/JB.181.23.7149-7153.1999}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Flagella.svg|thumb|Ndokwa dị iche iche nke flagella nke bacteria: A-Monotrichous; B-Lophotrichois; C-Amphitrichous, D-Peritrichous]] Bacteria nwere ike iji flagella n'ụzọ dị iche iche iji mepụta ụdị mmegharị dị iche iche. Ọtụtụ nje bacteria (dị ka E. coli) nwere ụzọ abụọ dị iche iche nke ịgagharị: ịga n'ihu (dịka igwu mmiri) na ịsụgharị isi. Nsụgharị isi a na-enye ha ohere ịmegharị ma mee ka ngagharị ha bụrụ njem atọ na-enweghị isi.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Collective bacterial dynamics revealed using a three-dimensional population-scale defocused particle tracking technique|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|volume=72|issue=7|pages=4987–94|date=July 2006|pmid=16820497|doi=10.1128/AEM.00158-06}}</ref> Ụdị nje bacteria dị iche na-adị iche site n'ọnụ ọgụgụ na nhazi nke flagella n'elu ha; ụfọdụ nwere otu flagellum (monotrichous), flagellum na njedebe ọ bụla (''amphitrichous'', ụyọkọ flagella na ogwe nke mkpụrụ ndụ (''lophotrichous'') ebe ndị ọzọ nwere flagella gbasara n'elu mkpụrụ ndụ ahụ dum (''peritrichous''). A na-ahụ flagella nke ''otu ụdị'' bacteria, spirochaetes, n'etiti membranes abụọ na oghere periplasmic. Ha nwere ahụ dị iche dị n'ụdị helix nke na-agbagharị ma ọ na-agagharị.<ref name="Bardy">{{Cite journal|title=Electron microscopic observations of prokaryotic surface appendages|journal=Journal of Microbiology|volume=55|issue=12|pages=919–26|date=December 2017|pmid=29214488|doi=10.1007/s12275-017-7369-4}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKim2017">Kim KW (December 2017). "Electron microscopic observations of prokaryotic surface appendages". ''Journal of Microbiology''. '''55''' (12): <span class="nowrap">919–</span>26. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s12275-017-7369-4|10.1007/s12275-017-7369-4]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29214488 29214488].</cite></ref> A na-akpọ ụdị mmegharị nje abụọ ọzọ twitching motility nke na-adabere na usoro a na-ahụ anya a na-akpọ ụdị IV pilus, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Type IV pili and twitching motility|journal=Annual Review of Microbiology|volume=56|pages=289–314|year=2002|pmid=12142488|doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.56.012302.160938}}</ref> na gliding motility, nke na-eji usoro ndị ọzọ. Na twitching motility, pilus yiri osisi na-agbatị pụta site na mkpụrụ ndụ, jikọta ụfọdụ ihe, wee laghachi azụ, na-adọta mkpụrụ ndụ n'ihu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Pilus retraction powers bacterial twitching motility|journal=Nature|volume=407|issue=6800|pages=98–102|date=September 2000|pmid=10993081|doi=10.1038/35024105}}</ref> Nje bacteria na-agagharị agagharị na-enwe ndọta ma ọ bụ nchụpụ site na ụfọdụ Ihe na-akpali akpali na omume a na-akpọ ''taxes'': ndị a gụnyere chemotaxis, fototaxisenergy taxes na Magnetotaxis.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Chemotaxis-guided movements in bacteria|journal=Critical Reviews in Oral Biology and Medicine|volume=15|issue=4|pages=207–20|date=July 2004|pmid=15284186|doi=10.1177/154411130401500404}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Bacterial energy taxis: a global strategy?|journal=Archives of Microbiology|volume=192|issue=7|pages=507–20|date=July 2010|pmid=20411245|doi=10.1007/s00203-010-0575-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Magneto-aerotaxis in marine coccoid bacteria|journal=Biophysical Journal|volume=73|issue=2|pages=994–1000|date=August 1997|pmid=9251816|doi=10.1016/S0006-3495(97)78132-3}}</ref> N'otu ìgwè pụrụ iche, myxobacteria, nje bacteria n'otu n'otu na-aga n'otu iji mepụta ọyọkọ nke mkpụrụ ndụ nke na-emecha nọrọ iche iche iji mepụta ahụ na-amị mkpụrụ nwere spores.<ref name="Kaiser">{{Cite journal|title=Signaling in myxobacteria|journal=[[Annual Review of Microbiology]]|volume=58|pages=75–98|year=2004|pmid=15487930|doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.58.030603.123620}}</ref> Myxobacteria na-agagharị naanị mgbe ha nọ n'elu ihe siri ike, n'adịghị ka E. coli, nke na-agagharị ma na mmiri ma ọ bụ ihe siri ike.<ref name="pmid21910630">{{Cite journal|title=Uncovering the mystery of gliding motility in the myxobacteria|journal=[[Annual Review of Genetics]]|volume=45|pages=21–39|date=2011|pmid=21910630|doi=10.1146/annurev-genet-110410-132547}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ụdị Listeria na ''Shigella'' na-agagharị n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ na-echekwa ha site na iweghara cytoskeleton, nke a na-ejikarị eme ka organelle ndị dị n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ na-emeghari emegharị. Site n'ịkwalite polymeration actin n'otu ogwe nke mkpụrụ ndụ ha, ha nwere ike ịmepụta ụdị ọdụ nke ga-akwagharị ha site na cytoplasm nke mkpụrụ ndụ ha nọ na ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Actin-based motility of intracellular microbial pathogens|journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews|volume=65|issue=4|pages=595–626, table of contents|date=December 2001|pmid=11729265|doi=10.1128/MMBR.65.4.595-626.2001}}</ref> == Nchịkọta na njirimara == [[Faịlụ:Streptococcus_mutans_Gram.jpg|alt=blue stain of Streptococcus mutans|thumb|''Streptococcus mutans'' nke e ji Gram stain hụ]] [[Faịlụ:Anillo_de_la_vida.png|thumb|300x300px|Osisi phylogenetic na-egosi ụdị dị iche iche nke Nje bacteria, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ. N'ebe a, nnukwu ìgwè atọ na-anọchite anya nje bacteria: CPR Ultramicrobacterium, Bacillati na Gracilicutes dị ka nnyocha genomic nke afọ 2019 <ref name="Zhu">{{Cite journal|title=Phylogenomics of 10,575 genomes reveals evolutionary proximity between domains Bacteria and Archaea|journal=Nature Communications|volume=10|issue=1|date=December 2019|pmid=31792218|doi=10.1038/s41467-019-13443-4}}</ref>]] Dị ka ọ dị na nkewa nje bacteria, njirimara nke nje bacteria na-ejikarị usoro molecular n'ebe ọ na-abawanye ụba [./Bacteria#cite_note-pmid33809163-202 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>] na mass spectroscopy. <ref name="pmid34041492">{{Cite journal|title=MALDI-TOF Mass Spectroscopy Applications in Clinical Microbiology|journal=Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences|volume=2021|issue=|date=2021|pmid=34041492|doi=10.1155/2021/9928238|url=}}</ref> A kọwabeghị ọtụtụ nje bacteria ma enwekwara ọtụtụ ụdị ndị a na-apụghị ịzụlite na ụlọ nnyocha.<ref name="Dudek">{{Cite journal|title=Novel Microbial Diversity and Functional Potential in the Marine Mammal Oral Microbiome|journal=Current Biology|volume=27|issue=24|pages=3752–62|year=2017|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2017.10.040|pmid=29153320}}</ref> Nnyocha site na iji ngwaọrụ ndị dabeere na DNA, dị ka polymerase chain reaction, na-ewu ewu n'ihi njirimara ịdị kpọmkwem ha, na ịdị ọsọ ha, ma e jiri ya tụnyere usoro ọdịbendị.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The role of DNA amplification technology in the diagnosis of infectious diseases|journal=CMAJ|volume=163|issue=3|pages=301–09|date=August 2000|pmid=10951731|doi=10.1016/s1381-1169(00)00220-x}}</ref> Ụzọ ndị a na-enyekwa ohere ịchọpụta na nhọpụta mkpụrụ ndụ "dị ndụ ma a bụghị nke a ga-azụlite" nke na-arụ ọrụ na metabolism ma a dịghị ekewa.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The viable but nonculturable state in bacteria|journal=Journal of Microbiology|volume=43 Spec No|pages=93–100|date=February 2005|pmid=15765062|url=http://www.msk.or.kr/jsp/view_old_journalD.jsp?paperSeq=2134}}</ref> Ụzọ bụ isi iji kọwaa ma kewaa nje bacteria ndị a bụ ikewapụ DNA ha site na ihe nlele gburugburu ebe obibi ma soro ha n'usoro ebe o buru ibu. Usoro a achọpụtala ọtụtụ puku, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị ọtụtụ ndè ụdị. Dabere na atụmatụ ụfọdụ, akọwaala ihe karịrị ụdị nje bacteria puku iri anọ na atọ, mana mgbalị iji tụọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ole ha dị n'ezie nke nje bacteria dị iche iche anọọla n'agbata ụdị 10⁷ ruo 10⁹ - ọbụnakwa atụmatụ ndị a dị iche iche nwere ike ịkwụsị site na ọtụtụ usoro nke ịdị ukwuu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Estimating prokaryotic diversity and its limits|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=99|issue=16|pages=10494–99|date=August 2002|pmid=12097644|doi=10.1073/pnas.142680199}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Status of the microbial census|journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews|volume=68|issue=4|pages=686–91|date=December 2004|pmid=15590780|doi=10.1128/MMBR.68.4.686-691.2004}}</ref> == Nkewasị == === Nkewasị ziri ezi === E bipụtara phyla ndị a na-esonụ n'ụzọ ziri ezi dị ka Usoro Prokaryotic si dị; phyla ndị n'anọghị n'alaeze ọ bụla ka e gosipụtara na ndị na-achasi ike: <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Valid publication of the names of forty-two phyla of prokaryotes|journal=Int J Syst Evol Microbiol|year=2021|volume=71|issue=10|doi=10.1099/ijsem.0.005056|pmid=34694987}}</ref><ref name="Parte-2020">{{Cite journal|author=Parte|first=Aidan C.|date=2020-11-01|title=List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) moves to the DSMZ|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|language=en|volume=70|issue=11|pages=5607–5612|doi=10.1099/ijsem.0.004332|pmid=32701423}}</ref>{{div col|colwidth=170px}} *[[Abditibacteriota]] *[[Acidobacteriota]] *[[Actinomycetota]] *[[Aquificota]] *[[Armatimonadota]] *[[Atribacterota]] *[[Bacillota]] *[[Bacteroidota]] *[[Balneolales|Balneolota]] *[[Caldisericota]] *[[Caldithrix|Calditrichota]] *[[Chlamydiota]] *[[Green sulfur bacteria|Chlorobiota]] *[[Chloroflexota]] *[[Chrysiogenota]] *[[Coprothermobacterota]] *[[Cyanobacteria|Cyanobacteriota]] *[[Deferribacterota]] *[[Deinococcota]] *[[Dictyoglomus|Dictyoglomerota]] *[[Elusimicrobiota]] *[[Fibrobacterota]] *'''[[Fidelibacter]]ota''' *[[Fusobacteriota]] *[[Gemmatimonadota]] *[[Kiritimatiellota]] *[[Lentisphaerota]] *[[Minisyncoccota]] *[[Mycoplasmatota]] *[[Nitrospinota]] *[[Nitrospirota]] *[[Planctomycetota]] *[[Pseudomonadota]] *[[Rhodothermota]] *[[Spirochaete|Spirochaetota]] *[[Synergistota]] *[[Thermodesulfobacteriota]] *[[Thermomicrobiota]] *[[Thermotogae|Thermotogota]] *[[Verrucomicrobiota]] *'''[[Vulcanimicrobiota]]'''{{div col end}} === Phyla a ga-achọ === A tụwo aro phyla ndị a, mana ebipụtabeghị ha n'ụzọ ziri ezi dị ka Usoro Prokaryotic si dị; phyla ndị na-anọghị n'alaeze ọ bụla ka egosipụtara na ndị na-achasi ike:<ref name="Parte-2020">{{Cite journal|author=Parte|first=Aidan C.|date=2020-11-01|title=List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) moves to the DSMZ|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|language=en|volume=70|issue=11|pages=5607–5612|doi=10.1099/ijsem.0.004332|pmid=32701423}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Katayama|first=Taiki|date=2024|title=Fidelibacter multiformis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a deep subsurface aquifer and proposal of Fidelibacterota phyl. nov., formerly called Marine Group A, SAR406 or Candidatus Marinimicrobia|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|volume=74|issue=10|doi=10.1099/ijsem.0.006558|pmid=39465541}}</ref>{{div col|colwidth=170px}} *"[[Acetithermota]]" *'''"[[Aerophobota]]"''' *'''"[[Auribacterota]]"''' *'''"[[Babelota]]"''' *'''"[[Binatota]]"''' *"[[Bipolaricaulota]]" *'''"[[Caldipriscota]]"''' *'''"[[Calescibacteriota]]"''' *'''"[[Canglongiota]]"''' *"[[Cloacimonadota]]" *'''"[[Cosmopoliota]]"''' *'''"[[Cryosericota]]"''' *'''"[[Deferrimicrobiota]]"''' *'''"[[Dormiibacterota]]"''' *'''"[[Effluvivivacota]]"''' *'''"[[Electryoneota]]"''' *'''"[[Elulimicrobiota]]"''' *'''"[[Fermentibacterota]]"''' *'''"[[Fervidibacterota]]"''' *'''"[[Goldiibacteriota]]"''' *'''"[[Heilongiota]]"''' *'''"[[Hinthialibacterota]]"''' *'''"[[Hydrogenedentota]]"''' *'''"[[Hydrothermota]]"''' *'''"[[Kapaibacteriota]]"''' *'''"[[Krumholzibacteriota]]"''' *'''"[[Kryptoniota]]"''' *"[[Latescibacterota]]" *'''"[[Lernaellota]]"''' *"[[Lithacetigenota]]" *'''"[[Macinerneyibacteriota]]"''' *'''"[[Margulisiibacteriota]]"''' *'''"[[Methylomirabilota]]"''' *'''"[[Moduliflexota]]"''' *'''"[[Muiribacteriota]]"''' *'''"[[Nitrosediminicolota]]"''' *'''"[[Omnitrophota]]"''' *'''"[[Parcunitrobacterota]]"''' *'''"[[Peregrinibacteriota]]"''' *'''"[[Qinglongiota]]"''' *'''"[[Rifleibacteriota]]"''' *'''"[[Ryujiniota]]"''' *'''"[[Spongiamicota]]"''' *'''"[[Sumerlaeota]]"''' *'''"[[Sysuimicrobiota]]"''' *'''"[[Tangaroaeota]]"''' *'''"[[Tectimicrobiota]]"''' *'''"[[Tianyaibacteriota]]"''' *'''"[[Wirthibacterota]]"''' *"[[Zhuqueibacterota]]" *'''"[[Zhurongbacterota]]"'''{{div col end}} == Mmekọrịta ha na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ == [[Faịlụ:Bacterial_infections_and_involved_species.png|alt=chart showing bacterial infections upon various parts of human body|thumb|Nchịkọta nke mwakpo nje bacteria na ebe ndị o metụtakarịrị<ref name="Microbiology33">{{Cite book|title=Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Microbiology (Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Series)|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Hagerstwon, MD|year=2007|chapter=Chapter 33|pages=367–92|isbn=978-0-7817-8215-9}}</ref>]] N'agbanyeghị na ha yiri ka ha dị mfe, nje bacteria nwere ike ịmepụta njikọ dị mgbagwoju anya ha na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ. Enwere ike kewaa njikọ mmekọrịta ndị a n'ụdị orim egbum (parasitism), bụrụ ka m biri (mutualism) na ka m rie ka I nọrọ(commensalism).<ref name="pmid26568407">{{Cite journal|title=Rethinking "mutualism" in diverse host-symbiont communities|journal=BioEssays|volume=38|issue=1|pages=100–8|date=January 2016|pmid=26568407|doi=10.1002/bies.201500074}}</ref> === Ndị Mmekọrịta Ka m Rie Ka I Nọrọ (Commensals) === Okwu "commensalism" sitere n'okwu "commensal", nke pụtara "iri n'otu tebụl" na osisi na anụmanụ niile bụ ndị nje bacteria commensal na-achị. N'ime ụmụ mmadụ na anụmanụ ndị ọzọ, ọtụtụ ijeri n'ime ha na-ebi na akpụkpọ ahụ, ụzọ ikuku, eriri afọ na oghere ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=A dynamic partnership: celebrating our gut flora|journal=Anaerobe|volume=11|issue=5|pages=247–51|date=October 2005|pmid=16701579|doi=10.1016/j.anaerobe.2005.05.001}}</ref><ref name="pmid31214175">{{Cite journal|title=Commensal Bacteria: An Emerging Player in Defense Against Respiratory Pathogens|journal=Frontiers in Immunology|volume=10|issue=|date=2019|pmid=31214175|doi=10.3389/fimmu.2019.01203}}</ref> Ndị a na-akpọ ya "nje nkịtị", ma ọ bụ "commensals", nje bacteria ndị a anaghị emerụ ahụ ma ha nwere ike ịwakpo ebe ndị ọzọ n'ahụ mgbe ụfọdụ ma kpatara ọrịa.<ref name="pmid3074102">{{Cite journal|title=Normal flora and mucosal immunity of the head and neck|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=2|issue=1|pages=1–19|date=March 1988|pmid=3074102|doi=10.1016/S0891-5520(20)30163-X|url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid34329585">{{Cite journal|title=Commensal bacteria and fungi differentially regulate tumor responses to radiation therapy|journal=Cancer Cell|volume=39|issue=9|pages=1202–1213.e6|date=July 2021|pmid=34329585|doi=10.1016/j.ccell.2021.07.002|url=}}</ref> ''Escherichia coli'' bụ commensal n'ime eriri afọ mmadụ mana ọ nwere ike ịkpata ọrịa ebe e si anyụ mamịrị. <ref name="pmid33575225">{{Cite journal|title=MALT Lymphoma of the Urinary Bladder Shows a Dramatic Female Predominance, Uneven Geographic Distribution, and Possible Infectious Etiology|journal=Research and Reports in Urology|volume=13|issue=|pages=49–62|date=2021|pmid=33575225|doi=10.2147/RRU.S283366}}</ref> N'otu aka ahụ, streptococci, nke bụ akụkụ nke nje nkịtị nke ọnụ mmadụ, nwere ike ịkpata ọrịa obi.<ref name="pmid33852085">{{Cite journal|title=Infective endocarditis in paediatric population|journal=European Journal of Pediatrics|volume=180|issue=10|pages=3089–3100|date=April 2021|pmid=33852085|doi=10.1007/s00431-021-04062-7}}</ref> === Anụ ndị na-eri ibe ha === Ụdị nje bacteria ụfọdụ na-egbu ma rie microorganisms ndị ọzọ; a na-akpọ ụdị ndị a nje bacteria na-eri ibe ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Predatory prokaryotes: an emerging research opportunity|journal=Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology|volume=4|issue=5|pages=467–77|date=September 2002|pmid=12432957}}</ref> Ndị a gụnyere ihe ndị dị ndụ dị ka ''Myxococcus xanthus'', nke na-emepụta ụyọkọ mkpụrụ ndụ na-egbu ma na-agbari nje bacteria ọ bụla ha zutere.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Experimental social evolution with Myxococcus xanthus|journal=Antonie van Leeuwenhoek|volume=81|issue=1–4|pages=155–64|date=August 2002|pmid=12448714|doi=10.1023/A:1020546130033}}</ref> Nje ndị ọzọ na-eri ibe ha bụ na ha ga-arapara na anụ ahụ nje ha chọrọ iri iji gbarie ha ma mịkọrọ ihe oriri ma ọ bụ ha awakpoo mkpụrụ ndụ ọzọ ma mụbaa n'ime cytosol ya.<ref name="pmid34010833">{{Cite journal|title=Bacterial Predation on Cyanobacteria|journal=Microbial Physiology|volume=31|issue=2|pages=99–108|date=May 2021|pmid=34010833|doi=10.1159/000516427}}</ref> A na-eche na nje bacteria ndị a sitere na Saprophagus nke riri microorganisms nwụrụ anwụ, site na mgbanwe nke nyere ha ohere ijide ma gbuo ihe ndị ọzọ.<ref name="pmid19174136">{{Cite journal|title=Bacterial predators|journal=Current Biology|volume=19|issue=2|pages=R55–56|date=January 2009|pmid=19174136|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2008.10.043}}</ref> === Ndị na-akwado ibe ha === Nje bacteria ụfọdụ na-emepụta njikọ chiri anya nke dị mkpa maka ndụ ha. Otu njikọ dị otú ahụ, nke a na-akpọ interspecies Hydrogen transfer, na-eme n'etiti ụyọkọ nje bacteria na-anaghị anọ ebe oxygen dị nke na-eri organic acid, dị ka butyric acid ma ọ bụ propionic acid, ma na-emepụta hydrogen, na methanogenic archaea nke na-erị hydrogen.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Exocellular electron transfer in anaerobic microbial communities|journal=Environmental Microbiology|volume=8|issue=3|pages=371–82|date=March 2006|pmid=16478444|doi=10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.00989.x}}</ref> Nje bacteria nọ na njikọ a enweghị ike iri acid ebe ọ bụ na mmeghachi omume a na-emepụta hydrogen nke na-agbakọta na gburugburu ha. Naanị njikọ chiri anya ha na archaea na-eri hydrogen na-eme ka hydrogen dị ala iji kwe ka nje ahụ too.<ref name="pmid29411546">{{Cite journal|title=Cross-protection from hydrogen peroxide by helper microbes: the impacts on the cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus and other beneficiaries in marine communities|journal=Environmental Microbiology Reports|volume=10|issue=4|pages=399–411|date=August 2018|pmid=29411546|doi=10.1111/1758-2229.12625}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Mutualistic_relationship_between_plants_and_rhizosphere.svg|thumb|320x320px|Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti osisi na nje bacteria na-ejikọta nitrogen dị na rhizosphere]] N'ime ala, microorganisms ndị bi na [[rhizosphere]] (ebe gụnyere mgbọrọgwụ na ala nke na-arapara na mgbọrọgwụ mgbe ịma jijiji dị nro mechara) na-etinye nitrogen n'ala, na-agbanwe nitrogen gas ka ọ ghọrọ nitrogen compounds.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Microbial co-operation in the rhizosphere|journal=Journal of Experimental Botany|volume=56|issue=417|pages=1761–78|date=July 2005|pmid=15911555|doi=10.1093/jxb/eri197}}</ref> Nke a na-arụ ọrụ iji nye ụdị nitrogen dị mfe mmịrị maka ọtụtụ osisi, nke na-enweghị ike itinyei nitrogen n'onwe ha. A na-ahụ ọtụtụ nje bacteria ndị ọzọ dị ka symbionts na ụmụ mmadụ na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọnụnọ nke ihe karịrị otu puku nke ụdị nje bacteria n'ime eriri afọ mmadụ nwere ike inye aka na mgbochi ọrịa eriri afọ, mepụta vitamin, dị ka folic acid, vitamin K na Biotin, gbanwee shuga ka ọ ghọọ lactic acid (lee Lactobacillus), yana ịgbaze carbohydrates a na-apụghị ịgbari agbari.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The gut flora as a forgotten organ|journal=EMBO Reports|volume=7|issue=7|pages=688–93|date=July 2006|pmid=16819463|doi=10.1038/sj.embor.7400731}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=A microbial world within us|journal=Molecular Microbiology|volume=59|issue=6|pages=1639–50|date=March 2006|pmid=16553872|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05056.x}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Lactic acid bacteria and human health|journal=Annals of Medicine|volume=22|issue=1|pages=37–41|date=February 1990|pmid=2109988|doi=10.3109/07853899009147239}}</ref> Ọnụnọ nke nje ndị a n'eriri afọ na-egbochi uto nke nje bacteria nwere ike ibute ọrịa (na-emekarị site na mwepụ n'ụzọ asọmpi) a ma na-ere nje bacteria ndị a bara uru dị ka Ihe mgbakwunye nri probiotic.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Probiotics that modify disease risk|journal=The Journal of Nutrition|volume=135|issue=5|pages=1294–98|date=May 2005|pmid=15867327|doi=10.1093/jn/135.5.1294}}</ref> Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ Ndụ anụmanụ niile dabeere na nje bacteria maka ịdị ndụ dịka ọ bụ naanị nje bacteria na ụfọdụ archaea nwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na enzymes dị mkpa iji mepụta [[vitamin]] B₁₂, nke a makwaara dị ka cobalamin, ma nye ya site na eriri nri. Vitamin B12 bụ vitamin na-agbaze na mmiri nke na-etinye aka na metabolism nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọ bụla nke ahụ mmadụ. Ọ bụ cofactor na njikọ DNA na ma fatty acid na amino acid metabolism. Ọ dị mkpa karịsịa na ọrụ dị mma nke usoro akwara ahụ site na ọrụ ya na mmepụta myelin.<ref name="pmid29216732">{{Cite journal|title=Vitamin B12 sources and microbial interaction|journal=Experimental Biology and Medicine|volume=243|issue=2|pages=148–58|date=January 2018|pmid=29216732|doi=10.1177/1535370217746612}}</ref> === Ihe Ndị Na-akpata Ọrịa === [[Faịlụ:Neisseria_gonorrhoeae_and_pus_cells.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|''Neisseria gonorrhoeae'' na Mkpụrụ ndụ pus sitere na ihe si n'amụ pụta (Gram stain) ]] [[Faịlụ:SalmonellaNIAID.jpg|alt=Color-enhanced scanning electron micrograph of red Salmonella typhimurium in yellow human cells|thumb|Micrograph eletrọn na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-egosi ''Salmonella typhimurium'' (na-acha ọbara ọbara) ka ha na-awakpo mkpụrụ ndụ mmadụ]] A na-anọgide na-ekpughe ahụ nye ọtụtụ ụdị nje bacteria, gụnyere ndị bara uru na-ebi n'ahụ mmadụ na-adịghi eweta nsogbu, ndị na-eto n'ahụ nakwa na mucous membranes, yana Ndị na-ebi na ihe ndị na-ere ure, ndị a na-ahụkarị n'ala na n'ihe ndị na-emebi emebi. Mmiri ọbara na anụ ahụ nwere ihe na-edozi ahụ zuru ezu iji mee ka ọtụtụ nje bacteria na-eto. Ahụ nwere usoro nchebe nke na-enyere ya aka iguzogide mwakpo ụmụ njé n'ebe dị iche iche na anụ ahụ ma nye ya ikike mgbochi ọrịa ọnatarachi ma ọ bụ nguzogide ebumpụta ụwa megide ọtụtụ ụmụ microorganisms. N'adịghị ka ụfọdụ nje, nje bacteria na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-agbanwe ọtụtụ ọrịa nje na-emekwa n'ime anụmanụ ndị ọzọ. Ọ bụrụ na nje bacteria na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ na-enwe mmekọrịta orim egbum, a na-ahazi ha dịka njé ndị na-akpata ọrịa. Nje bacteria na-akpata ọrịa bụ isi ihe na-akpata ọnwụ na ọrịa mmadụ ma na-akpụ ọrịa dịka tetanus (nke ''Clostridium tetani'' na-akpata), ịba ahụ, diphtheria, syphilis, ọgbụgbọ na ọnyụnyụ, ọrịa ndị a na-ebute na nri, [[Ekpenta]] (nke Mycobacterium leprae na-akpata) na ụkwara nta (nke Mycebocterium tuberculosis kpatara). Enwere ike ịchọpụta ihe na-akpata ọrịa a ma ama ọtụtụ afọ ka e mesịrị, dịka ọ dị maka ''Helicobacter pylori'' na Ọrịa ọnyá afọ.<ref name="pmid34244666">{{Cite journal|title=Helicobacter pylori infection causes both protective and deleterious effects in human health and disease|journal=Genes and Immunity|volume=22|issue=4|pages=218–226|date=July 2021|pmid=34244666|doi=10.1038/s41435-021-00146-4}}</ref> Ọrịa nje bacteria dịkwa mkpa n'[[Oru ugbo|ọrụ ugbo]], ebe ọ bụ nje bacteria na-akpata ntụpọ akwụkwọ, ọnya ọkụ na ntụpọ n'ime osisi, yana Ọrịa Johne, mastitis, salmonella na anthrax n'ime anụ ụlọ.<ref name="pmid27660260">{{Cite journal|title=40 years of veterinary papers in JAC – what have we learnt?|journal=The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy|volume=71|issue=10|pages=2681–90|date=October 2016|pmid=27660260|doi=10.1093/jac/dkw363}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Normal_and_BV_flora.jpg|alt=Gram-stained micrograph of bacteria from the vagina|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Gbasara nje bacteria n'ọ́tụ̀ nwanyị, nje bacteria ndị bara uru n'ime akụkụ ahụ nwanyị (n'elu) ka nje ndị na-akpata ọrịa na-anọchi (n'okpuru).]] Ụdị nke na-akpata ọrịa nke ọbụla nwere ụdị mmekọrịta dị iche iche ya na ndị mmadụ na-ebu ha. Ụfọdụ ihe ndị dị ndụ, dị ka ''Staphylococcus'' ma ọ bụ ''Streptococcus'' nwere ike ịkpata ọrịa akpụkpọ ahụ, oyi ịba n'ahụ, meningitis na sepsis (bụ mgbu na-eko eko nke ahụ na-enwe na-akpata nkụda mmụọ, nnukwu vasodilation na ọnwụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Optimal antimicrobial therapy for sepsis|journal=American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy|volume=59|issue=Suppl 1|pages=S13–19|date=February 2002|pmid=11885408|doi=10.1093/ajhp/59.suppl_1.S13}}</ref> Ma ihe ndị a bụkwa akụkụ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ nje kwesịrị ịdị nkịtị n'ahụ mmadụ mmadụ ma na-adịkarị na akpụkpọ ahụ ma ọ bụ n'imi n'akpataghị ọrịa ọ bụla. Ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ na-akpata ọrịa n'ime ụmụ mmadụ, dị ka ''Rickettsia'', nke bụ nje na-adịkarị ndụ ma ọ bátá n'akụkụ ahụ mmadụ ụfọdụ nke nwere ike itolite ma mụbaa naanị n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ nke ihe ndị ọzọ dị iche iche. Otu ụdị ''Rickettsia'' na-akpata typhus, ebe nke ọzọ na-akpatara Rocky Mountain spotted fever. ''Chlamydia'', phylum ọzọ nke intracellular parasites, nwere ụdị ndị nwere ike ịkpata oyi ịba n'ahụ ma ọ bụ ọrịa nke ebe mamịrị dị agafe ma nwee ike itinye aka na Ọrịa obi.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Chlamydia pneumoniae and atherosclerosis|journal=Cellular Microbiology|volume=6|issue=2|pages=117–27|date=February 2004|pmid=14706098|doi=10.1046/j.1462-5822.2003.00352.x}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ụdị, dị ka ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'', ''Burkholderia cenocepacia'', na ''Mycobacterium avium'', bụ ihe ndị na-akpata ọrịa na-adị naanị mgbe ha hụrụ ohere, ma na-akpata ọrịa karịsịa na ndị usoro ahụ ha ji egbochi ọrịa na-adịghịzi ike ma ọ bụ nwere cystic fibrosis.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Letizia|first=Morgana|date=2025|title=Pseudomonas aeruginosa: ecology, evolution, pathogenesis and antimicrobial susceptibility|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41579-025-01193-8|journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology|language=en|volume=23|issue=11|pages=701–717|doi=10.1038/s41579-025-01193-8|pmid=40442328|issn=1740-1534}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Diseases associated with immunosuppression|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|volume=43|pages=9–19|date=February 1982|pmid=7037390}}</ref><ref name="Saiman">{{Cite journal|title=Microbiology of early CF lung disease|journal=Paediatric Respiratory Reviews|volume=5|issue=Suppl A|pages=S367–69|year=2004|pmid=14980298|doi=10.1016/S1526-0542(04)90065-6}}</ref> Ụfọdụ nje bacteria na-emepụta nsí, nke na-akpata ọrịa. Ndị a bụ endotoxins, nke sitere na mkpụrụ ndụ nje bacteria mebiri emebi, na exotoxins nke nje bacteria na-emepụta ma wepụta n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi. Nje bacteria ''Clostridium botulinum'' dịka ọmụmaatụ, na-emepụta exotoxin dị ike nke na-akpata nkwarụ iku ume, ebe ''Salmonellae'' na-emepụta endotoxin nke na-akpata gastroenteritis. Enwere ike ịgbanwe ụfọdụ exotoxins ka ha bụrụ Toxoids, nke a na-eji dị ka ọgwụ mgbochi iji gbochie ọrịa ahụ. Enwere ike iji Ọgwụ nje gwọọ ọrịa nje, nke a na-ahazi dịka bacteriocidal ma ọ bụrụ na ha na-egbu nje ma ọ bụ bacteriostatic ma ọ bụrụgodị na ha egbochi uto nje. E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị ọgwụ nje, na klas ọ bụla na-egbochi usoro dị iche na nje ahụ na-akpata ọrịa pụọ na nke a hụrụ na onye nwe nke ahụ n'ahụ. Ihe atụ igosi otu ọgwụ nje si emepụta nsị na-ahọrọ ahọrọ bụ chloramphenicol na puromycin, nke na-egbochi nje ribosome, mana ọ bụghị ribosome eukaryotic dị iche iche.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Ribosomal crystallography: initiation, peptide bond formation, and amino acid polymerization are hampered by antibiotics|journal=[[Annual Review of Microbiology]]|volume=58|pages=233–51|year=2004|pmid=15487937|doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.58.030603.123822}}</ref> A na-eji ọgwụ nje ma n'ịgwọ ọrịa mmadụ ma n'[[ọrụ ugbo siri ike]] iji kwalite uto anụmanụ, ebe ha nwere ike inye aka na mmepe ngwa ngwa nke ọgwụ nje na-eguzogide n'etiti ndị nje bacteria.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Agricultural use of antibiotics and the evolution and transfer of antibiotic-resistant bacteria|journal=CMAJ|volume=159|issue=9|pages=1129–36|date=November 1998|pmid=9835883}}</ref> Enwere ihe mgbochi ọrịa site na usoro ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa dịka ihicha ahụ nke ọma tupu ịpịa ya agịga, yana nlekọta kwesịrị ekwesị nke catheter eji anyụ mamịrị. A na-ehichakwa ihe ndị e ji awa ahụ na nke eji agwọ ọrịa ezé nke ọma iji gbochie nje bacteria. A na-eji ihe na-egbu nje dịka bleach egbu nje bacteria ma ọ bụ nje ndị ọzọ na-akpata ọrịa n'elu ebe ndị a na-edokwasi ihe iji gbochie mmetọ ma belata ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ọrịa.<ref name="pmid28954657">{{Cite journal|title=Disinfection Processes|journal=Water Environment Research|volume=89|issue=10|pages=1206–44|date=October 2017|pmid=28954657|doi=10.2175/106143017X15023776270278}}</ref> == Akụkọ Mmalite nke Ọmụmụ banyere nje bacteria == [[Faịlụ:Anthonie_van_Leeuwenhoek_(1632-1723)._Natuurkundige_te_Delft_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-957.jpeg|alt=painting of Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, in robe and frilled shirt, with ink pen and paper|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723), onye mbụ gụrụ microbiology na onye mbụ hụrụ nje bacteria site na iji ígwè microscope n'afọ 1676]] Ọ bụ onye Dutch bụ ọkachamara n'iji ígwè microscope eme nchọpụta ihe bụ Antonie van Leeuwenhoek bụ ụzọ hụ nje bacteria n'afọ 1676, na-eji microscope nwere otu ugogbe nke ọ rụrụ. Leeuwenhoek amataghị nje bacteria dị ka ụdị dị iche iche nke microorganisms, wee kpọọ microorganism niile ọ hụrụ animalcules, gụnyere nje bacteria, protists, na ụmụ anụmanụ ndị dị oké nta. O bipụtara ihe ọ chọpụtara n'usoro akwụkwọ ozi o degaara Royal Society nke London. Bacteria bụ nchọpụta e ji ígwè microscope mee kachasị dị ịrịba ama nke Leeuwenhoek mere. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ha dị n'ókè nke ugogbe microscope ya dị mfe nwere ike ịhụta, na, n'otu n'ime ihe ndị kachasị dị ịrịba ama n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke sayensị, ọ dịghị onye ọzọ ga-ahụ ha ọzọ ruo ihe karịrị otu narị afọ.<ref>{{Cite book|authorlink=Isaac Asimov|year=1982|title=Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology|edition=2nd|location=Garden City, NY|publisher=Doubleday and Company}}</ref> Ihe ndị ọ chọpụtara gụnyekwara protozoans, a tụlekwara nchọpụta ya ọzọ na-adabere na nchọpụta ndị na-adịbeghị anya e mere gbasara ozizi mkpụrụ ndụ. Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg webatara okwu "bacterium" na 1828. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Symbolae Physioe. Animalia evertebrata.|publisher=Decas prima|location=Berlin|date=1828}}</ref> N'ezie, Bacterium ya bụ ụdị nke nwere ''Nje bacteria'' na-abụghị spore-forming rod, dị iche na Bacillus, ụdị nje bacteria na na-emepụta spore nke Ehrenberg kọwara na 1835. <ref name="status">{{Cite journal|title=The Status of the Generic Term Bacterium Ehrenberg 1828|journal=Journal of Bacteriology|volume=31|issue=5|pages=517–18|date=May 1936|pmid=16559906|doi=10.1128/jb.31.5.517-518.1936}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Dritter Beitrag zur Erkenntniss grosser Organisation in der Richtung des kleinsten Raumes.|language=de|publisher=Physikalische Abhandlungen der Koeniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften|location=Berlin|year=1835|pages=143–336|oclc=183145833}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Bacteriohopanepolyol * Nje bacteria gbanwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa * Prokaryotes nke mmiri == Edensibịa == == Akwụkwọ Ndị E Degasịrị == * {{Cite book|title=Germs, Genes, & Civilization: how epidemics shaped who we are today|publisher=FT Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-13-701996-0|oclc=473120711}} * {{Cite book|title=Deadly Companions: how microbes shaped our history|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-19-956144-5|oclc=183198723}} * {{Cite book|title=Strickberger's Evolution: the integration of genes, organisms and populations|publisher=Jones and Bartlett|year=2008|isbn=978-0-7637-0066-9|oclc=85814089}} * {{Cite book|title=The Microbial Challenge: a public health perspective|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|year=2014|isbn=978-1-4496-7375-8|oclc=794228026}} * {{Cite book|title=Fundamentals of Microbiology|edition=10th|publisher=Jones and Bartlett|location=Boston|year=2014|isbn=978-1-284-03968-9}} * {{Cite book|title=Principles of modern microbiology|publisher=Jones and Bartlett Publishers|year=2008|isbn=978-0-7637-1075-0|oclc=67392796}} == Njikọ Mpụga == * [http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/ Akwụkwọ ederede n'ịntanetị banyere nje bacteria (2015)] E debere ya na Wayback Machine {{Bacteria classification}}{{Bacteria}}{{Microorganisms}}{{Life on Earth}}{{Organisms et al.}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q10876}}{{Authority control}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] kxjole6b27b184zb6v7sv2d58751gjd 632441 632440 2026-05-09T15:29:06Z OGA Goody 61205 fixed reference error 632441 wikitext text/x-wiki Bacteria dị ebe niile, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ihe ndị na-ebi ndụ n'efu na-enwekarị otu mkpụrụ ndụ. Ha mejupụtara nnukwu ngalaba nke nje ntakịrị ndị na-enwe otu mkpụrụ ndụ. Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị micromita ole na ole n'ogologo, '''Nje bacteria''' so n'ụdị ndụ ndị mbụ pụtara n'ụwa, ma dịrị n'ọtụtụ [[Habitat|ebe obibi]] ya ndị e nwegasịrị. Bacteria na-ebi na ikuku, ala, mmiri, mmiri ndị na-agbapụta na nkume dị n'ụdị asiid, Ihe mkpofu radioactive, na ebe omimi Biosphere nke ụwa. Bacteria na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ọtụtụ ọkwá nke usoro nkesa nri site na imegharị na ibugharị ihe oriri na nkedo nke nitrogen sitere na ikuku. Usoro mmeghari na mbughari nri gụnyere ire ure nke ozu; nje bacteria na-ahụ maka ọkwa ire ure na usoro a. N'ime obodo ihe ndị dị ndụ dị nke gbara oghere hydrothermal gburugburu nakwa isi mmiri jụrụ oyi, nje bacteria extremophile na-enye ihe oriri dị mkpa iji mee ka ndụ dịgide site na ịgbanwe ihe ndị a gbazere agbaze, dị ka hydrogen sulphide na methane, ka ha nye ike. Bacteria na-ebikwa ndụ inwe mmekọrịta onye rie ibe ya erie, onye rie ibe ya ahapụ nakwa nke orim egbum ha na osisi na ụmụ anụmanụ. A kọwabeghị nke ka n'ọnụ ọgụgụ banyere ọmụmụ nje bacteria, e nwekwara ọtụtụ ụdị ndị a na-apụghị ịzụlite na ụlọ nnyocha. A maara ọmụmụ nke nje bacteria dị ka bacteriology, alaka nke isi ọmụmụ Microbiology. Dị ka ụmụ anụmanụ niile, ụmụ mmadụ bukwa ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu (ihe dị ka 10¹³ ruo 10¹⁴) nke Nje bacteria.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sender|first=Ron|title=Revised Estimates for the Number of Human and Bacteria Cells in the Body|journal=PLOS Biology|date=19 August 2016|volume=14|issue=8|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1002533|pmid=27541692}}</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime ha dị n'ime eriri afọ, ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọtụtụ n' akpụkpọ ahụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime nje bacteria dị n'ime na n'elu ahụ anaghị emerụ ahụ ma ọ bụ bụrụ nke e dowere n'ọnọdụ a site na mmetụta nchebe nke usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ, bụrụkwa na ọtụtụ n'ime nke ndị a bara uru, ọkachasị ndị dị na eriri afọ.<ref name="McCutcheon">{{Cite journal|title=The Genomics and Cell Biology of Host-Beneficial Intracellular Infections|journal=Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology|volume=37|issue=1|pages=115–142|date=October 2021|pmid=34242059|doi=10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120219-024122}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ ụdị nje bacteria na-akpata ọrịa, ọkachasị ọtụtụ Ọrịa na-efe efe, gụnyere ọgbụgbọ na ọnyụnyụ, sifilis, anthrax, ekpenta, ụkwara nta, tetanus na ọrịa bubonic. Ọrịa nje bacteria ndị kachasị njọ bụ ọrịa iku ume. A na-eji ọgwụ nje agwọ ọrịa nje ma na-ejikwa ha n'ọrụ ugbo, na-eme ka iguzogide ọgwụ nje bụrụ nsogbu na-arịwanye elu. Bacteria dị mkpa na ọgwụgwọ nsị na mgbari nke [[Mmanu mmanu|mwufu mmanụ ike]], mmepụta nke cheese na yogọt site na mgbaze, iweghachite ọlaedo, palladium, ọla kọpa na ọla ndị ọzọ na ngalaba ngwupụta ihe (Biomining, Bioleaching), yana na biotechnology, nakwa na mmepụta ọgwụ nje na kemịkal ndị ọzọ. A na-ewebu ha dị ka [[Osisi|akụmakụ]] ndị mejupụtara klas Schizomycetes ("fission fungi"), mana e kenyere ''nje bacteria'' ugbu a dị ka nje ndị nwere otu mkpụrụ ndụ. N'adịghị ka mkpụrụ ndụ nke ụmụ anụmanụ na nje ndị nwere ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ọzọ, mkpụrụ ndụ nje nwere chromosomes dị gburugburu, enweghị nucleus ma na-adịghị enwekarịkwa organelle ndị membrane na-ejikọta. Ọ bụ ezie na okwu a bụ nje bacteria na-agụnye nje niile ndị nwere otu mkpụrụ ndụ, nhazi ga n'ụdị sayensị gbanwere mgbe e mechara nchọpụta nke afọ ndị 1990 na nke ndị nwere otu mkpụrụ ndụ (prokaryotes) nwere òtù ụzọ abụọ dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ sitere na otu nna nna ochie. A na-akpọ ngalaba evolushọn ndị a Bacteria na Archaea. N'adịghị ka Archaea, nje bacteria nwere lipids ejikọrọ ha na ester na membrane nke mkpụrụ ndụ, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Santhosh|first=Poornima Budime|title=Archaeosomes: New Generation of Liposomes Based on Archaeal Lipids for Drug Delivery and Biomedical Applications|journal=ACS Omega|date=10 January 2023|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–9|doi=10.1021/acsomega.2c06034|pmid=36643444}}</ref> nweekwa ihe ndị na-eme ka ha gbatịa too ogologo ndị na-eguzogide ADP-ribosylation sitere na nsị diphtheria, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kessel|first=Michael|title=Archaebacterial elongation factor is ADP-ribosylated by diphtheria toxin|journal=Nature|date=September 1980|volume=287|issue=5779|pages=250–251|doi=10.1038/287250a0|pmid=6776409}}</ref> na-eji formylmethionine na mmalite nke mmepụta protin <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Falb|first=Michaela|title=Archaeal N-terminal Protein Maturation Commonly Involves N-terminal Acetylation: A Large-scale Proteomics Survey|journal=Journal of Molecular Biology|date=October 2006|volume=362|issue=5|pages=915–924|doi=10.1016/j.jmb.2006.07.086|pmid=16950390}}</ref> ma nwee ọtụtụ ọdịiche mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, gụnyere 16S rRNA dị iche.<ref name="pmid37129483">{{Cite journal|title=Microbial Diversity Biased Estimation Caused by Intragenomic Heterogeneity and Interspecific Conservation of 16S rRNA Genes|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|volume=89|issue=5|pages=e0210822|date=May 2023|pmid=37129483|doi=10.1128/aem.02108-22|url=}}</ref> == Okwu mmalite == [[Faịlụ:Bacillus_subtilis_2.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|''Bacillus subtilis'' dị ka osisi igwe ]] Okwu a bụ ''nje ''bacterium'''' (/bækˈtɪəriə/ i; sg.: ''nje bacteria'') bụ ụbara nke ụdị Neo-Latin ya bụ bacterium, nke bụ ịsụgharị ya n'asụsụ Roman nke okwu Grik oge ochie bụ βακτήριον (''baktḗrion''), ụdị obere nke βακτηρία (''baktēría''), nke pụtara 'osisi' ma ọ bụ 'mkpara', n'ihi na ndị mbụ a chọpụtara nwere Ọdịdị osisi. == Ihe ọmụma banyere nje Bacteria == Ọ bụ ezie na ọ dị nchịkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ puku iri anọ na atọ nke ụdị nje bacteria ndị a gụrụla aha, mana amụbeghị maka ọtụtụ n'ime ha. N'ezie, naanị ụdị nje bacteria iri mejupụtara ọkara nke akwụkwọ niile a na-ebipụta gbasara nje bacteria, ebe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ pasent iri asaa na ise nke nje bacteria niile a kpọrọla aha enweghị nnyocha agụmakwụkwọ ọbula lekwasịrị ha anya.<ref name="Jensen-2025" /> Ụdị a kacha mụọ maka ha, ''Escherichia coli'', nwere ihe karịrị ọmụmụ narị puku atọ e bipụtara na ha, <ref name="Jensen-2025" /> mana ọtụtụ n'ime akwụkwọ mbipụta ndị a nwere ike iji ya naanị dị ka ihe nlere anya imepụta ụdị yiri ya iji mụọ maka ụdị ndị ọzọ, n'enyeghị nghọta ọ bụla banyere ịdị ndụ ya. Pasent iri itoolu nke ihe ọmụmụ sayensị banyere nje bacteria na-elekwasị anya na ihe na-erughị otu pasent nke ụdị nke ndị e nwegasịrị, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụrụ nje bacteria na-akpata ọrịa ndị metụtara ahụike mmadụ.<ref name="Jensen-2025" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Callaway|first=Ewen|title=These are the 20 most-studied bacteria — the majority have been ignored|journal=Nature|date=23 January 2025|volume=637|issue=8047|pages=770–771|doi=10.1038/d41586-025-00038-x|pmid=39794431}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na E. coli bụ ma eleghị anya nje bacteria a kacha mụọ maka ya, otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ya dị puku anọ ka a na-amụghị nke ọma maka ha ma ọ bụ bụrụ nke a na-amaghị. Ụfọdụ nje bacteria nwere obere genomes (na-erughi mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa narị isii, dịka ''Mycoplasma'') na-enwekarị akụkụ dị ukwuu n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ha niile nke e mere ka na-arụ ọrụ, ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ n'ime ihe dị mkpa echekwara n'ọtụtụ ụdị ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Médigue|first=Claudine|date=December 2007|title=Annotation, comparison and databases for hundreds of bacterial genomes|journal=Research in Microbiology|volume=158|issue=10|pages=724–736|doi=10.1016/j.resmic.2007.09.009|pmid=18031997}}</ref> == Akụkọ Mmalite na Mmalite evolushọn == [[Faịlụ:Phylogenetic_tree_of_life_LUCA.svg|thumb|Osisi phylogenetic nke Bacteria, Archaea na Eukarya, ya na nna nna ikpeazụ zuru ụwa ọnụ (LUCA) na mgbọrọgwụ <ref name="pmid2112744">{{Cite journal|title=Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=87|issue=12|pages=4576–79|date=June 1990|pmid=2112744|doi=10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576}}</ref>]] Ndị nna nna nke nje bacteria bụ microorganism ndị nwere naanị otu mkpụrụ ndụ bụ Ụdị ndụ mbụ pụtara n'ụwa, ihe dị ka ijeri afọ anọ gara aga. Ruo ihe dị ka ijeri afọ atọ, ọtụtụ ihe ndị dị ndụ ha naanị otu a ga-ejinwu igwe microscope hụ ha, ebe nje bacteria na archaea bụ ụdị ndị dị ndụ kachasị n'ọnụ ọgụ. <ref name="pmid31475212">{{Cite journal|title=Human microbial ecology and the rising new medicine|journal=Annals of Translational Medicine|volume=7|issue=14|date=July 2019|pmid=31475212|doi=10.21037/atm.2019.06.56}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Disparate rates, differing fates: tempo and mode of evolution changed from the Precambrian to the Phanerozoic|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=91|issue=15|pages=6735–42|date=July 1994|pmid=8041691|doi=10.1073/pnas.91.15.6735}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Environmental diversity of bacteria and archaea|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=50|issue=4|pages=470–78|date=August 2001|pmid=12116647|doi=10.1080/106351501750435040}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na fossils nke nje bacteria dị, dị ka stromatolites, enweghị ọdịdị kpọmkwem ha gbochiri iji ha mee nnyocha nke akụkọ mmalite nje, ma ọ bụ iji nye deeti nke oge mmalite nke otu ụdị nje bacteria. Otú ọ dị, enwere ike iji usoro mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mee ihe iji wughachi phylogeny nke nje bacteria, ebe ọmụmụ ihe ndị a na-egosi na nje bacteria buru ụzọ kewapụ site na usoro archaeal / eukaryotic.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Archaea and the prokaryote-to-eukaryote transition|journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews|volume=61|issue=4|pages=456–502|date=December 1997|doi=10.1128/mmbr.61.4.456-502.1997|pmid=9409149}}</ref> Onye nna ochie kachasị ọhụrụ (MRCA) nke nje bacteria na archaea nwere ike ịbụ hyperthermophile nke biri ihe dị ka ijeri afọ abụọ na ọkara ruo afọ atọ na ụma abụọ gara aga.<ref name="pmid29894297">{{Cite journal|title=Twitch or swim: towards the understanding of prokaryotic motion based on the type IV pilus blueprint|journal=Biological Chemistry|volume=399|issue=7|pages=799–808|date=June 2018|pmid=29894297|doi=10.1515/hsz-2018-0157}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=The universal ancestor and the ancestor of bacteria were hyperthermophiles|journal=Journal of Molecular Evolution|volume=57|issue=6|pages=721–30|date=December 2003|pmid=14745541|doi=10.1007/s00239-003-2522-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=A genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=4|date=November 2004|pmid=15535883|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-4-44}}</ref> Ndụ mbụ e nwere n'ala nwere ike ịbụ nje bacteria ihe dị ka ijeri afọ atọ na ụma iri abụọ na abụọ gara aga.<ref name="NG-20180723">{{Cite journal|title=Microbial life and biogeochemical cycling on land 3,220 million years ago|date=23 July 2018|journal=[[Nature Geoscience]]|volume=11|issue=9|pages=665–671|doi=10.1038/s41561-018-0190-9|url=https://hal.univ-brest.fr/hal-01901955/file/Homann%20et%20al.%202018%20-%20accepted-1.pdf}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Bacteria sonyekwara na akụkọ oke mgbasa ihe e kere eke nke abụọ, nke archaea na nke ndị nwere ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ (eukaryotes).<ref name="Gabaldón">{{Cite journal|title=Origin and Early Evolution of the Eukaryotic Cell|journal=Annual Review of Microbiology|volume=75|issue=1|pages=631–647|date=October 2021|pmid=34343017|doi=10.1146/annurev-micro-090817-062213}}</ref><ref name="Callier">{{Cite journal|title=Mitochondria and the origin of eukaryotes|journal=Knowable Magazine|date=8 June 2022|doi=10.1146/knowable-060822-2}}</ref> N'ebe a, ihe ndị dị ndụ nwere ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ malitere mgbe nje bacteria ochie banyere na mmekọrịta endosymbiotic, ha na ndị nna nna ihe ndị dị ndụ nwere ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ, ndị nke n'onwe ha nwere ike ha metụtara Archaea.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Evaluating hypotheses for the origin of eukaryotes|journal=BioEssays|volume=29|issue=1|pages=74–84|date=January 2007|pmid=17187354|doi=10.1002/bies.20516}}</ref><ref name="Dyall">{{Cite journal|title=Ancient invasions: from endosymbionts to organelles|journal=Science|volume=304|issue=5668|pages=253–257|date=April 2004|pmid=15073369|doi=10.1126/science.1094884}}</ref> Nke a gụnyere nlomi nke sitere na proto-eukaryotic cells nke alphaproteobacterial symbionts iji mepụta mitochondria maọbu hydrogenosomes, nke a ka na-ahụ na Eukarya niile a maara (mgbe ụfọdụ n'ụdịe mere ka ọ dị nta n'ebe ọ dị ukwuu, ọmụmaatu n'ụdị amitochondrial protozoa).<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Katiyar|first=Santosh K.|title=Comparisons of ribosomal RNA sequences from amitochondrial protozoa: implications for processing, mRNA binding and paromomycin susceptibility|journal=Gene|date=January 1995|volume=152|issue=1|pages=27–33|doi=10.1016/0378-1119(94)00677-K|pmid=7828924}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tůmová|first=Pavla|title=Inheritance of the reduced mitochondria of Giardia intestinalis is coupled to the flagellar maturation cycle|journal=BMC Biology|date=December 2021|volume=19|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12915-021-01129-7|pmid=34493257}}</ref> Ka e mesịrị, ụfọdụ ihe ndị dị ndụ nwere ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ ndị nwerela mitochondria mitochondria lomiri ihe ndị dị ndụ ndị yiri cyanobacteria, nke wetara mmepụta nke chloroplasts na algae na n'akụmakụ. Nke a ka amaara dịka primary endosymbiosis.<ref name="pmid34018613">{{Cite journal|title=Why is primary endosymbiosis so rare?|journal=The New Phytologist|volume=231|issue=5|pages=1693–1699|date=September 2021|pmid=34018613|doi=10.1111/nph.17478}}</ref> == Ebe obibi == Nje bacteria di ebe niile, na-ebi n'ebe ọbula ohere dị n'elu ụwa gụnyere aja, n'okpuru mmiri, n'ime ime ala, ọbụnadị na gburugburu ebe obibi ndị ahụ dị egwu dị ka mmiri ndị si na nkume agbapụta dị ọkụ ma dịkwa n'ụdị asiid yana n'ebe mkpofu radioactive.<ref name="pmid17331729">{{Cite journal|title=Life in acid: pH homeostasis in acidophiles|journal=Trends in Microbiology|volume=15|issue=4|pages=165–171|date=April 2007|pmid=17331729|doi=10.1016/j.tim.2007.02.005}}</ref><ref name="pmid33114255">{{Cite journal|title=Extremophilic Microorganisms for the Treatment of Toxic Pollutants in the Environment|journal=Molecules|volume=25|issue=21|date=October 2020|pmid=33114255|doi=10.3390/molecules25214916}}</ref> A na-eche na nchịkọta na e nwere 2×10³⁰ nje bacteria n'elu ụwa,<ref name="pmid30760902">{{Cite journal|title=Bacteria and archaea on Earth and their abundance in biofilms|journal=Nature Reviews. Microbiology|volume=17|issue=4|pages=247–260|date=April 2019|pmid=30760902|doi=10.1038/s41579-019-0158-9}}</ref> na-aghọ nchịkọta nke ihe ndị dị ndụ nke ọ bú naanị akụmakụ ka ha n'ọnụ ọgụ .<ref name="Bar-On">{{Cite journal|title=The biomass distribution on Earth|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=115|issue=25|pages=6506–6511|date=June 2018|pmid=29784790|doi=10.1073/pnas.1711842115}}</ref> Ha mụbara amụba na mmírí ndị na-adọ adọ nakwa n'osimiri, na arctic ice, yana geothermal springs ebe ha na-enyw nri ndị a chọrọ maka ịdị ndụ site n'igbanwe ihe ndị gbazerela agbaze dịka hydrogen sulphide na methane, ka ha nye ike.<ref name="pmid34203823">{{Cite journal|title=Molecular Physiology of Anaerobic Phototrophic Purple and Green Sulfur Bacteria|journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences|volume=22|issue=12|date=June 2021|pmid=34203823|doi=10.3390/ijms22126398}}</ref> Ha na-ebi n'elu nakwa n'ime akụmakụ na n'ụmụ anumanu. Ọtụtụ n'ime ha anaghị akpata ọria, bara uru na gburugburu ebe obibi ha, ma bụrụ ndị a chọrọ maka ndụ.<ref name="McCutcheon" /> Ala bụ nnukwu isi iyi nke nje bacteria, ebe gram ole na ole nke aja na-enwe agbata nde kwuru ndè nke njé . Ha niile bátá uru nye ọdịdị ala, na-agbari ihe mkpofu ndị nwere nsi, ma na-enughari ike. A na-ahụ ha ọbụnadị na ikuku, ebe otu kubik mita ikuku nwere ndè otu narị nke mkpụrụ ndụ bacteria. Oke osimiri na iyi hanwa nwe gburugburu ọnụ ọgụgụ nje dị 3 &#xD7; 10²⁶ nke na-eweta ihe ruru pasent iri ise nke ikuku ndụ ndị mmadụ na-eku. Naanị agbata pasent abụọ nke ụdị nje dị iche iche e nwere ka amụrụla nke ọma maka ha. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right:auto" |+Nje bacteria na-eri ibe ha !Ebe obibi !Ụdị dị iche iche !Ihe odide |- |Okpomọkụ (ma e wezụga 15 °C Antarctica) &nbsp; |Cryptoendoliths |[48] |- |Okpomọkụ (70-121 °C): isi iyi, ikuku Mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ n'okpuru mmiri, mkpo oké osimiri&nbsp;Akpụkpọ ahụ |''Thermus aquaticus'' |<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The search for life on Europa: limiting environmental factors, potential habitats, and Earth analogues|journal=Astrobiology|volume=3|issue=4|pages=785–811|date=December 2003|pmid=14987483|doi=10.1089/153110703322736105}}</ref>[47]<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Temperature limits to deep subseafloor life in the Nankai Trough subduction zone|journal=Science|volume=370|issue=6521|pages=1230–1234|date=December 2020|pmid=33273103|doi=10.1126/science.abd7934|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5b65v425}}</ref> |- |Rad, 5MRad |''Deinococcus radiodurans'' |[48] |- |nnu, 47% nnu (Oké Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ, Great Salt Lake) |ụdị dị iche iche |[47][48] |- |Acid pH 3 |ụdị dị iche iche |<ref name="pmid17331729">{{Cite journal|title=Life in acid: pH homeostasis in acidophiles|journal=Trends in Microbiology|volume=15|issue=4|pages=165–171|date=April 2007|pmid=17331729|doi=10.1016/j.tim.2007.02.005}}</ref> |- |Alkaline pH 12.8 |betaproteobacteria |[48] |- |Space (afọ 6 na satellite NASA) |''Bacillus subtilis'' |[48] |- |3.2 kilomita n'okpuru ala&nbsp; |ụdị dị iche iche |[48] |- |Nnukwu nrụgide (Mariana Trench - 1200 atm) |Moritella, Shewanella na ndị ọzọ |[48] |} == Ọdịdị == [[Faịlụ:Bacterial_morphology_diagram.svg|alt=a diagram showing bacteria morphology|áká_èkpè|thumb|Bacteria na-egosipụta ọtụtụ ọdịdị na nhazi nke mkpụrụ ndụ ]] '''Nha maọbu ogologo'''. Bacteria na-egosipụta ọdịdị na nha dịgasị iche iche. Mkpụrụ ndụ nje bacteria bụ ihe dịka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ iri nke mkpụrụ ndụ eukaryotic ma na-adịkarị 0.5 ruo 5.0 micrometers n'ogologo. Otú ọ dị, a na-ahụ ụdị ole na ole na anya nkịtị - dịka ọmụmaatụ, ''Thiomargarita namibiensis'' ruru ọkara milimita n'ogologo, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Big bacteria|journal=Annual Review of Microbiology|volume=55|pages=105–137|year=2001|pmid=11544351|doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.55.1.105}}</ref> ''Epulopiscium fishelsoni'' ruru 0.7 mm, <ref name="Williams2011">{{Cite journal|year=2011|title=Who are you calling simple?|journal=New Scientist|volume=211|issue=2821|pages=38–41|doi=10.1016/S0262-4079(11)61709-0}}</ref> ebe ''Thiomargarita magnifica'' nwere ike iru ọbụna cm abụọ n'ogologo, nke ji okpukpu iri ise karịa nje bacteria ndị ọzọ a maara. <ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1126/science.abb3634|title=A centimeter-long bacterium with DNA contained in metabolically active, membrane-bound organelles|date=2022|journal=Science|volume=376|issue=6600|pages=1453–1458|pmid=35737788}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Largest bacterium ever found is surprisingly complex|journal=Nature|date=June 2022|pmid=35750919|doi=10.1038/d41586-022-01757-1}}</ref> N'etiti ndị kacha obere na nje bacteria bụ ndị òtù ''Mycoplasma'', ndị na-adị naanị 0.3 micrometers, dị obere ka Nje virus kachasị ukwuu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycoplasma hominis: growth, reproduction, and isolation of small viable cells|journal=Journal of Bacteriology|volume=124|issue=2|pages=1007–1018|date=November 1975|pmid=1102522|doi=10.1128/JB.124.2.1007-1018.1975}}</ref> Ụfọdụ nje bacteria nwere ike ịdị obere karịa nke a, mana a naghị amụ nke ọma banyere Ultramicrobcteria ndị a.<ref name="Velimirov2001">{{Cite journal|year=2001|title=Nanobacteria, Ultramicrobacteria and Starvation Forms: A Search for the Smallest Metabolizing Bacterium|journal=Microbes and Environments|volume=16|issue=2|pages=67–77|doi=10.1264/jsme2.2001.67}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''Ọdịdị''' Ọtụtụ ụdị nje bacteria dị ma ọ bụghị n'ụdị gbara okirikiri, a na-akpọ ''cocci'' (''otu coccus'', sitere n'asụsụ Greek ''kokkos'', ọka, mkpụrụ), ọ bụrụ n'ụdị osisi, a na-akpọ ''bacilli'' (sing. bacillus, site na Latịn ''baculus'', nkụ). <ref>{{Cite book|title=Living at Micro Scale|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|year=2009|isbn=978-0-674-03116-6|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|pages=20–25|language=en}}</ref> Ụfọdụ nje bacteria, nke a na-akpọ ''vibrio'', na-adị ka osisi ndị gbagọtụrụ agbagọ ma ọ bụ nke dị ka ákàrà rịkọm; ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịdị n'ụdị fịkọtụrụ afịkọ a na-akpọ ''spirilla'', ma ọ bụ fịkọsiri ike, nke a kpọrọ ''spirochaetes''. A kọwaala ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke ọdịdị ndị ọzọ a na-adịghị ahụkebe, dị ka nje bacteria dị ka kpakpando.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Staying in Shape: the Impact of Cell Shape on Bacterial Survival in Diverse Environments|journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews|volume=80|issue=1|pages=187–203|date=March 2016|pmid=26864431|doi=10.1128/MMBR.00031-15}}</ref> Ụdị dịgasị iche iche a ka a na-ekpebi site na mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ nje na cytoskeleton ma dị mkpa n'ihi na ọ nwere ike imetụta ikike nje bacteria ahụ inweta ihe oriri, ịrapara n'elu ihe, igwu egwu ka na mmiri ma gbapụnahụ ndị na-eri ibe ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Bacterial cell shape|journal=Nature Reviews. Microbiology|volume=3|issue=8|pages=601–10|date=August 2005|pmid=16012516|doi=10.1038/nrmicro1205}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=The selective value of bacterial shape|journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews|volume=70|issue=3|pages=660–703|date=September 2006|pmid=16959965|doi=10.1128/MMBR.00001-06}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Relative_scale.svg|thumb|Ụdị nha nke prokaryotes (Bacteria) gosipụtara, ma e jiri ya tụnyere nke ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ na Biomolecules ]] == Ọdịdị mkpụrụ ndụ Ya == [[Faịlụ:Prokaryote_cell.svg|alt=Prokaryote cell with structure and parts|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ọdịdị na ndịnaya nke mkpụrụ ndụ nje bacteria Gram-positive (nke a na-ahụ site n'eziokwu na ọ bụ naanị ''otu'' membrane nke mkpụrụ ndụ dị) ]] == Omume == === Ịgagharị === [[Faịlụ:Dvulgaris_micrograph.JPG|thumb|Transmission electron micrograph na-egosi ''Desulfovibrio vulgaris'' na-egosi otu flagellum n'otu nsọtụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ. Ogwe aka bụ 0.5 micrometers n'ogologo]] Ọtụtụ nje bacteria na agagharị agagharị (nke nwere ike ịnọgharị onwe ya) ma mee ya site na iji usoro dịgasị iche iche. Ihe kachasị mma a mụrụ n'ime ndị a bụ flagella, ogologo eriri nke moto na-atụgharị na ala ya iji mepụta mmegharị dị ka propeller.<ref name="Bardy">{{Cite journal|title=Electron microscopic observations of prokaryotic surface appendages|journal=Journal of Microbiology|volume=55|issue=12|pages=919–26|date=December 2017|pmid=29214488|doi=10.1007/s12275-017-7369-4}}</ref> A na-eji ihe dị ka protein iri abụọ eme flagellum nke nje bacteria, yana ihe dị ka proteins iri atọ ọzọ achọrọ maka nhazi na nchịkọta ya.<ref name="Bardy" /> Flagellum bụ ihe na-agbagharị agbagharị nke a na-eji motor nwere ike ila azụ nke na-eji gradient electrochemical gafee membrane maka ike n'ala ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The bacterial flagellum: reversible rotary propellor and type III export apparatus|journal=Journal of Bacteriology|volume=181|issue=23|pages=7149–53|date=December 1999|pmid=10572114|doi=10.1128/JB.181.23.7149-7153.1999}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Flagella.svg|thumb|Ndokwa dị iche iche nke flagella nke bacteria: A-Monotrichous; B-Lophotrichois; C-Amphitrichous, D-Peritrichous]] Bacteria nwere ike iji flagella n'ụzọ dị iche iche iji mepụta ụdị mmegharị dị iche iche. Ọtụtụ nje bacteria (dị ka E. coli) nwere ụzọ abụọ dị iche iche nke ịgagharị: ịga n'ihu (dịka igwu mmiri) na ịsụgharị isi. Nsụgharị isi a na-enye ha ohere ịmegharị ma mee ka ngagharị ha bụrụ njem atọ na-enweghị isi.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Collective bacterial dynamics revealed using a three-dimensional population-scale defocused particle tracking technique|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|volume=72|issue=7|pages=4987–94|date=July 2006|pmid=16820497|doi=10.1128/AEM.00158-06}}</ref> Ụdị nje bacteria dị iche na-adị iche site n'ọnụ ọgụgụ na nhazi nke flagella n'elu ha; ụfọdụ nwere otu flagellum (monotrichous), flagellum na njedebe ọ bụla (''amphitrichous'', ụyọkọ flagella na ogwe nke mkpụrụ ndụ (''lophotrichous'') ebe ndị ọzọ nwere flagella gbasara n'elu mkpụrụ ndụ ahụ dum (''peritrichous''). A na-ahụ flagella nke ''otu ụdị'' bacteria, spirochaetes, n'etiti membranes abụọ na oghere periplasmic. Ha nwere ahụ dị iche dị n'ụdị helix nke na-agbagharị ma ọ na-agagharị.<ref name="Bardy">{{Cite journal|title=Electron microscopic observations of prokaryotic surface appendages|journal=Journal of Microbiology|volume=55|issue=12|pages=919–26|date=December 2017|pmid=29214488|doi=10.1007/s12275-017-7369-4}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKim2017">Kim KW (December 2017). "Electron microscopic observations of prokaryotic surface appendages". ''Journal of Microbiology''. '''55''' (12): <span class="nowrap">919–</span>26. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s12275-017-7369-4|10.1007/s12275-017-7369-4]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29214488 29214488].</cite></ref> A na-akpọ ụdị mmegharị nje abụọ ọzọ twitching motility nke na-adabere na usoro a na-ahụ anya a na-akpọ ụdị IV pilus, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Type IV pili and twitching motility|journal=Annual Review of Microbiology|volume=56|pages=289–314|year=2002|pmid=12142488|doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.56.012302.160938}}</ref> na gliding motility, nke na-eji usoro ndị ọzọ. Na twitching motility, pilus yiri osisi na-agbatị pụta site na mkpụrụ ndụ, jikọta ụfọdụ ihe, wee laghachi azụ, na-adọta mkpụrụ ndụ n'ihu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Pilus retraction powers bacterial twitching motility|journal=Nature|volume=407|issue=6800|pages=98–102|date=September 2000|pmid=10993081|doi=10.1038/35024105}}</ref> Nje bacteria na-agagharị agagharị na-enwe ndọta ma ọ bụ nchụpụ site na ụfọdụ Ihe na-akpali akpali na omume a na-akpọ ''taxes'': ndị a gụnyere chemotaxis, fototaxisenergy taxes na Magnetotaxis.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Chemotaxis-guided movements in bacteria|journal=Critical Reviews in Oral Biology and Medicine|volume=15|issue=4|pages=207–20|date=July 2004|pmid=15284186|doi=10.1177/154411130401500404}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Bacterial energy taxis: a global strategy?|journal=Archives of Microbiology|volume=192|issue=7|pages=507–20|date=July 2010|pmid=20411245|doi=10.1007/s00203-010-0575-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Magneto-aerotaxis in marine coccoid bacteria|journal=Biophysical Journal|volume=73|issue=2|pages=994–1000|date=August 1997|pmid=9251816|doi=10.1016/S0006-3495(97)78132-3}}</ref> N'otu ìgwè pụrụ iche, myxobacteria, nje bacteria n'otu n'otu na-aga n'otu iji mepụta ọyọkọ nke mkpụrụ ndụ nke na-emecha nọrọ iche iche iji mepụta ahụ na-amị mkpụrụ nwere spores.<ref name="Kaiser">{{Cite journal|title=Signaling in myxobacteria|journal=[[Annual Review of Microbiology]]|volume=58|pages=75–98|year=2004|pmid=15487930|doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.58.030603.123620}}</ref> Myxobacteria na-agagharị naanị mgbe ha nọ n'elu ihe siri ike, n'adịghị ka E. coli, nke na-agagharị ma na mmiri ma ọ bụ ihe siri ike.<ref name="pmid21910630">{{Cite journal|title=Uncovering the mystery of gliding motility in the myxobacteria|journal=[[Annual Review of Genetics]]|volume=45|pages=21–39|date=2011|pmid=21910630|doi=10.1146/annurev-genet-110410-132547}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ụdị Listeria na ''Shigella'' na-agagharị n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ na-echekwa ha site na iweghara cytoskeleton, nke a na-ejikarị eme ka organelle ndị dị n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ na-emeghari emegharị. Site n'ịkwalite polymeration actin n'otu ogwe nke mkpụrụ ndụ ha, ha nwere ike ịmepụta ụdị ọdụ nke ga-akwagharị ha site na cytoplasm nke mkpụrụ ndụ ha nọ na ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Actin-based motility of intracellular microbial pathogens|journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews|volume=65|issue=4|pages=595–626, table of contents|date=December 2001|pmid=11729265|doi=10.1128/MMBR.65.4.595-626.2001}}</ref> == Nchịkọta na njirimara == [[Faịlụ:Streptococcus_mutans_Gram.jpg|alt=blue stain of Streptococcus mutans|thumb|''Streptococcus mutans'' nke e ji Gram stain hụ]] [[Faịlụ:Anillo_de_la_vida.png|thumb|300x300px|Osisi phylogenetic na-egosi ụdị dị iche iche nke Nje bacteria, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ. N'ebe a, nnukwu ìgwè atọ na-anọchite anya nje bacteria: CPR Ultramicrobacterium, Bacillati na Gracilicutes dị ka nnyocha genomic nke afọ 2019 <ref name="Zhu">{{Cite journal|title=Phylogenomics of 10,575 genomes reveals evolutionary proximity between domains Bacteria and Archaea|journal=Nature Communications|volume=10|issue=1|date=December 2019|pmid=31792218|doi=10.1038/s41467-019-13443-4}}</ref>]] Dị ka ọ dị na nkewa nje bacteria, njirimara nke nje bacteria na-ejikarị usoro molecular n'ebe ọ na-abawanye ụba [./Bacteria#cite_note-pmid33809163-202 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>] na mass spectroscopy. <ref name="pmid34041492">{{Cite journal|title=MALDI-TOF Mass Spectroscopy Applications in Clinical Microbiology|journal=Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences|volume=2021|issue=|date=2021|pmid=34041492|doi=10.1155/2021/9928238|url=}}</ref> A kọwabeghị ọtụtụ nje bacteria ma enwekwara ọtụtụ ụdị ndị a na-apụghị ịzụlite na ụlọ nnyocha.<ref name="Dudek">{{Cite journal|title=Novel Microbial Diversity and Functional Potential in the Marine Mammal Oral Microbiome|journal=Current Biology|volume=27|issue=24|pages=3752–62|year=2017|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2017.10.040|pmid=29153320}}</ref> Nnyocha site na iji ngwaọrụ ndị dabeere na DNA, dị ka polymerase chain reaction, na-ewu ewu n'ihi njirimara ịdị kpọmkwem ha, na ịdị ọsọ ha, ma e jiri ya tụnyere usoro ọdịbendị.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The role of DNA amplification technology in the diagnosis of infectious diseases|journal=CMAJ|volume=163|issue=3|pages=301–09|date=August 2000|pmid=10951731|doi=10.1016/s1381-1169(00)00220-x}}</ref> Ụzọ ndị a na-enyekwa ohere ịchọpụta na nhọpụta mkpụrụ ndụ "dị ndụ ma a bụghị nke a ga-azụlite" nke na-arụ ọrụ na metabolism ma a dịghị ekewa.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The viable but nonculturable state in bacteria|journal=Journal of Microbiology|volume=43 Spec No|pages=93–100|date=February 2005|pmid=15765062|url=http://www.msk.or.kr/jsp/view_old_journalD.jsp?paperSeq=2134}}</ref> Ụzọ bụ isi iji kọwaa ma kewaa nje bacteria ndị a bụ ikewapụ DNA ha site na ihe nlele gburugburu ebe obibi ma soro ha n'usoro ebe o buru ibu. Usoro a achọpụtala ọtụtụ puku, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị ọtụtụ ndè ụdị. Dabere na atụmatụ ụfọdụ, akọwaala ihe karịrị ụdị nje bacteria puku iri anọ na atọ, mana mgbalị iji tụọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ole ha dị n'ezie nke nje bacteria dị iche iche anọọla n'agbata ụdị 10⁷ ruo 10⁹ - ọbụnakwa atụmatụ ndị a dị iche iche nwere ike ịkwụsị site na ọtụtụ usoro nke ịdị ukwuu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Estimating prokaryotic diversity and its limits|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=99|issue=16|pages=10494–99|date=August 2002|pmid=12097644|doi=10.1073/pnas.142680199}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Status of the microbial census|journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews|volume=68|issue=4|pages=686–91|date=December 2004|pmid=15590780|doi=10.1128/MMBR.68.4.686-691.2004}}</ref> == Nkewasị == === Nkewasị ziri ezi === E bipụtara phyla ndị a na-esonụ n'ụzọ ziri ezi dị ka Usoro Prokaryotic si dị; phyla ndị n'anọghị n'alaeze ọ bụla ka e gosipụtara na ndị na-achasi ike: <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Valid publication of the names of forty-two phyla of prokaryotes|journal=Int J Syst Evol Microbiol|year=2021|volume=71|issue=10|doi=10.1099/ijsem.0.005056|pmid=34694987}}</ref><ref name="Parte-2020">{{Cite journal|author=Parte|first=Aidan C.|date=2020-11-01|title=List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) moves to the DSMZ|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|language=en|volume=70|issue=11|pages=5607–5612|doi=10.1099/ijsem.0.004332|pmid=32701423}}</ref>{{div col|colwidth=170px}} *[[Abditibacteriota]] *[[Acidobacteriota]] *[[Actinomycetota]] *[[Aquificota]] *[[Armatimonadota]] *[[Atribacterota]] *[[Bacillota]] *[[Bacteroidota]] *[[Balneolales|Balneolota]] *[[Caldisericota]] *[[Caldithrix|Calditrichota]] *[[Chlamydiota]] *[[Green sulfur bacteria|Chlorobiota]] *[[Chloroflexota]] *[[Chrysiogenota]] *[[Coprothermobacterota]] *[[Cyanobacteria|Cyanobacteriota]] *[[Deferribacterota]] *[[Deinococcota]] *[[Dictyoglomus|Dictyoglomerota]] *[[Elusimicrobiota]] *[[Fibrobacterota]] *'''[[Fidelibacter]]ota''' *[[Fusobacteriota]] *[[Gemmatimonadota]] *[[Kiritimatiellota]] *[[Lentisphaerota]] *[[Minisyncoccota]] *[[Mycoplasmatota]] *[[Nitrospinota]] *[[Nitrospirota]] *[[Planctomycetota]] *[[Pseudomonadota]] *[[Rhodothermota]] *[[Spirochaete|Spirochaetota]] *[[Synergistota]] *[[Thermodesulfobacteriota]] *[[Thermomicrobiota]] *[[Thermotogae|Thermotogota]] *[[Verrucomicrobiota]] *'''[[Vulcanimicrobiota]]'''{{div col end}} === Phyla a ga-achọ === A tụwo aro phyla ndị a, mana ebipụtabeghị ha n'ụzọ ziri ezi dị ka Usoro Prokaryotic si dị; phyla ndị na-anọghị n'alaeze ọ bụla ka egosipụtara na ndị na-achasi ike:<ref name="Parte-2020">{{Cite journal|author=Parte|first=Aidan C.|date=2020-11-01|title=List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) moves to the DSMZ|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|language=en|volume=70|issue=11|pages=5607–5612|doi=10.1099/ijsem.0.004332|pmid=32701423}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Katayama|first=Taiki|date=2024|title=Fidelibacter multiformis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a deep subsurface aquifer and proposal of Fidelibacterota phyl. nov., formerly called Marine Group A, SAR406 or Candidatus Marinimicrobia|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|volume=74|issue=10|doi=10.1099/ijsem.0.006558|pmid=39465541}}</ref>{{div col|colwidth=170px}} *"[[Acetithermota]]" *'''"[[Aerophobota]]"''' *'''"[[Auribacterota]]"''' *'''"[[Babelota]]"''' *'''"[[Binatota]]"''' *"[[Bipolaricaulota]]" *'''"[[Caldipriscota]]"''' *'''"[[Calescibacteriota]]"''' *'''"[[Canglongiota]]"''' *"[[Cloacimonadota]]" *'''"[[Cosmopoliota]]"''' *'''"[[Cryosericota]]"''' *'''"[[Deferrimicrobiota]]"''' *'''"[[Dormiibacterota]]"''' *'''"[[Effluvivivacota]]"''' *'''"[[Electryoneota]]"''' *'''"[[Elulimicrobiota]]"''' *'''"[[Fermentibacterota]]"''' *'''"[[Fervidibacterota]]"''' *'''"[[Goldiibacteriota]]"''' *'''"[[Heilongiota]]"''' *'''"[[Hinthialibacterota]]"''' *'''"[[Hydrogenedentota]]"''' *'''"[[Hydrothermota]]"''' *'''"[[Kapaibacteriota]]"''' *'''"[[Krumholzibacteriota]]"''' *'''"[[Kryptoniota]]"''' *"[[Latescibacterota]]" *'''"[[Lernaellota]]"''' *"[[Lithacetigenota]]" *'''"[[Macinerneyibacteriota]]"''' *'''"[[Margulisiibacteriota]]"''' *'''"[[Methylomirabilota]]"''' *'''"[[Moduliflexota]]"''' *'''"[[Muiribacteriota]]"''' *'''"[[Nitrosediminicolota]]"''' *'''"[[Omnitrophota]]"''' *'''"[[Parcunitrobacterota]]"''' *'''"[[Peregrinibacteriota]]"''' *'''"[[Qinglongiota]]"''' *'''"[[Rifleibacteriota]]"''' *'''"[[Ryujiniota]]"''' *'''"[[Spongiamicota]]"''' *'''"[[Sumerlaeota]]"''' *'''"[[Sysuimicrobiota]]"''' *'''"[[Tangaroaeota]]"''' *'''"[[Tectimicrobiota]]"''' *'''"[[Tianyaibacteriota]]"''' *'''"[[Wirthibacterota]]"''' *"[[Zhuqueibacterota]]" *'''"[[Zhurongbacterota]]"'''{{div col end}} == Mmekọrịta ha na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ == [[Faịlụ:Bacterial_infections_and_involved_species.png|alt=chart showing bacterial infections upon various parts of human body|thumb|Nchịkọta nke mwakpo nje bacteria na ebe ndị o metụtakarịrị<ref name="Microbiology33">{{Cite book|title=Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Microbiology (Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Series)|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Hagerstwon, MD|year=2007|chapter=Chapter 33|pages=367–92|isbn=978-0-7817-8215-9}}</ref>]] N'agbanyeghị na ha yiri ka ha dị mfe, nje bacteria nwere ike ịmepụta njikọ dị mgbagwoju anya ha na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ. Enwere ike kewaa njikọ mmekọrịta ndị a n'ụdị orim egbum (parasitism), bụrụ ka m biri (mutualism) na ka m rie ka I nọrọ(commensalism).<ref name="pmid26568407">{{Cite journal|title=Rethinking "mutualism" in diverse host-symbiont communities|journal=BioEssays|volume=38|issue=1|pages=100–8|date=January 2016|pmid=26568407|doi=10.1002/bies.201500074}}</ref> === Ndị Mmekọrịta Ka m Rie Ka I Nọrọ (Commensals) === Okwu "commensalism" sitere n'okwu "commensal", nke pụtara "iri n'otu tebụl" na osisi na anụmanụ niile bụ ndị nje bacteria commensal na-achị. N'ime ụmụ mmadụ na anụmanụ ndị ọzọ, ọtụtụ ijeri n'ime ha na-ebi na akpụkpọ ahụ, ụzọ ikuku, eriri afọ na oghere ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=A dynamic partnership: celebrating our gut flora|journal=Anaerobe|volume=11|issue=5|pages=247–51|date=October 2005|pmid=16701579|doi=10.1016/j.anaerobe.2005.05.001}}</ref><ref name="pmid31214175">{{Cite journal|title=Commensal Bacteria: An Emerging Player in Defense Against Respiratory Pathogens|journal=Frontiers in Immunology|volume=10|issue=|date=2019|pmid=31214175|doi=10.3389/fimmu.2019.01203}}</ref> Ndị a na-akpọ ya "nje nkịtị", ma ọ bụ "commensals", nje bacteria ndị a anaghị emerụ ahụ ma ha nwere ike ịwakpo ebe ndị ọzọ n'ahụ mgbe ụfọdụ ma kpatara ọrịa.<ref name="pmid3074102">{{Cite journal|title=Normal flora and mucosal immunity of the head and neck|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=2|issue=1|pages=1–19|date=March 1988|pmid=3074102|doi=10.1016/S0891-5520(20)30163-X|url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid34329585">{{Cite journal|title=Commensal bacteria and fungi differentially regulate tumor responses to radiation therapy|journal=Cancer Cell|volume=39|issue=9|pages=1202–1213.e6|date=July 2021|pmid=34329585|doi=10.1016/j.ccell.2021.07.002|url=}}</ref> ''Escherichia coli'' bụ commensal n'ime eriri afọ mmadụ mana ọ nwere ike ịkpata ọrịa ebe e si anyụ mamịrị. <ref name="pmid33575225">{{Cite journal|title=MALT Lymphoma of the Urinary Bladder Shows a Dramatic Female Predominance, Uneven Geographic Distribution, and Possible Infectious Etiology|journal=Research and Reports in Urology|volume=13|issue=|pages=49–62|date=2021|pmid=33575225|doi=10.2147/RRU.S283366}}</ref> N'otu aka ahụ, streptococci, nke bụ akụkụ nke nje nkịtị nke ọnụ mmadụ, nwere ike ịkpata ọrịa obi.<ref name="pmid33852085">{{Cite journal|title=Infective endocarditis in paediatric population|journal=European Journal of Pediatrics|volume=180|issue=10|pages=3089–3100|date=April 2021|pmid=33852085|doi=10.1007/s00431-021-04062-7}}</ref> === Anụ ndị na-eri ibe ha === Ụdị nje bacteria ụfọdụ na-egbu ma rie microorganisms ndị ọzọ; a na-akpọ ụdị ndị a nje bacteria na-eri ibe ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Predatory prokaryotes: an emerging research opportunity|journal=Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology|volume=4|issue=5|pages=467–77|date=September 2002|pmid=12432957}}</ref> Ndị a gụnyere ihe ndị dị ndụ dị ka ''Myxococcus xanthus'', nke na-emepụta ụyọkọ mkpụrụ ndụ na-egbu ma na-agbari nje bacteria ọ bụla ha zutere.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Experimental social evolution with Myxococcus xanthus|journal=Antonie van Leeuwenhoek|volume=81|issue=1–4|pages=155–64|date=August 2002|pmid=12448714|doi=10.1023/A:1020546130033}}</ref> Nje ndị ọzọ na-eri ibe ha bụ na ha ga-arapara na anụ ahụ nje ha chọrọ iri iji gbarie ha ma mịkọrọ ihe oriri ma ọ bụ ha awakpoo mkpụrụ ndụ ọzọ ma mụbaa n'ime cytosol ya.<ref name="pmid34010833">{{Cite journal|title=Bacterial Predation on Cyanobacteria|journal=Microbial Physiology|volume=31|issue=2|pages=99–108|date=May 2021|pmid=34010833|doi=10.1159/000516427}}</ref> A na-eche na nje bacteria ndị a sitere na Saprophagus nke riri microorganisms nwụrụ anwụ, site na mgbanwe nke nyere ha ohere ijide ma gbuo ihe ndị ọzọ.<ref name="pmid19174136">{{Cite journal|title=Bacterial predators|journal=Current Biology|volume=19|issue=2|pages=R55–56|date=January 2009|pmid=19174136|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2008.10.043}}</ref> === Ndị na-akwado ibe ha === Nje bacteria ụfọdụ na-emepụta njikọ chiri anya nke dị mkpa maka ndụ ha. Otu njikọ dị otú ahụ, nke a na-akpọ interspecies Hydrogen transfer, na-eme n'etiti ụyọkọ nje bacteria na-anaghị anọ ebe oxygen dị nke na-eri organic acid, dị ka butyric acid ma ọ bụ propionic acid, ma na-emepụta hydrogen, na methanogenic archaea nke na-erị hydrogen.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Exocellular electron transfer in anaerobic microbial communities|journal=Environmental Microbiology|volume=8|issue=3|pages=371–82|date=March 2006|pmid=16478444|doi=10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.00989.x}}</ref> Nje bacteria nọ na njikọ a enweghị ike iri acid ebe ọ bụ na mmeghachi omume a na-emepụta hydrogen nke na-agbakọta na gburugburu ha. Naanị njikọ chiri anya ha na archaea na-eri hydrogen na-eme ka hydrogen dị ala iji kwe ka nje ahụ too.<ref name="pmid29411546">{{Cite journal|title=Cross-protection from hydrogen peroxide by helper microbes: the impacts on the cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus and other beneficiaries in marine communities|journal=Environmental Microbiology Reports|volume=10|issue=4|pages=399–411|date=August 2018|pmid=29411546|doi=10.1111/1758-2229.12625}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Mutualistic_relationship_between_plants_and_rhizosphere.svg|thumb|320x320px|Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti osisi na nje bacteria na-ejikọta nitrogen dị na rhizosphere]] N'ime ala, microorganisms ndị bi na [[rhizosphere]] (ebe gụnyere mgbọrọgwụ na ala nke na-arapara na mgbọrọgwụ mgbe ịma jijiji dị nro mechara) na-etinye nitrogen n'ala, na-agbanwe nitrogen gas ka ọ ghọrọ nitrogen compounds.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Microbial co-operation in the rhizosphere|journal=Journal of Experimental Botany|volume=56|issue=417|pages=1761–78|date=July 2005|pmid=15911555|doi=10.1093/jxb/eri197}}</ref> Nke a na-arụ ọrụ iji nye ụdị nitrogen dị mfe mmịrị maka ọtụtụ osisi, nke na-enweghị ike itinyei nitrogen n'onwe ha. A na-ahụ ọtụtụ nje bacteria ndị ọzọ dị ka symbionts na ụmụ mmadụ na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọnụnọ nke ihe karịrị otu puku nke ụdị nje bacteria n'ime eriri afọ mmadụ nwere ike inye aka na mgbochi ọrịa eriri afọ, mepụta vitamin, dị ka folic acid, vitamin K na Biotin, gbanwee shuga ka ọ ghọọ lactic acid (lee Lactobacillus), yana ịgbaze carbohydrates a na-apụghị ịgbari agbari.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The gut flora as a forgotten organ|journal=EMBO Reports|volume=7|issue=7|pages=688–93|date=July 2006|pmid=16819463|doi=10.1038/sj.embor.7400731}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=A microbial world within us|journal=Molecular Microbiology|volume=59|issue=6|pages=1639–50|date=March 2006|pmid=16553872|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05056.x}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Lactic acid bacteria and human health|journal=Annals of Medicine|volume=22|issue=1|pages=37–41|date=February 1990|pmid=2109988|doi=10.3109/07853899009147239}}</ref> Ọnụnọ nke nje ndị a n'eriri afọ na-egbochi uto nke nje bacteria nwere ike ibute ọrịa (na-emekarị site na mwepụ n'ụzọ asọmpi) a ma na-ere nje bacteria ndị a bara uru dị ka Ihe mgbakwunye nri probiotic.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Probiotics that modify disease risk|journal=The Journal of Nutrition|volume=135|issue=5|pages=1294–98|date=May 2005|pmid=15867327|doi=10.1093/jn/135.5.1294}}</ref> Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ Ndụ anụmanụ niile dabeere na nje bacteria maka ịdị ndụ dịka ọ bụ naanị nje bacteria na ụfọdụ archaea nwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na enzymes dị mkpa iji mepụta [[vitamin]] B₁₂, nke a makwaara dị ka cobalamin, ma nye ya site na eriri nri. Vitamin B12 bụ vitamin na-agbaze na mmiri nke na-etinye aka na metabolism nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọ bụla nke ahụ mmadụ. Ọ bụ cofactor na njikọ DNA na ma fatty acid na amino acid metabolism. Ọ dị mkpa karịsịa na ọrụ dị mma nke usoro akwara ahụ site na ọrụ ya na mmepụta myelin.<ref name="pmid29216732">{{Cite journal|title=Vitamin B12 sources and microbial interaction|journal=Experimental Biology and Medicine|volume=243|issue=2|pages=148–58|date=January 2018|pmid=29216732|doi=10.1177/1535370217746612}}</ref> === Ihe Ndị Na-akpata Ọrịa === [[Faịlụ:Neisseria_gonorrhoeae_and_pus_cells.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|''Neisseria gonorrhoeae'' na Mkpụrụ ndụ pus sitere na ihe si n'amụ pụta (Gram stain) ]] [[Faịlụ:SalmonellaNIAID.jpg|alt=Color-enhanced scanning electron micrograph of red Salmonella typhimurium in yellow human cells|thumb|Micrograph eletrọn na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-egosi ''Salmonella typhimurium'' (na-acha ọbara ọbara) ka ha na-awakpo mkpụrụ ndụ mmadụ]] A na-anọgide na-ekpughe ahụ nye ọtụtụ ụdị nje bacteria, gụnyere ndị bara uru na-ebi n'ahụ mmadụ na-adịghi eweta nsogbu, ndị na-eto n'ahụ nakwa na mucous membranes, yana Ndị na-ebi na ihe ndị na-ere ure, ndị a na-ahụkarị n'ala na n'ihe ndị na-emebi emebi. Mmiri ọbara na anụ ahụ nwere ihe na-edozi ahụ zuru ezu iji mee ka ọtụtụ nje bacteria na-eto. Ahụ nwere usoro nchebe nke na-enyere ya aka iguzogide mwakpo ụmụ njé n'ebe dị iche iche na anụ ahụ ma nye ya ikike mgbochi ọrịa ọnatarachi ma ọ bụ nguzogide ebumpụta ụwa megide ọtụtụ ụmụ microorganisms. N'adịghị ka ụfọdụ nje, nje bacteria na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-agbanwe ọtụtụ ọrịa nje na-emekwa n'ime anụmanụ ndị ọzọ. Ọ bụrụ na nje bacteria na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ na-enwe mmekọrịta orim egbum, a na-ahazi ha dịka njé ndị na-akpata ọrịa. Nje bacteria na-akpata ọrịa bụ isi ihe na-akpata ọnwụ na ọrịa mmadụ ma na-akpụ ọrịa dịka tetanus (nke ''Clostridium tetani'' na-akpata), ịba ahụ, diphtheria, syphilis, ọgbụgbọ na ọnyụnyụ, ọrịa ndị a na-ebute na nri, [[Ekpenta]] (nke Mycobacterium leprae na-akpata) na ụkwara nta (nke Mycebocterium tuberculosis kpatara). Enwere ike ịchọpụta ihe na-akpata ọrịa a ma ama ọtụtụ afọ ka e mesịrị, dịka ọ dị maka ''Helicobacter pylori'' na Ọrịa ọnyá afọ.<ref name="pmid34244666">{{Cite journal|title=Helicobacter pylori infection causes both protective and deleterious effects in human health and disease|journal=Genes and Immunity|volume=22|issue=4|pages=218–226|date=July 2021|pmid=34244666|doi=10.1038/s41435-021-00146-4}}</ref> Ọrịa nje bacteria dịkwa mkpa n'[[Oru ugbo|ọrụ ugbo]], ebe ọ bụ nje bacteria na-akpata ntụpọ akwụkwọ, ọnya ọkụ na ntụpọ n'ime osisi, yana Ọrịa Johne, mastitis, salmonella na anthrax n'ime anụ ụlọ.<ref name="pmid27660260">{{Cite journal|title=40 years of veterinary papers in JAC – what have we learnt?|journal=The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy|volume=71|issue=10|pages=2681–90|date=October 2016|pmid=27660260|doi=10.1093/jac/dkw363}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Normal_and_BV_flora.jpg|alt=Gram-stained micrograph of bacteria from the vagina|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Gbasara nje bacteria n'ọ́tụ̀ nwanyị, nje bacteria ndị bara uru n'ime akụkụ ahụ nwanyị (n'elu) ka nje ndị na-akpata ọrịa na-anọchi (n'okpuru).]] Ụdị nke na-akpata ọrịa nke ọbụla nwere ụdị mmekọrịta dị iche iche ya na ndị mmadụ na-ebu ha. Ụfọdụ ihe ndị dị ndụ, dị ka ''Staphylococcus'' ma ọ bụ ''Streptococcus'' nwere ike ịkpata ọrịa akpụkpọ ahụ, oyi ịba n'ahụ, meningitis na sepsis (bụ mgbu na-eko eko nke ahụ na-enwe na-akpata nkụda mmụọ, nnukwu vasodilation na ọnwụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Optimal antimicrobial therapy for sepsis|journal=American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy|volume=59|issue=Suppl 1|pages=S13–19|date=February 2002|pmid=11885408|doi=10.1093/ajhp/59.suppl_1.S13}}</ref> Ma ihe ndị a bụkwa akụkụ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ nje kwesịrị ịdị nkịtị n'ahụ mmadụ mmadụ ma na-adịkarị na akpụkpọ ahụ ma ọ bụ n'imi n'akpataghị ọrịa ọ bụla. Ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ na-akpata ọrịa n'ime ụmụ mmadụ, dị ka ''Rickettsia'', nke bụ nje na-adịkarị ndụ ma ọ bátá n'akụkụ ahụ mmadụ ụfọdụ nke nwere ike itolite ma mụbaa naanị n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ nke ihe ndị ọzọ dị iche iche. Otu ụdị ''Rickettsia'' na-akpata typhus, ebe nke ọzọ na-akpatara Rocky Mountain spotted fever. ''Chlamydia'', phylum ọzọ nke intracellular parasites, nwere ụdị ndị nwere ike ịkpata oyi ịba n'ahụ ma ọ bụ ọrịa nke ebe mamịrị dị agafe ma nwee ike itinye aka na Ọrịa obi.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Chlamydia pneumoniae and atherosclerosis|journal=Cellular Microbiology|volume=6|issue=2|pages=117–27|date=February 2004|pmid=14706098|doi=10.1046/j.1462-5822.2003.00352.x}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ụdị, dị ka ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'', ''Burkholderia cenocepacia'', na ''Mycobacterium avium'', bụ ihe ndị na-akpata ọrịa na-adị naanị mgbe ha hụrụ ohere, ma na-akpata ọrịa karịsịa na ndị usoro ahụ ha ji egbochi ọrịa na-adịghịzi ike ma ọ bụ nwere cystic fibrosis.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Letizia|first=Morgana|date=2025|title=Pseudomonas aeruginosa: ecology, evolution, pathogenesis and antimicrobial susceptibility|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41579-025-01193-8|journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology|language=en|volume=23|issue=11|pages=701–717|doi=10.1038/s41579-025-01193-8|pmid=40442328|issn=1740-1534}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Diseases associated with immunosuppression|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|volume=43|pages=9–19|date=February 1982|pmid=7037390}}</ref><ref name="Saiman">{{Cite journal|title=Microbiology of early CF lung disease|journal=Paediatric Respiratory Reviews|volume=5|issue=Suppl A|pages=S367–69|year=2004|pmid=14980298|doi=10.1016/S1526-0542(04)90065-6}}</ref> Ụfọdụ nje bacteria na-emepụta nsí, nke na-akpata ọrịa. Ndị a bụ endotoxins, nke sitere na mkpụrụ ndụ nje bacteria mebiri emebi, na exotoxins nke nje bacteria na-emepụta ma wepụta n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi. Nje bacteria ''Clostridium botulinum'' dịka ọmụmaatụ, na-emepụta exotoxin dị ike nke na-akpata nkwarụ iku ume, ebe ''Salmonellae'' na-emepụta endotoxin nke na-akpata gastroenteritis. Enwere ike ịgbanwe ụfọdụ exotoxins ka ha bụrụ Toxoids, nke a na-eji dị ka ọgwụ mgbochi iji gbochie ọrịa ahụ. Enwere ike iji Ọgwụ nje gwọọ ọrịa nje, nke a na-ahazi dịka bacteriocidal ma ọ bụrụ na ha na-egbu nje ma ọ bụ bacteriostatic ma ọ bụrụgodị na ha egbochi uto nje. E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị ọgwụ nje, na klas ọ bụla na-egbochi usoro dị iche na nje ahụ na-akpata ọrịa pụọ na nke a hụrụ na onye nwe nke ahụ n'ahụ. Ihe atụ igosi otu ọgwụ nje si emepụta nsị na-ahọrọ ahọrọ bụ chloramphenicol na puromycin, nke na-egbochi nje ribosome, mana ọ bụghị ribosome eukaryotic dị iche iche.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Ribosomal crystallography: initiation, peptide bond formation, and amino acid polymerization are hampered by antibiotics|journal=[[Annual Review of Microbiology]]|volume=58|pages=233–51|year=2004|pmid=15487937|doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.58.030603.123822}}</ref> A na-eji ọgwụ nje ma n'ịgwọ ọrịa mmadụ ma n'[[ọrụ ugbo siri ike]] iji kwalite uto anụmanụ, ebe ha nwere ike inye aka na mmepe ngwa ngwa nke ọgwụ nje na-eguzogide n'etiti ndị nje bacteria.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Agricultural use of antibiotics and the evolution and transfer of antibiotic-resistant bacteria|journal=CMAJ|volume=159|issue=9|pages=1129–36|date=November 1998|pmid=9835883}}</ref> Enwere ihe mgbochi ọrịa site na usoro ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa dịka ihicha ahụ nke ọma tupu ịpịa ya agịga, yana nlekọta kwesịrị ekwesị nke catheter eji anyụ mamịrị. A na-ehichakwa ihe ndị e ji awa ahụ na nke eji agwọ ọrịa ezé nke ọma iji gbochie nje bacteria. A na-eji ihe na-egbu nje dịka bleach egbu nje bacteria ma ọ bụ nje ndị ọzọ na-akpata ọrịa n'elu ebe ndị a na-edokwasi ihe iji gbochie mmetọ ma belata ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ọrịa.<ref name="pmid28954657">{{Cite journal|title=Disinfection Processes|journal=Water Environment Research|volume=89|issue=10|pages=1206–44|date=October 2017|pmid=28954657|doi=10.2175/106143017X15023776270278}}</ref> == Akụkọ Mmalite nke Ọmụmụ banyere nje bacteria == [[Faịlụ:Anthonie_van_Leeuwenhoek_(1632-1723)._Natuurkundige_te_Delft_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-957.jpeg|alt=painting of Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, in robe and frilled shirt, with ink pen and paper|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723), onye mbụ gụrụ microbiology na onye mbụ hụrụ nje bacteria site na iji ígwè microscope n'afọ 1676]] Ọ bụ onye Dutch bụ ọkachamara n'iji ígwè microscope eme nchọpụta ihe bụ Antonie van Leeuwenhoek bụ ụzọ hụ nje bacteria n'afọ 1676, na-eji microscope nwere otu ugogbe nke ọ rụrụ. Leeuwenhoek amataghị nje bacteria dị ka ụdị dị iche iche nke microorganisms, wee kpọọ microorganism niile ọ hụrụ animalcules, gụnyere nje bacteria, protists, na ụmụ anụmanụ ndị dị oké nta. O bipụtara ihe ọ chọpụtara n'usoro akwụkwọ ozi o degaara Royal Society nke London. Bacteria bụ nchọpụta e ji ígwè microscope mee kachasị dị ịrịba ama nke Leeuwenhoek mere. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ha dị n'ókè nke ugogbe microscope ya dị mfe nwere ike ịhụta, na, n'otu n'ime ihe ndị kachasị dị ịrịba ama n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke sayensị, ọ dịghị onye ọzọ ga-ahụ ha ọzọ ruo ihe karịrị otu narị afọ.<ref>{{Cite book|authorlink=Isaac Asimov|year=1982|title=Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology|edition=2nd|location=Garden City, NY|publisher=Doubleday and Company}}</ref> Ihe ndị ọ chọpụtara gụnyekwara protozoans, a tụlekwara nchọpụta ya ọzọ na-adabere na nchọpụta ndị na-adịbeghị anya e mere gbasara ozizi mkpụrụ ndụ. Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg webatara okwu "bacterium" na 1828. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Symbolae Physioe. Animalia evertebrata.|publisher=Decas prima|location=Berlin|date=1828}}</ref> N'ezie, Bacterium ya bụ ụdị nke nwere ''Nje bacteria'' na-abụghị spore-forming rod, dị iche na Bacillus, ụdị nje bacteria na na-emepụta spore nke Ehrenberg kọwara na 1835. <ref name="status">{{Cite journal|title=The Status of the Generic Term Bacterium Ehrenberg 1828|journal=Journal of Bacteriology|volume=31|issue=5|pages=517–18|date=May 1936|pmid=16559906|doi=10.1128/jb.31.5.517-518.1936}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Dritter Beitrag zur Erkenntniss grosser Organisation in der Richtung des kleinsten Raumes.|language=de|publisher=Physikalische Abhandlungen der Koeniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften|location=Berlin|year=1835|pages=143–336|oclc=183145833}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Bacteriohopanepolyol * Nje bacteria gbanwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa * Prokaryotes nke mmiri == Edensibịa == == Akwụkwọ Ndị E Degasịrị == * {{Cite book|title=Germs, Genes, & Civilization: how epidemics shaped who we are today|publisher=FT Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-13-701996-0|oclc=473120711}} * {{Cite book|title=Deadly Companions: how microbes shaped our history|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-19-956144-5|oclc=183198723}} * {{Cite book|title=Strickberger's Evolution: the integration of genes, organisms and populations|publisher=Jones and Bartlett|year=2008|isbn=978-0-7637-0066-9|oclc=85814089}} * {{Cite book|title=The Microbial Challenge: a public health perspective|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|year=2014|isbn=978-1-4496-7375-8|oclc=794228026}} * {{Cite book|title=Fundamentals of Microbiology|edition=10th|publisher=Jones and Bartlett|location=Boston|year=2014|isbn=978-1-284-03968-9}} * {{Cite book|title=Principles of modern microbiology|publisher=Jones and Bartlett Publishers|year=2008|isbn=978-0-7637-1075-0|oclc=67392796}} == Njikọ Mpụga == * [http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/ Akwụkwọ ederede n'ịntanetị banyere nje bacteria (2015)] E debere ya na Wayback Machine {{Bacteria classification}}{{Bacteria}}{{Microorganisms}}{{Life on Earth}}{{Organisms et al.}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q10876}}{{Authority control}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] bu6xpvqv90uymrhx57pukd91e3765fq 632442 632441 2026-05-09T15:30:53Z OGA Goody 61205 fixed reference error 632442 wikitext text/x-wiki Bacteria dị ebe niile, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ihe ndị na-ebi ndụ n'efu na-enwekarị otu mkpụrụ ndụ. Ha mejupụtara nnukwu ngalaba nke nje ntakịrị ndị na-enwe otu mkpụrụ ndụ. Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị micromita ole na ole n'ogologo, '''Nje bacteria''' so n'ụdị ndụ ndị mbụ pụtara n'ụwa, ma dịrị n'ọtụtụ [[Habitat|ebe obibi]] ya ndị e nwegasịrị. Bacteria na-ebi na ikuku, ala, mmiri, mmiri ndị na-agbapụta na nkume dị n'ụdị asiid, Ihe mkpofu radioactive, na ebe omimi Biosphere nke ụwa. Bacteria na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ọtụtụ ọkwá nke usoro nkesa nri site na imegharị na ibugharị ihe oriri na nkedo nke nitrogen sitere na ikuku. Usoro mmeghari na mbughari nri gụnyere ire ure nke ozu; nje bacteria na-ahụ maka ọkwa ire ure na usoro a. N'ime obodo ihe ndị dị ndụ dị nke gbara oghere hydrothermal gburugburu nakwa isi mmiri jụrụ oyi, nje bacteria extremophile na-enye ihe oriri dị mkpa iji mee ka ndụ dịgide site na ịgbanwe ihe ndị a gbazere agbaze, dị ka hydrogen sulphide na methane, ka ha nye ike. Bacteria na-ebikwa ndụ inwe mmekọrịta onye rie ibe ya erie, onye rie ibe ya ahapụ nakwa nke orim egbum ha na osisi na ụmụ anụmanụ. A kọwabeghị nke ka n'ọnụ ọgụgụ banyere ọmụmụ nje bacteria, e nwekwara ọtụtụ ụdị ndị a na-apụghị ịzụlite na ụlọ nnyocha. A maara ọmụmụ nke nje bacteria dị ka bacteriology, alaka nke isi ọmụmụ Microbiology. Dị ka ụmụ anụmanụ niile, ụmụ mmadụ bukwa ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu (ihe dị ka 10¹³ ruo 10¹⁴) nke Nje bacteria.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sender|first=Ron|title=Revised Estimates for the Number of Human and Bacteria Cells in the Body|journal=PLOS Biology|date=19 August 2016|volume=14|issue=8|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1002533|pmid=27541692}}</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime ha dị n'ime eriri afọ, ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọtụtụ n' akpụkpọ ahụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime nje bacteria dị n'ime na n'elu ahụ anaghị emerụ ahụ ma ọ bụ bụrụ nke e dowere n'ọnọdụ a site na mmetụta nchebe nke usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ, bụrụkwa na ọtụtụ n'ime nke ndị a bara uru, ọkachasị ndị dị na eriri afọ.<ref name="McCutcheon">{{Cite journal|title=The Genomics and Cell Biology of Host-Beneficial Intracellular Infections|journal=Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology|volume=37|issue=1|pages=115–142|date=October 2021|pmid=34242059|doi=10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120219-024122}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ ụdị nje bacteria na-akpata ọrịa, ọkachasị ọtụtụ Ọrịa na-efe efe, gụnyere ọgbụgbọ na ọnyụnyụ, sifilis, anthrax, ekpenta, ụkwara nta, tetanus na ọrịa bubonic. Ọrịa nje bacteria ndị kachasị njọ bụ ọrịa iku ume. A na-eji ọgwụ nje agwọ ọrịa nje ma na-ejikwa ha n'ọrụ ugbo, na-eme ka iguzogide ọgwụ nje bụrụ nsogbu na-arịwanye elu. Bacteria dị mkpa na ọgwụgwọ nsị na mgbari nke [[Mmanu mmanu|mwufu mmanụ ike]], mmepụta nke cheese na yogọt site na mgbaze, iweghachite ọlaedo, palladium, ọla kọpa na ọla ndị ọzọ na ngalaba ngwupụta ihe (Biomining, Bioleaching), yana na biotechnology, nakwa na mmepụta ọgwụ nje na kemịkal ndị ọzọ. A na-ewebu ha dị ka [[Osisi|akụmakụ]] ndị mejupụtara klas Schizomycetes ("fission fungi"), mana e kenyere ''nje bacteria'' ugbu a dị ka nje ndị nwere otu mkpụrụ ndụ. N'adịghị ka mkpụrụ ndụ nke ụmụ anụmanụ na nje ndị nwere ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ọzọ, mkpụrụ ndụ nje nwere chromosomes dị gburugburu, enweghị nucleus ma na-adịghị enwekarịkwa organelle ndị membrane na-ejikọta. Ọ bụ ezie na okwu a bụ nje bacteria na-agụnye nje niile ndị nwere otu mkpụrụ ndụ, nhazi ga n'ụdị sayensị gbanwere mgbe e mechara nchọpụta nke afọ ndị 1990 na nke ndị nwere otu mkpụrụ ndụ (prokaryotes) nwere òtù ụzọ abụọ dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ sitere na otu nna nna ochie. A na-akpọ ngalaba evolushọn ndị a Bacteria na Archaea. N'adịghị ka Archaea, nje bacteria nwere lipids ejikọrọ ha na ester na membrane nke mkpụrụ ndụ, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Santhosh|first=Poornima Budime|title=Archaeosomes: New Generation of Liposomes Based on Archaeal Lipids for Drug Delivery and Biomedical Applications|journal=ACS Omega|date=10 January 2023|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–9|doi=10.1021/acsomega.2c06034|pmid=36643444}}</ref> nweekwa ihe ndị na-eme ka ha gbatịa too ogologo ndị na-eguzogide ADP-ribosylation sitere na nsị diphtheria, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kessel|first=Michael|title=Archaebacterial elongation factor is ADP-ribosylated by diphtheria toxin|journal=Nature|date=September 1980|volume=287|issue=5779|pages=250–251|doi=10.1038/287250a0|pmid=6776409}}</ref> na-eji formylmethionine na mmalite nke mmepụta protin <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Falb|first=Michaela|title=Archaeal N-terminal Protein Maturation Commonly Involves N-terminal Acetylation: A Large-scale Proteomics Survey|journal=Journal of Molecular Biology|date=October 2006|volume=362|issue=5|pages=915–924|doi=10.1016/j.jmb.2006.07.086|pmid=16950390}}</ref> ma nwee ọtụtụ ọdịiche mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, gụnyere 16S rRNA dị iche.<ref name="pmid37129483">{{Cite journal|title=Microbial Diversity Biased Estimation Caused by Intragenomic Heterogeneity and Interspecific Conservation of 16S rRNA Genes|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|volume=89|issue=5|pages=e0210822|date=May 2023|pmid=37129483|doi=10.1128/aem.02108-22|url=}}</ref> == Okwu mmalite == [[Faịlụ:Bacillus_subtilis_2.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|''Bacillus subtilis'' dị ka osisi igwe ]] Okwu a bụ ''nje ''bacterium'''' (/bækˈtɪəriə/ i; sg.: ''nje bacteria'') bụ ụbara nke ụdị Neo-Latin ya bụ bacterium, nke bụ ịsụgharị ya n'asụsụ Roman nke okwu Grik oge ochie bụ βακτήριον (''baktḗrion''), ụdị obere nke βακτηρία (''baktēría''), nke pụtara 'osisi' ma ọ bụ 'mkpara', n'ihi na ndị mbụ a chọpụtara nwere Ọdịdị osisi. == Ihe ọmụma banyere nje Bacteria == Ọ bụ ezie na ọ dị nchịkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ puku iri anọ na atọ nke ụdị nje bacteria ndị a gụrụla aha, mana amụbeghị maka ọtụtụ n'ime ha. N'ezie, naanị ụdị nje bacteria iri mejupụtara ọkara nke akwụkwọ niile a na-ebipụta gbasara nje bacteria, ebe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ pasent iri asaa na ise nke nje bacteria niile a kpọrọla aha enweghị nnyocha agụmakwụkwọ ọbula lekwasịrị ha anya.<ref name="Jensen-2025" /> Ụdị a kacha mụọ maka ha, ''Escherichia coli'', nwere ihe karịrị ọmụmụ narị puku atọ e bipụtara na ha, <ref name="Jensen-2025" /> mana ọtụtụ n'ime akwụkwọ mbipụta ndị a nwere ike iji ya naanị dị ka ihe nlere anya imepụta ụdị yiri ya iji mụọ maka ụdị ndị ọzọ, n'enyeghị nghọta ọ bụla banyere ịdị ndụ ya. Pasent iri itoolu nke ihe ọmụmụ sayensị banyere nje bacteria na-elekwasị anya na ihe na-erughị otu pasent nke ụdị nke ndị e nwegasịrị, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụrụ nje bacteria na-akpata ọrịa ndị metụtara ahụike mmadụ.<ref name="Jensen-2025" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Callaway|first=Ewen|title=These are the 20 most-studied bacteria — the majority have been ignored|journal=Nature|date=23 January 2025|volume=637|issue=8047|pages=770–771|doi=10.1038/d41586-025-00038-x|pmid=39794431}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na E. coli bụ ma eleghị anya nje bacteria a kacha mụọ maka ya, otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ya dị puku anọ ka a na-amụghị nke ọma maka ha ma ọ bụ bụrụ nke a na-amaghị. Ụfọdụ nje bacteria nwere obere genomes (na-erughi mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa narị isii, dịka ''Mycoplasma'') na-enwekarị akụkụ dị ukwuu n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ha niile nke e mere ka na-arụ ọrụ, ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ n'ime ihe dị mkpa echekwara n'ọtụtụ ụdị ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Médigue|first=Claudine|date=December 2007|title=Annotation, comparison and databases for hundreds of bacterial genomes|journal=Research in Microbiology|volume=158|issue=10|pages=724–736|doi=10.1016/j.resmic.2007.09.009|pmid=18031997}}</ref> == Akụkọ Mmalite na Mmalite evolushọn == [[Faịlụ:Phylogenetic_tree_of_life_LUCA.svg|thumb|Osisi phylogenetic nke Bacteria, Archaea na Eukarya, ya na nna nna ikpeazụ zuru ụwa ọnụ (LUCA) na mgbọrọgwụ <ref name="pmid2112744">{{Cite journal|title=Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=87|issue=12|pages=4576–79|date=June 1990|pmid=2112744|doi=10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576}}</ref>]] Ndị nna nna nke nje bacteria bụ microorganism ndị nwere naanị otu mkpụrụ ndụ bụ Ụdị ndụ mbụ pụtara n'ụwa, ihe dị ka ijeri afọ anọ gara aga. Ruo ihe dị ka ijeri afọ atọ, ọtụtụ ihe ndị dị ndụ ha naanị otu a ga-ejinwu igwe microscope hụ ha, ebe nje bacteria na archaea bụ ụdị ndị dị ndụ kachasị n'ọnụ ọgụ. <ref name="pmid31475212">{{Cite journal|title=Human microbial ecology and the rising new medicine|journal=Annals of Translational Medicine|volume=7|issue=14|date=July 2019|pmid=31475212|doi=10.21037/atm.2019.06.56}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Disparate rates, differing fates: tempo and mode of evolution changed from the Precambrian to the Phanerozoic|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=91|issue=15|pages=6735–42|date=July 1994|pmid=8041691|doi=10.1073/pnas.91.15.6735}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Environmental diversity of bacteria and archaea|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=50|issue=4|pages=470–78|date=August 2001|pmid=12116647|doi=10.1080/106351501750435040}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na fossils nke nje bacteria dị, dị ka stromatolites, enweghị ọdịdị kpọmkwem ha gbochiri iji ha mee nnyocha nke akụkọ mmalite nje, ma ọ bụ iji nye deeti nke oge mmalite nke otu ụdị nje bacteria. Otú ọ dị, enwere ike iji usoro mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mee ihe iji wughachi phylogeny nke nje bacteria, ebe ọmụmụ ihe ndị a na-egosi na nje bacteria buru ụzọ kewapụ site na usoro archaeal / eukaryotic.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Archaea and the prokaryote-to-eukaryote transition|journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews|volume=61|issue=4|pages=456–502|date=December 1997|doi=10.1128/mmbr.61.4.456-502.1997|pmid=9409149}}</ref> Onye nna ochie kachasị ọhụrụ (MRCA) nke nje bacteria na archaea nwere ike ịbụ hyperthermophile nke biri ihe dị ka ijeri afọ abụọ na ọkara ruo afọ atọ na ụma abụọ gara aga.<ref name="pmid29894297">{{Cite journal|title=Twitch or swim: towards the understanding of prokaryotic motion based on the type IV pilus blueprint|journal=Biological Chemistry|volume=399|issue=7|pages=799–808|date=June 2018|pmid=29894297|doi=10.1515/hsz-2018-0157}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=The universal ancestor and the ancestor of bacteria were hyperthermophiles|journal=Journal of Molecular Evolution|volume=57|issue=6|pages=721–30|date=December 2003|pmid=14745541|doi=10.1007/s00239-003-2522-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=A genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=4|date=November 2004|pmid=15535883|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-4-44}}</ref> Ndụ mbụ e nwere n'ala nwere ike ịbụ nje bacteria ihe dị ka ijeri afọ atọ na ụma iri abụọ na abụọ gara aga.<ref name="NG-20180723">{{Cite journal|title=Microbial life and biogeochemical cycling on land 3,220 million years ago|date=23 July 2018|journal=[[Nature Geoscience]]|volume=11|issue=9|pages=665–671|doi=10.1038/s41561-018-0190-9|url=https://hal.univ-brest.fr/hal-01901955/file/Homann%20et%20al.%202018%20-%20accepted-1.pdf}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Bacteria sonyekwara na akụkọ oke mgbasa ihe e kere eke nke abụọ, nke archaea na nke ndị nwere ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ (eukaryotes).<ref name="Gabaldón">{{Cite journal|title=Origin and Early Evolution of the Eukaryotic Cell|journal=Annual Review of Microbiology|volume=75|issue=1|pages=631–647|date=October 2021|pmid=34343017|doi=10.1146/annurev-micro-090817-062213}}</ref><ref name="Callier">{{Cite journal|title=Mitochondria and the origin of eukaryotes|journal=Knowable Magazine|date=8 June 2022|doi=10.1146/knowable-060822-2}}</ref> N'ebe a, ihe ndị dị ndụ nwere ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ malitere mgbe nje bacteria ochie banyere na mmekọrịta endosymbiotic, ha na ndị nna nna ihe ndị dị ndụ nwere ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ, ndị nke n'onwe ha nwere ike ha metụtara Archaea.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Evaluating hypotheses for the origin of eukaryotes|journal=BioEssays|volume=29|issue=1|pages=74–84|date=January 2007|pmid=17187354|doi=10.1002/bies.20516}}</ref><ref name="Dyall">{{Cite journal|title=Ancient invasions: from endosymbionts to organelles|journal=Science|volume=304|issue=5668|pages=253–257|date=April 2004|pmid=15073369|doi=10.1126/science.1094884}}</ref> Nke a gụnyere nlomi nke sitere na proto-eukaryotic cells nke alphaproteobacterial symbionts iji mepụta mitochondria maọbu hydrogenosomes, nke a ka na-ahụ na Eukarya niile a maara (mgbe ụfọdụ n'ụdịe mere ka ọ dị nta n'ebe ọ dị ukwuu, ọmụmaatu n'ụdị amitochondrial protozoa).<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Katiyar|first=Santosh K.|title=Comparisons of ribosomal RNA sequences from amitochondrial protozoa: implications for processing, mRNA binding and paromomycin susceptibility|journal=Gene|date=January 1995|volume=152|issue=1|pages=27–33|doi=10.1016/0378-1119(94)00677-K|pmid=7828924}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tůmová|first=Pavla|title=Inheritance of the reduced mitochondria of Giardia intestinalis is coupled to the flagellar maturation cycle|journal=BMC Biology|date=December 2021|volume=19|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12915-021-01129-7|pmid=34493257}}</ref> Ka e mesịrị, ụfọdụ ihe ndị dị ndụ nwere ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ ndị nwerela mitochondria mitochondria lomiri ihe ndị dị ndụ ndị yiri cyanobacteria, nke wetara mmepụta nke chloroplasts na algae na n'akụmakụ. Nke a ka amaara dịka primary endosymbiosis.<ref name="pmid34018613">{{Cite journal|title=Why is primary endosymbiosis so rare?|journal=The New Phytologist|volume=231|issue=5|pages=1693–1699|date=September 2021|pmid=34018613|doi=10.1111/nph.17478}}</ref> == Ebe obibi == Nje bacteria di ebe niile, na-ebi n'ebe ọbula ohere dị n'elu ụwa gụnyere aja, n'okpuru mmiri, n'ime ime ala, ọbụnadị na gburugburu ebe obibi ndị ahụ dị egwu dị ka mmiri ndị si na nkume agbapụta dị ọkụ ma dịkwa n'ụdị asiid yana n'ebe mkpofu radioactive.<ref name="pmid17331729">{{Cite journal|title=Life in acid: pH homeostasis in acidophiles|journal=Trends in Microbiology|volume=15|issue=4|pages=165–171|date=April 2007|pmid=17331729|doi=10.1016/j.tim.2007.02.005}}</ref><ref name="pmid33114255">{{Cite journal|title=Extremophilic Microorganisms for the Treatment of Toxic Pollutants in the Environment|journal=Molecules|volume=25|issue=21|date=October 2020|pmid=33114255|doi=10.3390/molecules25214916}}</ref> A na-eche na nchịkọta na e nwere 2×10³⁰ nje bacteria n'elu ụwa,<ref name="pmid30760902">{{Cite journal|title=Bacteria and archaea on Earth and their abundance in biofilms|journal=Nature Reviews. Microbiology|volume=17|issue=4|pages=247–260|date=April 2019|pmid=30760902|doi=10.1038/s41579-019-0158-9}}</ref> na-aghọ nchịkọta nke ihe ndị dị ndụ nke ọ bú naanị akụmakụ ka ha n'ọnụ ọgụ .<ref name="Bar-On">{{Cite journal|title=The biomass distribution on Earth|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=115|issue=25|pages=6506–6511|date=June 2018|pmid=29784790|doi=10.1073/pnas.1711842115}}</ref> Ha mụbara amụba na mmírí ndị na-adọ adọ nakwa n'osimiri, na arctic ice, yana geothermal springs ebe ha na-enyw nri ndị a chọrọ maka ịdị ndụ site n'igbanwe ihe ndị gbazerela agbaze dịka hydrogen sulphide na methane, ka ha nye ike.<ref name="pmid34203823">{{Cite journal|title=Molecular Physiology of Anaerobic Phototrophic Purple and Green Sulfur Bacteria|journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences|volume=22|issue=12|date=June 2021|pmid=34203823|doi=10.3390/ijms22126398}}</ref> Ha na-ebi n'elu nakwa n'ime akụmakụ na n'ụmụ anumanu. Ọtụtụ n'ime ha anaghị akpata ọria, bara uru na gburugburu ebe obibi ha, ma bụrụ ndị a chọrọ maka ndụ.<ref name="McCutcheon" /> Ala bụ nnukwu isi iyi nke nje bacteria, ebe gram ole na ole nke aja na-enwe agbata nde kwuru ndè nke njé . Ha niile bátá uru nye ọdịdị ala, na-agbari ihe mkpofu ndị nwere nsi, ma na-enughari ike. A na-ahụ ha ọbụnadị na ikuku, ebe otu kubik mita ikuku nwere ndè otu narị nke mkpụrụ ndụ bacteria. Oke osimiri na iyi hanwa nwe gburugburu ọnụ ọgụgụ nje dị 3 &#xD7; 10²⁶ nke na-eweta ihe ruru pasent iri ise nke ikuku ndụ ndị mmadụ na-eku. Naanị agbata pasent abụọ nke ụdị nje dị iche iche e nwere ka amụrụla nke ọma maka ha. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right:auto" |+Nje bacteria na-eri ibe ha !Ebe obibi !Ụdị dị iche iche !Ihe odide |- |Okpomọkụ (ma e wezụga 15 °C Antarctica) &nbsp; |Cryptoendoliths |[48] |- |Okpomọkụ (70-121 °C): isi iyi, ikuku Mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ n'okpuru mmiri, mkpo oké osimiri&nbsp;Akpụkpọ ahụ |''Thermus aquaticus'' |<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The search for life on Europa: limiting environmental factors, potential habitats, and Earth analogues|journal=Astrobiology|volume=3|issue=4|pages=785–811|date=December 2003|pmid=14987483|doi=10.1089/153110703322736105}}</ref>[47]<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Temperature limits to deep subseafloor life in the Nankai Trough subduction zone|journal=Science|volume=370|issue=6521|pages=1230–1234|date=December 2020|pmid=33273103|doi=10.1126/science.abd7934|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5b65v425}}</ref> |- |Rad, 5MRad |''Deinococcus radiodurans'' |[48] |- |nnu, 47% nnu (Oké Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ, Great Salt Lake) |ụdị dị iche iche |[47][48] |- |Acid pH 3 |ụdị dị iche iche |<ref name="pmid17331729">{{Cite journal|title=Life in acid: pH homeostasis in acidophiles|journal=Trends in Microbiology|volume=15|issue=4|pages=165–171|date=April 2007|pmid=17331729|doi=10.1016/j.tim.2007.02.005}}</ref> |- |Alkaline pH 12.8 |betaproteobacteria |[48] |- |Space (afọ 6 na satellite NASA) |''Bacillus subtilis'' |[48] |- |3.2 kilomita n'okpuru ala&nbsp; |ụdị dị iche iche |[48] |- |Nnukwu nrụgide (Mariana Trench - 1200 atm) |Moritella, Shewanella na ndị ọzọ |[48] |} == Ọdịdị == [[Faịlụ:Bacterial_morphology_diagram.svg|alt=a diagram showing bacteria morphology|áká_èkpè|thumb|Bacteria na-egosipụta ọtụtụ ọdịdị na nhazi nke mkpụrụ ndụ ]] '''Nha maọbu ogologo'''. Bacteria na-egosipụta ọdịdị na nha dịgasị iche iche. Mkpụrụ ndụ nje bacteria bụ ihe dịka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ iri nke mkpụrụ ndụ eukaryotic ma na-adịkarị 0.5 ruo 5.0 micrometers n'ogologo. Otú ọ dị, a na-ahụ ụdị ole na ole na anya nkịtị - dịka ọmụmaatụ, ''Thiomargarita namibiensis'' ruru ọkara milimita n'ogologo, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Big bacteria|journal=Annual Review of Microbiology|volume=55|pages=105–137|year=2001|pmid=11544351|doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.55.1.105}}</ref> ''Epulopiscium fishelsoni'' ruru 0.7 mm, <ref name="Williams2011">{{Cite journal|year=2011|title=Who are you calling simple?|journal=New Scientist|volume=211|issue=2821|pages=38–41|doi=10.1016/S0262-4079(11)61709-0}}</ref> ebe ''Thiomargarita magnifica'' nwere ike iru ọbụna cm abụọ n'ogologo, nke ji okpukpu iri ise karịa nje bacteria ndị ọzọ a maara. <ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1126/science.abb3634|title=A centimeter-long bacterium with DNA contained in metabolically active, membrane-bound organelles|date=2022|journal=Science|volume=376|issue=6600|pages=1453–1458|pmid=35737788}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Largest bacterium ever found is surprisingly complex|journal=Nature|date=June 2022|pmid=35750919|doi=10.1038/d41586-022-01757-1}}</ref> N'etiti ndị kacha obere na nje bacteria bụ ndị òtù ''Mycoplasma'', ndị na-adị naanị 0.3 micrometers, dị obere ka Nje virus kachasị ukwuu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycoplasma hominis: growth, reproduction, and isolation of small viable cells|journal=Journal of Bacteriology|volume=124|issue=2|pages=1007–1018|date=November 1975|pmid=1102522|doi=10.1128/JB.124.2.1007-1018.1975}}</ref> Ụfọdụ nje bacteria nwere ike ịdị obere karịa nke a, mana a naghị amụ nke ọma banyere Ultramicrobcteria ndị a.<ref name="Velimirov2001">{{Cite journal|year=2001|title=Nanobacteria, Ultramicrobacteria and Starvation Forms: A Search for the Smallest Metabolizing Bacterium|journal=Microbes and Environments|volume=16|issue=2|pages=67–77|doi=10.1264/jsme2.2001.67}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''Ọdịdị''' Ọtụtụ ụdị nje bacteria dị ma ọ bụghị n'ụdị gbara okirikiri, a na-akpọ ''cocci'' (''otu coccus'', sitere n'asụsụ Greek ''kokkos'', ọka, mkpụrụ), ọ bụrụ n'ụdị osisi, a na-akpọ ''bacilli'' (sing. bacillus, site na Latịn ''baculus'', nkụ). <ref>{{Cite book|title=Living at Micro Scale|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|year=2009|isbn=978-0-674-03116-6|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|pages=20–25|language=en}}</ref> Ụfọdụ nje bacteria, nke a na-akpọ ''vibrio'', na-adị ka osisi ndị gbagọtụrụ agbagọ ma ọ bụ nke dị ka ákàrà rịkọm; ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịdị n'ụdị fịkọtụrụ afịkọ a na-akpọ ''spirilla'', ma ọ bụ fịkọsiri ike, nke a kpọrọ ''spirochaetes''. A kọwaala ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke ọdịdị ndị ọzọ a na-adịghị ahụkebe, dị ka nje bacteria dị ka kpakpando.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Staying in Shape: the Impact of Cell Shape on Bacterial Survival in Diverse Environments|journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews|volume=80|issue=1|pages=187–203|date=March 2016|pmid=26864431|doi=10.1128/MMBR.00031-15}}</ref> Ụdị dịgasị iche iche a ka a na-ekpebi site na mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ nje na cytoskeleton ma dị mkpa n'ihi na ọ nwere ike imetụta ikike nje bacteria ahụ inweta ihe oriri, ịrapara n'elu ihe, igwu egwu ka na mmiri ma gbapụnahụ ndị na-eri ibe ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Bacterial cell shape|journal=Nature Reviews. Microbiology|volume=3|issue=8|pages=601–10|date=August 2005|pmid=16012516|doi=10.1038/nrmicro1205}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=The selective value of bacterial shape|journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews|volume=70|issue=3|pages=660–703|date=September 2006|pmid=16959965|doi=10.1128/MMBR.00001-06}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Relative_scale.svg|thumb|Ụdị nha nke prokaryotes (Bacteria) gosipụtara, ma e jiri ya tụnyere nke ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ na Biomolecules ]] == Ọdịdị mkpụrụ ndụ Ya == [[Faịlụ:Prokaryote_cell.svg|alt=Prokaryote cell with structure and parts|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ọdịdị na ndịnaya nke mkpụrụ ndụ nje bacteria Gram-positive (nke a na-ahụ site n'eziokwu na ọ bụ naanị ''otu'' membrane nke mkpụrụ ndụ dị) ]] == Omume == === Ịgagharị === [[Faịlụ:Dvulgaris_micrograph.JPG|thumb|Transmission electron micrograph na-egosi ''Desulfovibrio vulgaris'' na-egosi otu flagellum n'otu nsọtụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ. Ogwe aka bụ 0.5 micrometers n'ogologo]] Ọtụtụ nje bacteria na agagharị agagharị (nke nwere ike ịnọgharị onwe ya) ma mee ya site na iji usoro dịgasị iche iche. Ihe kachasị mma a mụrụ n'ime ndị a bụ flagella, ogologo eriri nke moto na-atụgharị na ala ya iji mepụta mmegharị dị ka propeller.<ref name="Bardy">{{Cite journal|title=Electron microscopic observations of prokaryotic surface appendages|journal=Journal of Microbiology|volume=55|issue=12|pages=919–26|date=December 2017|pmid=29214488|doi=10.1007/s12275-017-7369-4}}</ref> A na-eji ihe dị ka protein iri abụọ eme flagellum nke nje bacteria, yana ihe dị ka proteins iri atọ ọzọ achọrọ maka nhazi na nchịkọta ya.<ref name="Bardy" /> Flagellum bụ ihe na-agbagharị agbagharị nke a na-eji motor nwere ike ila azụ nke na-eji gradient electrochemical gafee membrane maka ike n'ala ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The bacterial flagellum: reversible rotary propellor and type III export apparatus|journal=Journal of Bacteriology|volume=181|issue=23|pages=7149–53|date=December 1999|pmid=10572114|doi=10.1128/JB.181.23.7149-7153.1999}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Flagella.svg|thumb|Ndokwa dị iche iche nke flagella nke bacteria: A-Monotrichous; B-Lophotrichois; C-Amphitrichous, D-Peritrichous]] Bacteria nwere ike iji flagella n'ụzọ dị iche iche iji mepụta ụdị mmegharị dị iche iche. Ọtụtụ nje bacteria (dị ka E. coli) nwere ụzọ abụọ dị iche iche nke ịgagharị: ịga n'ihu (dịka igwu mmiri) na ịsụgharị isi. Nsụgharị isi a na-enye ha ohere ịmegharị ma mee ka ngagharị ha bụrụ njem atọ na-enweghị isi.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Collective bacterial dynamics revealed using a three-dimensional population-scale defocused particle tracking technique|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|volume=72|issue=7|pages=4987–94|date=July 2006|pmid=16820497|doi=10.1128/AEM.00158-06}}</ref> Ụdị nje bacteria dị iche na-adị iche site n'ọnụ ọgụgụ na nhazi nke flagella n'elu ha; ụfọdụ nwere otu flagellum (monotrichous), flagellum na njedebe ọ bụla (''amphitrichous'', ụyọkọ flagella na ogwe nke mkpụrụ ndụ (''lophotrichous'') ebe ndị ọzọ nwere flagella gbasara n'elu mkpụrụ ndụ ahụ dum (''peritrichous''). A na-ahụ flagella nke ''otu ụdị'' bacteria, spirochaetes, n'etiti membranes abụọ na oghere periplasmic. Ha nwere ahụ dị iche dị n'ụdị helix nke na-agbagharị ma ọ na-agagharị.<ref name="Bardy" /> A na-akpọ ụdị mmegharị nje abụọ ọzọ twitching motility nke na-adabere na usoro a na-ahụ anya a na-akpọ ụdị IV pilus, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Type IV pili and twitching motility|journal=Annual Review of Microbiology|volume=56|pages=289–314|year=2002|pmid=12142488|doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.56.012302.160938}}</ref> na gliding motility, nke na-eji usoro ndị ọzọ. Na twitching motility, pilus yiri osisi na-agbatị pụta site na mkpụrụ ndụ, jikọta ụfọdụ ihe, wee laghachi azụ, na-adọta mkpụrụ ndụ n'ihu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Pilus retraction powers bacterial twitching motility|journal=Nature|volume=407|issue=6800|pages=98–102|date=September 2000|pmid=10993081|doi=10.1038/35024105}}</ref> Nje bacteria na-agagharị agagharị na-enwe ndọta ma ọ bụ nchụpụ site na ụfọdụ Ihe na-akpali akpali na omume a na-akpọ ''taxes'': ndị a gụnyere chemotaxis, fototaxisenergy taxes na Magnetotaxis.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Chemotaxis-guided movements in bacteria|journal=Critical Reviews in Oral Biology and Medicine|volume=15|issue=4|pages=207–20|date=July 2004|pmid=15284186|doi=10.1177/154411130401500404}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Bacterial energy taxis: a global strategy?|journal=Archives of Microbiology|volume=192|issue=7|pages=507–20|date=July 2010|pmid=20411245|doi=10.1007/s00203-010-0575-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Magneto-aerotaxis in marine coccoid bacteria|journal=Biophysical Journal|volume=73|issue=2|pages=994–1000|date=August 1997|pmid=9251816|doi=10.1016/S0006-3495(97)78132-3}}</ref> N'otu ìgwè pụrụ iche, myxobacteria, nje bacteria n'otu n'otu na-aga n'otu iji mepụta ọyọkọ nke mkpụrụ ndụ nke na-emecha nọrọ iche iche iji mepụta ahụ na-amị mkpụrụ nwere spores.<ref name="Kaiser">{{Cite journal|title=Signaling in myxobacteria|journal=[[Annual Review of Microbiology]]|volume=58|pages=75–98|year=2004|pmid=15487930|doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.58.030603.123620}}</ref> Myxobacteria na-agagharị naanị mgbe ha nọ n'elu ihe siri ike, n'adịghị ka E. coli, nke na-agagharị ma na mmiri ma ọ bụ ihe siri ike.<ref name="pmid21910630">{{Cite journal|title=Uncovering the mystery of gliding motility in the myxobacteria|journal=[[Annual Review of Genetics]]|volume=45|pages=21–39|date=2011|pmid=21910630|doi=10.1146/annurev-genet-110410-132547}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ụdị Listeria na ''Shigella'' na-agagharị n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ na-echekwa ha site na iweghara cytoskeleton, nke a na-ejikarị eme ka organelle ndị dị n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ na-emeghari emegharị. Site n'ịkwalite polymeration actin n'otu ogwe nke mkpụrụ ndụ ha, ha nwere ike ịmepụta ụdị ọdụ nke ga-akwagharị ha site na cytoplasm nke mkpụrụ ndụ ha nọ na ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Actin-based motility of intracellular microbial pathogens|journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews|volume=65|issue=4|pages=595–626, table of contents|date=December 2001|pmid=11729265|doi=10.1128/MMBR.65.4.595-626.2001}}</ref> == Nchịkọta na njirimara == [[Faịlụ:Streptococcus_mutans_Gram.jpg|alt=blue stain of Streptococcus mutans|thumb|''Streptococcus mutans'' nke e ji Gram stain hụ]] [[Faịlụ:Anillo_de_la_vida.png|thumb|300x300px|Osisi phylogenetic na-egosi ụdị dị iche iche nke Nje bacteria, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ. N'ebe a, nnukwu ìgwè atọ na-anọchite anya nje bacteria: CPR Ultramicrobacterium, Bacillati na Gracilicutes dị ka nnyocha genomic nke afọ 2019 <ref name="Zhu">{{Cite journal|title=Phylogenomics of 10,575 genomes reveals evolutionary proximity between domains Bacteria and Archaea|journal=Nature Communications|volume=10|issue=1|date=December 2019|pmid=31792218|doi=10.1038/s41467-019-13443-4}}</ref>]] Dị ka ọ dị na nkewa nje bacteria, njirimara nke nje bacteria na-ejikarị usoro molecular n'ebe ọ na-abawanye ụba [./Bacteria#cite_note-pmid33809163-202 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>] na mass spectroscopy. <ref name="pmid34041492">{{Cite journal|title=MALDI-TOF Mass Spectroscopy Applications in Clinical Microbiology|journal=Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences|volume=2021|issue=|date=2021|pmid=34041492|doi=10.1155/2021/9928238|url=}}</ref> A kọwabeghị ọtụtụ nje bacteria ma enwekwara ọtụtụ ụdị ndị a na-apụghị ịzụlite na ụlọ nnyocha.<ref name="Dudek">{{Cite journal|title=Novel Microbial Diversity and Functional Potential in the Marine Mammal Oral Microbiome|journal=Current Biology|volume=27|issue=24|pages=3752–62|year=2017|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2017.10.040|pmid=29153320}}</ref> Nnyocha site na iji ngwaọrụ ndị dabeere na DNA, dị ka polymerase chain reaction, na-ewu ewu n'ihi njirimara ịdị kpọmkwem ha, na ịdị ọsọ ha, ma e jiri ya tụnyere usoro ọdịbendị.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The role of DNA amplification technology in the diagnosis of infectious diseases|journal=CMAJ|volume=163|issue=3|pages=301–09|date=August 2000|pmid=10951731|doi=10.1016/s1381-1169(00)00220-x}}</ref> Ụzọ ndị a na-enyekwa ohere ịchọpụta na nhọpụta mkpụrụ ndụ "dị ndụ ma a bụghị nke a ga-azụlite" nke na-arụ ọrụ na metabolism ma a dịghị ekewa.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The viable but nonculturable state in bacteria|journal=Journal of Microbiology|volume=43 Spec No|pages=93–100|date=February 2005|pmid=15765062|url=http://www.msk.or.kr/jsp/view_old_journalD.jsp?paperSeq=2134}}</ref> Ụzọ bụ isi iji kọwaa ma kewaa nje bacteria ndị a bụ ikewapụ DNA ha site na ihe nlele gburugburu ebe obibi ma soro ha n'usoro ebe o buru ibu. Usoro a achọpụtala ọtụtụ puku, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị ọtụtụ ndè ụdị. Dabere na atụmatụ ụfọdụ, akọwaala ihe karịrị ụdị nje bacteria puku iri anọ na atọ, mana mgbalị iji tụọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ole ha dị n'ezie nke nje bacteria dị iche iche anọọla n'agbata ụdị 10⁷ ruo 10⁹ - ọbụnakwa atụmatụ ndị a dị iche iche nwere ike ịkwụsị site na ọtụtụ usoro nke ịdị ukwuu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Estimating prokaryotic diversity and its limits|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=99|issue=16|pages=10494–99|date=August 2002|pmid=12097644|doi=10.1073/pnas.142680199}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Status of the microbial census|journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews|volume=68|issue=4|pages=686–91|date=December 2004|pmid=15590780|doi=10.1128/MMBR.68.4.686-691.2004}}</ref> == Nkewasị == === Nkewasị ziri ezi === E bipụtara phyla ndị a na-esonụ n'ụzọ ziri ezi dị ka Usoro Prokaryotic si dị; phyla ndị n'anọghị n'alaeze ọ bụla ka e gosipụtara na ndị na-achasi ike: <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Valid publication of the names of forty-two phyla of prokaryotes|journal=Int J Syst Evol Microbiol|year=2021|volume=71|issue=10|doi=10.1099/ijsem.0.005056|pmid=34694987}}</ref><ref name="Parte-2020">{{Cite journal|author=Parte|first=Aidan C.|date=2020-11-01|title=List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) moves to the DSMZ|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|language=en|volume=70|issue=11|pages=5607–5612|doi=10.1099/ijsem.0.004332|pmid=32701423}}</ref>{{div col|colwidth=170px}} *[[Abditibacteriota]] *[[Acidobacteriota]] *[[Actinomycetota]] *[[Aquificota]] *[[Armatimonadota]] *[[Atribacterota]] *[[Bacillota]] *[[Bacteroidota]] *[[Balneolales|Balneolota]] *[[Caldisericota]] *[[Caldithrix|Calditrichota]] *[[Chlamydiota]] *[[Green sulfur bacteria|Chlorobiota]] *[[Chloroflexota]] *[[Chrysiogenota]] *[[Coprothermobacterota]] *[[Cyanobacteria|Cyanobacteriota]] *[[Deferribacterota]] *[[Deinococcota]] *[[Dictyoglomus|Dictyoglomerota]] *[[Elusimicrobiota]] *[[Fibrobacterota]] *'''[[Fidelibacter]]ota''' *[[Fusobacteriota]] *[[Gemmatimonadota]] *[[Kiritimatiellota]] *[[Lentisphaerota]] *[[Minisyncoccota]] *[[Mycoplasmatota]] *[[Nitrospinota]] *[[Nitrospirota]] *[[Planctomycetota]] *[[Pseudomonadota]] *[[Rhodothermota]] *[[Spirochaete|Spirochaetota]] *[[Synergistota]] *[[Thermodesulfobacteriota]] *[[Thermomicrobiota]] *[[Thermotogae|Thermotogota]] *[[Verrucomicrobiota]] *'''[[Vulcanimicrobiota]]'''{{div col end}} === Phyla a ga-achọ === A tụwo aro phyla ndị a, mana ebipụtabeghị ha n'ụzọ ziri ezi dị ka Usoro Prokaryotic si dị; phyla ndị na-anọghị n'alaeze ọ bụla ka egosipụtara na ndị na-achasi ike:<ref name="Parte-2020">{{Cite journal|author=Parte|first=Aidan C.|date=2020-11-01|title=List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) moves to the DSMZ|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|language=en|volume=70|issue=11|pages=5607–5612|doi=10.1099/ijsem.0.004332|pmid=32701423}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Katayama|first=Taiki|date=2024|title=Fidelibacter multiformis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a deep subsurface aquifer and proposal of Fidelibacterota phyl. nov., formerly called Marine Group A, SAR406 or Candidatus Marinimicrobia|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|volume=74|issue=10|doi=10.1099/ijsem.0.006558|pmid=39465541}}</ref>{{div col|colwidth=170px}} *"[[Acetithermota]]" *'''"[[Aerophobota]]"''' *'''"[[Auribacterota]]"''' *'''"[[Babelota]]"''' *'''"[[Binatota]]"''' *"[[Bipolaricaulota]]" *'''"[[Caldipriscota]]"''' *'''"[[Calescibacteriota]]"''' *'''"[[Canglongiota]]"''' *"[[Cloacimonadota]]" *'''"[[Cosmopoliota]]"''' *'''"[[Cryosericota]]"''' *'''"[[Deferrimicrobiota]]"''' *'''"[[Dormiibacterota]]"''' *'''"[[Effluvivivacota]]"''' *'''"[[Electryoneota]]"''' *'''"[[Elulimicrobiota]]"''' *'''"[[Fermentibacterota]]"''' *'''"[[Fervidibacterota]]"''' *'''"[[Goldiibacteriota]]"''' *'''"[[Heilongiota]]"''' *'''"[[Hinthialibacterota]]"''' *'''"[[Hydrogenedentota]]"''' *'''"[[Hydrothermota]]"''' *'''"[[Kapaibacteriota]]"''' *'''"[[Krumholzibacteriota]]"''' *'''"[[Kryptoniota]]"''' *"[[Latescibacterota]]" *'''"[[Lernaellota]]"''' *"[[Lithacetigenota]]" *'''"[[Macinerneyibacteriota]]"''' *'''"[[Margulisiibacteriota]]"''' *'''"[[Methylomirabilota]]"''' *'''"[[Moduliflexota]]"''' *'''"[[Muiribacteriota]]"''' *'''"[[Nitrosediminicolota]]"''' *'''"[[Omnitrophota]]"''' *'''"[[Parcunitrobacterota]]"''' *'''"[[Peregrinibacteriota]]"''' *'''"[[Qinglongiota]]"''' *'''"[[Rifleibacteriota]]"''' *'''"[[Ryujiniota]]"''' *'''"[[Spongiamicota]]"''' *'''"[[Sumerlaeota]]"''' *'''"[[Sysuimicrobiota]]"''' *'''"[[Tangaroaeota]]"''' *'''"[[Tectimicrobiota]]"''' *'''"[[Tianyaibacteriota]]"''' *'''"[[Wirthibacterota]]"''' *"[[Zhuqueibacterota]]" *'''"[[Zhurongbacterota]]"'''{{div col end}} == Mmekọrịta ha na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ == [[Faịlụ:Bacterial_infections_and_involved_species.png|alt=chart showing bacterial infections upon various parts of human body|thumb|Nchịkọta nke mwakpo nje bacteria na ebe ndị o metụtakarịrị<ref name="Microbiology33">{{Cite book|title=Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Microbiology (Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Series)|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Hagerstwon, MD|year=2007|chapter=Chapter 33|pages=367–92|isbn=978-0-7817-8215-9}}</ref>]] N'agbanyeghị na ha yiri ka ha dị mfe, nje bacteria nwere ike ịmepụta njikọ dị mgbagwoju anya ha na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ. Enwere ike kewaa njikọ mmekọrịta ndị a n'ụdị orim egbum (parasitism), bụrụ ka m biri (mutualism) na ka m rie ka I nọrọ(commensalism).<ref name="pmid26568407">{{Cite journal|title=Rethinking "mutualism" in diverse host-symbiont communities|journal=BioEssays|volume=38|issue=1|pages=100–8|date=January 2016|pmid=26568407|doi=10.1002/bies.201500074}}</ref> === Ndị Mmekọrịta Ka m Rie Ka I Nọrọ (Commensals) === Okwu "commensalism" sitere n'okwu "commensal", nke pụtara "iri n'otu tebụl" na osisi na anụmanụ niile bụ ndị nje bacteria commensal na-achị. N'ime ụmụ mmadụ na anụmanụ ndị ọzọ, ọtụtụ ijeri n'ime ha na-ebi na akpụkpọ ahụ, ụzọ ikuku, eriri afọ na oghere ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=A dynamic partnership: celebrating our gut flora|journal=Anaerobe|volume=11|issue=5|pages=247–51|date=October 2005|pmid=16701579|doi=10.1016/j.anaerobe.2005.05.001}}</ref><ref name="pmid31214175">{{Cite journal|title=Commensal Bacteria: An Emerging Player in Defense Against Respiratory Pathogens|journal=Frontiers in Immunology|volume=10|issue=|date=2019|pmid=31214175|doi=10.3389/fimmu.2019.01203}}</ref> Ndị a na-akpọ ya "nje nkịtị", ma ọ bụ "commensals", nje bacteria ndị a anaghị emerụ ahụ ma ha nwere ike ịwakpo ebe ndị ọzọ n'ahụ mgbe ụfọdụ ma kpatara ọrịa.<ref name="pmid3074102">{{Cite journal|title=Normal flora and mucosal immunity of the head and neck|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=2|issue=1|pages=1–19|date=March 1988|pmid=3074102|doi=10.1016/S0891-5520(20)30163-X|url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid34329585">{{Cite journal|title=Commensal bacteria and fungi differentially regulate tumor responses to radiation therapy|journal=Cancer Cell|volume=39|issue=9|pages=1202–1213.e6|date=July 2021|pmid=34329585|doi=10.1016/j.ccell.2021.07.002|url=}}</ref> ''Escherichia coli'' bụ commensal n'ime eriri afọ mmadụ mana ọ nwere ike ịkpata ọrịa ebe e si anyụ mamịrị. <ref name="pmid33575225">{{Cite journal|title=MALT Lymphoma of the Urinary Bladder Shows a Dramatic Female Predominance, Uneven Geographic Distribution, and Possible Infectious Etiology|journal=Research and Reports in Urology|volume=13|issue=|pages=49–62|date=2021|pmid=33575225|doi=10.2147/RRU.S283366}}</ref> N'otu aka ahụ, streptococci, nke bụ akụkụ nke nje nkịtị nke ọnụ mmadụ, nwere ike ịkpata ọrịa obi.<ref name="pmid33852085">{{Cite journal|title=Infective endocarditis in paediatric population|journal=European Journal of Pediatrics|volume=180|issue=10|pages=3089–3100|date=April 2021|pmid=33852085|doi=10.1007/s00431-021-04062-7}}</ref> === Anụ ndị na-eri ibe ha === Ụdị nje bacteria ụfọdụ na-egbu ma rie microorganisms ndị ọzọ; a na-akpọ ụdị ndị a nje bacteria na-eri ibe ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Predatory prokaryotes: an emerging research opportunity|journal=Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology|volume=4|issue=5|pages=467–77|date=September 2002|pmid=12432957}}</ref> Ndị a gụnyere ihe ndị dị ndụ dị ka ''Myxococcus xanthus'', nke na-emepụta ụyọkọ mkpụrụ ndụ na-egbu ma na-agbari nje bacteria ọ bụla ha zutere.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Experimental social evolution with Myxococcus xanthus|journal=Antonie van Leeuwenhoek|volume=81|issue=1–4|pages=155–64|date=August 2002|pmid=12448714|doi=10.1023/A:1020546130033}}</ref> Nje ndị ọzọ na-eri ibe ha bụ na ha ga-arapara na anụ ahụ nje ha chọrọ iri iji gbarie ha ma mịkọrọ ihe oriri ma ọ bụ ha awakpoo mkpụrụ ndụ ọzọ ma mụbaa n'ime cytosol ya.<ref name="pmid34010833">{{Cite journal|title=Bacterial Predation on Cyanobacteria|journal=Microbial Physiology|volume=31|issue=2|pages=99–108|date=May 2021|pmid=34010833|doi=10.1159/000516427}}</ref> A na-eche na nje bacteria ndị a sitere na Saprophagus nke riri microorganisms nwụrụ anwụ, site na mgbanwe nke nyere ha ohere ijide ma gbuo ihe ndị ọzọ.<ref name="pmid19174136">{{Cite journal|title=Bacterial predators|journal=Current Biology|volume=19|issue=2|pages=R55–56|date=January 2009|pmid=19174136|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2008.10.043}}</ref> === Ndị na-akwado ibe ha === Nje bacteria ụfọdụ na-emepụta njikọ chiri anya nke dị mkpa maka ndụ ha. Otu njikọ dị otú ahụ, nke a na-akpọ interspecies Hydrogen transfer, na-eme n'etiti ụyọkọ nje bacteria na-anaghị anọ ebe oxygen dị nke na-eri organic acid, dị ka butyric acid ma ọ bụ propionic acid, ma na-emepụta hydrogen, na methanogenic archaea nke na-erị hydrogen.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Exocellular electron transfer in anaerobic microbial communities|journal=Environmental Microbiology|volume=8|issue=3|pages=371–82|date=March 2006|pmid=16478444|doi=10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.00989.x}}</ref> Nje bacteria nọ na njikọ a enweghị ike iri acid ebe ọ bụ na mmeghachi omume a na-emepụta hydrogen nke na-agbakọta na gburugburu ha. Naanị njikọ chiri anya ha na archaea na-eri hydrogen na-eme ka hydrogen dị ala iji kwe ka nje ahụ too.<ref name="pmid29411546">{{Cite journal|title=Cross-protection from hydrogen peroxide by helper microbes: the impacts on the cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus and other beneficiaries in marine communities|journal=Environmental Microbiology Reports|volume=10|issue=4|pages=399–411|date=August 2018|pmid=29411546|doi=10.1111/1758-2229.12625}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Mutualistic_relationship_between_plants_and_rhizosphere.svg|thumb|320x320px|Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti osisi na nje bacteria na-ejikọta nitrogen dị na rhizosphere]] N'ime ala, microorganisms ndị bi na [[rhizosphere]] (ebe gụnyere mgbọrọgwụ na ala nke na-arapara na mgbọrọgwụ mgbe ịma jijiji dị nro mechara) na-etinye nitrogen n'ala, na-agbanwe nitrogen gas ka ọ ghọrọ nitrogen compounds.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Microbial co-operation in the rhizosphere|journal=Journal of Experimental Botany|volume=56|issue=417|pages=1761–78|date=July 2005|pmid=15911555|doi=10.1093/jxb/eri197}}</ref> Nke a na-arụ ọrụ iji nye ụdị nitrogen dị mfe mmịrị maka ọtụtụ osisi, nke na-enweghị ike itinyei nitrogen n'onwe ha. A na-ahụ ọtụtụ nje bacteria ndị ọzọ dị ka symbionts na ụmụ mmadụ na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọnụnọ nke ihe karịrị otu puku nke ụdị nje bacteria n'ime eriri afọ mmadụ nwere ike inye aka na mgbochi ọrịa eriri afọ, mepụta vitamin, dị ka folic acid, vitamin K na Biotin, gbanwee shuga ka ọ ghọọ lactic acid (lee Lactobacillus), yana ịgbaze carbohydrates a na-apụghị ịgbari agbari.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The gut flora as a forgotten organ|journal=EMBO Reports|volume=7|issue=7|pages=688–93|date=July 2006|pmid=16819463|doi=10.1038/sj.embor.7400731}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=A microbial world within us|journal=Molecular Microbiology|volume=59|issue=6|pages=1639–50|date=March 2006|pmid=16553872|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05056.x}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Lactic acid bacteria and human health|journal=Annals of Medicine|volume=22|issue=1|pages=37–41|date=February 1990|pmid=2109988|doi=10.3109/07853899009147239}}</ref> Ọnụnọ nke nje ndị a n'eriri afọ na-egbochi uto nke nje bacteria nwere ike ibute ọrịa (na-emekarị site na mwepụ n'ụzọ asọmpi) a ma na-ere nje bacteria ndị a bara uru dị ka Ihe mgbakwunye nri probiotic.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Probiotics that modify disease risk|journal=The Journal of Nutrition|volume=135|issue=5|pages=1294–98|date=May 2005|pmid=15867327|doi=10.1093/jn/135.5.1294}}</ref> Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ Ndụ anụmanụ niile dabeere na nje bacteria maka ịdị ndụ dịka ọ bụ naanị nje bacteria na ụfọdụ archaea nwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na enzymes dị mkpa iji mepụta [[vitamin]] B₁₂, nke a makwaara dị ka cobalamin, ma nye ya site na eriri nri. Vitamin B12 bụ vitamin na-agbaze na mmiri nke na-etinye aka na metabolism nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọ bụla nke ahụ mmadụ. Ọ bụ cofactor na njikọ DNA na ma fatty acid na amino acid metabolism. Ọ dị mkpa karịsịa na ọrụ dị mma nke usoro akwara ahụ site na ọrụ ya na mmepụta myelin.<ref name="pmid29216732">{{Cite journal|title=Vitamin B12 sources and microbial interaction|journal=Experimental Biology and Medicine|volume=243|issue=2|pages=148–58|date=January 2018|pmid=29216732|doi=10.1177/1535370217746612}}</ref> === Ihe Ndị Na-akpata Ọrịa === [[Faịlụ:Neisseria_gonorrhoeae_and_pus_cells.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|''Neisseria gonorrhoeae'' na Mkpụrụ ndụ pus sitere na ihe si n'amụ pụta (Gram stain) ]] [[Faịlụ:SalmonellaNIAID.jpg|alt=Color-enhanced scanning electron micrograph of red Salmonella typhimurium in yellow human cells|thumb|Micrograph eletrọn na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-egosi ''Salmonella typhimurium'' (na-acha ọbara ọbara) ka ha na-awakpo mkpụrụ ndụ mmadụ]] A na-anọgide na-ekpughe ahụ nye ọtụtụ ụdị nje bacteria, gụnyere ndị bara uru na-ebi n'ahụ mmadụ na-adịghi eweta nsogbu, ndị na-eto n'ahụ nakwa na mucous membranes, yana Ndị na-ebi na ihe ndị na-ere ure, ndị a na-ahụkarị n'ala na n'ihe ndị na-emebi emebi. Mmiri ọbara na anụ ahụ nwere ihe na-edozi ahụ zuru ezu iji mee ka ọtụtụ nje bacteria na-eto. Ahụ nwere usoro nchebe nke na-enyere ya aka iguzogide mwakpo ụmụ njé n'ebe dị iche iche na anụ ahụ ma nye ya ikike mgbochi ọrịa ọnatarachi ma ọ bụ nguzogide ebumpụta ụwa megide ọtụtụ ụmụ microorganisms. N'adịghị ka ụfọdụ nje, nje bacteria na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-agbanwe ọtụtụ ọrịa nje na-emekwa n'ime anụmanụ ndị ọzọ. Ọ bụrụ na nje bacteria na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ na-enwe mmekọrịta orim egbum, a na-ahazi ha dịka njé ndị na-akpata ọrịa. Nje bacteria na-akpata ọrịa bụ isi ihe na-akpata ọnwụ na ọrịa mmadụ ma na-akpụ ọrịa dịka tetanus (nke ''Clostridium tetani'' na-akpata), ịba ahụ, diphtheria, syphilis, ọgbụgbọ na ọnyụnyụ, ọrịa ndị a na-ebute na nri, [[Ekpenta]] (nke Mycobacterium leprae na-akpata) na ụkwara nta (nke Mycebocterium tuberculosis kpatara). Enwere ike ịchọpụta ihe na-akpata ọrịa a ma ama ọtụtụ afọ ka e mesịrị, dịka ọ dị maka ''Helicobacter pylori'' na Ọrịa ọnyá afọ.<ref name="pmid34244666">{{Cite journal|title=Helicobacter pylori infection causes both protective and deleterious effects in human health and disease|journal=Genes and Immunity|volume=22|issue=4|pages=218–226|date=July 2021|pmid=34244666|doi=10.1038/s41435-021-00146-4}}</ref> Ọrịa nje bacteria dịkwa mkpa n'[[Oru ugbo|ọrụ ugbo]], ebe ọ bụ nje bacteria na-akpata ntụpọ akwụkwọ, ọnya ọkụ na ntụpọ n'ime osisi, yana Ọrịa Johne, mastitis, salmonella na anthrax n'ime anụ ụlọ.<ref name="pmid27660260">{{Cite journal|title=40 years of veterinary papers in JAC – what have we learnt?|journal=The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy|volume=71|issue=10|pages=2681–90|date=October 2016|pmid=27660260|doi=10.1093/jac/dkw363}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Normal_and_BV_flora.jpg|alt=Gram-stained micrograph of bacteria from the vagina|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Gbasara nje bacteria n'ọ́tụ̀ nwanyị, nje bacteria ndị bara uru n'ime akụkụ ahụ nwanyị (n'elu) ka nje ndị na-akpata ọrịa na-anọchi (n'okpuru).]] Ụdị nke na-akpata ọrịa nke ọbụla nwere ụdị mmekọrịta dị iche iche ya na ndị mmadụ na-ebu ha. Ụfọdụ ihe ndị dị ndụ, dị ka ''Staphylococcus'' ma ọ bụ ''Streptococcus'' nwere ike ịkpata ọrịa akpụkpọ ahụ, oyi ịba n'ahụ, meningitis na sepsis (bụ mgbu na-eko eko nke ahụ na-enwe na-akpata nkụda mmụọ, nnukwu vasodilation na ọnwụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Optimal antimicrobial therapy for sepsis|journal=American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy|volume=59|issue=Suppl 1|pages=S13–19|date=February 2002|pmid=11885408|doi=10.1093/ajhp/59.suppl_1.S13}}</ref> Ma ihe ndị a bụkwa akụkụ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ nje kwesịrị ịdị nkịtị n'ahụ mmadụ mmadụ ma na-adịkarị na akpụkpọ ahụ ma ọ bụ n'imi n'akpataghị ọrịa ọ bụla. Ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ na-akpata ọrịa n'ime ụmụ mmadụ, dị ka ''Rickettsia'', nke bụ nje na-adịkarị ndụ ma ọ bátá n'akụkụ ahụ mmadụ ụfọdụ nke nwere ike itolite ma mụbaa naanị n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ nke ihe ndị ọzọ dị iche iche. Otu ụdị ''Rickettsia'' na-akpata typhus, ebe nke ọzọ na-akpatara Rocky Mountain spotted fever. ''Chlamydia'', phylum ọzọ nke intracellular parasites, nwere ụdị ndị nwere ike ịkpata oyi ịba n'ahụ ma ọ bụ ọrịa nke ebe mamịrị dị agafe ma nwee ike itinye aka na Ọrịa obi.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Chlamydia pneumoniae and atherosclerosis|journal=Cellular Microbiology|volume=6|issue=2|pages=117–27|date=February 2004|pmid=14706098|doi=10.1046/j.1462-5822.2003.00352.x}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ụdị, dị ka ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'', ''Burkholderia cenocepacia'', na ''Mycobacterium avium'', bụ ihe ndị na-akpata ọrịa na-adị naanị mgbe ha hụrụ ohere, ma na-akpata ọrịa karịsịa na ndị usoro ahụ ha ji egbochi ọrịa na-adịghịzi ike ma ọ bụ nwere cystic fibrosis.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Letizia|first=Morgana|date=2025|title=Pseudomonas aeruginosa: ecology, evolution, pathogenesis and antimicrobial susceptibility|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41579-025-01193-8|journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology|language=en|volume=23|issue=11|pages=701–717|doi=10.1038/s41579-025-01193-8|pmid=40442328|issn=1740-1534}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Diseases associated with immunosuppression|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|volume=43|pages=9–19|date=February 1982|pmid=7037390}}</ref><ref name="Saiman">{{Cite journal|title=Microbiology of early CF lung disease|journal=Paediatric Respiratory Reviews|volume=5|issue=Suppl A|pages=S367–69|year=2004|pmid=14980298|doi=10.1016/S1526-0542(04)90065-6}}</ref> Ụfọdụ nje bacteria na-emepụta nsí, nke na-akpata ọrịa. Ndị a bụ endotoxins, nke sitere na mkpụrụ ndụ nje bacteria mebiri emebi, na exotoxins nke nje bacteria na-emepụta ma wepụta n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi. Nje bacteria ''Clostridium botulinum'' dịka ọmụmaatụ, na-emepụta exotoxin dị ike nke na-akpata nkwarụ iku ume, ebe ''Salmonellae'' na-emepụta endotoxin nke na-akpata gastroenteritis. Enwere ike ịgbanwe ụfọdụ exotoxins ka ha bụrụ Toxoids, nke a na-eji dị ka ọgwụ mgbochi iji gbochie ọrịa ahụ. Enwere ike iji Ọgwụ nje gwọọ ọrịa nje, nke a na-ahazi dịka bacteriocidal ma ọ bụrụ na ha na-egbu nje ma ọ bụ bacteriostatic ma ọ bụrụgodị na ha egbochi uto nje. E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị ọgwụ nje, na klas ọ bụla na-egbochi usoro dị iche na nje ahụ na-akpata ọrịa pụọ na nke a hụrụ na onye nwe nke ahụ n'ahụ. Ihe atụ igosi otu ọgwụ nje si emepụta nsị na-ahọrọ ahọrọ bụ chloramphenicol na puromycin, nke na-egbochi nje ribosome, mana ọ bụghị ribosome eukaryotic dị iche iche.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Ribosomal crystallography: initiation, peptide bond formation, and amino acid polymerization are hampered by antibiotics|journal=[[Annual Review of Microbiology]]|volume=58|pages=233–51|year=2004|pmid=15487937|doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.58.030603.123822}}</ref> A na-eji ọgwụ nje ma n'ịgwọ ọrịa mmadụ ma n'[[ọrụ ugbo siri ike]] iji kwalite uto anụmanụ, ebe ha nwere ike inye aka na mmepe ngwa ngwa nke ọgwụ nje na-eguzogide n'etiti ndị nje bacteria.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Agricultural use of antibiotics and the evolution and transfer of antibiotic-resistant bacteria|journal=CMAJ|volume=159|issue=9|pages=1129–36|date=November 1998|pmid=9835883}}</ref> Enwere ihe mgbochi ọrịa site na usoro ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa dịka ihicha ahụ nke ọma tupu ịpịa ya agịga, yana nlekọta kwesịrị ekwesị nke catheter eji anyụ mamịrị. A na-ehichakwa ihe ndị e ji awa ahụ na nke eji agwọ ọrịa ezé nke ọma iji gbochie nje bacteria. A na-eji ihe na-egbu nje dịka bleach egbu nje bacteria ma ọ bụ nje ndị ọzọ na-akpata ọrịa n'elu ebe ndị a na-edokwasi ihe iji gbochie mmetọ ma belata ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ọrịa.<ref name="pmid28954657">{{Cite journal|title=Disinfection Processes|journal=Water Environment Research|volume=89|issue=10|pages=1206–44|date=October 2017|pmid=28954657|doi=10.2175/106143017X15023776270278}}</ref> == Akụkọ Mmalite nke Ọmụmụ banyere nje bacteria == [[Faịlụ:Anthonie_van_Leeuwenhoek_(1632-1723)._Natuurkundige_te_Delft_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-957.jpeg|alt=painting of Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, in robe and frilled shirt, with ink pen and paper|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723), onye mbụ gụrụ microbiology na onye mbụ hụrụ nje bacteria site na iji ígwè microscope n'afọ 1676]] Ọ bụ onye Dutch bụ ọkachamara n'iji ígwè microscope eme nchọpụta ihe bụ Antonie van Leeuwenhoek bụ ụzọ hụ nje bacteria n'afọ 1676, na-eji microscope nwere otu ugogbe nke ọ rụrụ. Leeuwenhoek amataghị nje bacteria dị ka ụdị dị iche iche nke microorganisms, wee kpọọ microorganism niile ọ hụrụ animalcules, gụnyere nje bacteria, protists, na ụmụ anụmanụ ndị dị oké nta. O bipụtara ihe ọ chọpụtara n'usoro akwụkwọ ozi o degaara Royal Society nke London. Bacteria bụ nchọpụta e ji ígwè microscope mee kachasị dị ịrịba ama nke Leeuwenhoek mere. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ha dị n'ókè nke ugogbe microscope ya dị mfe nwere ike ịhụta, na, n'otu n'ime ihe ndị kachasị dị ịrịba ama n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke sayensị, ọ dịghị onye ọzọ ga-ahụ ha ọzọ ruo ihe karịrị otu narị afọ.<ref>{{Cite book|authorlink=Isaac Asimov|year=1982|title=Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology|edition=2nd|location=Garden City, NY|publisher=Doubleday and Company}}</ref> Ihe ndị ọ chọpụtara gụnyekwara protozoans, a tụlekwara nchọpụta ya ọzọ na-adabere na nchọpụta ndị na-adịbeghị anya e mere gbasara ozizi mkpụrụ ndụ. Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg webatara okwu "bacterium" na 1828. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Symbolae Physioe. Animalia evertebrata.|publisher=Decas prima|location=Berlin|date=1828}}</ref> N'ezie, Bacterium ya bụ ụdị nke nwere ''Nje bacteria'' na-abụghị spore-forming rod, dị iche na Bacillus, ụdị nje bacteria na na-emepụta spore nke Ehrenberg kọwara na 1835. <ref name="status">{{Cite journal|title=The Status of the Generic Term Bacterium Ehrenberg 1828|journal=Journal of Bacteriology|volume=31|issue=5|pages=517–18|date=May 1936|pmid=16559906|doi=10.1128/jb.31.5.517-518.1936}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Dritter Beitrag zur Erkenntniss grosser Organisation in der Richtung des kleinsten Raumes.|language=de|publisher=Physikalische Abhandlungen der Koeniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften|location=Berlin|year=1835|pages=143–336|oclc=183145833}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Bacteriohopanepolyol * Nje bacteria gbanwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa * Prokaryotes nke mmiri == Edensibịa == == Akwụkwọ Ndị E Degasịrị == * {{Cite book|title=Germs, Genes, & Civilization: how epidemics shaped who we are today|publisher=FT Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-13-701996-0|oclc=473120711}} * {{Cite book|title=Deadly Companions: how microbes shaped our history|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-19-956144-5|oclc=183198723}} * {{Cite book|title=Strickberger's Evolution: the integration of genes, organisms and populations|publisher=Jones and Bartlett|year=2008|isbn=978-0-7637-0066-9|oclc=85814089}} * {{Cite book|title=The Microbial Challenge: a public health perspective|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|year=2014|isbn=978-1-4496-7375-8|oclc=794228026}} * {{Cite book|title=Fundamentals of Microbiology|edition=10th|publisher=Jones and Bartlett|location=Boston|year=2014|isbn=978-1-284-03968-9}} * {{Cite book|title=Principles of modern microbiology|publisher=Jones and Bartlett Publishers|year=2008|isbn=978-0-7637-1075-0|oclc=67392796}} == Njikọ Mpụga == * [http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/ Akwụkwọ ederede n'ịntanetị banyere nje bacteria (2015)] E debere ya na Wayback Machine {{Bacteria classification}}{{Bacteria}}{{Microorganisms}}{{Life on Earth}}{{Organisms et al.}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q10876}}{{Authority control}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] l2z6xl9xdkuld81k1yjua6ecxno6ki4 632447 632442 2026-05-09T16:33:40Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 632447 wikitext text/x-wiki Bacteria dị ebe niile, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ihe ndị na-ebi ndụ n'efu na-enwekarị otu mkpụrụ ndụ. Ha mejupụtara nnukwu ngalaba nke nje ntakịrị ndị na-enwe otu mkpụrụ ndụ. Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị micromita ole na ole n'ogologo, '''Nje bacteria''' so n'ụdị ndụ ndị mbụ pụtara n'ụwa, ma dịrị n'ọtụtụ [[Habitat|ebe obibi]] ya ndị e nwegasịrị. Bacteria na-ebi na ikuku, ala, mmiri, mmiri ndị na-agbapụta na nkume dị n'ụdị asiid, Ihe mkpofu radioactive, na ebe omimi Biosphere nke ụwa. Bacteria na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ọtụtụ ọkwá nke usoro nkesa nri site na imegharị na ibugharị ihe oriri na nkedo nke nitrogen sitere na ikuku. Usoro mmeghari na mbughari nri gụnyere ire ure nke ozu; nje bacteria na-ahụ maka ọkwa ire ure na usoro a. N'ime obodo ihe ndị dị ndụ dị nke gbara oghere hydrothermal gburugburu nakwa isi mmiri jụrụ oyi, nje bacteria extremophile na-enye ihe oriri dị mkpa iji mee ka ndụ dịgide site na ịgbanwe ihe ndị a gbazere agbaze, dị ka hydrogen sulphide na methane, ka ha nye ike. Bacteria na-ebikwa ndụ inwe mmekọrịta onye rie ibe ya erie, onye rie ibe ya ahapụ nakwa nke orim egbum ha na osisi na ụmụ anụmanụ. A kọwabeghị nke ka n'ọnụ ọgụgụ banyere ọmụmụ nje bacteria, e nwekwara ọtụtụ ụdị ndị a na-apụghị ịzụlite na ụlọ nnyocha. A maara ọmụmụ nke nje bacteria dị ka bacteriology, alaka nke isi ọmụmụ Microbiology. Dị ka ụmụ anụmanụ niile, ụmụ mmadụ bukwa ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu (ihe dị ka 10¹³ ruo 10¹⁴) nke Nje bacteria.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sender|first=Ron|title=Revised Estimates for the Number of Human and Bacteria Cells in the Body|journal=PLOS Biology|date=19 August 2016|volume=14|issue=8|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1002533|pmid=27541692}}</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime ha dị n'ime eriri afọ, ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọtụtụ n' akpụkpọ ahụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime nje bacteria dị n'ime na n'elu ahụ anaghị emerụ ahụ ma ọ bụ bụrụ nke e dowere n'ọnọdụ a site na mmetụta nchebe nke usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ, bụrụkwa na ọtụtụ n'ime nke ndị a bara uru, ọkachasị ndị dị na eriri afọ.<ref name="McCutcheon">{{Cite journal|title=The Genomics and Cell Biology of Host-Beneficial Intracellular Infections|journal=Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology|volume=37|issue=1|pages=115–142|date=October 2021|pmid=34242059|doi=10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120219-024122}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ ụdị nje bacteria na-akpata ọrịa, ọkachasị ọtụtụ Ọrịa na-efe efe, gụnyere ọgbụgbọ na ọnyụnyụ, sifilis, anthrax, ekpenta, ụkwara nta, tetanus na ọrịa bubonic. Ọrịa nje bacteria ndị kachasị njọ bụ ọrịa iku ume. A na-eji ọgwụ nje agwọ ọrịa nje ma na-ejikwa ha n'ọrụ ugbo, na-eme ka iguzogide ọgwụ nje bụrụ nsogbu na-arịwanye elu. Bacteria dị mkpa na ọgwụgwọ nsị na mgbari nke [[Mmanu mmanu|mwufu mmanụ ike]], mmepụta nke cheese na yogọt site na mgbaze, iweghachite ọlaedo, palladium, ọla kọpa na ọla ndị ọzọ na ngalaba ngwupụta ihe (Biomining, Bioleaching), yana na biotechnology, nakwa na mmepụta ọgwụ nje na kemịkal ndị ọzọ. A na-ewebu ha dị ka [[Osisi|akụmakụ]] ndị mejupụtara klas Schizomycetes ("fission fungi"), mana e kenyere ''nje bacteria'' ugbu a dị ka nje ndị nwere otu mkpụrụ ndụ. N'adịghị ka mkpụrụ ndụ nke ụmụ anụmanụ na nje ndị nwere ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ọzọ, mkpụrụ ndụ nje nwere chromosomes dị gburugburu, enweghị nucleus ma na-adịghị enwekarịkwa organelle ndị membrane na-ejikọta. Ọ bụ ezie na okwu a bụ nje bacteria na-agụnye nje niile ndị nwere otu mkpụrụ ndụ, nhazi ga n'ụdị sayensị gbanwere mgbe e mechara nchọpụta nke afọ ndị 1990 na nke ndị nwere otu mkpụrụ ndụ (prokaryotes) nwere òtù ụzọ abụọ dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ sitere na otu nna nna ochie. A na-akpọ ngalaba evolushọn ndị a Bacteria na Archaea. N'adịghị ka Archaea, nje bacteria nwere lipids ejikọrọ ha na ester na membrane nke mkpụrụ ndụ, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Santhosh|first=Poornima Budime|title=Archaeosomes: New Generation of Liposomes Based on Archaeal Lipids for Drug Delivery and Biomedical Applications|journal=ACS Omega|date=10 January 2023|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–9|doi=10.1021/acsomega.2c06034|pmid=36643444}}</ref> nweekwa ihe ndị na-eme ka ha gbatịa too ogologo ndị na-eguzogide ADP-ribosylation sitere na nsị diphtheria, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kessel|first=Michael|title=Archaebacterial elongation factor is ADP-ribosylated by diphtheria toxin|journal=Nature|date=September 1980|volume=287|issue=5779|pages=250–251|doi=10.1038/287250a0|pmid=6776409}}</ref> na-eji formylmethionine na mmalite nke mmepụta protin <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Falb|first=Michaela|title=Archaeal N-terminal Protein Maturation Commonly Involves N-terminal Acetylation: A Large-scale Proteomics Survey|journal=Journal of Molecular Biology|date=October 2006|volume=362|issue=5|pages=915–924|doi=10.1016/j.jmb.2006.07.086|pmid=16950390}}</ref> ma nwee ọtụtụ ọdịiche mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, gụnyere 16S rRNA dị iche.<ref name="pmid37129483">{{Cite journal|title=Microbial Diversity Biased Estimation Caused by Intragenomic Heterogeneity and Interspecific Conservation of 16S rRNA Genes|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|volume=89|issue=5|pages=e0210822|date=May 2023|pmid=37129483|doi=10.1128/aem.02108-22|url=}}</ref> == Okwu mmalite == [[Faịlụ:Bacillus_subtilis_2.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|''Bacillus subtilis'' dị ka osisi igwe ]] Okwu a bụ ''nje ''bacterium'''' (/bækˈtɪəriə/ i; sg.: ''nje bacteria'') bụ ụbara nke ụdị Neo-Latin ya bụ bacterium, nke bụ ịsụgharị ya n'asụsụ Roman nke okwu Grik oge ochie bụ βακτήριον (''baktḗrion''), ụdị obere nke βακτηρία (''baktēría''), nke pụtara 'osisi' ma ọ bụ 'mkpara', n'ihi na ndị mbụ a chọpụtara nwere Ọdịdị osisi. == Ihe ọmụma banyere nje Bacteria == Ọ bụ ezie na ọ dị nchịkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ puku iri anọ na atọ nke ụdị nje bacteria ndị a gụrụla aha, mana amụbeghị maka ọtụtụ n'ime ha. N'ezie, naanị ụdị nje bacteria iri mejupụtara ọkara nke akwụkwọ niile a na-ebipụta gbasara nje bacteria, ebe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ pasent iri asaa na ise nke nje bacteria niile a kpọrọla aha enweghị nnyocha agụmakwụkwọ ọbula lekwasịrị ha anya.<ref name="Jensen-2025" /> Ụdị a kacha mụọ maka ha, ''Escherichia coli'', nwere ihe karịrị ọmụmụ narị puku atọ e bipụtara na ha, <ref name="Jensen-2025" /> mana ọtụtụ n'ime akwụkwọ mbipụta ndị a nwere ike iji ya naanị dị ka ihe nlere anya imepụta ụdị yiri ya iji mụọ maka ụdị ndị ọzọ, n'enyeghị nghọta ọ bụla banyere ịdị ndụ ya. Pasent iri itoolu nke ihe ọmụmụ sayensị banyere nje bacteria na-elekwasị anya na ihe na-erughị otu pasent nke ụdị nke ndị e nwegasịrị, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụrụ nje bacteria na-akpata ọrịa ndị metụtara ahụike mmadụ.<ref name="Jensen-2025" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Callaway|first=Ewen|title=These are the 20 most-studied bacteria — the majority have been ignored|journal=Nature|date=23 January 2025|volume=637|issue=8047|pages=770–771|doi=10.1038/d41586-025-00038-x|pmid=39794431}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na E. coli bụ ma eleghị anya nje bacteria a kacha mụọ maka ya, otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ya dị puku anọ ka a na-amụghị nke ọma maka ha ma ọ bụ bụrụ nke a na-amaghị. Ụfọdụ nje bacteria nwere obere genomes (na-erughi mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa narị isii, dịka ''Mycoplasma'') na-enwekarị akụkụ dị ukwuu n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ha niile nke e mere ka na-arụ ọrụ, ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ n'ime ihe dị mkpa echekwara n'ọtụtụ ụdị ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Médigue|first=Claudine|date=December 2007|title=Annotation, comparison and databases for hundreds of bacterial genomes|journal=Research in Microbiology|volume=158|issue=10|pages=724–736|doi=10.1016/j.resmic.2007.09.009|pmid=18031997}}</ref> == Akụkọ Mmalite na Mmalite evolushọn == [[Faịlụ:Phylogenetic_tree_of_life_LUCA.svg|thumb|Osisi phylogenetic nke Bacteria, Archaea na Eukarya, ya na nna nna ikpeazụ zuru ụwa ọnụ (LUCA) na mgbọrọgwụ <ref name="pmid2112744">{{Cite journal|title=Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=87|issue=12|pages=4576–79|date=June 1990|pmid=2112744|doi=10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576}}</ref>]] Ndị nna nna nke nje bacteria bụ microorganism ndị nwere naanị otu mkpụrụ ndụ bụ Ụdị ndụ mbụ pụtara n'ụwa, ihe dị ka ijeri afọ anọ gara aga. Ruo ihe dị ka ijeri afọ atọ, ọtụtụ ihe ndị dị ndụ ha naanị otu a ga-ejinwu igwe microscope hụ ha, ebe nje bacteria na archaea bụ ụdị ndị dị ndụ kachasị n'ọnụ ọgụ. <ref name="pmid31475212">{{Cite journal|title=Human microbial ecology and the rising new medicine|journal=Annals of Translational Medicine|volume=7|issue=14|date=July 2019|pmid=31475212|doi=10.21037/atm.2019.06.56}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Disparate rates, differing fates: tempo and mode of evolution changed from the Precambrian to the Phanerozoic|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=91|issue=15|pages=6735–42|date=July 1994|pmid=8041691|doi=10.1073/pnas.91.15.6735}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Environmental diversity of bacteria and archaea|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=50|issue=4|pages=470–78|date=August 2001|pmid=12116647|doi=10.1080/106351501750435040}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na fossils nke nje bacteria dị, dị ka stromatolites, enweghị ọdịdị kpọmkwem ha gbochiri iji ha mee nnyocha nke akụkọ mmalite nje, ma ọ bụ iji nye deeti nke oge mmalite nke otu ụdị nje bacteria. Otú ọ dị, enwere ike iji usoro mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mee ihe iji wughachi phylogeny nke nje bacteria, ebe ọmụmụ ihe ndị a na-egosi na nje bacteria buru ụzọ kewapụ site na usoro archaeal / eukaryotic.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Archaea and the prokaryote-to-eukaryote transition|journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews|volume=61|issue=4|pages=456–502|date=December 1997|doi=10.1128/mmbr.61.4.456-502.1997|pmid=9409149}}</ref> Onye nna ochie kachasị ọhụrụ (MRCA) nke nje bacteria na archaea nwere ike ịbụ hyperthermophile nke biri ihe dị ka ijeri afọ abụọ na ọkara ruo afọ atọ na ụma abụọ gara aga.<ref name="pmid29894297">{{Cite journal|title=Twitch or swim: towards the understanding of prokaryotic motion based on the type IV pilus blueprint|journal=Biological Chemistry|volume=399|issue=7|pages=799–808|date=June 2018|pmid=29894297|doi=10.1515/hsz-2018-0157}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=The universal ancestor and the ancestor of bacteria were hyperthermophiles|journal=Journal of Molecular Evolution|volume=57|issue=6|pages=721–30|date=December 2003|pmid=14745541|doi=10.1007/s00239-003-2522-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=A genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=4|date=November 2004|pmid=15535883|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-4-44}}</ref> Ndụ mbụ e nwere n'ala nwere ike ịbụ nje bacteria ihe dị ka ijeri afọ atọ na ụma iri abụọ na abụọ gara aga.<ref name="NG-20180723">{{Cite journal|title=Microbial life and biogeochemical cycling on land 3,220 million years ago|date=23 July 2018|journal=[[Nature Geoscience]]|volume=11|issue=9|pages=665–671|doi=10.1038/s41561-018-0190-9|url=https://hal.univ-brest.fr/hal-01901955/file/Homann%20et%20al.%202018%20-%20accepted-1.pdf}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Bacteria sonyekwara na akụkọ oke mgbasa ihe e kere eke nke abụọ, nke archaea na nke ndị nwere ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ (eukaryotes).<ref name="Gabaldón">{{Cite journal|title=Origin and Early Evolution of the Eukaryotic Cell|journal=Annual Review of Microbiology|volume=75|issue=1|pages=631–647|date=October 2021|pmid=34343017|doi=10.1146/annurev-micro-090817-062213}}</ref><ref name="Callier">{{Cite journal|title=Mitochondria and the origin of eukaryotes|journal=Knowable Magazine|date=8 June 2022|doi=10.1146/knowable-060822-2}}</ref> N'ebe a, ihe ndị dị ndụ nwere ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ malitere mgbe nje bacteria ochie banyere na mmekọrịta endosymbiotic, ha na ndị nna nna ihe ndị dị ndụ nwere ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ, ndị nke n'onwe ha nwere ike ha metụtara Archaea.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Evaluating hypotheses for the origin of eukaryotes|journal=BioEssays|volume=29|issue=1|pages=74–84|date=January 2007|pmid=17187354|doi=10.1002/bies.20516}}</ref><ref name="Dyall">{{Cite journal|title=Ancient invasions: from endosymbionts to organelles|journal=Science|volume=304|issue=5668|pages=253–257|date=April 2004|pmid=15073369|doi=10.1126/science.1094884}}</ref> Nke a gụnyere nlomi nke sitere na proto-eukaryotic cells nke alphaproteobacterial symbionts iji mepụta mitochondria maọbu hydrogenosomes, nke a ka na-ahụ na Eukarya niile a maara (mgbe ụfọdụ n'ụdịe mere ka ọ dị nta n'ebe ọ dị ukwuu, ọmụmaatu n'ụdị amitochondrial protozoa).<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Katiyar|first=Santosh K.|title=Comparisons of ribosomal RNA sequences from amitochondrial protozoa: implications for processing, mRNA binding and paromomycin susceptibility|journal=Gene|date=January 1995|volume=152|issue=1|pages=27–33|doi=10.1016/0378-1119(94)00677-K|pmid=7828924}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tůmová|first=Pavla|title=Inheritance of the reduced mitochondria of Giardia intestinalis is coupled to the flagellar maturation cycle|journal=BMC Biology|date=December 2021|volume=19|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12915-021-01129-7|pmid=34493257}}</ref> Ka e mesịrị, ụfọdụ ihe ndị dị ndụ nwere ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ ndị nwerela mitochondria mitochondria lomiri ihe ndị dị ndụ ndị yiri cyanobacteria, nke wetara mmepụta nke chloroplasts na algae na n'akụmakụ. Nke a ka amaara dịka primary endosymbiosis.<ref name="pmid34018613">{{Cite journal|title=Why is primary endosymbiosis so rare?|journal=The New Phytologist|volume=231|issue=5|pages=1693–1699|date=September 2021|pmid=34018613|doi=10.1111/nph.17478}}</ref> == Ebe obibi == Nje bacteria di ebe niile, na-ebi n'ebe ọbula ohere dị n'elu ụwa gụnyere aja, n'okpuru mmiri, n'ime ime ala, ọbụnadị na gburugburu ebe obibi ndị ahụ dị egwu dị ka mmiri ndị si na nkume agbapụta dị ọkụ ma dịkwa n'ụdị asiid yana n'ebe mkpofu radioactive.<ref name="pmid17331729">{{Cite journal|title=Life in acid: pH homeostasis in acidophiles|journal=Trends in Microbiology|volume=15|issue=4|pages=165–171|date=April 2007|pmid=17331729|doi=10.1016/j.tim.2007.02.005}}</ref><ref name="pmid33114255">{{Cite journal|title=Extremophilic Microorganisms for the Treatment of Toxic Pollutants in the Environment|journal=Molecules|volume=25|issue=21|date=October 2020|pmid=33114255|doi=10.3390/molecules25214916}}</ref> A na-eche na nchịkọta na e nwere 2×10³⁰ nje bacteria n'elu ụwa,<ref name="pmid30760902">{{Cite journal|title=Bacteria and archaea on Earth and their abundance in biofilms|journal=Nature Reviews. Microbiology|volume=17|issue=4|pages=247–260|date=April 2019|pmid=30760902|doi=10.1038/s41579-019-0158-9}}</ref> na-aghọ nchịkọta nke ihe ndị dị ndụ nke ọ bú naanị akụmakụ ka ha n'ọnụ ọgụ .<ref name="Bar-On">{{Cite journal|title=The biomass distribution on Earth|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=115|issue=25|pages=6506–6511|date=June 2018|pmid=29784790|doi=10.1073/pnas.1711842115}}</ref> Ha mụbara amụba na mmírí ndị na-adọ adọ nakwa n'osimiri, na arctic ice, yana geothermal springs ebe ha na-enyw nri ndị a chọrọ maka ịdị ndụ site n'igbanwe ihe ndị gbazerela agbaze dịka hydrogen sulphide na methane, ka ha nye ike.<ref name="pmid34203823">{{Cite journal|title=Molecular Physiology of Anaerobic Phototrophic Purple and Green Sulfur Bacteria|journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences|volume=22|issue=12|date=June 2021|pmid=34203823|doi=10.3390/ijms22126398}}</ref> Ha na-ebi n'elu nakwa n'ime akụmakụ na n'ụmụ anumanu. Ọtụtụ n'ime ha anaghị akpata ọria, bara uru na gburugburu ebe obibi ha, ma bụrụ ndị a chọrọ maka ndụ.<ref name="McCutcheon" /> Ala bụ nnukwu isi iyi nke nje bacteria, ebe gram ole na ole nke aja na-enwe agbata nde kwuru ndè nke njé . Ha niile bátá uru nye ọdịdị ala, na-agbari ihe mkpofu ndị nwere nsi, ma na-enughari ike. A na-ahụ ha ọbụnadị na ikuku, ebe otu kubik mita ikuku nwere ndè otu narị nke mkpụrụ ndụ bacteria. Oke osimiri na iyi hanwa nwe gburugburu ọnụ ọgụgụ nje dị 3 &#xD7; 10²⁶ nke na-eweta ihe ruru pasent iri ise nke ikuku ndụ ndị mmadụ na-eku. Naanị agbata pasent abụọ nke ụdị nje dị iche iche e nwere ka amụrụla nke ọma maka ha. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right:auto" |+Nje bacteria na-eri ibe ha !Ebe obibi !Ụdị dị iche iche !Ihe odide |- |Okpomọkụ (ma e wezụga 15 °C Antarctica) &nbsp; |Cryptoendoliths |[48] |- |Okpomọkụ (70-121 °C): isi iyi, ikuku Mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ n'okpuru mmiri, mkpo oké osimiri&nbsp;Akpụkpọ ahụ |''Thermus aquaticus'' |<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The search for life on Europa: limiting environmental factors, potential habitats, and Earth analogues|journal=Astrobiology|volume=3|issue=4|pages=785–811|date=December 2003|pmid=14987483|doi=10.1089/153110703322736105}}</ref>[47]<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Temperature limits to deep subseafloor life in the Nankai Trough subduction zone|journal=Science|volume=370|issue=6521|pages=1230–1234|date=December 2020|pmid=33273103|doi=10.1126/science.abd7934|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5b65v425}}</ref> |- |Rad, 5MRad |''Deinococcus radiodurans'' |[48] |- |nnu, 47% nnu (Oké Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ, Great Salt Lake) |ụdị dị iche iche |[47][48] |- |Acid pH 3 |ụdị dị iche iche |<ref name="pmid17331729"/> |- |Alkaline pH 12.8 |betaproteobacteria |[48] |- |Space (afọ 6 na satellite NASA) |''Bacillus subtilis'' |[48] |- |3.2 kilomita n'okpuru ala&nbsp; |ụdị dị iche iche |[48] |- |Nnukwu nrụgide (Mariana Trench - 1200 atm) |Moritella, Shewanella na ndị ọzọ |[48] |} == Ọdịdị == [[Faịlụ:Bacterial_morphology_diagram.svg|alt=a diagram showing bacteria morphology|áká_èkpè|thumb|Bacteria na-egosipụta ọtụtụ ọdịdị na nhazi nke mkpụrụ ndụ ]] '''Nha maọbu ogologo'''. Bacteria na-egosipụta ọdịdị na nha dịgasị iche iche. Mkpụrụ ndụ nje bacteria bụ ihe dịka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ iri nke mkpụrụ ndụ eukaryotic ma na-adịkarị 0.5 ruo 5.0 micrometers n'ogologo. Otú ọ dị, a na-ahụ ụdị ole na ole na anya nkịtị - dịka ọmụmaatụ, ''Thiomargarita namibiensis'' ruru ọkara milimita n'ogologo, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Big bacteria|journal=Annual Review of Microbiology|volume=55|pages=105–137|year=2001|pmid=11544351|doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.55.1.105}}</ref> ''Epulopiscium fishelsoni'' ruru 0.7 mm, <ref name="Williams2011">{{Cite journal|year=2011|title=Who are you calling simple?|journal=New Scientist|volume=211|issue=2821|pages=38–41|doi=10.1016/S0262-4079(11)61709-0}}</ref> ebe ''Thiomargarita magnifica'' nwere ike iru ọbụna cm abụọ n'ogologo, nke ji okpukpu iri ise karịa nje bacteria ndị ọzọ a maara. <ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1126/science.abb3634|title=A centimeter-long bacterium with DNA contained in metabolically active, membrane-bound organelles|date=2022|journal=Science|volume=376|issue=6600|pages=1453–1458|pmid=35737788}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Largest bacterium ever found is surprisingly complex|journal=Nature|date=June 2022|pmid=35750919|doi=10.1038/d41586-022-01757-1}}</ref> N'etiti ndị kacha obere na nje bacteria bụ ndị òtù ''Mycoplasma'', ndị na-adị naanị 0.3 micrometers, dị obere ka Nje virus kachasị ukwuu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycoplasma hominis: growth, reproduction, and isolation of small viable cells|journal=Journal of Bacteriology|volume=124|issue=2|pages=1007–1018|date=November 1975|pmid=1102522|doi=10.1128/JB.124.2.1007-1018.1975}}</ref> Ụfọdụ nje bacteria nwere ike ịdị obere karịa nke a, mana a naghị amụ nke ọma banyere Ultramicrobcteria ndị a.<ref name="Velimirov2001">{{Cite journal|year=2001|title=Nanobacteria, Ultramicrobacteria and Starvation Forms: A Search for the Smallest Metabolizing Bacterium|journal=Microbes and Environments|volume=16|issue=2|pages=67–77|doi=10.1264/jsme2.2001.67}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''Ọdịdị''' Ọtụtụ ụdị nje bacteria dị ma ọ bụghị n'ụdị gbara okirikiri, a na-akpọ ''cocci'' (''otu coccus'', sitere n'asụsụ Greek ''kokkos'', ọka, mkpụrụ), ọ bụrụ n'ụdị osisi, a na-akpọ ''bacilli'' (sing. bacillus, site na Latịn ''baculus'', nkụ). <ref>{{Cite book|title=Living at Micro Scale|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|year=2009|isbn=978-0-674-03116-6|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|pages=20–25|language=en}}</ref> Ụfọdụ nje bacteria, nke a na-akpọ ''vibrio'', na-adị ka osisi ndị gbagọtụrụ agbagọ ma ọ bụ nke dị ka ákàrà rịkọm; ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịdị n'ụdị fịkọtụrụ afịkọ a na-akpọ ''spirilla'', ma ọ bụ fịkọsiri ike, nke a kpọrọ ''spirochaetes''. A kọwaala ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke ọdịdị ndị ọzọ a na-adịghị ahụkebe, dị ka nje bacteria dị ka kpakpando.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Staying in Shape: the Impact of Cell Shape on Bacterial Survival in Diverse Environments|journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews|volume=80|issue=1|pages=187–203|date=March 2016|pmid=26864431|doi=10.1128/MMBR.00031-15}}</ref> Ụdị dịgasị iche iche a ka a na-ekpebi site na mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ nje na cytoskeleton ma dị mkpa n'ihi na ọ nwere ike imetụta ikike nje bacteria ahụ inweta ihe oriri, ịrapara n'elu ihe, igwu egwu ka na mmiri ma gbapụnahụ ndị na-eri ibe ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Bacterial cell shape|journal=Nature Reviews. Microbiology|volume=3|issue=8|pages=601–10|date=August 2005|pmid=16012516|doi=10.1038/nrmicro1205}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=The selective value of bacterial shape|journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews|volume=70|issue=3|pages=660–703|date=September 2006|pmid=16959965|doi=10.1128/MMBR.00001-06}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Relative_scale.svg|thumb|Ụdị nha nke prokaryotes (Bacteria) gosipụtara, ma e jiri ya tụnyere nke ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ na Biomolecules ]] == Ọdịdị mkpụrụ ndụ Ya == [[Faịlụ:Prokaryote_cell.svg|alt=Prokaryote cell with structure and parts|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ọdịdị na ndịnaya nke mkpụrụ ndụ nje bacteria Gram-positive (nke a na-ahụ site n'eziokwu na ọ bụ naanị ''otu'' membrane nke mkpụrụ ndụ dị) ]] == Omume == === Ịgagharị === [[Faịlụ:Dvulgaris_micrograph.JPG|thumb|Transmission electron micrograph na-egosi ''Desulfovibrio vulgaris'' na-egosi otu flagellum n'otu nsọtụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ. Ogwe aka bụ 0.5 micrometers n'ogologo]] Ọtụtụ nje bacteria na agagharị agagharị (nke nwere ike ịnọgharị onwe ya) ma mee ya site na iji usoro dịgasị iche iche. Ihe kachasị mma a mụrụ n'ime ndị a bụ flagella, ogologo eriri nke moto na-atụgharị na ala ya iji mepụta mmegharị dị ka propeller.<ref name="Bardy">{{Cite journal|title=Electron microscopic observations of prokaryotic surface appendages|journal=Journal of Microbiology|volume=55|issue=12|pages=919–26|date=December 2017|pmid=29214488|doi=10.1007/s12275-017-7369-4}}</ref> A na-eji ihe dị ka protein iri abụọ eme flagellum nke nje bacteria, yana ihe dị ka proteins iri atọ ọzọ achọrọ maka nhazi na nchịkọta ya.<ref name="Bardy" /> Flagellum bụ ihe na-agbagharị agbagharị nke a na-eji motor nwere ike ila azụ nke na-eji gradient electrochemical gafee membrane maka ike n'ala ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The bacterial flagellum: reversible rotary propellor and type III export apparatus|journal=Journal of Bacteriology|volume=181|issue=23|pages=7149–53|date=December 1999|pmid=10572114|doi=10.1128/JB.181.23.7149-7153.1999}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Flagella.svg|thumb|Ndokwa dị iche iche nke flagella nke bacteria: A-Monotrichous; B-Lophotrichois; C-Amphitrichous, D-Peritrichous]] Bacteria nwere ike iji flagella n'ụzọ dị iche iche iji mepụta ụdị mmegharị dị iche iche. Ọtụtụ nje bacteria (dị ka E. coli) nwere ụzọ abụọ dị iche iche nke ịgagharị: ịga n'ihu (dịka igwu mmiri) na ịsụgharị isi. Nsụgharị isi a na-enye ha ohere ịmegharị ma mee ka ngagharị ha bụrụ njem atọ na-enweghị isi.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Collective bacterial dynamics revealed using a three-dimensional population-scale defocused particle tracking technique|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|volume=72|issue=7|pages=4987–94|date=July 2006|pmid=16820497|doi=10.1128/AEM.00158-06}}</ref> Ụdị nje bacteria dị iche na-adị iche site n'ọnụ ọgụgụ na nhazi nke flagella n'elu ha; ụfọdụ nwere otu flagellum (monotrichous), flagellum na njedebe ọ bụla (''amphitrichous'', ụyọkọ flagella na ogwe nke mkpụrụ ndụ (''lophotrichous'') ebe ndị ọzọ nwere flagella gbasara n'elu mkpụrụ ndụ ahụ dum (''peritrichous''). A na-ahụ flagella nke ''otu ụdị'' bacteria, spirochaetes, n'etiti membranes abụọ na oghere periplasmic. Ha nwere ahụ dị iche dị n'ụdị helix nke na-agbagharị ma ọ na-agagharị.<ref name="Bardy" /> A na-akpọ ụdị mmegharị nje abụọ ọzọ twitching motility nke na-adabere na usoro a na-ahụ anya a na-akpọ ụdị IV pilus, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Type IV pili and twitching motility|journal=Annual Review of Microbiology|volume=56|pages=289–314|year=2002|pmid=12142488|doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.56.012302.160938}}</ref> na gliding motility, nke na-eji usoro ndị ọzọ. Na twitching motility, pilus yiri osisi na-agbatị pụta site na mkpụrụ ndụ, jikọta ụfọdụ ihe, wee laghachi azụ, na-adọta mkpụrụ ndụ n'ihu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Pilus retraction powers bacterial twitching motility|journal=Nature|volume=407|issue=6800|pages=98–102|date=September 2000|pmid=10993081|doi=10.1038/35024105}}</ref> Nje bacteria na-agagharị agagharị na-enwe ndọta ma ọ bụ nchụpụ site na ụfọdụ Ihe na-akpali akpali na omume a na-akpọ ''taxes'': ndị a gụnyere chemotaxis, fototaxisenergy taxes na Magnetotaxis.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Chemotaxis-guided movements in bacteria|journal=Critical Reviews in Oral Biology and Medicine|volume=15|issue=4|pages=207–20|date=July 2004|pmid=15284186|doi=10.1177/154411130401500404}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Bacterial energy taxis: a global strategy?|journal=Archives of Microbiology|volume=192|issue=7|pages=507–20|date=July 2010|pmid=20411245|doi=10.1007/s00203-010-0575-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Magneto-aerotaxis in marine coccoid bacteria|journal=Biophysical Journal|volume=73|issue=2|pages=994–1000|date=August 1997|pmid=9251816|doi=10.1016/S0006-3495(97)78132-3}}</ref> N'otu ìgwè pụrụ iche, myxobacteria, nje bacteria n'otu n'otu na-aga n'otu iji mepụta ọyọkọ nke mkpụrụ ndụ nke na-emecha nọrọ iche iche iji mepụta ahụ na-amị mkpụrụ nwere spores.<ref name="Kaiser">{{Cite journal|title=Signaling in myxobacteria|journal=[[Annual Review of Microbiology]]|volume=58|pages=75–98|year=2004|pmid=15487930|doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.58.030603.123620}}</ref> Myxobacteria na-agagharị naanị mgbe ha nọ n'elu ihe siri ike, n'adịghị ka E. coli, nke na-agagharị ma na mmiri ma ọ bụ ihe siri ike.<ref name="pmid21910630">{{Cite journal|title=Uncovering the mystery of gliding motility in the myxobacteria|journal=[[Annual Review of Genetics]]|volume=45|pages=21–39|date=2011|pmid=21910630|doi=10.1146/annurev-genet-110410-132547}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ụdị Listeria na ''Shigella'' na-agagharị n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ na-echekwa ha site na iweghara cytoskeleton, nke a na-ejikarị eme ka organelle ndị dị n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ na-emeghari emegharị. Site n'ịkwalite polymeration actin n'otu ogwe nke mkpụrụ ndụ ha, ha nwere ike ịmepụta ụdị ọdụ nke ga-akwagharị ha site na cytoplasm nke mkpụrụ ndụ ha nọ na ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Actin-based motility of intracellular microbial pathogens|journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews|volume=65|issue=4|pages=595–626, table of contents|date=December 2001|pmid=11729265|doi=10.1128/MMBR.65.4.595-626.2001}}</ref> == Nchịkọta na njirimara == [[Faịlụ:Streptococcus_mutans_Gram.jpg|alt=blue stain of Streptococcus mutans|thumb|''Streptococcus mutans'' nke e ji Gram stain hụ]] [[Faịlụ:Anillo_de_la_vida.png|thumb|300x300px|Osisi phylogenetic na-egosi ụdị dị iche iche nke Nje bacteria, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ. N'ebe a, nnukwu ìgwè atọ na-anọchite anya nje bacteria: CPR Ultramicrobacterium, Bacillati na Gracilicutes dị ka nnyocha genomic nke afọ 2019 <ref name="Zhu">{{Cite journal|title=Phylogenomics of 10,575 genomes reveals evolutionary proximity between domains Bacteria and Archaea|journal=Nature Communications|volume=10|issue=1|date=December 2019|pmid=31792218|doi=10.1038/s41467-019-13443-4}}</ref>]] Dị ka ọ dị na nkewa nje bacteria, njirimara nke nje bacteria na-ejikarị usoro molecular n'ebe ọ na-abawanye ụba [./Bacteria#cite_note-pmid33809163-202 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>] na mass spectroscopy. <ref name="pmid34041492">{{Cite journal|title=MALDI-TOF Mass Spectroscopy Applications in Clinical Microbiology|journal=Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences|volume=2021|issue=|date=2021|pmid=34041492|doi=10.1155/2021/9928238|url=}}</ref> A kọwabeghị ọtụtụ nje bacteria ma enwekwara ọtụtụ ụdị ndị a na-apụghị ịzụlite na ụlọ nnyocha.<ref name="Dudek">{{Cite journal|title=Novel Microbial Diversity and Functional Potential in the Marine Mammal Oral Microbiome|journal=Current Biology|volume=27|issue=24|pages=3752–62|year=2017|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2017.10.040|pmid=29153320}}</ref> Nnyocha site na iji ngwaọrụ ndị dabeere na DNA, dị ka polymerase chain reaction, na-ewu ewu n'ihi njirimara ịdị kpọmkwem ha, na ịdị ọsọ ha, ma e jiri ya tụnyere usoro ọdịbendị.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The role of DNA amplification technology in the diagnosis of infectious diseases|journal=CMAJ|volume=163|issue=3|pages=301–09|date=August 2000|pmid=10951731|doi=10.1016/s1381-1169(00)00220-x}}</ref> Ụzọ ndị a na-enyekwa ohere ịchọpụta na nhọpụta mkpụrụ ndụ "dị ndụ ma a bụghị nke a ga-azụlite" nke na-arụ ọrụ na metabolism ma a dịghị ekewa.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The viable but nonculturable state in bacteria|journal=Journal of Microbiology|volume=43 Spec No|pages=93–100|date=February 2005|pmid=15765062|url=http://www.msk.or.kr/jsp/view_old_journalD.jsp?paperSeq=2134}}</ref> Ụzọ bụ isi iji kọwaa ma kewaa nje bacteria ndị a bụ ikewapụ DNA ha site na ihe nlele gburugburu ebe obibi ma soro ha n'usoro ebe o buru ibu. Usoro a achọpụtala ọtụtụ puku, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị ọtụtụ ndè ụdị. Dabere na atụmatụ ụfọdụ, akọwaala ihe karịrị ụdị nje bacteria puku iri anọ na atọ, mana mgbalị iji tụọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ole ha dị n'ezie nke nje bacteria dị iche iche anọọla n'agbata ụdị 10⁷ ruo 10⁹ - ọbụnakwa atụmatụ ndị a dị iche iche nwere ike ịkwụsị site na ọtụtụ usoro nke ịdị ukwuu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Estimating prokaryotic diversity and its limits|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=99|issue=16|pages=10494–99|date=August 2002|pmid=12097644|doi=10.1073/pnas.142680199}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Status of the microbial census|journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews|volume=68|issue=4|pages=686–91|date=December 2004|pmid=15590780|doi=10.1128/MMBR.68.4.686-691.2004}}</ref> == Nkewasị == === Nkewasị ziri ezi === E bipụtara phyla ndị a na-esonụ n'ụzọ ziri ezi dị ka Usoro Prokaryotic si dị; phyla ndị n'anọghị n'alaeze ọ bụla ka e gosipụtara na ndị na-achasi ike: <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Valid publication of the names of forty-two phyla of prokaryotes|journal=Int J Syst Evol Microbiol|year=2021|volume=71|issue=10|doi=10.1099/ijsem.0.005056|pmid=34694987}}</ref><ref name="Parte-2020">{{Cite journal|author=Parte|first=Aidan C.|date=2020-11-01|title=List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) moves to the DSMZ|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|language=en|volume=70|issue=11|pages=5607–5612|doi=10.1099/ijsem.0.004332|pmid=32701423}}</ref>{{div col|colwidth=170px}} *[[Abditibacteriota]] *[[Acidobacteriota]] *[[Actinomycetota]] *[[Aquificota]] *[[Armatimonadota]] *[[Atribacterota]] *[[Bacillota]] *[[Bacteroidota]] *[[Balneolales|Balneolota]] *[[Caldisericota]] *[[Caldithrix|Calditrichota]] *[[Chlamydiota]] *[[Green sulfur bacteria|Chlorobiota]] *[[Chloroflexota]] *[[Chrysiogenota]] *[[Coprothermobacterota]] *[[Cyanobacteria|Cyanobacteriota]] *[[Deferribacterota]] *[[Deinococcota]] *[[Dictyoglomus|Dictyoglomerota]] *[[Elusimicrobiota]] *[[Fibrobacterota]] *'''[[Fidelibacter]]ota''' *[[Fusobacteriota]] *[[Gemmatimonadota]] *[[Kiritimatiellota]] *[[Lentisphaerota]] *[[Minisyncoccota]] *[[Mycoplasmatota]] *[[Nitrospinota]] *[[Nitrospirota]] *[[Planctomycetota]] *[[Pseudomonadota]] *[[Rhodothermota]] *[[Spirochaete|Spirochaetota]] *[[Synergistota]] *[[Thermodesulfobacteriota]] *[[Thermomicrobiota]] *[[Thermotogae|Thermotogota]] *[[Verrucomicrobiota]] *'''[[Vulcanimicrobiota]]'''{{div col end}} === Phyla a ga-achọ === A tụwo aro phyla ndị a, mana ebipụtabeghị ha n'ụzọ ziri ezi dị ka Usoro Prokaryotic si dị; phyla ndị na-anọghị n'alaeze ọ bụla ka egosipụtara na ndị na-achasi ike:<ref name="Parte-2020"/><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Katayama|first=Taiki|date=2024|title=Fidelibacter multiformis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a deep subsurface aquifer and proposal of Fidelibacterota phyl. nov., formerly called Marine Group A, SAR406 or Candidatus Marinimicrobia|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|volume=74|issue=10|doi=10.1099/ijsem.0.006558|pmid=39465541}}</ref>{{div col|colwidth=170px}} *"[[Acetithermota]]" *'''"[[Aerophobota]]"''' *'''"[[Auribacterota]]"''' *'''"[[Babelota]]"''' *'''"[[Binatota]]"''' *"[[Bipolaricaulota]]" *'''"[[Caldipriscota]]"''' *'''"[[Calescibacteriota]]"''' *'''"[[Canglongiota]]"''' *"[[Cloacimonadota]]" *'''"[[Cosmopoliota]]"''' *'''"[[Cryosericota]]"''' *'''"[[Deferrimicrobiota]]"''' *'''"[[Dormiibacterota]]"''' *'''"[[Effluvivivacota]]"''' *'''"[[Electryoneota]]"''' *'''"[[Elulimicrobiota]]"''' *'''"[[Fermentibacterota]]"''' *'''"[[Fervidibacterota]]"''' *'''"[[Goldiibacteriota]]"''' *'''"[[Heilongiota]]"''' *'''"[[Hinthialibacterota]]"''' *'''"[[Hydrogenedentota]]"''' *'''"[[Hydrothermota]]"''' *'''"[[Kapaibacteriota]]"''' *'''"[[Krumholzibacteriota]]"''' *'''"[[Kryptoniota]]"''' *"[[Latescibacterota]]" *'''"[[Lernaellota]]"''' *"[[Lithacetigenota]]" *'''"[[Macinerneyibacteriota]]"''' *'''"[[Margulisiibacteriota]]"''' *'''"[[Methylomirabilota]]"''' *'''"[[Moduliflexota]]"''' *'''"[[Muiribacteriota]]"''' *'''"[[Nitrosediminicolota]]"''' *'''"[[Omnitrophota]]"''' *'''"[[Parcunitrobacterota]]"''' *'''"[[Peregrinibacteriota]]"''' *'''"[[Qinglongiota]]"''' *'''"[[Rifleibacteriota]]"''' *'''"[[Ryujiniota]]"''' *'''"[[Spongiamicota]]"''' *'''"[[Sumerlaeota]]"''' *'''"[[Sysuimicrobiota]]"''' *'''"[[Tangaroaeota]]"''' *'''"[[Tectimicrobiota]]"''' *'''"[[Tianyaibacteriota]]"''' *'''"[[Wirthibacterota]]"''' *"[[Zhuqueibacterota]]" *'''"[[Zhurongbacterota]]"'''{{div col end}} == Mmekọrịta ha na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ == [[Faịlụ:Bacterial_infections_and_involved_species.png|alt=chart showing bacterial infections upon various parts of human body|thumb|Nchịkọta nke mwakpo nje bacteria na ebe ndị o metụtakarịrị<ref name="Microbiology33">{{Cite book|title=Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Microbiology (Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Series)|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Hagerstwon, MD|year=2007|chapter=Chapter 33|pages=367–92|isbn=978-0-7817-8215-9}}</ref>]] N'agbanyeghị na ha yiri ka ha dị mfe, nje bacteria nwere ike ịmepụta njikọ dị mgbagwoju anya ha na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ. Enwere ike kewaa njikọ mmekọrịta ndị a n'ụdị orim egbum (parasitism), bụrụ ka m biri (mutualism) na ka m rie ka I nọrọ(commensalism).<ref name="pmid26568407">{{Cite journal|title=Rethinking "mutualism" in diverse host-symbiont communities|journal=BioEssays|volume=38|issue=1|pages=100–8|date=January 2016|pmid=26568407|doi=10.1002/bies.201500074}}</ref> === Ndị Mmekọrịta Ka m Rie Ka I Nọrọ (Commensals) === Okwu "commensalism" sitere n'okwu "commensal", nke pụtara "iri n'otu tebụl" na osisi na anụmanụ niile bụ ndị nje bacteria commensal na-achị. N'ime ụmụ mmadụ na anụmanụ ndị ọzọ, ọtụtụ ijeri n'ime ha na-ebi na akpụkpọ ahụ, ụzọ ikuku, eriri afọ na oghere ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=A dynamic partnership: celebrating our gut flora|journal=Anaerobe|volume=11|issue=5|pages=247–51|date=October 2005|pmid=16701579|doi=10.1016/j.anaerobe.2005.05.001}}</ref><ref name="pmid31214175">{{Cite journal|title=Commensal Bacteria: An Emerging Player in Defense Against Respiratory Pathogens|journal=Frontiers in Immunology|volume=10|issue=|date=2019|pmid=31214175|doi=10.3389/fimmu.2019.01203}}</ref> Ndị a na-akpọ ya "nje nkịtị", ma ọ bụ "commensals", nje bacteria ndị a anaghị emerụ ahụ ma ha nwere ike ịwakpo ebe ndị ọzọ n'ahụ mgbe ụfọdụ ma kpatara ọrịa.<ref name="pmid3074102">{{Cite journal|title=Normal flora and mucosal immunity of the head and neck|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=2|issue=1|pages=1–19|date=March 1988|pmid=3074102|doi=10.1016/S0891-5520(20)30163-X|url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid34329585">{{Cite journal|title=Commensal bacteria and fungi differentially regulate tumor responses to radiation therapy|journal=Cancer Cell|volume=39|issue=9|pages=1202–1213.e6|date=July 2021|pmid=34329585|doi=10.1016/j.ccell.2021.07.002|url=}}</ref> ''Escherichia coli'' bụ commensal n'ime eriri afọ mmadụ mana ọ nwere ike ịkpata ọrịa ebe e si anyụ mamịrị. <ref name="pmid33575225">{{Cite journal|title=MALT Lymphoma of the Urinary Bladder Shows a Dramatic Female Predominance, Uneven Geographic Distribution, and Possible Infectious Etiology|journal=Research and Reports in Urology|volume=13|issue=|pages=49–62|date=2021|pmid=33575225|doi=10.2147/RRU.S283366}}</ref> N'otu aka ahụ, streptococci, nke bụ akụkụ nke nje nkịtị nke ọnụ mmadụ, nwere ike ịkpata ọrịa obi.<ref name="pmid33852085">{{Cite journal|title=Infective endocarditis in paediatric population|journal=European Journal of Pediatrics|volume=180|issue=10|pages=3089–3100|date=April 2021|pmid=33852085|doi=10.1007/s00431-021-04062-7}}</ref> === Anụ ndị na-eri ibe ha === Ụdị nje bacteria ụfọdụ na-egbu ma rie microorganisms ndị ọzọ; a na-akpọ ụdị ndị a nje bacteria na-eri ibe ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Predatory prokaryotes: an emerging research opportunity|journal=Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology|volume=4|issue=5|pages=467–77|date=September 2002|pmid=12432957}}</ref> Ndị a gụnyere ihe ndị dị ndụ dị ka ''Myxococcus xanthus'', nke na-emepụta ụyọkọ mkpụrụ ndụ na-egbu ma na-agbari nje bacteria ọ bụla ha zutere.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Experimental social evolution with Myxococcus xanthus|journal=Antonie van Leeuwenhoek|volume=81|issue=1–4|pages=155–64|date=August 2002|pmid=12448714|doi=10.1023/A:1020546130033}}</ref> Nje ndị ọzọ na-eri ibe ha bụ na ha ga-arapara na anụ ahụ nje ha chọrọ iri iji gbarie ha ma mịkọrọ ihe oriri ma ọ bụ ha awakpoo mkpụrụ ndụ ọzọ ma mụbaa n'ime cytosol ya.<ref name="pmid34010833">{{Cite journal|title=Bacterial Predation on Cyanobacteria|journal=Microbial Physiology|volume=31|issue=2|pages=99–108|date=May 2021|pmid=34010833|doi=10.1159/000516427}}</ref> A na-eche na nje bacteria ndị a sitere na Saprophagus nke riri microorganisms nwụrụ anwụ, site na mgbanwe nke nyere ha ohere ijide ma gbuo ihe ndị ọzọ.<ref name="pmid19174136">{{Cite journal|title=Bacterial predators|journal=Current Biology|volume=19|issue=2|pages=R55–56|date=January 2009|pmid=19174136|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2008.10.043}}</ref> === Ndị na-akwado ibe ha === Nje bacteria ụfọdụ na-emepụta njikọ chiri anya nke dị mkpa maka ndụ ha. Otu njikọ dị otú ahụ, nke a na-akpọ interspecies Hydrogen transfer, na-eme n'etiti ụyọkọ nje bacteria na-anaghị anọ ebe oxygen dị nke na-eri organic acid, dị ka butyric acid ma ọ bụ propionic acid, ma na-emepụta hydrogen, na methanogenic archaea nke na-erị hydrogen.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Exocellular electron transfer in anaerobic microbial communities|journal=Environmental Microbiology|volume=8|issue=3|pages=371–82|date=March 2006|pmid=16478444|doi=10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.00989.x}}</ref> Nje bacteria nọ na njikọ a enweghị ike iri acid ebe ọ bụ na mmeghachi omume a na-emepụta hydrogen nke na-agbakọta na gburugburu ha. Naanị njikọ chiri anya ha na archaea na-eri hydrogen na-eme ka hydrogen dị ala iji kwe ka nje ahụ too.<ref name="pmid29411546">{{Cite journal|title=Cross-protection from hydrogen peroxide by helper microbes: the impacts on the cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus and other beneficiaries in marine communities|journal=Environmental Microbiology Reports|volume=10|issue=4|pages=399–411|date=August 2018|pmid=29411546|doi=10.1111/1758-2229.12625}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Mutualistic_relationship_between_plants_and_rhizosphere.svg|thumb|320x320px|Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti osisi na nje bacteria na-ejikọta nitrogen dị na rhizosphere]] N'ime ala, microorganisms ndị bi na [[rhizosphere]] (ebe gụnyere mgbọrọgwụ na ala nke na-arapara na mgbọrọgwụ mgbe ịma jijiji dị nro mechara) na-etinye nitrogen n'ala, na-agbanwe nitrogen gas ka ọ ghọrọ nitrogen compounds.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Microbial co-operation in the rhizosphere|journal=Journal of Experimental Botany|volume=56|issue=417|pages=1761–78|date=July 2005|pmid=15911555|doi=10.1093/jxb/eri197}}</ref> Nke a na-arụ ọrụ iji nye ụdị nitrogen dị mfe mmịrị maka ọtụtụ osisi, nke na-enweghị ike itinyei nitrogen n'onwe ha. A na-ahụ ọtụtụ nje bacteria ndị ọzọ dị ka symbionts na ụmụ mmadụ na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọnụnọ nke ihe karịrị otu puku nke ụdị nje bacteria n'ime eriri afọ mmadụ nwere ike inye aka na mgbochi ọrịa eriri afọ, mepụta vitamin, dị ka folic acid, vitamin K na Biotin, gbanwee shuga ka ọ ghọọ lactic acid (lee Lactobacillus), yana ịgbaze carbohydrates a na-apụghị ịgbari agbari.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The gut flora as a forgotten organ|journal=EMBO Reports|volume=7|issue=7|pages=688–93|date=July 2006|pmid=16819463|doi=10.1038/sj.embor.7400731}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=A microbial world within us|journal=Molecular Microbiology|volume=59|issue=6|pages=1639–50|date=March 2006|pmid=16553872|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05056.x}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Lactic acid bacteria and human health|journal=Annals of Medicine|volume=22|issue=1|pages=37–41|date=February 1990|pmid=2109988|doi=10.3109/07853899009147239}}</ref> Ọnụnọ nke nje ndị a n'eriri afọ na-egbochi uto nke nje bacteria nwere ike ibute ọrịa (na-emekarị site na mwepụ n'ụzọ asọmpi) a ma na-ere nje bacteria ndị a bara uru dị ka Ihe mgbakwunye nri probiotic.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Probiotics that modify disease risk|journal=The Journal of Nutrition|volume=135|issue=5|pages=1294–98|date=May 2005|pmid=15867327|doi=10.1093/jn/135.5.1294}}</ref> Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ Ndụ anụmanụ niile dabeere na nje bacteria maka ịdị ndụ dịka ọ bụ naanị nje bacteria na ụfọdụ archaea nwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na enzymes dị mkpa iji mepụta [[vitamin]] B₁₂, nke a makwaara dị ka cobalamin, ma nye ya site na eriri nri. Vitamin B12 bụ vitamin na-agbaze na mmiri nke na-etinye aka na metabolism nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọ bụla nke ahụ mmadụ. Ọ bụ cofactor na njikọ DNA na ma fatty acid na amino acid metabolism. Ọ dị mkpa karịsịa na ọrụ dị mma nke usoro akwara ahụ site na ọrụ ya na mmepụta myelin.<ref name="pmid29216732">{{Cite journal|title=Vitamin B12 sources and microbial interaction|journal=Experimental Biology and Medicine|volume=243|issue=2|pages=148–58|date=January 2018|pmid=29216732|doi=10.1177/1535370217746612}}</ref> === Ihe Ndị Na-akpata Ọrịa === [[Faịlụ:Neisseria_gonorrhoeae_and_pus_cells.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|''Neisseria gonorrhoeae'' na Mkpụrụ ndụ pus sitere na ihe si n'amụ pụta (Gram stain) ]] [[Faịlụ:SalmonellaNIAID.jpg|alt=Color-enhanced scanning electron micrograph of red Salmonella typhimurium in yellow human cells|thumb|Micrograph eletrọn na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-egosi ''Salmonella typhimurium'' (na-acha ọbara ọbara) ka ha na-awakpo mkpụrụ ndụ mmadụ]] A na-anọgide na-ekpughe ahụ nye ọtụtụ ụdị nje bacteria, gụnyere ndị bara uru na-ebi n'ahụ mmadụ na-adịghi eweta nsogbu, ndị na-eto n'ahụ nakwa na mucous membranes, yana Ndị na-ebi na ihe ndị na-ere ure, ndị a na-ahụkarị n'ala na n'ihe ndị na-emebi emebi. Mmiri ọbara na anụ ahụ nwere ihe na-edozi ahụ zuru ezu iji mee ka ọtụtụ nje bacteria na-eto. Ahụ nwere usoro nchebe nke na-enyere ya aka iguzogide mwakpo ụmụ njé n'ebe dị iche iche na anụ ahụ ma nye ya ikike mgbochi ọrịa ọnatarachi ma ọ bụ nguzogide ebumpụta ụwa megide ọtụtụ ụmụ microorganisms. N'adịghị ka ụfọdụ nje, nje bacteria na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-agbanwe ọtụtụ ọrịa nje na-emekwa n'ime anụmanụ ndị ọzọ. Ọ bụrụ na nje bacteria na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ na-enwe mmekọrịta orim egbum, a na-ahazi ha dịka njé ndị na-akpata ọrịa. Nje bacteria na-akpata ọrịa bụ isi ihe na-akpata ọnwụ na ọrịa mmadụ ma na-akpụ ọrịa dịka tetanus (nke ''Clostridium tetani'' na-akpata), ịba ahụ, diphtheria, syphilis, ọgbụgbọ na ọnyụnyụ, ọrịa ndị a na-ebute na nri, [[Ekpenta]] (nke Mycobacterium leprae na-akpata) na ụkwara nta (nke Mycebocterium tuberculosis kpatara). Enwere ike ịchọpụta ihe na-akpata ọrịa a ma ama ọtụtụ afọ ka e mesịrị, dịka ọ dị maka ''Helicobacter pylori'' na Ọrịa ọnyá afọ.<ref name="pmid34244666">{{Cite journal|title=Helicobacter pylori infection causes both protective and deleterious effects in human health and disease|journal=Genes and Immunity|volume=22|issue=4|pages=218–226|date=July 2021|pmid=34244666|doi=10.1038/s41435-021-00146-4}}</ref> Ọrịa nje bacteria dịkwa mkpa n'[[Oru ugbo|ọrụ ugbo]], ebe ọ bụ nje bacteria na-akpata ntụpọ akwụkwọ, ọnya ọkụ na ntụpọ n'ime osisi, yana Ọrịa Johne, mastitis, salmonella na anthrax n'ime anụ ụlọ.<ref name="pmid27660260">{{Cite journal|title=40 years of veterinary papers in JAC – what have we learnt?|journal=The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy|volume=71|issue=10|pages=2681–90|date=October 2016|pmid=27660260|doi=10.1093/jac/dkw363}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Normal_and_BV_flora.jpg|alt=Gram-stained micrograph of bacteria from the vagina|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Gbasara nje bacteria n'ọ́tụ̀ nwanyị, nje bacteria ndị bara uru n'ime akụkụ ahụ nwanyị (n'elu) ka nje ndị na-akpata ọrịa na-anọchi (n'okpuru).]] Ụdị nke na-akpata ọrịa nke ọbụla nwere ụdị mmekọrịta dị iche iche ya na ndị mmadụ na-ebu ha. Ụfọdụ ihe ndị dị ndụ, dị ka ''Staphylococcus'' ma ọ bụ ''Streptococcus'' nwere ike ịkpata ọrịa akpụkpọ ahụ, oyi ịba n'ahụ, meningitis na sepsis (bụ mgbu na-eko eko nke ahụ na-enwe na-akpata nkụda mmụọ, nnukwu vasodilation na ọnwụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Optimal antimicrobial therapy for sepsis|journal=American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy|volume=59|issue=Suppl 1|pages=S13–19|date=February 2002|pmid=11885408|doi=10.1093/ajhp/59.suppl_1.S13}}</ref> Ma ihe ndị a bụkwa akụkụ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ nje kwesịrị ịdị nkịtị n'ahụ mmadụ mmadụ ma na-adịkarị na akpụkpọ ahụ ma ọ bụ n'imi n'akpataghị ọrịa ọ bụla. Ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ na-akpata ọrịa n'ime ụmụ mmadụ, dị ka ''Rickettsia'', nke bụ nje na-adịkarị ndụ ma ọ bátá n'akụkụ ahụ mmadụ ụfọdụ nke nwere ike itolite ma mụbaa naanị n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ nke ihe ndị ọzọ dị iche iche. Otu ụdị ''Rickettsia'' na-akpata typhus, ebe nke ọzọ na-akpatara Rocky Mountain spotted fever. ''Chlamydia'', phylum ọzọ nke intracellular parasites, nwere ụdị ndị nwere ike ịkpata oyi ịba n'ahụ ma ọ bụ ọrịa nke ebe mamịrị dị agafe ma nwee ike itinye aka na Ọrịa obi.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Chlamydia pneumoniae and atherosclerosis|journal=Cellular Microbiology|volume=6|issue=2|pages=117–27|date=February 2004|pmid=14706098|doi=10.1046/j.1462-5822.2003.00352.x}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ụdị, dị ka ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'', ''Burkholderia cenocepacia'', na ''Mycobacterium avium'', bụ ihe ndị na-akpata ọrịa na-adị naanị mgbe ha hụrụ ohere, ma na-akpata ọrịa karịsịa na ndị usoro ahụ ha ji egbochi ọrịa na-adịghịzi ike ma ọ bụ nwere cystic fibrosis.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Letizia|first=Morgana|date=2025|title=Pseudomonas aeruginosa: ecology, evolution, pathogenesis and antimicrobial susceptibility|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41579-025-01193-8|journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology|language=en|volume=23|issue=11|pages=701–717|doi=10.1038/s41579-025-01193-8|pmid=40442328|issn=1740-1534}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Diseases associated with immunosuppression|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|volume=43|pages=9–19|date=February 1982|pmid=7037390}}</ref><ref name="Saiman">{{Cite journal|title=Microbiology of early CF lung disease|journal=Paediatric Respiratory Reviews|volume=5|issue=Suppl A|pages=S367–69|year=2004|pmid=14980298|doi=10.1016/S1526-0542(04)90065-6}}</ref> Ụfọdụ nje bacteria na-emepụta nsí, nke na-akpata ọrịa. Ndị a bụ endotoxins, nke sitere na mkpụrụ ndụ nje bacteria mebiri emebi, na exotoxins nke nje bacteria na-emepụta ma wepụta n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi. Nje bacteria ''Clostridium botulinum'' dịka ọmụmaatụ, na-emepụta exotoxin dị ike nke na-akpata nkwarụ iku ume, ebe ''Salmonellae'' na-emepụta endotoxin nke na-akpata gastroenteritis. Enwere ike ịgbanwe ụfọdụ exotoxins ka ha bụrụ Toxoids, nke a na-eji dị ka ọgwụ mgbochi iji gbochie ọrịa ahụ. Enwere ike iji Ọgwụ nje gwọọ ọrịa nje, nke a na-ahazi dịka bacteriocidal ma ọ bụrụ na ha na-egbu nje ma ọ bụ bacteriostatic ma ọ bụrụgodị na ha egbochi uto nje. E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị ọgwụ nje, na klas ọ bụla na-egbochi usoro dị iche na nje ahụ na-akpata ọrịa pụọ na nke a hụrụ na onye nwe nke ahụ n'ahụ. Ihe atụ igosi otu ọgwụ nje si emepụta nsị na-ahọrọ ahọrọ bụ chloramphenicol na puromycin, nke na-egbochi nje ribosome, mana ọ bụghị ribosome eukaryotic dị iche iche.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Ribosomal crystallography: initiation, peptide bond formation, and amino acid polymerization are hampered by antibiotics|journal=[[Annual Review of Microbiology]]|volume=58|pages=233–51|year=2004|pmid=15487937|doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.58.030603.123822}}</ref> A na-eji ọgwụ nje ma n'ịgwọ ọrịa mmadụ ma n'[[ọrụ ugbo siri ike]] iji kwalite uto anụmanụ, ebe ha nwere ike inye aka na mmepe ngwa ngwa nke ọgwụ nje na-eguzogide n'etiti ndị nje bacteria.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Agricultural use of antibiotics and the evolution and transfer of antibiotic-resistant bacteria|journal=CMAJ|volume=159|issue=9|pages=1129–36|date=November 1998|pmid=9835883}}</ref> Enwere ihe mgbochi ọrịa site na usoro ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa dịka ihicha ahụ nke ọma tupu ịpịa ya agịga, yana nlekọta kwesịrị ekwesị nke catheter eji anyụ mamịrị. A na-ehichakwa ihe ndị e ji awa ahụ na nke eji agwọ ọrịa ezé nke ọma iji gbochie nje bacteria. A na-eji ihe na-egbu nje dịka bleach egbu nje bacteria ma ọ bụ nje ndị ọzọ na-akpata ọrịa n'elu ebe ndị a na-edokwasi ihe iji gbochie mmetọ ma belata ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ọrịa.<ref name="pmid28954657">{{Cite journal|title=Disinfection Processes|journal=Water Environment Research|volume=89|issue=10|pages=1206–44|date=October 2017|pmid=28954657|doi=10.2175/106143017X15023776270278}}</ref> == Akụkọ Mmalite nke Ọmụmụ banyere nje bacteria == [[Faịlụ:Anthonie_van_Leeuwenhoek_(1632-1723)._Natuurkundige_te_Delft_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-957.jpeg|alt=painting of Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, in robe and frilled shirt, with ink pen and paper|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723), onye mbụ gụrụ microbiology na onye mbụ hụrụ nje bacteria site na iji ígwè microscope n'afọ 1676]] Ọ bụ onye Dutch bụ ọkachamara n'iji ígwè microscope eme nchọpụta ihe bụ Antonie van Leeuwenhoek bụ ụzọ hụ nje bacteria n'afọ 1676, na-eji microscope nwere otu ugogbe nke ọ rụrụ. Leeuwenhoek amataghị nje bacteria dị ka ụdị dị iche iche nke microorganisms, wee kpọọ microorganism niile ọ hụrụ animalcules, gụnyere nje bacteria, protists, na ụmụ anụmanụ ndị dị oké nta. O bipụtara ihe ọ chọpụtara n'usoro akwụkwọ ozi o degaara Royal Society nke London. Bacteria bụ nchọpụta e ji ígwè microscope mee kachasị dị ịrịba ama nke Leeuwenhoek mere. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ha dị n'ókè nke ugogbe microscope ya dị mfe nwere ike ịhụta, na, n'otu n'ime ihe ndị kachasị dị ịrịba ama n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke sayensị, ọ dịghị onye ọzọ ga-ahụ ha ọzọ ruo ihe karịrị otu narị afọ.<ref>{{Cite book|authorlink=Isaac Asimov|year=1982|title=Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology|edition=2nd|location=Garden City, NY|publisher=Doubleday and Company}}</ref> Ihe ndị ọ chọpụtara gụnyekwara protozoans, a tụlekwara nchọpụta ya ọzọ na-adabere na nchọpụta ndị na-adịbeghị anya e mere gbasara ozizi mkpụrụ ndụ. Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg webatara okwu "bacterium" na 1828. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Symbolae Physioe. Animalia evertebrata.|publisher=Decas prima|location=Berlin|date=1828}}</ref> N'ezie, Bacterium ya bụ ụdị nke nwere ''Nje bacteria'' na-abụghị spore-forming rod, dị iche na Bacillus, ụdị nje bacteria na na-emepụta spore nke Ehrenberg kọwara na 1835. <ref name="status">{{Cite journal|title=The Status of the Generic Term Bacterium Ehrenberg 1828|journal=Journal of Bacteriology|volume=31|issue=5|pages=517–18|date=May 1936|pmid=16559906|doi=10.1128/jb.31.5.517-518.1936}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Dritter Beitrag zur Erkenntniss grosser Organisation in der Richtung des kleinsten Raumes.|language=de|publisher=Physikalische Abhandlungen der Koeniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften|location=Berlin|year=1835|pages=143–336|oclc=183145833}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Bacteriohopanepolyol * Nje bacteria gbanwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa * Prokaryotes nke mmiri == Edensibịa == == Akwụkwọ Ndị E Degasịrị == * {{Cite book|title=Germs, Genes, & Civilization: how epidemics shaped who we are today|publisher=FT Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-13-701996-0|oclc=473120711}} * {{Cite book|title=Deadly Companions: how microbes shaped our history|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-19-956144-5|oclc=183198723}} * {{Cite book|title=Strickberger's Evolution: the integration of genes, organisms and populations|publisher=Jones and Bartlett|year=2008|isbn=978-0-7637-0066-9|oclc=85814089}} * {{Cite book|title=The Microbial Challenge: a public health perspective|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|year=2014|isbn=978-1-4496-7375-8|oclc=794228026}} * {{Cite book|title=Fundamentals of Microbiology|edition=10th|publisher=Jones and Bartlett|location=Boston|year=2014|isbn=978-1-284-03968-9}} * {{Cite book|title=Principles of modern microbiology|publisher=Jones and Bartlett Publishers|year=2008|isbn=978-0-7637-1075-0|oclc=67392796}} == Njikọ Mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080913123627/http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/ Akwụkwọ ederede n'ịntanetị banyere nje bacteria (2015)] E debere ya na Wayback Machine {{Bacteria classification}}{{Bacteria}}{{Microorganisms}}{{Life on Earth}}{{Organisms et al.}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q10876}}{{Authority control}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] i2ffxs7810nx0o34ev079pbuxkop9u0 0 75343 632387 2026-05-09T11:59:01Z Chinemeremprince 13026 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352087788|Ève Curie]]" 632387 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ève Curie Denise Labouisse''' (French pronunciation: [ɛv dəniz kyʁi labwis]; December 6, 1904 - October 22, 2007) bụ onye edemede French na American, onye nta akụkọ na onye na-akpọ piano. Ève Curie bụ nwa nwanyị nke Marie Skłodowska-Curie na Pierre Curie. Nwanne ya nwanyị bụ Irène Joliot-Curie na nwanne di ya bụ Frédéric Joliot -Curie. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nta akụkọ ma dee akụkọ ndụ nne ya Madame Curie na akwụkwọ akụkọ agha, Journey Among Warriors . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Curie|first=Ève|year=1938|title=Madame Curie, translated by Vincent Sheean|edition=1|publisher=Doubleday, Doran and Co., Inc|location=Garden City, New York|url=https://archive.org/stream/madamecuriebiogr00evec_0#page/n7/mode/2up|accessdate=23 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Curie|first=Ève|year=1943|title=Journey Among Warriors|edition=1|publisher=Doubleday, Doran and Co., Inc|location=Garden City, New York|url=https://archive.org/details/journeyamongwarr00curi|accessdate=21 August 2016}}</ref> Site na 1960s, o tinyere onwe ya n'ọrụ maka UNICEF, na-enyere ụmụaka na ndị nne aka na mba ndị na-emepe emepe. Ève bụ naanị onye ezinụlọ ya na-ahọrọghị ọrụ dịka onye ọkà mmụta sayensị ma ghara inweta ihe nrite Nobel, ọ bụ ezie na di ya, Henry Richardson Labouisse Jr., natara ihe nrite udo Nobel na 1965 maka UNICEF, mezue ihe nketa Ezinụlọ Curie nke ndị mmeri Nobel ise. == Oge ọ bụ nwata == [[Faịlụ:Eve,_Marie,_Irene_Curie_1908.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ève, Marie, na Irène Curie na 1908]] A mụrụ Ève Denise Curie na Paris, France, na Disemba 6, 1904. Ọ bụ ada nke obere nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị bụ́ Marie na Pierre Curie, bụ́ ndị mụtakwara nwa nwanyị ọzọ bụ́ Irène (amụrụ na 1897). Ève amaghị nna ya, onye nwụrụ n'ihe mberede na 1906, nke ụgbọ ịnyịnya gbara. Mgbe ihe mberede a gasịrị, Marie Curie nakweere ọrụ nkụzi di ya na La Sorbonne. Nna di ya, Dọkịta Eugène Curie, kwagara n'ụlọ ya mgbe nwunye ya nwụrụ, ọ na-elekọtakwa ụmụaka ebe Pierre na Marie, e mesịakwa naanị Marie, gara ọrụ. Mgbe ọ nwụrụ n'afọ 1910, Marie Curie nọgidere naanị ya ịzụlite ụmụ ya nwanyị site n'enyemaka nke ndị isi. Ève mechara kwuo na mgbe ọ bụ nwata, ọ tara ahụhụ n'ihi enweghị nlebara anya zuru oke n'ebe nne ya nọ, ọ bụ naanị mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma, ka o si n'afọ iri na ụma ya nwee mmekọrịta mmetụta uche siri ike karị.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ève Curie's obituary in New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/25/arts/25labouisse.html?partner=rssnyt&emc=rss|accessdate=March 7, 2010|work=The New York Times|first=Margalit|author=Fox|date=October 25, 2007}}</ref> Marie lekọtara agụmakwụkwọ na mmepe nke ọdịmma nke ụmụ ya nwanyị abụọ. Irène sooro nzọụkwụ nne ya wee ghọọ onye ọkà mmụta sayensị a ma ama (ya na di ya Frédéric Joliot-Curie nyere ya Nobel Prize na Chemistry na 1935), ebe Ève gosipụtara mmasị nka na edemede. Ọbụna mgbe ọ bụ nwatakịrị, o gosipụtara otu nkà maka egwu. N'agbanyeghị ihu igwe, ha gara ije dị ogologo ma na-agba ígwè. Ha na-egwu mmiri n'oge ọkọchị, Marie tinyekwara ihe eji eme egwuregwu mgbatị ahụ n'ogige ụlọ ha dị na Sceaux, Hauts-de-Seine. Ève na Irène mụtakwara ịkwa akwa, ịkọ ubi na isi nri. Ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ agbọghọ ahụ bụ ụmụ amaala France (Ève mechara bụrụ nwa amaala America), asụsụ mbụ ha bụ French, ha maara mmalite Polish ha ma na-asụ Polish. N'afọ 1911, ha gara Poland (akụkụ ndịda, nke nọ n'okpuru ọchịchị Austrian n'oge ahụ). N'oge nleta a, ha na-agba ịnyịnya ma na-aga ije n'ugwu.<ref name="Answers">{{Cite web|title=Ève Curie's biography|work=[[Answers.com]]|url=http://www.answers.com/topic/ve-curie|accessdate=March 7, 2010}}</ref> == Ndị ntorobịa == N'afọ 1921, Ève malitere njem mbụ ya gafee Oké Osimiri Atlantic: n'oge opupu ihe ubi ahụ, ya na nwanne ya nwanyị na nne ya ji ụgbọ mmiri RMS <nowiki><i id="mwOg">Olimpik</i></nowiki> gaa New York City. Marie Curie, dị ka onye nwetara ihe nrite Nobel ugboro abụọ, onye chọpụtara radium na polonium, nabatara ya n'ebe ahụ na emume kwesịrị ekwesị; ụmụ ya nwanyị na-ewu ewu n'etiti ndị isi America. N'ịbụ onye na-enwu gbaa na oriri na ọṅụṅụ, ndị nta akụkọ kpọrọ Ève "nwa agbọghọ nwere anya radium".<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Ève Curie's obituary in The Times|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article2740123.ece|accessdate=March 7, 2010|date=October 26, 2007}}</ref> N'oge njem ahụ, Éve na Irène rụkwara ọrụ dị ka "ndị nche" nne ha - Marie, nke na-elekwasịkarị anya n'ọrụ nyocha ma na-ahọrọ ndụ dị mfe, anaghị enwe ahụ iru ala mgbe niile izute nsọpụrụ a na-enye ya. Mgbe ha nọ na United States, Marie, Irène na È zutere Onyeisiala Warren G. Harding na Washington, D.C., hụrụ Niagara Falls wee jiri ụgbọ okporo ígwè gaa hụ Grand Canyon. Ha laghachiri Paris na June 1921. Dịka nwanne ya nwanyị bụ Irène, Ève gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Collège Sévigne, ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nkeonwe na-abụghị nke otu okpukperechi na Paris, ebe o nwetara nzere baccalaureate ya na 1925. Ka ọ dịgodị, o mekwara ka nkà piano ya ka mma ma nye egwu egwu mbụ ya na Paris na 1925. Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ rụrụ ọrụ egwu ọtụtụ ugboro n'elu ikpo okwu, na-enye egwu egwu na isi obodo France, na ógbè na [[Belgium]]. Mgbe Irène lụrụ Frédéric Joliot na 1926, Ève so nne ya nọrọ na Paris, na-elekọta ya ma na-eso ya na njem na France, [[Italy|Ịtali]], Belgium, na [[Switzerland]]. N'afọ 1932, ha sonyeere Onye isi ala Czechoslovakia, Tomáš Masaryk, na njem ya na Spain. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ hụrụ nne ya n'anya, È nwere àgwà dị iche na nke ya (nakwa nwanne ya nwanyị bụ Irène). Ọ chọghị sayensị, kama ọ na-ahọrọ ọdịmma mmadụ. N'adịghị ka nne ya, ndụ dị mma na-adọrọ mmasị ya mgbe niile. Ebe Marie na-eyi uwe ojii dị mfe, È na-enwekarị mmasị n'uwe mara mma, na-eyi akpụkpọ ụkwụ dị elu na etemeete, ma na-enwe mmasị n'ịcha mma n'oriri. Agbanyeghị, ma Ève ma Irène lekọtara nne ha nke ọma ruo ọnwụ ya. Marie, onye na-arịa ọrịa anaemia aplastic, nke nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mmetụta ogologo oge o nwere na radieshon ionizing, nwụrụ na Julaị 4, 1934.   == Mgbe nne ya nwụsịrị == Mgbe Marie Curie nwụsịrị, Ève dere akụkọ ndụ banyere nne ya. Ọ hapụrụ ndụ ọha na eze nwa oge wee kwaga n'otu obere ụlọ dị na Auteuil, Yvelines, ebe ọ na-achịkọta ma na-ahazi akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ ozi. N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke afọ 1935, ọ gara leta ezinụlọ ya na Poland, na-achọ ozi gbasara nwata na ntorobịa nne ya. E bipụtara akụkọ ndụ, Madame Curie, n'otu oge na France, Britain, Italy, Spain, United States na mba ndị ọzọ na 1937. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/madamecurie035051mbp|title=Madame Curie : Eve Curie : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming|work=Internet Archive}}</ref> Madame Curie ghọrọ onye a ma ama ozugbo ma ghọọ akwụkwọ kacha ere ahịa n'ọtụtụ mba gụnyere United States. Na US, ọ meriri nke atọ kwa afọ National Book Award for Non-Fiction nke American Booksellers Association họpụtara. E nwere Ihe nkiri na 1943 site na Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, na Greer Garson na ọrụ aha. Ève malitere itinye aka n'ọrụ edemede na nke nta akụkọ. Ewezuga akụkọ ndụ nne ya, o bipụtara nyocha egwu na Candide kwa izu na ''Eziokwu'' gbasara ihe nkiri, egwu, na ihe nkiri na akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ọzọ dị na Paris.<ref name="Answers">{{Cite web|title=Ève Curie's biography|work=[[Answers.com]]|url=http://www.answers.com/topic/ve-curie|accessdate=March 7, 2010}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.answers.com/topic/ve-curie "Ève Curie's biography"]. ''[[Answers.com]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> == Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ == Mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ tiwapụrụ na 1939, onye edemede na onye na-ede egwuregwu Jean Giraudoux, onye ghọrọ Kọmishọna Ozi nke France (Commissaire général à l'information) n'otu afọ ahụ, họpụtara Ève Curie ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nke ngalaba ụmụ nwanyị n'ọfịs ya. Mgbe Germany wakporo France, Ève hapụrụ Paris na June 11, 1940, mgbe France nyefere onwe ya, ya na ndị ọzọ gbara ọsọ ndụ gbagara England n'ụgbọ mmiri jupụtara na ya, nke ụgbọelu ndị Germany gburu. N'ebe ahụ, ọ sonyeere ndị Free French Forces nke General Charles de Gaulle wee malite ọgụ ya megide Nazism, nke mere ka gọọmentị Vichy napụ ya nwa amaala France ma weghara ihe onwunwe ya na 1941. [[Faịlụ:Ève_Curie,_1904-2007_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Ève Curie n'uwe ndị nkịtị, 1943]] Ève Curie nọrọ ọtụtụ n'ime afọ agha na Britain, ebe ọ zutere Winston Churchill, na United States, ebe o nyere nkuzi ma dee isiokwu na akwụkwọ akụkọ America (karịsịa ''New York Herald Tribune''). N'afọ 1940, ọ zutere [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] na White House. N'ịbụ onye nleta a kpaliri, o mechara nye usoro nkuzi banyere "Ndị inyom French na Agha"; na Mee 1940 The Atlantic Monthly bipụtara edemede ya n'okpuru otu aha ahụ. Site na Nọvemba 1941 ruo Eprel 1942, Ève Curie gara Africa, Soviet Union na Eshia dị ka onye na-ede akụkọ agha, ebe ọ hụrụ mwakpo ndị Britain na Egypt na [[Libya]] na Disemba 1941 na mmegide Soviet na Moscow na Jenụwarị 1942. N'oge njem a, ọ zutere Shah nke Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, onye ndú nke Free China, Chiang Kai-shek, na-alụso ndị Japan ọgụ, na Mahatma Gandhi. Ugboro ugboro o nwere ohere izute ndị obodo ya, Ndị agha Poland, bụ ndị lụrụ ọgụ n'akụkụ ndị Britain ma ọ bụ hazie Ndị agha Poland na Soviet Union. E bipụtara akụkọ Curie site na njem a na akwụkwọ akụkọ America, na 1943 a chịkọtara ha n'akwụkwọ Journey Among Warriors, nke a họpụtara maka Pulitzer Prize for Correspondence na 1944 (nke Ernie Pyle mechara merie). <ref name="Answers">{{Cite web|title=Ève Curie's biography|work=[[Answers.com]]|url=http://www.answers.com/topic/ve-curie|accessdate=March 7, 2010}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.answers.com/topic/ve-curie "Ève Curie's biography"]. ''[[Answers.com]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> Otu isiokwu dị na mbipụta oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 1943 nke The Russian Review katọrọ akwụkwọ Curie. Onye nyocha ahụ, Michael Karpovich, toro ụdị edemede ya na-anụ ọkụ n'obi na ọmịiko banyere ndị ọ zutere ma gbaa ajụjụ ọnụ na Soviet Union. Otú ọ dị, Karpovich chere na Curie akọwaghị ndị Russia ọ kọwara n'ụzọ kwere omume. Na Journey Among Warriors, o dere banyere mkparịta ụka ya na bishọp Greek Orthodox, onye na-agba egwú a ma ama, onye isi ndị agha Red Army, ndị ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ, ndị isi ọchịchị Kọmunist, na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị. Karpovich chere na obi ụtọ Curie gbagọrọ ma mkpebi ya ma ọhụụ ya, n'akwụkwọ ya. Mgbe ọ laghachiri Europe, Ève Curie jere ozi dị ka onye ọrụ afọ ofufo na ndị ọrụ ahụike ụmụ nwanyị nke Free French n'oge Campaign Italian, ebe a kwalitere ya ka ọ bụrụ lieutenant na French 1st Armored Division. N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1944, ya na ndị agha ya sonyere n'ịda na Provence na ndịda France. E ji Croix de guerre chọọ ya mma maka ọrụ ya. == Mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị == Mgbe nnwere onwe nke France gasịrị, Ève Curie rụrụ ọrụ mbụ dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke ''Akwụkwọ akụkọ Paris''-Presse kwa ụbọchị site na 1944 ruo 1949, mana ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụ onye na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara ụmụ nwanyị na gọọmentị de Gaulle, na 1948 ya na ndị ọzọ a ma ama na Europe, ọ rịọrọ United Nations ka ha kweta na steeti Israel. N'afọ 1952-1954, ọ bụ onye ndụmọdụ pụrụ iche nye Hastings Lionel Ismay, odeakwụkwọ ukwu mbụ nke NATO. Na 19 Nọvemba 1954 ọ lụrụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị America na onye nnọchi anya mba ọzọ Henry Richardson Labouisse Jr., onye jere ozi dị ka onye nnọchianya United States na Gris site na 1962 ruo 1965. Ève Curie ghọrọ nwa amaala America na 1958. == Ọrụ maka UNICEF == N'afọ 1965, di Ève hapụrụ ọrụ ya na gọọmentị US mgbe Odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke United Nations [[U Thant]] nyere ya ọkwa onye isi nchịkwa nke United Nations Children's Fund UNICEF. Labouisse nọ n'ọfịs a ruo 1979, nwunye ya kwadoro ya, onye rụkwara ọrụ maka nzukọ ahụ ma na-akpọkarị ya "Nwunye mbụ nke UNICEF". Ha niile gara ihe karịrị mba 100, ọtụtụ n'ime ha nọ n'Ụwa nke Atọ, nke bụ ndị na-erite uru na enyemaka UNICEF. N'afọ 1965, Labouisse, ya na nwunye ya, nabatara Nobel Peace Prize, nke e nyere nzukọ ya. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Henry Labouisse's obituary in New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/03/27/obituaries/henry-r-labouisse-dies-former-chief-of-unicef.html?pagewanted=1|accessdate=March 7, 2010|work=The New York Times|first=Eric|author=Pace|date=March 27, 1987}}</ref> == Afọ ndị ikpeazụ nke ndụ == Mgbe di ya nwụsịrị na 1987, Ève biri na New York City. O nweghị ụmụ site n'alụmdi na nwunye ya na Henry Labouisse, mana o nwere nwa nwanyị, Anne Peretz (naanị nwa nwanyị Labouisse bụ, nke a mụrụ n'alụ di mbụ ya), ụmụ Anne Peretz niile weere ya dị ka nne nne ha na ụmụ ha weere ya dị dị ka nne ha. Na Disemba 2004, Ève Curie mere emume ncheta ọmụmụ ya otu narị afọ. N'oge a, odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke United Nations Kofi Annan letara ya n'ụlọ ya na New York. Ọ natakwara akwụkwọ ozi ekele site n'aka ndị isi ala nke United States - George W. Bush - na France - Jacques Chirac. N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2005, e buliri Ève Curie Labouisse n'ọkwa 'Officier de la Légion d'Honneur' nke Republic of France - ihe ịchọ mma kachasị elu na mba ahụ. O gosipụtara ekele maka ihe ịchọ mma ahụ, na-asị:   Mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ na-akwa emo na ọ na-eme ihere nye ezinụlọ ya. "E nwere ihe nrite Nobel ise n'ezinụlọ m", ka ọ na-akwa emo, "abụọ maka nne m, otu maka nna m, otu maka nwanne m nwanyị na nwanne di m na otu maka di m. Naanị ihe m na-eme abụghị ihe ịga nke ọma ... " <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ève Curie's obituary (Polish)|url=http://www.wiadomosci24.pl/artykul/zmarla_ewa_curie_labouisse_8211_corka_polskiej_noblistki_48369.html|accessdate=March 7, 2010}}</ref> Ọ bụ naanị m enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma ... ".[my]  Ève Curie nwụrụ n'ụra ya na 22 Ọktoba 2007 <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Ève Curie's obituary in The Times|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article2740123.ece|accessdate=March 7, 2010|date=October 26, 2007}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110524040703/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article2740123.ece "Ève Curie's obituary in The Times"]. London. October 26, 2007. Archived from [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article2740123.ece the original] on May 24, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> n'ụlọ ya na Sutton Place na Manhattan. Ọ dị afọ 102. Ann Veneman, onye isi nchịkwa nke UNICEF, kwuru mgbe ọ nwụsịrị:   E liri ya na di ya na Metairie Cemetery na obodo ya bụ [[New Orleans]]. == Ihe edeturu == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Commons category}} * <span class="portalbox-image">[[File:P_vip.svg|link=|alt=|class=skin-invert-image noviewer|28x28px]]</span><span class="portalbox-link">[[Portal:Biography|Akụkọ ndụ]]</span> * [http://www.answers.com/topic/ve-curie Akụkọ ndụ Ève Curie] * [http://www.bookrags.com/biography-eve-curie/ Ève Curie na Encyclopedia of World Biography] * The Land of My Mother – Polish-American, color, documentary movie (1938) narrated by Eve Curie (1941)naYouTube<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pocisk.com/kraj-mojej-matki-film|title=Kraj mojej matki, film – Pocisk.com – ciekawostki historyczne}}</ref> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110524040703/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article2740123.ece Akụkọ ọnwụ sitere na The Times, October 26, 2007] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080118184102/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/11/08/db0803.xml Obituary sitere na The Daily Telegraph, November 8, 2007] * [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/25/arts/25labouisse.html?partner=rssnyt&emc=rss Akụkọ ọnwụ sitere na ''The New York Times'', October 25, 2007] * [http://www.nowotwory.edu.pl/pobierz.php?lang=en&id=1903 Akụkọ ndụ nke Richard F Mould sere na Bekee (PDF format)] * [https://images.google.com/hosted/life/3db9b7e9dbbb332f.html Foto edemede nke ''Ndụ'' 'Doubleday Party for Eve Curie' 1939] * [https://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=9214fe98ab22f8dd Ihu akwụkwọ akụkọ Time nke gosipụtara Eve Curie] * [https://images.google.com/hosted/life/4bb7dcbc2da168cb.html Foto ''Ndụ'' Captain Nolan gwara Eve Curie ka a hapụrụ akpa ya na New York] * [https://images.google.com/hosted/life/1c915beb8797bb7c.html Foto ''Ndụ'' Eve Curie na-agụ akwụkwọ na onye France Charles Rist n'ụgbọ Pan Am Clipper na Lisbon 1940] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160416081249/http://images.google.com/hosted/life/03e65dfaf1a57b0d.html Foto LIFE Eve Curie na-eduga ndị njem na Boeing 314 na Lisbon 1940] * [https://images.google.com/hosted/life/8f756d44001ae687.html Foto ''Ndụ'' Eve Curie na ndị enyi ya na Clipper 1940] * Works by or about Ève CurienaEbe Ndebe Ihe Ochie n'Intanet {{Marie & Pierre Curie|state=collapsed}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Curie, Eve}} <references /> [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 23e8n7lmztgpkg6lr5945a2ywqn60wo 632389 632387 2026-05-09T12:01:30Z Chinemeremprince 13026 fixed reference with ref tag 632389 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ève Curie Denise Labouisse''' (French pronunciation: [ɛv dəniz kyʁi labwis]; December 6, 1904 - October 22, 2007) bụ onye edemede French na American, onye nta akụkọ na onye na-akpọ piano. Ève Curie bụ nwa nwanyị nke Marie Skłodowska-Curie na Pierre Curie. Nwanne ya nwanyị bụ Irène Joliot-Curie na nwanne di ya bụ Frédéric Joliot -Curie. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nta akụkọ ma dee akụkọ ndụ nne ya Madame Curie na akwụkwọ akụkọ agha, Journey Among Warriors . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Curie|first=Ève|year=1938|title=Madame Curie, translated by Vincent Sheean|edition=1|publisher=Doubleday, Doran and Co., Inc|location=Garden City, New York|url=https://archive.org/stream/madamecuriebiogr00evec_0#page/n7/mode/2up|accessdate=23 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Curie|first=Ève|year=1943|title=Journey Among Warriors|edition=1|publisher=Doubleday, Doran and Co., Inc|location=Garden City, New York|url=https://archive.org/details/journeyamongwarr00curi|accessdate=21 August 2016}}</ref> Site na 1960s, o tinyere onwe ya n'ọrụ maka UNICEF, na-enyere ụmụaka na ndị nne aka na mba ndị na-emepe emepe. Ève bụ naanị onye ezinụlọ ya na-ahọrọghị ọrụ dịka onye ọkà mmụta sayensị ma ghara inweta ihe nrite Nobel, ọ bụ ezie na di ya, Henry Richardson Labouisse Jr., natara ihe nrite udo Nobel na 1965 maka UNICEF, mezue ihe nketa Ezinụlọ Curie nke ndị mmeri Nobel ise. == Oge ọ bụ nwata == [[Faịlụ:Eve,_Marie,_Irene_Curie_1908.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ève, Marie, na Irène Curie na 1908]] A mụrụ Ève Denise Curie na Paris, France, na Disemba 6, 1904. Ọ bụ ada nke obere nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị bụ́ Marie na Pierre Curie, bụ́ ndị mụtakwara nwa nwanyị ọzọ bụ́ Irène (amụrụ na 1897). Ève amaghị nna ya, onye nwụrụ n'ihe mberede na 1906, nke ụgbọ ịnyịnya gbara. Mgbe ihe mberede a gasịrị, Marie Curie nakweere ọrụ nkụzi di ya na La Sorbonne. Nna di ya, Dọkịta Eugène Curie, kwagara n'ụlọ ya mgbe nwunye ya nwụrụ, ọ na-elekọtakwa ụmụaka ebe Pierre na Marie, e mesịakwa naanị Marie, gara ọrụ. Mgbe ọ nwụrụ n'afọ 1910, Marie Curie nọgidere naanị ya ịzụlite ụmụ ya nwanyị site n'enyemaka nke ndị isi. Ève mechara kwuo na mgbe ọ bụ nwata, ọ tara ahụhụ n'ihi enweghị nlebara anya zuru oke n'ebe nne ya nọ, ọ bụ naanị mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma, ka o si n'afọ iri na ụma ya nwee mmekọrịta mmetụta uche siri ike karị.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ève Curie's obituary in New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/25/arts/25labouisse.html?partner=rssnyt&emc=rss|accessdate=March 7, 2010|work=The New York Times|first=Margalit|author=Fox|date=October 25, 2007}}</ref> Marie lekọtara agụmakwụkwọ na mmepe nke ọdịmma nke ụmụ ya nwanyị abụọ. Irène sooro nzọụkwụ nne ya wee ghọọ onye ọkà mmụta sayensị a ma ama (ya na di ya Frédéric Joliot-Curie nyere ya Nobel Prize na Chemistry na 1935), ebe Ève gosipụtara mmasị nka na edemede. Ọbụna mgbe ọ bụ nwatakịrị, o gosipụtara otu nkà maka egwu. N'agbanyeghị ihu igwe, ha gara ije dị ogologo ma na-agba ígwè. Ha na-egwu mmiri n'oge ọkọchị, Marie tinyekwara ihe eji eme egwuregwu mgbatị ahụ n'ogige ụlọ ha dị na Sceaux, Hauts-de-Seine. Ève na Irène mụtakwara ịkwa akwa, ịkọ ubi na isi nri. Ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ agbọghọ ahụ bụ ụmụ amaala France (Ève mechara bụrụ nwa amaala America), asụsụ mbụ ha bụ French, ha maara mmalite Polish ha ma na-asụ Polish. N'afọ 1911, ha gara Poland (akụkụ ndịda, nke nọ n'okpuru ọchịchị Austrian n'oge ahụ). N'oge nleta a, ha na-agba ịnyịnya ma na-aga ije n'ugwu.<ref name="Answers" /> == Ndị ntorobịa == N'afọ 1921, Ève malitere njem mbụ ya gafee Oké Osimiri Atlantic: n'oge opupu ihe ubi ahụ, ya na nwanne ya nwanyị na nne ya ji ụgbọ mmiri RMS <nowiki><i id="mwOg">Olimpik</i></nowiki> gaa New York City. Marie Curie, dị ka onye nwetara ihe nrite Nobel ugboro abụọ, onye chọpụtara radium na polonium, nabatara ya n'ebe ahụ na emume kwesịrị ekwesị; ụmụ ya nwanyị na-ewu ewu n'etiti ndị isi America. N'ịbụ onye na-enwu gbaa na oriri na ọṅụṅụ, ndị nta akụkọ kpọrọ Ève "nwa agbọghọ nwere anya radium".<ref name=":0" /> N'oge njem ahụ, Éve na Irène rụkwara ọrụ dị ka "ndị nche" nne ha - Marie, nke na-elekwasịkarị anya n'ọrụ nyocha ma na-ahọrọ ndụ dị mfe, anaghị enwe ahụ iru ala mgbe niile izute nsọpụrụ a na-enye ya. Mgbe ha nọ na United States, Marie, Irène na È zutere Onyeisiala Warren G. Harding na Washington, D.C., hụrụ Niagara Falls wee jiri ụgbọ okporo ígwè gaa hụ Grand Canyon. Ha laghachiri Paris na June 1921. Dịka nwanne ya nwanyị bụ Irène, Ève gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Collège Sévigne, ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nkeonwe na-abụghị nke otu okpukperechi na Paris, ebe o nwetara nzere baccalaureate ya na 1925. Ka ọ dịgodị, o mekwara ka nkà piano ya ka mma ma nye egwu egwu mbụ ya na Paris na 1925. Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ rụrụ ọrụ egwu ọtụtụ ugboro n'elu ikpo okwu, na-enye egwu egwu na isi obodo France, na ógbè na [[Belgium]]. Mgbe Irène lụrụ Frédéric Joliot na 1926, Ève so nne ya nọrọ na Paris, na-elekọta ya ma na-eso ya na njem na France, [[Italy|Ịtali]], Belgium, na [[Switzerland]]. N'afọ 1932, ha sonyeere Onye isi ala Czechoslovakia, Tomáš Masaryk, na njem ya na Spain. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ hụrụ nne ya n'anya, È nwere àgwà dị iche na nke ya (nakwa nwanne ya nwanyị bụ Irène). Ọ chọghị sayensị, kama ọ na-ahọrọ ọdịmma mmadụ. N'adịghị ka nne ya, ndụ dị mma na-adọrọ mmasị ya mgbe niile. Ebe Marie na-eyi uwe ojii dị mfe, È na-enwekarị mmasị n'uwe mara mma, na-eyi akpụkpọ ụkwụ dị elu na etemeete, ma na-enwe mmasị n'ịcha mma n'oriri. Agbanyeghị, ma Ève ma Irène lekọtara nne ha nke ọma ruo ọnwụ ya. Marie, onye na-arịa ọrịa anaemia aplastic, nke nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mmetụta ogologo oge o nwere na radieshon ionizing, nwụrụ na Julaị 4, 1934.   == Mgbe nne ya nwụsịrị == Mgbe Marie Curie nwụsịrị, Ève dere akụkọ ndụ banyere nne ya. Ọ hapụrụ ndụ ọha na eze nwa oge wee kwaga n'otu obere ụlọ dị na Auteuil, Yvelines, ebe ọ na-achịkọta ma na-ahazi akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ ozi. N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke afọ 1935, ọ gara leta ezinụlọ ya na Poland, na-achọ ozi gbasara nwata na ntorobịa nne ya. E bipụtara akụkọ ndụ, Madame Curie, n'otu oge na France, Britain, Italy, Spain, United States na mba ndị ọzọ na 1937. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/madamecurie035051mbp|title=Madame Curie : Eve Curie : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming|work=Internet Archive}}</ref> Madame Curie ghọrọ onye a ma ama ozugbo ma ghọọ akwụkwọ kacha ere ahịa n'ọtụtụ mba gụnyere United States. Na US, ọ meriri nke atọ kwa afọ National Book Award for Non-Fiction nke American Booksellers Association họpụtara. E nwere Ihe nkiri na 1943 site na Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, na Greer Garson na ọrụ aha. Ève malitere itinye aka n'ọrụ edemede na nke nta akụkọ. Ewezuga akụkọ ndụ nne ya, o bipụtara nyocha egwu na Candide kwa izu na ''Eziokwu'' gbasara ihe nkiri, egwu, na ihe nkiri na akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ọzọ dị na Paris.<ref name="Answers">{{Cite web|title=Ève Curie's biography|work=[[Answers.com]]|url=http://www.answers.com/topic/ve-curie|accessdate=March 7, 2010}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.answers.com/topic/ve-curie "Ève Curie's biography"]. ''[[Answers.com]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> == Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ == Mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ tiwapụrụ na 1939, onye edemede na onye na-ede egwuregwu Jean Giraudoux, onye ghọrọ Kọmishọna Ozi nke France (Commissaire général à l'information) n'otu afọ ahụ, họpụtara Ève Curie ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nke ngalaba ụmụ nwanyị n'ọfịs ya. Mgbe Germany wakporo France, Ève hapụrụ Paris na June 11, 1940, mgbe France nyefere onwe ya, ya na ndị ọzọ gbara ọsọ ndụ gbagara England n'ụgbọ mmiri jupụtara na ya, nke ụgbọelu ndị Germany gburu. N'ebe ahụ, ọ sonyeere ndị Free French Forces nke General Charles de Gaulle wee malite ọgụ ya megide Nazism, nke mere ka gọọmentị Vichy napụ ya nwa amaala France ma weghara ihe onwunwe ya na 1941. [[Faịlụ:Ève_Curie,_1904-2007_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Ève Curie n'uwe ndị nkịtị, 1943]] Ève Curie nọrọ ọtụtụ n'ime afọ agha na Britain, ebe ọ zutere Winston Churchill, na United States, ebe o nyere nkuzi ma dee isiokwu na akwụkwọ akụkọ America (karịsịa ''New York Herald Tribune''). N'afọ 1940, ọ zutere [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] na White House. N'ịbụ onye nleta a kpaliri, o mechara nye usoro nkuzi banyere "Ndị inyom French na Agha"; na Mee 1940 The Atlantic Monthly bipụtara edemede ya n'okpuru otu aha ahụ. Site na Nọvemba 1941 ruo Eprel 1942, Ève Curie gara Africa, Soviet Union na Eshia dị ka onye na-ede akụkọ agha, ebe ọ hụrụ mwakpo ndị Britain na Egypt na [[Libya]] na Disemba 1941 na mmegide Soviet na Moscow na Jenụwarị 1942. N'oge njem a, ọ zutere Shah nke Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, onye ndú nke Free China, Chiang Kai-shek, na-alụso ndị Japan ọgụ, na Mahatma Gandhi. Ugboro ugboro o nwere ohere izute ndị obodo ya, Ndị agha Poland, bụ ndị lụrụ ọgụ n'akụkụ ndị Britain ma ọ bụ hazie Ndị agha Poland na Soviet Union. E bipụtara akụkọ Curie site na njem a na akwụkwọ akụkọ America, na 1943 a chịkọtara ha n'akwụkwọ Journey Among Warriors, nke a họpụtara maka Pulitzer Prize for Correspondence na 1944 (nke Ernie Pyle mechara merie). <ref name="Answers">{{Cite web|title=Ève Curie's biography|work=[[Answers.com]]|url=http://www.answers.com/topic/ve-curie|accessdate=March 7, 2010}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.answers.com/topic/ve-curie "Ève Curie's biography"]. ''[[Answers.com]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> Otu isiokwu dị na mbipụta oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 1943 nke The Russian Review katọrọ akwụkwọ Curie. Onye nyocha ahụ, Michael Karpovich, toro ụdị edemede ya na-anụ ọkụ n'obi na ọmịiko banyere ndị ọ zutere ma gbaa ajụjụ ọnụ na Soviet Union. Otú ọ dị, Karpovich chere na Curie akọwaghị ndị Russia ọ kọwara n'ụzọ kwere omume. Na Journey Among Warriors, o dere banyere mkparịta ụka ya na bishọp Greek Orthodox, onye na-agba egwú a ma ama, onye isi ndị agha Red Army, ndị ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ, ndị isi ọchịchị Kọmunist, na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị. Karpovich chere na obi ụtọ Curie gbagọrọ ma mkpebi ya ma ọhụụ ya, n'akwụkwọ ya. Mgbe ọ laghachiri Europe, Ève Curie jere ozi dị ka onye ọrụ afọ ofufo na ndị ọrụ ahụike ụmụ nwanyị nke Free French n'oge Campaign Italian, ebe a kwalitere ya ka ọ bụrụ lieutenant na French 1st Armored Division. N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1944, ya na ndị agha ya sonyere n'ịda na Provence na ndịda France. E ji Croix de guerre chọọ ya mma maka ọrụ ya. == Mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị == Mgbe nnwere onwe nke France gasịrị, Ève Curie rụrụ ọrụ mbụ dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke ''Akwụkwọ akụkọ Paris''-Presse kwa ụbọchị site na 1944 ruo 1949, mana ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụ onye na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara ụmụ nwanyị na gọọmentị de Gaulle, na 1948 ya na ndị ọzọ a ma ama na Europe, ọ rịọrọ United Nations ka ha kweta na steeti Israel. N'afọ 1952-1954, ọ bụ onye ndụmọdụ pụrụ iche nye Hastings Lionel Ismay, odeakwụkwọ ukwu mbụ nke NATO. Na 19 Nọvemba 1954 ọ lụrụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị America na onye nnọchi anya mba ọzọ Henry Richardson Labouisse Jr., onye jere ozi dị ka onye nnọchianya United States na Gris site na 1962 ruo 1965. Ève Curie ghọrọ nwa amaala America na 1958. == Ọrụ maka UNICEF == N'afọ 1965, di Ève hapụrụ ọrụ ya na gọọmentị US mgbe Odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke United Nations [[U Thant]] nyere ya ọkwa onye isi nchịkwa nke United Nations Children's Fund UNICEF. Labouisse nọ n'ọfịs a ruo 1979, nwunye ya kwadoro ya, onye rụkwara ọrụ maka nzukọ ahụ ma na-akpọkarị ya "Nwunye mbụ nke UNICEF". Ha niile gara ihe karịrị mba 100, ọtụtụ n'ime ha nọ n'Ụwa nke Atọ, nke bụ ndị na-erite uru na enyemaka UNICEF. N'afọ 1965, Labouisse, ya na nwunye ya, nabatara Nobel Peace Prize, nke e nyere nzukọ ya. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Henry Labouisse's obituary in New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/03/27/obituaries/henry-r-labouisse-dies-former-chief-of-unicef.html?pagewanted=1|accessdate=March 7, 2010|work=The New York Times|first=Eric|author=Pace|date=March 27, 1987}}</ref> == Afọ ndị ikpeazụ nke ndụ == Mgbe di ya nwụsịrị na 1987, Ève biri na New York City. O nweghị ụmụ site n'alụmdi na nwunye ya na Henry Labouisse, mana o nwere nwa nwanyị, Anne Peretz (naanị nwa nwanyị Labouisse bụ, nke a mụrụ n'alụ di mbụ ya), ụmụ Anne Peretz niile weere ya dị ka nne nne ha na ụmụ ha weere ya dị dị ka nne ha. Na Disemba 2004, Ève Curie mere emume ncheta ọmụmụ ya otu narị afọ. N'oge a, odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke United Nations Kofi Annan letara ya n'ụlọ ya na New York. Ọ natakwara akwụkwọ ozi ekele site n'aka ndị isi ala nke United States - George W. Bush - na France - Jacques Chirac. N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2005, e buliri Ève Curie Labouisse n'ọkwa 'Officier de la Légion d'Honneur' nke Republic of France - ihe ịchọ mma kachasị elu na mba ahụ. O gosipụtara ekele maka ihe ịchọ mma ahụ, na-asị:   Mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ na-akwa emo na ọ na-eme ihere nye ezinụlọ ya. "E nwere ihe nrite Nobel ise n'ezinụlọ m", ka ọ na-akwa emo, "abụọ maka nne m, otu maka nna m, otu maka nwanne m nwanyị na nwanne di m na otu maka di m. Naanị ihe m na-eme abụghị ihe ịga nke ọma ... " <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ève Curie's obituary (Polish)|url=http://www.wiadomosci24.pl/artykul/zmarla_ewa_curie_labouisse_8211_corka_polskiej_noblistki_48369.html|accessdate=March 7, 2010}}</ref> Ọ bụ naanị m enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma ... ".[my]  Ève Curie nwụrụ n'ụra ya na 22 Ọktoba 2007 <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Ève Curie's obituary in The Times|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article2740123.ece|accessdate=March 7, 2010|date=October 26, 2007}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110524040703/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article2740123.ece "Ève Curie's obituary in The Times"]. London. October 26, 2007. Archived from [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article2740123.ece the original] on May 24, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> n'ụlọ ya na Sutton Place na Manhattan. Ọ dị afọ 102. Ann Veneman, onye isi nchịkwa nke UNICEF, kwuru mgbe ọ nwụsịrị:   E liri ya na di ya na Metairie Cemetery na obodo ya bụ [[New Orleans]]. == Ihe edeturu == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Commons category}} * <span class="portalbox-image">[[File:P_vip.svg|link=|alt=|class=skin-invert-image noviewer|28x28px]]</span><span class="portalbox-link">[[Portal:Biography|Akụkọ ndụ]]</span> * [http://www.answers.com/topic/ve-curie Akụkọ ndụ Ève Curie] * [http://www.bookrags.com/biography-eve-curie/ Ève Curie na Encyclopedia of World Biography] * The Land of My Mother – Polish-American, color, documentary movie (1938) narrated by Eve Curie (1941)naYouTube<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pocisk.com/kraj-mojej-matki-film|title=Kraj mojej matki, film – Pocisk.com – ciekawostki historyczne}}</ref> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110524040703/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article2740123.ece Akụkọ ọnwụ sitere na The Times, October 26, 2007] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080118184102/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/11/08/db0803.xml Obituary sitere na The Daily Telegraph, November 8, 2007] * [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/25/arts/25labouisse.html?partner=rssnyt&emc=rss Akụkọ ọnwụ sitere na ''The New York Times'', October 25, 2007] * [http://www.nowotwory.edu.pl/pobierz.php?lang=en&id=1903 Akụkọ ndụ nke Richard F Mould sere na Bekee (PDF format)] * [https://images.google.com/hosted/life/3db9b7e9dbbb332f.html Foto edemede nke ''Ndụ'' 'Doubleday Party for Eve Curie' 1939] * [https://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=9214fe98ab22f8dd Ihu akwụkwọ akụkọ Time nke gosipụtara Eve Curie] * [https://images.google.com/hosted/life/4bb7dcbc2da168cb.html Foto ''Ndụ'' Captain Nolan gwara Eve Curie ka a hapụrụ akpa ya na New York] * [https://images.google.com/hosted/life/1c915beb8797bb7c.html Foto ''Ndụ'' Eve Curie na-agụ akwụkwọ na onye France Charles Rist n'ụgbọ Pan Am Clipper na Lisbon 1940] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160416081249/http://images.google.com/hosted/life/03e65dfaf1a57b0d.html Foto LIFE Eve Curie na-eduga ndị njem na Boeing 314 na Lisbon 1940] * [https://images.google.com/hosted/life/8f756d44001ae687.html Foto ''Ndụ'' Eve Curie na ndị enyi ya na Clipper 1940] * Works by or about Ève CurienaEbe Ndebe Ihe Ochie n'Intanet {{Marie & Pierre Curie|state=collapsed}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Curie, Eve}} <references /> [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ijvz9xu0cgsmq36jdwj1tessb4j8e39 3 75344 632388 2026-05-09T12:00:49Z DolphybBot 61063 Nabata onye ohuru na Igbo Wikipedia! (bot) 632388 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nnọọ|username=HinduAitihya|bot=[[Ojiarụ:DolphybBot|DolphybBot]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:DolphybBot|ṅkátá]]) 12:00, 9 Mee 2026 (UTC)}} 79tfhv76vi1btgrxrtp189hh5pkrjqv 0 75345 632390 2026-05-09T12:09:07Z Johnnybam 24488 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346544954|Chibuike Nwaiwu]]" 632390 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Chibuike Godfrey Nwaiwu''' ({{Audio|Ig-Chibuike Godfrey Nwaiwu.ogg|Listen}}; amụrụ na 23 Julaị 2003) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba ọsọ dị ka onye na-agbachitere ndị otu Süper Lig Trabzonspor . == Ọrụ == Nwaiwu malitere ọrụ ya na Naịjirịa na Heartland F.C. na 2021. Na 22 October 2022, ọ kwagara Enyimba ma nyere ha aka imeri 2022-23 Nigeria Professional Football League. Na 4 Septemba 2024, ọ gafere na klọb bọọlụ Bundesliga nke Austrian Wolfsberger AC na nkwekọrịta ruo 2027. Ọ malitere na ikpeazụ ka Wolfsberg meriri 2024–25 Austrian Cup, iko mbụ ha n'ime ụlọ. == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Na 3 Maachị 2023, a kpọrọ Nwaiwu ka ọ bụrụ otu Nigeria U23s maka asọmpi Olimpik Summer 2024 - egwuregwu ntozu ụmụ nwoke. == Nsọpụrụ == ; Enyimba * Njikọ bọọlụ Premier nke Nigeria: 2022-232022–23 ; Wolfsberger AC * Iko mba Austria: 2024-25<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sports247.ng/chibuike-nwaiwu-makes-history-nigerian-midfielder-lifts-austrian-cup-with-wolfsberger-ac/|title=Chibuike Nwaiwu Makes History: Nigerian Midfielder Lifts Austrian Cup with Wolfsberger AC|first=Olusola|author=Adebayo|date=2 May 2025}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Chibuike Nwaiwun'okporo ụzọ bọọlụ * Chibuike Godfrey NwaiwunaÖFB (n'asụsụ German) {{Wolfsberger AC squad}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ob1upff0jjxb1j6b1bx48bx2bgatv4d 0 75346 632391 2026-05-09T12:14:47Z Johnnybam 24488 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348263753|Maduka Okoye]]" 632391 wikitext text/x-wiki   A mụrụ Okoye na Düsseldorf, nna [[Ndị Ìgbò|Igbo]] Naijiria na nne German-French. Okoye nwere ụmụ amaala Naijiria, France na Germany site n'aka nne na nna ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sport Science Helping Okyoe Cope|url=https://www.herald.co.zw/sports-science-helping-okyoe-cope/|work=herald.co.zw|publisher=The Herald|accessdate=15 September 2020}}</ref> N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2017, ọ hapụrụ otu ndị ntorobịa nke Bayer Leverkusen, ebe ọ gbara bọọlụ kemgbe afọ 2009 iji sonye na otu ndị ntụrụndụ nke Fortuna Düsseldorf. Na 14 October 2017, o mere mpụta mbụ ọkachamara ya na Regionalliga West maka Fortuna Düsseldorf II na egwuregwu megide Wuppertaler SV, dochie Max Schijns merụrụ ahụ na nkeji 43rd nke egwuregwu ahụ. Ọ kwụsịrị oge 2017 / 2018 na ngosi 5, na-enye nanị ihe mgbaru ọsọ 1 ma na-edebe 4 dị ọcha, ebe ụlọ ọrụ ya kwụsịrị oge na ọnọdụ 15th na 36 isi mgbe egwuregwu 34 gasịrị, na-agbanarị mgbapụ na Oberliga. N'afọ 2018/2019, ọ ghọrọ onye na-edebe goolu na klọb ahụ. N'abalị iri na atọ n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2019, ọ gbara bọọlụ ikpeazụ ya n'oge ahụ, megide SV Rödinghausen, mgbe onye na-edebe bọọlụ Jannick Theissen nọchiri ya n'ọkwa maka egwuregwu ndị ọzọ. Ọ gwụchara oge ahụ na 15 appearances, na-enyefe 25 goals na-edebe 3 clean sheets. N'oge a, klọb ya mere nke ọma karịa oge gara aga, na-emecha oge ahụ na ọnọdụ nke iri na abụọ na akara 42 mgbe egwuregwu 34 gasịrị. N'abalị iri abụọ na anọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2019, ọ gbara bọọlụ mbụ ya n'afọ 2019/2020 na mmeri 2-1 n'ụlọ megide Schalke 04 II.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldfootball.net/match-report/ma8946464/lineup/|title=Fortuna Düsseldorf II - FC Schalke 04 II 2:1 (Regionalliga West 2019/2020, 5. Round)|date=24 August 2019|accessdate=25 August 2019|work=World Football}}</ref> === Sparta Rotterdam === N'ọnwa Julaị 2020, Okoye bịanyere aka na Sparta Rotterdam nke Eredivise n'efu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sparta-rotterdam.nl/sparta-contracteert-doelman-okoye/|title=SPARTA SIGNS GOALKEEPER OKOYE|date=13 July 2020|accessdate=10 November 2021|work=sparta-rotterdam.nl/}}</ref> A kpọrọ ya Sparta's Player of the Season, na-edebe 10 clean sheets na 28 league egwuregwu n'oge 2020/21 oge.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sparta-rotterdam.nl/maduka-okoye-verkozen-tot-speler-seizoen-20-21/|title=MADUKA OKOYE NAMED PLAYER OF THE SEASON 20/21|date=30 June 2021|accessdate=10 November 2021|work=sparta-rotterdam.nl/}}</ref> N'ụbọchị nke anọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2021, Okoye bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta ruo 2025. === Watford === Na 8 Nọvemba 2021, a mara ọkwa na Okoye ekwerela isonyere ndị otu Premier League Watford na nkwekọrịta afọ ise na ọkara maka ego a na-akọwaghị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.watfordfc.com/news/official-watford-reach-okoye-agreement|title=Official: Watford Reach Okoye Agreement|date=8 November 2021|accessdate=10 November 2021|work=watfordfc.com/}}</ref> Okoye sonyeere Watford na 1 Jenụwarị 2022. Nkwekọrịta ahụ hụrụ Okoye gbazinyere Sparta Rotterdam ruo na njedebe nke mkpọsa 2021-22. Okoye mere nke mbụ ya na Watford na 23 Ọgọstụ 2022 na mmeri 2-0 n'ụlọ na MK Dons na agba nke abụọ nke EFL Cup. === Udinese === N'abalị iri abụọ na anọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2023, Okoye bịanyere aka na klọb Serie A Udinese maka ego a na-akọwaghị.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Official: Okoye Departs|url=https://www.watfordfc.com/news/official-okoye-departs|accessdate=2023-08-24|work=Watford FC|language=en}}</ref> N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2025, ndị Italian Football Federation kwụsịtụrụ ya ọnwa abụọ mgbe ebubo nke idozi egwuregwu n'oge egwuregwu megide Lazio na 2024, nke a chọpụtara na ọ mebiri ụkpụrụ nke ikpe ziri ezi mana e wepụrụ ya ebumnuche idozi egwuregwu ahụ n'onwe ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Udinese keeper Okoye banned for two months after match-fixing probe|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250723-udinese-keeper-okoye-banned-for-two-months-after-match-fixing-probe|accessdate=23 July 2025|work=France 24|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == N'abalị iri atọ n'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 2017, onye nkuzi nke [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu Mba Naịjirịa]], Gernot Rohr kwuru maka atụmatụ ya ịkpọ Maduka ka ọ bịa na ndị otu mba naịjirịa tupu asọmpi iko mba ụwa nke afọ 2018, mana atụmatụ ahụ enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brila.net/russia-2018-rohr-invite-german-born-goalkeeper-maduka-okoye|title=Super Eagles boss Rohr to invite German-born goalkeeper Maduka Okoye|date=30 November 2017|accessdate=23 August 2019|work=Brila FM News}}</ref> Na 20 February 2019, n'oge mkparịta ụka ya na onye nta akụkọ egwuregwu Naijiria, Oma Akatugba, Maduka kwuru na ọ na-emeghe ka ndị otu mba Naijiria na-akpọ ya ma dị njikere iyi akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na ọcha. N'abalị iri abụọ na abụọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2019, Imama Amapakabo, onye nkuzi nke otu egwuregwu Nigeria U23, kpọrọ ya ka ọ bịa n'òtù egwuregwu nke U23 nke Naijiria maka asọmpi iko mba Afrịka nke 2019 megide Libya U-23, mana o nweghị ike ịme nke mbụ, n'ihi njikọ aka na klọb.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/02/nigeria-u-23-amapakabo-opens-contact-with-fortuna-dusseldorf-goalkeeper|title=Nigeria U-23: Amapakabo opens contact with Fortuna Dusseldorf goalkeeper|date=22 February 2019|accessdate=23 August 2019|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> N'abalị itoolu n'ọnwa Mee n'afọ 2019, a kpọrọ Maduka ọzọ ka ọ bịa n'òtù U23 nke Naijiria maka asọmpi iko mba Afrịka U-23 nke 2019 megide Sudan U-23. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aoifootball.com/2019/05/09/afcon-u-23-finally-maduka-okoye-gets-dream-team-call-up|title=AFCON U-23: Finally, Maduka Okoye gets Dream Team call-up|date=9 May 2019|accessdate=23 August 2019|work=AOI Football News|archivedate=26 August 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826051401/https://aoifootball.com/2019/05/09/afcon-u-23-finally-maduka-okoye-gets-dream-team-call-up/}}</ref> E bu ụzọ hazie egwuregwu bọọlụ ahụ ka ọ mee n'etiti 3 na 11 June 2019, mana [[Confederation of African Football|CAF]] kwagara ya na Septemba 2-10 2019, a kpaliri oge ahụ site na ịdị nso nke egwuregwu ruru eru na 2019 Africa Cup of Nations nke e mere site na 21 June ruo 19 July 2019, na Egypt. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/05/caf-shifts-sudan-nigeria-u23-fixtures|title=CAF shifts Sudan-Nigeria U23 fixtures|date=15 May 2019|accessdate=23 August 2019|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2019, onye nkuzi nke [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu Mba Naịjirịa]], Gernot Rohr, kwuru na ọ na-elekwasị anya na Maduka ka ọ na-achọ idozi nsogbu ndị na-edebe goolu nke kpaliri ndị otu ya kemgbe [[Carl Ikeme]] hapụrụ n'ihi ọrịa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://punchng.com/rohr-banks-on-okoye-to-solve-eagles-keeper-crisis|title=Rohr banks on Okoye to solve Eagles' keeper crisis|date=26 July 2019|accessdate=23 August 2019|work=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> Na 14 Ọgọst 2019, Rohr kpọrọ Maduka maka egwuregwu enyi na enyi megide Ukraine, nke a ga-egwu na 10 June 2019 na Dnipro-Arena.. N'abalị iri na atọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2019, o mere nke mbụ ya na mba ụwa dị ka onye nnọchi anya n'egwuregwu enyi na enyi megide Brazil nke gwụchara 1-1 . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/uzoho-stretchered-off-in-agony-after-suffering-injury/bhpnzlpvm3591cc4vahfs8w06|title=Uzoho stretchered off in agony after suffering injury against Brazil|date=13 October 2019|accessdate=13 October 2019|work=Goal.com}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na ise n'ọnwa Disemba n'afọ 2021, onye na-azụ ndị uwe ojii Eguavoen depụtara ya na [[Iko Mba Afrịka nke 2021|2021 AFCON Nations Cup]] dị ka akụkụ nke ndị otu Nigeria dị iri abụọ na asatọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Eguavoen announces Nigeria final TotalEnergies AFCON squad|url=https://www.cafonline.com/total-africa-cup-of-nations/news/eguavoen-announces-nigeria-final-totalenergies-afcon-squad|accessdate=2022-01-11|work=CAF|language=en}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == {{updated|match played 23 February 2026}}<ref>{{Soccerway|453514|Maduka Okoye|access-date=12 November 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko mba ! colspan="2" |Iko Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Europe ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="5" |Fortuna Düsseldorf nke Abụọ |2017–18 |Ndị nọ n'okpuru afọ 19 Bundesliga |13 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |13 |0 |- |2017–18 | rowspan="3" |Regionalliga West |5 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |5 |0 |- |2018–19 |15 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |15 |0 |- |2019–20 |14 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |14 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !34 !0 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !34 !0 |- |Jong Sparta |2020–21 |Tweede nkewa |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |Sparta Rotterdam |2020–21 | rowspan="2" |Eredivisie |28 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |30 |0 |- |2021–22 |30 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |31 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !58 !0 !2 !0 ! colspan="2" |- !1 !0 !61 !0 |- |Watford |2022–23 |Mmeri |0 |0 |1 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |- | rowspan="4" |Udinese |2023–24 | rowspan="3" |Usoro A |21 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |22 |0 |- |2024–25 |25 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |26 |0 |- |[[2025–26 Udinese Calcio season|2025–26]] |18 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |18 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !64 !0 !2 !0 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !66 !0 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !171 !0 !5 !0 !1 !0 !1 !0 !178 !0 |} === Mba Nile === {{updated|23 January 2022}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ !Ndị otu mba !Afọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="5" |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] |- |2019 |1 |0 |- |2020 |4 |0 |- |2021 |8 |0 |- |2022 |3 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !16 !0 |} == Nsọpụrụ == * Eredivisie Team of the Month: Machị 2022<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eredivisie.eu/news/fc-twente-is-the-main-provider-for-the-eredivisie-team-of-the-month/|title=FC Twente is the main provider for the Eredivisie team of the month|date=April 1, 2022|work=eredivisie.eu}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Maduka Okoyena WorldFootball.net * Maduka Okoyen'okporo ụzọ bọọlụ {{Udinese Calcio squad}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 7kgz9pqllkrq1tqypvnjz7ozslb05fy 0 75347 632392 2026-05-09T12:18:14Z Johnnybam 24488 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352529531|Emmanuel Fernandez (footballer)]]" 632392 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Emmanuel Oluwasegun Opeyemi Fernandez''' (amụrụ na 17 Julaị 2001) bụ [[Footbọl|onye na-agba bọọlụ]] nke na-agbachitere Rangers. A mụrụ ya n'England, ọ na-egwuri egwu maka otu mba Naijiria na ọkwa mba ụwa. == Ọrụ klọb == === Ọrụ mmalite === Fernandez malitere ọrụ ya na Brentford na Gillingham, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.peterboroughtoday.co.uk/sport/football/peterborough-united/new-peterborough-united-signings-contract-is-a-reward-for-persistence-over-heartbreak-3305107|title=New Peterborough United signing's contract is a reward for persistence over heartbreak|work=www.peterboroughtoday.co.uk|date=12 July 2021}}</ref> ma mgbe ọ nọ na Gillinghan nọrọ oge na Sheppey United na Margate. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gillinghamfootballclub.com/news/2019/february/scholars-loan-deals/|date=4 February 2019|title=Scholars agree work experience deals|publisher=Gillingham F.C.}}</ref> <ref name="SUFC">{{Cite web|url=https://fulltime.thefa.com/statsForPlayer.html?selectedOrgStatRecordingTypeID_ForSort=&teamID=&selectedStatisticDisplayMode=3&personID=383483807&selectedSeasonID=32285694|title=Emmanuel Oluwasegun Opeyemi Fernandez player stats &#124; Southern Counties East Football League|work=fulltime.thefa.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://fulltime.thefa.com/statsForPlayer.html?selectedOrgStatRecordingTypeID_ForSort=&teamID=&selectedStatisticDisplayMode=3&personID=383483807&selectedSeasonID=32285694 "Emmanuel Oluwasegun Opeyemi Fernandez player stats &#x7C; Southern Counties East Football League"]. </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.margate-fc.co.uk/news/19-sep-2019/Two-Additions-To-Margate-Squad|title=PLAYER NEWS &#124; Two Additions To Margate Squad|publisher=Margate F.C.}}</ref> Mgbe Gillingham tọhapụrụ ya, ọ gbara bọọlụ maka Ramsgate.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kentonline.co.uk/medway/sport/posh-swoop-for-former-gills-youngster-250449/|title=Posh swoop for former Gills youngster|date=10 July 2021|work=Kent Online}}</ref> === Peterborough United === Fernandez bịanyere aka na Peterborough United nkwekọrịta afọ abụọ na Julaị 2021. O mere mpụta mbụ ya n'ụbọchị nke abụọ nke Eprel 2022 dị ka onye nnọchi "ihe ịtụnanya" na mmeri ụlọ 4-0 meriri Middlesbrough. Na Nọvemba 2021, Fernandez sonyeere Spalding United na mbinye ego, na-eme otu ngosi. Na Machị 2023, o sonyeere Barnet na mbinye ego ruo na njedebe nke oge. === Ndị Ranger === N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2025, Fernandez sonyeere klọb Scottish Premiership Rangers maka ego a na-akọwaghị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/c3enz4l8qepo|title=Rangers sign Bournemouth's Joe Rothwell and Peterborough United's Emmanuel Fernandez|date=2 July 2025|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na abụọ n'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2025, Fernandez gbara goolu mbụ ya na Rangers na mmeri 2-1 ha meriri Livingston na Scottish Premiership.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/live/cy7erk3kl6vt|title=Ragged Rangers edge out Livingston for controversial win|date=22 November 2025|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2026, Fernandez nwetara mmetọ agbụrụ n'ịntanetị mgbe egwuregwu gasịrị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/articles/ce823456kmmo|title=Rangers: Police Scotland investigates online abuse of Fernandez & Gassama|date=23 February 2026|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == N'ọnwa Machị afọ 2026, Fernandez natara oku mbụ ya na [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]]. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/articles/c9v0wv7yywdo|title=Rangers defender Emmanuel Fernandez receives first Nigeria call-up|date=18 March 2026|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> O mere nke mbụ ya na mba ụwa na 27 Machị, na-apụta na bench na mmeri 2-1 megide Iran.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/articles/c5yw2ekznp0o|title=Rangers: Fernandez makes Nigeria debut in win over Iran|date=27 March 2026|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> Ụbọchị anọ ka e mesịrị, ọ gbara goolu mba ụwa mbụ ya na 2-2 enyi na enyi na Jọdan.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Meikle|first=Blair|url=https://www.thenational.scot/sport/25985882.rangers-star-scores-classy-goal-second-international-cap/|title=Rangers star scores classy goal on second international cap|publisher=The National Scot|date=31 March 2026}}</ref> A mụrụ Fernandez na London, ọ dịkwa mma ịnọchite anya Naijiria.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/sports/353292/rangers-sign-nigerian-eligible-defender-emmanuel-fernandez-o.html|title=Transfer: Rangers sign Nigerian eligible defender Fernandez|date=3 July 2025|work=The Nigerian Voice}}</ref> Ọ na-eyi nọmba 37 iji sọpụrụ nwanne ya nwoke nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 37.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y2_nbmByfv4|title='To honour my brother I wear the number 37 on my back' Getting To Know Emmanuel Fernandez|date=4 July 2025|work=YouTube}}</ref> Ọ bụ nwa ikpeazụ n'ime ụmụ asatọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/emmanuel-fernandez-rangers-ready-thanks-35551450|title=Emmanuel Fernandez is Rangers ready thanks to relentless family|first=Andrew|author=Newport|date=14 July 2025|work=Daily Record}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == {{updated|match played 4 May 2026}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko mba ! colspan="2" |Iko Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="3" |Gillingham |2018–19 |Njikọ nke Abụọ |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- |2019–20 |Njikọ nke Abụọ |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 |- |Sheppey United (onye a gbazinyere) |2018–19<ref name="SUFC">{{Cite web|url=https://fulltime.thefa.com/statsForPlayer.html?selectedOrgStatRecordingTypeID_ForSort=&teamID=&selectedStatisticDisplayMode=3&personID=383483807&selectedSeasonID=32285694|title=Emmanuel Oluwasegun Opeyemi Fernandez player stats &#124; Southern Counties East Football League|work=fulltime.thefa.com}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aylesburyunitedarchive.com/player/emmanuel-fernandez/40619|title=Emmanuel Fernandez &#124; Player Profile · Aylesbury United Archive|work=www.aylesburyunitedarchive.com}}</ref> |SCEL Nkewa Mbụ |10 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |12 |0 |- |Margate (onye a gbazinyere) |2019–20<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.footballwebpages.co.uk/margate/appearances/2019-2020/emmanuel-fernandez/797939|title=Margate &#124; Appearances &#124; Emmanuel Fernandez &#124; 2019–2020 &#124; Football Web Pages|work=www.footballwebpages.co.uk}}</ref><ref name="auto1" /> |Isthmian League Premier Division |1 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |2 |0 |- |Ramsgate |2020–21<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.footballwebpages.co.uk/ramsgate/appearances/2020-2021|title=Ramsgate &#124; Appearances &#124; 2020-2021 &#124; Football Web Pages}}</ref> |Njikọ Isthmian South East Division |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |0 |0 |- | rowspan="5" |Peterborough United |2021–22 |Mmeri |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |- |2022–23 |Njikọ nke Mbụ |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- |2023–24 |Njikọ nke Mbụ |7 |0 |3 |1 |1 |0 |7[a] |1 |18 |2 |- |2024–25 |Njikọ nke Mbụ |30 |5 |3 |0 |1 |0 |8[b] |0 |42 |5 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !38 !5 !6 !1 !2 !0 !15 !1 !61 !7 |- |Spalding United (onye a gbazinyere) |2021–22<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.peterboroughtoday.co.uk/sport/football/peterborough-united/peterborough-united-teenagers-join-gaby-zakuanis-spalding-on-loan-3456782|title=Peterborough United teenagers join Gaby Zakuani's Spalding on loan|date=13 November 2021|work=Peterborough Telegraph}}</ref> |Northern Premier League Division One Midlands |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |1 |0 |- |Barnet (onye a gbazinyere) |2022–23<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://barnetfc.com/match-report-gateshead-3-3-4-1-barnet-fa-trophy-semi-final|title=Match Report &#124; Gateshead 3–3 (4–1) Barnet (FA Trophy Semi-Final) – Barnet Football Club|work=Barnet Football Club}}</ref> |Njikọ Mba |8 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |1[c] |1 |9 |1 |- |Ndị Ranger |2025–26 |Onye isi ala Scotland |24 |5 |1 |0 |1 |1 |4[d] |0 |30 |6 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !82 !10 !8 !1 !3 !1 !23 !2 !116 !14 |}   == Nsọpụrụ == '''Peterborough United''' * Ihe nrite EFL: 2024-25<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/live/cnv55yzg039t#Line-ups|title=Birmingham City 0–2 Peterborough United: Line-ups|work=BBC Sport|date=13 April 2025|accessdate=12 April 2026}}</ref> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 2ui8d91965fx8m7tgxkd0bqmw0o10o7 0 75348 632393 2026-05-09T12:23:41Z Johnnybam 24488 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344953926|Augustine Eguavoen]]" 632393 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Augustine Owen Eguavoen''' (amụrụ n'abalị iri na itoolu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1965) bụ onye njikwa [[Footbọl|bọọlụ]] Naijiria na onye bụbu onye egwuregwu nke jere ozi dị ka onye njikwa otu mba Naijiria ugboro atọ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-13|title=Augustine Eguavoen named Nigeria coach again as Rohr departs very otu coach|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/africa/59635973.amp|accessdate=2022-10-12|work=BBC|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ọrụ ịgba egwu == === Klọb === N'oge ọrụ ya dịgasị iche iche Eguavoen malitere ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-agbachitere [[ACB Lagos F.C.|ACB Lagos]] na obodo ya [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]], ụfọdụ arụmọrụ dị egwu mere ka ọ kwaga Gent na 1986. Ọ gara n'ihu na-egwuri egwu maka K.V. Kortrijk, CD Ourense, Sacramento Scorpions, Torpedo Moscow ma mechaa ọrụ ya na [[Malta]] na Sliema Wanderers. === Mba Nile === Eguavoen bụ onye otu egwuregwu mba Naijiria nke ruru eru maka iko mba ụwa mbụ na 1994, wee merie Iko Mba Afrịka n'otu afọ ahụ. == Ọrụ nkuzi == Eguavoen malitere ọrụ nkuzi ya na [[Malta]] na Sliema Wanderers, e nyere ya ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi egwuregwu maka Oge 1999-2000, mana ọ nọrọ n'ọrụ ahụ naanị ọnwa ole na ole. Ọ nọgidere na-egwuri egwu maka Sliema na Oge 2000-01. === Naịjirịa === A họpụtara Eguavoen ka ọ bụrụ onye nkuzi nke [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]] na June 2005 ya na ndị nkuzi ya gụnyere Samson Siasia, [[Daniel Amokachi]] na Ike Shorunmu. Ọ chịkọtara [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]] na 2006 Africa Cup of Nations na Egypt, ebe ndị otu ahụ nwetara ọla nchara, na-emeri Senegal na nke atọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurosport.com/football/egypt/2006/nigeria-take-third_sto829887/story.shtml|title=Nigeria Take Third|publisher=Eurosport|date=9 February 2006|accessdate=13 January 2022}}</ref> A chụrụ ya n'ọrụ n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurosport.com/football/egypt/2006/nigeria-sack-eguavoen_sto862228/story.shtml|title=Nigeria Sack Eguaveon|publisher=Eurosport|date=4 April 2006|accessdate=13 January 2022}}</ref> Eguavoen wee kwaga South Africa iji weghara otu Black Leopards nke Premier Soccer League na Machị 2008. === Enyimba International === N'afọ 2008-09, Eguavoen bụ onye isi nchịkwa na [[Enyimba International F.C.|Enyimba International]] na Aba, mana ọ hapụrụ n'oge na-adịghị anya, na-eduga ha n'ọkwa nke atọ na league ma merie Federation Cup. === Ịlaghachi Naijiria === Na June 2010, Nigeria Football Federation jụrụ Eguavoen ka ọ dochie Swedish Lars Lagerbäck ruo mgbe o kpebiri atụmatụ ya n'ọdịnihu. Akpọbatara ya dị ka onye njikwa na-ahụ maka ọrụ mana o kwuru na ya enweghị ebumnuche inyefe akwụkwọ maka iwere ọrụ ahụ na-adịgide adịgide. A họpụtara Eguavoen ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nchịkwa nke otu egwuregwu bọọlụ Naijiria na-erubeghị afọ 23 n'ọnwa Ọgọst 2010. Ọ tụrụ anya na ndị otu ya ga-eru eru maka asọmpi Olympic London nke afọ 2012, mana e meriri ha n'asọmpi otu. Na 5 Disemba 2011, ọ gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọrụ ya n'ihi ọdịda enwetaghị tiketi Olympic. Na 27 Ọktoba 2012, akpọrọ ya onye njikwa Sharks FC ikwe ka John Obuh tinye uche na otu Nigeria Under-20. Otú ọ dị, ọ gbara arụkwaghịm mgbe egwuregwu asaa gasịrị mgbe otu ahụ malitere na ala nke tebụl. Ọ bịanyere aka na Eprel 2013 ka ọ bụrụ onye nchịkwa Nigeria National League akụkụ COD United. N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2013, gọọmentị Edo Steeti were ya n'ọrụ iji zụọ Bendel Insurance na ebumnuche nke iweghachi ha na Premier League. Ọ gbara arụkwaghịm na Julaị 2014 iji weghara Gombe United F.C. N'ọnwa Eprel 2017, ọ sonyeere Sunshine Stars . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aoifootball.com/2017/04/25/eguavoen-promises-to-stick-with-sunshine-stars/|title=Ex-Super Eagles coaches, Unveiled at Sunshine Stars|author=Staff Reporter|work=aoifootball.com|language=en-US|accessdate=14 May 2018}}</ref> mana a hapụrụ ya na June mgbe ndị isi league Plateau United meriri ya n'ụlọ. N'ọnwa Ọktoba 2020, ndị Naịjirịa Football Federation, họpụtara Eguavoen dị ka onye nduzi teknụzụ nke Federation ahụ. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thecable.ng/nff-appoints-eguavoen-as-technical-director|title=NFF appoints Eguavoen as technical director|date=21 October 2020|accessdate=17 January 2022|work=[[TheCable]]}}</ref> N'abalị iri na abụọ n'ọnwa Disemba n'afọ 2021, a họpụtara Eguavoen ka ọ bụrụ onye njikwa Naịjirịa n'oge na-adịghị anya maka iko mba Afrịka nke afọ 2021, mgbe Gernot Rohr hapụrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/africa/59635973|title=Augustine Eguavoen named Nigeria coach again as Rohr departs|publisher=BBC|date=13 December 2021|accessdate=13 December 2021}}</ref> Mgbe Naịjirịa si na agba nke iri na isii pụta site na mmeri siri ike na Tunisia, ọ laghachiri n'ọkwa ya dị ka onye nduzi teknụzụ nke akụkụ ahụ. == Nsọpụrụ == === Dị ka Onye Egwuregwu === * Iko Mba Afrịka: 1994 === Dị ka Onye Ọkwọ Ụgbọ Mmiri === * Ebe nke atọ nke Africa Cup of Nations: 2006 (Bronze) '''Enyimba International''' * Iko Mba Naịjirịa: Oge 2008-09 == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] maizz32tezr536k9ufnu4hbg9jbnauy 0 75349 632394 2026-05-09T12:42:59Z Johnnybam 24488 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353281338|Raphael Onyedika]]" 632394 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Raphael Onyedika Nwadike MON''' (// i; amụrụ n'abalị iri na itoolu n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 2001) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba dịka onye na-agbachitere otu Belgian Klọb Brugge na otu mba Naijiria. == Ọrụ klọb == Onyedika na-agba bọọlụ n'okporo ámá tupu ọ banye na ụlọ akwụkwọ F.C. Ebedei nke Naijiria mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise. Mgbe afọ atọ gachara na Ebedei, Onyedika sonyeere ụlọ akwụkwọ nke FC Midtjylland na Denmark, otu klọb nke FC Ebedei na-arụkọ ọrụ, obere oge ka ọ gachara afọ iri na asatọ. N'ime oge mbụ ya zuru oke na FC Midtjylland, ọ masịrị ya na U19 League na na UEFA Youth League na ahụ ya, ọsọ na ụdị egwu ya. Na 1 Julaị 2020, ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ọkachamara afọ ise mbụ ya na klọb ahụ ruo June 2025. Iji nweta ahụmịhe karịa, enyere Onyedika aka na klọb mmekọ Midtjylland, Danish 1st Division-side FC Fredericia, na 19 Ọgọst 2020 maka oge 2020–21 dum. Onyedika mere nke ọma na mbinye ego ya, na-egwu egwuregwu 28 ma nye goolu atọ. Oge a gara nke ọma ka onye Naijiria bụrụ aha ya na ndị otu egwuregwu TV3 nke afọ na ngalaba nke mbụ Danish. Onyedika laghachiri na Midtjylland n'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2021 wee bulite ya na otu egwuregwu mbụ. Ọ nwetara mpụta mbụ ya maka Midtjylland na 16 Julaị 2021 megide Odense Boldklub, egwuregwu mbụ nke 2021 – 22 Danish Superliga, ebe ọ nọ na mmalite ahịrị wee kpọọ egwuregwu ahụ dum. === Klọb Brugge === Na 28 August 2022, Onyedika bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ ise na Klọb Brugge na Belgium.<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=Club Brugge|url=https://www.clubbrugge.be/en/news/club-brugge-lands-raphael-onyedika|title=CLUB BRUGGE LANDS RAPHAEL ONYEDIKA|date=28 August 2022|accessdate=29 August 2022}}</ref> Na Septemba 2022, onye nkuzi bụ José Peseiro kpọrọ Raphael Onyedika na [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=18 September 2022|language=en|title=Club Brugge Celebrate Onyedika's First Call-up To Super Eagles|url=https://www.completesports.com/club-brugge-celebrate-onyedikas-first-call-up-to-super-eagles/|work=[[Complete Sports]]}}</ref> Ọ na-asọpụrụ nhọrọ mbụ ya na nnọkọ a na 27 Septemba 2022 na egwuregwu enyi na enyi megide Algeria. Ọ batara n'egwuregwu n'ọnọdụ Frank Onyeka na egwuregwu a nke ndị Naijiria meriri (2-1 akara ikpeazụ). Na 29 Disemba 2023, a họpụtara ya na ndepụta nke ndị egwuregwu Naijiria 25 nke José Peseiro họpụtara iji sọọ mpi na Iko Mba Afrịka nke 2023. N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2025, a kpọrọ Onyedika ka ọ bịa soro na ndị otu Naịjirịa maka asọmpi iko mba Afrịka nke afọ 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cafonline.com/afcon2025/news/nigeria-name-star-packed-afcon-squad-as-osimhen-and-lookman-lead-super-eagles-challenge/|title=Nigeria name star-packed AFCON squad as Osimhen and Lookman lead Super Eagles challenge|publisher=[[Confederation of African Football]]|date=11 December 2025|accessdate=12 December 2025}}</ref> Raphael Onyedika bụ onye na-agbachitere etiti, nke a maara maka ike anụ ahụ ya, ikike mmeri bọọlụ, na ọzụzụ. Ọ na-eme nke ọma n'ịgbasa egwuregwu ndị mmegide site na mmegide na oge dị mma, ebe ọ na-enwekwa obi iru ala iji jide ihe n'okpuru nrụgide. Ịgba ọsọ ya na-enye ya ohere ikpuchi ala ngwa ngwa, ọ na-ejikarịkwa ozi dị ka ọta n'ihu ndị na-agbachitere ya.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Nigeria|first=Guardian|date=2026-01-02|title=Osimhen: ‘Onyedika is Nigeria’s most underrated player in Morocco’|url=https://guardian.ng/sport/osimhen-onyedika-is-nigerias-most-underrated-player-in-morocco/|accessdate=2026-01-04|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Silas|first=Don|date=2026-01-02|title=AFCON: 'He's really talented' - Osimhen on Nigeria’s most underrated player|url=https://dailypost.ng/2026/01/02/afcon-hes-really-talented-osimhen-on-nigerias-most-underrated-player/|accessdate=2026-01-04|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Onyedika na-enyekwa aka n'ịmepụta egwuregwu na-aga n'ihu, na-egosipụta ezigbo ohere na ikike iburu bọọlụ gaa n'ihu. Ụdị ejiji ya emeela ka e jiri ya tụnyere ndị na-ejide ndị na-agba ọsọ n'etiti, na-ejikọta ike nchebe na egwuregwu mgbanwe.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Sports|first=Pulse|date=2026-01-02|title=AFCON 2025: Onyedika, Chukwueze star in Group Stage Round 3 Best XI|url=https://www.pulsesports.ng/afcon-2025/story/afcon-2025-onyedika-chukwueze-star-in-group-stage-round-3-best-xi-2026010209562760206|accessdate=2026-01-04|work=Pulse Sports Nigeria|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Mr|first=Score Nigeria|date=2026-01-01|title=Onyedika selected for AFCON Best XI|url=https://scorenigeria.com.ng/onyedika-selected-for-afcon-best-xi/|accessdate=2026-01-04|work=Score Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> === Klọb === {{updated|match played 3 May 2026}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko mba[a] ! colspan="2" |Europe ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="4" |Midtjylland |2020–21 |Superliga Danish |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- |2021–22 |Superliga Danish |31 |2 |6 |1 |11[b] |1 | colspan="2" | - |48 |4 |- |2022–23 |Superliga Danish |6 |0 |0 |0 |3[c] |0 | colspan="2" | - |9 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !37 !2 !6 !1 !14 !1 !0 !0 !57 !4 |- |Fredericia (onye a gbazinyere) |2020–21 |Ngalaba nke 1 nke Denmark |28 |3 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |28 |3 |- | rowspan="5" |Klọb Brugge |2022–23 |Belgian Pro League |31 |0 |2 |0 |7[c] |0 | colspan="2" | - |40 |0 |- |2023–24 |Belgian Pro League |30 |3 |2 |0 |17[d] |1 | colspan="2" | - |49 |4 |- |2024–25 |Belgian Pro League |34 |1 |6 |0 |10[c] |1 |1[e] |0 |52 |2 |- |2025–26 |Belgian Pro League |28 |1 |1 |0 |10[c] |2 |1[e] |0 |40 |3 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !123 !5 !11 !0 !45 !4 !2 !0 !181 !9 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !188 !10 !17 !1 !59 !5 !2 !0 !266 !16 |}   === Mba Nile === {{updated|match played 31 March 2026}}<ref name="NFT">{{NFT player}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ !Ndị otu mba !Afọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="5" |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] |2022 |1 |0 |- |2023 |2 |0 |- |2024 |11 |1 |- |2025 |5 |2 |- |2026 |5 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !24 !3 |} : ''Akara na nsonaazụ depụtara ihe mgbaru ọsọ Naịjirịa na mbụ, kọlụm akara na-egosi akara mgbe ihe mgbaru ndụ Onyedika ọ bụla gasịrị.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Ndepụta nke ihe mgbaru ọsọ mba ụwa nke Raphael Onyedika gbara ! scope="col" |Mba. ! scope="col" |Ụbọchị ! scope="col" |Ebe a na-anọ ! scope="col" |Isi ! scope="col" |Onye mmegide ! scope="col" |Ihe ruru ! scope="col" |Nsonaazụ ! scope="col" |Ịsọ mpi |- | align="center" |1 |10 June 2024 |Felix Houphouet Boigny Stadium, Abidjan, Nigeria | align="center" |9 | Benin | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |2–1 |2026 FIFA World Cup iru eru |- | align="center" |2 | rowspan="2" |30 Disemba 2025 | rowspan="2" |Fez Stadium, Fez, Morocco | rowspan="2" align="center" |19 | rowspan="2" | Uganda | align="center" |2–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |3–1 | rowspan="2" |Iko Mba Afrịka nke 2025 |- | align="center" |3 | align="center" |3–0 |} '''Klọb Brugge''' * Belgian Pro League: 2023-242023–24 * Iko Belgium: 2024-252024–25 * Onye nke abụọ na Africa Cup of Nations: 2023; <ref>{{Cite web|author=Stevens|first=Rob|date=11 February 2024|title=Nigeria 1–2 Ivory Coast|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/68196261|accessdate=12 February 2024|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> ebe nke atọ: 2025 <ref>{{Cite web|author=Stevens|first=Rob|date=17 January 2026|title=Afcon 2025: Egypt 0-0 Nigeria (2-4 pens) - Super Eagles finish third|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/live/cpqyvje5de8t|accessdate=20 January 2026|work=BBC Sport|language=}}</ref> * EaglesTracker Midfielder nke Oge: 2023-24 '''Iwu''' * Onye otu Order of the Niger <ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-02-13|title=Afcon: Ivory Coast and Nigeria players get cash, villas and honours|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68286543|accessdate=2024-02-24|work=[[BBC News]]|language=en-GB}}</ref>[[Faịlụ:Order_of_the_Niger_civil_division_ribbon.svg|60x60px]] == Edensibia == == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] al50m8b3aw4rrkkgak3b1tvdwx5djqr 0 75350 632397 2026-05-09T12:50:27Z Johnnybam 24488 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352775531|Frank Onyeka]]" 632397 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ogochukwu Franklin Onyeka''' {{Audio|LL-Q33578_(ibo)-Goodymeraj-Ogochukwu_Franklin_Onyeka.wav|Listen}}<sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable">[[:File:LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Goodymeraj-Ogochukwu Franklin Onyeka.wav|ⓘ]]</sup> MON (amụrụ n'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Jenụwarị n'afọ 1998) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agbachitere ndị na-agba ọsọ n'etiti etiti maka otu egwuregwu EFL Championship Coventry City, na mgbazinye site na Brentford, na [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/ogochukwu-onyeka-frank/434897/|title=O. Frank|work=Soccerway}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na ọrụ == A mụrụ Onyeka na 1 Jenụwarị 1998 na Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria, nke abụọ kasị okenye n'ime ụmụnne ise. O kwuru na nne ya anaghị akwado ya ka ọ na-egwu bọọlụ n'oge ọ bụ nwata: "Ọ chọrọ ka anyị m mụọ, n'ihi na ohere nke ịghọ onye na-agba bọọlụ na oge ahụ dị obere. Ọ ga-ahọrọ ka m gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ karịa igwu bọọlụ. "<ref name="longroad">{{Cite web|title=Frank Onyeka: I used to play barefoot on concrete; now I can put on any shoes I want|url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/en/news/article/the-long-read-frank-onyeka-brentford-nigeria-interview|work=Brentford F.C.|accessdate=13 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240411064325/https://www.brentfordfc.com/en/news/article/the-long-read-frank-onyeka-brentford-nigeria-interview|archivedate=11 April 2024|date=8 February 2024}}</ref> Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise, mgbe ọ na-egwuri egwu maka klọb Faith Motors Academy, Churchill Oliseh, onye nwe ya na onye njikwa Ebedei - klọb nwere njikọ na Midtjylland na Danish Superliga - na nwoke a na-eto maka ịchọpụta mba Naijiria [[Obafemi Martins]].<ref name="longroad">{{Cite web|title=Frank Onyeka: I used to play barefoot on concrete; now I can put on any shoes I want|url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/en/news/article/the-long-read-frank-onyeka-brentford-nigeria-interview|work=Brentford F.C.|accessdate=13 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240411064325/https://www.brentfordfc.com/en/news/article/the-long-read-frank-onyeka-brentford-nigeria-interview|archivedate=11 April 2024|date=8 February 2024}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20240411064325/https://www.brentfordfc.com/en/news/article/the-long-read-frank-onyeka-brentford-nigeria-interview "Frank Onyeka: I used to play barefoot on concrete; now I can put on any shoes I want"]. </cite></ref> Tupu ọ banye Ebedei, Onyeka kwadoro ezinụlọ ya site n'ịrụ ọrụ n'elu ụlọ. Ọ kwagara Ebedei, nke dị na [[Sagamu]], Ogun State, ihe karịrị kilomita 250 site na Benin City, bụ oge mbụ ọ hapụrụ ụlọ, ma chọọ mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama. N'agbanyeghị ebe dị anya na ọrụ ya n'oge gara aga, Onyeka nọgidere na-etinye aka n'ịchụso nrọ ya, ihe o mechara ghọta dị ka ihe enyemaka n'ịzụlite echiche siri ike.<ref name="longroad" /> == Ọrụ klọb == === Midtjylland === Mgbe ọ si na Ebedei nke Naijiria kwaga na ụlọ ọrụ imekọ ihe ọnụ Midtjylland na Denmark na January 2016, Onyeka guzobe onwe ya dị ka akụkụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, na 20 September 2017, o mere egwuregwu mbụ ya na Danish Cup na 7-0 meriri Greve, bụ ebe o meriri. Onyeka gara n'ihu mee egwuregwu Danish Superliga nke mbụ maka ụlọ ọgbakọ ọnwa ole na ole ka e mesịrị na mgbasa ozi 2017-18 nke ụlọ ọgbakọ na egwuregwu megide Horsens na 9 February 2018. N'ebe ahụ, ọ gbakwara akara, ma bụrụ akụkụ dị mkpa na mmeri 2-0. Onyeka mere onwe ya ọzọ na egwuregwu na-esote, na 18 February, megide otu Superliga na-eduga na Copenhagen, bụ ebe o meriri goolu nke abụọ ya maka ụlọ ọgbakọ ahụ n'ọnọdụ aka nri ka Midtjylland meriri isi obodo 3-Onye isi nchịkwa Jess Thorup toro ya maka ngbanwe ọnọdụ ya na ntozu oke ya. Onyeka mere nke mbụ ya na UEFA Champions League n'oge na-esote, na Midtjylland's qualifier megide Astana na 24 July 2018. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2018/07/24/europe/uefa-champions-league/fk-lokomotiv-astana/fc-midtjylland/2843858/|title=Astana vs. Midtjylland - 24 July 2018 - Soccerway|work=us.soccerway.com}}</ref> Onyeka bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ maka Brentford Premier League ọhụrụ emelitere na 20 Julaị 2021 maka ego akọwapụtaghị. O mere asọmpi mpụta mbụ ya maka ụlọ ọgbakọ ahụ na 13 Ọgọst, ụbọchị egwuregwu mbụ nke oge, malite na mmeri 2-0 megide Arsenal; mmeri Premier League mbụ nke Bees nwetara. N'ime oge izizi ya na Brentford, ọ gbara mgba na ịchebe ebe ọ bụla n'otu egwuregwu mbụ, mmerụ ahụ na-anọkarị ya, na-egosipụtakwa dị ka onye nnọchi. Na 7 Ọgọst 2023, ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ anọ ọhụrụ, na-edebe ya na ọdịda anyanwụ London ruo 2027. Ọ gbara ihe mgbaru ọsọ mbụ ya maka klọb ahụ na 13 Eprel 2024, na-enyere Brentford aka ka ọ merie Sheffield United 2 – 0 iji nweta mmeri mbụ ha na egwuregwu Premier League iri na-esochi. N'oge a na-akpọpụta vidio Premier League, ọ kpọrọ onwe ya "Frank the Tank". ==== Ịgbazinye FC Augsburg ==== ==== Ịgbazinye ego na Coventry City ==== Na 2 Febụwarị 2026, Onyeka bịanyere aka na EFL Championship club Coventry City na mgbazinye ruo na ngwụcha oge. Nkwekọrịta ahụ gụnyere ibu ọrụ ịzụta Onyeka ma ọ bụrụ na e buliri Coventry na Premier League.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Frank Onyeka: Brentford midfielder joins Coventry City on loan|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/cy7mzzn3dg6o|accessdate=2 February 2026|work=BBC Sport|date=2 February 2026}}</ref> Onyeka mere nke mbụ ya, malite na esemokwu dị n'elu tebụl megide Middlesbrough, Coventry meriri 3-1 iji gaa n'elu nke Championship.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Coventry City 3-1 Middlesbrough: Haji Wright hat-trick takes Sky Blues top|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/live/cze03ypy54et|accessdate=2026-02-17|work=BBC Sport|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Team News: Coventry City v Middlesbrough|url=https://www.ccfc.co.uk/news/2026/february/16/team-news--coventry-city-v-middlesbrough/|accessdate=2026-02-17|work=www.ccfc.co.uk}}</ref> Onyeka natara oku mbụ ya maka [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]] na 22 Septemba 2020 maka egwuregwu enyi na enyi megide Algeria na Tunisia na [[Austria]] na 5 na 9 Ọktoba 2020, n'otu n'otu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/full-list-of-super-eagles-invitees-for-friendlies/|title=Full list of Super Eagles invitees for friendlies|date=21 September 2020|accessdate=21 September 2020|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Dalgård|first=Jonas|title=Frank Onyeka kan få landsholdsdebut|url=https://www.bold.dk/fodbold/nyheder/frank-onyeka-kan-faa-landsholdsdebut/|work=bold.dk|accessdate=24 September 2020|language=Danish|date=22 September 2020}}</ref> O mere nke mbụ ya maka ndị otu mba ahụ na mmeri enyi na enyi 1-0 na Algeria na 9 Ọktoba 2020. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2020/10/09/world/friendlies/nigeria/algeria/3365306/|title=Nigeria vs. Algeria – 9 October 2020 – Soccerway|work=uk.soccerway.com}}</ref> Ọ gbara goolu mbụ ya maka mba ya na 16 Ọktoba 2023, na mmeri 3-2 na Mozambique.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/en/news/article/international-frank-onyeka-mozambique-2-nigeria-3-friendly|work=Brentfordfc|accessdate=19 October 2023|title=ONYEKA SCORES FIRST NIGERIA GOAL|date=18 October 2023}}</ref> Onyeka bụ otu n'ime ndị otu Naijiria nke pụtara na-esote na 2023 African Cup of Nations . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Nwachukwu|first=John Owen|date=29 December 2023|title=AFCON 2023: Jose Peseiro releases 25-man squad [FULL LIST]|url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/12/29/afcon-2023-jose-peseiro-releases-25-man-squad-full-list/|accessdate=17 February 2024|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref> N'oge asọmpi ahụ, ọ malitere egwuregwu asaa niile nke Naịjirịa.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Edward|first=Johnny|date=12 February 2024|title=Brentford hail Onyeka|url=https://punchng.com/brentford-hail-onyeka/|accessdate=17 February 2024|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2025, a kpọrọ Onyeka ka ọ bịa soro na ndị otu Naịjirịa maka asọmpi iko mba Afrịka nke afọ 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cafonline.com/afcon2025/news/nigeria-name-star-packed-afcon-squad-as-osimhen-and-lookman-lead-super-eagles-challenge/|title=Nigeria name star-packed AFCON squad as Osimhen and Lookman lead Super Eagles challenge|publisher=[[Confederation of African Football]]|date=11 December 2025|accessdate=12 December 2025}}</ref> A mụrụ Onyeka ma zụlite ya na Benin City. A na-akpọ ya "The Tank".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://soccernet.ng/2023/06/from-the-streets-of-benin-to-brentford-super-eagles-star-shares-his-emotional-story.html/amp|accessdate=29 June 2023|work=soccernet.ng|title=From the streets of Benin to Brentford: Super Eagles star shares his Emotional story|date=28 June 2023}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == === Klọb === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko mba[a] ! colspan="2" |Iko Njikọ[b] ! colspan="2" |Europe ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="5" |Midtjylland |2017–18 |Superliga Danish |15 |4 |3 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |18 |5 |- |2018–19 |Superliga Danish |21 |4 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - |5[c] |0 |29 |4 |- |2019–20 |Superliga Danish |32 |3 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |2[d] |1 |35 |4 |- |2020–21 |Superliga Danish |27 |3 |4 |0 | colspan="2" | - |10[e] |1 |41 |4 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !95 !14 !11 !1 ! colspan="2" |- !17 !2 !123 !17 |- | rowspan="6" |Brentford |2021–22 |Njikọ Premier |20 |0 |0 |0 |4 |0 | colspan="2" | - |24 |0 |- |2022–23 |Njikọ Premier |21 |0 |0 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |23 |0 |- |2023–24 |Njikọ Premier |26 |1 |0 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |28 |1 |- |2024–25 |Njikọ Premier |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |3 |0 |- |2025–26 |Njikọ Premier |6 |0 |0 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - |9 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !75 !1 !0 !0 !12 !0 ! colspan="2" |- !87 !1 |- |FC Augsburg (onye a gbazinyere) |2024–25<ref name="sb2425" /> |Bundesliga |31 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |34 |0 |- |Obodo Coventry (nke a gbazitere) |2025–26<ref name="sb2526" /> |Mmeri |14 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |14 |1 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !215 !17 !14 !1 !12 !0 !17 !2 !258 !20 |}   === Mba Nile === {{updated|match played 31 March 2026}}<ref name="NFT">{{NFT player}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ !Ndị otu mba !Afọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="7" |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] |2020 |1 |0 |- |2021 |3 |0 |- |2022 |5 |0 |- |2023 |7 |1 |- |2024 |13 |0 |- |2025 |9 |2 |- |2026 |5 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !43 !3 |} : ''Akara na nsonaazụ depụtara ihe mgbaru ọsọ Naịjirịa na mbụ, kọlụm akara na-egosi akara mgbe ihe mgbaru ndụ Onyeka ọ bụla gasịrị.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Ndepụta nke ihe mgbaru ọsọ mba ụwa nke Frank Onyeka gbara ! scope="col" |Mba. ! scope="col" |Ụbọchị ! scope="col" |Ebe a na-anọ ! scope="col" |Onye mmegide ! scope="col" |Ihe ruru ! scope="col" |Nsonaazụ ! scope="col" |Ịsọ mpi |- | align="center" |1 |16 Ọktoba 2023 |[[Portimão]]" id="mwAkE" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Estádio Municipal de Portimão">Estádio Municipal de Portimão, Portimão | Mozambique | align="center" |2–1 | align="center" |3–2 |Ndị nwere omume enyi |- | align="center" |2 |14 Ọktoba 2025 |Godswill Akpabio International Stadium, [[Uyo]], Nigeria | Benin | align="center" |4–0 | align="center" |4–0 |2026 FIFA World Cup iru eru |- | align="center" |3 |16 Nọvemba 2025 |Moulay Hassan Stadium, Rabat, Morocco | DR Congo | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1-1 (e.g.) |2026 FIFA World Cup iru eru |} * Onye nke abụọ na Africa Cup of Nations: 2023; <ref>{{Cite web|author=Stevens|first=Rob|date=11 February 2024|title=Nigeria 1–2 Ivory Coast|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/68196261|accessdate=12 February 2024|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> ebe nke atọ: 2025 <ref>{{Cite web|author=Stevens|first=Rob|date=17 January 2026|title=Afcon 2025: Egypt 0-0 Nigeria (2-4 pens) - Super Eagles finish third|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/live/cpqyvje5de8t|accessdate=20 January 2026|work=BBC Sport|language=}}</ref> == Edensibia == == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] pexeyyqkck619ejgxp1cbbswrieqf22 0 75351 632399 2026-05-09T13:23:44Z Chinemeremprince 13026 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1154618465|Françoise Gaillard]]" 632399 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Francoise_Gaillard.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|374x374px|Françoise Gaillard]] '''Françoise Gaillard''' jẹ́ aṣelámèyítọ́ ìwé-ìtàn ilẹ̀ Faransé, onímọ̀ ọgbọ́n-orí àti ọ̀jọ̀gbọ́n ní Yunifásítì Paris VII tí ó jẹ́ ògbóǹkangí nínú ìwé-ìtàn ilẹ̀ Faransé, ẹwà àti iṣẹ́-ọnà, ó sì jẹ́ ọ̀jọ̀gbọ́n tí ó ń wá sílé ní Yunifásítì New York déédéé. == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == Françoise Gaillard ni onkọ̀wé onírúurú ìwádìí lórí ìwé Faransé nínú ètò ìṣọ̀kan, ìṣèlú, àti àṣà wọn. Gaillard ní ìfẹ́ sí àwọn èrò nípa ẹ̀kọ́ àti ìmọ̀ nípa ẹ̀kọ́. Gaillard nwere nkà dị ukwuu n'ihe gbasara nka nke oge a ma na-ekere òkè ugboro ugboro na arụmụka na mmemme na French Culture. Ọ kwadebere ọtụtụ arụmụka gbasara akwụkwọ na [[Ákọ na Uche|nkà ihe ọmụma]] na Centre Georges Pompidou, rụkọtara ọrụ ọtụtụ afọ na nyocha La Quinzaine Littéraire na Canal (magazine nke nka nke oge a) ma nye aka na Le Monde des débats. Ọ bụ onye na-enye onyinye mgbe niile na seminarị ndị a haziri dị ka Cerisy-la-Salle ma na-eje ozi na bọọdụ nchịkọta akụkọ nke Romantisme, Etudes françaises, Esprit, Cahiers de médiologie, na Crises. Ọ bụ onye otu ọtụtụ ndị na-eme nchọpụta na CNRS . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.univ-paris-diderot.fr/psv/psdorga.htm|title=Fédération de recherches Sciences de la ville|accessdate=2009-12-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212430/http://www.univ-paris-diderot.fr/psv/psdorga.htm|archivedate=2016-03-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.item.ens.fr/index.php?id=384070|title=Item - Institut des textes et manuscrits modernes}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == * ''Diana Crash'' mbipụta Descartes * Oge a n'ajụjụ mbipụta nke Cerf * Literature et médecine ou les pouvoirs du récord (onye edemede) Editions du Cerf * La Modernité en questions - Site na Richard Rorty ruo Jürgen Habermas (onye edemede) Editions du Cerf * Selfportrait sur fond de paysage américain MLN - Mpịakọta 119, Nọmba 4, Septemba 2004 (French Issue), peeji nke 637-643 The Johns Hopkins University Press&nbsp; == Hụkwa == * Nkatọ nke akwụkwọ == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Gaillard, Francoise}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 3xwh5p78ki4av5y7cn9d06j305k9tzi 0 75352 632401 2026-05-09T13:47:41Z Chinemeremprince 13026 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1299512136|Man'ha Garreau-Dombasle]]" 632401 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Man'ha Garreau-Dombasle''', a mụrụ '''Germaine Massenet''' (June 11, 1898 - August 4, 1999) Ó jẹ́ òǹkọ̀wé, akéwì, àti olùtúmọ̀. Lára àwọn mìíràn, ó túmọ̀ ìwé ìtàn ọ̀rẹ́ rẹ̀ Ray Bradbury ti ọdún 1953, Fahrenheit 451, sí èdè Faransé. Lẹ́yìn náà, ó ya ìwé ìtàn rẹ̀ ti ọdún 1972, The Halloween Tree, sí i: “Pẹ̀lú ìfẹ́ fún Madame Man'ha Garreau-Dombasle pàdé ní ọdún mẹ́tàdínlọ́gbọ̀n sẹ́yìn ní ibojì ní àárín òru ní erékùsù Janitzio ní Adágún Pátzcuaro, Mexico, wọ́n sì rántí ní gbogbo ọjọ́ ayẹyẹ ọjọ́ ikú" <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OzdEBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT7|title=The Halloween Tree|author=Bradbury|first=Ray|year=2015|publisher=Random House Children's Books|isbn=9780553512724|language=en}}</ref> A mụrụ ya na Calais, June 11, 1898, Garreau-Dombasle bụ nne nne nke onye na-agụ egwu French-American, onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye nduzi Arielle Dombasle. Garreau-Dombasle nwụrụ na Deauville, August 4, 1999.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.livre-rare-book.com/book/5472444/6292|title=GARREAU-DOMBASLE (Man'Ha). - Masque. - Livre Rare Book|accessdate=2016-10-22}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} l3d75cf6oih5kx8gi5pwc5phz1innfi 0 75353 632402 2026-05-09T13:52:44Z Chinemeremprince 13026 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340960252|Marie Gasquet]]" 632402 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Marie Gasquet''' (French pronunciation: [maʁi ɡaskɛ]; 1872-1960) bụ onye edemede mpaghara French si Provence. == Akụkọ ndụ == === Oge ọ malitere === A mụrụ Marie Gasquet na Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, Bouches-du-Rhône na 1872. Nna ya, Marius Girard, bụ onye na-ede uri Provençal.<ref name="Saint-Remy" /> Nna nna ya bụ Frédéric Mistral.. === Ọrụ === Ọ kwagara Paris ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Flammarion wee bụrụ onye edemede na-aga nke ọma. <ref name="Saint-Remy" /> A kpọrọ ya eze nwanyị nke Felibrige n'afọ 1892. === Ndụ onwe onye === Ọ lụrụ Joachim Gasquet, enyi Paul Cézanne. Ọ nwụrụ na 1960. == Akwụkwọ == * ''Oge ọ bụ nwata'' * ''Saint Jeanne d'Arc ...'' * ''Ihe ụmụ nwanyị na-ekwu maka ụmụ nwanyị'' * ''Nwanne nwanyị Capucine'' * ''Nwa nwanyị nke St. Francis'' * ''Ememe Chineke'' * ''Khapernaum'' * ''Ọrụ Penelope'' * ''Saint Bernadette nke Lourdes'' * ''Onye A Na-asọpụrụ Anne-Madeleine Remuzat'' == Edemsibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] tnez0un1qdyxq19pwykn8o2h8hn2riy 0 75354 632403 2026-05-09T13:54:54Z Chinemeremprince 13026 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1226309402|Huguette Gaulin]]" 632403 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Huguette Gaulin Bergeron''' (1944 - June 6, 1972), bụ onye France na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ Canada, onye gburu onwe ya n'ihu ọha site n'ịchụ onwe ya n'okporo ámá dị mkpa nke Old Port of Montreal, Place Jacques-Cartier, ebe ọ na-eti mkpu "Ị bibiri ịma mma nke ụwa!" ("Ị bibiri ịma mma nke ụwa!". Luc Plamondon, onye France-Canada na-ede abụ, sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ dee ukwe na nsọpụrụ Huguette Gaulin Bergeron, na egwu nke Christian Saint-Roch. Abụ ahụ, nke akpọrọ {{Lang|fr|Hymne à la beauté du monde}}, bụ nke ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe na France na Canada dịka Diane Dufresne, Isabelle Boulay, Garou, na Éric Lapointe na-abụ abụ. == Ọrụ == * Ihe a na-agụ n'ụgbọelu, 1972 * Works by Huguette GaulinnaỌ́bá Akwụkwọ mepere emepe == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} dyk0juaf9jcvz1s8b8kkdmncvssaxjb 0 75355 632404 2026-05-09T14:01:17Z Pri202011 24666 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351638658|Judith Cladel]]" 632404 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Judith Cladel (March 25, 1873 – Jenụarị 29, 1958) bụ onye odee egwuregwu, onye edemede, onye na-ede akụkọ ndụ na onye odeakụkọ. == Ndụ na ọrụ == A mụrụ ya ma biri na Paris, ọ bụ onye otu ndị ọka ikpe nke Prix Femina site na 1916 ruo 1958. Ọ malitere ide akwụkwọ mgbe ọ dị obere, nna ya, onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ Léon Cladel gbara ya ume. Ọrụ mbụ ya bụ egwuregwu Le Volant, nke emere na Théâtre de l'Oeuvre na 1895 mgbe ọ dị afọ 22. Léon Cladel nwụrụ mgbe Judith dị afọ iri na itoolu. Dị ka enyi nna ya na onye ọ ga-ahụ n'anya n'ọdịnihu, Edmond Picard buru amụma, ezinụlọ ya nyere Cladel ọrụ idebe ihe ncheta ya. Judith Cladel bụ onye dere akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ abụọ gbasara ndụ na ọrụ nna ya. Akụkọ ndụ ya ọzọ lekwasịrị anya na onye na-ese ihe, Auguste Rodin. Akụkọ ndụ ya Rodin, sa vie glorieuse, sa vie inconnue bụ ọrụ ya a kacha mara amara ma were ya dịka akụkọ ndụ nke onye na-ese ihe ruo ihe karịrị afọ 50. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ntọala nke Musée Rodin na 1916. == Na-arụ ọrụ == * Volant: Pièce en trois actes, Paris, Alphonse Lemerre, 1895 * Les Confessions d’une amante, Paris, Mercure de France, 1905 * La Vie de Léon Cladel, Paris, Alphose Lemerre, 1905 * Auguste Rodin, l'homme et l'oeuvre, Bruxelles, Libr. Ndi. d'Art et d'Histoire, 1908 * Eserese d'Hier--Maurice Rollinat, Paris, 1910 * Rodin, sa vie glorieuse, sa vie inconnue, Paris, Grasset, 1936 * Aristide Mailol: sa vie, son oeuvre, ses idées, Paris, Grasset, 1937 * Maître na ịdọ aka ná ntị: Charles Baudelaires na Léon Cladel, Paris, Corrêa, 1951 == Hụkwa == * Léonce Bénédite == Edemsibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} * Aron, Paul et Cécile Vanderpelen-Diagre, Edmond Picard: Un bourgeois socialist belge à la fin du dix-neuvième siècle, Bruxelles: Musées royaux des Beaux-Arts de Belgique, 2013.  <nowiki>ISBN 9789077013</nowiki> * Irvine, Margot, « Une Académie de femmes? », dans M. IRVINE (dir.), Les réseaux des femmes de lettres au XIXe siècle, @nalyses, printemps-été 2008 * Van de Kerckhove, Fabrice, ed., Edmond Picard - Léon Cladel. Lettres de France et de Belgique (1881–1889), Bruxelles: Archives et musée de la littérature, 2009. 318–322. == Njikọ mpụga == * Works by Judith CladelnaỌrụ Gutenberg {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Cladel, Judith}} 6eblh47rrugoboomr02omv50545mluv 0 75356 632405 2026-05-09T14:03:27Z Sondeglory 17802 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350711364|Élisabeth de Feydeau]]" 632405 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Multiple issues/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Élisabeth de Feydeau (amụrụ na 28 Julaị 1966), bụ onye France na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na onye edemede. Ọ bụkwa ọkachamara na ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ. == Akụkọ ndụ == Élisabeth de Feydeau de Saint-Christophe, nke a mụrụ '''Mabille nke Poncheville''', bụ nwa nwa André Mabille de poncheville, onye France na-ede uri na onye edemede, na nwa nwa Georges Vidor, onye nwe ụgbọ mmiri. Site n'ihe nketa ezinụlọ a, ọ zụlitere site na nwata mmasị maka ide ihe, akụkọ ihe mere eme, na omenala French. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii, ọ chọpụtara ike mmụọ nke ísì mgbe mbụ ọ gbazere L'heure bleue site n'aka Guerlain, bụ nke ọ hụrụ n'anya ozugbo. Kemgbe ahụ, ọ na-enwe mmetụta nke ukwuu maka ụwa nke ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ, bụ́ nke na-ekwughachi ụwa egwu, na iberibe piano ọ mụụrụ mgbe ọ bụ nwata. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na doctorate na akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọ ghọrọ onye otu kọmishọna na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara ọdịbendị na ụlọ ọrụ ejiji Chanel na Bourjois. O hiwere ma na-elekọta ngalaba ebe ahụ, na-enweta ihe ọmụma mbụ ya gbasara akụrụngwa maka isi ísì. Mgbe ahụmahụ a gasịrị, o kpebiri n'afọ 1997, ịmalite ụlọ ọrụ nke ya, "Arty Fragrance", ebe ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ maka mmepe ísì na ọdịbendị. Ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ maka aha ndị a ma ama n'ụwa nke ime ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ: n'etiti ndị ọzọ, Jean-Paul Gaultier, Chanel, Christian Dior Perfume, L'Oréal Paris, yana Guerlain. Ọ gara n'ihu na isi ọrụ nyocha ya na-esi ísì ụtọ wee dee akwụkwọ gbasara ya: Jean-Louis Fargeon, onye na-esi ísì ụtọ nke Marie-Antoinette (2005), L'Herbier de Marie-Antoinette (2012), Les Parfums, akụkọ ihe mere eme, akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu, anthologie (2011), Les 101 mots du13ms. Taa ọ bụ ọkachamara n'ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ, ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-emepụta ihe na-esi ụtọ nabatara ya ma kụzie ya na School of Fragrances na Versailles kemgbe afọ 1998. O meela ọtụtụ ihe ngosi, dị ka "Parfums de Promenade", na "Galerie des Galeries" (Galeries Lafayette, 2001) na "La Cour des Senteurs de Versailles" (2013). Ọ na-emekwa ihe omume na nzukọ gburugburu ụwa, ọkachasị na mba ndị na-asụ French. N'afọ 2011, o weputara akara "Arty Fragrance nke Elisabeth de Feydeau", ebe o mepụtara ma zụọ ahịa ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ, niile sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ na ọkaibe nke narị afọ nke iri na asaa na nke iri na asatọ nke France, dịka enwere ike ịnụ ha, karịa ebe ọ bụla ọzọ, na Château de Versailles: ọ na-agakarị na Ogige Versailles, mgbe ọ na-eme nchọpụta maka akwụkwọ ya. N'afọ 2006, onye na-azụ rose bụ Meilland họọrọ ya ka ọ bụrụ nne nkuzi nke rose ọhụrụ a na-akpọ "Petit Trianon", ya na onye ọzọ na-emepụta ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ, Francis Kurkdjian, onye ya na ya ka mepụtara ísì ụtọ nke eze nwanyị France Marie-Antoinette: Le Sillage de la Reine. Kemgbe afọ 2008, ọ na-ejide blọgụ ebe ọ na-ebipụta akụkọ mgbe niile gbasara ihe nsure ọkụ na-esi ísì ụtọ, ndị na-esi ísì ụtọ - na, n'ụzọ zuru oke, gbasara ụwa nke ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ. == Ihe ndị e ji mara ya == * 2005: Prix Guerlain maka akwụkwọ ya Jean-Louis Fargeon, parfumeur de Marie-Antoinette (2005) * 2010: Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres site na minista ọdịbendị, Frederic Mitterrand. * 2010: Dame de la Jurade na Saint-Émilion. * 2013: Achievement Award na ngalaba nke Onye Okike nke CEW (Cosmetic Executive Women) == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == * ''France, Terre de Luxe'' (La Martinière Group, 2000 na mmekorita ya na Jacques Marseille) * Otu n'ime ihe ndị na-esi ísì ụtọ, ihe na-esi ụtọ nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ (Milan, 2001 na mmekorita) * Le Livre des grandes marques: à la découverte des marques grand public parmi les plus fort de France, collectif (Milan's editions, 2003) * Jean-Louis Fargeon, parfumeur de Marie-Antoinette (Perrin, 2005, sụgharịrị n'ọtụtụ asụsụ) * ''Diptyque'' (Perrin, 2007) * Les Parfums: histoire, anthologie, dictionnaire (Robert Laffont, 2011) * L'Herbier de Marie-Antoinette (Flammarion, 2012, n'okpuru nduzi nke Alain Baraton, sụgharịrị n'ọtụtụ asụsụ) * ''Okwu 101 nke ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ'' (Archibooks, 2013) * ''Bourjois: ịma mma na ụda olu French kemgbe 1863 '', Editions du Chêne, 2014 * ''Akwụkwọ akụkọ Guerlain. Ndị na-esi ísì ụtọ na Paris'', Flammarion, 2017 == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 8yfq5i10sr3i3wl9dgfkp7h0icycn6i 0 75357 632406 2026-05-09T14:05:32Z Iwuala Judith Chinenyenwa 24940 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350407810|Florence Olasumbo Oyeyemi]]" 632406 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Florence Olasumbo Oyeyemi | office = Commissioner for Finance and Planning, Kwara State | governor = AbdulRahman AbdulRazaq | party = All Progressives Congress | occupation = Politician }} '''Florence Olasumbo Oyeyemi''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] na onye nchịkwa ọha na eze nke jere ozi dị ka Kọmishọna maka Ego na Atụmatụ na Kwara Steeti, Naijiria n'okpuru Gọvanọ AbdulRahman AbdulRazaq . Ọ na-etinye aka na njikwa ego ọha na eze na mmejuputa iwu akụ na ụba na gọọmentị steeti <ref>{{Cite news|title=Two new female Commissioners sworn-in by Kwara govt|url=https://dailypost.ng/2021/09/07/two-new-female-commissioners-sworn-in-by-kwara-govt/|publisher=Daily Post Nigeria|date=7 September 2021|accessdate=20 April 2026}}</ref><ref name="Independent2021">{{Cite news|title=Kwara Ex-Commissioner Attributes Fiscal Achievements To Prudent Resource Management|url=https://independent.ng/kwara-ex-commissioner-attributes-fiscal-achievements-to-prudent-resource-management/|work=Independent Nigeria|date=11 January 2021|accessdate=20 April 2026}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Oyeyemi jere ozi dị ka Kọmishọna nke Kwara State maka ego na atụmatụ, ebe ọ bụ onye na-ahụ maka ijikwa iwu ego nke steeti, atụmatụ mmefu ego, na atụmatụ ego. N'oge ọ nọ n'ọkwa, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ wepụtara ụkpụrụ ndị e mere iji melite ịza ajụjụ ego, mmefu ego, na itinye aka ọha na eze na usoro mmefu ego. <ref name="BusinessDay2020">{{Cite news|title=Review of 2020 budget to reflect global economic realities -Kwara Govt|url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/review-of-2020-budget-to-reflect-global-economic-realities-kwara-govt/|publisher=BusinessDay|date=30 August 2020|accessdate=20 April 2026}}</ref> <ref name="VON2021">{{Cite news|title=Kwara State Government restates commitment to due process|url=https://von.gov.ng/kwara-state-government-restates-commitment-to-due-process/|work=Voice of Nigeria|date=25 September 2021|accessdate=20 April 2026}}</ref><ref name="IndependentBudget2020">{{Cite news|title=KWSG Reiterates Readiness For Participatory Budgeting|url=https://independent.ng/kwsg-reiterates-readiness-for-participatory-budgeting/|work=Independent Nigeria|date=22 August 2020|accessdate=20 April 2026}}</ref> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ n'imejuputa mgbanwe njikwa ego ọha, gụnyere ịkwado akụkọ nleba anya na nleba anya na ịnakwere ụkpụrụ ndekọ ego nke mba ụwa nabatara na usoro ego steeti. Dị ka kọmishọna, Oyeyemi sonyeere n'ọtụtụ atụmatụ steeti lekwasịrị anya n'ịkwalite nghọta gbasara mmefu ego na ime ka Kwara Steeti na-akwado nnabata na mmemme ịza ajụjụ ego nke gọọmentị etiti na ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa na-akwado. .<ref name="PlatformsAfrica2020">{{Cite news|author=|first=|title=World Bank's annual fiscal rating for Nigeria's Kwara State begins|url=https://platformsafrica.com/2020/08/19/world-banks-annual-fiscal-rating-for-nigerias-kwara-state-begins/|work=Platforms Africa|date=19 August 2020|accessdate=20 April 2026}}</ref><ref name="IndependentBudget2020">{{Cite news|title=KWSG Reiterates Readiness For Participatory Budgeting|url=https://independent.ng/kwsg-reiterates-readiness-for-participatory-budgeting/|work=Independent Nigeria|date=22 August 2020|accessdate=20 April 2026}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://independent.ng/kwsg-reiterates-readiness-for-participatory-budgeting/ "KWSG Reiterates Readiness For Participatory Budgeting"]. ''Independent Nigeria''. 22 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Oyeyemi na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ime All Progressives Congress (APC) ma jee ozi dị ka onye na-ekwuchitere mgbasa ozi pati ahụ na Kwara State n'oge ntuli aka izugbe Naijiria 2023. N'April 2026, o kwupụtara ebumnobi ya ịzọ ọkwa maka oche ndị nnọchiteanya na-anọchite anya Ekiti/Irepodun/Isin/Oke-Ero Federal Constituency, na-ekwe nkwa gụnyere gụnyere ndị ọchịchị na ndị omeiwu siri ike.<ref name="Tribune2026">{{Cite news|title=2027: Ex-Kwara finance commissioner joins race for Reps seat|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/2027-ex-kwara-finance-commissioner-joins-race-for-reps-seat/|work=Nigerian Tribune|date=4 April 2026|accessdate=20 April 2026}}</ref> == Nchịkwa ọha na eze == Mgbe ọ na-eje ozi na kansụl ndị isi na Kwara State, Oyeyemi tinyere aka n'ọtụtụ mmemme gọọmentị metụtara ọchịchị gbasara ego, mmezi mmefu ego, na mmejuputa amụma akụ na ụba.<ref name="BusinessDay2020">{{Cite news|title=Review of 2020 budget to reflect global economic realities -Kwara Govt|url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/review-of-2020-budget-to-reflect-global-economic-realities-kwara-govt/|publisher=BusinessDay|date=30 August 2020|accessdate=20 April 2026}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://businessday.ng/news/article/review-of-2020-budget-to-reflect-global-economic-realities-kwara-govt/ "Review of 2020 budget to reflect global economic realities -Kwara Govt"]. BusinessDay. 30 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> O sonyekwara na mmemme ọha na eze iji kọwaa atumatu ego steeti na ịhụ n'ụzọ doro anya na ngbanwe ego na atụmatụ akụ na ụba.<ref name="ThisDay2020">{{Cite news|title=Why Kwara Revised 2020 Budget|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2020/09/02/why-kwara-revised-2020-budget/|work=ThisDay|date=2 September 2020|accessdate=20 April 2026}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria nọ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchichi]] p8kmedijimbpqmdaxintvtfepds7fs0 632408 632406 2026-05-09T14:16:38Z Iwuala Judith Chinenyenwa 24940 Fixed reference error 632408 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Florence Olasumbo Oyeyemi | office = Commissioner for Finance and Planning, Kwara State | governor = AbdulRahman AbdulRazaq | party = All Progressives Congress | occupation = Politician }} '''Florence Olasumbo Oyeyemi''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] na onye nchịkwa ọha na eze nke jere ozi dị ka Kọmishọna maka Ego na Atụmatụ na Kwara Steeti, Naijiria n'okpuru Gọvanọ AbdulRahman AbdulRazaq . Ọ na-etinye aka na njikwa ego ọha na eze na mmejuputa iwu akụ na ụba na gọọmentị steeti <ref>{{Cite news|title=Two new female Commissioners sworn-in by Kwara govt|url=https://dailypost.ng/2021/09/07/two-new-female-commissioners-sworn-in-by-kwara-govt/|publisher=Daily Post Nigeria|date=7 September 2021|accessdate=20 April 2026}}</ref><ref name="Independent2021">{{Cite news|title=Kwara Ex-Commissioner Attributes Fiscal Achievements To Prudent Resource Management|url=https://independent.ng/kwara-ex-commissioner-attributes-fiscal-achievements-to-prudent-resource-management/|work=Independent Nigeria|date=11 January 2021|accessdate=20 April 2026}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Oyeyemi jere ozi dị ka Kọmishọna nke Kwara State maka ego na atụmatụ, ebe ọ bụ onye na-ahụ maka ijikwa iwu ego nke steeti, atụmatụ mmefu ego, na atụmatụ ego. N'oge ọ nọ n'ọkwa, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ wepụtara ụkpụrụ ndị e mere iji melite ịza ajụjụ ego, mmefu ego, na itinye aka ọha na eze na usoro mmefu ego. <ref name="BusinessDay2020">{{Cite news|title=Review of 2020 budget to reflect global economic realities -Kwara Govt|url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/review-of-2020-budget-to-reflect-global-economic-realities-kwara-govt/|publisher=BusinessDay|date=30 August 2020|accessdate=20 April 2026}}</ref> <ref name="VON2021">{{Cite news|title=Kwara State Government restates commitment to due process|url=https://von.gov.ng/kwara-state-government-restates-commitment-to-due-process/|work=Voice of Nigeria|date=25 September 2021|accessdate=20 April 2026}}</ref><ref name="IndependentBudget2020" / Ọ rụkwara ọrụ n'imejuputa mgbanwe njikwa ego ọha, gụnyere ịkwado akụkọ nleba anya na nleba anya na ịnakwere ụkpụrụ ndekọ ego nke mba ụwa nabatara na usoro ego steeti. Dị ka kọmishọna, Oyeyemi sonyeere n'ọtụtụ atụmatụ steeti lekwasịrị anya n'ịkwalite nghọta gbasara mmefu ego na ime ka Kwara Steeti na-akwado nnabata na mmemme ịza ajụjụ ego nke gọọmentị etiti na ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa na-akwado. .<ref name="PlatformsAfrica2020">{{Cite news|author=|first=|title=World Bank's annual fiscal rating for Nigeria's Kwara State begins|url=https://platformsafrica.com/2020/08/19/world-banks-annual-fiscal-rating-for-nigerias-kwara-state-begins/|work=Platforms Africa|date=19 August 2020|accessdate=20 April 2026}}</ref><ref name="IndependentBudget2020"> /{{Cite news|title=KWSG Reiterates Readiness For Participatory Budgeting|url=https://independent.ng/kwsg-reiterates-readiness-for-participatory-budgeting/|work=Independent Nigeria|date=22 August 2020|accessdate=20 April 2026}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://independent.ng/kwsg-reiterates-readiness-for-participatory-budgeting/ "KWSG Reiterates Readiness For Participatory Budgeting"]. ''Independent Nigeria''. 22 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Oyeyemi na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ime All Progressives Congress (APC) ma jee ozi dị ka onye na-ekwuchitere mgbasa ozi pati ahụ na Kwara State n'oge ntuli aka izugbe Naijiria 2023. N'April 2026, o kwupụtara ebumnobi ya ịzọ ọkwa maka oche ndị nnọchiteanya na-anọchite anya Ekiti/Irepodun/Isin/Oke-Ero Federal Constituency, na-ekwe nkwa gụnyere gụnyere ndị ọchịchị na ndị omeiwu siri ike.<ref name="Tribune2026">{{Cite news|title=2027: Ex-Kwara finance commissioner joins race for Reps seat|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/2027-ex-kwara-finance-commissioner-joins-race-for-reps-seat/|work=Nigerian Tribune|date=4 April 2026|accessdate=20 April 2026}}</ref> == Nchịkwa ọha na eze == Mgbe ọ na-eje ozi na kansụl ndị isi na Kwara State, Oyeyemi tinyere aka n'ọtụtụ mmemme gọọmentị metụtara ọchịchị gbasara ego, mmezi mmefu ego, na mmejuputa amụma akụ na ụba.<ref name="BusinessDay2020" /> O sonyekwara na mmemme ọha na eze iji kọwaa atumatu ego steeti na ịhụ n'ụzọ doro anya na ngbanwe ego na atụmatụ akụ na ụba.<ref name="ThisDay2020">{{Cite news|title=Why Kwara Revised 2020 Budget|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2020/09/02/why-kwara-revised-2020-budget/|work=ThisDay|date=2 September 2020|accessdate=20 April 2026}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria nọ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchichi]] 60zapusjebfmegdi4xjofzzbo2ze98h 0 75358 632407 2026-05-09T14:09:56Z Ozims Divine 24949 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1338424213|Françoise Cloarec]]" 632407 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Françoise Cloarec''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1957 na Paris) onye edemede French, onye na-ese ihe na onye na-enyocha uche mmadụ == Akụkọ ndụ == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Beaux-Arts de Paris, ebe ọ gụsịrị karatu na 1972, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Biographie de Françoise Cloarec|work=[[France Inter]]|url=https://www.franceinter.fr/personnes/francoise-cloarec|accessdate=2018-10-12}}</ref> Françoise Cloarec tụgharịrị gaa na Psychoanalysis, na-akwadebe nzere doctorate na psychoanalyses na Serapine Louis na Mahadum Paris Diderot, nke ọ gbachitere na 1984. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Un cas de peinture spontanée Séraphine de Senlis : approche psychobiographique|work=SUDOC|url=http://www.sudoc.fr/134255690|accessdate=2018-10-12}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ ya dị ka ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara uche na akparamàgwà mmadụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ Ville-Évrard, ọ bụkwa onye na-ese ihe osise, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Paradoxes au Féminin - Françoise CLOAREC|work=Europia|url=http://europia.org/Cloarec/index.htm|accessdate=2018-10-12}}</ref> ebe ọ gosipụtara na Jardin du Luxembourg orangery n'afo 2000. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Exposition de Françoise Cloarec et Roberto Borghesi à l'orangerie du Sénat à Paris (Août 2000)|work=Françoise Cloarec|url=http://f.cloarec.chez-alice.fr/exposition_senat.html|accessdate=2018-10-12}}</ref> Françoise Cloarec bụkwa onye edemede. O dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ gbasara ụmụ nwanyị na-ese ihe (Serapine Louis, Camille Claudel, Marie Laurencin), yana akwụkwọ akụkọ banyere Siria, obodo nke nwere mmetụta miri emi na ya mgbe ọ chọpụtara ya na 1993 n'oge ogbako na ihe ngosi nke eserese ya n'oge 1993 nzukọ na ngosi nke ihe osise ya na Aleppo. Ọ ghọrọ Ordre des Arts et des Lettres na 2001, <ref>{{Cite web|work=Le Figaro|title=Françoise Cloarec|url=http://evene.lefigaro.fr/celebre/biographie/francoise-cloarec-4605518.php|accessdate=2018-10-13}}</ref> na 2017 na 2018 bụ onye otu ndị ọka ikpe maka Prix Anaïs-Nin . Akụkụ nke "Montluc, Résistance et Liberté" akwụkwọ edemede. == Ọrụ == == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.francoisecloarec.com/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị] * [https://www.franceinter.fr/personnes/francoise-cloarec Françoise Cloarec] na France Inter * Françoise Cloarec - Onye na-enweghị ọrụ na YouTube * L'Indolente na Babelio * Ihe osise [http://europia.org/Cloarec/ Françoise Cloarec] {{Authority control}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] g2o0nhuq6m7rjuyvycb69ivoq848ctg 0 75359 632423 2026-05-09T14:55:23Z Ozims Divine 24949 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342206820|Marie-Anne Cohendet]]" 632423 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Marie-Anne Cohendet''' bụ onye sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke French na ọkachamara na iwu iwu. Ọ bụ prọfesọ na ngalaba [[iwu ọha na eze]] na Mahadum Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne . Cohendet na-amụ banyere usoro iwu na nhazi nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị French, ọ na-edekwa maka mgbanwe ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nwere ike ime na usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị France. == Agụmakwụkwọ na ọnọdụ ọkachamara == Cohendet gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1991 na Mahadum Jean Moulin Lyon 3 na nzere doctorate na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. <ref name="profile">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pantheonsorbonne.fr/recherche/page-perso/page/?tx_oxcspagepersonnel_pi1[page]=cv&tx_oxcspagepersonnel_pi1[uid]=cohendet|title=Marie-Anne Cohendet profile|publisher=University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne|language=fr|accessdate=21 May 2020}}</ref> O dere akwụkwọ edemede doctorate ya n'oge dị n'agbata afọ 1986 na 1988 mgbe Onyeisiala France chere ihu n'ọtụtụ ndị mmegide na Palịament nke France, na-elekwasị anya karịsịa na nrụgide a na-enwetụbeghị mbụ nke ọnọdụ a tinyere n'ahụ ụlọ ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na iwu nke France. <ref name="theses">{{Cite web|url=http://www.theses.fr/1991LYO33001|title=Theses L'épreuve de la cohabitation: mars 1986–mai 1988|publisher=Theses Fr|language=fr|accessdate=21 May 2020}}</ref> A kpọrọ akwụkwọ edemede Cohendet L'épreuve de la cohabitation: mars 1986-May 1988, Pierre Vialle duziri ya.<ref name="theses" /> ọ gara nke ọma na nchịkọta iwu ọha nke 1992. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000163002|language=fr|title=JORF n°133|publisher=Government of France|date=10 June 1992|accessdate=21 May 2020}}</ref> In September 1992, Cohendet was appointed to the faculty of Jean Moulin University Lyon 3.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000177940|title=Décrets du 10 septembre 1992 portant nomination et titularisation (enseignements supérieurs)|language=fr|publisher=Government of France|date=15 September 1992|accessdate=21 May 2020}}</ref> She was subsequently a professor at Lumière University Lyon 2 and at Institut d'études politiques de Lyon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000581175&fastPos=4&fastReqId=1925872143&categorieLien=id&oldAction=rechTexte|language=fr|title=Arrêté du 1er décembre 1999 portant nomination au Conseil national des universités|publisher=Government of France|date=7 December 1999|accessdate=21 May 2020}}</ref> She was then appointed to The University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000028143861&fastPos=1&fastReqId=1925872143&categorieLien=id&oldAction=rechTexte|title=Arrêté du 16 octobre 2013 portant nomination pour l'année 2013 des membres du jury du second concours national d'agrégation de l'enseignement supérieur pour le recrutement de professeurs des universités dans les disciplines juridiques, politiques, économiques et de gestion en droit public|publisher=Government of France|language=fr|date=3 November 2013|accessdate=21 May 2020}}</ref> Cohendet mepụtara edemede ya n'ime akwụkwọ banyere otu isiokwu ahụ, nke e bipụtara na 2003 nke akpọrọ La cohabitation, leçons d'une expérience . <ref name="profile">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pantheonsorbonne.fr/recherche/page-perso/page/?tx_oxcspagepersonnel_pi1[page]=cv&tx_oxcspagepersonnel_pi1[uid]=cohendet|title=Marie-Anne Cohendet profile|publisher=University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne|language=fr|accessdate=21 May 2020}}</ref> O dekwara akwụkwọ gbasara iwu obodo, ụdị ọchịchị ndị France, na ụzọ nyocha e si amụ iwu ọha. N'afọ 2015, Cohendet bụ onye otu Claude Bartolone maka ọdịnihu nke ụlọ ọrụ dị na French National Assembly, nke e nyere ọrụ inyocha ụlọ ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke French Fifth Republic ma na-atụ aro mgbanwe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma ọ bụ iwu ha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/14/autres-commissions/avenir-des-institutions|title=Groupe de travail sur l'avenir des institutions|publisher=National Assembly|language=fr|accessdate=21 May 2020}}</ref> Cohendet was a co-author, with [[Dominique Bourg]], Bastien François ([[:fr:Bastien François|Fr]]), Loïc Blondiaux ([[:fr:Loïc Blondiaux|Fr]]) and Jean-Michel Fourniau, of a 2017 report for the Nicolas Hulot Foundation for Nature and Man called ''Osons le Big Bang démocratique'', which outlines how a constituent assembly could be created in France.<ref>{{Cite web|language=fr|url=http://www.fondation-nature-homme.org/sites/default/files/osons_le-big_bang3.pdf|title=Osons le Big Bang démocratique|publisher=Nicolas Hulot Foundation}}</ref> She also co-authored, with Jérôme Lang ([[:fr:Jérôme Lang|Fr]]), Jean-François Laslier ([[:fr:Jean-François Laslier|Fr]]), Frédéric Sawicki ([[:fr:Frédéric Sawicki|Fr]]), and Thierry Pech ([[:fr:Thierry Pech|Fr]]) a 2017 report for the think tank Terra Nova that recommended that France adopt a mixed electoral system in which at least a quarter of deputies to the federal assembly are elected through proportional representation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tnova.fr/rapports/une-dose-de-proportionnelle-pourquoi-comment-laquelle|title=Une "dose de proportionnelle" : pourquoi ? comment ? laquelle ?|publisher=Terra Nova Think Tank|language=fr|date=19 March 2017|accessdate=21 May 2020|archivedate=5 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705233650/http://tnova.fr/rapports/une-dose-de-proportionnelle-pourquoi-comment-laquelle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|language=fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2018/03/19/legislatives-l-enjeu-de-la-dose-de-proportional_5273091_823448.html|first=Manon|author=Rescon|work=Le Monde|title=Législatives : quelle dose de proportionnelle ?}}</ref> A 2018 report co-authored by Cohendet for Terra Nova proposed a citizens' initiative referendum in which one hundred randomly chosen citizens would receive, summarize, and distribute information about public referendums.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tnova.fr/notes/le-referendum-d-initiative-citoyenne-deliberatif|title=Le Référendum d'Initiative Citoyenne Délibératif|publisher=Terra Nova Think Tank|language=fr|date=18 February 2019|accessdate=21 May 2020|archivedate=22 February 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222204756/http://tnova.fr/notes/le-referendum-d-initiative-citoyenne-deliberatif}}</ref> A kpọtụrụ ọrụ Cohendet aha, ma ọ bụ a gbara ya ajụjụ ọnụ, na mgbasa ozi gụnyere , <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190314-french-state-lawsuit-climate-change-environment|title=French state faces landmark lawsuit over climate inaction|work=France 24|first=Benjamin|author=Dodman|date=14 March 2019|accessdate=21 May 2020}}</ref> France Culture, <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.franceculture.fr/emissions/le-temps-du-debat/la-justice-doit-elle-prendre-en-compte-le-calendrier-politique|title=La justice doit-elle prendre en compte le calendrier politique ?|work=France Culture|language=fr|first=Emmanuel|author=Laurentin|date=19 September 2019|accessdate=21 May 2020}}</ref> na Le Monde. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2020/03/16/le-report-du-second-tour-des-municipales-est-il-possible_6033245_823448.html|title=Elections municipales 2020 : le probable report du second tour en raison du coronavirus promet un casse-tête juridique|work=Le Monde|first=Benoît|author=Floc'h|date=16 March 2020|accessdate=21 May 2020}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ == * La cohabitation, lesçons d'une expérience, P.U.F., Recherches politiques collection (2003) * Méthodes de travail en droit public, Montchrestien (1994, bipụtara ọzọ na 1995 na 1998) * ''Onye isi ala'', Dalloz, Ihe ọmụma nke iwu nchịkọta (2002) * Iwu iwu, L.G.D.J., ọrụ anakọtara (2013) == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] qx5d66e2l8mai9ep118nkehltwf3i84 0 75360 632439 2026-05-09T15:23:46Z OGA Goody 61205 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352341972|History of tuberculosis]]" 632439 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Cristobal_Rojas_37a.JPG|thumb|La Miseria nke Cristóbal Rojas dere (1886). Rojas nwere ọrịa ụkwara nta mgbe o sere nke a. N'ebe a, ọ na-egosi ''ọrịa ahụ ka o si metụta m''mekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya,, na mmekọrịta ya na ọnọdụ ndụ na ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na itoolu.]] '''Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụkwara nta''' na-agụnye mmalite, mgbanwe, na mgbasa nke ụkwara nta (TB) n'akụkọ ihe mere eme niile nke mmadụ, yana mmepe nke nghọta ahụike, ọgwụgwọ, na usoro nchịkwa maka ọrịa oge ochie a. Ọrịa ụkwara nta bụ ọrịa na-efe efe nke nje bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) na-akpata. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, e jirila aha dị iche iche mara ụkwara nta, gụnyere ''consumptio'', phthisis, na White Plague.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|author=Orgeur|first=Mickael|date=1 March 2024|title=Evolution and emergence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis|journal=FEMS Microbiology Reviews|language=en|volume=48|issue=2|doi=10.1093/femsre/fuae006|issn=1574-6976|pmid=38365982}}</ref> Ihe akaebe paleopathological chọpụtara ụkwara nta n'ime ụmụ mmadụ kemgbe ọ dịkarịa ala n'oge Neolithic (ihe dị ka puku afọ iri ruo puku afọ iri na otu gara aga), ebe ọmụmụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ na-atụ aro mmalite ya na mbụ tupu mgbe ahụ nakwa ka o si gbanwee n'etiti ụmụ mmadụ. <ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|author=Buzic|first=Ileana|date=30 April 2020|title=The paleopathological evidence on the origins of human tuberculosis: a review|url=https://www.jpmh.org/index.php/jpmh/article/view/1379|journal=Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene|language=en|volume=61|issue=1 Suppl 1|pages=E3–E8|doi=10.15167/2421-4248/JPMH2020.61.1S1.1379|pmid=32529097}}</ref> Nnyocha phylogenetic e mere na-egosi na ụkwara nta malitere n'Africa ma na-agbanwe n'aka n'aka ka ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-abawanye ruo ọtụtụ iri puku afọ.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|author=Orgeur|first=Mickael|date=1 March 2024|title=Evolution and emergence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis|journal=FEMS Microbiology Reviews|language=en|volume=48|issue=2|doi=10.1093/femsre/fuae006|issn=1574-6976|pmid=38365982}}</ref> Ọrịa ahụ gbasara n'ụwa niile site na ngagharị nke mmadụ si n'otu ebe gaa ebe ọzọ, na-eme mgbanwe na ndabere n'ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ dị iche iche ma mesịa ghọọ ọtụtụ agbụrụ dị iche iche nwere nkesa dịgasị iche iche.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|author=Dutour|first=Olivier|date=2023|title=The paleopathology and paleoepidemiology of Upper paleolithic tuberculosis: Review of evidence and hypotheses|journal=Tuberculosis|language=en|volume=143|doi=10.1016/j.tube.2023.102348|pmid=38012915}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ụkwara nta emetụtala ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ, ọ ghọrọ ihe a ma ama nke ọma n'oge mmepe obodo mgbe ndị mmadụ jupụtara n'obodo ukwu, nke nyere aka na nkesa ya. Nghọta ahụike banyere ụkwara nta gbanwere na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu site na nchọpụta Robert Koch nke afọ 1882 nke ịchọpụta Mycobacterium tuberculosis dịka nje bacteria na-akpata ya, <ref name=":7" /> nke mmepe nke ọgwụ mgbochi na ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ nje sochiri n'etiti narị afọ nke iri abụọ. == Mmalite ya == Nghọta nke oge a banyere mmalite na usoro mgbanwe nke Mycobacterium tuberculosis agbanweela site na nnyocha genomic na phylogenetic emere na nso nso a. Ihe akaebe dị ugbu a na-egosi na ụkwara nta bụ ọrịa mmadụ oge ochie nke so ndị mmadụ gbasaa ruo ọtụtụ iri puku afọ, kama ịbụ nke enwetara n'oge na-adịbeghị anya site n'aka ụmụ anụmanụ a zụrụ n'oge Neolithic dị ka e kwenyere na mbụ.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|author=Orgeur|first=Mickael|date=1 March 2024|title=Evolution and emergence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis|journal=FEMS Microbiology Reviews|language=en|volume=48|issue=2|doi=10.1093/femsre/fuae006|issn=1574-6976|pmid=38365982}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|author=Buzic|first=Ileana|date=30 April 2020|title=The paleopathological evidence on the origins of human tuberculosis: a review|url=https://www.jpmh.org/index.php/jpmh/article/view/1379|journal=Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene|language=en|volume=61|issue=1 Suppl 1|pages=E3–E8|doi=10.15167/2421-4248/JPMH2020.61.1S1.1379|pmid=32529097}}</ref> Enwekwara ihe akaebe nke mmerụ ahụ nke yiri nke ụkwara nta na-akpata na fossil ''Homo erectus'' dị puku narị afọ ise ọ bụ ezie na nchọpụta a bụ nke a na-arụ arụmụka.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Roberts|first=Charlotte A.|date=1 July 2009|title=Letter to the editor: Was tuberculosis present in Homo erectus in Turkey?|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|language=en|volume=139|issue=3|pages=442–444|doi=10.1002/ajpa.21056|issn=1096-8644|pmid=19358292|url=https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1524313}}</ref> === Ihe akaebe nke phylogenetic === Nnyocha phylogenetic zuru oke nke Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) na-egosi mmalite n'Africa maka nje a.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|author=Orgeur|first=Mickael|date=1 March 2024|title=Evolution and emergence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis|journal=FEMS Microbiology Reviews|language=en|volume=48|issue=2|doi=10.1093/femsre/fuae006|issn=1574-6976|pmid=38365982}}</ref> Nchịkọta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa zuru oke nke ụdị ụkwara nta nke oge a na-ekpughe na nje bacteria a pụtara n'Africa ma soro ọpụpụ mmadụ pụọ n'Africa. Nnyocha na-enyocha ọrịa ụkwara nta dị narị abụọ na iri ise na itoolu zuru ụwa ọnụ na-egosi na ụkwara nta malitere ihe dị ka afọ puku asaa gara aga, na-agbasa n'ime nnukwu okpukpu abụọ: nke mbụ ihe dị ka ebe puku afọ iri isii na asaa gara aga n'oge ndị mmadụ na-akwaga South Asia, na nke ọzọ ihe dị ka puku afọ iri anọ na isii gara aga n"oge ndị mmadụ na-akwaga Near East, Europe, na Eshia.<ref name=":7" /> N'ime ụkwara nta, ndị na-eme nchọpụta achọpụtala ọtụtụ agbụrụ (nke dị ugbu a agbụrụ itoolu nke sitere na mmadụ) metụtara mpaghara dị iche iche.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|author=Orgeur|first=Mickael|date=1 March 2024|title=Evolution and emergence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis|journal=FEMS Microbiology Reviews|language=en|volume=48|issue=2|doi=10.1093/femsre/fuae006|issn=1574-6976|pmid=38365982}}</ref> Ndị a gụnyere Lineage 1 (East Africa, Philippines), Lineages 2-4 (Eurasia), Lineages 5-6 (West Africa), Lineage 7 (Ethiopia), Lineage 8 (East Afrika), na Lineage 9 (East Afrịka). <ref name=":7" /> Ezinụlọ ndị na-anabata anụmanụ, gụnyere ''M. bovis'' nke na-emetụta ehi, sitere na ụdị mmadụ kama na nke ọzọ, na-emegide echiche ndị gara aga banyere mmalite TB.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|author=Dutour|first=Olivier|date=2023|title=The paleopathology and paleoepidemiology of Upper paleolithic tuberculosis: Review of evidence and hypotheses|journal=Tuberculosis|language=en|volume=143|doi=10.1016/j.tube.2023.102348|pmid=38012915}}</ref> Nchọpụta nke ụdị ''M. ụkwara nta'' Lineage 8 na East Africa, nke na-ejigide ihe ndị metụtara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa a hụrụ na mycobacteria ndị nna nna ma ọ dịghị na agbụrụ ndị ọzọ nke ụkwara nta, na-enye ihe akaebe maka mmalite Africa oge ochie nke ụkwara nta.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|author=Orgeur|first=Mickael|date=1 March 2024|title=Evolution and emergence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis|journal=FEMS Microbiology Reviews|language=en|volume=48|issue=2|doi=10.1093/femsre/fuae006|issn=1574-6976|pmid=38365982}}</ref> === Ihe akaebe paleopathological === Ihe akaebe kachasị ochie nke ọrịa ụkwara nta mmadụ sitere n'oge Pre-Pottery Neolithic (puku afọ iri ruo puku afọ iri na otu afọ gara aga) na Near East.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|author=Buzic|first=Ileana|date=30 April 2020|title=The paleopathological evidence on the origins of human tuberculosis: a review|url=https://www.jpmh.org/index.php/jpmh/article/view/1379|journal=Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene|language=en|volume=61|issue=1 Suppl 1|pages=E3–E8|doi=10.15167/2421-4248/JPMH2020.61.1S1.1379|pmid=32529097}}</ref> Ndị bụ isi rịara ọrịa a na mbụ gụnyere ihe fọdụrụ na Dja'de el Mughara na Tell Aswad na Siria (8800-7600 BCE), Ain Ghazal na Jọdan (7250 BCE), na Atlit Yam na Israel (6200-5500 BCE), ebe nnyocha nke mkpụrụ ndụ kwadoro ọnụnọ nke TB DNA. Na Europe, ndị mbụ e gosipụtara na ha sitere na ebe ọdịbendị Linear Pottery nke Early Neolithic na Germany (5400-4800 BCE). <ref name=":8" /> Nchọpụta na-ese okwu nke e mere na 2014 dabeere na DNA sitere na ọkpụkpụ ndị dị otu puku afọ na Peru tụrụ aro na ụkwara nta nwere ike ịbụ nke ụmụ mmadụ butere site na akara, ikekwe malite naanị af puku isii gara aga. Agbanyeghị, nnyocha ndị sochirinụ agbaghaala nkọwa a. Ihe nnwale ndị Peru gosipụtara ihe akaebe nke ụdị ụkwara nta metụtara ''M. pinnipedii'' (ụkwara nta seal), mana nke a na-anọchite anya nnyefe zoonotic dị kpọmkwem na South America tupu ọchịchị ndị mmadụ kama ịbụ nke mmalite nke ọrịa ụkwara nta mmadụ <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|author=Orgeur|first=Mickael|date=1 March 2024|title=Evolution and emergence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis|journal=FEMS Microbiology Reviews|language=en|volume=48|issue=2|doi=10.1093/femsre/fuae006|issn=1574-6976|pmid=38365982}}</ref> Ụdị ndị a sitere na akara gafeere na ndị bi n'ụsọ oké osimiri ma gbasaa baa n'ime ime obodo mana emesịrị jiri ụdị ''M. ụkwara nta'' nke ndị Europe na-achị ala wetara wee dochie ha.<ref name=":7" /> Nchọpụta a na-anọchite anya ihe atụ nke nnyefe site n'anụmanụ gaa na mmadụ, mana ọ naghị emegide ihe akaebe maka ụkwara nta mmadụ n'oge gara aga n'Africa na Eurasia. Ihe akaebe paleopathological dị ole na ole sitere na Upper Paleolithic (afọ puku ii anọ ruo afọ puku iri gara aga) n'agbanyeghị mkpa ọ dị na evolushọn TB na-anọchite anya ihe mgbagwoju anya.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|author=Dutour|first=Olivier|date=2023|title=The paleopathology and paleoepidemiology of Upper paleolithic tuberculosis: Review of evidence and hypotheses|journal=Tuberculosis|language=en|volume=143|doi=10.1016/j.tube.2023.102348|pmid=38012915}}</ref> Enwere ike ịkọwa nke a site na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke ndị na-achụ nta na ndị na-achịkọta Paleolithic, nke ga-enwe nkesaTB n'Udị ahịkwara achịkwa na ihe ịrịba ama na-erijughị afọ, ma ọ bụ site na njedebe n'ịchọpụta ụkwara nta oge ochie.<ref name=":9" /> === Mgbanwe Ya Na Mbido === Nnyocha genomic na-egosi na mmalite na mgbasa nke ụkwara nta ejikọtaghị ya na anụ ụlọ n'oge Neolithic, kama ọ bụ na mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|author=Orgeur|first=Mickael|date=1 March 2024|title=Evolution and emergence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis|journal=FEMS Microbiology Reviews|language=en|volume=48|issue=2|doi=10.1093/femsre/fuae006|issn=1574-6976|pmid=38365982}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|author=Buzic|first=Ileana|date=30 April 2020|title=The paleopathological evidence on the origins of human tuberculosis: a review|url=https://www.jpmh.org/index.php/jpmh/article/view/1379|journal=Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene|language=en|volume=61|issue=1 Suppl 1|pages=E3–E8|doi=10.15167/2421-4248/JPMH2020.61.1S1.1379|pmid=32529097}}</ref> Mgbanwe nke ndị mmadụ nke Neolithic (nke nwere mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na ịnọ otu ebe) nyere aka na-ebufe ụkwara nta ma kwe ka ọ gbasakwuo, mana ogologo oge tupu nke a, nje a na-akpata ọrịa amarala ụmụ mmadụ ahụ.<ref name=":7" /> A na-egosi njikọ aka n'etiti mmalite ụkwara nta na uto nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ mmadụ site na mgbanwe nke agbụrụ ụkwara nta dị iche iche na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ dị iche iche, na-egosipụta usoro ala nke mbata na obibi mmadụ.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|author=Orgeur|first=Mickael|date=1 March 2024|title=Evolution and emergence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis|journal=FEMS Microbiology Reviews|language=en|volume=48|issue=2|doi=10.1093/femsre/fuae006|issn=1574-6976|pmid=38365982}}</ref> Nnyocha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-egosikwa ihe akaebe nke nrụgide nhọrọ nke ụkwara nta na-eme na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, dị ka mgbanwe ugboro ole ụdị ụkwara nta dị ka TYK2 P1104A na ndị Europe n'ime afọ 2,000 gara aga.<ref name=":7" /> Ọ bụ ezie na a maghị ihe ọ bụla banyere ugboro ole o mere tupu narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, a na-eche na ọdịdị ọrịa a rịrị elu n'etiti ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na asatọ na ngwụcha nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu. Ka oge na-aga, ọdịbendị dị iche iche nke ụwa nyere ọrịa ahụ aha dị iche iche: ''phthisis'' (Grik), ''consumptio'' (Latin), ''yaksma'' (India), na ''chaky oncay'' (Incan), nke ọ bụla n'ime ha na-ezo aka na mmetụta "ịmịkpọ ihe" ma ọ bụ "nripịa" nke ọrịa ahụ, cachexia. Na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ọnwụ nke ụkwara nta kpatara n'etiti ndị na-eto eto na ndị okenye nọ n'etiti afọ iri anọ gbagowe, na ịrị elu nke Romanticism, nke kwusiri ike maka mmetụta ya karịa ihe kpatara ya, mere ka ọtụtụ ndị kpọwa ọrịa ahụ "ọrịa roman".<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  N'afọ 2008, a chọtara ihe akaebe maka ọrịa ụkwara nta n'ime ozu mmadụ sitere n'oge Neolithic nke malitere na afọ puku itoolu gara aga, na Atlit Yam, ebe obibi dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Mediterenian.<ref name="Hershkovitz e3426">{{Cite journal|author=Hershkovitz|first=Israel|date=2008|title=Detection and molecular characterization of 9,000-year-old Mycobacterium tuberculosis from a Neolithic settlement in the Eastern Mediterranean|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=3|issue=10|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0003426|pmid=18923677|id={{CORE output|1683642}} {{Gale|A472574981}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> A kwadoro nchọpụta a site na usoro ọdịdị na nke mkpụrụ ndụ; ruo ugbu a ọ bụ ihe akaebe kachasị ochie maka ọrịa ụkwara nta n'ime ụmụ mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mousavi-Sagharchi|first=Seyyed Mohammad Amin|date=1 March 2025|title=Historical examination of tuberculosis; from ancient affliction to modern challenges|journal=Journal of Infection and Public Health|volume=18|issue=3|doi=10.1016/j.jiph.2024.102649|issn=1876-0341|pmid=39826381}}</ref> A chọpụtakwara ihe akaebe nke ọrịa ahụ n'ime ụmụ mmadụ n'ebe ili ozu dị nso na Heidelberg, n'ime ọkpụkpụ Neolithic nke na-egosi ihe akaebe banyere ụdị angulation a na-ahụkarị na ụkwara nta nke ọkpụkpụ azụ. A chọpụtakwala ihe ịrịba ama nke ọrịa ahụ n'ime ozu ndị Ijipt nke e dere n'etiti afọ 3000 na 2400 BC. A chọtara ihe akaebe kachasị doo anya na ozu onye ụkọchukwu Nesperehen, nke Grebart chọpụtara na 1881, nke gosipụtara ihe akaebe nke ụkwara nta ọkpụkpụ azụ na enwe njirimara psoas abscesses. A chọtara ihe ndị yiri nke ahụ na ozu ndị ọzọ dị ka nke onye ụkọchukwu Philoc na n'ebe ili ozu niile dị na Thebes. O yikarịrị ka Akhenaten na nwunye ya Nefertiti nwụrụ site na ọrịa ụkwara nta, ihe akaebe na-egosi na ụlọ ọgwụ maka ụkwara nta dị n'Ijipt ihe dịrị ka afọ 1500 BC. Ebers papyrus, akwụkwọ ọgwụ dị mkpa nke ndị Ijipt site na 1550 BC, na-akọwa oriri nke akpa ume metụtara cervical lymph nodes. Agba Ochie nke akwụkwọ nsọ kwuru banyere ọrịa ogbugbu na-efe efe nke ga-emetụta ndị Juu ma ọ bụrụ na ha ahapụ Chineke. === India oge ochie === A na-ahụ ihe mbụ a rụtụr ụ aka gbasara ụkwara nta na mmepeanya na-abụghị nke Europe na Vedas. Nke kacha ochie n'ime ha (Rigveda, 1500 BC) na-akpọ ọrịa a ''yaksma''. Ndị Atharvaveda kpọrọ ya ''Balasa''. Ọ bụ na Atharvaveda ka e nyere nkọwa mbụ nke scrofula. ''Sushruta Samhita'', nke a chịkọtara n'oge ca. 200 BCE - 500 CE, <ref>{{Cite book|author=Meulenbeld|first=G. Jan|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/ocm42207455|title=A history of Indian medical literature|date=1999|publisher=E. Forsten|isbn=978-90-6980-124-7|series=Groningen Oriental studies|location=Groningen|oclc=ocm42207455}}</ref> tụrụ aro ka e were mmiri ara, anụ dị iche iche, mmanya na-aba n'anya na ezumike gwọọ ọrịa ahụ. Yajurveda dụrụ ndị ọrịa a metụtara ọdụ ka ha kwaga n'ebe ndị dị elu.<ref name="ghose214" /> === China oge ochie === Okwu Ndị China oge ochie bụ lao "nripịa; ụkwara nta" bụ aha a na-anụkarị na Ọgwụ ọdịnala ndị China, na ''fèijiéhé'' 肺結核 (pụtara "mfikọ akpa ume kernel") "ụkwara nta usoro okuku ume ahụ" bu okwu ahụike nke ''ebe a''. ''A'' na-agwakọta Lao na aha ndị dị ka ''xulao'' 虛́ na "[[wiktionary:虛|Ihe efu]]; ịtọgbọrọ na nkịtị", ''láobíng'' São病 na "[[wiktionary:病|Ọrịa"]], ''Laozhài'' na "ọrịa oge ochie", na ''feilao'' 肺á na "akpa ume". Zhang na Unschuld na-akọwa na okwu ahụike a bụ ''xulao'' "ike ọgwụgwụ" gụnyere ọrịa na-efe efe na nke na-erimi ahụ, dị ka ''Laozhai'' "ike ọgwụgwụ na nrimi ahụ" ma ọ bụ ''Laozhaichong'' "ọtị maọbụ okpo nke ike ọgwụgwụ na nrimi ahụ". Ha na-akọwa ''feilao'' 肺 肺 "ike ọgwụgwụ nke akpa ume" na ''feilao chuanshi'' na-efe efe "ike ọgwụgwụ nke akpa ume site na nnyefe ozu [ajọ] dị ka "nri / ụkwara nta". N'ịkọwa okwu ndị si na mba ọzọ a gbazitere n'okwu ahụike mbụ, Zhang na Unschuld na-ekwu na [[wiktionary:瘵|Ọdịdị]] ụdaume dị n'etiti Chinese ''feixiao'' 肺消 (sitere n'asụsụ China oge ochie **phot-ssew) "oriri nke akpa ume" yana okwu Greek oge ochie ''[[wiktionary:phthisis|phthisis]] "bụ ụkwara nta nke usoro iku ume"'' Ihe odide ahụike nke ''Huangdi Neijing'' nke China (ihe dị ka - 260 CE), nke a na-ekwu na ọ bụ Eze Ukwu Yellow a na-akọ n'akụkọ ifo, na-akọwa ọrịa e kwenyere na ọ bụ ụkwara nta, nke a na'akpọ ''xulao bing'' (虛病 "ọrịa na-adịghị ike na-erimi ahụ"), nke ihe ndị ya na ya na-eso gụnyere ụkwara na-adịgide adịgide, ọdịdị na-adịghị mma, ahụ ọkụ, ọkụkụ-obi na-adịtụ nwanyọọ adịkwa ọsịịsọ, mgbochi nke obi, na ume nkụda. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (July 2015)">verification needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> ''Huangdi Neijing'' na-akọwa otu ọrịa a na-apụghị ịgwọta nke a na-akpọ ''huai''fu'''' 壞府 "obí eze ọjọọ", nke ndị na-akọ akụkọ na-akọwa dị ka ụkwara nta. "N'ihe banyere eriri a na-ebibi, ụda ya na-adị oke njọ. N'ihe banyere osisi nke meworo agadi, a kpatuchaala akwụkwọ ya. Gbasara ọrịa nke dị n'ime [ime ahụ], ụda ọ na-emepụta bụ etuketu. Mgbe mmadụ nwere [ọnọdụ] atọ ndị a, a na-akpọ nke a 'obí eze mebiri emebi'. Ọgwụ ndị na-egbu egbu anaghị eweta ọgwụgwọ; agịga dị mkpirikpi enweghị ike ijide [ọrịa ahụ]. Wang 府 "obí eze" na-anọchite anya Hujikwa ọnụ "obí" na-emebi" N'ihi ya, [ihe odide ahụ] na-ekwu: ọgwụ ndị na-egbu egbu anaghị ewere ọgwụgwọ; a pụghị iji agịga dị mkpirikpi jide ya. "   {{History of infectious disease}} === Oge Ochie === [[Faịlụ:Hippocrates_Light.JPG|áká_èkpè|thumb|Hippocrates]] Hippocrates, n'akwụkwọ ya bụ Of the Epidemics, kọwara njirimara nke ọrịa ahụ: ahụ ọkụ, mamịrị na-enweghị ụcha, ụkwara na-akpata ọsụ mmiri rọrọ arọ, na mmiri ma agụụ agaghị ịna-agụ onye ahụ. Ọ na-ekwu na ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ahụ nwere ọrịa a ghọrọ ndị isi mgbaka tupu ha anwụọ <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Internet Classics Archive {{!}} Of the Epidemics by Hippocrates|url=http://classics.mit.edu/Hippocrates/epidemics.1.i.html|accessdate=8 August 2025|work=classics.mit.edu}}</ref> Hippocrates na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ n'oge ahụ kwenyere na phthisis bụ ihe nketa. Aristotle ekwenyeghị, na-ekwere na ọrịa ahụ na-efe efe. Pliny the Younger degaara Priscus akwụkwọ ozi ebe ọ kọwapụtara mgbaàmà nke phthisis dịka ọ hụrụ ha na Fannia:{{Reflist}}Galen tụrụ aro usoro ọgwụgwọ dị iche iche maka ọrịa ahụ, gụnyere: opium dị ka ihe na-atụ ụra na ihe ga-akwụsị mgbu; ịhapụ ọbara; nri mmiri ọka bali, azụ, na mkpụrụ osisi. Ọ kọwakwara phyma (otito) nke akpa ume, nke a na-eche na ọ kwekọrọ na tubercles nke na-etolite na akpa ume n'ihi ọrịa ahụ. Vitruvius kwuru na "ịtụ oyi na ọwara ikuku, ụkwara, plurisy, phthisis, ịgbọ ọbara", bụ ọrịa a na-ahụkarị n'ógbè ebe ifufe na-esi n'ebe ugwu efega n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, ma dụọ ọdụ ka e wuo mgbidi iji chebe ndị mmadụ pụọ n'ikuku. Aretaeus bụ onye mbụ kọwara mgbaàmà nke ọrịa ahụ n'ụzọ siri ike n'ihe odide ya De causis et signis diuturnorum morborum:   === Mmetụ Aka Eze === [[Faịlụ:Henri_IV_touche_les_escrouelles.jpg|thumb|Henry nke anọ nke France na-emetụ ọtụtụ ndị ọrịa aka n'oge emume nke "mmetụta eze". Okwu mbụ ahụ na-agụ: ''Des mirabili strumas sanandi vi solis Galliae regibus christianissimis divinitus concessa liber unus''.]] A na-ahụ ndị eze dị ka ndị okpukpe nwere ikike ime anwansi ma ọ bụ nye ọgwụgwọ. Ekwenyere na imetu aka eze, nke England ma ọ bụ France, nwere ike ịgwọ ọrịa n'ihi ikike Chineke nke ndị eze nyere ha. Eze Henry nke Anọ nke France na-emekarị emume a otu ugboro n'izu, mgbe ọ nwesịrị oriri nsọ. Omume ọgwụgwọ a bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na France, nke mere na a maara scrofula dị ka "mal du roi" ma ọ bụ "King's Evil". Na mbido, emume mmetụ aka ahụ bụ usoro na-abụghị nke a na-ahụkarị. Ndị na-arịa ọrịa nwere ike ịrịọ ụlọ ikpe maka mmetụ aka eze, nke eze ga-eme mgbe ọ dịkarịchaara ya mfe n'isi ụtụtụ. Mgbe ụfọdụ, Eze nke France ga-emetụ ndị ọrịa n'oge ọ na-agagharị n'ala. Otú ọ dị, mgbasa ngwa ngwa nke ụkwara nta gafee France na England, mere ka usoro mmetụ aka bụrụzie nke a na-eme kwa mgbe na n'usoro. Ka ọ na-erule n'oge Louis nke Iri na Anọ nke France, a na-edepụta bọọdụ na-egosi ụbọchị na oge Eze ga-anọ maka mmetụ aka mgbe niile; a nọkwa na-ewepụta ego dị ka nkwado ọrụ ebere. N'England, usoro ahụ bụ nke a haziri ahazi ma rụọ ọrụ nke ọma. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1633, Book of Common Prayer nke Chọọchị Anglịkan nwere emume Royal Touch.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Mitchinson|first=John|title=QI: Quite Interesting facts about Kings|work=Telegraph.co.uk|date=9 January 2009|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/qi/4176490/QI-Quite-interesting-facts-about-Kings.html|accessdate=23 December 2009}}</ref> Onye eze (eze ma ọ bụ eze nwanyị), nke ga-anọ ọdụ n'elu ocheeze, metụrụ onye ahụ ahụ na-arịa ọrịa aka, ma nye ya mkpụrụ ego - ọ na-abụkarị Mmụọ ozi, mkpụrụ ego ọla edo nke ọnụ ahịa ya dịgasị iche site na ihe dị ka shillings isii ruo ihe dị kashilling iri - site na ịpị ya n'olu onye ọrịa ahụ.<ref name="Dang231" /> Ọ bụ ezie na emume ahụ abaghị uru ọgwụ, ndị òtù ụlọ ikpe eze na-agbasa ozi na ndị natara aka eze na-anata ọgwụgwọ ọrụ ebube. André du Laurens, onye isi dọkịta nke Henry nke anọ, kpọsara nchọpụta na ọ dịkarịa ala ọkara nke ndị natara aka eze gwọrọ n'ime ụbọchị ole na ole. Mmetụta eze nọgidere na-ewu ewu na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ. Ndebanye aha parish sitere na Oxfordshire, England gụnyere ọ bụghị naanị ndekọ nke baptizim, alụmdi na nwunye, na ọnwụ, kamakwa ndekọ nke ndị ruru eru maka aka eze. === Mmetụta na-efe efe === Girolamo Fracastoro ghọrọ onye mbụ tụrụ aro, n'ọrụ ya De contagione n'afọ 1546, na nje a na-adịghị ahụ anya na-ebusa phthisis. Otu n'ime nkwupụta ya bụ na nje ahụ nwere ike ịdị ndụ n'agbata ''afọ abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ'' na uwe ndị nwere ọrịa ahụ nakwa na a na-ebute ya site na mmetụ ahụ na ahụ ma ọ bụ mmiri nke si n'ahụ ndị bu ya, nke ọ kpọrọ ''fomes''. O kwuru na enwere ike ibute phthisis n'enweghị mmetụ ahu na ahu ma ọ bụ fomes, manaoejighị n'aka usoro ọrịa ahụ si gbasaa n'ebe dị anya.[46] === Usoro tartaric nke Paracelsus === Paracelsus kwalitere nkwenye na ihe na-akpata ụkwara nta bụ site na ọdịda nke akụkụ dị n'ime iji mezuo ọrụ alchemical ya. Mgbe nke a mere n'akpa ume, nkume ga-amalite na-akpata ụkwara nta n'ihe ọ kpọrọ usoro ''tartaric''. === Mgbanwe ụlọ ọgwụ === [[Faịlụ:1950_Census_Enumeration_District_Maps_-_Puerto_Rico_(PR)_-_Aibonito_Municipality,_Tuberculosis_Sanatorium.jpg|thumb|1950 Census Enumeration District Map nke Aibonito, Puerto Rico, United States, na-egosi "Tuberculosis Sanatorium" ka ọ bụrụ ebe pụrụ iche (maka ịgụ ọnụ) ]] Ọganihu nke nghọta sayensị banyere ụkwara nta, na ọdịdị ya na-efe efe mere ka ọ dị mkpa ka ụlọ ọrụ nwee ụlọ ndị nwere ọrịa. George Bodington mere atụmatụ mbụ maka ụlọ ọgwụ ndị na-arịa ụkwara nta n'akwụkwọ nke ọ kpọrọ An essay on the treatment and cure of pulmonary consumption, on natural, rational and successful principles na 1840. N'akwụkwọ a, ọ tụrụ aro usoro nri, ezumike, na nlekọta ahụike maka ụlọ ọgwụ ọ na-eme atụmatụ imepe na Maney. Mwakpo sitere n'aka ọtụtụ ndị ọkachamara ahụike, ọkachasị isiokwu dị na The ''Lancet'', mere ka Bodington nwee nkụda mmụọ, mere na ọ tụgharịrị gaa na atụmatụ maka imepe ụlọ ndị isi mgbaka. Hermann Brehmer, onye dọkịta Germany, kwenyesiri ike na ụkwara nta malitere site na ihe isi ike nke obi ịgba akpa ume mmiri n'ụzọ ziri ezi. Ya mere, ọ tụrụ aro na mpaghara ndị dị n'elu oke osimiri, ebe nrụgide ikuku dị obere, ga-enyere obi aka ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma. Site na agbamume nke onye nchọpụta Alexander von Humboldt na onye nkuzi ya J. L. Schönlein, e guzobere ụlọ ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa ụkwara nta mbụ n'afọ 1854, mita narị isii na iri ise n'elu oke osimiri, na Görbersdorf. Afọ atọ ka e mesịrị, o bipụtara nchọpụta ya n'akwụkwọ ''Die chronische Lungenschwindsucht und Tuberkulose der Lunge: Ihre Ursache und ihre Heilung'' . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Brehmer|first=Herrmann|url=https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/details/bsb10470952|title=Die chronische Lungenschwindsucht und Tuberkulose der Lunge|publisher=Verlag von Th. Chr. Fr. Enslin (Adolph Enslin)|year=1869|location=Berlin}}</ref> Brehmer na otu n'ime ndị ọrịa ya, [[Peter Dettweiler]], ghọrọ ndị na-akwado usoro mmepe ụlọ ahụike ụdị ndị ahụ, nke mere na mgbe a na-erule afọ 1877, ụlọ ọgwụ malitere ịgbasa karịa Germany na Europe dum. Dr. Edward Livingston Trudeau mechara guzobe Adirondack Cottage Sanitorium na Saranac Lake, New York na 1884. Otu n'ime ndị ọrịa mbụ Trudeau bụ onye edemede Robert Louis Stevenson; aha ya nyere aka guzobe Saranac Lake dị ka ebe ọgwụgwọ ụkwara nta. N'afọ 1894, mgbe ọkụ mebiri obere ụlọ nnyocha Trudeau, ọ haziri ụlọ nnyocha Saranac maka ọmụmụ nke ụkwara nta; nke a gbanwere aha ya ka ọ bụrụ Trudeau Institute, ụlọ nnyocha ahụ na-aga n'ihu na-amụ maka ọrịa na-efe efe. Peter Dettweiler gara n'ihu guzobe ụlọ ọgwụ nke ya na Falkenstein na 1877 ma bipụta nchọpụta na-azọrọ na otu narị na iri atọ na abụọ n'ime ndị ọrịa tu puku na iri abụọ na abụọ ya abụrụla ndị agwọrọ kpamkpam mgbe ha nọchara n'ụlọ ọgwụ ya. N'ikpeazụ, ụlọ ọgwụ malitere ịpụta na nso obodo ukwu na n'ebe ndị dị ala, dị ka Sharon Sanatorium na 1890 na nso Boston. Ọ bụghị naanị ụlọ ọgwụgwọ ka ụlọ ọgwụ ndị ahụ bụ. Ụlọ ọgwụ ụkwara nta pụrụ iche malitere ịpụta na mpaghara ndị buru ibu. Sir Robert Philip guzobere Royal Victoria Dispensary for Consumption na Edinburgh na 1887. Dispensaries rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ụlọ ọgwụ pụrụ iche maka ndị rịawara ụkwara nta n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, nke e meghekwara maka ndị na-ejichaghị ego. Ojiji nke dispensaries iji gwọọ ndị nọ n'ọkwa gbagotetụrụ na ndị nọ n'ọkwá dị ala n'ógbè ndị dị mkpa na nhazi n'etiti ọkwa dị iche iche nke mmemme ahụike dị ka ụlọ ọgwụ, ụlọ ọgwụ, na mpaghara ụkwara nta ghọrọ ihe a maara dị ka "Edinburgh Anti-tuberculosis Scheme". N'afọ 1913, Ụlọ Ọgwụ Queen Mary maka Ụmụaka Consumptive na Toronto, Canada, ghọrọ ụlọ ọgwụ mbụ n'ụwa a raara nye maka ụkwara nta n'ime ụmụaka. <ref name="Burke">{{Cite journal|author=Burke|first=Stacie|date=2023|title=Review of Building Resistance: Children, Tuberculosis, and the Toronto Sanatorium|url=https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/onhistory/2023-v115-n1-onhistory07936/1098788ar.pdf|journal=Eruid|volume=115|pages=140}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Annual Report - Canadian Association for the Prevention of Tuberculosis|publisher=Canadian Tuberculosis Association|year=1919|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Annual_Report_Canadian_Association_for_t/B242AQAAMAAJ|pages=55}}</ref> == Narị afọ nke iri abụọ == === Njikwa === [[Faịlụ:Map_of_the_City_of_Washington_Showing_Location_of_Fatal_Cases_of_Consumption.jpg|thumb|Map nke ọnwụ sitere na ụkwara nta na [[Washington, D.C.]] na 1900 ruo 1901.]] Na mbido narị afọ nke iri abụọ, ụkwara nta bụ otu n'ime nsogbu ahụike kachasị chọọ ụsa ngwa ngwa na UK. E guzobere kọmitii eze n'afọ 1901, The Royal Commission A họpụtara ka ọ nyochaa mmekọrịta nke ọrịa ụkwara nta na mmadụ na n'anụmanụ. Ọrụ ya bụ ịchọpụta ma ụkwara nta n'ime ụmụ anụmanụ na ụmụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ otu ọrịa ahụ, nakwa ka a mara ma ụmụ anụmanụ ma ụmụ mmadụ enwere ike ibunye ibe ha ọrịa ahụ. Ka ọ na-erule 1919, Commission ahụ aghọwo Kansul Nnyocha Ahụike nke UK.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2025)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> N'afọ 1902, Nzukọ Mba Nile na-ahụ maka ụkwara nta gbakọtara na Berlin. N'etiti mkpebi ndị ọzọ dị iche iche, nzukọ ahụ tụrụ aro Cross of Lorraine ka ọ bụrụ ihe nnọchianya na mba ụwa niikle nke ọgụ megide ụkwara nta. Mgbasa ozi mba gbasara na Europe na United States nile iji gbochie mgbasawanye nke ụkwara nta. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2025)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Mgbe o doro anya nke ọma 'afọ ndị 1880 na ọrịa ahụ na-efe efe, e mere ka ụkwara nta bụrụ ọrịa a na-ahụ anya na Britain; a bịara nwewe mkpọsa iji kwụsị ịgbọ ọnụ mmiri n'ebe ọha na eze, a na-arụgidekwa ndị ogbenye butere ọrịa ahụ ka ha banye n'ụlọ ọgwụ ndị yiri ụlọ mkpọrọ; ụlọ ọgwụ maka ndị nọ n'etiti na ndị dị elu nyere nlekọta dị mma na nlekọta ahụike mgbe niile. Ihe ọ bụla a na-ekwu na ọ bụ uru nke ikuku dị ọcha na ọrụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ, ọbụlagodi n'ọnọdụ kachasị mma, ọkara nke ndị batara na ha nwụrụ n'ime afọ ise (1916). <ref name="sanatoria" /> Nkwalite nke Christmas Seals malitere na Denmark n'afọ 1904 dị ka ụzọ isi nweta ego maka mmemme ụkwara nta. Ọ gbasara gaa na United States na Canada na 1907-1908 iji nyere National Tuberculosis Association aka (nke e mechara kpọwa American Lung Association). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2025)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> [[Faịlụ:Swine_tuberculosis.svg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Chaatị na-egosi ọnụ ọgụgụ ụkwara nta n'ụmụ anụ ụlọ e nyochara na mbipụta 1938 nke Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke United States.]] Na mba United States, nchegbu banyere mgbasa nke ụkwara nta keere òkè na mmachibido nke ịgbụ ọnụ mmiri n'ebe ọhaneze ma e wezụga n'ime ọnụ ebe ndị e kwesịrị ịgbụnye ha. E wepụtara usoro ahụike ọha na eze iji soro ma chịkwaa mgbasa nke ụkwara nta n'ime anụ ụlọ nke nwere ike ibufe ụmụ mmadụ. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2025)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> === Ọgwụ mgbochi === Ezigbo ihe ịga nke ọma mbụ n'ịgba ọgwụ megide ụkwara nta bụ nke Albert Calmette na Camille Guérin mepụtara site na ụkwara nta bovine-strain nke e belatara ebelata n'afọ 1906. A kpọrọ ya "BCG" (Bacille Calmette-Guérin). A malitere ịgba ụmụ mmadụ Ọgwụ mgbochi BCG a n'afọ 1921 na France, mana ọ bụghị ruo mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị ka BCG nwetara nnabata zuru oke na Great Britain yana Germany. N'ụbọchị ndị mbụ nke British National Health Service nnyocha X-ray maka ụkwara nta mụbara nke ukwuu mana ọnụ ọgụgụ ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi dị ala na mbụ. N'afọ 1953, e kwekọrịtara na ụmụ akwụkwọ sekọndrị kwesịrị ịgba ha ọgwụ mgbochi, mana ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha afọ 1954, ọ bụ naanị mmadụ narị puku abụọ na iri ise ka a gbara ọgwụ mgbochi. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1956, nke a arịgoola ruo narị uyku isii, ihe dị ka ọkara n'ime ha bụrụ ụmụ akwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Webster|first=Charles|title=The Health Services Since the War|date=1988|publisher=HMSO|location=London|isbn=978-0-11-630942-6}}</ref> N'Ịtali, e jiri Ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa Salvioli ({{Lang|it|Vaccino Diffondente Salvioli}}; VDS) mee ihe site na 1948 ruo 1976. Ọ bụ Prọfesọ Gaetano Salvioli nke Mahadum Bologna mepụtara ya. === Ọgwụgwọ === [[Faịlụ:Tuberculosis_in_the_USA_1861-2014.png|alt= Tuberculosis mortality in the USA from 1861 to 2014.|thumb|Ọnwụ ụkwara nta na USA site na 1861 ruo 2014.]] [[Faịlụ:TB_Specialist_Nurse_Eleanor_Pond_at_the_18_bed_'Fresh_Air_School'_for_TB_patients,_Royal_Victoria_Hospital,_Montreal._1939.tif|thumb|Nọọsụ ọkachamara na 'Fresh Air School' nwere àkwà iri na asatọ maka ụmụaka na-arịa ụkwara nta. Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal. 1939.]] Ka narị afọ ahụ na-aga n'ihu, a bịara jiriwe ụfọdụ usoro ịwa ahụ, gụnyere usoro pneumothorax ma ọ bụ plombage - ịkụkpọ akpa ume na-arịa ọrịa ka o "zuo ike" ma mee ka mmerụ ahụ ya gwọọ - iji gwọọ ụkwara nta. Pneumothorax abụghị usoro ọhụrụ n'ụzọ ọ bụla. N'afọ 1696, Giorgio Baglivi kọrọ na mgbake dịtụ n'etiti ndị na-arịa ụkwara nta mgbe ha nwetara ọnyá mma agha n'obi. [[F.H. Ramadge]] nyere usoro ọgwụgwọ pneumothorax mbụ gara nke ọma n'afọ 1834, wee kọọ ka e mesịrị na a gwọrọ onye ọrịa ahụ. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ na narị afọ nke iri abụọ, ka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị chọrọ iji nlezianya nyochaa ịdị irè nke usoro ndị dị otú ahụ. Carlo Forlanini nwalere site n'iji usoro pneumothorax aka ya site na 1882 ruo 1888, nke a malitere ịgbaso naanị afọ ole na ole ka e mesịrị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hansson|first=Nils|title=Therapeutic Pneumothorax and the Nobel Prize|journal=The Annals of Thoracic Surgery|date=August 2015|volume=100|issue=2|pages=761–765|doi=10.1016/j.athoracsur.2015.03.100|pmid=26234863}}</ref> Na 1939, ''British Journal of Tuberculosis'' bipụtara nyocha nke [[Oli Hjaltested]] na [[Kjeld Törning]] na ndị ọrịa dị otu narị na iri itoolu na otu ndị a nọ na-enye usoro ahụ n'etiti 1925 na 1931; na 1951, Roger Mitchell bipụtara ọtụtụ isiokwu banyere nsonaazụ ọgwụgwọ nke ndị ọrịa narị ise na iri ise na asaa ndị a gwọrọ n'etiti 1930 na 1939 na Trudeau Sanatorium dị na Saranac Lake. Otú ọ dị, ọchụchọ maka ọgwụgwọ sitere n'inye ọgwụ gara n'ihu n'ụzọ siri ike. N'oge Mgbe ndị Nazi biri na Poland, SS-Obergruppenführer Wilhelm Koppe haziri ogbugbu nke ihe karịrị ndị Poland puku iri atọ na-arịa ụkwara nta - nwere obere ihe ọmụma ma ọ bụ echiche na ọgwụgwọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ dị. N'afọ 1944, Albert Schatz, Elizabeth Bugie, na Selman Waksman wepụtara streptomycin nke nje bacteria ''Streptomyces griseus.'' mepụtara. Streptomycin bụ ọgwụ nje mbụ rụrụ ọrụ megide M. tuberculosis. A na-ewere nchọpụta a dị ka mmalite nke oge a nke ụkwara nta.<ref name="Daniel1868" /> Para-aminosalicylic acid, nke a chọpụtara na 1946, ka ejiri ya na Streptomycin belata mpụta nke ụdị nje ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ, nke mere ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọrịa belata.<ref name="snider">{{Cite journal|title=Tuberculosis Then and Now: A Personal Perspective on the Last 50 Years|author=Snider|first=Gordon|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=126|date=1 December 1997|pages=237–243|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-126-3-199702010-00011|pmid=9027277}}</ref> Nke bụ ezigbo mgbanwe malitere afọ ole na ole ka e mesịrị, na 1952, site na mmepụta nke isoniazid, ọgwụ mbụ na-egbu nje ụkwara nta a na-etinye n'ọnụ. <ref name="Daniel1868" /> Ọbịbịa nke rifampin na afọ ndị 1970 mere ka oge mgbake dị ngwa, ma belata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị na-arịa ụkwara nta ruo n'afọ 1980. Onye Britain na-ahụ maka ọrịa na-efe efe bụ Thomas McKeown gosipụtara na "ọgwụgwọ site n'inye streptomycin belatara ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-anwụ anwụ kemgbe e webatara ya (1948-71) ruo ogo pasent iri ise na otu... "<ref name=":13">{{Cite book|url=http://www.nuffieldtrust.org.uk/publications/role-medicine-dream-mirage-or-nemesis|title=The Role of Medicine: Dream, Mirage or Nemesis? (The Rock Carlington Fellow, 1976)|author=McKeown|first=Thomas|publisher=Nuffield Provincial Hospital Trust|year=1976|isbn=978-0-900574-24-5|location=London, UK}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, o gosikwara na ọnwụ sitere na ọrịa ụkwara nta na England na Wales ejirila ihe ruru pasent iri itoolu ruo pasent iri itolu na ise belata tupu streptomycin na ọgwụ mgbochi BCG adị n'ọtụtụ ebe, nakwa na enyemaka nke ọgwụ nje na mbelata nke ọnwụ site na ụkwara ume dị obere n'ezie: "maka ngụkọta oge kemgbe e dekọrọ ihe kpatara ọnwụ (1848-71) mbelata ahụ bụ pasent atọ na ụma abụọ".<ref name=":13" /> Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a enwetakla nkwado na mba niile dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ (lee dịka ọmụmaatụ mbelata nke ọnwụ sitere na TB na USA) na maka ọrịa niile a maara n'oge ahụ na-efe efe. McKeown kọwara mbelata nke ọnwụ site na ọrịa na-efe efe site na ọnọdụ ndụ ka mma, ọkachasị site na nri na-edozi ahụ, na site na ịdị ọcha ka mma, na obere site na enyemaka nke ọgwụ. McKeown, onye a na-ewere dị ka nna nke ọgwụgwọ ọha na eze, <ref name=":142">{{Cite book|title=The Great Escape. Health, wealth, and the origins of inequality|author=Deaton|first=Angus|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2013|isbn=978-0-691-15354-4|location=Princeton and Oxford|pages=91–93|quote=McKeown's views, updated to modern circumstances, are still important today in debates between those who think that health is primarily determined by medical discoveries and medical treatment and those who look to the background social conditions of life.}}</ref> arịọọla kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ, na site n'inye ọgwụ na ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa dị iche iche n'anyị nwere ike imeri n'agha ahụ mana a ga-emeri anyị n'ọgụ megide ọrịa nke ịda ogbenye. <ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=Diseases of Poverty (Chapter 8) In: The Origins of Human Disease|author=McKeown|first=Thomas|publisher=Basil Blackwell|year=1988|isbn=978-0-631-17938-2|location=Oxford, UK|pages=[https://archive.org/details/originsofhumandi0000mcke/page/181 181–199]|url=https://archive.org/details/originsofhumandi0000mcke/page/181}}</ref> N'ihi ya, mgbalị na ihe onwunwe kwesịrị ịgakarịa n'idozi na imeziwanye ọnọdụ ndụ nke ndị mmadụ na mba ndị nwere obere ihe onwunwe, nakwa n'imeziwanye gburugburu ebe obibi ha site n'inye ha mmiri dị ọcha, ịdị ọcha, ụlọ ka mma, agụmakwụkwọ, nchekwa na ikpe ziri ezi, yana ịnweta nlekọta ahụike. Karịsịa ọrụ nke ndị nrite Nobel Robert W. Fogel (1993) <ref name=":142" /> na Angus Deaton (2015) enyela aka nke ukwuu na nzaghachi nke inye ekele na nso nso a maka ihe McKeown na-ekwu mgbe ahụ.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal|author=Fogel|first=R. W.|year=2004|title=Technophysio evolution and the measurement of economic growth|journal=Journal of Evolutionary Economics|volume=14|issue=2|pages=217–21|doi=10.1007/s00191-004-0188-x}}</ref><ref name=":23">{{Cite book|title=The Escape from Hunger and Premature Death, 1700–2100: Europe, America, and the Third World|author=Fogel|first=Robert|publisher=Cambridge University Press, 189 pp|year=2004|isbn=978-0-521-80878-1|location=New York}}</ref><ref name=":24">{{Cite book|title=The Changing Body: Health, Nutrition, and Human Development in the Western World since 1700|author=Fogel, Robert|publisher=Cambridge University Press, New York|year=2011|isbn=978-0-521-87975-0|location=New York|url=https://archive.org/details/changingbodyheal0000unse}}</ref><ref name=":25">{{Cite book|title=Explaining Long-Term Trends in Health and Longevity|author=Fogel|first=Robert W.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2012|isbn=978-1-107-02791-6|location=New York}}</ref> Nkwado na-adịghị mma nke okwu McKeown bụ na mmụba nrụgide na ụgwọ ọrụ site na mgbazinye ego IMF nye Eastern Europe nke ndị Kọmunist nwere njikọ ya na ịrị elu nke ọrịa TB, mgbasa na ọnwụ ndị mmadụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Stuckler, David|title=International Monetary Fund programs and tuberculosis outcomes in post-communist countries|journal=PLOS Medicine|date=22 July 2008|volume=5|issue=7|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0050143|pmid=18651786}}</ref> Na United States, e nwere mbelata dị egwu n'ọrịa ụkwara nta site na afọ 1970. Ka ọ na-erule mmalite afọ ndị 1900, a malitere mkpọsa maka ahụike ọha na eze iji kụziere ndị mmadụ banyere ọrịa ahụ. N'ime iri afọ ndị sochirinụ, akwụkwọ mmado, akwụkwọ mpịakọta na akwụkwọ akụkọ nọgidere na-agwa ndị mmadụ banyere ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ọrịa ahụ na usoro iji zeere ya, gụnyere ịbawanye ụba nke mmata ọha na eze banyere mkpa ịdị ọcha. Ọ bụ ezie na mmata ka mma banyere omume ịdị ọcha belatara ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị na-arịa ya, ọnọdụ ahụ kaara njọ na mpaghara ndị dara ogbenye. E guzobere ụlọ ọgwụ ọha na eze iji melite mmata na inye nnyocha. Na Scotland, Dr Nora Wattie duziri ihe ọhụrụ ahụike ọha na eze ma na mpaghara <ref>{{Cite news|date=26 November 1913|title=Watch Your Health|page=3|work=Motherwell Times}}</ref> ma na nke mba n'ozuzu. <ref>{{Cite news|date=10 July 1939|title=Solving the problems of adolescence, Conference of National Council of Girls' Clubs, Growth of Nervous Diseases.|page=13|work=The Scotsman}}</ref> Nke a mere ka mbelata dị egwu dị n'ime afọ 1920 na 1930.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/plague-gallery/|title=TB in America: 1895-1954 &#124; American Experience|work=[[PBS]]}}</ref> === Mwakpoghachị Ozọ === [[Faịlụ:Tuberculosis_world_map-DALYs_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg|thumb|Afọ ndụ nkwarụ a na-agbanwe agbanwe nke ụkwara nta kpatara maka otu puku mmadụ na otu puku mmadụ, 2012: <ref>{{Cite web|title=World Health Organization Disease Burden Estimates for 2000-2012|url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates/en/index2.html|year=2012|publisher=World Health Organization (WHO)|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151112174339/https://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates/en/index2.html|archivedate=12 November 2015}}</ref>   56-248   271-911   930-1,483   1,511-1,511   1,559-3,130   3,254-7,760   7,860-9,008   9,297-9,297   9,550-14,199   14,284-74,731 &nbsp;{{Col-begin}} {{Col-break}} {{legend|#ffff20|56-248}} {{legend|#ffe820|271-911}} {{legend|#ffd820|930-1,483}} {{legend|#ffc020|1,511-1,511}} {{legend|#ffa020|1,559-3,130}} {{Col-break}} {{legend|#ff9a20|3,254-7,760}} {{legend|#f08015|7,860-9,008}} {{legend|#e06815|9,297-9,297}} {{legend|#d85010|9,550-14,199}} {{legend|#d02010|14,284-74,731}} {{Col-end}}]] Olileanya na enwere ike iwepụ ọrịa ahụ kpamkpam dara n'afọ ndị 1980 site na ịrị elu nke ụdị ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ. Ndị na-arịa ụkwara nta na Britain, dị n'ọnụ ọgụ dị ihe dị ka otu narị puku na iri na asaa n'afọ 1913, dara ruo ihe dị ka puku ise n'afọ 1987, mana ndị na-arịa ya rịrị elu ọzọ, ruo puku isii na narị atọ n'afọ 2000 na puku asaa na narị isii n'afọ 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_AZ/tb/epidemiology/table1.htm|title=Tuberculosis&nbsp;— Respiratory and Non-respiratory Notifications, England and Wales, 1913–2005|publisher=Health Protection Agency Centre for Infections|date=21 March 2007|accessdate=1 August 2007}}</ref> N'ihi mwepụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụike ọha na eze na New York na mpụta nke nje HIV, e nwere mwakpoghachị ọzọ nke ụkwara nta na ngwụcha afọ 1980. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọrịa na-emezughị usoro ọgwụ ha dị elu. New York aghaghị ịnagide ihe karịrị ndị ọrịa TB puku iri abụọ nwere ụdị na-eguzogide ọgwụ dị iche iche (na-eguzogide, ma ọ dịkarịa ala, ma rifampin na isoniazid). N'ịzaghachi nlọghachi nke ụkwara nta, Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa wepụtara nkwupụta nke ọnọdụ mberede ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ n'afọ 1993. Kwa afọ, a na-eme atụmatụ na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọkara nde ụdị ọrịa ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ (MDR-TB) na-eme n'ụwa niile. == Hụkwa == * Akụkọ banyere ịba * Usoro iheomume nke ahụike ụwa * Ndepụta nke ndị nwụrụ n'ihi ụkwara nta == Ihe edeturu == == Edensibịa == === Akwụkwọ === * Abel, Emily K. Ọrịa ụkwara nta na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Exclusion: Akụkọ banyere ahụike ọha na eze na mbata na Los Angeles (Rutgers University Press 2007) * {{Cite book|title=A Short History of Medicine|url=https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofme00acke|author=Ackerknecht, Erwin Heinz|publisher=JHU Press|year=1982|isbn=978-0-471-06762-7}} * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Obodo Na-arịa Ọrịa: Ahụike, Ụkwara nta, na Ọdịbendị na Buenos Aires, 1870-1950'' (2011) * {{Cite book|title=The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Paleopathology|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeencyclo0000aufd|author=Aufderheide, Arthur C.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-521-55203-5}} * {{Cite book|title=The Making of a Social Disease: Tuberculosis in Nineteenth-century France|author=Barnes, David S.|publisher=University of California Press|year=1995|isbn=978-0-520-08772-9}} * {{Cite book|title=Epidemics Laid Low: A History of what Happened in Rich Countries|url=https://archive.org/details/epidemicslaidlow0000bour|author=Bourdelais, Patrice|publisher=JHU Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-8018-8294-4}} * {{Cite book|author=Brock|first=Thomas D.|title=Milestones in Microbiology 1546 to 1940|date=1999|publisher=ASM Press|isbn=978-1-55581-142-6}} * {{Cite book|doi=10.1128/9781555818272|title=Robert Koch|date=1998|author=Brock|first=Thomas D.|isbn=978-1-68367-266-1}} * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] N'okpuru Ugwu Ime Anwansi: Akụkọ Ọha nke Ụkwara Ọrịa Mgbasa na narị afọ nke iri abụọ na Britain (1988), 298p. * {{Cite book|title=Pioneers of Medicine and Their Impact on Tuberculosis|author=Daniel, Thomas M.|publisher=Boydell & Brewer|year=2000|isbn=978-1-58046-067-5}} * {{Cite book|author=Dubos|first=René Jules|title=The White Plague: Tuberculosis, Man, and Society|date=1987|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=978-0-8135-1224-2}} * {{Cite book|title=Chemistry and Medical Debate: Van Helmont to Boerhaave|author=Debus, Allen G.|authorlink=Allen G. Debus|publisher=Science History Publications|year=2001|isbn=978-0-88135-292-4}} * {{Cite book|title=Sediments of Time: Environment and Society in Chinese History|author=Elvin, Mark|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1998}} * {{Cite book|doi=10.1007/3-540-36488-9|title=Biotechnology in India I|series=Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology|date=2003|isbn=978-3-540-00609-1|editor=Ghose}} * {{Cite book|doi=10.1163/9789004253520|title=Princes and Princely Culture 1450–1650|date=2003|editor=Gosman|isbn=978-90-04-25352-0}} * {{Cite book|author=Green|first=John|title=Everything Is Tuberculosis: The History and Persistence of Our Deadliest Infection|date=2025|publisher=Penguin Group|isbn=978-0-525-55657-2}} * {{Cite book|title=Bittersweet: The Story of Sugar|author=Macinnis, Peter|publisher=Allen & Unwin|year=2002|isbn=978-1-86508-657-6|url=https://archive.org/details/bittersweetstory00maci}} * McMillen, Christian W. Ịchọpụta ụkwara nta: Akụkọ zuru ụwa ọnụ, 1900 ruo ugbu a (2014) * {{Cite book|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-18937-1|title=Tuberculosis|date=2004|isbn=978-3-642-62365-3|editor=Madkour}} * {{Cite book|title=A History of the Life Sciences|author=Magner, Lois N.|publisher=CRC Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8247-8942-8|url=https://archive.org/details/historyoflifesci0000magn}} * {{Cite book|chapter=Tuberculosis|author=Nathanson|first=Constance A.|title=Disease Prevention as Social Change|date=2007|pages=80–106|publisher=Russell Sage Foundation|isbn=978-0-87154-644-9}} * {{Cite book|title=Pulmonary tuberculosis|url=https://archive.org/details/pulmonarytubercu00otis|author=Otis, Edward Osgood|publisher=W.M. Leonard|year=1920}} * {{Cite book|title=The Cambridge History of Medicine|author=Porter, Roy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-521-55791-7}} * {{Cite book|doi=10.4324/9780429433702|title=Tuberculosis in the Americas, 1870–1945|date=2018|author=Reber|first=Vera Blinn|isbn=978-0-429-43370-2}} * 446 + peeji nke iri na abụọ.{{Cite book|title=Tuberculosis: The Greatest Story Never Told|author=Ryan, Frank|publisher=Swift Publishers, England|year=1992|isbn=1-874082-00-6}} * {{Cite book|title=Doctors and Their Patients: A Social History|author=Shorter, Edward|publisher=Transaction Publishers|year=1991|isbn=978-0-88738-871-2}} * {{Cite book|title=National Tuberculosis Association, 1904-1954: A Study of the Voluntary Health Movement in the United States|author=Shryock, Richard Harrison|publisher=Ayer Publishing|year=1988|isbn=978-0-405-09831-4}} * Smith, F. B. Nlaghachi nke ụkwara nta, 1850-1950 (1988) 271p * {{Cite book|title=The Conquest of Tuberculosis|url=https://archive.org/details/conquestoftuberc0000unse|author=Waksman, Selman A.|publisher=University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles|year=1964}} * {{Cite book|title=Tuberculosis|author=Yancey, Diane|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7613-1624-4|url=https://archive.org/details/tuberculosistwen00dian}} * Zumla, Alimuddin et al. eds. Ọrịa ụkwara nta: Nkwupụta Ọgwụ zuru oke (Saunders, 2009) * {{Cite book|author=Dang|first=B|chapter=The Royal Touch|pages=229–234|editor=Whitelaw|title=The Proceedings of the 10th Annual History of Medicine Days: Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Held March 23rd and 24th, 2001 in the Libin Theatre, Health Sciences Centre, Calgary, AB|date=2001|publisher=University of Calgary|doi=10.11575/PRISM/10355|oclc=51294903}} === Ọmụmụ ihe nke ochie === * {{Cite book|title=A Treatise on Tuberculosis: The Constitutional Origin of Consumption and Scrofula|url=https://archive.org/details/treatiseontuberc00ance|author=Ancell, Henry|publisher=Longman, Brown, Green & Longmans|year=1852}} * {{Cite book|title=An Essay on the Treatment and Cure of Pulmonary Consumption: On Principles Natural, Rational, and Successful; with Suggestions for an Improved Plan of Treatment of the Disease Amongst the Lower Classes of Society|url=https://archive.org/details/b2172779x|author=Bodington, George|publisher=Longman, Brown, Green & Longmans|year=1840}} * Unschuld, Paul U. na Hermann Tessenow (2011), Huang Di Nei Jing Su Wen: Annotated Translation of Huang Di's Inner Classic - Basic Questions, University of California Press. * {{Cite book|title=Observations on the Dropsy in the Brain|url=https://archive.org/details/b30549966|author=Whytt, R|publisher=Balfour, Auld & Smellie|year=1768|location=Edinburgh}} * {{Cite book|title=The Divine Farmer's Materia Medica: A Translation of the Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing|author=Yang, Shou-zhong|publisher=Blue Poppy Enterprises, Inc.|year=1998}} * Zhang Zhibin na Paul U. Unschuld (2014), ''Dictionary of the Ben cao gang mu, Mpịakọta 1: Chinese Historical Illness Terminology'', Mahadum California Press. === Akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ọkà mmụta dere === * {{Cite journal|author=Bonah|first=Christian|title=The 'experimental stable' of the BCG vaccine: safety, efficacy, proof, and standards, 1921–1933|journal=Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences|date=December 2005|volume=36|issue=4|pages=696–721|doi=10.1016/j.shpsc.2005.09.003|pmid=16337557}} * {{Cite journal|author=Chalke|first=H.D.|title=Some historical aspects of tuberculosis|journal=Public Health|date=December 1959|volume=74|issue=3|pages=83–95|doi=10.1016/S0033-3506(59)80055-X|pmid=13809031}} * {{Cite journal|author=Comstock|first=G. W.|title=The International Tuberculosis Campaign: A Pioneering Venture in Mass Vaccination and Research|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|date=September 1994|volume=19|issue=3|pages=528–540|doi=10.1093/clinids/19.3.528|pmid=7811874}} * {{Cite journal|author=Daniel T|title=The impact of tuberculosis on civilization|journal=Infect Dis Clin N Am|volume=18|issue=1|pages=157–65|year=2004|doi=10.1016/s0891-5520(03)00096-5|pmid=15081511}} * {{Cite journal|author=Egedesø|first=Peter Juul|title=Preventing the White Death: Tuberculosis Dispensaries|journal=The Economic Journal|date=July 2020|volume=130|issue=629|pages=1288–1316|doi=10.1093/ej/ueaa014}} * {{Cite journal|title=The Treatment of Tuberculosis|author=Graham JE|journal=The Montreal Medical Journal|volume=21|pages=253–273|date=1893}} * {{Cite journal|author=Henius|first=Kurt|title=Erfahrungen mit dem Tuberkulomuzin Weleminsky|language=de|journal=Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift|date=December 1925|volume=51|issue=52|pages=2149–2150|doi=10.1055/s-0028-1137468}} * {{Cite journal|author=Herzog|first=H.|title=History of Tuberculosis|journal=Respiration|date=1998|volume=65|issue=1|pages=5–15|id={{ProQuest|228284362}}|doi=10.1159/000029220|pmid=9523361}} * {{Cite journal|author=Jones|first=Susan D.|title=Mapping a Zoonotic Disease: Anglo-American Efforts to Control Bovine Tuberculosis before World War I|journal=Osiris|date=January 2004|volume=19|pages=133–148|doi=10.1086/649398|pmid=15478271}} * {{Cite journal|author=Koch|first=Robert|title=Die Aetiologie der Tuberculose|language=de|journal=Berliner Klinischen Wochenschrift|volume=19|issue=15|date=10 April 1882|pages=221–230}} * {{Cite journal|author=McDonald|first=S. K.|title='TB or not TB': the conundrum of pre-European contact tuberculosis in the Pacific|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|date=23 November 2020|volume=375|issue=1812|doi=10.1098/rstb.2019.0583|pmid=33012234}} * {{Cite journal|author=Ts'Un-Yan|first=Liu|title=The Taoists' Knowledge of Tuberculosis in the Twelfth Century|journal=T'oung Pao|date=1971|volume=57|issue=5|pages=285–301|doi=10.1163/156853271X00011|pmid=11633350}} * {{Cite journal|title=The King's Evil in Oxfordshire|journal=Med Hist|volume=17|issue=1|pages=87–89|year=1973|pmid=4595538|doi=10.1017/s0025727300018251}} * {{Cite journal|author=McCarthy OR|title=The key to the sanatoria|journal=J R Soc Med|volume=94|issue=8|pages=413–7|year=2001|pmid=11461990|doi=10.1177/014107680109400813}} * {{Cite journal|title=Galen on Tuberculosis|journal=The Physician and Surgeon|volume=31|date=September 1909|author=McClelland C|pages=400–404}} * {{Cite journal|title=Tuberculosis in New York city: recent lessons and a look ahead|journal=Lancet Infect Dis|volume=4|issue=5|pages=287–93|year=2004|pmid=15120345|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01004-7}} * {{Cite journal|title=Prehistoric Tuberculosis in America: Adding Comments to a Literature Review|author=Prat JG|journal=Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz|issue=Suppl. I|volume=98|pages=151–159|year=2003|doi=10.1590/S0074-02762003000900023|pmid=12687776}} * {{Cite journal|author=Stivelman|first=Barnet P|title=Address on Tuberculosis|journal=Journal of the National Medical Association|volume=23|issue=3|date=1931|pages=128–130}} * {{Cite journal|author=Waddington|first=Keir|title='Unfit for Human Consumption': Tuberculosis and the Problem of Infected Meat in Late Victorian Britain|journal=Bulletin of the History of Medicine|date=2003|volume=77|issue=3|pages=636–661|doi=10.1353/bhm.2003.0147|id={{Project MUSE|46371}}|pmid=14523263}} * {{Cite journal|author=Wilson Leonard G|year=1990|title=The historical decline of tuberculosis in Europe and America: its causes and significance|journal=Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences|volume=45|issue=3|pages=366–396|doi=10.1093/jhmas/45.3.366|pmid=2212609}} * {{Cite journal|author=Wolfart W|title=Surgical treatment of tuberculosis and its modifications—collapse therapy and resection treatment and their present-day sequelae|journal=Offentl Gesundheitswes|volume=52|issue=8–9|pages=506–11|year=1990|pmid=2146567}} * {{Cite journal|title=Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex DNAs from Egyptian Mummies by Spoligotyping|journal=J Clin Microbiol|volume=41|issue=1|pages=359–67|year=2003|pmid=12517873|doi=10.1128/JCM.41.1.359-367.2003}} * {{Cite journal|doi=10.11141/ia.5.3|issue=5|title=Detecting Ancient Tuberculosis|journal=Internet Archaeology|year=1998|author=Gernaey|first=Angela M.}} * {{Cite journal|title=The Edinburgh Anti=Tuberculosis Scheme|journal=The British Journal of Nursing|volume=52|date=7 January 1914|url=http://rcnarchive.rcn.org.uk/data/VOLUME052-1914/page117-volume52-07thfebruary1914.pdf}} === Nzukọ Ndị E megasaịrị === *  {{cite thesis|last1=Kolchinsky|first1=Anna|title=Tuberculosis as Disease and Politics in Germany, 1871-1961|date=2013|publisher=[[Boston College]]. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences|url=https://dlib.bc.edu/islandora/object/bc-ir:101513|type=[[PhD thesis]]}} === Edensibịa ndị ọzọ === [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 9gf1xeqkdiba6na7412mf4xz5x3t24g 0 75361 632444 2026-05-09T15:51:53Z OGA Goody 61205 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343296287|Interferon gamma release assay]]" 632444 wikitext text/x-wiki Nnyocha '''interferon-γ release assay''' ('''IGRA''') bụ nnyocha ahụike eji eme nchọpụta nke ọrịa ụfọdụ na-efe efe, ọkachasị ụkwara nta. Nnyocha ntọhapụ Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) dabere n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na T-lymphocytes ga-atọhapụ IFN-γ mgbe a kpughere ya nye antigens ụfọdụ. A na-emepụta ule ndị a maka nchọpụta ụkwara nta, mana n'echiche, enwere ike iji ya chọpụta ọrịa ndị ọzọ na-adabere na usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ, dịka cytomegalovirus na [[Leshmanịasis|leishmaniasis]] na COVID-19. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Murugesan|first=Kanagavel|date=2021|title=Interferon-γ Release Assay for Accurate Detection of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 T-Cell Response|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=73|issue=9|pages=e3130–e3132|doi=10.1093/cid/ciaa1537|pmid=33035306}}</ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ime ndị ọrịa nwere mmeghachi omume nke ahụ nye ọgwụ ọjọọ na akpụkpọ ahụ, ihe ịma aka nke lymphocytes ọbara na ọgwụ ahụ na-akpata mmeghachi ahụ mepụtara nsonaazụ nnyocha dị mma maka ọkara nke ọgwụ ndị a nwalere.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Halevy|first=S.|year=2005|title=Clinical implications of in vitro drug-induced interferon-gamma release from peripheral blood lymphocytes in cutaneous adverse drug reactions|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology|volume=52|issue=2|pages=254–261|doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2004.05.006|pmid=15692470}}</ref> __TOC__ == Ụzọ e si eme Ya == Ugbu a e nwere IFN-γ release assay abụọ dị maka nnyocha nchọpụta ụkwara nta: * QuantiFERON-TB Gold (licensed in US, Europe and Japan); and  * T-SPOT.TB, ụdịrị ELISpot, ụdị ọzọ nke ELISA (le nyere akwụkwọ ike na Europe, US, Japan na China).<ref>{{Cite web|title=How the T-SPOT.TB Test Works|url=http://www.tspot.com/about-the-test/t-spot-tb-test-works/}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (March 2025)">medical citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> ule nke gara aga na-enye ọnụ ọgụgụ maka IFN-γ ole e mepụtara na nazaghachị ESAT-6 na CFP-10 [[wiktionary:antigen|antigens]] sitere na ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'', ndị e nwere ike ikewapụta pụọ na ndị dị na BCG na ọtụtụ ndị mycobacteria ndị ọzọ na-abụghị nke ụkwara nta. Ule nke ikpeazu a na-akọwa ọnụ ọgụgụ nke effector T cells n'otu n'otu na-egosipụta IFN-γ. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> A ka na-arụ ụka banyere ihe ndị na-egosi ule ahụ. A na-enyocha ya maka nchọpụta nke ụkwara nta na-adịghị ahụ anya na ndị ọrịa HIV (ndị na-enwekarị nnyocha Mantoux na-adịghị mma). <ref>{{Cite journal|year=2007|title=Utility of interferon-γ ELISPOT assay responses in highly tuberculosis-exposed patients with advanced HIV infection in South Africa|journal=BMC Infectious Diseases|volume=7|doi=10.1186/1471-2334-7-99|pmid=17725839}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}}{{Tuberculosis}} d87i8tmq12k6rb3gp4la0wlqv7bix9n 0 75362 632445 2026-05-09T16:03:08Z Ozims Divine 24949 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1327747734|Clarisse Coignet]]" 632445 wikitext text/x-wiki   Clarisse Coignet (1823–1918) bụ ọkà ihe ọmụma omume, onye nkuzi, na onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke France. Ọ na-esonyekwa na ngagharị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị a na-akpọ La Morale independante, nke kwalitere echiche na omume dị iche na sayensị na okpukperechi..<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=A History of Women Philosophers: Modern Women Philosophers, 1600–1900|author=Waithe|first=M.E.|publisher=Springer Science + Business Media, B.V.|year=1991|isbn=9780792309314|location=Dordrecht|pages=}}</ref> == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == A mụrụ Coignet na Montagney, obodo nke Rougemont. Nna ya bụ Joseph Gauthier, bụ ọkaibe n'ịkpụ ihe, ebe nne ya bụ Virginie Génisset bụ prọfesọ nke akwụkwọ Latin na mahadum dị naBesançon.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.charlesfourier.fr/spip.php?article1006|title=charlesfourier.fr|work=www.charlesfourier.fr|accessdate=2020-01-15}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa nwa nwanne nwanyị nke onye edemede Clarisse Vigour na nwa nwanne Victor Considerant.<ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 1850, Coignet lụrụ Francois Coignet, <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://maitron.fr/coignet-clarisse-nee-gauthier/|title=COIGNET Clarisse, née GAUTHIER. - Maitron|work=maitron-en-ligne.univ-paris1.fr|accessdate=2025-12-15}}</ref> onye injinia obodo na onye mmepụta ihe a ma ama na France. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Engineers: From the Great Pyramids to the Pioneers of Space Travel|author=Hart-Davis|first=Adam|date=2012|publisher=Penguin|isbn=9780756692643|location=London|pages=243}}</ref> Di na nwunye ahụ mụrụ ụmụ atọ, gụnyere Lucy Coignet, nwunye Count Gérando-Teleki.<ref name=":3" /> == Mmụta ọha na eze == A na-ewere Coignet dị ka onye dị mkpa na ngagharị mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke French nke a na-akpọ La Morale independente, nke pụtara na narị afọ nke 18. Karịsịa, o gosipụtara mmetụta ya mgbe ọ ghọrọ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ kwalitere ebumnuche ya, nke lekwasịrị anya na echiche ndị na-eme ka ndị mmadụ nwee mmasị na Mgbanwe nke French na ime ka agụmakwụkwọ bụrụ ihe nzuzo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/coignet-clarisse-1823|title=Coignet, Clarisse (1823–?) {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|work=www.encyclopedia.com|accessdate=2020-01-15}}</ref> Ọrụ mbụ nke Coignet metụtara mgbanwe nke usoro agụmakwụkwọ French mgbe akpọsachara French Third Republic.rị.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=A History of Women Philosophers: Modern Women Philosophers, 1600–1900|author=Waithe|first=M.E.|publisher=Springer Science + Business Media, B.V.|year=1991|isbn=9780792309314|location=Dordrecht|pages=}}</ref> Nke a gosipụtara, dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ịgbachitere agụmakwụkwọ ọha na eze nke e bipụtara na 1856 yana akụkọ ya banyere ndụ Elisa Grimailh Lemonnier, onye nkuzi nke guzobere ụlọ akwụkwọ ọkachamara maka ụmụ agbọghọ.<ref name=":1" /> 1873, ọ katọrọ Katọlik dị ka "ngosipụta kachasị ike nke ọchịchị aka ike ọgụgụ isi nke uche mmadụ gosipụtarala.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Culture Wars and Literature in the French Third Republic|author=Chaitin|first=Gilbert D.|date=2009|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-0929-0|location=Newcastle upon Tyne|pages=106}}</ref> A makwaara Coignet maka akụkọ ndụ ya banyere ndị ikwu ya, dị ka Clarisse Vigoureux <ref>{{Cite book|title=Victor Considerant and the Rise and Fall of French Romantic Socialism|author=Beecher|first=Jonathan|date=2001|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-22297-0|location=Berkeley|pages=87}}</ref> na nwa nwanne ya nwoke Victor na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya. <ref>{{Cite book|title=In the Presence of the Past: Essays in Honor of Frank Manuel|author=Bienvenu|first=R. T.|date=2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-010-5675-5|location=Berlin|pages=118}}</ref> == Omume Onwe Ya == Coignet tụrụ aro echiche ya nke ịmalite omume onwe onye, nke gosipụtara okwu ndị a tụlere na mkparịta ụka nkà ihe ọmụma nke oge ya.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Neglected Canon: Nine Women Philosophers: First to the Twentieth Century|author=Dykeman|first=T.|date=2013-06-29|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9789048153145|location=Berlin|pages=270}}</ref> Isi ihe o kwuru bụ na ekwesighi ịdabere na sayensị ma ọ bụ okpukperechi, ebe ọ bụ na mmadụ mepụtara ya. O lere anya na ozizi a n'akwụkwọ e bipụtara nke a kpọrọ La Morale independante dans son principe et son objet (1869), nke nwekwara mmetụta ụfọdụ site n'aka ụfọdụ ndị Immanuel Kant wetara.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The A to Z of Feminist Philosophy|author=Gardner|first=Catherine Villanueva|date=2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6839-7|location=Lanham, MD|pages=47}}</ref> Dịka onye na-eche echiche si kwuo, nnwere onwe bụ ụkpụrụ mbụ a na-apụghị ịgbanwe agbanwe nke ndụ mmadụ, ya mere, nke sayensị omume.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=A History of Women Philosophers: Modern Women Philosophers, 1600–1900|author=Waithe|first=M.E.|publisher=Springer Science + Business Media, B.V.|year=1991|isbn=9780792309314|location=Dordrecht|pages=}}</ref> Echiche Coignet gosipụtara echiche nke nnwere onwe dị ka ntọala nke omume ọma dị n'ime, nke dị iche na omume ọma dịpụrụ adịpụ, nke sitere na nkà ihe ọmụma ma ọ bụ sayensị okike.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Roots of Wisdom: A Tapestry of Philosophical Traditions, Sixth Edition|author=Mitchell|first=Helen Buss|date=2010|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-80896-1|location=Boston, MA|pages=369}}</ref> A kọwara nke a n'ihe gbasara onye isi agbụrụ nke na-eti nwunye ya ihe mgbe niile. Nwanyị ahụ kwụsịrị ya mgbe ọ ghọtara uru ya na nnwere onwe ya, na-enye ya ohere ile di ya anya n'ụzọ mkparị, na-akpọte akọ na uche ya n'ihi ya.<ref name=":2" /> Dị ka onye na-eche echiche si kwuo, nnwere onwe bụ ụkpụrụ mbụ a na-apụghị ibelata nke ịdị adị mmadụ na, ya mere, nke sayensị omume.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Ethics|author=Becker|first=Lawrence C.|date=2001|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0415936721|location=Oxon|pages=1825}}</ref> Coignet mekwara ka arụmụka ya gbasara omume ọma na okpukpe doo anya n'akwụkwọ {{Lang|fr|De Kant a Bergson: reconciliation de la religion et de la science dans un spiritualisme nouveu}} (1911).<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=A History of Women Philosophers: Modern Women Philosophers, 1600–1900|author=Waithe|first=M.E.|publisher=Springer Science + Business Media, B.V.|year=1991|isbn=9780792309314|location=Dordrecht|pages=}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Ethics|author=Becker|first=Lawrence C.|date=2001|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0415936721|location=Oxon|pages=1825}}</ref> == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] eeqpyq9rzrcfpvd10a5kajhwppsc86f 0 75363 632446 2026-05-09T16:17:47Z Ozims Divine 24949 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1264222381|Madeleine Colani]]" 632446 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Portrait_of_Madeleine_Colani_(1866-1943)_(cropped).jpg|thumb|302x302px|Madeleine Colani]] '''Madeleine Colani''' (Ọgọst 13, 1866 - Juun 2, 1943) bụ onye ọkà mmụta ihe ochie nke mba Frans si Ecole Francaise d'Extreme Orient . Colani bụ "onye ọrụ ubi ọsụ ụzọ nke jikọtara ọrụ nke ndị ọkà mmụta ala, ndị ọkà mmụta paleobotanist, ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie, na ndị ọkà mmụta omenala.. " A maara ya nke ọma maka ịchọpụta ọdịbendị Hoabinhian site na ihe dịka 16,000 BCE, na maka nyocha ya na Plain of Jars. == Akụkọ ndụ == N'afọ 1899, Colani rutere Vietnam ịkụzi ihe, na 1914, ọ laghachiri France iji nweta nzere doctorate ya. Site na 1920 ruo 1927, ọ rụrụ ọrụ maka ụlọ ọrụ geology nke Indo-Chinese. O nyere aka nke ukwuu na nkà mmụta ihe ochie Vietnamese, ọkachasị gbasara Sa Huỳnh Culture. O mere nnyocha ihe mgbe ochie na Nghệ An Province, Quảng Bình Province na Hạ Long Bay na Vietnam na Plain of Jars na Laos. O "depụtara ihe dị ka saịtị 20 ndị ọzọ na mpaghara ahụ". Ọrụ ya chọtara ọtụtụ ihe ndị fọdụrụ n'ọkpụkpụ na ihe ndị e ji aka rụọ dịka ọkpụkpụ mmadụ, nkume na iko, na ngwa ígwè. Ọrụ ndị ọzọ nke ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie ndị ọzọ egbowo aka site na ngwá agha ndị a na-agbawaghị agbawa n'ógbè ahụ site na Agha Vietnam. Colani bụ isi iyi maka nghọta nke taa banyere ite nkume megalithic na Plain of Jars, na-enyocha ma na-arụ ụka "n'ụzọ doro arịa" na ha bụ ite, nke a na-eji eme ememe olili ozu. Ọrụ ya nke 1930 n'isiokwu a, The Megaliths of Upper Laos, bụ "onyinye dị ukwuu nke Colani na akwụkwọ nchọpụta ihe ochie".<ref name="NYT-2012" /> Ọ nwụrụ n'afọ 1943 na Hanoi . == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == * Colani M. (1927). Oge Nkume na mpaghara Hoa Binh. Ihe ncheta nke Indochina Geological Service 13 * Colani, Madeleine (1930). ''Megaliths nke Upper Laos''. == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist}} 720xhmxb6f8o4bhetv01ikgdfsc3sui 0 75364 632448 2026-05-09T16:46:49Z Adwjonathan 61458 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330623228|Guy Chantepleure]]" 632448 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Jeanne-Caroline Augusta Violet Dussap''' (1 Febụwarị 1870 na Paris - 26 June 1951 na Mayenne) bụ onye edemede France nke dere akwụkwọ n'okpuru aha Guy Chantepleure ma ọ bụ Guy de Chantepleure. A na-echeta ya nke ọma maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ya bụ Ma conscience en robe rose (1895), nke e nyere ya ihe nrite Montyon 1896.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Guy de Chantepleure (La gran dama de la novela romántica)|url=https://capitulo1.escueladeformaciondeescritores.es/guy-de-chantepleure|work=Capítulo 1|accessdate=16 June 2022|language=es|date=27 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Boeckh|first=Katrin|title=The Wars of Yesterday: The Balkan Wars and the Emergence of Modern Military Conflict, 1912-13|date=31 January 2018|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-78533-775-8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Bookseller and the Stationery Trades' Journal: An Illustrated Monthly Record of the Book, Stationery, Leather Goods, and Allied Trades|date=1900|publisher=Bookseller and Stationery Trades Journal|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Williams|first=Tami|title=Germaine Dulac: A Cinema of Sensations|date=15 June 2014|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=978-0-252-09636-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Office|first=Library of Congress Copyright|title=Catalog of Copyright Entries. New Series: 1931|date=1932|publisher=Copyright Office, Library of Congress|language=en}}</ref> Ọ lụrụ [[Edgar Dussap]], onye nnọchi anya mba ofesi nke jere ozi dị ka Kọnsul General na Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman, Gris na Australia.<ref name="S160532">{{Cite news|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/230111976|title=Topics for Women|work=The Sun|page=10|date=16 May 1932|accessdate=12 November 2024}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} dnloo3zly7ut348b9bdaoh4b4ljp9ic 0 75365 632449 2026-05-09T17:31:27Z Miracle2024 59960 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341324763|Nina Companeez]]" 632449 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''Nina Companeez''' (26 Ọgọst 1937 - 9 Eprel 2015) bụ onye France na-ede ihe nkiri na Onye nduzi ihe nkiri.<ref name="NY Times">{{Cite web|url=https://movies.nytimes.com/person/85630/Nina-Companeez|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102125059/http://movies.nytimes.com/person/85630/Nina-Companeez|archivedate=2 November 2012|work=[[The New York Times]]|publisher=[[Baseline (database)|Baseline]] & [[All Movie Guide]]|date=2012|title=New York Times: Nina Companéez|accessdate=9 April 2015}}</ref> Nina Companeez was the younger daughter of Russian Jewish émigré screenwriter Jacques Companéez and younger sister of contralto Irène Companeez. She was the mother of actress Valentine Varela. Companeez bụ onye na-arụkọ ọrụ ogologo oge na Michel Deville.O dere edemede maka ihe nkiri iri abụọ na itoolu na ihe ngosi telivishọn. Na Eprel 2015, ọ nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri asaa na asaa.<ref name="death">{{Cite web|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2015/04/09/97001-20150409FILWWW00375-deces-de-la-realisatrice-de-television-et-de-cinema-nina-companeez.php|title=écès de la réalisatrice de télévision et de cinéma Nina Companeez|accessdate=9 April 2015|work=lefigaro}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri ndị a họọrọ == === Onye edemede ===    === Onye na-eme ihe nkiri === * ''Benjamin'' (1968) - Onye ọbịa (onye a na-edeghị aha ya) * Bye bye, Barbara (1969) - Onye nduzi nke ụlọ ọrụ na-akpọ oku (enweghị aha) * The Bear and the Doll (1970) - Dame en blanche (enweghị aha) == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == o6a7sgoe6c3aabpuw5tqzki1rejz1yh 632450 632449 2026-05-09T17:31:47Z Quinlan83 12227 Fix 632450 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nina Companeez''' (26 Ọgọst 1937 - 9 Eprel 2015) bụ onye France na-ede ihe nkiri na Onye nduzi ihe nkiri.<ref name="NY Times">{{Cite web|url=https://movies.nytimes.com/person/85630/Nina-Companeez|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102125059/http://movies.nytimes.com/person/85630/Nina-Companeez|archivedate=2 November 2012|work=[[The New York Times]]|publisher=[[Baseline (database)|Baseline]] & [[All Movie Guide]]|date=2012|title=New York Times: Nina Companéez|accessdate=9 April 2015}}</ref> Nina Companeez was the younger daughter of Russian Jewish émigré screenwriter Jacques Companéez and younger sister of contralto Irène Companeez. She was the mother of actress Valentine Varela. Companeez bụ onye na-arụkọ ọrụ ogologo oge na Michel Deville.O dere edemede maka ihe nkiri iri abụọ na itoolu na ihe ngosi telivishọn. Na Eprel 2015, ọ nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri asaa na asaa.<ref name="death">{{Cite web|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2015/04/09/97001-20150409FILWWW00375-deces-de-la-realisatrice-de-television-et-de-cinema-nina-companeez.php|title=écès de la réalisatrice de télévision et de cinéma Nina Companeez|accessdate=9 April 2015|work=lefigaro}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri ndị a họọrọ == === Onye edemede ===    === Onye na-eme ihe nkiri === * ''Benjamin'' (1968) - Onye ọbịa (onye a na-edeghị aha ya) * Bye bye, Barbara (1969) - Onye nduzi nke ụlọ ọrụ na-akpọ oku (enweghị aha) * The Bear and the Doll (1970) - Dame en blanche (enweghị aha) == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == 061tz07l9erqqedkxatsmh1n16zx6ak 0 75366 632451 2026-05-09T17:41:02Z Adwjonathan 61458 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1281237061|Henriette Chandet]]" 632451 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Henriette Chandet''' (2 Nọvemba 1901 - 8 June 1989) bụ onye France Katọlik na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị, onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ, na onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, <ref name="Stewart2018">{{Cite book|author=Stewart|first=Mary Lynn|title=Gender, Generation, and Journalism in France, 1910-1940|date=20 June 2018|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP|isbn=978-0-7735-5401-6|pages=196–97|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sHleDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA196|accessdate=27 October 2023|language=en}}</ref> amụrụ na Paris na 2 Nọvember 1901. <ref name="familysearch">{{Cite web|title=Henriette Rose Chandet|url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:CRPC-QN3Z|work=familysearch.org|accessdate=27 October 2023}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nduzi nke akwụkwọ akụkọ L'Union nationale des femmes ([[Union Nationale pour le Vote des Femmes|National Union for the Vote of Women]]), <ref name="Stewart2018" /> nke Union Nationale pour le Vote des Femmes (UNVF). Chandet natara Prix d'Académie [fr] (1956), Prix Broquette-Gonin (nkà ihe ọmụma) (1958), na Prix Broquettes-Gonin (1962). <ref name="Académie">{{Cite web|title=Henriette CHANDET|url=https://www.academie-francaise.fr/henriette-chandet|work=www.academie-francaise.fr|publisher=Académie française|accessdate=27 October 2023|language=fr}}</ref> Ọ nwụrụ na Massaguel na 8 June 1989. <ref name="familysearch" /> == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == * 1956, Prix d'Académie (''Ndụ nzuzo nke Eze Nwanyị Eugenia'') * 1958, Prix Broquette-Gonin (nkà ihe ọmụma) (Louis, Prince impérial) * 1962, Prix Broquette-Gonin (akwụkwọ) (''Napoleon nke Atọ, nwoke nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ'') * Wọ́n sọ orúkọ òdòdó Henriette Chandet ní àwọ̀ osàn-kọrálì, wọ́n sì fi ṣe àmì-ẹ̀yẹ rẹ̀..<ref name="Debener2003">{{Cite book|author=Debener|first=Thomas|title=Encyclopedia of Rose Science|date=27 October 2003|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-08-091797-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yizJK-4wJYsC&pg=PT2171|accessdate=27 October 2023|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị ahọpụtara == === Akwụkwọ === * La Merveilleuse aventure du général de Gaulle: racontée aux petits Français par Henriette Chandet. Dessins de Michel Haguenauer. Suivie de l'aventure du Général de Lattre de Tassigny et du Général Leclerc (Éditions Gutenberg, 1945) (ederede) * ''Le vrai roman de la dame aux camélias: roman (Ed. de Savoie, 1945) (ederede)'' * Le procès Maurras (Éditions de Savoie, 1945) (ederede) * Cinq personnes sans alibi: onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị roman(L. Sezanne, 1945) (ederede) * Sophie Dawes: roman (Les Éditions des quatre-vents, 1946) (ederede) * La Duchesse de Praslin (Éditions Gutenberg (Impr. réunies), 1946) (ederede) * Les portes sont murées (A. Fayard, 1948) (ederede) La vie privée de l'impératrice Eugénie (ya na Suzanne Desternes; Hachette, 1955) (ederede) * La Vida privada de la emperatriz Eugenia (ya na Suzanne Desternes; Vergara, 1956) (ederede) * Louis, Prince Imperial, 1856-1879 (ya na Suzanne Desternes; Hachette, 1957) (ederede) * Eugenie, Weltdame und Kaiserin (La vie privee de l'impéatrice Eugénie, dt. - [Uebertr.] v. Kurt Wagenseil (1957) (ederede) * Cuisine sans frontières (ya na Suzanne Desternes; Pierre Horay, 1959) (ederede) * L'Algérie sans mensonge (ya na Raymond Cartier & Hubert de Segonzac; Hachette, 1960) (ederede) * Napoléon III: homme du XXe siècle (ya na Suzanne Desternes; Hachette, 1961) (ederede) * Cocina de urgencia (ya na Suzanne Desternes; General Fabril, 1961) (ederede) * Les recettes de Madame Express (Horay, 1961) (ederede) * Maximilien et Charlotte (ya na Suzanne Desternes; ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ Perrin, 1964) (ederede) * L'impératrice Eugénie intime (ya na Suzanne Desternes; Hachette, 1964) (ederede) * Maximiliano y Carlota (ya na Suzanne Desternes; DIANA, 1968) (ederede) * La Malibran et Pauline Viardot (ya na Suzanne Desternes & Alice Viardot; Fayard, 1969) (ederede) * Nri ngwa ngwa (ya na Suzanne Desternes; P. Horay, 1973) (ederede) * Na l'appelait la Dame aux camélias (Press de la Cité, 1973) (ederede) * S.M. Bao Daï, empereur d'Annam, l'un des plus jeunes, l'un des plus modernes souverains du monde (Emebeghị ụbọchị) (ederede) === Isiokwu === * "Le roman de la Princesse Gauloise" (na ''Egwuregwu Paris'', 8 August 1953) (ihe odide) == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|30em}}{{authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandet, Henriette}} c7r5atekv9w5e3woo9ldyk61ai7jp0d 632452 632451 2026-05-09T17:41:18Z Quinlan83 12227 Fix 632452 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Henriette Chandet''' (2 Nọvemba 1901 - 8 June 1989) bụ onye France Katọlik na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị, onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ, na onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, <ref name="Stewart2018">{{Cite book|author=Stewart|first=Mary Lynn|title=Gender, Generation, and Journalism in France, 1910-1940|date=20 June 2018|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP|isbn=978-0-7735-5401-6|pages=196–97|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sHleDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA196|accessdate=27 October 2023|language=en}}</ref> amụrụ na Paris na 2 Nọvember 1901. <ref name="familysearch">{{Cite web|title=Henriette Rose Chandet|url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:CRPC-QN3Z|work=familysearch.org|accessdate=27 October 2023}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nduzi nke akwụkwọ akụkọ L'Union nationale des femmes ([[Union Nationale pour le Vote des Femmes|National Union for the Vote of Women]]), <ref name="Stewart2018" /> nke Union Nationale pour le Vote des Femmes (UNVF). Chandet natara Prix d'Académie [fr] (1956), Prix Broquette-Gonin (nkà ihe ọmụma) (1958), na Prix Broquettes-Gonin (1962). <ref name="Académie">{{Cite web|title=Henriette CHANDET|url=https://www.academie-francaise.fr/henriette-chandet|work=www.academie-francaise.fr|publisher=Académie française|accessdate=27 October 2023|language=fr}}</ref> Ọ nwụrụ na Massaguel na 8 June 1989. <ref name="familysearch" /> == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == * 1956, Prix d'Académie (''Ndụ nzuzo nke Eze Nwanyị Eugenia'') * 1958, Prix Broquette-Gonin (nkà ihe ọmụma) (Louis, Prince impérial) * 1962, Prix Broquette-Gonin (akwụkwọ) (''Napoleon nke Atọ, nwoke nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ'') * Wọ́n sọ orúkọ òdòdó Henriette Chandet ní àwọ̀ osàn-kọrálì, wọ́n sì fi ṣe àmì-ẹ̀yẹ rẹ̀..<ref name="Debener2003">{{Cite book|author=Debener|first=Thomas|title=Encyclopedia of Rose Science|date=27 October 2003|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-08-091797-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yizJK-4wJYsC&pg=PT2171|accessdate=27 October 2023|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị ahọpụtara == === Akwụkwọ === * La Merveilleuse aventure du général de Gaulle: racontée aux petits Français par Henriette Chandet. Dessins de Michel Haguenauer. Suivie de l'aventure du Général de Lattre de Tassigny et du Général Leclerc (Éditions Gutenberg, 1945) (ederede) * ''Le vrai roman de la dame aux camélias: roman (Ed. de Savoie, 1945) (ederede)'' * Le procès Maurras (Éditions de Savoie, 1945) (ederede) * Cinq personnes sans alibi: onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị roman(L. Sezanne, 1945) (ederede) * Sophie Dawes: roman (Les Éditions des quatre-vents, 1946) (ederede) * La Duchesse de Praslin (Éditions Gutenberg (Impr. réunies), 1946) (ederede) * Les portes sont murées (A. Fayard, 1948) (ederede) La vie privée de l'impératrice Eugénie (ya na Suzanne Desternes; Hachette, 1955) (ederede) * La Vida privada de la emperatriz Eugenia (ya na Suzanne Desternes; Vergara, 1956) (ederede) * Louis, Prince Imperial, 1856-1879 (ya na Suzanne Desternes; Hachette, 1957) (ederede) * Eugenie, Weltdame und Kaiserin (La vie privee de l'impéatrice Eugénie, dt. - [Uebertr.] v. Kurt Wagenseil (1957) (ederede) * Cuisine sans frontières (ya na Suzanne Desternes; Pierre Horay, 1959) (ederede) * L'Algérie sans mensonge (ya na Raymond Cartier & Hubert de Segonzac; Hachette, 1960) (ederede) * Napoléon III: homme du XXe siècle (ya na Suzanne Desternes; Hachette, 1961) (ederede) * Cocina de urgencia (ya na Suzanne Desternes; General Fabril, 1961) (ederede) * Les recettes de Madame Express (Horay, 1961) (ederede) * Maximilien et Charlotte (ya na Suzanne Desternes; ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ Perrin, 1964) (ederede) * L'impératrice Eugénie intime (ya na Suzanne Desternes; Hachette, 1964) (ederede) * Maximiliano y Carlota (ya na Suzanne Desternes; DIANA, 1968) (ederede) * La Malibran et Pauline Viardot (ya na Suzanne Desternes & Alice Viardot; Fayard, 1969) (ederede) * Nri ngwa ngwa (ya na Suzanne Desternes; P. Horay, 1973) (ederede) * Na l'appelait la Dame aux camélias (Press de la Cité, 1973) (ederede) * S.M. Bao Daï, empereur d'Annam, l'un des plus jeunes, l'un des plus modernes souverains du monde (Emebeghị ụbọchị) (ederede) === Isiokwu === * "Le roman de la Princesse Gauloise" (na ''Egwuregwu Paris'', 8 August 1953) (ihe odide) == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|30em}}{{authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandet, Henriette}} fdrrq5q2f4nsfacsj4kk30c048vwg40 0 75367 632453 2026-05-09T17:47:58Z Anastesia chi 23720 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1299254986|Marie-Madeleine Gauthier]]" 632453 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Marie-Madeleine Gauthier''' (25 Eprel 1920 - 20 Mee 1998) bụ onye French na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na onye edemede. A mụrụ Gauthier na Langon, Gironde, France na 1920. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum dị na Bordeaux ebe ọ malitere inwe mmasị na enamel ochie nke mere ka ọ ghọọ ọkachamara n'ụwa. Ọ bi na US site na 1964 ruo 1967. Ọ nwụrụ na Langon n'afọ 1998. == Akụkọ ndụ == Mgbe amụrụ ya, nna ya, Auguste Coste, bụ onye na-ere mmanya na obere obodo Langon, na mpaghara Graves (wine region). Ọ lụrụ Anne Capdeville wee biri na Cours des Fossés, Langon . <ref>{{Cite web|language=fr|title=Langon - Registres d'état civil - Naissances -1920|url=https://archives.gironde.fr/ark:/25651/vta909a4068f2ac24d6/daogrp/0/14|work=archives.gironde.fr}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke Bordeaux, ebe ọ zụrụ dị ka onye na-elekọta ọ́bá akwụkwọ, ọrụ ọ malitere ọrụ ya dị ka onye nlekọta n'ọ́bá akwụkwọ Limoges.<ref>{{Cite web|language=fr|title=Notice de personne titre=Gauthier, Marie-Madeleine (1920-1998)|url=https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11904396h|work=catalogue.bnf.fr}}</ref> Ọ bụ n'ọnọdụ a ka mmasị ya n'ihe enamel ochie kpaliri, nke mere ka o bipụta akwụkwọ mbụ ya, katalọgụ ihe ngosi, nke ya na di ya, onye osote Fine Arts, haziri na 1948 na ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke obodo ahụ. Nke a sochiri mbipụta nke abụọ na 1950. Na École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), o sonyere na nzukọ ọmụmụ ihe nke André Grabar, onye Ukraine a mụrụ na nka oge ochie na nke Ndị Kraịst, ọkachasị nke Byzantium, onye nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ọrụ ya. Ọ bụ n'ọnọdụ a ka o mere ọmụmụ ihe ya na mmalite narị afọ nke 13 nke Popu Innocent nke Atọ na Limoges enamel ịchọ mma maka ihu nke Confession of St. Peter na Rom, nke o bipụtara na 1964 n'okpuru obere aha Observations préliminaires sur les restes d'un revêtement d'émail chvé fait pour la confession de Saint Pierre à Rome . <ref>{{Cite web|language=fr|author=Julian Gardner|title=Marie-Madeleine Gauthier|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/rvart_0035-1326_1999_num_123_1_348437|work=www.persee.fr}}</ref> Site na 1948 ruo 1987, o bipụtara ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na ederede. Site na 1954 ruo 1963, ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Société archéologique et historique du Limousin. O nyere aka na Encyclopædia Universalis . Ọ bụ onye nlekọta na Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF), ma biri na USA site na 1964 ruo 1967. == Ọrụ == {{Reflist}} * ''Okporo ụzọ nke Okwukwe - ihe ncheta na ihe ncheta site na Jerusalem ruo Compostela'', Wellfleet Press, 1983 == Edensibia == {{Authority control}} 492zelc7twldang32kjdl5sj34676o2 3 75368 632454 2026-05-09T18:00:15Z DolphybBot 61063 Nabata onye ohuru na Igbo Wikipedia! (bot) 632454 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nnọọ|username=Iwuala Judith Chinenyenwa|bot=[[Ojiarụ:DolphybBot|DolphybBot]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:DolphybBot|ṅkátá]]) 18:00, 9 Mee 2026 (UTC)}} euoabi1jrsiij1vorqobxojjtwz6onh 3 75369 632455 2026-05-09T18:00:25Z DolphybBot 61063 Nabata onye ohuru na Igbo Wikipedia! (bot) 632455 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nnọọ|username=OGA Goody|bot=[[Ojiarụ:DolphybBot|DolphybBot]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:DolphybBot|ṅkátá]]) 18:00, 9 Mee 2026 (UTC)}} 9kdb61on33j1laj5ccqgbwhgsjewak4 0 75370 632456 2026-05-09T18:04:11Z Anastesia chi 23720 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340949632|Claude Gauvard]]" 632456 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Claude Gauvard''' bụ onye France na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọkachamara n'oge etiti. Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Société de l'histoire de France kemgbe afọ 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shfrance.org/actu.htm|title=SHF Actualité|work=www.shfrance.org}}</ref> == Ndụ == Ọ bụ onye enyemaka na Mahadum Rouen na 1969, mgbe ahụ na Sorbonne na 1971. Ọ bụ prọfesọ na Pantheon - Mahadum Sorbonne . Na 1989, ọ gbachitere akara mmụta doctoral ya, Crime, État et société en France à la fin du Moyen Âge (nke natara Malesherbes Prize na Gobert Award site na Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres). N'afọ 1990, ọ ghọrọ prọfesọ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke oge etiti na Mahadum nke Reims. Ọ laghachiri na Mahadum Panthéon-Sorbonne na 1992, ebe ọ kụziri akụkọ ihe mere eme nke oge etiti ruo afọ 2009. == Ọrụ == * Ọ bụ amara pụrụ iche. Mpụ, Ọchịchị na Ọha na France na ngwụcha Oge Ụwa, 2 mpịakọta. , Paris, mbipụta nke Sorbonne, 1991 (E bipụtaghachiri 2010), * Ọ bụrụ na ị chọrọ ịsị ya. , La renommée, n° nke magazin Médiévales, 24 (1993). * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * Françoise Autrand & Jean-Marie Moeglin (onye ndu), Saint-Denis et la royauté: études offerées à Bernard Guenée, Paris, Publications de la Sorbonne, 1999. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * Pierre Boglioni &Robert Delort (dir.), Le petit peuple dans l'Occident médiéval: terminologies, perceptions, réalités: actes du Congrès international tenu à l'Université de Montréal (18-23 October 1999), Paris, Publications de la Sorbonne, 2002. * Jean-Louis Robert (dir.), Être parisien: actes du colloque haziri site na ụlọ akwụkwọ doctoral nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Mahadum Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne na Federation of Historical and Archaeological Societies of Paris-Île-de-France (26-28 Septemba 2002), Paris, Publications de la Sorbonne, 2004. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * Jacques Chiffoleau & Andrea Zorzi (dir.), Pratiques sociales et politiques judiciaires dans les villes de l'Occident à la fin du Moyen Âge, Rome, École française de Rome, 2007. * Ọ bụrụ na ị chọrọ ịsị ya. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * Ọ bụrụ na ị chọrọ ịsị ya. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * Loïc Cadiet, Frédéric Chauvaud, Pauline Schmitt-Pantel & Myriam Tsikounas (ed.), Figures de femmes criminelles de l'Antiquité à nos jours, Paris, Publications de la Sorbonne, 2010. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Akụkọ onwe onye nke afọ 2013 * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Akụkọ onwe onye nke afọ 2013 * France na Middle Ages nke narị afọ nke ise ruo na nke iri na ise, Paris, PUF, 2014 * N'okpuru nduzi ya na nke Jean-François Sirinelli, Dictionnaire de l'historien, PUF, 2015, 786 peeji. * N'okpuru nduzi ya, Une histoire de France, Paris, PUF, 2017. * Ikpe ọnwụ n'oge ụwa na-emepechabeghị anya. Omume nke ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ na France XIIIe-XVe siècle, Paris, PUF, 2018. == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{authority control}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] ipl7glimps0thhu4ffxoqzrl99ep03k 0 75371 632457 2026-05-09T18:29:40Z Miracle2024 59960 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1331777607|Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch]]" 632457 wikitext text/x-wiki  Edesibia{{Reflist}}Edensibia<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />'''Nnyocha ya na-ekwu maka okwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ọchịchị ndị ọzọ yana echiche nke ọchịchị alaeze ukwu na ọchịchị kapitalizim n'Africa.Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch''' (amụrụ na 25 Nọvemba 1935 na Paris) bụ onye France na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na Onye Afrịka. Ọ bụ prọfesọ emeritus na Mahadum Paris Diderot . Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na École normale supérieure de Sèvres na 1959. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=COQUERY-VIDROVITCH Catherine - Société française d'histoire des outre-mers|url=https://www.sfhom.com/spip.php?article113|accessdate=2021-02-15|work=www.sfhom.com}}</ref> O nwetara nzere doctorate nke atọ ya na École pratique des hautes études na 1966.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ bụ onye otu na Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars na [[Washington, D.C.|Washington D.C.]] na 1987, na Shelby Cullom Davis Center for Historical Studies na Mahadum Princeton na 1992, na Humanities Research Center, Mahadum Canberra na Mahadim Canberra. <ref name=":0" /> Nnyocha ya na-ekwu maka okwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ọchịchị ala ọzọ yana echiche nke imperialism na capitalism na Africa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=COQUERY-VIDROVITCH Catherine - Société française d'histoire des outre-mers|url=https://www.sfhom.com/spip.php?article113|accessdate=2021-02-15|work=www.sfhom.com}}</ref> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] dyoyzr0vbwf5rptk74n101bsrvl5qdz 632460 632457 2026-05-09T19:57:37Z Miracle2024 59960 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1331777607|Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch]]" 632460 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> Edesibia{{Reflist}}'''Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch''' (amụrụ na 25 Nọvemba 1935 na Paris) bụ onye France na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na Onye Afrịka. Ọ bụ prọfesọ emeritus na Mahadum Paris Diderot . == Akụkọ ndụ == Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na École normale supérieure de Sèvres na 1959. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=COQUERY-VIDROVITCH Catherine - Société française d'histoire des outre-mers|url=https://www.sfhom.com/spip.php?article113|accessdate=2021-02-15|work=www.sfhom.com}}</ref> O nwetara nzere doctorate nke atọ ya na École pratique des hautes études na 1966.<ref name=":0" />Ọ bụ onye ọbịa n'ebe ahụ Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars na [[Washington, D.C.|Washington D.C.]] 1987, na Shelby Cullom Davis Center for Historical Studies na Mahadum Princeton na 1992, na ebe Humanities Research Center, Mahadum nke Canberra na Mahadim Canberra. <ref name=":0" /> Nnyocha ya na-ekwu maka okwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ọchịchị ala ọzọ yana echiche nke imperialism na capitalism na Africa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=COQUERY-VIDROVITCH Catherine - Société française d'histoire des outre-mers|url=https://www.sfhom.com/spip.php?article113|accessdate=2021-02-15|work=www.sfhom.com}}</ref> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] ofhdvugjwkl74hzhex00o3tcfimi4tt 0 75372 632458 2026-05-09T18:51:04Z Johnnybam 24488 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351126672|List of causes of death by rate]]" 632458 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Template:Static row numbers/styles.css" /> {{Excerpt|Years of potential life lost|By main cause of death in the United States of America}}{{Excerpt|Aging-associated diseases|paragraphs=2,3}} [[Faịlụ:Leading_cause_of_death_world.png|alt=Leading cause of death (2016) (world)|áká_ịkẹngạ|419x419px|Isi ihe kpatara ọnwụ (2016) (ụwa) ]] Ihe na-esonụ bụ ndepụta nke ihe na-akpata ọnwụ mmadụ n'ụwa nile maka afọ dị iche iche nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnwụ ha jikọtara ọnụ haziri. Ụfọdụ ihe ndị e depụtara na-agụnye ọnwụ gụnyekwara n'ime ihe ndị ọzọ dị n'okpuru, na ụfọdụ ihe kpatara ya, ya mere, pasentị nwere ike chịkọta ihe dịka 100%. Ihe ndị a depụtara bụ ihe na-akpata ahụike ozugbo, mana enwere ike ịkọwa ihe kpatara ọnwụ n'ụzọ dị iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ise siga na-ebutekarị ọrịa akpa ume ma ọ bụ ọrịa cancer, na ịṅụ mmanya na-aba n'anya nwere ike ịkpata ọdịda imeju ma ọ bụ ihe mberede ụgbọ ala. Maka ọnụ ọgụgụ na ihe kacha akpata mgbochi, hụ ihe ndị nwere ike igbochi ọnwụ. N'afọ 2002, ihe dị ka nde mmadụ iri ise na asaa nwụrụ. N'afọ 2005, dị ka World Health Organization (WHO) si kwuo site na iji International Classification of Diseases (ICD), ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 58 nwụrụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/cancer|year=2005|author=WHO|title=Cancer|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518221722/https://www.who.int/health-topics/cancer|archivedate=May 18, 2020}}</ref> N'afọ 2010, dị ka Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation si kwuo, nde mmadụ 52.8 nwụrụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|journal=Lancet|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2095–2128|date=December 2012|pmid=23245604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0|url=https://ipa-world.org/society-resources/code/images/95b1494-Lozano%20Mortality%20GBD2010.pdf}}</ref> N'afọ 2016, WHO dekọrọ ọnwụ nde mmadụ 56.7 nke isi ihe kpatara ọnwụ dị ka Ọrịa obi na akwara na-akpata ihe karịrị ọnwụ nde mmadụ 17 (ihe dị ka 31% nke ngụkọta) dịka egosiri na chaatị dị n'akụkụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death|title=The top 10 causes of death|work=www.who.int}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, e nwere ihe dịka. 68 nde mmadụ nwụrụ n'ụwa niile, dị ka akụkọ WHO si kwuo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The top 10 causes of death|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death|accessdate=2024-08-12|work=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;á == Site n'oge == Afọ ole a na-anwụ, kwa 100,000, site na ihe kpatara ya, na 2017, na mgbanwe pasent 2007-2017. === Tebụl Nchịkọta === Tebụl mbụ a na-enye nkọwa zuru ezu nke ụdị na ihe kpatara ya. Isi ihe kpatara ya bụ Ọrịa obi na 31.59% nke ọnwụ niile.  {{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Template:Static row numbers/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="template:sticky header/styles.css" />  <templatestyles src="template:row hover highlight/styles.css" /> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-datatable sticky-header col1left" {{right}} |+Age-standardised Death Rate (per 100,000) in 2017 !Cause !Rate !% {{br}} total !% {{br}} change {{br}} 2007–2017 |- |All causes |737.7 |100% |−14.2 |- ! style="background:#ff6;" |I. Communicable, maternal, neonatal {{br}} and nutritional disorders |143.8 |19.49% |−31.8 |- !Respiratory infections and tuberculosis |50.5 |6.85% |−24.5 |- ![[Tuberculosis]] |14.9 |2.02% |−31.4 |- |Drug-susceptible tuberculosis |13.2 |1.79% |−31.9 |- |Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis without extensive drug resistance |1.6 |0.22% |−28.6 |- |Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis |0.2 |0.03% |−7.7 |- ![[Lower respiratory tract infection|Lower respiratory infections]] |35.4 |4.80% |−21.1 |- ![[Upper respiratory tract infection|Upper respiratory infections]] |0.1 |0.01% |−42.1 |- ![[Otitis media]] |0.0 |0.00% |−50.4 |- ![[Gastrointestinal tract|Enteric]] infections |24.4 |3.31% |−29.9 |- |[[Diarrhea|Diarrhoeal]] diseases |21.6 |2.93% |−30.2 |- |[[Typhoid]] and paratyphoid |1.9 |0.26% |−27.8 |- |(Typhoid fever) |1.6 |0.22% |−29.1 |- |(Paratyphoid fever) |0.3 |0.04% |−18.9 |- |iNTS |0.8 |0.11% |−24.8 |- |Other intestinal infectious diseases |0.0 |0.00% |−44.7 |- !Sexually transmitted infections |13.9 |1.88% |−53.6 |- ![[HIV/AIDS]] |12.1 |1.64% |−56.5 |- |HIV/AIDS – Drug-susceptible Tuberculosis |2.5 |0.34% |−61.1 |- |HIV/AIDS – [[Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis|Multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis]] {{br}} without extensive drug resistance |0.3 |0.04% |−58.1 |- |HIV/AIDS – [[Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis]] |0.0 |0.00% |−20.3 |- |HIV/AIDS resulting in other diseases |9.3 |1.26% |−55.1 |- !Sexually transmitted infections excluding HIV |1.8 |0.24% |−14.4 |- |[[Syphilis]] |1.7 |0.23% |−14.3 |- |[[Chlamydia|Chlamydial]] infection |0.0 |0.00% |−15.2 |- |[[Neisseria gonorrhoeae|Gonococcal]] infection |0.0 |0.00% |−14.9 |- |Other sexually transmitted infections |0.0 |0.00% |−15.9 |- !Neglected tropical diseases and malaria |10.1 |1.37% |−36.1 |- |[[Malaria]] |8.7 |1.18% |−37.3 |- |[[Chagas disease]] |0.1 |0.01% |−21.1 |- |[[Leishmaniasis]] |0.1 |0.01% |−67.8 |- |(Visceral leishmaniasis) |0.1 |0.01% |−67.8 |- |[[African trypanosomiasis]] (sleeping sickness) |0.0 |0.00% |−82.8 |- |[[Schistosomiasis]] |0.1 |0.01% |−28.5 |- |[[Cysticercosis]] |0.0 |0.00% |−27.3 |- |Cystic [[echinococcosis]] |0.0 |0.00% |−41.9 |- |[[Dengue fever|Dengue]] |0.5 |0.07% |40.7 |- |[[Yellow fever]] |0.1 |0.01% |−23.3 |- |[[Rabies]] |0.2 |0.03% |−54.8 |- |Intestinal [[nematode]] infections |0.0 |0.00% |−47.2 |- |([[Ascariasis]]) |0.0 |0.00% |−47.2 |- |[[Ebola]] virus disease |0.0 |0.00% |−98.4 |- |[[Zika fever|Zika]] virus disease |0.0 |0.00% |– |- |Other neglected tropical diseases |0.2 |0.03% |−3.7 |- !Other infectious diseases |11.6 |1.57% |−33.8 |- ![[Meningitis]] |4.0 |0.54% |−27.8 |- |Pneumococcal meningitis |0.6 |0.08% |−22.4 |- |[[Haemophilus influenzae|H influenzae]] type B meningitis |1.1 |0.15% |−40.6 |- |Meningococcal infection |0.4 |0.05% |−37.1 |- |Other meningitis |2.0 |0.27% |−17.3 |- ![[Encephalitis]] |1.2 |0.16% |−14.3 |- ![[Diphtheria]] |0.1 |0.01% |−28.6 |- ![[Whooping cough]] (pertussis) |1.4 |0.19% |−27.1 |- ![[Tetanus]] |0.5 |0.07% |−59.6 |- ![[Measles]] |1.4 |0.19% |−59.3 |- ![[Varicella]] (chickenpox) and [[Shingles|herpes zoster]] (shingles) |0.2 |0.03% |−29.2 |- !Acute [[hepatitis]] |1.6 |0.22% |−24.5 |- |Acute [[hepatitis A]] |0.3 |0.04% |−38.7 |- |Acute [[hepatitis B]] |1.1 |0.15% |−19.6 |- |Acute [[hepatitis C]] |0.0 |0.00% |−32.1 |- |Acute [[hepatitis E]] |0.2 |0.03% |−25.8 |- !Other unspecified infectious diseases |1.1 |0.15% |−13.4 |- !Maternal and neonatal disorders |29.5 |4.00% |−26.6 |- !Maternal disorders |2.5 |0.34% |−30.7 |- |Maternal [[Bleeding|haemorrhage]] |0.5 |0.07% |−56.4 |- |Maternal [[sepsis]] and other pregnancy related infections |0.3 |0.04% |−33.5 |- |Maternal [[Hypertension|hypertensive]] disorders |0.4 |0.05% |−13.0 |- |Maternal obstructed labour and [[uterine rupture]] |0.2 |0.03% |−25.2 |- |Maternal abortive outcome |0.2 |0.03% |−15.7 |- |[[Ectopic pregnancy]] |0.1 |0.01% |−19.2 |- |Indirect maternal deaths |0.4 |0.05% |−12.5 |- |Late maternal deaths |0.0 |0.00% |−9.5 |- |Maternal deaths aggravated by HIV/AIDS |0.0 |0.00% |−32.1 |- |Other maternal disorders |0.3 |0.04% |−16.5 |- !Neonatal disorders |27.1 |3.67% |−26.2 |- |Neonatal [[preterm birth]] |9.9 |1.34% |−28.1 |- |[[Neonatal encephalopathy]] due to [[Perinatal asphyxia|birth asphyxia]] and trauma |8.1 |1.10% |−26.5 |- |[[Neonatal sepsis]] and other [[Neonatal infection|neonatal infections]] |3.1 |0.42% |−14.4 |- |[[Hemolytic disease of the newborn|Hemolytic disease]] and other [[neonatal jaundice]] |0.7 |0.09% |−39.3 |- |Other neonatal disorders |5.3 |0.72% |−25.7 |- ![[Malnutrition|Nutritional deficiencies]] |3.8 |0.52% |−33.6 |- |Protein-energy malnutrition |3.3 |0.45% |−34.6 |- |Other nutritional deficiencies |0.5 |0.07% |−25.8 |- ! style="background:#ff6;" |II. Non-communicable diseases |536.1 |72.67% |−7.9 |- ![[Cardiovascular disease|Cardiovascular diseases]] |233.1 |31.60% |−10.3 |- |Rheumatic heart disease |3.7 |0.50% |−21.3 |- |Ischaemic heart disease |116.9 |15.85% |−9.7 |- !Stroke |80.5 |10.91% |−13.6 |- |Ischaemic stroke |36.6 |4.96% |−11.8 |- |Intracerebral hemorrhage |38.2 |5.18% |−15.7 |- |Subarachnoid hemorrhage |5.7 |0.77% |−9.4 |- !Hypertensive heart disease |12.3 |1.67% |7.5 |- !Non-rheumatic valvular heart disease |2.0 |0.27% |−5.3 |- |Non-rheumatic calcific aortic valve disease |1.4 |0.19% |−1.0 |- |Non-rheumatic degenerative mitral valve disease |0.5 |0.07% |−14.0 |- |Other non-rheumatic valve diseases |0.1 |0.01% |−17.8 |- !Cardiomyopathy and myocarditis |4.8 |0.65% |−16.6 |- |Myocarditis |0.6 |0.08% |−13.3 |- |Alcoholic cardiomyopathy |1.1 |0.15% |−40.5 |- |Other cardiomyopathy |3.1 |0.42% |−3.6 |- !Atrial fibrillation and flutter |4.0 |0.54% |2.6 |- !Aortic aneurysm |2.2 |0.30% |−8.5 |- !Peripheral vascular disease |1.0 |0.14% |10.5 |- !Endocarditis |1.1 |0.15% |1.0 |- !Other cardiovascular and circulatory diseases |4.7 |0.64% |−7.9 |- ![[Neoplasm|Neoplasms]] |121.2 |16.43% |−4.4 |- |Lip and [[Oral cancer|oral cavity cancer]] |2.4 |0.33% |4.0 |- |[[Nasopharyngeal carcinoma|Nasopharynx cancer]] |0.9 |0.12% |−3.0 |- |Other pharynx cancer |1.4 |0.19% |7.9 |- |[[Esophageal cancer|Oesophageal cancer]] |5.5 |0.75% |−14.5 |- |[[Stomach cancer]] |11.0 |1.49% |−17.1 |- |[[Colorectal cancer|Colon and rectum cancer]] |11.5 |1.56% |−4.3 |- |[[Liver cancer]] |10.2 |1.38% |−2.5 |- |(Liver cancer due to hepatitis B) |4.0 |0.54% |−6.2 |- |(Liver cancer due to hepatitis C) |3.0 |0.41% |−2.1 |- |(Liver cancer due to alcohol use) |1.6 |0.22% |0.6 |- |(Liver cancer due to [[Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease|NASH]]) |0.8 |0.11% |7.6 |- |(Liver cancer due to other causes) |0.8 |0.11% |−0.9 |- |[[Gallbladder cancer|Gallbladder]] and [[Cholangiocarcinoma|biliary tract cancer]] |2.2 |0.30% |−6.7 |- |[[Pancreatic cancer]] |5.6 |0.76% |4.8 |- |[[Laryngeal cancer|Larynx cancer]] |1.6 |0.22% |−7.7 |- |Tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer |23.7 |3.21% |−2.0 |- |[[Melanoma|Malignant skin melanoma]] |0.8 |0.11% |−5.1 |- |Non-melanoma [[skin cancer]] |0.8 |0.11% |2.7 |- |(Non-melanoma skin cancer ([[Squamous cell carcinoma|squamous-cell carcinoma]])) |0.8 |0.11% |2.7 |- |Breast cancer |7.6 |1.03% |−2.6 |- |[[Cervical cancer]] |3.2 |0.43% |−7.2 |- |[[Uterine cancer]] |1.1 |0.15% |−10.4 |- |[[Ovarian cancer]] |2.2 |0.30% |−1.0 |- |[[Prostate cancer]] |5.5 |0.75% |−2.5 |- |[[Testicular cancer]] |0.1 |0.01% |−9.4 |- |[[Kidney cancer]] |1.8 |0.24% |−1.3 |- |[[Bladder cancer]] |2.6 |0.35% |−5.4 |- |[[Brain tumor|Brain]] and nervous system cancer |3.1 |0.42% |3.8 |- |[[Thyroid cancer]] |0.5 |0.07% |−1.2 |- |[[Mesothelioma]] |0.4 |0.05% |−3.4 |- |[[Hodgkin lymphoma]] |0.4 |0.05% |−16.8 |- |[[Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma]] |3.2 |0.43% |0.1 |- |[[Multiple myeloma]] |1.4 |0.19% |−0.4 |- ![[Leukemia|Leukaemia]] |4.5 |0.61% |−9.6 |- |[[Acute lymphoblastic leukemia|Acute lymphoid leukaemia]] |0.7 |0.09% |−1.5 |- |[[Chronic lymphocytic leukemia|Chronic lymphoid leukaemia]] |0.5 |0.07% |−10.3 |- |[[Acute myeloid leukemia|Acute myeloid leukaemia]] |1.3 |0.18% |−1.0 |- |[[Chronic myelogenous leukemia|Chronic myeloid leukaemia]] |0.3 |0.04% |−19.9 |- |Other leukaemia |1.8 |0.24% |−15.6 |- !Other malignant cancers |4.6 |0.62% |0.1 |- !Other neoplasms |1.3 |0.18% |7.4 |- |[[Myelodysplastic syndrome|Myelodysplastic]], [[Myeloproliferative neoplasm|myeloproliferative]] and {{br}} other hematopoietic neoplasms |1.3 |0.18% |7.1 |- |Other benign and [[Carcinoma in situ|in situ neoplasms]] |0.1 |0.01% |15.5 |- !Chronic respiratory diseases |51.4 |6.97% |−14.2 |- |Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |42.2 |5.72% |−13.6 |- |Pneumoconiosis |0.3 |0.04% |−16.7 |- |(Silicosis) |0.1 |0.01% |−15.5 |- |(Asbestosis) |0.0 |0.00% |−8.3 |- |(Coal workers pneumoconiosis) |0.0 |0.00% |−26.6 |- |(Other pneumoconiosis) |0.0 |0.00% |−17.5 |- |Asthma |6.3 |0.85% |−23.9 |- |Interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis |1.9 |0.26% |11.4 |- |Other chronic respiratory diseases |0.7 |0.09% |−3.2 |- !Digestive diseases |30.3 |4.11% |−10.7 |- !Cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases |16.5 |2.24% |−9.7 |- |Cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases due to hepatitis B |4.8 |0.65% |−14.3 |- |Cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases due to hepatitis C |4.2 |0.57% |−8.4 |- |Cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases due to alcohol use |4.1 |0.56% |−8.8 |- |Cirrhosis due to NASH |1.5 |0.20% |−1.4 |- |Cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases due to other causes |1.9 |0.26% |−8.6 |- !Upper digestive system diseases |3.8 |0.52% |−21.6 |- |Peptic ulcer disease |3.1 |0.42% |−23.5 |- |Gastritis and duodenitis |0.7 |0.09% |−11.7 |- !Appendicitis |0.6 |0.08% |−17.0 |- !Paralytic ileus and intestinal obstruction |3.2 |0.43% |−5.8 |- !Inguinal, femoral, and abdominal hernia |0.6 |0.08% |−8.9 |- !Inflammatory bowel disease |0.5 |0.07% |−10.5 |- !Vascular intestinal disorders |1.3 |0.18% |−10.2 |- !Gallbladder and biliary diseases |1.5 |0.20% |−5.0 |- !Pancreatitis |1.3 |0.18% |−5.7 |- !Other digestive diseases |1.2 |0.16% |−7.1 |- !Neurological disorders |43.1 |5.84% |0.1 |- |Alzheimer's disease and other dementias |35.4 |4.80% |0.6 |- |Parkinson's disease |4.6 |0.62% |0.8 |- |Epilepsy |1.7 |0.23% |−10.7 |- |Multiple sclerosis |0.3 |0.04% |−3.9 |- |Motor neuron disease |0.4 |0.05% |1.2 |- |Other neurological disorders |0.7 |0.09% |2.0 |- !Mental disorders |0.0 |0.00% |7.5 |- !Eating disorders |0.0 |0.00% |7.5 |- |Anorexia nervosa |0.0 |0.00% |5.5 |- |Bulimia nervosa |0.0 |0.00% |13.5 |- !Substance use disorders |4.3 |0.58% |2.0 |- !Alcohol use disorders |2.3 |0.31% |−16.5 |- !Drug use disorders |2.1 |0.28% |34.1 |- |Opioid use disorders |1.4 |0.19% |49.4 |- |Cocaine use disorders |0.1 |0.01% |19.6 |- |Amphetamine use disorders |0.1 |0.01% |8.7 |- |Other drug use disorders |0.6 |0.08% |11.3 |- !Diabetes and kidney diseases |33.6 |4.55% |1.3 |- !Diabetes mellitus |17.5 |2.37% |1.2 |- |Diabetes mellitus type 1 |4.3 |0.58% |−11.0 |- |Diabetes mellitus type 2 |13.2 |1.79% |5.9 |- !Chronic kidney disease |15.9 |2.16% |1.5 |- |Chronic kidney disease due to diabetes mellitus type 1 |0.9 |0.12% |−1.2 |- |Chronic kidney disease due to diabetes mellitus type 2 |4.5 |0.61% |4.2 |- |Chronic kidney disease due to hypertension |4.6 |0.62% |3.2 |- |Chronic kidney disease due to glomerulonephritis |2.4 |0.33% |−1.3 |- |Chronic kidney disease due to other and unspecified causes |3.4 |0.46% |−1.4 |- !Acute glomerulonephritis |0.1 |0.01% |−9.5 |- !Skin and subcutaneous diseases |1.3 |0.18% |8.1 |- |Bacterial skin diseases |1.0 |0.14% |12.7 |- |(Cellulitis) |0.2 |0.03% |19.6 |- |(Pyoderma) |0.8 |0.11% |10.5 |- |Decubitus ulcer |0.3 |0.04% |−5.1 |- |Other skin and subcutaneous diseases |0.1 |0.01% |3.3 |- !Musculoskeletal disorders |1.6 |0.22% |−0.1 |- |Rheumatoid arthritis |0.6 |0.08% |−5.9 |- |Other musculoskeletal disorders |1.0 |0.14% |3.9 |- !Other non-communicable diseases |16.3 |2.21% |−11.2 |- !Congenital anomalies |8.7 |1.18% |−18.2 |- |Neural tube defects |0.9 |0.12% |−16.5 |- |Congenital heart anomalies |3.9 |0.53% |−21.8 |- |Orofacial clefts |0.1 |0.01% |−41.9 |- |[[Down syndrome]] |0.4 |0.05% |−5.2 |- |Other chromosomal abnormalities |0.3 |0.04% |0.3 |- |Congenital musculoskeletal and limb anomalies |0.2 |0.03% |−12.8 |- |Urogenital congenital anomalies |0.2 |0.03% |−8.5 |- |Digestive congenital anomalies |0.8 |0.11% |−19.3 |- |Other congenital anomalies |2.1 |0.28% |−15.9 |- !Urinary diseases and male infertility |3.6 |0.49% |5.7 |- |[[Urinary tract infection|Urinary tract infections]] |2.7 |0.37% |10.9 |- |[[Urolithiasis]] (Kidney stone disease) |0.2 |0.03% |−1.2 |- |Other urinary diseases |0.7 |0.09% |−9.9 |- !Gynecological diseases |0.1 |0.01% |−2.6 |- |[[Uterine fibroid|Uterine fibroids]] |0.0 |0.00% |8.1 |- |[[Polycystic ovarian syndrome]] |0.0 |0.00% |1.0 |- |Endometriosis |0.0 |0.00% |−3.2 |- |Genital prolapse |0.0 |0.00% |−24.1 |- |Other gynecological diseases |0.1 |0.01% |−3.6 |- !Hemoglobinopathies and [[Hemolytic anaemia|hemolytic anaemias]] |1.4 |0.19% |−11.3 |- |Thalassemias |0.1 |0.01% |−27.9 |- |Sickle cell disorders |0.5 |0.07% |−3.1 |- |G6PD deficiency |0.2 |0.03% |−7.1 |- |Other hemoglobinopathies and hemolytic anaemias |0.6 |0.08% |−16.1 |- !Endocrine, metabolic, blood, and immune disorders |1.9 |0.26% |0.8 |- !Sudden infant death syndrome |0.6 |0.08% |−20.2 |- ! style="background:#ff6;" |III. Injuries |57.9 |7.85% |−13.7 |- !Transport injuries |17.0 |2.30% |−17.0 |- !Road injuries |15.8 |2.14% |−17.1 |- |Pedestrian road injuries |6.2 |0.84% |−21.4 |- |Cyclist road injuries |0.9 |0.12% |−8.8 |- |Motorcyclist road injuries |2.9 |0.39% |−12.4 |- |Motor vehicle road injuries |5.8 |0.79% |−15.6 |- |Other road injuries |0.1 |0.01% |−19.4 |- !Other transport injuries |1.2 |0.16% |−15.5 |- !Unintentional injuries |23.8 |3.23% |−15.3 |- |Falls |9.2 |1.25% |−2.8 |- |Drowning |4.0 |0.54% |−27.3 |- |Fire, heat, and hot substances |1.6 |0.22% |−22.9 |- |Poisonings |0.9 |0.12% |−20.8 |- |(Poisoning by carbon monoxide) |0.5 |0.07% |−26.6 |- |(Poisoning by other means) |0.5 |0.07% |−14.4 |- |Exposure to mechanical forces |1.8 |0.24% |−20.3 |- |(Unintentional firearm injuries) |0.3 |0.04% |−16.4 |- |(Other exposure to mechanical forces) |1.5 |0.20% |−21.0 |- |Adverse effects of medical treatment |1.6 |0.22% |−6.2 |- |Animal contact |1.1 |0.15% |−16.0 |- |(Venomous animal contact) |0.9 |0.12% |−16.0 |- |(Non-venomous animal contact) |0.1 |0.01% |−16.1 |- |Foreign body |1.7 |0.23% |−14.1 |- |(Pulmonary aspiration and foreign body in airway) |1.6 |0.22% |−13.9 |- |(Foreign body in other body part) |0.1 |0.01% |−15.8 |- |Environmental heat and cold exposure |0.7 |0.09% |−29.4 |- |Exposure to forces of nature |0.1 |0.01% |−45.8 |- |Other unintentional injuries |1.2 |0.16% |−25.8 |- !Self-harm and interpersonal violence |17.1 |2.32% |−7.6 |- !Self-harm |10.0 |1.36% |−14.8 |- |Self-harm by firearm |0.8 |0.11% |−10.3 |- |Self-harm by other specified means |9.2 |1.25% |−15.2 |- !Interpersonal violence |5.2 |0.70% |−11.1 |- |Assault by firearm |2.2 |0.30% |−3.6 |- |Assault by sharp object |1.2 |0.16% |−22.3 |- |Assault by other means |1.8 |0.24% |−11.5 |- !Conflict and terrorism |1.7 |0.23% |98.4 |- !Executions and police conflict |0.2 |0.03% |172.4 |} {| class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable static-row-numbers sticky-header col1left col2left" |+Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ site na ihe kpatara ya. Pasentị nke ọnwụ niile !Ụdị !Ihe kpatara ya !Pasentị !Pasentị |- | rowspan="7" style="max-width:13em;" |'''I. Nsogbu na-efe efe, nke nne, nke nwa ọhụrụ, na nke na-edozi ahụ''' |Ọrịa iku ume na ụkwara nta |6.85 | rowspan="7" |'''19.49%''' |- |Ọrịa na-efe efe |3.31 |- |[[Sexually Transmitted Infection|Ọrịa ndị a na-ebute site na mmekọahụ]] |1.88 |- |Ọrịa ndị na-efe n'ebe okpomọkụ na [[Iba|ịba]] |1.37 |- |Ọrịa ndị ọzọ na-efe efeỌrịa na-efe efe |1.57 |- |Nsogbu [[Ọnwụ nne|Nne]] na nwa ọhụrụNsogbu nwa ọhụrụ |4.00 |- |[[Agụụ|Enweghị nri na-edozi ahụ]] |0.52 |- | rowspan="10" |'''Nke Abụọ. Ọrịa ndị na-adịghị ebute ọrịa''' |'''Ọrịa obi''' |'''31.59''' | rowspan="10" |'''72.67%''' |- |Neoplasms |16.43 |- |Ọrịa iku ume na-adịghị ala ala |6.97 |- |Ọrịa ndị na-agbari nri |4.11 |- |Nsogbu akwara |5.84 |- |Iji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe |0.58 |- |Ọrịa shuga na ọrịa akụrụ |4.55 |- |Ọrịa akpụkpọ ahụ |0.18 |- |Ọrịa Ọkpụkpụ Ọkpụkpụ |0.22 |- |Ndị ọzọ na-adịghị ekwurịta okwu |2.22 |- | rowspan="3" |'''Nke Atọ. Mmerụ ahụ''' |Mmerụ ahụ n'ụgbọ njem |2.30 | rowspan="3" |'''7.85%''' |- |Mmerụ ahụ a na-atụghị anya ya |3.23 |- |Mmerụ onwe onye na ime ihe ike |2.32 |- |'''Ngụkọta''' | |'''100%''' |'''100%''' |- |} === Ndị mepere emepe vs. akụ na ụba na-emepe emepe === [[Faịlụ:Global_number_of_deaths_(A)_and_YLLs_(B),_by_pathogen_and_GBD_super-region,_2019.jpg|thumb|Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ n'ụwa niile (A) na YLLs (B), site na nje bacteria (nke 33) na GBD super-region, 2019 <ref name="Ikuta_2022">{{Cite journal|title=Global mortality associated with 33 bacterial pathogens in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019|language=English|journal=Lancet|volume=400|issue=10369|pages=2221–2248|date=December 2022|pmid=36423648|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(22)02185-7}}</ref>]] Ihe kachasị akpata ọnwụ, dị ka akụkọ World Health Organization maka afọ kalenda 2001 si kwuo: <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ucatlas.ucsc.edu/cause.php|title=Cause of Death|date=February 18, 2004|work=UC Atlas of Global Inequality|publisher=University of California, Santa Cruz|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140618212442/http://ucatlas.ucsc.edu/cause.php|archivedate=June 18, 2014|accessdate=2014-06-09}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Ihe kpatara ọnwụ na Mba ndị na-emepe emepe !Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ !Ihe na-akpata ọnwụ na Mba ndị mepere emepe !Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ |- |[[HIV/AIDS|Ọrịa HIV na AIDS]] |2,678,000 | style="background:Pink;" |Ọrịa obi nke Ischaemia |3,512,000 |- | style="background:MistyRose;" |Ọrịa iku ume |2,643,000 |Ọrịa ụbụrụ |3,346,000 |- | style="background:Pink;" |Ọrịa obi nke Ischaemia |2,484,000 | style="background:AntiqueWhite;" |Ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala nke na-egbochi akpa ume |1,829,000 |- |[[Afọ ọsịsa|Ọsịsa]] |1,793,000 | style="background:MistyRose;" |Ọrịa iku ume |1,180,000 |- |Ọrịa ụbụrụ |1,381,000 |Ọrịa kansa akpa ume |938,000 |- |Ọrịa ụmụaka |1,217,000 |Ihe mberede okporo ụzọ |669,000 |- |[[Iba|Ịba]] |1,103,000 |Ọrịa kansa afọ |657,000 |- | style="background:PowderBlue;" |Ọrịa ụkwara nta |1,021,000 |Ọrịa ọbara mgbali elu |635,000 |- | style="background:AntiqueWhite;" |Ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala nke na-egbochi akpa ume |748,000 | style="background:PowderBlue;" |Ọrịa ụkwara nta |571,000 |- |[[Akpata|Nri]] |674,000 |Igbu onwe onye |499,000 |} Tebụl a na-enye nkọwa zuru ezu na nke a kapịrị ọnụ nke ihe kpatara afọ 2017. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nwere oke njehie nke ihe dị ka 5% na nkezi.{{Excerpt|Years of potential life lost|By main cause of death in the United States of America}}{{Excerpt|Aging-associated diseases|paragraphs=2,3}}  == Ihe ndị na-akpata ya == Enwere ike ịhazi ihe ndị na-akpata ọnwụ n'ime ihe ndị na na-akpatara ọnwụ ma ọ bụ isi ihe na-akpali ọnwụ, ọnọdụ ndị na-eduga n'ihe kpatara ọnwụ, ihe ndị ọzọ kpatara ya, na ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ dị mkpa nke nwere ike inye aka na nsonaazụ ọnwụ.<ref name="10.1038/s41598-021-82862-5">{{Cite journal|title=Causes of death and comorbidities in hospitalized patients with COVID-19|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|date=February 2021|pmid=33608563|doi=10.1038/s41598-021-82862-5}}</ref> Dị ka WHO si kwuo, ihe kpatara ya bụ "ọrịa ma ọ bụ mmerụ ahụ nke malitere ụgbọ okporo ígwè nke ihe omume ndị na-egbu egbu na-eduga n'ọnwụ, ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ nke ihe mberede ma ọ bụ ime ihe ike nke kpatara mmerụ ahụ na-egbu mmadụ".[s][ies]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cause of death|url=https://www.who.int/standards/classifications/classification-of-diseases/cause-of-death|work=www.who.int|accessdate=July 7, 2022|language=en}}</ref> Enwere ike ịchọpụta nsogbu na-edozi ahụ dị ka ihe kpatara ndụ dị mkpirikpi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tropej.oxfordjournals.org/content/2/2/77.extract|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131181721/http://tropej.oxfordjournals.org/content/2/2/77.extract|archivedate=2016-01-31|title=Mortality In Second And Third Degree Malnutrition|publisher=Tropej.oxfordjournals.org|date=June 3, 2014|accessdate=2014-06-09}}</ref> 70% nke ọnwụ ụmụaka (afọ 0-4) na-akọ na ọ bụ n'ihi ọrịa afọ ọsịsa, ọrịa iku ume siri ike, ịba na ọrịa na-adịghị emerụ ahụ. Otú ọ dị, 56% nke ọnwụ ụmụaka ndị a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mmetụta nke nsogbu nri na-edozi ahụ dị ka ihe kpatara ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The effects of malnutrition on child mortality in developing countries|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|volume=73|issue=4|pages=443–448|date=January 24, 2014|pmid=7554015}}</ref> Mmetụta nke nsogbu na-edozi ahụ gụnyere mmụba nke ibute ọrịa, mmebi nke uru ahụ, nkwarụ ọkpụkpụ na igbu oge mmepe akwara. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Some effects of malnutrition on the immune response in man|journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition|volume=27|issue=6|pages=638–646|date=June 1974|pmid=4208451|doi=10.1093/ajcn/27.6.638}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Protein energy malnutrition|journal=Pediatric Clinics of North America|volume=56|issue=5|pages=1055–1068|date=October 2009|pmid=19931063|doi=10.1016/j.pcl.2009.07.001}}</ref> Dị ka Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa si kwuo, a na-akpọ ụkọ nri na-edozi ahụ dị ka ihe kachasị enye aka n'ọnwụ ụmụaka na ọnwụ nde 36 na 2005 metụtara ụkọ nri. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Stay informed today|url=https://www.economist.com/international/2008/01/24/the-starvelings|title=Malnutrition: The starvelings|work=The Economist|date=January 24, 2008|accessdate=2014-06-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=[[L'Empire de la honte]]|publisher=Librairie générale française|year=2007|isbn=978-2-253-12115-2|oclc=470722796|language=fr}}</ref> E wezụga adịghị edozi ahụ na ụkọ micronutrient, adịghị edozi nri na-edozi ahụ gụnyekwara oke ibu, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Fact sheets - Malnutrition|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malnutrition|work=www.who.int|accessdate=July 7, 2022|language=en}}</ref> nke na-ebute ọtụtụ ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala, gụnyere ụdị ọrịa kansa 13, ọrịa obi, na ụdị ọrịa shuga 2. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Metabolic Phenotype in Obesity: Fat Mass, Body Fat Distribution, and Adipose Tissue Function|journal=Obesity Facts|volume=10|issue=3|pages=207–215|date=2017|pmid=28564650|doi=10.1159/000471488}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Obesity and cancer risk: Emerging biological mechanisms and perspectives|journal=Metabolism|volume=92|pages=121–135|date=March 2019|pmid=30445141|doi=10.1016/j.metabol.2018.11.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Physical activity, obesity and sedentary behavior in cancer etiology: epidemiologic evidence and biologic mechanisms|journal=Molecular Oncology|volume=15|issue=3|pages=790–800|date=March 2021|pmid=32741068|doi=10.1002/1878-0261.12772}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Obesity, Diabetes, and Increased Cancer Progression|language=English|journal=Diabetes & Metabolism Journal|volume=45|issue=6|pages=799–812|date=November 2021|pmid=34847640|doi=10.4093/dmj.2021.0077}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Central fatness and risk of all cause mortality: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of 72 prospective cohort studies|journal=BMJ|volume=370|date=September 2020|pmid=32967840|doi=10.1136/bmj.m3324}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association|journal=Circulation|volume=143|issue=21|pages=e984–e1010|date=May 2021|pmid=33882682|doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000973}}</ref><ref name="un-obesity" /> Dị ka WHO si kwuo, ịbụ "ibubiga ibu ókè na oke ibu so n'ihe ndị na-akpata ọnwụ na nkwarụ na Europe", na atụmatụ na-atụ aro na ha na-akpatara ihe karịrị nde mmadụ 1.2 kwa afọ, nke kwekọrọ na ihe karịrị 13% nke ngụkọta ọnwụ na mpaghara ahụ.<ref name="un-obesity">{{Cite news|title=WHO warns of worsening obesity 'epidemic' in Europe|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/05/1117402|accessdate=July 6, 2022|work=UN News|date=May 3, 2022|language=en}}</ref> Ụdị Iwu ahụike dị iche iche nwere ike igbochi omume ahụ ma belata oke ibu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The rising prevalence of obesity: part B-public health policy solutions|journal=International Journal of Surgery. Oncology|volume=2|issue=7|date=August 2017|pmid=29177229|doi=10.1097/ij9.0000000000000019}}</ref>&nbsp; Nri, ọ bụghị naanị n'ihe gbasara oke ibu kamakwa n'ihe oriri, nwere ike inwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na ihe ndị dị n'okpuru ya, na nyocha na-atụ aro na nwoke dị afọ 20 na Europe nke gbanwere na "nri kacha mma" nwere ike inweta nkezi nke ~ 13.7 afọ ndụ na nwanyị dị afọ 60 na US na-agbanwe na "nwụ nri kacha mma" enwere ike inweta nkebi nke ~ 8.0 afọ ndụ. Ọ chọpụtara na a ga-enweta uru kachasị ukwuu site na iri ọtụtụ legumes, ọka zuru oke, na mkpụrụ osisi, na obere anụ na anụ a na-edozi. O nwekwara enweghị ihe ọṅụṅụ shuga (site na "ihe oriri ọdịda anyanwụ" nke 500 g / ụbọchị ruo 0 g / ụbọchị).<ref name="10.1371/journal.pmed.1003889">{{Cite journal|title=Estimating impact of food choices on life expectancy: A modeling study|journal=PLOS Medicine|volume=19|issue=2|date=February 2022|pmid=35134067|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1003889}} Lay summary: {{Cite news|title=Changing your diet could add up to a decade to life expectancy, study finds|url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-02-diet-decade-life.html|accessdate=March 16, 2022|work=Public Library of Science|language=en}}</ref><ref name="10.1016/j.cell.2022.04.002">{{Cite journal|title=Nutrition, longevity and disease: From molecular mechanisms to interventions|language=English|journal=Cell|volume=185|issue=9|pages=1455–1470|date=April 2022|pmid=35487190|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2022.04.002}}</ref>  === Mmetọ === Nnyocha kwubiri na mmetọ kpatara ọnwụ nde mmadụ 9 na 2019 (otu n'ime ọnwụ isii, 3⁄4 site na mmetụ ikuku). O kwubiri na enwere ike ịchọpụta obere ọganihu megide mmetọ.<ref name="10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00090-0">{{Cite news|title=Pollution killing 9 million people a year, Africa hardest hit – study|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/pollution-killing-9-million-people-year-africa-hardest-hit-study-2022-05-17/|accessdate=June 23, 2022|work=Reuters|date=May 18, 2022|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Pollution and health: a progress update|journal=The Lancet. Planetary Health|volume=6|issue=6|pages=e535–e547|date=June 2022|pmid=35594895|doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00090-0}}</ref> ==== Mmetọ ikuku ==== N'ozuzu, mmetọ ikuku na-akpata ọnwụ nke ihe dị ka ca. Nde mmadụ 7 n'ụwa niile kwa afọ, ọ bụkwa ihe ize ndụ kachasị n'ụwa, dị ka WHO (2012) na IEA si kwuo (2016).<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/air-pollution/en/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326015904/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/air-pollution/en/|archivedate=March 26, 2014|title=7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution|publisher=[[WHO]]|date=March 25, 2014|accessdate=March 25, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/WorldEnergyOutlookSpecialReport2016EnergyandAirPollution.pdf|title=Energy and Air Pollution|work=Iea.org|accessdate=March 12, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011100229/http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/WorldEnergyOutlookSpecialReport2016EnergyandAirPollution.pdf|archivedate=October 11, 2019}}</ref><ref name="iea-nyt">{{Cite news|title=Study Links 6.5 Million Deaths Each Year to Air Pollution|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/27/business/energy-environment/study-links-6-5-million-deaths-each-year-to-air-pollution.html|date=June 26, 2016|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=June 27, 2016}}</ref> IEA na-ekwu na ọtụtụ n'ime ihe na-akpata na ọgwụgwọ nwere ike ịchọta na ụlọ ọrụ ike ma na-atụ aro ihe ngwọta dị ka ịla ezumike nká na-emetọ ọkụ ọkụ na-emetọ coal na iji guzobe ụkpụrụ siri ike maka ụgbọ ala. Na Septemba 2020 European Environment Agency kọrọ na ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka mmetọ ikuku na oke okpomọkụ nyere aka na gburugburu 13% nke ọnwụ mmadụ niile na mba EU na 2012 (~ 630,000).[2] Nnyocha ọmụmụ 2021 na-eji ụdị mkpebi dị elu yana ọrụ nzaghachi ntinye uche emelitere na-achọpụta na nde 10.2 n'ụwa niile nwụrụ na 2012 na nde 8.7 na 2018 - ma ọ bụ nke ise [na-akparịta ụka] - bụ n'ihi mmetọ ikuku sitere na ọkụ ọkụ fossil na-ebute, yana mmetụta dị elu karịa nke mbụ. Nnyocha nke afọ 2020 na-egosi na ọnụọgụ ndụ zuru ụwa ọnụ (LLE) site na mmetọ ikuku na 2015 bụ afọ 2.9, karịa, dịka ọmụmaatụ, afọ 0.3 site na ụdị ime ihe ike niile, ọ bụ ezie na a na-ewere akụkụ dị ukwuu nke LLE dị ka ihe a na-apụghị izere ezere.<ref name="Lelieveld_2020">{{Cite journal|title=Loss of life expectancy from air pollution compared to other risk factors: a worldwide perspective|journal=Cardiovascular Research|volume=116|issue=11|pages=1910–1917|date=September 2020|pmid=32123898|doi=10.1093/cvr/cvaa025}}</ref> === Ojiji nke ọgwụ mgbochi akwara === Dị ka WHO si kwuo, n'ụwa niile, ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 0.5 nwụrụ n'ihi iji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe, ihe karịrị 70% n'ime ha nwere njikọ na opioids, na oke ọgwụ bụ ihe kpatara ihe karịrị 30% nke ọnwụ ndị ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Opioid overdose|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/opioid-overdose|work=www.who.int|accessdate=July 10, 2022|language=en}}</ref>&nbsp; Ojiji dị iche iche nke opioids dị iche iche na-akpata ọtụtụ ọnwụ n'ụwa niile, nke a na-akpọ ọrịa opioid. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 75% nke ọnwụ 91,799 nke ọgwụ ọjọọ na 2020 na United States metụtara opioid.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Understanding the Opioid Overdose Epidemic {{!}} CDC's Response to the Opioid Overdose Epidemic {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/opioids/basics/epidemic.html|work=www.cdc.gov|accessdate=July 10, 2022|language=en-us|date=June 1, 2022}}</ref> Ọ bụghị ọgwụ niile na-emetụta usoro akwara na ihe ize ndụ maka inye aka na ọnwụ dị ka ihe dị mkpa ma ọ bụ maka ojiji ndị ahụ. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, enwere ike dochie ọgwụ ndị nwere ike imerụ ahụ ma ọ bụ na-emerụ ahụ maọbụ wepụ ya site n'enyemaka nke ọgwụ ndị ọzọ - dị ka NAC na modafinil n'ihe gbasara ịdabere na cocaine <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Pharmacological treatments for cocaine dependence: is there something new?|journal=Current Pharmaceutical Design|volume=17|issue=14|pages=1359–1368|date=May 1, 2011|pmid=21524259|doi=10.2174/138161211796150873}}</ref> - nke a na-adịghị ele ojiji ya anya dị ka ihe kpatara ọnwụ. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ha - gụnyere caffeine - nwere ike inye aka melite ahụike n'ozuzu dịka, n'onwe ya na n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè, ahụike anụ ahụ na ahụike uche ma ọ bụ n'ofe ma ọ bụ na mpaghara ụfọdụ nke nchịkwa maara ihe. Ịṅụ sịga bụ isi ihe na-akpata ọnwụ a na-egbochi na United States. Ọ bụ isi ihe na-akpata ọtụtụ ọrịa kansa, ọrịa obi, ọrịa strok, na ọrịa iku ume.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Smoking-attributable mortality by cause of death in the United States: An indirect approach|journal=SSM – Population Health|volume=7|date=April 2019|pmid=30723766|doi=10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100349}}</ref> Ịṅụ sịga na-ezo aka na ịṅụ sịga nke ngwaahịa ụtaba. E-siga na-ewetakwa nnukwu ihe ize ndụ maka ahụike.<ref name="whoecig">{{Cite web|title=Tobacco: E-cigarettes|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/tobacco-e-cigarettes|work=www.who.int|accessdate=July 10, 2022|language=en}}</ref> Mmetụta ahụike nke ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ na-ese siga dị ka ahịhịa dị iche iche na ojiji Ihe nzacha icheku ọkụ <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Could charcoal filtration of cigarette smoke reduce smoking-induced disease? A review of the literature|journal=Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology|volume=50|issue=3|pages=359–365|date=April 2008|pmid=18289753|doi=10.1016/j.yrtph.2008.01.001}}</ref> na-enyocha nke ọma, na nyocha dị ugbu a na-atụ aro naanị uru ole na ole karịa ịṅụ sịga.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Influence of smoking charcoal filter tipped cigarettes on various biomarkers of exposure|journal=Inhalation Toxicology|volume=18|issue=10|pages=821–829|date=September 2006|pmid=16774872|doi=10.1080/08958370600747945}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ndị na-ese siga nwere ike irite uru site na ịgbanwee na vaporizer dị ka ihe Mbelata mmerụ ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na ha ahapụghị, nke nwekwara obere ihe akaebe siri ike. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mull it over: cannabis vaporizers and harm reduction|journal=Addiction|volume=110|issue=11|pages=1709–1710|date=November 2015|pmid=26471154|doi=10.1111/add.13139}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Routes of administration for cannabis use - basic prevalence and related health outcomes: A scoping review and synthesis|journal=The International Journal on Drug Policy|volume=52|pages=87–96|date=February 2018|pmid=29277082|doi=10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.11.008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Peering Through the Haze of Smoked vs Vaporized Cannabis-To Vape or Not to Vape?|journal=JAMA Network Open|volume=1|issue=7|pages=e184838|date=November 2018|pmid=30646385|doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.4838}}</ref> Ugboro ole a na-eji ya eme ihe bụ isi ihe na ọkwa nke ihe ize ndụ <ref name="whoecig" /> ma ọ bụ na-adịgide adịgide na oke mmetụta ahụike. Nnyocha chọpụtara na ịṅụ sịga na ịṅụ anwụrụ ọkụ bụ ihe kpatara ọnwụ zuru ụwa ọnụ dị ka mmetọ, nke na nyocha ahụ bụ isi ihe kpatara ya.<ref name="10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00090-0">{{Cite news|title=Pollution killing 9 million people a year, Africa hardest hit – study|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/pollution-killing-9-million-people-year-africa-hardest-hit-study-2022-05-17/|accessdate=June 23, 2022|work=Reuters|date=May 18, 2022|language=en}}</ref> N'ụwa niile, iji mmanya na-aba n'anya bụ ihe ize ndụ nke asaa maka ọnwụ na DALY na 2016. Nnyocha chọpụtara na "ihe ize ndụ nke ọnwụ niile, na nke ọrịa kansa kpọmkwem, na-arị elu na ọkwa na-arịwanye elu nke oriri, na ọkwa oriri nke na-ebelata ọnwụ ahụike bụ efu".<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016|language=English|journal=Lancet|volume=392|issue=10152|pages=1015–1035|date=September 2018|pmid=30146330|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31310-2}}</ref> === Okpomọkụ na-adịghị mma === Nnyocha chọpụtara na 9.4% nke ọnwụ zuru ụwa ọnụ n'etiti afọ 2000 na 2019 - ~ nde 5 kwa afọ - nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi oke okpomọkụ na ndị metụtara oyi na-eme ka òkè ka ukwuu ma na-ebelata na ndị metụtara okpomọkụ mejupụtara ~ 0.91% ma na-abawanye. Mmetụta nke nkụchi obi, nkwụsị obi na ọrịa strok na-abawanye n'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Extreme temperatures kill 5 million people a year with heat-related deaths rising, study finds|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/08/extreme-temperatures-kill-5-million-people-a-year-with-heat-related-deaths-rising-study-finds|accessdate=August 14, 2021|work=The Guardian|date=July 7, 2021|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national burden of mortality associated with non-optimal ambient temperatures from 2000 to 2019: a three-stage modelling study|language=English|journal=The Lancet. Planetary Health|volume=5|issue=7|pages=e415–e425|date=July 2021|pmid=34245712|doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00081-4}}</ref>&nbsp; === Igbochi nje === Na nyocha zuru ụwa ọnụ, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kọrọ, dabere na ndekọ ahụike, na [[Igbochi nje|Igbochi ọgwụ nje]] nwere ike inye aka na ~ 4.95 nde (3.62-6.57) ọnwụ na 2019, na nde 1.3 kpọmkwem - nke ikpeazụ bụ ihe karịrị ọnwụ karịa site na ihe atụ AIDS ma ọ bụ ịba ụba, <ref>{{Cite news|title=Antibiotic resistance killed more people than malaria or AIDS in 2019|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2305266-antibiotic-resistance-killed-more-people-than-malaria-or-aids-in-2019/|accessdate=February 12, 2022|work=New Scientist}}</ref> <ref name="10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02724-0">{{Cite journal|title=Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis|language=English|journal=Lancet|volume=399|issue=10325|pages=629–655|date=February 2022|pmid=35065702|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02724-0}}</ref> n'agbanyeghị na a na-eme atụmatụ ịrị elu nke ukwuu.<ref>{{Cite news|date=September 10, 2020|title='Superbugs' a far greater risk than Covid in Pacific, scientist warns|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/10/superbugs-a-far-greater-risk-than-covid-in-pacific-scientist-warns|accessdate=2020-09-14}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; === Ọrịa ndị na-efe efe, ahụike n'ozuzu, ihe ndị metụtara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ọrịa na-efefe === Ọrịa ndị na-adị n'otu oge nwere ike ma ọ bụghị na ha na-enye aka n'ọnwụ <ref name="10.1016/S0377-1237(04)80060-1">{{Cite journal|title=Medical Certification of Cause of Death|journal=Medical Journal, Armed Forces India|volume=60|issue=3|pages=261–272|date=July 2004|pmid=27407646|doi=10.1016/S0377-1237(04)80060-1}}</ref> na ogo dị iche iche n'ụzọ dị iche iche. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, comorbidities nwere ike ịbụ isi ihe kpatara usoro dị mgbagwoju anya, na ọtụtụ comorbidity nwere ike ịdị otu ugboro.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mortality in COPD: Role of comorbidities|journal=The European Respiratory Journal|volume=28|issue=6|pages=1245–1257|date=December 2006|pmid=17138679|doi=10.1183/09031936.00133805}}</ref> Pandemics<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Place and Underlying Cause of Death During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Retrospective Cohort Study of 3.5 Million Deaths in England and Wales, 2014 to 2020|journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings|volume=96|issue=4|pages=952–963|date=April 2021|pmid=33714592|doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2021.02.007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Cardiovascular Deaths During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States|journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology|volume=77|issue=2|pages=159–169|date=January 2021|pmid=33446309|doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2020.10.055}}</ref> and infectious diseases or epidemics can be major underlying causes of deaths. In a small study of 26 decedents,  the pandemized COVID-19 and infection-related disease were "major contributors" to patients' death.<ref name="10.1038/s41598-021-82862-5">{{Cite journal|title=Causes of death and comorbidities in hospitalized patients with COVID-19|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|date=February 2021|pmid=33608563|doi=10.1038/s41598-021-82862-5}}</ref> Such deaths are sometimes evaluated via excess deaths per capita – the COVID-19 pandemic deaths between January 1, 2020, and December 31, 2021, are estimated to be ~18.2&nbsp;million. Research could help distinguish the proportions directly caused by COVID-19 from those caused by indirect consequences of the pandemic.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=COVID's true death toll: much higher than official records|journal=Nature|volume=603|issue=7902|date=March 2022|pmid=35277684|doi=10.1038/d41586-022-00708-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Estimating excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic analysis of COVID-19-related mortality, 2020-21|language=English|journal=Lancet|volume=399|issue=10334|pages=1513–1536|date=April 2022|pmid=35279232|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02796-3}}</ref> Nsogbu ahụike uche na nsogbu ndị metụtara ya dịka ọnọdụ akụ na ụba <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Suicide and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan|journal=Journal of Public Health|volume=44|issue=3|pages=541–548|date=August 2022|pmid=33855451|doi=10.1093/pubmed/fdab113}}</ref> na / ma ọ bụ ojiji dị iche iche nke ọgwụ usoro akwara nwere ike inye aka na ihe ndị dị ka igbu onwe <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Suicide-associated comorbidity among US males and females: a multiple cause-of-death analysis|journal=Injury Prevention|volume=13|issue=5|pages=311–315|date=October 2007|pmid=17916887|doi=10.1136/ip.2007.015230}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Youth suicide prevention|journal=CMAJ|volume=178|issue=3|pages=282–285|date=January 2008|pmid=18227445|doi=10.1503/cmaj.071315}}</ref> ma ọ bụ ọnwụ metụtara omume dị ize ndụ. Ịdị naanị gị ma ọ bụ mmekọrịta mmekọrịta na-ezughị ezu bụkwa isi ihe dị n'okpuru, nke nwere ike iji tụnyere ịṅụ sịga ma, dịka otu nyocha meta nke ọmụmụ 148, "karịrị ọtụtụ ihe ize ndụ a ma ama maka ọnwụ (dịka, oke ibu, enweghị ọrụ anụ ahụ) ".<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Social relationships and mortality risk: a meta-analytic review|journal=PLOS Medicine|volume=7|issue=7|date=July 2010|pmid=20668659|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316}}</ref> Mmerụ ahụ na ime ihe ike bụ "ihe kachasị akpata ọnwụ n'etiti ụmụaka, ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma, na ndị okenye na-eto eto na US" na ihe ize ndụ ndị dị otú ahụ gụnyere "obodo na-emebi emebi, ezinụlọ, ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ onwe onye" nke na-eme ka ohere ime ihe ike dịkwuo elu. Ụdị usoro mgbochi nwere ike ịgụnye nkwado nke "mmepe ahụike nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, ezinụlọ, ụlọ akwụkwọ, na obodo, na iwulite ikike maka mmekọrịta na mmekọrịta dị mma".[ing]<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Communities are not all created equal: Strategies to prevent violence affecting youth in the United States|journal=Journal of Public Health Policy|volume=37|issue=Suppl 1|pages=81–94|date=September 2016|pmid=27638244|doi=10.1057/s41271-016-0005-4}}</ref> Ihe ndị na-eme ka ndụ dị ndụ <ref>{{Cite web|title=Lifestyle Risk Factors {{!}} Tracking {{!}} NCEH {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/tracking/topics/LifestyleRiskFactors.htm|work=www.cdc.gov|accessdate=July 8, 2022|language=en-us|date=August 31, 2021}}</ref> - gụnyere enweghị ọrụ, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Percentage of Deaths Associated With Inadequate Physical Activity in the United States|language=en-us|journal=Preventing Chronic Disease|volume=15|pages=E38|date=March 2018|pmid=29602315|doi=10.5888/pcd18.170354}}</ref> na ịṅụ sịga na ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The preventable causes of death in the United States: comparative risk assessment of dietary, lifestyle, and metabolic risk factors|journal=PLOS Medicine|volume=6|issue=4|date=April 2009|pmid=19399161|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000058}}</ref> iri nri dị mma <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Healthy lifestyle behaviors and all-cause mortality among adults in the United States|journal=Preventive Medicine|volume=55|issue=1|pages=23–27|date=July 2012|pmid=22564893|doi=10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.04.016}}</ref> - na / ma ọ bụ ahụike n'ozuzu - gụnyere ahụike karịa nri dị mma na ibu na-adịghị - nwere ike ịbụ ihe kpatara ọnwụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na nnwale nke ndị okenye US, ~ 9.9% ọnwụ nke ndị okenye dị afọ 40 ruo 69 na ~ 7.8% ndị okenye dị ndụ 70 ma ọ bụ karịa ka a na-ekwu na ọ bụ ọkwa na-ezughị ezu nke mmega ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Percentage of Deaths Associated With Inadequate Physical Activity in the United States|language=en-us|journal=Preventing Chronic Disease|volume=15|pages=E38|date=March 2018|pmid=29602315|doi=10.5888/pcd18.170354}}</ref>   Dị ka omenala si dị, a naghị ele ịka nká anya dị ka ihe na-akpata ọnwụ. Ekwenyere na enwere ihe kpatara ya mgbe niile, ọ na-abụkarị otu n'ime ọtụtụ ọrịa metụtara afọ. A na-eme atụmatụ na, dị ka ihe kpatara ya, usoro ịka nká na-eme ka 2/3 nke ọnwụ niile dị n'ụwa (ihe dị ka 100,000 mmadụ kwa ụbọchị na 2007). Na mba ndị mepere emepe nke ukwuu, ọnụ ọgụgụ a nwere ike iru pasent 90.<ref>{{Cite journal|authorlink=Aubrey de Grey|title=Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations|journal=[[Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology]]|volume=1|issue=1, Article 5|year=2007|url=http://www.sens.org/files/pdf/ENHANCE-PP.pdf|doi=10.2202/1941-6008.1011|accessdate=August 7, 2011}}</ref> A na-arịọ arịrịọ maka inye ịka nká ọnọdụ nke ọrịa na ịgwọ ya ozugbo (dị ka site na mgbanwe nri na senolytics). <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Classifying aging as a disease in the context of ICD-11|journal=Frontiers in Genetics|volume=6|issue=|date=October 4, 2015|pmid=26583032|doi=10.3389/fgene.2015.00326}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Recognizing Degenerative Aging as a Treatable Medical Condition: Methodology and Policy|journal=Aging and Disease|volume=8|issue=5|pages=583–589|date=October 2017|pmid=28966803|doi=10.14336/AD.2017.0130}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Opening the door to treating ageing as a disease|journal=The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology|volume=6|issue=8|date=August 2018|pmid=30053981|doi=10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30214-6|author=The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=To help aging populations, classify organismal senescence|journal=Science|volume=366|issue=6465|pages=576–578|date=November 2019|pmid=31672885|doi=10.1126/science.aay7319}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Aging Fits the Disease Criteria of the International Classification of Diseases|journal=Mechanisms of Ageing and Development|volume=189|date=July 2020|pmid=32251691|doi=10.1016/j.mad.2020.111230}}</ref> {{Reflist}} === Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba na iwu === <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">Ihe na-esonụ bụ ndepụta nke ihe na-akpata ọnwụ mmadụ n'ụwa niile maka afọ dị iche iche nke a haziri site na ọnụọgụ ọnwụ ha. Ihe ụfọdụ na-akpata ya gụnyere ọnwụ ndị a gụnyere na ihe ndị ọzọ na-akpali akpali, a na-ewepụkwa ihe ụfọdụ kpatara ya, yabụ pasentị nwere ike ịba naanị ihe dịka 100%. Ihe ndị e depụtara bụ ihe ndị na-akpata ahụike ozugbo, mana enwere ike ịkọwa ihe kpatara ọnwụ n'ụzọ dị iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, [[Tobacco smoking|ịṅụ sịga]] na-akpatakarị ọrịa akpa ume ma ọ bụ ọrịa kansa, na nsogbu ịṅụ mmanya na-aba n'anya nwere ike ịkpata nkụchi imeju ma ọ bụ ihe mberede ụgbọala. Maka ọnụ ọgụgụ banyere ihe ndị a na-egbochi, lee ihe ndị a ga-egbochi ọnwụ.</sup> [[Faịlụ:Global_deaths_from_cancers_attributable_to_risk_factors_in_2019_by_sex_and_SDI.jpg|thumb|Ọnwụ ụwa niile site na ọrịa kansa nke sitere na ihe ize ndụ na 2019 site na okike na Social-demographic Index <ref name="10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01438-6">{{Cite journal|title=The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019|language=English|journal=Lancet|volume=400|issue=10352|pages=563–591|date=August 2022|pmid=35988567|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01438-6}}</ref><nowiki>"},"2":{"wt":"a measure of a location's socio-demographic development that takes into account average income per person, educational attainment, and total fertility rate"}},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwCN4" typeof="mw:Transclusion"> </nowiki>]] [[Faịlụ:Cancer_DALYs_attributable_to_11_Level_2_risk_factors_globally_in_2019.jpg|thumb|DALYs nke ọrịa kansa nke sitere na ihe ize ndụ 11 nke ọkwa 2 n'ụwa niile na 2019 <ref name="10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01438-6">{{Cite journal|title=The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019|language=English|journal=Lancet|volume=400|issue=10352|pages=563–591|date=August 2022|pmid=35988567|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01438-6}}</ref>]] Enwere ike inyocha ihe ndị dị n'okpuru ihe kpatara (ma ọ bụ isi ihe na-enye aka) ọnwụ ma nwee ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ihe "a na-egbochi" na ihe ndị ọzọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Global Burden of Disease Studies dị iche iche na-enyocha ihe ndị dị otú ahụ ma na-atụle mmepe ndị na-adịbeghị anya - otu nyocha dị otú ahụ nyochara Ọganihu (na-abụghị) na ọrịa kansa na ihe kpatara ya n'ime afọ iri nke 2010-19, na-egosi na 2019, ~ 44% nke ọnwụ ọrịa kansa niile - ma ọ bụ ~ 4.5 M ma ọ bụ $ 105 nde ndị nwere nkwarụ - bụ afọ ndụ - bụ n'ihi ihe ndị a maara nke ọma, nke a na-eduga site na ịṅụ sịga, iji mmanya na BMI dị elu.<ref name="10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01438-6">{{Cite journal|title=The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019|language=English|journal=Lancet|volume=400|issue=10352|pages=563–591|date=August 2022|pmid=35988567|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01438-6}}</ref>&nbsp; Ihe ndekọ ahụike eletrọniki, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Validating reported cause of death using integrated electronic health records from a nation-wide database|journal=Journal of Public Health|volume=43|issue=2|pages=341–347|date=June 2021|pmid=31774532|doi=10.1093/pubmed/fdz146}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Causes of Death and Cardiovascular Comorbidities in Adults With Congenital Heart Disease|journal=Journal of the American Heart Association|volume=9|issue=14|date=July 2020|pmid=32654582|doi=10.1161/JAHA.119.016400}}</ref> <ref name="10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02724-0">{{Cite journal|title=Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis|language=English|journal=Lancet|volume=399|issue=10325|pages=629–655|date=February 2022|pmid=35065702|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02724-0}}</ref> asambodo ọnwụ <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Principles and Pitfalls: a Guide to Death Certification|journal=Clinical Medicine & Research|volume=13|issue=2|pages=74–82|date=June 2015|pmid=26185270|doi=10.3121/cmr.2015.1276}}</ref> <ref name="10.1016/S0377-1237(04)80060-1">{{Cite journal|title=Medical Certification of Cause of Death|journal=Medical Journal, Armed Forces India|volume=60|issue=3|pages=261–272|date=July 2004|pmid=27407646|doi=10.1016/S0377-1237(04)80060-1}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Underlying Cause of Death, 1999-2020 Request|url=https://wonder.cdc.gov/ucd-icd10.html|work=wonder.cdc.gov|accessdate=July 7, 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Underlying and Multiple Cause of Death Codes|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/datalinkage/underlying_and_multiple_cause_of_death_codes.pdf|accessdate=July 7, 2022}}</ref> yana nyocha post-mortem (dị ka post-mortaem computed tomography na ọrịa ndị ọzọ) <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Added value of post-mortem computed tomography (PMCT) to clinical findings for cause of death determination in adult "natural deaths"|journal=International Journal of Legal Medicine|volume=134|issue=4|pages=1457–1463|date=July 2020|pmid=31853676|doi=10.1007/s00414-019-02219-6}}</ref> nwere ike ma na-ejikarị ya eme ihe iji nyochaa ihe kpatara ọnwụ dịka maka ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnwụ, [5] [6] nke metụtara nyocha ọganihu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ICD - ICD-10 - International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/icd/icd10.htm|work=www.cdc.gov|accessdate=July 7, 2022|language=en-us|date=December 29, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=When the Death Certificate Omits the True Cause of Death|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/14/well/death-certificate-cause.html|accessdate=July 7, 2022|work=The New York Times|date=February 14, 2022}}</ref><ref name="govguid">{{Cite web|title=Guidance for doctors completing medical certificates of cause of death in England and Wales (accessible version)|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/guidance-notes-for-completing-a-medical-certificate-of-cause-of-death/guidance-for-doctors-completing-medical-certificates-of-cause-of-death-in-england-and-wales-accessible-version|work=GOV.UK|accessdate=July 7, 2022|language=en}}</ref> Mmeziwanye na akụkọ a, ebe dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọrịa ụfọdụ na-akọkarị akụkọ na-ezighị ezi ma ọ bụ nkwupụta kpatara ọnwụ (COD) ezighi ezi, nwere ike imeziwanye ahụike ọha na eze.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Death certificates may not adequately report dementia as cause of death|url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/news/death-certificates-may-not-adequately-report-dementia-cause-death|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017211223/https://www.nia.nih.gov/news/death-certificates-may-not-adequately-report-dementia-cause-death|archivedate=October 17, 2020|work=National Institute on Aging|date=October 15, 2020|accessdate=July 7, 2022|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Death Certification Errors and the Effect on Mortality Statistics|journal=Public Health Reports|volume=132|issue=6|pages=669–675|date=November 2017|pmid=29091542|doi=10.1177/0033354917736514}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Common errors in reporting cause-of-death statement on death certificates: A systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine|volume=82|date=August 2021|pmid=34325081|doi=10.1016/j.jflm.2021.102220}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Reporting Cause of Death: Quick Reference|url=https://www.mass.gov/doc/reporting-cause-of-death-quick-reference/download|accessdate=July 7, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Certified causes of death inaccurate in fifth of cases, study suggests|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2012/dec/02/causes-of-death-inaccurate-study|accessdate=July 8, 2022|work=The Guardian|date=December 2, 2012|language=en}}</ref> Otu ihe kpatara nke a bụ na site na "echiche ahụike ọha na eze, igbochi ọrịa mbụ a ma ọ bụ mmerụ ahụ ga-ebute uru ahụike kachasị ukwuu".<ref name="govguid" />  == Site na mba == === United States === ==== Site n'afọ ndụ (U.S.) ==== [[Faịlụ:Leading_causes_of_death_by_age_group_2018-508-US.pdf|áká_èkpè|thumb|900x900px|Ndị na-ebute ọnwụ site na afọ na USA, 2018 <ref name="cdc2018">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/pdf/leading_causes_of_death_by_age_group_2018-508.pdf|title=Leading causes of death by age group: 2018, Both sexes, All ages, All races|publisher=National Center for Injury Prevention and Control|date=2018}}</ref>]] [[Faịlụ:Causes_of_death_by_age_group.png|áká_èkpè|thumb|500x500px|Ndị na-ebute ọnwụ na United States site na afọ, 2000<ref name="cdc2002">{{Cite journal|title=Deaths: final data for 2000|journal=National Vital Statistics Reports|volume=50|issue=15|pages=1–119|date=September 2002|pmid=12382630|doi=|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr50/nvsr50_15.pdf}}</ref>]] [[Faịlụ:Causes_of_death_by_age_group_(percent).png|áká_èkpè|thumb|550x550px|Ndị na-ebute ọnwụ na United States, dị ka pasent nke ọnwụ na ọgbọ ọ bụla.<ref name="cdc2002">{{Cite journal|title=Deaths: final data for 2000|journal=National Vital Statistics Reports|volume=50|issue=15|pages=1–119|date=September 2002|pmid=12382630|doi=|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr50/nvsr50_15.pdf}}</ref> Ọnwụ nwa oge (<1 afọ) anaghị adaba na nke ọ bụla n'ime ihe ndị a.]] [[Faịlụ:Deaths_by_age_group_fixed.png|áká_èkpè|thumb|500x500px|Ọnwụ site na afọ dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere afọ kachasị elu <ref name="cdc2002">{{Cite journal|title=Deaths: final data for 2000|journal=National Vital Statistics Reports|volume=50|issue=15|pages=1–119|date=September 2002|pmid=12382630|doi=|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr50/nvsr50_15.pdf}}</ref>]] ==== Site n'ebe obibi (U.S.) ==== Na nkezi nke ọnwụ 123.6 kwa 100,000 site na 2003 ruo 2010 ọrụ kachasị ize ndụ na United States bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ewu Ụlọ elu cell.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.propublica.org/article/cell-tower-work-fatalities-methodology|title=Methodology: How We Calculated the Tower Industry Death Rate|date=May 21, 2012}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Selected_occupations_with_high_fatality_rate.png|áká_èkpè|thumb|500x500px|Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ndị nwụrụ anwụ, 2011, na United States <ref name="bls2006">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/cfoi_08092007.pdf|work=Bureau of Labor Statistics|title=National Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries in 2006|accessdate=2014-06-09}}</ref>]] == Hụkwa == == Edensibia == == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] rb8onm1j12qve652eoz8mjou1v03kqx 632459 632458 2026-05-09T18:53:47Z Johnnybam 24488 632459 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Leading_cause_of_death_world.png|alt=Leading cause of death (2016) (world)|áká_ịkẹngạ|419x419px|Isi ihe kpatara ọnwụ (2016) (ụwa) ]] Ihe na-esonụ bụ ndepụta nke ihe na-akpata ọnwụ mmadụ n'ụwa nile maka afọ dị iche iche nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnwụ ha jikọtara ọnụ haziri. Ụfọdụ ihe ndị e depụtara na-agụnye ọnwụ gụnyekwara n'ime ihe ndị ọzọ dị n'okpuru, na ụfọdụ ihe kpatara ya, ya mere, pasentị nwere ike chịkọta ihe dịka 100%. Ihe ndị a depụtara bụ ihe na-akpata ahụike ozugbo, mana enwere ike ịkọwa ihe kpatara ọnwụ n'ụzọ dị iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ise siga na-ebutekarị ọrịa akpa ume ma ọ bụ ọrịa cancer, na ịṅụ mmanya na-aba n'anya nwere ike ịkpata ọdịda imeju ma ọ bụ ihe mberede ụgbọ ala. Maka ọnụ ọgụgụ na ihe kacha akpata mgbochi, hụ ihe ndị nwere ike igbochi ọnwụ. N'afọ 2002, ihe dị ka nde mmadụ iri ise na asaa nwụrụ. N'afọ 2005, dị ka World Health Organization (WHO) si kwuo site na iji International Classification of Diseases (ICD), ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 58 nwụrụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/cancer|year=2005|author=WHO|title=Cancer|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518221722/https://www.who.int/health-topics/cancer|archivedate=May 18, 2020}}</ref> N'afọ 2010, dị ka Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation si kwuo, nde mmadụ 52.8 nwụrụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|journal=Lancet|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2095–2128|date=December 2012|pmid=23245604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0|url=https://ipa-world.org/society-resources/code/images/95b1494-Lozano%20Mortality%20GBD2010.pdf}}</ref> N'afọ 2016, WHO dekọrọ ọnwụ nde mmadụ 56.7 nke isi ihe kpatara ọnwụ dị ka Ọrịa obi na akwara na-akpata ihe karịrị ọnwụ nde mmadụ 17 (ihe dị ka 31% nke ngụkọta) dịka egosiri na chaatị dị n'akụkụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death|title=The top 10 causes of death|work=www.who.int}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, e nwere ihe dịka. 68 nde mmadụ nwụrụ n'ụwa niile, dị ka akụkọ WHO si kwuo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The top 10 causes of death|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death|accessdate=2024-08-12|work=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;á == Site n'oge == Afọ ole a na-anwụ, kwa 100,000, site na ihe kpatara ya, na 2017, na mgbanwe pasent 2007-2017. === Tebụl Nchịkọta === Tebụl mbụ a na-enye nkọwa zuru ezu nke ụdị na ihe kpatara ya. Isi ihe kpatara ya bụ Ọrịa obi na 31.59% nke ọnwụ niile.  {{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Template:Static row numbers/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="template:sticky header/styles.css" />  <templatestyles src="template:row hover highlight/styles.css" /> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-datatable sticky-header col1left" {{right}} |+Age-standardised Death Rate (per 100,000) in 2017 !Cause !Rate !% {{br}} total !% {{br}} change {{br}} 2007–2017 |- |All causes |737.7 |100% |−14.2 |- ! style="background:#ff6;" |I. Communicable, maternal, neonatal {{br}} and nutritional disorders |143.8 |19.49% |−31.8 |- !Respiratory infections and tuberculosis |50.5 |6.85% |−24.5 |- ![[Tuberculosis]] |14.9 |2.02% |−31.4 |- |Drug-susceptible tuberculosis |13.2 |1.79% |−31.9 |- |Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis without extensive drug resistance |1.6 |0.22% |−28.6 |- |Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis |0.2 |0.03% |−7.7 |- ![[Lower respiratory tract infection|Lower respiratory infections]] |35.4 |4.80% |−21.1 |- ![[Upper respiratory tract infection|Upper respiratory infections]] |0.1 |0.01% |−42.1 |- ![[Otitis media]] |0.0 |0.00% |−50.4 |- ![[Gastrointestinal tract|Enteric]] infections |24.4 |3.31% |−29.9 |- |[[Diarrhea|Diarrhoeal]] diseases |21.6 |2.93% |−30.2 |- |[[Typhoid]] and paratyphoid |1.9 |0.26% |−27.8 |- |(Typhoid fever) |1.6 |0.22% |−29.1 |- |(Paratyphoid fever) |0.3 |0.04% |−18.9 |- |iNTS |0.8 |0.11% |−24.8 |- |Other intestinal infectious diseases |0.0 |0.00% |−44.7 |- !Sexually transmitted infections |13.9 |1.88% |−53.6 |- ![[HIV/AIDS]] |12.1 |1.64% |−56.5 |- |HIV/AIDS – Drug-susceptible Tuberculosis |2.5 |0.34% |−61.1 |- |HIV/AIDS – [[Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis|Multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis]] {{br}} without extensive drug resistance |0.3 |0.04% |−58.1 |- |HIV/AIDS – [[Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis]] |0.0 |0.00% |−20.3 |- |HIV/AIDS resulting in other diseases |9.3 |1.26% |−55.1 |- !Sexually transmitted infections excluding HIV |1.8 |0.24% |−14.4 |- |[[Syphilis]] |1.7 |0.23% |−14.3 |- |[[Chlamydia|Chlamydial]] infection |0.0 |0.00% |−15.2 |- |[[Neisseria gonorrhoeae|Gonococcal]] infection |0.0 |0.00% |−14.9 |- |Other sexually transmitted infections |0.0 |0.00% |−15.9 |- !Neglected tropical diseases and malaria |10.1 |1.37% |−36.1 |- |[[Malaria]] |8.7 |1.18% |−37.3 |- |[[Chagas disease]] |0.1 |0.01% |−21.1 |- |[[Leishmaniasis]] |0.1 |0.01% |−67.8 |- |(Visceral leishmaniasis) |0.1 |0.01% |−67.8 |- |[[African trypanosomiasis]] (sleeping sickness) |0.0 |0.00% |−82.8 |- |[[Schistosomiasis]] |0.1 |0.01% |−28.5 |- |[[Cysticercosis]] |0.0 |0.00% |−27.3 |- |Cystic [[echinococcosis]] |0.0 |0.00% |−41.9 |- |[[Dengue fever|Dengue]] |0.5 |0.07% |40.7 |- |[[Yellow fever]] |0.1 |0.01% |−23.3 |- |[[Rabies]] |0.2 |0.03% |−54.8 |- |Intestinal [[nematode]] infections |0.0 |0.00% |−47.2 |- |([[Ascariasis]]) |0.0 |0.00% |−47.2 |- |[[Ebola]] virus disease |0.0 |0.00% |−98.4 |- |[[Zika fever|Zika]] virus disease |0.0 |0.00% |– |- |Other neglected tropical diseases |0.2 |0.03% |−3.7 |- !Other infectious diseases |11.6 |1.57% |−33.8 |- ![[Meningitis]] |4.0 |0.54% |−27.8 |- |Pneumococcal meningitis |0.6 |0.08% |−22.4 |- |[[Haemophilus influenzae|H influenzae]] type B meningitis |1.1 |0.15% |−40.6 |- |Meningococcal infection |0.4 |0.05% |−37.1 |- |Other meningitis |2.0 |0.27% |−17.3 |- ![[Encephalitis]] |1.2 |0.16% |−14.3 |- ![[Diphtheria]] |0.1 |0.01% |−28.6 |- ![[Whooping cough]] (pertussis) |1.4 |0.19% |−27.1 |- ![[Tetanus]] |0.5 |0.07% |−59.6 |- ![[Measles]] |1.4 |0.19% |−59.3 |- ![[Varicella]] (chickenpox) and [[Shingles|herpes zoster]] (shingles) |0.2 |0.03% |−29.2 |- !Acute [[hepatitis]] |1.6 |0.22% |−24.5 |- |Acute [[hepatitis A]] |0.3 |0.04% |−38.7 |- |Acute [[hepatitis B]] |1.1 |0.15% |−19.6 |- |Acute [[hepatitis C]] |0.0 |0.00% |−32.1 |- |Acute [[hepatitis E]] |0.2 |0.03% |−25.8 |- !Other unspecified infectious diseases |1.1 |0.15% |−13.4 |- !Maternal and neonatal disorders |29.5 |4.00% |−26.6 |- !Maternal disorders |2.5 |0.34% |−30.7 |- |Maternal [[Bleeding|haemorrhage]] |0.5 |0.07% |−56.4 |- |Maternal [[sepsis]] and other pregnancy related infections |0.3 |0.04% |−33.5 |- |Maternal [[Hypertension|hypertensive]] disorders |0.4 |0.05% |−13.0 |- |Maternal obstructed labour and [[uterine rupture]] |0.2 |0.03% |−25.2 |- |Maternal abortive outcome |0.2 |0.03% |−15.7 |- |[[Ectopic pregnancy]] |0.1 |0.01% |−19.2 |- |Indirect maternal deaths |0.4 |0.05% |−12.5 |- |Late maternal deaths |0.0 |0.00% |−9.5 |- |Maternal deaths aggravated by HIV/AIDS |0.0 |0.00% |−32.1 |- |Other maternal disorders |0.3 |0.04% |−16.5 |- !Neonatal disorders |27.1 |3.67% |−26.2 |- |Neonatal [[preterm birth]] |9.9 |1.34% |−28.1 |- |[[Neonatal encephalopathy]] due to [[Perinatal asphyxia|birth asphyxia]] and trauma |8.1 |1.10% |−26.5 |- |[[Neonatal sepsis]] and other [[Neonatal infection|neonatal infections]] |3.1 |0.42% |−14.4 |- |[[Hemolytic disease of the newborn|Hemolytic disease]] and other [[neonatal jaundice]] |0.7 |0.09% |−39.3 |- |Other neonatal disorders |5.3 |0.72% |−25.7 |- ![[Malnutrition|Nutritional deficiencies]] |3.8 |0.52% |−33.6 |- |Protein-energy malnutrition |3.3 |0.45% |−34.6 |- |Other nutritional deficiencies |0.5 |0.07% |−25.8 |- ! style="background:#ff6;" |II. Non-communicable diseases |536.1 |72.67% |−7.9 |- ![[Cardiovascular disease|Cardiovascular diseases]] |233.1 |31.60% |−10.3 |- |Rheumatic heart disease |3.7 |0.50% |−21.3 |- |Ischaemic heart disease |116.9 |15.85% |−9.7 |- !Stroke |80.5 |10.91% |−13.6 |- |Ischaemic stroke |36.6 |4.96% |−11.8 |- |Intracerebral hemorrhage |38.2 |5.18% |−15.7 |- |Subarachnoid hemorrhage |5.7 |0.77% |−9.4 |- !Hypertensive heart disease |12.3 |1.67% |7.5 |- !Non-rheumatic valvular heart disease |2.0 |0.27% |−5.3 |- |Non-rheumatic calcific aortic valve disease |1.4 |0.19% |−1.0 |- |Non-rheumatic degenerative mitral valve disease |0.5 |0.07% |−14.0 |- |Other non-rheumatic valve diseases |0.1 |0.01% |−17.8 |- !Cardiomyopathy and myocarditis |4.8 |0.65% |−16.6 |- |Myocarditis |0.6 |0.08% |−13.3 |- |Alcoholic cardiomyopathy |1.1 |0.15% |−40.5 |- |Other cardiomyopathy |3.1 |0.42% |−3.6 |- !Atrial fibrillation and flutter |4.0 |0.54% |2.6 |- !Aortic aneurysm |2.2 |0.30% |−8.5 |- !Peripheral vascular disease |1.0 |0.14% |10.5 |- !Endocarditis |1.1 |0.15% |1.0 |- !Other cardiovascular and circulatory diseases |4.7 |0.64% |−7.9 |- ![[Neoplasm|Neoplasms]] |121.2 |16.43% |−4.4 |- |Lip and [[Oral cancer|oral cavity cancer]] |2.4 |0.33% |4.0 |- |[[Nasopharyngeal carcinoma|Nasopharynx cancer]] |0.9 |0.12% |−3.0 |- |Other pharynx cancer |1.4 |0.19% |7.9 |- |[[Esophageal cancer|Oesophageal cancer]] |5.5 |0.75% |−14.5 |- |[[Stomach cancer]] |11.0 |1.49% |−17.1 |- |[[Colorectal cancer|Colon and rectum cancer]] |11.5 |1.56% |−4.3 |- |[[Liver cancer]] |10.2 |1.38% |−2.5 |- |(Liver cancer due to hepatitis B) |4.0 |0.54% |−6.2 |- |(Liver cancer due to hepatitis C) |3.0 |0.41% |−2.1 |- |(Liver cancer due to alcohol use) |1.6 |0.22% |0.6 |- |(Liver cancer due to [[Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease|NASH]]) |0.8 |0.11% |7.6 |- |(Liver cancer due to other causes) |0.8 |0.11% |−0.9 |- |[[Gallbladder cancer|Gallbladder]] and [[Cholangiocarcinoma|biliary tract cancer]] |2.2 |0.30% |−6.7 |- |[[Pancreatic cancer]] |5.6 |0.76% |4.8 |- |[[Laryngeal cancer|Larynx cancer]] |1.6 |0.22% |−7.7 |- |Tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer |23.7 |3.21% |−2.0 |- |[[Melanoma|Malignant skin melanoma]] |0.8 |0.11% |−5.1 |- |Non-melanoma [[skin cancer]] |0.8 |0.11% |2.7 |- |(Non-melanoma skin cancer ([[Squamous cell carcinoma|squamous-cell carcinoma]])) |0.8 |0.11% |2.7 |- |Breast cancer |7.6 |1.03% |−2.6 |- |[[Cervical cancer]] |3.2 |0.43% |−7.2 |- |[[Uterine cancer]] |1.1 |0.15% |−10.4 |- |[[Ovarian cancer]] |2.2 |0.30% |−1.0 |- |[[Prostate cancer]] |5.5 |0.75% |−2.5 |- |[[Testicular cancer]] |0.1 |0.01% |−9.4 |- |[[Kidney cancer]] |1.8 |0.24% |−1.3 |- |[[Bladder cancer]] |2.6 |0.35% |−5.4 |- |[[Brain tumor|Brain]] and nervous system cancer |3.1 |0.42% |3.8 |- |[[Thyroid cancer]] |0.5 |0.07% |−1.2 |- |[[Mesothelioma]] |0.4 |0.05% |−3.4 |- |[[Hodgkin lymphoma]] |0.4 |0.05% |−16.8 |- |[[Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma]] |3.2 |0.43% |0.1 |- |[[Multiple myeloma]] |1.4 |0.19% |−0.4 |- ![[Leukemia|Leukaemia]] |4.5 |0.61% |−9.6 |- |[[Acute lymphoblastic leukemia|Acute lymphoid leukaemia]] |0.7 |0.09% |−1.5 |- |[[Chronic lymphocytic leukemia|Chronic lymphoid leukaemia]] |0.5 |0.07% |−10.3 |- |[[Acute myeloid leukemia|Acute myeloid leukaemia]] |1.3 |0.18% |−1.0 |- |[[Chronic myelogenous leukemia|Chronic myeloid leukaemia]] |0.3 |0.04% |−19.9 |- |Other leukaemia |1.8 |0.24% |−15.6 |- !Other malignant cancers |4.6 |0.62% |0.1 |- !Other neoplasms |1.3 |0.18% |7.4 |- |[[Myelodysplastic syndrome|Myelodysplastic]], [[Myeloproliferative neoplasm|myeloproliferative]] and {{br}} other hematopoietic neoplasms |1.3 |0.18% |7.1 |- |Other benign and [[Carcinoma in situ|in situ neoplasms]] |0.1 |0.01% |15.5 |- !Chronic respiratory diseases |51.4 |6.97% |−14.2 |- |Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |42.2 |5.72% |−13.6 |- |Pneumoconiosis |0.3 |0.04% |−16.7 |- |(Silicosis) |0.1 |0.01% |−15.5 |- |(Asbestosis) |0.0 |0.00% |−8.3 |- |(Coal workers pneumoconiosis) |0.0 |0.00% |−26.6 |- |(Other pneumoconiosis) |0.0 |0.00% |−17.5 |- |Asthma |6.3 |0.85% |−23.9 |- |Interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis |1.9 |0.26% |11.4 |- |Other chronic respiratory diseases |0.7 |0.09% |−3.2 |- !Digestive diseases |30.3 |4.11% |−10.7 |- !Cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases |16.5 |2.24% |−9.7 |- |Cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases due to hepatitis B |4.8 |0.65% |−14.3 |- |Cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases due to hepatitis C |4.2 |0.57% |−8.4 |- |Cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases due to alcohol use |4.1 |0.56% |−8.8 |- |Cirrhosis due to NASH |1.5 |0.20% |−1.4 |- |Cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases due to other causes |1.9 |0.26% |−8.6 |- !Upper digestive system diseases |3.8 |0.52% |−21.6 |- |Peptic ulcer disease |3.1 |0.42% |−23.5 |- |Gastritis and duodenitis |0.7 |0.09% |−11.7 |- !Appendicitis |0.6 |0.08% |−17.0 |- !Paralytic ileus and intestinal obstruction |3.2 |0.43% |−5.8 |- !Inguinal, femoral, and abdominal hernia |0.6 |0.08% |−8.9 |- !Inflammatory bowel disease |0.5 |0.07% |−10.5 |- !Vascular intestinal disorders |1.3 |0.18% |−10.2 |- !Gallbladder and biliary diseases |1.5 |0.20% |−5.0 |- !Pancreatitis |1.3 |0.18% |−5.7 |- !Other digestive diseases |1.2 |0.16% |−7.1 |- !Neurological disorders |43.1 |5.84% |0.1 |- |Alzheimer's disease and other dementias |35.4 |4.80% |0.6 |- |Parkinson's disease |4.6 |0.62% |0.8 |- |Epilepsy |1.7 |0.23% |−10.7 |- |Multiple sclerosis |0.3 |0.04% |−3.9 |- |Motor neuron disease |0.4 |0.05% |1.2 |- |Other neurological disorders |0.7 |0.09% |2.0 |- !Mental disorders |0.0 |0.00% |7.5 |- !Eating disorders |0.0 |0.00% |7.5 |- |Anorexia nervosa |0.0 |0.00% |5.5 |- |Bulimia nervosa |0.0 |0.00% |13.5 |- !Substance use disorders |4.3 |0.58% |2.0 |- !Alcohol use disorders |2.3 |0.31% |−16.5 |- !Drug use disorders |2.1 |0.28% |34.1 |- |Opioid use disorders |1.4 |0.19% |49.4 |- |Cocaine use disorders |0.1 |0.01% |19.6 |- |Amphetamine use disorders |0.1 |0.01% |8.7 |- |Other drug use disorders |0.6 |0.08% |11.3 |- !Diabetes and kidney diseases |33.6 |4.55% |1.3 |- !Diabetes mellitus |17.5 |2.37% |1.2 |- |Diabetes mellitus type 1 |4.3 |0.58% |−11.0 |- |Diabetes mellitus type 2 |13.2 |1.79% |5.9 |- !Chronic kidney disease |15.9 |2.16% |1.5 |- |Chronic kidney disease due to diabetes mellitus type 1 |0.9 |0.12% |−1.2 |- |Chronic kidney disease due to diabetes mellitus type 2 |4.5 |0.61% |4.2 |- |Chronic kidney disease due to hypertension |4.6 |0.62% |3.2 |- |Chronic kidney disease due to glomerulonephritis |2.4 |0.33% |−1.3 |- |Chronic kidney disease due to other and unspecified causes |3.4 |0.46% |−1.4 |- !Acute glomerulonephritis |0.1 |0.01% |−9.5 |- !Skin and subcutaneous diseases |1.3 |0.18% |8.1 |- |Bacterial skin diseases |1.0 |0.14% |12.7 |- |(Cellulitis) |0.2 |0.03% |19.6 |- |(Pyoderma) |0.8 |0.11% |10.5 |- |Decubitus ulcer |0.3 |0.04% |−5.1 |- |Other skin and subcutaneous diseases |0.1 |0.01% |3.3 |- !Musculoskeletal disorders |1.6 |0.22% |−0.1 |- |Rheumatoid arthritis |0.6 |0.08% |−5.9 |- |Other musculoskeletal disorders |1.0 |0.14% |3.9 |- !Other non-communicable diseases |16.3 |2.21% |−11.2 |- !Congenital anomalies |8.7 |1.18% |−18.2 |- |Neural tube defects |0.9 |0.12% |−16.5 |- |Congenital heart anomalies |3.9 |0.53% |−21.8 |- |Orofacial clefts |0.1 |0.01% |−41.9 |- |[[Down syndrome]] |0.4 |0.05% |−5.2 |- |Other chromosomal abnormalities |0.3 |0.04% |0.3 |- |Congenital musculoskeletal and limb anomalies |0.2 |0.03% |−12.8 |- |Urogenital congenital anomalies |0.2 |0.03% |−8.5 |- |Digestive congenital anomalies |0.8 |0.11% |−19.3 |- |Other congenital anomalies |2.1 |0.28% |−15.9 |- !Urinary diseases and male infertility |3.6 |0.49% |5.7 |- |[[Urinary tract infection|Urinary tract infections]] |2.7 |0.37% |10.9 |- |[[Urolithiasis]] (Kidney stone disease) |0.2 |0.03% |−1.2 |- |Other urinary diseases |0.7 |0.09% |−9.9 |- !Gynecological diseases |0.1 |0.01% |−2.6 |- |[[Uterine fibroid|Uterine fibroids]] |0.0 |0.00% |8.1 |- |[[Polycystic ovarian syndrome]] |0.0 |0.00% |1.0 |- |Endometriosis |0.0 |0.00% |−3.2 |- |Genital prolapse |0.0 |0.00% |−24.1 |- |Other gynecological diseases |0.1 |0.01% |−3.6 |- !Hemoglobinopathies and [[Hemolytic anaemia|hemolytic anaemias]] |1.4 |0.19% |−11.3 |- |Thalassemias |0.1 |0.01% |−27.9 |- |Sickle cell disorders |0.5 |0.07% |−3.1 |- |G6PD deficiency |0.2 |0.03% |−7.1 |- |Other hemoglobinopathies and hemolytic anaemias |0.6 |0.08% |−16.1 |- !Endocrine, metabolic, blood, and immune disorders |1.9 |0.26% |0.8 |- !Sudden infant death syndrome |0.6 |0.08% |−20.2 |- ! style="background:#ff6;" |III. Injuries |57.9 |7.85% |−13.7 |- !Transport injuries |17.0 |2.30% |−17.0 |- !Road injuries |15.8 |2.14% |−17.1 |- |Pedestrian road injuries |6.2 |0.84% |−21.4 |- |Cyclist road injuries |0.9 |0.12% |−8.8 |- |Motorcyclist road injuries |2.9 |0.39% |−12.4 |- |Motor vehicle road injuries |5.8 |0.79% |−15.6 |- |Other road injuries |0.1 |0.01% |−19.4 |- !Other transport injuries |1.2 |0.16% |−15.5 |- !Unintentional injuries |23.8 |3.23% |−15.3 |- |Falls |9.2 |1.25% |−2.8 |- |Drowning |4.0 |0.54% |−27.3 |- |Fire, heat, and hot substances |1.6 |0.22% |−22.9 |- |Poisonings |0.9 |0.12% |−20.8 |- |(Poisoning by carbon monoxide) |0.5 |0.07% |−26.6 |- |(Poisoning by other means) |0.5 |0.07% |−14.4 |- |Exposure to mechanical forces |1.8 |0.24% |−20.3 |- |(Unintentional firearm injuries) |0.3 |0.04% |−16.4 |- |(Other exposure to mechanical forces) |1.5 |0.20% |−21.0 |- |Adverse effects of medical treatment |1.6 |0.22% |−6.2 |- |Animal contact |1.1 |0.15% |−16.0 |- |(Venomous animal contact) |0.9 |0.12% |−16.0 |- |(Non-venomous animal contact) |0.1 |0.01% |−16.1 |- |Foreign body |1.7 |0.23% |−14.1 |- |(Pulmonary aspiration and foreign body in airway) |1.6 |0.22% |−13.9 |- |(Foreign body in other body part) |0.1 |0.01% |−15.8 |- |Environmental heat and cold exposure |0.7 |0.09% |−29.4 |- |Exposure to forces of nature |0.1 |0.01% |−45.8 |- |Other unintentional injuries |1.2 |0.16% |−25.8 |- !Self-harm and interpersonal violence |17.1 |2.32% |−7.6 |- !Self-harm |10.0 |1.36% |−14.8 |- |Self-harm by firearm |0.8 |0.11% |−10.3 |- |Self-harm by other specified means |9.2 |1.25% |−15.2 |- !Interpersonal violence |5.2 |0.70% |−11.1 |- |Assault by firearm |2.2 |0.30% |−3.6 |- |Assault by sharp object |1.2 |0.16% |−22.3 |- |Assault by other means |1.8 |0.24% |−11.5 |- !Conflict and terrorism |1.7 |0.23% |98.4 |- !Executions and police conflict |0.2 |0.03% |172.4 |} {| class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable static-row-numbers sticky-header col1left col2left" |+Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ site na ihe kpatara ya. Pasentị nke ọnwụ niile !Ụdị !Ihe kpatara ya !Pasentị !Pasentị |- | rowspan="7" style="max-width:13em;" |'''I. Nsogbu na-efe efe, nke nne, nke nwa ọhụrụ, na nke na-edozi ahụ''' |Ọrịa iku ume na ụkwara nta |6.85 | rowspan="7" |'''19.49%''' |- |Ọrịa na-efe efe |3.31 |- |[[Sexually Transmitted Infection|Ọrịa ndị a na-ebute site na mmekọahụ]] |1.88 |- |Ọrịa ndị na-efe n'ebe okpomọkụ na [[Iba|ịba]] |1.37 |- |Ọrịa ndị ọzọ na-efe efeỌrịa na-efe efe |1.57 |- |Nsogbu [[Ọnwụ nne|Nne]] na nwa ọhụrụNsogbu nwa ọhụrụ |4.00 |- |[[Agụụ|Enweghị nri na-edozi ahụ]] |0.52 |- | rowspan="10" |'''Nke Abụọ. Ọrịa ndị na-adịghị ebute ọrịa''' |'''Ọrịa obi''' |'''31.59''' | rowspan="10" |'''72.67%''' |- |Neoplasms |16.43 |- |Ọrịa iku ume na-adịghị ala ala |6.97 |- |Ọrịa ndị na-agbari nri |4.11 |- |Nsogbu akwara |5.84 |- |Iji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe |0.58 |- |Ọrịa shuga na ọrịa akụrụ |4.55 |- |Ọrịa akpụkpọ ahụ |0.18 |- |Ọrịa Ọkpụkpụ Ọkpụkpụ |0.22 |- |Ndị ọzọ na-adịghị ekwurịta okwu |2.22 |- | rowspan="3" |'''Nke Atọ. Mmerụ ahụ''' |Mmerụ ahụ n'ụgbọ njem |2.30 | rowspan="3" |'''7.85%''' |- |Mmerụ ahụ a na-atụghị anya ya |3.23 |- |Mmerụ onwe onye na ime ihe ike |2.32 |- |'''Ngụkọta''' | |'''100%''' |'''100%''' |- |} === Ndị mepere emepe vs. akụ na ụba na-emepe emepe === [[Faịlụ:Global_number_of_deaths_(A)_and_YLLs_(B),_by_pathogen_and_GBD_super-region,_2019.jpg|thumb|Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ n'ụwa niile (A) na YLLs (B), site na nje bacteria (nke 33) na GBD super-region, 2019 <ref name="Ikuta_2022">{{Cite journal|title=Global mortality associated with 33 bacterial pathogens in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019|language=English|journal=Lancet|volume=400|issue=10369|pages=2221–2248|date=December 2022|pmid=36423648|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(22)02185-7}}</ref>]] Ihe kachasị akpata ọnwụ, dị ka akụkọ World Health Organization maka afọ kalenda 2001 si kwuo: <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ucatlas.ucsc.edu/cause.php|title=Cause of Death|date=February 18, 2004|work=UC Atlas of Global Inequality|publisher=University of California, Santa Cruz|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140618212442/http://ucatlas.ucsc.edu/cause.php|archivedate=June 18, 2014|accessdate=2014-06-09}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Ihe kpatara ọnwụ na Mba ndị na-emepe emepe !Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ !Ihe na-akpata ọnwụ na Mba ndị mepere emepe !Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ |- |[[HIV/AIDS|Ọrịa HIV na AIDS]] |2,678,000 | style="background:Pink;" |Ọrịa obi nke Ischaemia |3,512,000 |- | style="background:MistyRose;" |Ọrịa iku ume |2,643,000 |Ọrịa ụbụrụ |3,346,000 |- | style="background:Pink;" |Ọrịa obi nke Ischaemia |2,484,000 | style="background:AntiqueWhite;" |Ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala nke na-egbochi akpa ume |1,829,000 |- |[[Afọ ọsịsa|Ọsịsa]] |1,793,000 | style="background:MistyRose;" |Ọrịa iku ume |1,180,000 |- |Ọrịa ụbụrụ |1,381,000 |Ọrịa kansa akpa ume |938,000 |- |Ọrịa ụmụaka |1,217,000 |Ihe mberede okporo ụzọ |669,000 |- |[[Iba|Ịba]] |1,103,000 |Ọrịa kansa afọ |657,000 |- | style="background:PowderBlue;" |Ọrịa ụkwara nta |1,021,000 |Ọrịa ọbara mgbali elu |635,000 |- | style="background:AntiqueWhite;" |Ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala nke na-egbochi akpa ume |748,000 | style="background:PowderBlue;" |Ọrịa ụkwara nta |571,000 |- |[[Akpata|Nri]] |674,000 |Igbu onwe onye |499,000 |} Tebụl a na-enye nkọwa zuru ezu na nke a kapịrị ọnụ nke ihe kpatara afọ 2017. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nwere oke njehie nke ihe dị ka 5% na nkezi.{{Excerpt|Years of potential life lost|By main cause of death in the United States of America}}{{Excerpt|Aging-associated diseases|paragraphs=2,3}}  == Ihe ndị na-akpata ya == Enwere ike ịhazi ihe ndị na-akpata ọnwụ n'ime ihe ndị na na-akpatara ọnwụ ma ọ bụ isi ihe na-akpali ọnwụ, ọnọdụ ndị na-eduga n'ihe kpatara ọnwụ, ihe ndị ọzọ kpatara ya, na ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ dị mkpa nke nwere ike inye aka na nsonaazụ ọnwụ.<ref name="10.1038/s41598-021-82862-5">{{Cite journal|title=Causes of death and comorbidities in hospitalized patients with COVID-19|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|date=February 2021|pmid=33608563|doi=10.1038/s41598-021-82862-5}}</ref> Dị ka WHO si kwuo, ihe kpatara ya bụ "ọrịa ma ọ bụ mmerụ ahụ nke malitere ụgbọ okporo ígwè nke ihe omume ndị na-egbu egbu na-eduga n'ọnwụ, ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ nke ihe mberede ma ọ bụ ime ihe ike nke kpatara mmerụ ahụ na-egbu mmadụ".[s][ies]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cause of death|url=https://www.who.int/standards/classifications/classification-of-diseases/cause-of-death|work=www.who.int|accessdate=July 7, 2022|language=en}}</ref> Enwere ike ịchọpụta nsogbu na-edozi ahụ dị ka ihe kpatara ndụ dị mkpirikpi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tropej.oxfordjournals.org/content/2/2/77.extract|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131181721/http://tropej.oxfordjournals.org/content/2/2/77.extract|archivedate=2016-01-31|title=Mortality In Second And Third Degree Malnutrition|publisher=Tropej.oxfordjournals.org|date=June 3, 2014|accessdate=2014-06-09}}</ref> 70% nke ọnwụ ụmụaka (afọ 0-4) na-akọ na ọ bụ n'ihi ọrịa afọ ọsịsa, ọrịa iku ume siri ike, ịba na ọrịa na-adịghị emerụ ahụ. Otú ọ dị, 56% nke ọnwụ ụmụaka ndị a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mmetụta nke nsogbu nri na-edozi ahụ dị ka ihe kpatara ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The effects of malnutrition on child mortality in developing countries|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|volume=73|issue=4|pages=443–448|date=January 24, 2014|pmid=7554015}}</ref> Mmetụta nke nsogbu na-edozi ahụ gụnyere mmụba nke ibute ọrịa, mmebi nke uru ahụ, nkwarụ ọkpụkpụ na igbu oge mmepe akwara. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Some effects of malnutrition on the immune response in man|journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition|volume=27|issue=6|pages=638–646|date=June 1974|pmid=4208451|doi=10.1093/ajcn/27.6.638}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Protein energy malnutrition|journal=Pediatric Clinics of North America|volume=56|issue=5|pages=1055–1068|date=October 2009|pmid=19931063|doi=10.1016/j.pcl.2009.07.001}}</ref> Dị ka Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa si kwuo, a na-akpọ ụkọ nri na-edozi ahụ dị ka ihe kachasị enye aka n'ọnwụ ụmụaka na ọnwụ nde 36 na 2005 metụtara ụkọ nri. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Stay informed today|url=https://www.economist.com/international/2008/01/24/the-starvelings|title=Malnutrition: The starvelings|work=The Economist|date=January 24, 2008|accessdate=2014-06-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=[[L'Empire de la honte]]|publisher=Librairie générale française|year=2007|isbn=978-2-253-12115-2|oclc=470722796|language=fr}}</ref> E wezụga adịghị edozi ahụ na ụkọ micronutrient, adịghị edozi nri na-edozi ahụ gụnyekwara oke ibu, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Fact sheets - Malnutrition|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malnutrition|work=www.who.int|accessdate=July 7, 2022|language=en}}</ref> nke na-ebute ọtụtụ ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala, gụnyere ụdị ọrịa kansa 13, ọrịa obi, na ụdị ọrịa shuga 2. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Metabolic Phenotype in Obesity: Fat Mass, Body Fat Distribution, and Adipose Tissue Function|journal=Obesity Facts|volume=10|issue=3|pages=207–215|date=2017|pmid=28564650|doi=10.1159/000471488}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Obesity and cancer risk: Emerging biological mechanisms and perspectives|journal=Metabolism|volume=92|pages=121–135|date=March 2019|pmid=30445141|doi=10.1016/j.metabol.2018.11.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Physical activity, obesity and sedentary behavior in cancer etiology: epidemiologic evidence and biologic mechanisms|journal=Molecular Oncology|volume=15|issue=3|pages=790–800|date=March 2021|pmid=32741068|doi=10.1002/1878-0261.12772}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Obesity, Diabetes, and Increased Cancer Progression|language=English|journal=Diabetes & Metabolism Journal|volume=45|issue=6|pages=799–812|date=November 2021|pmid=34847640|doi=10.4093/dmj.2021.0077}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Central fatness and risk of all cause mortality: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of 72 prospective cohort studies|journal=BMJ|volume=370|date=September 2020|pmid=32967840|doi=10.1136/bmj.m3324}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association|journal=Circulation|volume=143|issue=21|pages=e984–e1010|date=May 2021|pmid=33882682|doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000973}}</ref><ref name="un-obesity" /> Dị ka WHO si kwuo, ịbụ "ibubiga ibu ókè na oke ibu so n'ihe ndị na-akpata ọnwụ na nkwarụ na Europe", na atụmatụ na-atụ aro na ha na-akpatara ihe karịrị nde mmadụ 1.2 kwa afọ, nke kwekọrọ na ihe karịrị 13% nke ngụkọta ọnwụ na mpaghara ahụ.<ref name="un-obesity">{{Cite news|title=WHO warns of worsening obesity 'epidemic' in Europe|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/05/1117402|accessdate=July 6, 2022|work=UN News|date=May 3, 2022|language=en}}</ref> Ụdị Iwu ahụike dị iche iche nwere ike igbochi omume ahụ ma belata oke ibu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The rising prevalence of obesity: part B-public health policy solutions|journal=International Journal of Surgery. Oncology|volume=2|issue=7|date=August 2017|pmid=29177229|doi=10.1097/ij9.0000000000000019}}</ref>&nbsp; Nri, ọ bụghị naanị n'ihe gbasara oke ibu kamakwa n'ihe oriri, nwere ike inwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na ihe ndị dị n'okpuru ya, na nyocha na-atụ aro na nwoke dị afọ 20 na Europe nke gbanwere na "nri kacha mma" nwere ike inweta nkezi nke ~ 13.7 afọ ndụ na nwanyị dị afọ 60 na US na-agbanwe na "nwụ nri kacha mma" enwere ike inweta nkebi nke ~ 8.0 afọ ndụ. Ọ chọpụtara na a ga-enweta uru kachasị ukwuu site na iri ọtụtụ legumes, ọka zuru oke, na mkpụrụ osisi, na obere anụ na anụ a na-edozi. O nwekwara enweghị ihe ọṅụṅụ shuga (site na "ihe oriri ọdịda anyanwụ" nke 500 g / ụbọchị ruo 0 g / ụbọchị).<ref name="10.1371/journal.pmed.1003889">{{Cite journal|title=Estimating impact of food choices on life expectancy: A modeling study|journal=PLOS Medicine|volume=19|issue=2|date=February 2022|pmid=35134067|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1003889}} Lay summary: {{Cite news|title=Changing your diet could add up to a decade to life expectancy, study finds|url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-02-diet-decade-life.html|accessdate=March 16, 2022|work=Public Library of Science|language=en}}</ref><ref name="10.1016/j.cell.2022.04.002">{{Cite journal|title=Nutrition, longevity and disease: From molecular mechanisms to interventions|language=English|journal=Cell|volume=185|issue=9|pages=1455–1470|date=April 2022|pmid=35487190|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2022.04.002}}</ref>  === Mmetọ === Nnyocha kwubiri na mmetọ kpatara ọnwụ nde mmadụ 9 na 2019 (otu n'ime ọnwụ isii, 3⁄4 site na mmetụ ikuku). O kwubiri na enwere ike ịchọpụta obere ọganihu megide mmetọ.<ref name="10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00090-0">{{Cite news|title=Pollution killing 9 million people a year, Africa hardest hit – study|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/pollution-killing-9-million-people-year-africa-hardest-hit-study-2022-05-17/|accessdate=June 23, 2022|work=Reuters|date=May 18, 2022|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Pollution and health: a progress update|journal=The Lancet. Planetary Health|volume=6|issue=6|pages=e535–e547|date=June 2022|pmid=35594895|doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00090-0}}</ref> ==== Mmetọ ikuku ==== N'ozuzu, mmetọ ikuku na-akpata ọnwụ nke ihe dị ka ca. Nde mmadụ 7 n'ụwa niile kwa afọ, ọ bụkwa ihe ize ndụ kachasị n'ụwa, dị ka WHO (2012) na IEA si kwuo (2016).<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/air-pollution/en/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326015904/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/air-pollution/en/|archivedate=March 26, 2014|title=7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution|publisher=[[WHO]]|date=March 25, 2014|accessdate=March 25, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/WorldEnergyOutlookSpecialReport2016EnergyandAirPollution.pdf|title=Energy and Air Pollution|work=Iea.org|accessdate=March 12, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011100229/http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/WorldEnergyOutlookSpecialReport2016EnergyandAirPollution.pdf|archivedate=October 11, 2019}}</ref><ref name="iea-nyt">{{Cite news|title=Study Links 6.5 Million Deaths Each Year to Air Pollution|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/27/business/energy-environment/study-links-6-5-million-deaths-each-year-to-air-pollution.html|date=June 26, 2016|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=June 27, 2016}}</ref> IEA na-ekwu na ọtụtụ n'ime ihe na-akpata na ọgwụgwọ nwere ike ịchọta na ụlọ ọrụ ike ma na-atụ aro ihe ngwọta dị ka ịla ezumike nká na-emetọ ọkụ ọkụ na-emetọ coal na iji guzobe ụkpụrụ siri ike maka ụgbọ ala. Na Septemba 2020 European Environment Agency kọrọ na ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka mmetọ ikuku na oke okpomọkụ nyere aka na gburugburu 13% nke ọnwụ mmadụ niile na mba EU na 2012 (~ 630,000).[2] Nnyocha ọmụmụ 2021 na-eji ụdị mkpebi dị elu yana ọrụ nzaghachi ntinye uche emelitere na-achọpụta na nde 10.2 n'ụwa niile nwụrụ na 2012 na nde 8.7 na 2018 - ma ọ bụ nke ise [na-akparịta ụka] - bụ n'ihi mmetọ ikuku sitere na ọkụ ọkụ fossil na-ebute, yana mmetụta dị elu karịa nke mbụ. Nnyocha nke afọ 2020 na-egosi na ọnụọgụ ndụ zuru ụwa ọnụ (LLE) site na mmetọ ikuku na 2015 bụ afọ 2.9, karịa, dịka ọmụmaatụ, afọ 0.3 site na ụdị ime ihe ike niile, ọ bụ ezie na a na-ewere akụkụ dị ukwuu nke LLE dị ka ihe a na-apụghị izere ezere.<ref name="Lelieveld_2020">{{Cite journal|title=Loss of life expectancy from air pollution compared to other risk factors: a worldwide perspective|journal=Cardiovascular Research|volume=116|issue=11|pages=1910–1917|date=September 2020|pmid=32123898|doi=10.1093/cvr/cvaa025}}</ref> === Ojiji nke ọgwụ mgbochi akwara === Dị ka WHO si kwuo, n'ụwa niile, ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 0.5 nwụrụ n'ihi iji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe, ihe karịrị 70% n'ime ha nwere njikọ na opioids, na oke ọgwụ bụ ihe kpatara ihe karịrị 30% nke ọnwụ ndị ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Opioid overdose|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/opioid-overdose|work=www.who.int|accessdate=July 10, 2022|language=en}}</ref>&nbsp; Ojiji dị iche iche nke opioids dị iche iche na-akpata ọtụtụ ọnwụ n'ụwa niile, nke a na-akpọ ọrịa opioid. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 75% nke ọnwụ 91,799 nke ọgwụ ọjọọ na 2020 na United States metụtara opioid.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Understanding the Opioid Overdose Epidemic {{!}} CDC's Response to the Opioid Overdose Epidemic {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/opioids/basics/epidemic.html|work=www.cdc.gov|accessdate=July 10, 2022|language=en-us|date=June 1, 2022}}</ref> Ọ bụghị ọgwụ niile na-emetụta usoro akwara na ihe ize ndụ maka inye aka na ọnwụ dị ka ihe dị mkpa ma ọ bụ maka ojiji ndị ahụ. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, enwere ike dochie ọgwụ ndị nwere ike imerụ ahụ ma ọ bụ na-emerụ ahụ maọbụ wepụ ya site n'enyemaka nke ọgwụ ndị ọzọ - dị ka NAC na modafinil n'ihe gbasara ịdabere na cocaine <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Pharmacological treatments for cocaine dependence: is there something new?|journal=Current Pharmaceutical Design|volume=17|issue=14|pages=1359–1368|date=May 1, 2011|pmid=21524259|doi=10.2174/138161211796150873}}</ref> - nke a na-adịghị ele ojiji ya anya dị ka ihe kpatara ọnwụ. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ha - gụnyere caffeine - nwere ike inye aka melite ahụike n'ozuzu dịka, n'onwe ya na n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè, ahụike anụ ahụ na ahụike uche ma ọ bụ n'ofe ma ọ bụ na mpaghara ụfọdụ nke nchịkwa maara ihe. Ịṅụ sịga bụ isi ihe na-akpata ọnwụ a na-egbochi na United States. Ọ bụ isi ihe na-akpata ọtụtụ ọrịa kansa, ọrịa obi, ọrịa strok, na ọrịa iku ume.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Smoking-attributable mortality by cause of death in the United States: An indirect approach|journal=SSM – Population Health|volume=7|date=April 2019|pmid=30723766|doi=10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100349}}</ref> Ịṅụ sịga na-ezo aka na ịṅụ sịga nke ngwaahịa ụtaba. E-siga na-ewetakwa nnukwu ihe ize ndụ maka ahụike.<ref name="whoecig">{{Cite web|title=Tobacco: E-cigarettes|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/tobacco-e-cigarettes|work=www.who.int|accessdate=July 10, 2022|language=en}}</ref> Mmetụta ahụike nke ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ na-ese siga dị ka ahịhịa dị iche iche na ojiji Ihe nzacha icheku ọkụ <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Could charcoal filtration of cigarette smoke reduce smoking-induced disease? A review of the literature|journal=Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology|volume=50|issue=3|pages=359–365|date=April 2008|pmid=18289753|doi=10.1016/j.yrtph.2008.01.001}}</ref> na-enyocha nke ọma, na nyocha dị ugbu a na-atụ aro naanị uru ole na ole karịa ịṅụ sịga.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Influence of smoking charcoal filter tipped cigarettes on various biomarkers of exposure|journal=Inhalation Toxicology|volume=18|issue=10|pages=821–829|date=September 2006|pmid=16774872|doi=10.1080/08958370600747945}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ndị na-ese siga nwere ike irite uru site na ịgbanwee na vaporizer dị ka ihe Mbelata mmerụ ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na ha ahapụghị, nke nwekwara obere ihe akaebe siri ike. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mull it over: cannabis vaporizers and harm reduction|journal=Addiction|volume=110|issue=11|pages=1709–1710|date=November 2015|pmid=26471154|doi=10.1111/add.13139}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Routes of administration for cannabis use - basic prevalence and related health outcomes: A scoping review and synthesis|journal=The International Journal on Drug Policy|volume=52|pages=87–96|date=February 2018|pmid=29277082|doi=10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.11.008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Peering Through the Haze of Smoked vs Vaporized Cannabis-To Vape or Not to Vape?|journal=JAMA Network Open|volume=1|issue=7|pages=e184838|date=November 2018|pmid=30646385|doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.4838}}</ref> Ugboro ole a na-eji ya eme ihe bụ isi ihe na ọkwa nke ihe ize ndụ <ref name="whoecig" /> ma ọ bụ na-adịgide adịgide na oke mmetụta ahụike. Nnyocha chọpụtara na ịṅụ sịga na ịṅụ anwụrụ ọkụ bụ ihe kpatara ọnwụ zuru ụwa ọnụ dị ka mmetọ, nke na nyocha ahụ bụ isi ihe kpatara ya.<ref name="10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00090-0">{{Cite news|title=Pollution killing 9 million people a year, Africa hardest hit – study|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/pollution-killing-9-million-people-year-africa-hardest-hit-study-2022-05-17/|accessdate=June 23, 2022|work=Reuters|date=May 18, 2022|language=en}}</ref> N'ụwa niile, iji mmanya na-aba n'anya bụ ihe ize ndụ nke asaa maka ọnwụ na DALY na 2016. Nnyocha chọpụtara na "ihe ize ndụ nke ọnwụ niile, na nke ọrịa kansa kpọmkwem, na-arị elu na ọkwa na-arịwanye elu nke oriri, na ọkwa oriri nke na-ebelata ọnwụ ahụike bụ efu".<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016|language=English|journal=Lancet|volume=392|issue=10152|pages=1015–1035|date=September 2018|pmid=30146330|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31310-2}}</ref> === Okpomọkụ na-adịghị mma === Nnyocha chọpụtara na 9.4% nke ọnwụ zuru ụwa ọnụ n'etiti afọ 2000 na 2019 - ~ nde 5 kwa afọ - nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi oke okpomọkụ na ndị metụtara oyi na-eme ka òkè ka ukwuu ma na-ebelata na ndị metụtara okpomọkụ mejupụtara ~ 0.91% ma na-abawanye. Mmetụta nke nkụchi obi, nkwụsị obi na ọrịa strok na-abawanye n'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Extreme temperatures kill 5 million people a year with heat-related deaths rising, study finds|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/08/extreme-temperatures-kill-5-million-people-a-year-with-heat-related-deaths-rising-study-finds|accessdate=August 14, 2021|work=The Guardian|date=July 7, 2021|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national burden of mortality associated with non-optimal ambient temperatures from 2000 to 2019: a three-stage modelling study|language=English|journal=The Lancet. Planetary Health|volume=5|issue=7|pages=e415–e425|date=July 2021|pmid=34245712|doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00081-4}}</ref>&nbsp; === Igbochi nje === Na nyocha zuru ụwa ọnụ, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kọrọ, dabere na ndekọ ahụike, na [[Igbochi nje|Igbochi ọgwụ nje]] nwere ike inye aka na ~ 4.95 nde (3.62-6.57) ọnwụ na 2019, na nde 1.3 kpọmkwem - nke ikpeazụ bụ ihe karịrị ọnwụ karịa site na ihe atụ AIDS ma ọ bụ ịba ụba, <ref>{{Cite news|title=Antibiotic resistance killed more people than malaria or AIDS in 2019|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2305266-antibiotic-resistance-killed-more-people-than-malaria-or-aids-in-2019/|accessdate=February 12, 2022|work=New Scientist}}</ref> <ref name="10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02724-0">{{Cite journal|title=Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis|language=English|journal=Lancet|volume=399|issue=10325|pages=629–655|date=February 2022|pmid=35065702|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02724-0}}</ref> n'agbanyeghị na a na-eme atụmatụ ịrị elu nke ukwuu.<ref>{{Cite news|date=September 10, 2020|title='Superbugs' a far greater risk than Covid in Pacific, scientist warns|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/10/superbugs-a-far-greater-risk-than-covid-in-pacific-scientist-warns|accessdate=2020-09-14}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; === Ọrịa ndị na-efe efe, ahụike n'ozuzu, ihe ndị metụtara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ọrịa na-efefe === Ọrịa ndị na-adị n'otu oge nwere ike ma ọ bụghị na ha na-enye aka n'ọnwụ <ref name="10.1016/S0377-1237(04)80060-1">{{Cite journal|title=Medical Certification of Cause of Death|journal=Medical Journal, Armed Forces India|volume=60|issue=3|pages=261–272|date=July 2004|pmid=27407646|doi=10.1016/S0377-1237(04)80060-1}}</ref> na ogo dị iche iche n'ụzọ dị iche iche. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, comorbidities nwere ike ịbụ isi ihe kpatara usoro dị mgbagwoju anya, na ọtụtụ comorbidity nwere ike ịdị otu ugboro.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mortality in COPD: Role of comorbidities|journal=The European Respiratory Journal|volume=28|issue=6|pages=1245–1257|date=December 2006|pmid=17138679|doi=10.1183/09031936.00133805}}</ref> Pandemics<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Place and Underlying Cause of Death During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Retrospective Cohort Study of 3.5 Million Deaths in England and Wales, 2014 to 2020|journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings|volume=96|issue=4|pages=952–963|date=April 2021|pmid=33714592|doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2021.02.007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Cardiovascular Deaths During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States|journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology|volume=77|issue=2|pages=159–169|date=January 2021|pmid=33446309|doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2020.10.055}}</ref> and infectious diseases or epidemics can be major underlying causes of deaths. In a small study of 26 decedents,  the pandemized COVID-19 and infection-related disease were "major contributors" to patients' death.<ref name="10.1038/s41598-021-82862-5">{{Cite journal|title=Causes of death and comorbidities in hospitalized patients with COVID-19|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|date=February 2021|pmid=33608563|doi=10.1038/s41598-021-82862-5}}</ref> Such deaths are sometimes evaluated via excess deaths per capita – the COVID-19 pandemic deaths between January 1, 2020, and December 31, 2021, are estimated to be ~18.2&nbsp;million. Research could help distinguish the proportions directly caused by COVID-19 from those caused by indirect consequences of the pandemic.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=COVID's true death toll: much higher than official records|journal=Nature|volume=603|issue=7902|date=March 2022|pmid=35277684|doi=10.1038/d41586-022-00708-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Estimating excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic analysis of COVID-19-related mortality, 2020-21|language=English|journal=Lancet|volume=399|issue=10334|pages=1513–1536|date=April 2022|pmid=35279232|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02796-3}}</ref> Nsogbu ahụike uche na nsogbu ndị metụtara ya dịka ọnọdụ akụ na ụba <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Suicide and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan|journal=Journal of Public Health|volume=44|issue=3|pages=541–548|date=August 2022|pmid=33855451|doi=10.1093/pubmed/fdab113}}</ref> na / ma ọ bụ ojiji dị iche iche nke ọgwụ usoro akwara nwere ike inye aka na ihe ndị dị ka igbu onwe <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Suicide-associated comorbidity among US males and females: a multiple cause-of-death analysis|journal=Injury Prevention|volume=13|issue=5|pages=311–315|date=October 2007|pmid=17916887|doi=10.1136/ip.2007.015230}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Youth suicide prevention|journal=CMAJ|volume=178|issue=3|pages=282–285|date=January 2008|pmid=18227445|doi=10.1503/cmaj.071315}}</ref> ma ọ bụ ọnwụ metụtara omume dị ize ndụ. Ịdị naanị gị ma ọ bụ mmekọrịta mmekọrịta na-ezughị ezu bụkwa isi ihe dị n'okpuru, nke nwere ike iji tụnyere ịṅụ sịga ma, dịka otu nyocha meta nke ọmụmụ 148, "karịrị ọtụtụ ihe ize ndụ a ma ama maka ọnwụ (dịka, oke ibu, enweghị ọrụ anụ ahụ) ".<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Social relationships and mortality risk: a meta-analytic review|journal=PLOS Medicine|volume=7|issue=7|date=July 2010|pmid=20668659|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316}}</ref> Mmerụ ahụ na ime ihe ike bụ "ihe kachasị akpata ọnwụ n'etiti ụmụaka, ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma, na ndị okenye na-eto eto na US" na ihe ize ndụ ndị dị otú ahụ gụnyere "obodo na-emebi emebi, ezinụlọ, ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ onwe onye" nke na-eme ka ohere ime ihe ike dịkwuo elu. Ụdị usoro mgbochi nwere ike ịgụnye nkwado nke "mmepe ahụike nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, ezinụlọ, ụlọ akwụkwọ, na obodo, na iwulite ikike maka mmekọrịta na mmekọrịta dị mma".[ing]<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Communities are not all created equal: Strategies to prevent violence affecting youth in the United States|journal=Journal of Public Health Policy|volume=37|issue=Suppl 1|pages=81–94|date=September 2016|pmid=27638244|doi=10.1057/s41271-016-0005-4}}</ref> Ihe ndị na-eme ka ndụ dị ndụ <ref>{{Cite web|title=Lifestyle Risk Factors {{!}} Tracking {{!}} NCEH {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/tracking/topics/LifestyleRiskFactors.htm|work=www.cdc.gov|accessdate=July 8, 2022|language=en-us|date=August 31, 2021}}</ref> - gụnyere enweghị ọrụ, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Percentage of Deaths Associated With Inadequate Physical Activity in the United States|language=en-us|journal=Preventing Chronic Disease|volume=15|pages=E38|date=March 2018|pmid=29602315|doi=10.5888/pcd18.170354}}</ref> na ịṅụ sịga na ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The preventable causes of death in the United States: comparative risk assessment of dietary, lifestyle, and metabolic risk factors|journal=PLOS Medicine|volume=6|issue=4|date=April 2009|pmid=19399161|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000058}}</ref> iri nri dị mma <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Healthy lifestyle behaviors and all-cause mortality among adults in the United States|journal=Preventive Medicine|volume=55|issue=1|pages=23–27|date=July 2012|pmid=22564893|doi=10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.04.016}}</ref> - na / ma ọ bụ ahụike n'ozuzu - gụnyere ahụike karịa nri dị mma na ibu na-adịghị - nwere ike ịbụ ihe kpatara ọnwụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na nnwale nke ndị okenye US, ~ 9.9% ọnwụ nke ndị okenye dị afọ 40 ruo 69 na ~ 7.8% ndị okenye dị ndụ 70 ma ọ bụ karịa ka a na-ekwu na ọ bụ ọkwa na-ezughị ezu nke mmega ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Percentage of Deaths Associated With Inadequate Physical Activity in the United States|language=en-us|journal=Preventing Chronic Disease|volume=15|pages=E38|date=March 2018|pmid=29602315|doi=10.5888/pcd18.170354}}</ref>   Dị ka omenala si dị, a naghị ele ịka nká anya dị ka ihe na-akpata ọnwụ. Ekwenyere na enwere ihe kpatara ya mgbe niile, ọ na-abụkarị otu n'ime ọtụtụ ọrịa metụtara afọ. A na-eme atụmatụ na, dị ka ihe kpatara ya, usoro ịka nká na-eme ka 2/3 nke ọnwụ niile dị n'ụwa (ihe dị ka 100,000 mmadụ kwa ụbọchị na 2007). Na mba ndị mepere emepe nke ukwuu, ọnụ ọgụgụ a nwere ike iru pasent 90.<ref>{{Cite journal|authorlink=Aubrey de Grey|title=Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations|journal=[[Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology]]|volume=1|issue=1, Article 5|year=2007|url=http://www.sens.org/files/pdf/ENHANCE-PP.pdf|doi=10.2202/1941-6008.1011|accessdate=August 7, 2011}}</ref> A na-arịọ arịrịọ maka inye ịka nká ọnọdụ nke ọrịa na ịgwọ ya ozugbo (dị ka site na mgbanwe nri na senolytics). <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Classifying aging as a disease in the context of ICD-11|journal=Frontiers in Genetics|volume=6|issue=|date=October 4, 2015|pmid=26583032|doi=10.3389/fgene.2015.00326}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Recognizing Degenerative Aging as a Treatable Medical Condition: Methodology and Policy|journal=Aging and Disease|volume=8|issue=5|pages=583–589|date=October 2017|pmid=28966803|doi=10.14336/AD.2017.0130}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Opening the door to treating ageing as a disease|journal=The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology|volume=6|issue=8|date=August 2018|pmid=30053981|doi=10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30214-6|author=The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=To help aging populations, classify organismal senescence|journal=Science|volume=366|issue=6465|pages=576–578|date=November 2019|pmid=31672885|doi=10.1126/science.aay7319}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Aging Fits the Disease Criteria of the International Classification of Diseases|journal=Mechanisms of Ageing and Development|volume=189|date=July 2020|pmid=32251691|doi=10.1016/j.mad.2020.111230}}</ref> {{Reflist}} === Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba na iwu === <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">Ihe na-esonụ bụ ndepụta nke ihe na-akpata ọnwụ mmadụ n'ụwa niile maka afọ dị iche iche nke a haziri site na ọnụọgụ ọnwụ ha. Ihe ụfọdụ na-akpata ya gụnyere ọnwụ ndị a gụnyere na ihe ndị ọzọ na-akpali akpali, a na-ewepụkwa ihe ụfọdụ kpatara ya, yabụ pasentị nwere ike ịba naanị ihe dịka 100%. Ihe ndị e depụtara bụ ihe ndị na-akpata ahụike ozugbo, mana enwere ike ịkọwa ihe kpatara ọnwụ n'ụzọ dị iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, [[Tobacco smoking|ịṅụ sịga]] na-akpatakarị ọrịa akpa ume ma ọ bụ ọrịa kansa, na nsogbu ịṅụ mmanya na-aba n'anya nwere ike ịkpata nkụchi imeju ma ọ bụ ihe mberede ụgbọala. Maka ọnụ ọgụgụ banyere ihe ndị a na-egbochi, lee ihe ndị a ga-egbochi ọnwụ.</sup> [[Faịlụ:Global_deaths_from_cancers_attributable_to_risk_factors_in_2019_by_sex_and_SDI.jpg|thumb|Ọnwụ ụwa niile site na ọrịa kansa nke sitere na ihe ize ndụ na 2019 site na okike na Social-demographic Index <ref name="10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01438-6">{{Cite journal|title=The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019|language=English|journal=Lancet|volume=400|issue=10352|pages=563–591|date=August 2022|pmid=35988567|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01438-6}}</ref><nowiki>"},"2":{"wt":"a measure of a location's socio-demographic development that takes into account average income per person, educational attainment, and total fertility rate"}},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwCN4" typeof="mw:Transclusion"> </nowiki>]] [[Faịlụ:Cancer_DALYs_attributable_to_11_Level_2_risk_factors_globally_in_2019.jpg|thumb|DALYs nke ọrịa kansa nke sitere na ihe ize ndụ 11 nke ọkwa 2 n'ụwa niile na 2019 <ref name="10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01438-6">{{Cite journal|title=The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019|language=English|journal=Lancet|volume=400|issue=10352|pages=563–591|date=August 2022|pmid=35988567|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01438-6}}</ref>]] Enwere ike inyocha ihe ndị dị n'okpuru ihe kpatara (ma ọ bụ isi ihe na-enye aka) ọnwụ ma nwee ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ihe "a na-egbochi" na ihe ndị ọzọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Global Burden of Disease Studies dị iche iche na-enyocha ihe ndị dị otú ahụ ma na-atụle mmepe ndị na-adịbeghị anya - otu nyocha dị otú ahụ nyochara Ọganihu (na-abụghị) na ọrịa kansa na ihe kpatara ya n'ime afọ iri nke 2010-19, na-egosi na 2019, ~ 44% nke ọnwụ ọrịa kansa niile - ma ọ bụ ~ 4.5 M ma ọ bụ $ 105 nde ndị nwere nkwarụ - bụ afọ ndụ - bụ n'ihi ihe ndị a maara nke ọma, nke a na-eduga site na ịṅụ sịga, iji mmanya na BMI dị elu.<ref name="10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01438-6">{{Cite journal|title=The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019|language=English|journal=Lancet|volume=400|issue=10352|pages=563–591|date=August 2022|pmid=35988567|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01438-6}}</ref>&nbsp; Ihe ndekọ ahụike eletrọniki, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Validating reported cause of death using integrated electronic health records from a nation-wide database|journal=Journal of Public Health|volume=43|issue=2|pages=341–347|date=June 2021|pmid=31774532|doi=10.1093/pubmed/fdz146}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Causes of Death and Cardiovascular Comorbidities in Adults With Congenital Heart Disease|journal=Journal of the American Heart Association|volume=9|issue=14|date=July 2020|pmid=32654582|doi=10.1161/JAHA.119.016400}}</ref> <ref name="10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02724-0">{{Cite journal|title=Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis|language=English|journal=Lancet|volume=399|issue=10325|pages=629–655|date=February 2022|pmid=35065702|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02724-0}}</ref> asambodo ọnwụ <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Principles and Pitfalls: a Guide to Death Certification|journal=Clinical Medicine & Research|volume=13|issue=2|pages=74–82|date=June 2015|pmid=26185270|doi=10.3121/cmr.2015.1276}}</ref> <ref name="10.1016/S0377-1237(04)80060-1">{{Cite journal|title=Medical Certification of Cause of Death|journal=Medical Journal, Armed Forces India|volume=60|issue=3|pages=261–272|date=July 2004|pmid=27407646|doi=10.1016/S0377-1237(04)80060-1}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Underlying Cause of Death, 1999-2020 Request|url=https://wonder.cdc.gov/ucd-icd10.html|work=wonder.cdc.gov|accessdate=July 7, 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Underlying and Multiple Cause of Death Codes|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/datalinkage/underlying_and_multiple_cause_of_death_codes.pdf|accessdate=July 7, 2022}}</ref> yana nyocha post-mortem (dị ka post-mortaem computed tomography na ọrịa ndị ọzọ) <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Added value of post-mortem computed tomography (PMCT) to clinical findings for cause of death determination in adult "natural deaths"|journal=International Journal of Legal Medicine|volume=134|issue=4|pages=1457–1463|date=July 2020|pmid=31853676|doi=10.1007/s00414-019-02219-6}}</ref> nwere ike ma na-ejikarị ya eme ihe iji nyochaa ihe kpatara ọnwụ dịka maka ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnwụ, [5] [6] nke metụtara nyocha ọganihu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ICD - ICD-10 - International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/icd/icd10.htm|work=www.cdc.gov|accessdate=July 7, 2022|language=en-us|date=December 29, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=When the Death Certificate Omits the True Cause of Death|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/14/well/death-certificate-cause.html|accessdate=July 7, 2022|work=The New York Times|date=February 14, 2022}}</ref><ref name="govguid">{{Cite web|title=Guidance for doctors completing medical certificates of cause of death in England and Wales (accessible version)|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/guidance-notes-for-completing-a-medical-certificate-of-cause-of-death/guidance-for-doctors-completing-medical-certificates-of-cause-of-death-in-england-and-wales-accessible-version|work=GOV.UK|accessdate=July 7, 2022|language=en}}</ref> Mmeziwanye na akụkọ a, ebe dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọrịa ụfọdụ na-akọkarị akụkọ na-ezighị ezi ma ọ bụ nkwupụta kpatara ọnwụ (COD) ezighi ezi, nwere ike imeziwanye ahụike ọha na eze.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Death certificates may not adequately report dementia as cause of death|url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/news/death-certificates-may-not-adequately-report-dementia-cause-death|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017211223/https://www.nia.nih.gov/news/death-certificates-may-not-adequately-report-dementia-cause-death|archivedate=October 17, 2020|work=National Institute on Aging|date=October 15, 2020|accessdate=July 7, 2022|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Death Certification Errors and the Effect on Mortality Statistics|journal=Public Health Reports|volume=132|issue=6|pages=669–675|date=November 2017|pmid=29091542|doi=10.1177/0033354917736514}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Common errors in reporting cause-of-death statement on death certificates: A systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine|volume=82|date=August 2021|pmid=34325081|doi=10.1016/j.jflm.2021.102220}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Reporting Cause of Death: Quick Reference|url=https://www.mass.gov/doc/reporting-cause-of-death-quick-reference/download|accessdate=July 7, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Certified causes of death inaccurate in fifth of cases, study suggests|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2012/dec/02/causes-of-death-inaccurate-study|accessdate=July 8, 2022|work=The Guardian|date=December 2, 2012|language=en}}</ref> Otu ihe kpatara nke a bụ na site na "echiche ahụike ọha na eze, igbochi ọrịa mbụ a ma ọ bụ mmerụ ahụ ga-ebute uru ahụike kachasị ukwuu".<ref name="govguid" />  == Site na mba == === United States === ==== Site n'afọ ndụ (U.S.) ==== [[Faịlụ:Leading_causes_of_death_by_age_group_2018-508-US.pdf|áká_èkpè|thumb|900x900px|Ndị na-ebute ọnwụ site na afọ na USA, 2018 <ref name="cdc2018">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/pdf/leading_causes_of_death_by_age_group_2018-508.pdf|title=Leading causes of death by age group: 2018, Both sexes, All ages, All races|publisher=National Center for Injury Prevention and Control|date=2018}}</ref>]] [[Faịlụ:Causes_of_death_by_age_group.png|áká_èkpè|thumb|500x500px|Ndị na-ebute ọnwụ na United States site na afọ, 2000<ref name="cdc2002">{{Cite journal|title=Deaths: final data for 2000|journal=National Vital Statistics Reports|volume=50|issue=15|pages=1–119|date=September 2002|pmid=12382630|doi=|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr50/nvsr50_15.pdf}}</ref>]] [[Faịlụ:Causes_of_death_by_age_group_(percent).png|áká_èkpè|thumb|550x550px|Ndị na-ebute ọnwụ na United States, dị ka pasent nke ọnwụ na ọgbọ ọ bụla.<ref name="cdc2002">{{Cite journal|title=Deaths: final data for 2000|journal=National Vital Statistics Reports|volume=50|issue=15|pages=1–119|date=September 2002|pmid=12382630|doi=|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr50/nvsr50_15.pdf}}</ref> Ọnwụ nwa oge (<1 afọ) anaghị adaba na nke ọ bụla n'ime ihe ndị a.]] [[Faịlụ:Deaths_by_age_group_fixed.png|áká_èkpè|thumb|500x500px|Ọnwụ site na afọ dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere afọ kachasị elu <ref name="cdc2002">{{Cite journal|title=Deaths: final data for 2000|journal=National Vital Statistics Reports|volume=50|issue=15|pages=1–119|date=September 2002|pmid=12382630|doi=|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr50/nvsr50_15.pdf}}</ref>]] ==== Site n'ebe obibi (U.S.) ==== Na nkezi nke ọnwụ 123.6 kwa 100,000 site na 2003 ruo 2010 ọrụ kachasị ize ndụ na United States bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ewu Ụlọ elu cell.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.propublica.org/article/cell-tower-work-fatalities-methodology|title=Methodology: How We Calculated the Tower Industry Death Rate|date=May 21, 2012}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Selected_occupations_with_high_fatality_rate.png|áká_èkpè|thumb|500x500px|Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ndị nwụrụ anwụ, 2011, na United States <ref name="bls2006">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/cfoi_08092007.pdf|work=Bureau of Labor Statistics|title=National Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries in 2006|accessdate=2014-06-09}}</ref>]] == Hụkwa == == Edensibia == == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] pebpdpdhnm6umg5yanj632uoyjd66f6 0 75373 632466 2026-05-09T21:26:16Z Johnnybam 24488 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351482660|Fisayo Dele-Bashiru]]" 632466 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Oluwafisayo Faruq "Fisayo" Dele-Bashiru''' (amụrụ na 6 Febụwarị 2001) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba dịka onye na-agbachitere etiti etiti maka klọb Serie A Lazio na [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]]. == Ọrụ klọb == Mgbe ọ gbasịrị bọọlụ maka otu ndị ntorobịa Manchester City, onye ọ sonyeere mgbe ọ dị afọ 8, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mancity.com/players/fisayo-dele-bashiru|title=Fisayo Dele-Bashiru|publisher=Manchester City|accessdate=5 September 2020}}</ref> Dele-Bashiru kwagara Sheffield Wednesday na July 2020, na-etinye aka maka ego a na-akọwaghị. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/53570429|title=Fisayo Dele-Bashiru: Manchester City midfielder joins Sheffield Wednesday for undisclosed fee|work=BBC Sport|date=28 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Fisayo Dele-Bashiru completes Wednesday switch|url=https://www.swfc.co.uk/news/2020/july/fisayo-dele-bashiru-completes-wednesday-switch/|accessdate=28 July 2020|publisher=[[Sheffield Wednesday F.C.]]|date=28 July 2020}}</ref> Dele-Bashiru mere mpụta mbụ ya na 5 Septemba 2020, na EFL Cup, na-amalite egwuregwu megide Walsall[1] ma ga-eme mpụta mbụ ya na Bristol City na-apụta na bench. Na February 2021, ọ merụrụ ahụ n'ikiri ụkwụ mgbe ọ na-apụta na bench megide Brentford, ma a na-atụ anya na ọ ga-apụ n'ọrụ izu anọ ruo isii. Dele-Bashiru banyere n'òtù mbụ ọzọ n'oge oge nke abụọ ya, na n'ọnwa Ọktoba 2021 ọ meriri ihe nrite Player of the Month nke klọb ahụ, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Dele-Bashiru voted Owls Player of the Month|url=https://www.swfc.co.uk/news/2021/november/dele-bashiru-voted-owls-player-of-the-month/|publisher=Sheffield Wednesday FC|accessdate=4 November 2021}}</ref> yana ịgba goolu mbụ ya n'egwuregwu megide Cambridge United. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Keep building, keep working|url=https://www.swfc.co.uk/news/2021/october/keep-building-keep-working/|accessdate=19 October 2021|publisher=[[Sheffield Wednesday F.C.]]|date=19 October 2021}}</ref> Na Septemba 2022, a họpụtara Dele-Bashiru maka onye egwuregwu EFL Cup nke agba nke abụọ, na-esote goolu ma nyere aka megide Rochdale, nke o mechara merie.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Carabao Cup Player of the Round|url=https://www.efl.com/news/2022/september/carabao-cup-player-of-the-round-vote-now/|publisher=EFL|accessdate=6 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Fisayo Dele-Bashiru awarded Carabao Cup Player of the Round for Round Two|url=https://www.efl.com/news/2022/october/fisayo-dele-bashiru-awarded-carabao-cup-player-of-the-round-for-round-two/|publisher=EFL|accessdate=13 October 2022}}</ref> Mgbe a kwalite ya na EFL Championship, e nyere ya nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ ka ọ nọrọ na klọb ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Owls retained list confirmed|url=https://www.swfc.co.uk/news/2023/june/owls-retained-list-confirmed/|publisher=Sheffield Wednesday FC|accessdate=2 June 2023}}</ref> Na 6 Julaị 2023, a mara ọkwa na Dele-Bashiru abanyela na ọgbakọ Hatayspor Turkey na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ. Ọ gbara ihe mgbaru ọsọ asatọ na oge mbụ ya na Süper Lig, na-emecha dị ka onye na-emekọ ihe ọnụ na Carlos Strandberg, gụnyere ihe mgbaru ọsọ dị mkpa n'ụbọchị egwuregwu ikpeazụ na 2-0 meriri Rizespor, na-eme ka klọb ya dị ndụ n'elu. Na 6 Julaị 2024, Dele-Bashiru sonyeere otu egwuregwu Ịtali bụ Lazio na mgbazinye ego na ibu ọrụ ịzụta. Ọ gbara goolu mbụ ya maka klọb ahụ na UEFA Europa League na 25 Septemba 2024 na mmeri 3-0 megide Dynamo Kyiv, wee gbaa goolu mbụ Serie A na 24 Nọvemba 2024 na mmeghachi omume 3-0 megide Bologna. E gosipụtara na a ga-arụ ọrụ nkwekọrịta ahụ (maka ọnụ ọgụgụ nke € 5.4 nde) na akụkọ ọkara afọ nke klọb ahụ wepụtara na Machị 2025. == Ọrụ mba ụwa == N'ọnwa Ọktoba 2023, a kpọrọ Dele-Bashiru ka ọ bịa n'òtù egwuregwu mba Naịjirịa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://owngoalnigeria.com/2023/10/02/turkish-based-fisayo-dele-bashiru-gets-first-super-eagles-call-up-makes-squad-for-saudi-arabia-game/|title=Turkish Based Fisayo Dele-Bashiru Gets First Super Eagles Call up|date=2 October 2023|publisher=owngoalnigeria|accessdate=2 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Fisayo Dele-Bashiru: Meet Manchester City-trained star who is eligible for Germany and England but has chosen Nigeria|url=https://soccernet.ng/2023/10/fisayo-dele-bashiru-meet-manchester-city-trained-star-who-is-eligible-for-germany-and-england-but-chose-the-super-eagles.html/amp|accessdate=17 October 2023|work=soccernet.ng|date=14 October 2023}}</ref> Ọ gbara bọọlụ nke abụọ ọ gbara na Naịjirịa n'oge ha gbara bọọkwa World Cup nke afọ 2026 megide South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 June 2024|title=Takeaways from Nigeria's draw against South Africa in World Cup qualifier|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/40303381/nigeria-south-africa-show-ambition-wc-qualifier-draw|accessdate=18 November 2024|work=ESPN.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigeria 1 – 1 South Africa|url=https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/520/288282/288289/400018175|accessdate=18 November 2024|work=FIFA.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigeria vs. South Africa 1 – 1|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2024/06/07/africa/wc-qualifying-africa/nigeria/south-africa/4236819/|accessdate=18 November 2024|work=soccerway.com}}</ref> N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2025, a kpọrọ Dele-Bashiru ka ọ bịa soro na ndị otu Naịjirịa maka iko mba Afrịka nke afọ 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cafonline.com/afcon2025/news/nigeria-name-star-packed-afcon-squad-as-osimhen-and-lookman-lead-super-eagles-challenge/|title=Nigeria name star-packed AFCON squad as Osimhen and Lookman lead Super Eagles challenge|publisher=[[Confederation of African Football]]|date=11 December 2025|accessdate=12 December 2025}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Nwanne ya nwoke Tom Dele-Bashiru bụkwa onye na-agba bọọlụ. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/53570429|title=Fisayo Dele-Bashiru: Manchester City midfielder joins Sheffield Wednesday for undisclosed fee|work=BBC Sport|date=28 July 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/53570429 "Fisayo Dele-Bashiru: Manchester City midfielder joins Sheffield Wednesday for undisclosed fee"]. </cite></ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == === Klọb === {{updated|match played 27 April 2026}}<ref>{{soccerway|fisayo-faruq-dele-bashiru/453097|access-date=28 August 2023}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |National cup[a] ! colspan="2" |League cup[b] ! colspan="2" |Europe ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- |Manchester City U21 |2019–20 | colspan="3" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |4[c] |0 |4 |0 |- | rowspan="4" |Sheffield Wednesday |2020–21 |Championship |8 |0 |2 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |13 |0 |- |2021–22 |League One |24 |1 |2 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |5[d] |0 |32 |1 |- |2022–23 |League One |33 |4 |4 |0 |2 |1 | colspan="2" |— |2[e] |0 |41 |5 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !65 !5 !8 !0 !6 !1 ! colspan="2" |— !7 !0 !86 !6 |- |Hatayspor |2023–24 |Süper Lig |36 |8 |3 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |39 |9 |- |Lazio (loan) |2024–25 |Serie A |20 |3 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |8[f] |2 | colspan="2" |— |29 |5 |- | rowspan="2" |Lazio |2025–26 |Serie A |20 |0 |4 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |24 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Lazio total !40 !3 !5 !1 ! colspan="2" |— !8 !2 ! colspan="2" |— !53 !6 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !141 !16 !16 !2 !6 !1 !8 !2 !11 !0 !182 !21 |}   === Mba Nile === {{updated|match played 27 March 2026}}<ref name="NFT">{{NFT player|92649|access-date=7 June 2024}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ !Ndị otu mba !Afọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="4" |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] |2023 |1 |0 |- |2024 |5 |2 |- |2025 |6 |0 |- |2026 |5 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !17 !2 |} : ''Akara na nsonaazụ depụtara ihe mgbaru ọsọ Naịjirịa na mbụ, kọlụm akara na-egosi akara mgbe ihe mgbaru ndụ Dele-Bashiru ọ bụla gasịrị.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Ndepụta nke ihe mgbaru ọsọ mba ụwa nke Fisayo Dele-Bashiru gbara ! scope="col" |Mba. ! scope="col" |Ụbọchị ! scope="col" |Ebe a na-anọ ! scope="col" |Onye mmegide ! scope="col" |Ihe ruru ! scope="col" |Nsonaazụ ! scope="col" |Ịsọ mpi |- | align="center" |1 |7 June 2024 | rowspan="2" |Godswill Akpabio International Stadium, [[Uyo]], Nigeria | South Africa | align="center" |1–1 | align="center" |1–1 |2026 FIFA World Cup iru eru |- | align="center" |2 |11 Ọktoba 2024 | Libya | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–0 |2025 Africa Cup of Nations iru eru |} == Nsọpụrụ == '''Sheffield Wednesday''' * EFL League One play-offs: 2023<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.skysports.com/football/barnsley-vs-sheffield-wednesday/teams/482307|title=Starting Lineups - Barnsley 0–1 Sheffield Wednesday 29.05.2023|work=Sky Sports|date=29 May 2023|accessdate=27 August 2025}}</ref> * Ebe nke atọ nke Africa Cup of Nations: 2025<ref>{{Cite web|author=Stevens|first=Rob|date=17 January 2026|title=Afcon 2025: Egypt 0-0 Nigeria (2-4 pens) - Super Eagles finish third|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/live/cpqyvje5de8t|accessdate=20 January 2026|work=BBC Sport|language=}}</ref> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ad89oyc91sbgs6bmocp474v1a2mfivz 0 75374 632467 2026-05-09T21:36:17Z Johnnybam 24488 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350804694|Paul Onuachu]]" 632467 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''Ebere Paul Onuachu MON''' {{Audio|Ig-Ebere Paul Onuachu.ogg|listen}} (amụrụ na 28 Mee 1994) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba ọsọ dị ka onye na-agbachitere Süper Lig club Trabzonspor na [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]]. Onuachu enwetala utu aha league na Denmark na Belgium, ma mgbe ọ nọ na mba nke ikpeazụ a họpụtara ya dị ka onye na-agba bọọlụ Belgian nke Afọ ma merie ihe nrite Golden Bull kachasị elu na mba ahụ. == Ọrụ klọb == === Midtjylland === Onuachu kwagara na klọb Danish FC Midtjylland na 2012 na agụmakwụkwọ sitere na otu ha na Naịjirịa, Ebedei . <ref name="FCM">{{Cite web|url=http://fcm.dk/spillere/ebere-paul#tab3|title=Profile|accessdate=18 February 2016|language=da|publisher=FC Midtjylland|archivedate=9 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309131511/http://fcm.dk/spillere/ebere-paul#tab3}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-agba bọọlụ nke ọma maka otu ndị ntorobịa ha, ma mee egwuregwu mbụ ya na iko ahụ n'ikpeazụ n'afọ ahụ, tupu ya emee egwuregwu mbụ ya n'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2012.<ref name="FCM" /> Na June 2013 ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ ọhụrụ na klọb ahụ, tupu ọ gbatịkwuo ya afọ atọ ọzọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2015. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bold.dk/fodbold/nyheder/FCM-forlaenger-med-unge-boblere/|title=FCM forlænger med unge boblere|date=6 June 2013|accessdate=18 February 2016|first=Mikael|author=Blond|language=da|publisher=Bold}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fcm.dk/nyheder/fc-midtjylland-forl%C3%A6nger-med-onuachu|title=FC Midtjylland forlænger med Onuachu|date=4 August 2015|accessdate=18 February 2016|first=Martin|author=Dons|language=da|publisher=FC Midtjylland|archivedate=13 July 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713112212/http://fcm.dk/nyheder/fc-midtjylland-forl%C3%A6nger-med-onuachu}}</ref> Na mbido afọ 2015 ka a gbazinyere ya Vejle BK, tupu ọ laghachi na FC Midtjylland tupu oge 2015-16. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tipsbladet.dk/nyhed/superliga/fcm-traener-angriber-kan-blive-et-af-fcms-stoerste-salg-nogensinde|title=FCM-træner: Angriber kan blive et af FCM's største salg nogensinde|date=16 October 2015|accessdate=18 February 2016|first=Kenneth|author=Jensen|language=da|publisher=Tipsbladet}}</ref> Onuachu nyeere Midtjylland aka na Danish Superliga ugboro abụọ, na 2015 na 2018, wee gbaa onye mmeri megide Manchester United na Midtjyilland n'ụlọ ikpeazụ-32 nke mbụ nke 2015-16 UEFA Europa League, <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2016/feb/18/midtjylland-manchester-united-europa-league-match-report|title=Midtjylland strike back to humiliate Manchester United and Louis van Gaal|date=18 February 2016|accessdate=22 April 2023|first=Jamie|author=Jackson|work=The Guardian}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.express.co.uk/sport/football/645472/Manchester-United-Paul-Onuachu-Midtjylland-Louis-van-Gaal-Europa-League|title=Manchester United mocked by Midtjylland goalscorer|date=19 February 2016|accessdate=22 April 2023|first=James|author=Gray|work=[[Daily Express]]}}</ref> mana goolu abụọ sitere n'aka onye mbido United Marcus Rashford na nke abụọ otu izu ka e mesịrị na Old Trafford hụrụ ndị England meriri 5-1 n'abalị na 6-3 na ngụkọta. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2016/feb/25/manchester-united-midtjylland-europa-league-match-report|title=Manchester United see off Midtjylland with Marcus Rashford's debut double|date=25 February 2016|accessdate=22 April 2023|first=Paul|author=Wilson|work=The Guardian}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Paul_Onuachu_(cropped)_-_FC_Salzburg_vs_Genk,_17_September_2019.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ọzụzụ Onuachu na Genk na 2019.]] N'August 2019 ọ bịanyere aka na onye mmeri Belgian Pro League Genk, onye ka họpụtara Felice Mazzu ka ọ bụrụ onye nchịkwa. N'ịdị elu 2.01m, a hụrụ Onuachu ka ọ bụ mbufe "na-enweghị atụ". Onauchu mere mpụta mbụ ya na 1 Septemba 2019 dị ka onye nnọchi oge ngwụcha ngwụcha na eserese 1 – 1 megide Club Brugge, wee gbaa akara na egwuregwu bọọlụ abụọ ya na-esote, na-amalite na mmeri 2 – 1 megide Sporting Charleroi na 3 – 1 meriri Oostende. Oge nke abụọ zuru ezu nke Onuachu na Genk hụrụ ka ọ gwụchara onye kacha gbaa goolu 33 (35 na asọmpi niile), merie ya Golden Bull maka onye na-eduga Belgian Pro League, ihe omume nke mere ka a kpọọ ya Pro League Player of the Year maka 2020-21, <ref>{{Cite news|title=Topschutter Paul Onuachu is verkozen tot Profvoetballer van het Jaar (Top scorer Paul Onuachu has been voted Professional Footballer of the Year)|url=https://sporza.be/nl/2021/05/24/profvoetballer-van-het-jaar-2021~1621881968996/|date=24 May 2021|accessdate=23 April 2023|work=Sporza|language=nl}}</ref> na 2021 Belgian Golden Shoe onye mmeri maka onye egwuregwu bọọlụ kachasị mma nke afọ kalenda.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Onuachu: Genk forward wins Belgian Pro League Player of the Year and Golden Boot award|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/onuachu-genk-forward-wins-belgian-pro-league-player-of-the-year-and-golden-boot-award/1wlu3k6c00xg618y5if6blumah|date=25 May 2021|accessdate=23 April 2023|work=Goal (website)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Paul Onuachu verslaat Club-duo Lang en De Ketelaere voor Gouden Schoen (Paul Onuachu beats Club duo Lang and De Ketelaere for the Golden Shoe)|url=https://sporza.be/nl/matches/voetbal/2022-01/paul-onuachu-verslaat-club-duo-lang-en-de-ketelaere-voor-gouden-schoen~1641807966442|date=12 January 2022|accessdate=23 April 2023|work=Sporza|language=nl}}</ref> Onuachu merikwara Ebony Shoe maka onye ọkpụkpọ Afrịka kachasị mma na Belgium maka 2020-21.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|title=Paul Onuachu doet er met de Ebbenhouten Schoen nog een trofee bij (Paul Onuachu adds another trophy with the Ebony Shoe)|url=https://sporza.be/nl/2021/06/07/ebbenhouten-schoen-2021~1623080105844/|date=7 June 2021|accessdate=23 April 2023|work=Sporza|language=nl}}</ref> Onuachu gbara bọọlụ megide ndị mmeri 17 niile, na-agba bọọlụ anọ n'ime egwuregwu isii nke Champions Play-off, na-enyere aka mee ka Genk bụrụ onye nke abụọ na 2020-21 Belgian First Division A, ma merie 2021 Belgian Cup Final 2-1 megide Standard Liege. Ihe mgbaru ọsọ 33 ya bụ nke kachasị elu na ụgbọ elu Belgium kemgbe Erwin Vandenbergh meriri European Golden Boot 39-goal campaign maka Lierse na 1980, <ref>{{Cite news|title=Onuachu's 34th goal of the season salvages draw for Racing Genk against Anderlecht|url=https://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=39869|date=12 May 2021|accessdate=23 April 2023|work=All Nigeria Soccer}}</ref> ma mebie ihe ndekọ ihe mgbaru ọsọ Genk nke otu oge nke Wesley Sonck nke 30, nke e debere na 2002-03. <ref>{{Cite news|title=32 goals in 36 league matches: Onuachu continues to rewrite history in Belgium|url=https://www.brila.net/32-goals-in-36-league-matches-onuachu-continues-to-rewrite-history-in-belgium/|date=13 May 2021|accessdate=23 April 2023|work=brila.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Racing Genk goal machine Onuachu sets two new club records after 33rd goal of season|url=https://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=39822|date=7 May 2021|accessdate=28 April 2023|work=All Nigeria Soccer}}</ref> N'afọ sochirinụ, ụdị egwuregwu Genk na-ata ahụhụ n'ihi adịghị ike nke ịgbachitere onwe ya n'oge mmalite dịka a chụpụrụ onye nchịkwa na-emeri iko John van den Brom n'etiti oge ma jiri Bernd Storck dochie ya. Genk ruru European play-offs, na-agwụ n'azụ Gent na tebụl, na-emecha nke isii n'ozuzu. Onuachu bụ onye nke atọ kachasị gbaa bọọlụ na league maka 2021-22 na goolu 21, n'azụ Deniz Undav nke Union Saint Gilloise na 26 na Michael Frey nke Royal Antwerp na 24.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Grading Moffi, Osimhen & Nigeria's strikers this season|url=https://www.goal.com/en/lists/grading-moffi-osimhen-and-nigeria-s-strikers-this-season/blte7398f562289c95c#cscee8bb314fe71304|date=25 May 2022|accessdate=23 April 2023|work=Goal (website)}}</ref> Site n'itinye ihe mgbaru ọsọ anọ megide Sporting Charleroi na 4 Nọvemba 2022, Onuachu ghọrọ onye ọkpụkpọ Genk mbụ nwetara ihe ngosi a kemgbe Sonck na 2003. Onuachu agbagoro ihe mgbaru ọsọ iri na isii maka Genk na njedebe nke Jenụwarị 2023, yana iri maka Racing Union Saint Gilloise na Belgian Pro League. N'ịbụ onye kwupụtaburu ndakpọ olileanya na enweghị ike ịkwaga n'otu n'ime asọmpi ise kachasị elu nke Europe, Onuachu kwuru na mbido Jenụwarị 2023 na ya kpebisiri ike inyere Genk aka ịnọ n'elu wee nweta aha. Onuachu gbara okpukpu abụọ n'egwuregwu ikpeazụ ya maka Genk, mmeri 4-0 meriri Seraing, iji mee ka ọ bụrụ onye kacha agba bọọlụ na tebụl Pro League, n'ihi na ọ bụ otu ọgbakọ nọ n'ọkwa kacha elu mere nnukwu mbọ maka onye ọkpọ Naịjirịa. [[Faịlụ:Paul_Onuachu_22122024.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|308x308px|Onuachu na 2024]] N'abalị mbụ n'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2023, Onuachu gbanwere Genk na-achụso aha ya maka Southampton na-eyi egwu na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ na ọkara.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Saints seal Onuachu deal|url=https://www.southamptonfc.com/news/2023-02-01/announcement-paul-onuachu-southampton-krc-genk-transfer|accessdate=1 February 2023|work=Southampton FC|date=February 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kamaldeen Sulemana: Southampton pay club-record £22m for Rennes winger|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/64469266|work=BBC Sport|date=31 January 2023|publisher=BBC|accessdate=1 February 2023}}</ref> N'ụbọchị nke anọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2023, Onuachu mere egwuregwu Premier League mbụ ya na Southampton na mmeri 3-0 megide Brentford, na-anọchi Mohamed Elyounoussi na ọkara oge.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Rindl|first=Joe|date=4 February 2023|title=Brentford 3–0 Southampton|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/64436130|accessdate=5 March 2023|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Septemba afọ 2023, Onuachu sonyeere Trabzonspor na mgbazinye oge. <ref>{{Cite web|date=11 September 2023|title=Onuachu joins Trabzonspor on loan|url=https://www.southamptonfc.com/en/news/article/onuachu-joins-trabzonspor-on-loan|accessdate=11 September 2023|work=Southampton FC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/66776262|title=Southampton striker Onuachu joins Trabzonspor on loan|date=11 September 2023|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> Ọ gbara bọọlụ na nke mbụ ya maka klọb ahụ na 17 Septemba 2023 na mmeri 3-0 megide Beşiktaş . <ref>{{Cite web|author=House|first=Alfie|date=18 September 2023|title=Southampton's Onuachu takes just 30 minutes to score Trabzonspor goal|url=https://www.dailyecho.co.uk/sport/23795529.southamptons-onuachu-takes-just-30-minutes-score-trabzonspor-goal/|accessdate=20 September 2023|work=Southern Daily Echo}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na asatọ n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2024, Onuachu gbara hat-trick na mmeri 4-2 megide Gazientep.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Oyebola|first=Mike|date=28 April 2024|title=Turkey: Onuachu scores hat-trick in Trabzonspor's win|url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/04/28/turkey-onuachu-scores-hat-trick-in-trabzonspors-win/|accessdate=21 January 2025|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}</ref> Onuachu gbara goolu mbụ ya maka Southampton na 19 Jenụwarị 2025 na mmeri 3-2 nke Premier League megide Nottingham Forest.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Rowe|first=Patrick|date=19 January 2025|title=Nottingham Forest 3–2 Southampton: Clinical home side move level on points with Arsenal in second after late scare vs Saints|url=https://www.skysports.com/football/nottingham-forest-vs-southampton/report/506025|accessdate=21 January 2025|work=Sky Sports}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Rees-Julian|first=George|date=21 January 2025|title=Paul Onuachu dedicates first Southampton goal to supporters|url=https://www.dailyecho.co.uk/sport/24870042.paul-onuachu-dedicates-first-southampton-goal-supporters/|accessdate=21 January 2025|work=Southern Daily Echo}}</ref> Na 30 June 2025, e kwekọrịtara na Onuachu ga-agafe na klọb Turkey Trabzonspor . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://onefootball.com/de/news/official-paul-onuachu-makes-his-return-to-trabzonspor-41298520|title=Official: Paul Onuachu makes his return to Trabzonspor|date=1 July 2025|work=One Football}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == A kpọrọ Onuachu ka ọ bịa n'òtù egwuregwu mba Naịjirịa n'okpuru afọ iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/4093/nigerian-football/2015/02/17/9010942/siasia-picks-21-players-for-gabon-game|title=Siasia picks 21 players for Gabon game|date=17 February 2015|accessdate=18 February 2016|author=Kolade Oni|publisher=Tipsbladet}}</ref> N'ọnwa Machị afọ 2019 ọ natara oku mbụ ya na [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu Naijiria]]. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/47442643|title=John Mikel Obi: Nigeria captain left out of Super Eagles squad|date=4 March 2019|accessdate=5 March 2019|author=Oluwashina Okeleji|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Machị afọ 2019, Onuachu gbara goolu mbụ ya maka Naịjirịa n'egwuregwu enyi na enyi megide Ijipt. E nyere goolu ahụ n'ime sekọnd iri mbụ nke egwuregwu ahụ, ọ bụkwa nke kachasị ọsọ e nyere Naịjirịa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/47716327|title=Nigeria's fastest international goal helps them beat Egypt|date=27 March 2019|accessdate=27 March 2019|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gbasịrị ihe mgbaru ọsọ ahụ, a mara Onuachu dị ka "ihe a na-akpọ "mkpu nke bọọlụ Naijiria", na "onye nkuzi ya, ndị otu ya, ndị nta akụkọ na ndị na-akwado ya na-ekwu maka ya".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/47721703|title=The spotlight in Nigeria falls on Paul Onuachu after his 10 second goal|date=27 March 2019|accessdate=28 March 2019|author=Oluwashina Okeleji|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> A họpụtara ya na ndị otu Naịjirịa maka 2019 Africa Cup of Nations . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/05/afcon-2019-onuachu-happy-to-make-super-eagles-squad/|title=AFCON 2019: Onuachu happy to make Super Eagles squad|date=16 May 2019|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> Ọ gbara na mmeri 1-0 nke Naijiria meriri Burundi, ka Super Eagles ruru ọkara ikpeazụ, merie Algeria 2-1 na anọ ikpeazụ, wee merie Tunisia 1-0 na egwuregwu ọla nchara.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://dailypost.ng/2019/06/23/nigeria-vs-burundi-didnt-start-ighalo-super-eagles-1-0-win-rohr/|title=Nigeria vs Burundi: Why I didn't start Ighalo in Super Eagles' 1–0 win – Rohr|author=Silas|first=Don|date=23 June 2019|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|accessdate=9 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2019/jul/14/algeria-nigeria-match-report|title=Riyad Mahrez strike sinks Nigeria and puts Algeria in Afcon final|date=14 July 2019|accessdate=22 April 2023|author=Jonathan Wilson|work=The Guardian}}</ref> Na 12 Jenụwarị 2024, a kpọrọ ya ka ọ bịa soro ndị otu Naijiria maka Iko Mba Afrịka nke 2023 na Ivory Coast, na-anọchi [[Umar Sadiq]] merụrụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/sport/afcon-2023-paul-onuachu-replaces-injured-umar-sadiq-in-nigerias-team/|title=AFCON 2023: Paul Onuachu replaces injured Umar Sadiq in Nigeria's team|date=12 January 2024|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref> N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2025, a kpọrọ Onuachu ka ọ bịa soro na ndị otu Naịjirịa maka asọmpi iko mba Afrịka nke afọ 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cafonline.com/afcon2025/news/nigeria-name-star-packed-afcon-squad-as-osimhen-and-lookman-lead-super-eagles-challenge/|title=Nigeria name star-packed AFCON squad as Osimhen and Lookman lead Super Eagles challenge|publisher=[[Confederation of African Football]]|date=11 December 2025|accessdate=12 December 2025}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == === Klọb === <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko mba[a] ! colspan="2" |Iko Njikọ[b] ! colspan="2" |Kọntinent ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="8" |Midtjylland |2012–13 |Superliga Danish |1 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |- |2013–14 |Superliga Danish |11 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |12 |0 |- |2014–15 |Superliga Danish |10 |1 |2 |2 | colspan="2" | - |2[c] |0 | colspan="2" | - |14 |3 |- |2015–16 |Superliga Danish |25 |6 |2 |1 | colspan="2" | - |10[d] |2 | colspan="2" | - |37 |9 |- |2016–17 |Superliga Danish |35 |17 |3 |3 | colspan="2" | - |6[c] |2 |1[e] |1 |45 |23 |- |2017–18 |Superliga Danish |22 |10 |3 |3 | colspan="2" | - |6[c] |4 | colspan="2" | - |31 |17 |- |2018–19 |Superliga Danish |30 |17 |4 |3 | colspan="2" | - |6[f] |2 | colspan="2" | - |40 |22 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !134 !51 !16 !12 ! colspan="2" |- !30 !10 !1 !1 !181 !74 |- |Vejle (onye a gbazinyere) |2014–15 |Ngalaba nke 1 nke Denmark |13 |5 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |13 |5 |- | rowspan="5" |Genk |2019–20 |Belgian Pro League |22 |9 |1 |1 | colspan="2" | - |5[g] |0 | colspan="2" | - |28 |10 |- |2020–21 |Belgian Pro League |38 |33 |3 |2 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |41 |35 |- |2021–22 |Belgian Pro League |35 |21 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |7[h] |2 |1[i] |0 |43 |23 |- |2022–23 |Belgian Pro League |19 |16 |3 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |22 |17 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !114 !79 !7 !4 ! colspan="2" |- !12 !2 !1 !0 !134 !85 |- | rowspan="4" |Southampton |2022–23 |Njikọ Premier |11 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |11 |0 |- |2023–24 |Mmeri |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |- |2024–25 |Njikọ Premier |25 |4 |1 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |28 |4 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !36 !4 !1 !0 !3 !0 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !40 !4 |- |Trabzonspor (onye a gbazitere) |2023–24 |Süper Lig |21 |15 |4 |2 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |25 |17 |- |Ịgba chaa chaa |2025–26<ref name="SW" /> |Süper Lig |26 |22 |4 |2 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |30 |24 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !344 !176 !32 !20 !3 !0 !42 !12 !2 !1 !419 !209 |}   === Mba Nile === {{updated|match played 27 March 2026}}<ref name="NFT">{{NFT player|73929|access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ !Ndị otu mba !Afọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="8" |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] |2019 |7 |1 |- |2020 |2 |0 |- |2021 |7 |2 |- |2022 |1 |0 |- |2023 |1 |0 |- |2024 |6 |0 |- |2025 |3 |1 |- |2026 |4 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !31 !4 |} : ''Akara na nsonaazụ depụtara ihe mgbaru ọsọ Naịjirịa na mbụ, kọlụm akara na-egosi akara mgbe ihe mgbaru ndụ Onuachu ọ bụla gasịrị.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Ndepụta nke ihe mgbaru ọsọ mba ụwa nke Paul Onuachu gbara ! scope="col" |Mba. ! scope="col" |Ụbọchị ! scope="col" |Ebe a na-anọ ! scope="col" |Onye mmegide ! scope="col" |Ihe ruru ! scope="col" |Nsonaazụ ! scope="col" |Ịsọ mpi |- | align="center" |1 |26 Machị 2019 |Stephen Keshi Stadium, [[Asaba]], Nigeria | Egypt | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–0 |Ndị nwere omume enyi |- | align="center" |2 |27 Machị 2021 |Stade Charles de Gaulle, Porto-Novo, Benin | Benin | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–0 |2021 Africa Cup of Nations iru eru |- | align="center" |3 |30 Machị 2021 |Teslim Balogun Stadium, Lagos, Nigeria | Lesotho | align="center" |3–0 | align="center" |3–0 |2021 Africa Cup of Nations iru eru |- | align="center" |4 |30 Disemba 2025 |Fez Stadium, Fez, Morocco | Uganda | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |3–1 |Iko Mba Afrịka nke 2025 |} '''Midtjylland'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/soccer-denmark/soccer-dal-hende-fires-midtjylland-to-danish-title-idUKL5N1SS4LP|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730022250/https://uk.reuters.com/article/soccer-denmark/soccer-dal-hende-fires-midtjylland-to-danish-title-idUKL5N1SS4LP|archivedate=30 July 2018|title=Soccer-Dal Hende fires Midtjylland to Danish title|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=15 December 2018}}</ref> * Danish Superliga: 2014-15, 2017-182017–18 * Iko Danish: 2018-192018–19 * Iko Belgium: 2020-21<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/onuachu-with-an-assist-as-genk-clinch-belgian-cup-title/1jp81i8ofssju1k0yrdb9b6nu8|title=Onuachu with an assist as Genk clinch Belgian Cup title after Standard Liege win|work=Goal (website)|date=26 April 2021|accessdate=29 April 2021}}</ref> * Onye nke abụọ na Africa Cup of Nations: 2023; <ref>{{Cite web|author=Stevens|first=Rob|date=11 February 2024|title=Nigeria 1–2 Ivory Coast|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/68196261|accessdate=12 February 2024|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> nke atọ: 2019, <ref>{{Cite web|date=17 July 2019|title=Tunisia 0–1 Nigeria|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48932084|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227223831/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48932084|archivedate=27 February 2021|accessdate=18 July 2019|publisher=BBC}}</ref> 2025 <ref>{{Cite web|author=Stevens|first=Rob|date=17 January 2026|title=Afcon 2025: Egypt 0-0 Nigeria (2-4 pens) - Super Eagles finish third|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/live/cpqyvje5de8t|accessdate=20 January 2026|work=BBC Sport|language=}}</ref> '''Onye ọ bụla''' * Nkewa nke Mbụ nke Belgium Onye kacha gbaa goolu: 2020-21 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/africa/57239441|title=Paul Onuachu: Nigeria striker scoops two awards in Belgium|publisher=BBC|date=25 May 2021}}</ref> * Onye na-agba bọọlụ nke afọ na Belgium: 2020-21 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sporza.be/nl/2021/05/24/topschutter-paul-onuachu-is-verkozen-tot-profvoetballer-van-het-jaar~1621881968996/|title=Topschutter Paul Onuachu is verkozen tot Profvoetballer van het Jaar|work=SPORZA|date=25 May 2021}}</ref> * Akpụkpọ ụkwụ ọla edo nke Belgium: 2021<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sporza.be/nl/matches/voetbal/2022-01/paul-onuachu-verslaat-club-duo-lang-en-de-ketelaere-voor-gouden-schoen~1641807966442/|title=Paul Onuachu verslaat Club-duo Lang en De Ketelaere voor Gouden Schoen|work=SPORZA|date=12 January 2022}}</ref> * Nkewa nke Mbụ nke Belgium Otu nke Afọ: 2020-21 * Ebony Shoe: 2021<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|title=Paul Onuachu doet er met de Ebbenhouten Schoen nog een trofee bij (Paul Onuachu adds another trophy with the Ebony Shoe)|url=https://sporza.be/nl/2021/06/07/ebbenhouten-schoen-2021~1623080105844/|date=7 June 2021|accessdate=23 April 2023|work=Sporza|language=nl}}</ref> * Onye otu Order of the Niger <ref>{{Cite news|date=13 February 2024|title=Afcon: Ivory Coast and Nigeria players get cash, villas and honours|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68286543|accessdate=24 February 2024|work=[[BBC News]]|language=en-GB}}</ref>[[Faịlụ:Order_of_the_Niger_civil_division_ribbon.svg|60x60px]] == Edensibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] sbebrgqbucle2fmh65zy1ef6g1uk9d4 632494 632467 2026-05-10T09:53:50Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 632494 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''Ebere Paul Onuachu MON''' {{Audio|Ig-Ebere Paul Onuachu.ogg|listen}} (amụrụ na 28 Mee 1994) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba ọsọ dị ka onye na-agbachitere Süper Lig club Trabzonspor na [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]]. Onuachu enwetala utu aha league na Denmark na Belgium, ma mgbe ọ nọ na mba nke ikpeazụ a họpụtara ya dị ka onye na-agba bọọlụ Belgian nke Afọ ma merie ihe nrite Golden Bull kachasị elu na mba ahụ. == Ọrụ klọb == === Midtjylland === Onuachu kwagara na klọb Danish FC Midtjylland na 2012 na agụmakwụkwọ sitere na otu ha na Naịjirịa, Ebedei . <ref name="FCM">{{Cite web|url=http://fcm.dk/spillere/ebere-paul#tab3|title=Profile|accessdate=18 February 2016|language=da|publisher=FC Midtjylland|archivedate=9 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309131511/http://fcm.dk/spillere/ebere-paul#tab3}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-agba bọọlụ nke ọma maka otu ndị ntorobịa ha, ma mee egwuregwu mbụ ya na iko ahụ n'ikpeazụ n'afọ ahụ, tupu ya emee egwuregwu mbụ ya n'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2012.<ref name="FCM" /> Na June 2013 ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ ọhụrụ na klọb ahụ, tupu ọ gbatịkwuo ya afọ atọ ọzọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2015. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bold.dk/fodbold/nyheder/FCM-forlaenger-med-unge-boblere/|title=FCM forlænger med unge boblere|date=6 June 2013|accessdate=18 February 2016|first=Mikael|author=Blond|language=da|publisher=Bold}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fcm.dk/nyheder/fc-midtjylland-forl%C3%A6nger-med-onuachu|title=FC Midtjylland forlænger med Onuachu|date=4 August 2015|accessdate=18 February 2016|first=Martin|author=Dons|language=da|publisher=FC Midtjylland|archivedate=13 July 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713112212/http://fcm.dk/nyheder/fc-midtjylland-forl%C3%A6nger-med-onuachu}}</ref> Na mbido afọ 2015 ka a gbazinyere ya Vejle BK, tupu ọ laghachi na FC Midtjylland tupu oge 2015-16. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tipsbladet.dk/nyhed/superliga/fcm-traener-angriber-kan-blive-et-af-fcms-stoerste-salg-nogensinde|title=FCM-træner: Angriber kan blive et af FCM's største salg nogensinde|date=16 October 2015|accessdate=18 February 2016|first=Kenneth|author=Jensen|language=da|publisher=Tipsbladet}}</ref> Onuachu nyeere Midtjylland aka na Danish Superliga ugboro abụọ, na 2015 na 2018, wee gbaa onye mmeri megide Manchester United na Midtjyilland n'ụlọ ikpeazụ-32 nke mbụ nke 2015-16 UEFA Europa League, <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2016/feb/18/midtjylland-manchester-united-europa-league-match-report|title=Midtjylland strike back to humiliate Manchester United and Louis van Gaal|date=18 February 2016|accessdate=22 April 2023|first=Jamie|author=Jackson|work=The Guardian}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.express.co.uk/sport/football/645472/Manchester-United-Paul-Onuachu-Midtjylland-Louis-van-Gaal-Europa-League|title=Manchester United mocked by Midtjylland goalscorer|date=19 February 2016|accessdate=22 April 2023|first=James|author=Gray|work=[[Daily Express]]}}</ref> mana goolu abụọ sitere n'aka onye mbido United Marcus Rashford na nke abụọ otu izu ka e mesịrị na Old Trafford hụrụ ndị England meriri 5-1 n'abalị na 6-3 na ngụkọta. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2016/feb/25/manchester-united-midtjylland-europa-league-match-report|title=Manchester United see off Midtjylland with Marcus Rashford's debut double|date=25 February 2016|accessdate=22 April 2023|first=Paul|author=Wilson|work=The Guardian}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Paul_Onuachu_(cropped)_-_FC_Salzburg_vs_Genk,_17_September_2019.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ọzụzụ Onuachu na Genk na 2019.]] N'August 2019 ọ bịanyere aka na onye mmeri Belgian Pro League Genk, onye ka họpụtara Felice Mazzu ka ọ bụrụ onye nchịkwa. N'ịdị elu 2.01m, a hụrụ Onuachu ka ọ bụ mbufe "na-enweghị atụ". Onauchu mere mpụta mbụ ya na 1 Septemba 2019 dị ka onye nnọchi oge ngwụcha ngwụcha na eserese 1 – 1 megide Club Brugge, wee gbaa akara na egwuregwu bọọlụ abụọ ya na-esote, na-amalite na mmeri 2 – 1 megide Sporting Charleroi na 3 – 1 meriri Oostende. Oge nke abụọ zuru ezu nke Onuachu na Genk hụrụ ka ọ gwụchara onye kacha gbaa goolu 33 (35 na asọmpi niile), merie ya Golden Bull maka onye na-eduga Belgian Pro League, ihe omume nke mere ka a kpọọ ya Pro League Player of the Year maka 2020-21, <ref>{{Cite news|title=Topschutter Paul Onuachu is verkozen tot Profvoetballer van het Jaar (Top scorer Paul Onuachu has been voted Professional Footballer of the Year)|url=https://sporza.be/nl/2021/05/24/profvoetballer-van-het-jaar-2021~1621881968996/|date=24 May 2021|accessdate=23 April 2023|work=Sporza|language=nl}}</ref> na 2021 Belgian Golden Shoe onye mmeri maka onye egwuregwu bọọlụ kachasị mma nke afọ kalenda.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Onuachu: Genk forward wins Belgian Pro League Player of the Year and Golden Boot award|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/onuachu-genk-forward-wins-belgian-pro-league-player-of-the-year-and-golden-boot-award/1wlu3k6c00xg618y5if6blumah|date=25 May 2021|accessdate=23 April 2023|work=Goal (website)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Paul Onuachu verslaat Club-duo Lang en De Ketelaere voor Gouden Schoen (Paul Onuachu beats Club duo Lang and De Ketelaere for the Golden Shoe)|url=https://sporza.be/nl/matches/voetbal/2022-01/paul-onuachu-verslaat-club-duo-lang-en-de-ketelaere-voor-gouden-schoen~1641807966442|date=12 January 2022|accessdate=23 April 2023|work=Sporza|language=nl}}</ref> Onuachu merikwara Ebony Shoe maka onye ọkpụkpọ Afrịka kachasị mma na Belgium maka 2020-21.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|title=Paul Onuachu doet er met de Ebbenhouten Schoen nog een trofee bij (Paul Onuachu adds another trophy with the Ebony Shoe)|url=https://sporza.be/nl/2021/06/07/ebbenhouten-schoen-2021~1623080105844/|date=7 June 2021|accessdate=23 April 2023|work=Sporza|language=nl}}</ref> Onuachu gbara bọọlụ megide ndị mmeri 17 niile, na-agba bọọlụ anọ n'ime egwuregwu isii nke Champions Play-off, na-enyere aka mee ka Genk bụrụ onye nke abụọ na 2020-21 Belgian First Division A, ma merie 2021 Belgian Cup Final 2-1 megide Standard Liege. Ihe mgbaru ọsọ 33 ya bụ nke kachasị elu na ụgbọ elu Belgium kemgbe Erwin Vandenbergh meriri European Golden Boot 39-goal campaign maka Lierse na 1980, <ref>{{Cite news|title=Onuachu's 34th goal of the season salvages draw for Racing Genk against Anderlecht|url=https://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=39869|date=12 May 2021|accessdate=23 April 2023|work=All Nigeria Soccer}}</ref> ma mebie ihe ndekọ ihe mgbaru ọsọ Genk nke otu oge nke Wesley Sonck nke 30, nke e debere na 2002-03. <ref>{{Cite news|title=32 goals in 36 league matches: Onuachu continues to rewrite history in Belgium|url=https://www.brila.net/32-goals-in-36-league-matches-onuachu-continues-to-rewrite-history-in-belgium/|date=13 May 2021|accessdate=23 April 2023|work=brila.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Racing Genk goal machine Onuachu sets two new club records after 33rd goal of season|url=https://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=39822|date=7 May 2021|accessdate=28 April 2023|work=All Nigeria Soccer}}</ref> N'afọ sochirinụ, ụdị egwuregwu Genk na-ata ahụhụ n'ihi adịghị ike nke ịgbachitere onwe ya n'oge mmalite dịka a chụpụrụ onye nchịkwa na-emeri iko John van den Brom n'etiti oge ma jiri Bernd Storck dochie ya. Genk ruru European play-offs, na-agwụ n'azụ Gent na tebụl, na-emecha nke isii n'ozuzu. Onuachu bụ onye nke atọ kachasị gbaa bọọlụ na league maka 2021-22 na goolu 21, n'azụ Deniz Undav nke Union Saint Gilloise na 26 na Michael Frey nke Royal Antwerp na 24.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Grading Moffi, Osimhen & Nigeria's strikers this season|url=https://www.goal.com/en/lists/grading-moffi-osimhen-and-nigeria-s-strikers-this-season/blte7398f562289c95c#cscee8bb314fe71304|date=25 May 2022|accessdate=23 April 2023|work=Goal (website)}}</ref> Site n'itinye ihe mgbaru ọsọ anọ megide Sporting Charleroi na 4 Nọvemba 2022, Onuachu ghọrọ onye ọkpụkpọ Genk mbụ nwetara ihe ngosi a kemgbe Sonck na 2003. Onuachu agbagoro ihe mgbaru ọsọ iri na isii maka Genk na njedebe nke Jenụwarị 2023, yana iri maka Racing Union Saint Gilloise na Belgian Pro League. N'ịbụ onye kwupụtaburu ndakpọ olileanya na enweghị ike ịkwaga n'otu n'ime asọmpi ise kachasị elu nke Europe, Onuachu kwuru na mbido Jenụwarị 2023 na ya kpebisiri ike inyere Genk aka ịnọ n'elu wee nweta aha. Onuachu gbara okpukpu abụọ n'egwuregwu ikpeazụ ya maka Genk, mmeri 4-0 meriri Seraing, iji mee ka ọ bụrụ onye kacha agba bọọlụ na tebụl Pro League, n'ihi na ọ bụ otu ọgbakọ nọ n'ọkwa kacha elu mere nnukwu mbọ maka onye ọkpọ Naịjirịa. [[Faịlụ:Paul_Onuachu_22122024.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|308x308px|Onuachu na 2024]] N'abalị mbụ n'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2023, Onuachu gbanwere Genk na-achụso aha ya maka Southampton na-eyi egwu na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ na ọkara.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Saints seal Onuachu deal|url=https://www.southamptonfc.com/news/2023-02-01/announcement-paul-onuachu-southampton-krc-genk-transfer|accessdate=1 February 2023|work=Southampton FC|date=February 2023|language=en|archivedate=2023-05-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519162327/https://www.southamptonfc.com/news/2023-02-01/announcement-paul-onuachu-southampton-krc-genk-transfer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kamaldeen Sulemana: Southampton pay club-record £22m for Rennes winger|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/64469266|work=BBC Sport|date=31 January 2023|publisher=BBC|accessdate=1 February 2023}}</ref> N'ụbọchị nke anọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2023, Onuachu mere egwuregwu Premier League mbụ ya na Southampton na mmeri 3-0 megide Brentford, na-anọchi Mohamed Elyounoussi na ọkara oge.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Rindl|first=Joe|date=4 February 2023|title=Brentford 3–0 Southampton|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/64436130|accessdate=5 March 2023|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Septemba afọ 2023, Onuachu sonyeere Trabzonspor na mgbazinye oge. <ref>{{Cite web|date=11 September 2023|title=Onuachu joins Trabzonspor on loan|url=https://www.southamptonfc.com/en/news/article/onuachu-joins-trabzonspor-on-loan|accessdate=11 September 2023|work=Southampton FC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/66776262|title=Southampton striker Onuachu joins Trabzonspor on loan|date=11 September 2023|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> Ọ gbara bọọlụ na nke mbụ ya maka klọb ahụ na 17 Septemba 2023 na mmeri 3-0 megide Beşiktaş . <ref>{{Cite web|author=House|first=Alfie|date=18 September 2023|title=Southampton's Onuachu takes just 30 minutes to score Trabzonspor goal|url=https://www.dailyecho.co.uk/sport/23795529.southamptons-onuachu-takes-just-30-minutes-score-trabzonspor-goal/|accessdate=20 September 2023|work=Southern Daily Echo}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na asatọ n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2024, Onuachu gbara hat-trick na mmeri 4-2 megide Gazientep.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Oyebola|first=Mike|date=28 April 2024|title=Turkey: Onuachu scores hat-trick in Trabzonspor's win|url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/04/28/turkey-onuachu-scores-hat-trick-in-trabzonspors-win/|accessdate=21 January 2025|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}</ref> Onuachu gbara goolu mbụ ya maka Southampton na 19 Jenụwarị 2025 na mmeri 3-2 nke Premier League megide Nottingham Forest.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Rowe|first=Patrick|date=19 January 2025|title=Nottingham Forest 3–2 Southampton: Clinical home side move level on points with Arsenal in second after late scare vs Saints|url=https://www.skysports.com/football/nottingham-forest-vs-southampton/report/506025|accessdate=21 January 2025|work=Sky Sports}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Rees-Julian|first=George|date=21 January 2025|title=Paul Onuachu dedicates first Southampton goal to supporters|url=https://www.dailyecho.co.uk/sport/24870042.paul-onuachu-dedicates-first-southampton-goal-supporters/|accessdate=21 January 2025|work=Southern Daily Echo}}</ref> Na 30 June 2025, e kwekọrịtara na Onuachu ga-agafe na klọb Turkey Trabzonspor . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://onefootball.com/de/news/official-paul-onuachu-makes-his-return-to-trabzonspor-41298520|title=Official: Paul Onuachu makes his return to Trabzonspor|date=1 July 2025|work=One Football}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == A kpọrọ Onuachu ka ọ bịa n'òtù egwuregwu mba Naịjirịa n'okpuru afọ iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/4093/nigerian-football/2015/02/17/9010942/siasia-picks-21-players-for-gabon-game|title=Siasia picks 21 players for Gabon game|date=17 February 2015|accessdate=18 February 2016|author=Kolade Oni|publisher=Tipsbladet}}</ref> N'ọnwa Machị afọ 2019 ọ natara oku mbụ ya na [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu Naijiria]]. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/47442643|title=John Mikel Obi: Nigeria captain left out of Super Eagles squad|date=4 March 2019|accessdate=5 March 2019|author=Oluwashina Okeleji|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Machị afọ 2019, Onuachu gbara goolu mbụ ya maka Naịjirịa n'egwuregwu enyi na enyi megide Ijipt. E nyere goolu ahụ n'ime sekọnd iri mbụ nke egwuregwu ahụ, ọ bụkwa nke kachasị ọsọ e nyere Naịjirịa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/47716327|title=Nigeria's fastest international goal helps them beat Egypt|date=27 March 2019|accessdate=27 March 2019|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gbasịrị ihe mgbaru ọsọ ahụ, a mara Onuachu dị ka "ihe a na-akpọ "mkpu nke bọọlụ Naijiria", na "onye nkuzi ya, ndị otu ya, ndị nta akụkọ na ndị na-akwado ya na-ekwu maka ya".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/47721703|title=The spotlight in Nigeria falls on Paul Onuachu after his 10 second goal|date=27 March 2019|accessdate=28 March 2019|author=Oluwashina Okeleji|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> A họpụtara ya na ndị otu Naịjirịa maka 2019 Africa Cup of Nations . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/05/afcon-2019-onuachu-happy-to-make-super-eagles-squad/|title=AFCON 2019: Onuachu happy to make Super Eagles squad|date=16 May 2019|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> Ọ gbara na mmeri 1-0 nke Naijiria meriri Burundi, ka Super Eagles ruru ọkara ikpeazụ, merie Algeria 2-1 na anọ ikpeazụ, wee merie Tunisia 1-0 na egwuregwu ọla nchara.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://dailypost.ng/2019/06/23/nigeria-vs-burundi-didnt-start-ighalo-super-eagles-1-0-win-rohr/|title=Nigeria vs Burundi: Why I didn't start Ighalo in Super Eagles' 1–0 win – Rohr|author=Silas|first=Don|date=23 June 2019|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|accessdate=9 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2019/jul/14/algeria-nigeria-match-report|title=Riyad Mahrez strike sinks Nigeria and puts Algeria in Afcon final|date=14 July 2019|accessdate=22 April 2023|author=Jonathan Wilson|work=The Guardian}}</ref> Na 12 Jenụwarị 2024, a kpọrọ ya ka ọ bịa soro ndị otu Naijiria maka Iko Mba Afrịka nke 2023 na Ivory Coast, na-anọchi [[Umar Sadiq]] merụrụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/sport/afcon-2023-paul-onuachu-replaces-injured-umar-sadiq-in-nigerias-team/|title=AFCON 2023: Paul Onuachu replaces injured Umar Sadiq in Nigeria's team|date=12 January 2024|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref> N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2025, a kpọrọ Onuachu ka ọ bịa soro na ndị otu Naịjirịa maka asọmpi iko mba Afrịka nke afọ 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cafonline.com/afcon2025/news/nigeria-name-star-packed-afcon-squad-as-osimhen-and-lookman-lead-super-eagles-challenge/|title=Nigeria name star-packed AFCON squad as Osimhen and Lookman lead Super Eagles challenge|publisher=[[Confederation of African Football]]|date=11 December 2025|accessdate=12 December 2025}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == === Klọb === <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko mba[a] ! colspan="2" |Iko Njikọ[b] ! colspan="2" |Kọntinent ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="8" |Midtjylland |2012–13 |Superliga Danish |1 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |- |2013–14 |Superliga Danish |11 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |12 |0 |- |2014–15 |Superliga Danish |10 |1 |2 |2 | colspan="2" | - |2[c] |0 | colspan="2" | - |14 |3 |- |2015–16 |Superliga Danish |25 |6 |2 |1 | colspan="2" | - |10[d] |2 | colspan="2" | - |37 |9 |- |2016–17 |Superliga Danish |35 |17 |3 |3 | colspan="2" | - |6[c] |2 |1[e] |1 |45 |23 |- |2017–18 |Superliga Danish |22 |10 |3 |3 | colspan="2" | - |6[c] |4 | colspan="2" | - |31 |17 |- |2018–19 |Superliga Danish |30 |17 |4 |3 | colspan="2" | - |6[f] |2 | colspan="2" | - |40 |22 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !134 !51 !16 !12 ! colspan="2" |- !30 !10 !1 !1 !181 !74 |- |Vejle (onye a gbazinyere) |2014–15 |Ngalaba nke 1 nke Denmark |13 |5 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |13 |5 |- | rowspan="5" |Genk |2019–20 |Belgian Pro League |22 |9 |1 |1 | colspan="2" | - |5[g] |0 | colspan="2" | - |28 |10 |- |2020–21 |Belgian Pro League |38 |33 |3 |2 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |41 |35 |- |2021–22 |Belgian Pro League |35 |21 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |7[h] |2 |1[i] |0 |43 |23 |- |2022–23 |Belgian Pro League |19 |16 |3 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |22 |17 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !114 !79 !7 !4 ! colspan="2" |- !12 !2 !1 !0 !134 !85 |- | rowspan="4" |Southampton |2022–23 |Njikọ Premier |11 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |11 |0 |- |2023–24 |Mmeri |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |- |2024–25 |Njikọ Premier |25 |4 |1 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |28 |4 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !36 !4 !1 !0 !3 !0 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !40 !4 |- |Trabzonspor (onye a gbazitere) |2023–24 |Süper Lig |21 |15 |4 |2 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |25 |17 |- |Ịgba chaa chaa |2025–26<ref name="SW" /> |Süper Lig |26 |22 |4 |2 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |30 |24 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !344 !176 !32 !20 !3 !0 !42 !12 !2 !1 !419 !209 |}   === Mba Nile === {{updated|match played 27 March 2026}}<ref name="NFT">{{NFT player|73929|access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ !Ndị otu mba !Afọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="8" |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] |2019 |7 |1 |- |2020 |2 |0 |- |2021 |7 |2 |- |2022 |1 |0 |- |2023 |1 |0 |- |2024 |6 |0 |- |2025 |3 |1 |- |2026 |4 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !31 !4 |} : ''Akara na nsonaazụ depụtara ihe mgbaru ọsọ Naịjirịa na mbụ, kọlụm akara na-egosi akara mgbe ihe mgbaru ndụ Onuachu ọ bụla gasịrị.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Ndepụta nke ihe mgbaru ọsọ mba ụwa nke Paul Onuachu gbara ! scope="col" |Mba. ! scope="col" |Ụbọchị ! scope="col" |Ebe a na-anọ ! scope="col" |Onye mmegide ! scope="col" |Ihe ruru ! scope="col" |Nsonaazụ ! scope="col" |Ịsọ mpi |- | align="center" |1 |26 Machị 2019 |Stephen Keshi Stadium, [[Asaba]], Nigeria | Egypt | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–0 |Ndị nwere omume enyi |- | align="center" |2 |27 Machị 2021 |Stade Charles de Gaulle, Porto-Novo, Benin | Benin | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–0 |2021 Africa Cup of Nations iru eru |- | align="center" |3 |30 Machị 2021 |Teslim Balogun Stadium, Lagos, Nigeria | Lesotho | align="center" |3–0 | align="center" |3–0 |2021 Africa Cup of Nations iru eru |- | align="center" |4 |30 Disemba 2025 |Fez Stadium, Fez, Morocco | Uganda | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |3–1 |Iko Mba Afrịka nke 2025 |} '''Midtjylland'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/soccer-denmark/soccer-dal-hende-fires-midtjylland-to-danish-title-idUKL5N1SS4LP|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730022250/https://uk.reuters.com/article/soccer-denmark/soccer-dal-hende-fires-midtjylland-to-danish-title-idUKL5N1SS4LP|archivedate=30 July 2018|title=Soccer-Dal Hende fires Midtjylland to Danish title|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=15 December 2018}}</ref> * Danish Superliga: 2014-15, 2017-182017–18 * Iko Danish: 2018-192018–19 * Iko Belgium: 2020-21<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/onuachu-with-an-assist-as-genk-clinch-belgian-cup-title/1jp81i8ofssju1k0yrdb9b6nu8|title=Onuachu with an assist as Genk clinch Belgian Cup title after Standard Liege win|work=Goal (website)|date=26 April 2021|accessdate=29 April 2021}}</ref> * Onye nke abụọ na Africa Cup of Nations: 2023; <ref>{{Cite web|author=Stevens|first=Rob|date=11 February 2024|title=Nigeria 1–2 Ivory Coast|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/68196261|accessdate=12 February 2024|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> nke atọ: 2019, <ref>{{Cite web|date=17 July 2019|title=Tunisia 0–1 Nigeria|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48932084|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227223831/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48932084|archivedate=27 February 2021|accessdate=18 July 2019|publisher=BBC}}</ref> 2025 <ref>{{Cite web|author=Stevens|first=Rob|date=17 January 2026|title=Afcon 2025: Egypt 0-0 Nigeria (2-4 pens) - Super Eagles finish third|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/live/cpqyvje5de8t|accessdate=20 January 2026|work=BBC Sport|language=}}</ref> '''Onye ọ bụla''' * Nkewa nke Mbụ nke Belgium Onye kacha gbaa goolu: 2020-21 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/africa/57239441|title=Paul Onuachu: Nigeria striker scoops two awards in Belgium|publisher=BBC|date=25 May 2021}}</ref> * Onye na-agba bọọlụ nke afọ na Belgium: 2020-21 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sporza.be/nl/2021/05/24/topschutter-paul-onuachu-is-verkozen-tot-profvoetballer-van-het-jaar~1621881968996/|title=Topschutter Paul Onuachu is verkozen tot Profvoetballer van het Jaar|work=SPORZA|date=25 May 2021}}</ref> * Akpụkpọ ụkwụ ọla edo nke Belgium: 2021<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sporza.be/nl/matches/voetbal/2022-01/paul-onuachu-verslaat-club-duo-lang-en-de-ketelaere-voor-gouden-schoen~1641807966442/|title=Paul Onuachu verslaat Club-duo Lang en De Ketelaere voor Gouden Schoen|work=SPORZA|date=12 January 2022}}</ref> * Nkewa nke Mbụ nke Belgium Otu nke Afọ: 2020-21 * Ebony Shoe: 2021<ref name="auto"/> * Onye otu Order of the Niger <ref>{{Cite news|date=13 February 2024|title=Afcon: Ivory Coast and Nigeria players get cash, villas and honours|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68286543|accessdate=24 February 2024|work=[[BBC News]]|language=en-GB}}</ref>[[Faịlụ:Order_of_the_Niger_civil_division_ribbon.svg|60x60px]] == Edensibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] shvss8vwj6ehhnn4rluuzs6scp5b2yh 0 75375 632468 2026-05-09T21:40:49Z Johnnybam 24488 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350280671|Philip Otele]]" 632468 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Philip Porwei Otele''' (amụrụ n'abalị iri na ise n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 1999) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba ọsọ dị ka onye na-agbachitere otu egwuregwu German Bundesliga Hamburger SV, na mgbazinye ego site na otu egwuregwu Swiss Super League Basel, na otu egwuregwu Naijiria. == Ọrụ klọb == === Ọrụ mbụ na Kauno Žalgiris === Onye Naijiria zụrụ Arsenal ka ọ dị afọ iri na anọ. N'agbata 2017 na 2019, Otele nọchitere anya Wearside Premier Division Wolviston mgbe ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Teesside. Mgbe ọ kwagara Lithuania, Otele kpughere na ya enweghị ike ịnakwere onyinye sitere na Sunderland n'ihi mmachi visa. Na Mee 2019, ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta na klọb Lithuania Kauno Žalgiris. Otele guzobe onwe ya dị ka onye na-amalite mgbe niile n'afọ 2021, nyere goolu iri ma nyere Kauno aka n'ọkwa nke atọ n'usoro n'asọmpi mba. === UTA Arad === Na 13 Jenụwarị 2022, Otele kwagara n'akụkụ Romania UTA Arad . <ref name="uta_transfer">{{Cite web|url=https://www.prosport.ro/fotbal-intern/liga-1/uta-a-transferat-un-mijlocas-de-banda-din-nigeria-philip-otele-19394768|title=UTA a transferat un mijlocaș de bandă nigerian: "Le vom aduce victorii fanilor și vom accede în play-off"|publisher=[[ProSport]]|language=ro|date=13 January 2022|accessdate=11 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.agerpres.ro/sport/2022/01/13/fotbal-uta-l-a-transferat-pe-mijlocasul-nigerian-philip-otele--846647|title=UTA l-a transferat pe mijlocaşul nigerian Philip Otele|publisher=[[Agerpres|AGERPRES]]|language=ro|date=13 January 2022}}</ref> O mere asọmpi ya na 5 Febụwarị, na-abịa dị ka onye nọchiri Karolis Laukžemis na 1-0 n'ụlọ Liga I meriri Sepsi OSK.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prosport.ro/fotbal-intern/liga-1/nigerianul-otele-a-debutat-la-uta-cum-a-evoluat-in-primul-meci-pentru-echipa-din-arad-primele-declaratii-19406828|title=Nigerianul Otele a debutat la UTA! Cum a evoluat în primul meci pentru echipa din Arad + Primele declarații|publisher=[[ProSport]]|language=ro|date=5 February 2022|accessdate=11 April 2024}}</ref> Otu ọnwa mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ gbara goolu mbụ ya na mmeri 2-1 n'ụlọ ya na Mioveni. Na Jenụwarị 2023, na nkwekọrịta UTA Arad ya ga-agwụ n'oge ọkọchị, Otele bịanyere aka na nkwekọ nkwekọrịta tupu ya na ndị na-agbachitere CFR Cluj.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://as.ro/fotbal/liga-1/antena-sport-confirmat-philip-otele-a-semnat-cu-cfr-cluj-clubul-ne-a-informat-azi-252950.html#:~:text=Philip%20Otele%20a%20semnat%20cu%20CFR%20Cluj%20Alexandru,R%C4%83ducanu%20l-a%20dus%20la%20tribunal%20cu%20fiul%20s%C4%83u%21|title=Philip Otele a semnat cu CFR Cluj: "Clubul ne-a informat azi!"|publisher=[[Antena 1 (Romania)|Antena Sport]]|language=ro|date=20 January 2023|accessdate=11 April 2024}}</ref> Klọb ahụ kpughere ya na 16 June, wee mee nke mbụ ya otu ọnwa ka e mesịrị, na mmeri 2-0 nke Liga n'ụlọ na Politehnica Iași.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/liga-1/cfr-cluj-philip-otele-transfer-701298.html|title=Transfer anunțat oficial de CFR Cluj: e al cincilea cel mai bun dribler din SuperLigă!|language=ro|date=16 June 2023|accessdate=11 April 2024}}</ref> Na 21 Ọgọst 2023, Otele meriri ihe mgbaru ọsọ CFR mbụ ya na mmeri 4 – 3 pụọ na ndị mmegide obodo Universitatea Cluj. Ụbọchị ise ka e mesịrị, ọ gbara okpukpu abụọ na mmeri ụlọ nke Botoșani 3–1. Na 21 Disemba, ọ gbatara okpukpu abụọ ọzọ na 4 – 0 nhụsịrị ụlọ derby nke Universitatea Cluj. Na 23 Febrụwarị 2024, Otele weghaara egwuregwu bọọlụ ya ruo ihe mgbaru ọsọ iri na otu mgbe ọ gbasịrị akara ugboro abụọ na mmeri ụlọ Dinamo București 4–0. N'ọnwa Eprel 2024, n'etiti mmasị sitere n'aka ndị otu egwuregwu ibe ya FCSB, onye nwe CFR Cluj bụ Ioan Varga kwuru na ọ na-ekwurịta maka ịnyefe Otele na Brighton &amp;amp; Hove Albion nke Premier League maka £ 6 nde na 20% nke ire ere.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.digisport.ro/fotbal/premier-league/au-inceput-negocierile-7-milioane-de-euro-pentru-philip-otele-2912909|title=Au început negocierile! 7 milioane de euro pentru Philip Otele|publisher=[[Digi Sport (Romania)|Digi Sport]]|language=ro|date=11 April 2024|accessdate=11 April 2024}}</ref> N'ụbọchị nke ise n'ọnwa Mee, ọ gbara okpukpu abụọ nke anọ ya na mmeri 3-2 n'ụlọ nke Rapid București, ụbọchị isii ka e mesịrị, ọ gbara bọọlụ n'elu na mmeri 1-0 n'èzí nke ndị mmeri FCSB.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.digisport.ro/fotbal/liga-1/fcsb-cfr-cluj-0-1-foarfeca-lui-otele-a-decis-meciul-la-care-ros-albastrii-au-fost-incoronati-campioni-2958127|title=FCSB - CFR Cluj 0-1. Foarfeca lui Otele a decis meciul la care "roș-albaștrii" au fost încoronați campioni|publisher=Digi Sport|language=ro|date=11 May 2024|accessdate=20 May 2024}}</ref> === Al Wahda === ==== Ịgbazinye ego na Basel ==== === Basel === N'ụbọchị nke abụọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2026, Otele gara Hamburger SV na German Bundesliga.<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=Hamburger SV|url=https://www.hsv.de/en/news/hsv-sign-winger-philip-otele|title=HSV sign winger Philip Otele|date=2 February 2026|accessdate=3 February 2026}}</ref> == Ụdị egwuregwu == == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == {{updated|match played 18 April 2026}}<ref name="SW">{{Soccerway|614652|accessdate=11 April 2024}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko mba[a] ! colspan="2" |Kọntinent ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="4" |Kauno Žalgiris |2019 |Lyga |14 |0 |2 |0 |1[b] |0 | colspan="2" | - |17 |0 |- |2020 |Lyga |18 |3 |2 |0 |1[b] |1 | colspan="2" | - |21 |4 |- |2021 |Lyga |32 |10 |1 |2 |4[c] |0 | colspan="2" | - |37 |12 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !64 !13 !5 !2 !6 !1 ! colspan="2" |- !75 !16 |- | rowspan="3" |UTA Arad |2021–22 |Njikọ nke Mbụ |16 |5 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |16 |5 |- |2022–23 |Njikọ nke Mbụ |34 |5 |6 |0 | colspan="2" | - |2[d] |1 |42 |6 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !50 !10 !6 !0 ! colspan="2" |- !2 !1 !58 !11 |- |CFR Cluj |2023–24 |Njikọ nke Mbụ |40 |18 |3 |0 |2[c] |0 | colspan="2" | - |45 |18 |- |Al Wahda |2024–25 |UAE Pro League |10 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |1[e] |0 |13 |0 |- |Basel (onye a gbazinyere) |2024–25 |Njikọ Super |18 |9 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |21 |9 |- | rowspan="2" |Basel |2025–26 |Njikọ Super |19 |4 |3 |2 |8[f] |2 | colspan="2" | - |30 |8 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !37 !13 !6 !2 !8 !2 ! colspan="2" |- !51 !17 |- |Hamburger SV (nke a gbazitere) |2025–26 |Bundesliga |9 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |9 |1 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !210 !55 !22 !4 !16 !3 !3 !1 !251 !63 |}   === Mba Nile === {{updated|match played 31 March 2026}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ !Ndị otu mba !Afọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="1" |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] |2026 |1 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !1 !0 |} * Swiss Super League: 2024-25<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bluewin.ch/en/entertainment/thousands-celebrate-the-championship-title-in-basel-during-the-esc-2689749.html|title=Thousands celebrate the championship title in Basel during the ESC|work=blue News}}</ref> * Iko Switzerland: 2024-252024–25 * Onye kacha gbaa bọọlụ na Liga I: 2023-24 (ya na Florinel Coman nwekọrọ) <ref name="23-24_top_scorer">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/liga-1/florinel-coman-si-philip-otele-golgeterii-sezonului-in-superliga-742685.html|title=Ei sunt premianții sezonului în Superliga » Deac scrie istorie! Coman a fost egalat în clasamentul golgheterilor|language=ro|date=20 May 2024|accessdate=20 May 2024}}</ref> * Liga I Team nke Oge: 2023-242023–24 == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] d5s8fmakld6md1omm9mhj9aia50z09i 0 75376 632469 2026-05-09T21:45:13Z Johnnybam 24488 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349844568|Ebenezer Harcourt]]" 632469 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ebenezer Ifeanyi Harcourt''' (amụrụ n'abalị iri abụọ na otu n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2009) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba dịka Onye na-edebe goolu maka klọb Njikọ Mba Naịjirịa Sporting Lagos na [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]]. A mụrụ Harcourt na Umunteke-Asa, Ukwa West na Abia State, Nigeria. Ọ gbara bọọlụ ntorobịa na Sporting Lagos Academy tupu ya na Sporting Lagos malite ọrụ ọkachamara ya. Harcourt meriri asọmpị mbụ ya na ndị otu mba Naijiria n'afọ 2025, wee bụrụ onye ọkpụkpọ kacha nta ga-anọchi anya Naịjirịa. Ọ bụkwa onye ọkpụkpọ kacha nta na 2025 U-20 Africa Cup of Nations. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Ebenezer Ifeanyi Harcourt na 21 Ọktoba 2009 na Umunteke-Asa, [[Ukwa West]], Abia State, Nigeria . <ref name="caf">{{Cite news|title=Teenage wall: How 15-Year-Old Harcourt became Nigeria’s AFCON U20 hero|url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-u-20-africa-cup-of-nations/news/teenage-wall-how-15-year-old-harcourt-became-nigeria-s-afcon-u20-hero/|accessdate=22 December 2025|work=[[U-20 Africa Cup of Nations]]|publisher=[[Confederation of African Football]]|date=16 May 2025}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cafonline.com/caf-u-20-africa-cup-of-nations/news/teenage-wall-how-15-year-old-harcourt-became-nigeria-s-afcon-u20-hero/ "Teenage wall: How 15-Year-Old Harcourt became Nigeria's AFCON U20 hero"]. ''[[U-20 Africa Cup of Nations]]''. [[Confederation of African Football]]. 16 May 2025. [https://web.archive.org/web/20251110082133/https://www.cafonline.com/caf-u-20-africa-cup-of-nations/news/teenage-wall-how-15-year-old-harcourt-became-nigeria-s-afcon-u20-hero/ Archived] from the original on 10 November 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="infonews">{{Cite news|author=Sampson|first=Orji|title=From Umunteke-Asa Ukwa West To Stardom: Enwereuzo Harcourt's Heroic Outing For Nigeria @ U-20 AFCON|url=https://www.infonews.com.ng/2025/05/from-umunteke-asa-ukwa-west-to-stardom.html|accessdate=22 December 2025|work=Infonews|date=May 2025}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSampson2025">Sampson, Orji (May 2025). [https://www.infonews.com.ng/2025/05/from-umunteke-asa-ukwa-west-to-stardom.html "From Umunteke-Asa Ukwa West To Stardom: Enwereuzo Harcourt's Heroic Outing For Nigeria @ U-20 AFCON"]. ''Infonews''. Owerri. [https://web.archive.org/web/20251224160631/https://www.infonews.com.ng/2025/05/from-umunteke-asa-ukwa-west-to-stardom.html Archived] from the original on 24 December 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Nna ya bụ Ifeanyi Harcourt, onye na-enye ndị na-edebe goolu ọzụzụ maka klọb bọọlụ Naijiria [[Enyimba International F.C.|Enyimba]] . <ref name="infonews" /> == Ọrụ klọb == Harcourt sonyeere Sporting Lagos Academy mgbe ọ dị afọ iri.<ref name="caf">{{Cite news|title=Teenage wall: How 15-Year-Old Harcourt became Nigeria’s AFCON U20 hero|url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-u-20-africa-cup-of-nations/news/teenage-wall-how-15-year-old-harcourt-became-nigeria-s-afcon-u20-hero/|accessdate=22 December 2025|work=[[U-20 Africa Cup of Nations]]|publisher=[[Confederation of African Football]]|date=16 May 2025}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cafonline.com/caf-u-20-africa-cup-of-nations/news/teenage-wall-how-15-year-old-harcourt-became-nigeria-s-afcon-u20-hero/ "Teenage wall: How 15-Year-Old Harcourt became Nigeria's AFCON U20 hero"]. ''[[U-20 Africa Cup of Nations]]''. [[Confederation of African Football]]. 16 May 2025. [https://web.archive.org/web/20251110082133/https://www.cafonline.com/caf-u-20-africa-cup-of-nations/news/teenage-wall-how-15-year-old-harcourt-became-nigeria-s-afcon-u20-hero/ Archived] from the original on 10 November 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ gbara bọọlụ na Nigeria Nationwide League . <ref name="acl">{{Cite news|author=Areo|first=Samuel|title=NNL: Ebenezer Harcourt makes Sporting debut in home draw|url=https://www.aclsports.com/nnl-ebenezer-harcourt-makes-sporting-debut-in-home-draw/|accessdate=22 December 2025|work=ACLSports|date=29 November 2025}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAreo2025">Areo, Samuel (29 November 2025). [https://www.aclsports.com/nnl-ebenezer-harcourt-makes-sporting-debut-in-home-draw/ "NNL: Ebenezer Harcourt makes Sporting debut in home draw"]. ''ACLSports''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20251224161555/https://www.aclsports.com/nnl-ebenezer-harcourt-makes-sporting-debut-in-home-draw/ Archived] from the original on 24 December 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Harcourt meriri Gothia Cup na academy na 2024. <ref name="thisday">{{Cite news|author=Ikhazuagbe|first=Duro|title=Manchester Utd to Spy on Ebenezer as Flying Eagles Land in Chile|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2025/09/26/manchester-utd-to-spy-on-ebenezer-as-flying-eagles-land-in-chile/|accessdate=22 December 2025|date=26 September 2025|work=[[This Day]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFIkhazuagbe2025">Ikhazuagbe, Duro (26 September 2025). [https://www.thisdaylive.com/2025/09/26/manchester-utd-to-spy-on-ebenezer-as-flying-eagles-land-in-chile/ "Manchester Utd to Spy on Ebenezer as Flying Eagles Land in Chile"]. ''[[This Day]]''. Apapa. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250928110112/https://www.thisdaylive.com/2025/09/26/manchester-utd-to-spy-on-ebenezer-as-flying-eagles-land-in-chile/ Archived] from the original on 28 September 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na asatọ n'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2025, Harcourt gbara bọọlụ nke mbụ ya na Sporting Lagos na Njikọ Mba Naịjirịa.<ref name="acl">{{Cite news|author=Areo|first=Samuel|title=NNL: Ebenezer Harcourt makes Sporting debut in home draw|url=https://www.aclsports.com/nnl-ebenezer-harcourt-makes-sporting-debut-in-home-draw/|accessdate=22 December 2025|work=ACLSports|date=29 November 2025}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAreo2025">Areo, Samuel (29 November 2025). [https://www.aclsports.com/nnl-ebenezer-harcourt-makes-sporting-debut-in-home-draw/ "NNL: Ebenezer Harcourt makes Sporting debut in home draw"]. ''ACLSports''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20251224161555/https://www.aclsports.com/nnl-ebenezer-harcourt-makes-sporting-debut-in-home-draw/ Archived] from the original on 24 December 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == A họpụtara ya maka otu egwuregwu bọọlụ mba Nigeria na-erubeghị afọ 20 mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise ma bụrụ onye ọkpụkpọ kacha nta na-egwu na 2025 U-20 Africa Cup of Nations. Na nkeji iri na ise, Harcourt zọpụtara penariti abụọ na mmeri Nigeria meriri ndị na-agbachitere Senegal, na-eru eru Nigeria maka asọmpi iko mba ụwa nke 2025 FIFA U-20. N'ime egwuregwu ise, ọ debere mpempe akwụkwọ atọ dị ọcha wee merie ihe mgbaru ọsọ abụọ n'oge oge, na-akpọ aha na CAF Best XI maka asọmpi ma na-adọta mmasị site na Nigeria Premier Football League na ndị otu mba ndị ọzọ. Harcourt zọpụtara penalty na ọgụ ya na Niger na ọkara ikpeazụ nke 2025 WAFU Zone B U-20 Championship, na-enye aka na mmeri Naịjirịa.<ref name="fin">{{Cite news|author=Abel|first=Kelechi|title=Flying Eagles Keeper Ebenezer Harcourt Reflects on WAFU U-20 Semi Final|url=https://www.footballinnigeria.com.ng/news/interviews/flying-eagles-keeper-ebenezer-harcourt-reflects-on-wafu-u-20-semi-final/|accessdate=22 December 2025|work=Football in Nigeria|date=21 July 2025}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAbel2025">Abel, Kelechi (21 July 2025). [https://www.footballinnigeria.com.ng/news/interviews/flying-eagles-keeper-ebenezer-harcourt-reflects-on-wafu-u-20-semi-final/ "Flying Eagles Keeper Ebenezer Harcourt Reflects on WAFU U-20 Semi Final"]. ''Football in Nigeria''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250805075716/https://www.footballinnigeria.com.ng/news/interviews/flying-eagles-keeper-ebenezer-harcourt-reflects-on-wafu-u-20-semi-final/ Archived] from the original on 5 August 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ivory Coast meriri Naijiria site na 1-0 na ngwụcha, ebe ọ gbara bọọlụ n'efu.<ref name="paf">{{Cite news|author=Olsson|first=Andrew|title=WAFU U-20: Ivory Coast pounce on late mistake to emerge as champions|url=https://www.panafricafootball.com/post/wafu-u-20-ivory-coast-pounce-on-late-mistake-to-emerge-as-champions/|accessdate=22 December 2025|work=Pan-Africa Football|date=24 July 2025}}</ref> Tupu 2025 FIFA U-20 World Cup, Premier League club Manchester United zigara ndị scout ka ha nyochaa Harcourt na Chile <ref name="thisday">{{Cite news|author=Ikhazuagbe|first=Duro|title=Manchester Utd to Spy on Ebenezer as Flying Eagles Land in Chile|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2025/09/26/manchester-utd-to-spy-on-ebenezer-as-flying-eagles-land-in-chile/|accessdate=22 December 2025|date=26 September 2025|work=[[This Day]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFIkhazuagbe2025">Ikhazuagbe, Duro (26 September 2025). [https://www.thisdaylive.com/2025/09/26/manchester-utd-to-spy-on-ebenezer-as-flying-eagles-land-in-chile/ "Manchester Utd to Spy on Ebenezer as Flying Eagles Land in Chile"]. ''[[This Day]]''. Apapa. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250928110112/https://www.thisdaylive.com/2025/09/26/manchester-utd-to-spy-on-ebenezer-as-flying-eagles-land-in-chile/ Archived] from the original on 28 September 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> na ''ESPN'' kpọrọ ya otu n'ime ndị egwuregwu Naijiria ise ga-ele anya na asọmpi ahụ. <ref name="sportsration">{{Cite news|title=Manchester United scouts watch Nigeria’s teenage goalkeeper Harcourt|url=https://sportsration.com/manchester-united-scouts-watch-nigerias-teenage-goalkeeper-harcourt/|accessdate=22 December 2025|work=SportsRation|date=25 September 2025}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://sportsration.com/manchester-united-scouts-watch-nigerias-teenage-goalkeeper-harcourt/ "Manchester United scouts watch Nigeria's teenage goalkeeper Harcourt"]. ''SportsRation''. 25 September 2025. [https://web.archive.org/web/20251223130531/https://sportsration.com/manchester-united-scouts-watch-nigerias-teenage-goalkeeper-harcourt/ Archived] from the original on 23 December 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="espn">{{Cite news|author=Udoh|first=Colin|title=Nigeria's Terrific Teens – Five Flying Eagles players to watch at the FIFA U-20 World Cup|url=https://www.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/46418758/nigeria-terrific-teens-five-flying-eagles-players-watch-fifa-u-20-world-cup|accessdate=22 December 2025|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=29 September 2025}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFUdoh2025">Udoh, Colin (29 September 2025). [https://www.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/46418758/nigeria-terrific-teens-five-flying-eagles-players-watch-fifa-u-20-world-cup "Nigeria's Terrific Teens – Five Flying Eagles players to watch at the FIFA U-20 World Cup"]. [[ESPN]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20251223124758/https://www.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/46418758/nigeria-terrific-teens-five-flying-eagles-players-watch-fifa-u-20-world-cup Archived] from the original on 23 December 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Harcourt meriri n'egwuregwu mbụ ya na ndị otu mba Naịjirịa n'abalị iri na itoolu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2025, na-eme ka ọ dị ọcha na mmeri 2-0 ha meriri Congo na Group D nke asọmpi mba Afrịka nke afọ 2024 iji bụrụ onye ọkpụkpọ kachasị ọhụrụ na-anọchite anya ndị otu Naịjiria na afọ iri na ise.<ref name="ats">{{Cite news|title=CHAN 2024 : 15-Year-Old Ebenezer Harcourt Makes History with Clean Sheet|url=https://en.africatopsports.com/2025/08/20/chan-2024-15-year-old-ebenezer-harcourt-makes-history-with-clean-sheet/|accessdate=22 December 2025|work=Africa Top Sports|date=20 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="thenation">{{Cite news|author=Oguntade|first=Victor|title=Harcourt reflects on dream Super Eagles’ debut at 2024 CHAN|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/harcourt-reflects-on-dream-super-eagles-debut-at-2024-chan/|accessdate=23 December 2025|date=22 August 2025|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> A kpọrọ aha Harcourt na ndị otu Eric Chelle maka asọmpi iko mba ụwa megide Rwanda na South Africa na Septemba.<ref name="acl">{{Cite news|author=Areo|first=Samuel|title=NNL: Ebenezer Harcourt makes Sporting debut in home draw|url=https://www.aclsports.com/nnl-ebenezer-harcourt-makes-sporting-debut-in-home-draw/|accessdate=22 December 2025|work=ACLSports|date=29 November 2025}}</ref><ref name="thisday">{{Cite news|author=Ikhazuagbe|first=Duro|title=Manchester Utd to Spy on Ebenezer as Flying Eagles Land in Chile|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2025/09/26/manchester-utd-to-spy-on-ebenezer-as-flying-eagles-land-in-chile/|accessdate=22 December 2025|date=26 September 2025|work=[[This Day]]}}</ref> Ndị nkuzi Harcourt na Sporting Lagos Academy toro echiche ya na nkà na ụzụ ya.<ref name="caf">{{Cite news|title=Teenage wall: How 15-Year-Old Harcourt became Nigeria’s AFCON U20 hero|url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-u-20-africa-cup-of-nations/news/teenage-wall-how-15-year-old-harcourt-became-nigeria-s-afcon-u20-hero/|accessdate=22 December 2025|work=[[U-20 Africa Cup of Nations]]|publisher=[[Confederation of African Football]]|date=16 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="infonews">{{Cite news|author=Sampson|first=Orji|title=From Umunteke-Asa Ukwa West To Stardom: Enwereuzo Harcourt's Heroic Outing For Nigeria @ U-20 AFCON|url=https://www.infonews.com.ng/2025/05/from-umunteke-asa-ukwa-west-to-stardom.html|accessdate=22 December 2025|work=Infonews|date=May 2025}}</ref> Otu onye nduzi ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ kwuru na Harcourt zụrụ n'ụzọ siri ike na ebumnuche.<ref name="infonews" /> Infonews kwuru na ụkpụrụ ọrụ ya bụ ihe mere a kpọrọ ya ozugbo na otu mba U20.<ref name="infonews" /> ESPN akọwaala Harcourt dị ka onye nwere obi ike na onye dị egwu, <ref name="espn">{{Cite news|author=Udoh|first=Colin|title=Nigeria's Terrific Teens – Five Flying Eagles players to watch at the FIFA U-20 World Cup|url=https://www.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/46418758/nigeria-terrific-teens-five-flying-eagles-players-watch-fifa-u-20-world-cup|accessdate=22 December 2025|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=29 September 2025}}</ref> CAF, <ref name="caf">{{Cite news|title=Teenage wall: How 15-Year-Old Harcourt became Nigeria’s AFCON U20 hero|url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-u-20-africa-cup-of-nations/news/teenage-wall-how-15-year-old-harcourt-became-nigeria-s-afcon-u20-hero/|accessdate=22 December 2025|work=[[U-20 Africa Cup of Nations]]|publisher=[[Confederation of African Football]]|date=16 May 2025}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cafonline.com/caf-u-20-africa-cup-of-nations/news/teenage-wall-how-15-year-old-harcourt-became-nigeria-s-afcon-u20-hero/ "Teenage wall: How 15-Year-Old Harcourt became Nigeria's AFCON U20 hero"]. ''[[U-20 Africa Cup of Nations]]''. [[Confederation of African Football]]. 16 May 2025. [https://web.archive.org/web/20251110082133/https://www.cafonline.com/caf-u-20-africa-cup-of-nations/news/teenage-wall-how-15-year-old-harcourt-became-nigeria-s-afcon-u20-hero/ Archived] from the original on 10 November 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> na Infonews, <ref name="infonews">{{Cite news|author=Sampson|first=Orji|title=From Umunteke-Asa Ukwa West To Stardom: Enwereuzo Harcourt's Heroic Outing For Nigeria @ U-20 AFCON|url=https://www.infonews.com.ng/2025/05/from-umunteke-asa-ukwa-west-to-stardom.html|accessdate=22 December 2025|work=Infonews|date=May 2025}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSampson2025">Sampson, Orji (May 2025). [https://www.infonews.com.ng/2025/05/from-umunteke-asa-ukwa-west-to-stardom.html "From Umunteke-Asa Ukwa West To Stardom: Enwereuzo Harcourt's Heroic Outing For Nigeria @ U-20 AFCON"]. ''Infonews''. Owerri. [https://web.archive.org/web/20251224160631/https://www.infonews.com.ng/2025/05/from-umunteke-asa-ukwa-west-to-stardom.html Archived] from the original on 24 December 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> onye ikike na echiche ya dị ka ndị okenye, ndị nwere ahụmahụ.<ref name="fin">{{Cite news|author=Abel|first=Kelechi|title=Flying Eagles Keeper Ebenezer Harcourt Reflects on WAFU U-20 Semi Final|url=https://www.footballinnigeria.com.ng/news/interviews/flying-eagles-keeper-ebenezer-harcourt-reflects-on-wafu-u-20-semi-final/|accessdate=22 December 2025|work=Football in Nigeria|date=21 July 2025}}</ref> N'ịgbaso arụmọrụ ya na 2025 U-20 Africa Cup of Nations, otu onye nledo kwuru na Harcourt nwere ike ịbụ otu n'ime ndị kacha mma na-edebe goolu n'Africa n'ime afọ ise sochirinụ.<ref name="caf" /> Infonews weere ya dị ka onye na-atụ anya maka otu mba Naịjirịa na onye na-eche ya n'ọdịnihu.<ref name="infonews" /> Mgbe mbụ nke Harcourt gasịrị, onye isi nchịkwa Chelle toro "nkà na ntozu okè" ya.<ref name="sportsration">{{Cite news|title=Manchester United scouts watch Nigeria’s teenage goalkeeper Harcourt|url=https://sportsration.com/manchester-united-scouts-watch-nigerias-teenage-goalkeeper-harcourt/|accessdate=22 December 2025|work=SportsRation|date=25 September 2025}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko FA ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- |[[Sporting Lagos F.C.|Egwuregwu Lagos]] |2025–26 |Njikọ Mba Naịjirịa |7 |0 |1 |0 |8 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !7 !0 !1 !0 !8 !0 ! |} === Mba Nile === {{updated|match played 19 August 2025}}<ref name="soccerway">{{cite web |title=Ebenezer Harcourt Stats |url=https://www.soccerway.com/player/harcourt-ebenezer/lhHUE0s0/ |website=Soccerway |access-date=22 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251224162511/https://www.soccerway.com/player/harcourt-ebenezer/lhHUE0s0/ |archive-date=24 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ !Ndị otu mba !Afọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="1" |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] |2025 |1 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !1 !0 |} == Nsọpụrụ == '''Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Egwuregwu Lagos''' * Iko Gothia: 2024 '''Onye ọ bụla''' * U-20 Africa Cup of Nations CAF Best XI: 2025 '''Ihe ndekọ''' * Onye egwuregwu kachasị nta [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba]]: afọ 15 * 2025 U-20 Africa Cup of Nations onye ọkpụkpọ kachasị nta: afọ 15 == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 9vv7fwef5x25duiyljjxdgxkjy3dmnm 0 75377 632474 2026-05-09T22:53:29Z NiferO 20385 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1303942246|Ifeanyi George]]" 632474 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Ifeanyi George''' (22 Nọvemba afọ 1993 - 22 Machị 2020) bu onye okachamara n'egwuregwu bọọlụ Naijiria nke gbara dịka onye na-agba ọsọ. == Ọrụ == A mụrụ ya na [[Umuahia]], George gbara bọọlụ maka [[Enyimba International F.C.|Enyimba]] [[Rangers International F.C.|Ndị Enugu Rangers]]. O nwetara okpu abụọ maka [[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] na 2017. == Ọnwụ == Ifeanyi nwụrụ n'ihe mberede ụgbọala na 22 n'ọnwa Maachị afọ 2020 mgbe ọ na-esi [[Enụgwụ|Enugu]] na-aga Lagos mgbe a kwụsịrị asọmpi Naịjirịa n'ihi COVID-19. A kọrọ na Ifenayi, tinyere onye otu ya Emmanuel Ogbu na enyi ya Eteka Gabriel, kụrụ ụgbọala jikọtara ọnụ. Mmadụ atọ niile nọ n'ụgbọala ahụ nwụrụ n'ebe ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/africa/51996503|title=Two Nigerian players killed in car crash|work=BBC Sport|date=22 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/nigeria-international-striker-ifeanyi-george-passes-away-in/j22zf1mix0wz1todsxqjos1ji|title=Nigeria international striker Ifeanyi George passes away in car accident &#124; Goal.com|work=www.goal.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yen.com.gh/151121-ifeanyi-george-2-killed-ghastly-motor-accident.html|title=Tragedy as Nigerian football star; 2 Others Reportedly die in Motor Accident|author=Yen.com.gh|date=23 March 2020|work=Yen.com.gh - Ghana news.|language=en|accessdate=25 March 2020|archivedate=1 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201144600/https://yen.com.gh/151121-ifeanyi-george-2-killed-ghastly-motor-accident.html}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} 655qg76vqdr3jzar263ewloz9p1i9dl 0 75378 632475 2026-05-09T23:21:01Z Sayvhior 13464 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343921718|Sneeze]]" 632475 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  {{Listen | filename = sneeze.ogg | title = Sneeze }} {{Clear}} [[Faịlụ:Qualitative-Real-Time-Schlieren-and-Shadowgraph-Imaging-of-Human-Exhaled-Airflows-An-Aid-to-Aerosol-pone.0021392.s002.ogv|thumbtime=0:12|thumb|360x360px|Nlereanya nke ikuku na-efe n'oge ịze uzere, na-atụnyere ịze uzere na-ekpuchighị ihe mkpuchi na ọtụtụ ụzọ dị iche iche esi ekpuchi ọnụ na imi mmadụ: ịze uzere n'ime aka, aka e ji aka kpuchie, anụ ahụ, ngwaọrụ ihe mkpuchi ịwa ahụ, na ihe mkpuchi N95.]] {{Databox}}Ize uzere (nke a makwaara dịka '''sternutation n’olu oyibo''') bụ ikuku na-enweghị isi, nke na-esi n'akpa ume pụọ site na imi ya na ọnụ, nke na'abụkarị nke ihe ndị si ebe ọzọ na-akpali mucosal. Ize uzere na-achụpụ ikuku site n'ọnụ na imi n'ụzọ na-agbawa agbawa, nke na-enweghị isi. Omume a na-enye ohere ka mmiri gbapụ site na oghere imi na asọ iji gbapụ n'[[Onu|oghere ọnụ]]. Ize uzere nwere ike ijikọta ya na ikpughe na mberede na ìhè na-egbuke egbuke (nke a maara dịka photic sneeze reflex n’olu oyibo), mgbanwe mberede (ịda) na okpomọkụ, ikuku oyi, afọ jury eju, ikpughe ihe na-adịghị anabata ya, ma ọ bụ nje virus. N'ihi na '''akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ''' nwere ike ịgbasa ọrịa site na mmiri ozuzo [[aerosol]] na-efe efe, a na-atụ aro iji aka gị kpuchie ọnụ gị na imi gị, n'ime ogwe aka gị, anụ ahụ ihu gị maọbụ akwa aka gị mgbe ị na-agbapụta. Na mgbakwunye na ikpuchi ọnụ, a na-atụkwa aro ile anya n'ala iji gbanwee ntụziaka nke mmiri na-agbasa ma zere itinye uche dị elu na nke iku ume mmadụ di elu. Ọrụ nke isi uzere bụ ịchụpụ ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ nwere ihe ndị ọzọ maọbụ ihe na-akpasu iwe ma sachaa oghere imi. N'oge akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ, ọnụ dị nro na uvula palatine na-agbadata mgbe azụ ire na-ebuli elu iji mechie ụzọ na-aga n'ọnụ, na-emepụta venturi (dịka carburetor) n'ihi Ụkpụrụ Bernoulli ka ikuku si n'akpa ume wee mee ka ikuku na-agafe n'ọnụ ma si otú a na-emepụta ebe nrụgide dị ala n'azụ imi. N'ụzọ a, a na-amanye ikuku ịbanye n'ihu imi ma na-ewepụ mmiri na mmetọ ndị a chụpụrụ n'ọnụ. Ịze uzere mgbe ọnụ mechero emechi na-ewepụ mmiri site n'imi mana anaghị anabata ya n'ihi na ọ na-emepụta nrụgide dị elu n'isi ma nwee ike imerụ ahụ. == Nkọwa == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}{{Reflist}}Mmetụta nke izi uzere bụ usoro abụọ na-agụnye ụzọ akwara afferent nakwazi efferent. Ụzọ afferent bụ akụkụ mmetụta, ebe mkpali nke akwara mmetụta pụrụ iche a na-akpọ pruriceptors na mucosa iku ume nke nasopharynx maọbụ nke a na akpọ paranasal sinuses site na kemịkal maọbụ ihe na-akpasu iwe na-emepụta mgbaàmà nke a na-ebufe site na akwara trigeminal gaa na ụbụrụ. Ụzọ efferent bụ akụkụ motor, ebe akụkụ isi medulla oblongata na-eziga mgbaàmà site na akwara motor na ọtụtụ ìgwè uru ahụ dị iche iche n'ahụ dum iji mee ka ikuku na-iwepụ ewepụ, na mgbalị iwepụ ihe na-emebi ihe. Mpaghara akwara ndị na-emetụta ntụgharị ize uzere dị na ụbụrụ n'akụkụ ventromedial nke spinal trigeminal nucleus na nhazi reticular dị n'akụkụ. Mpaghara a yiri ka ọ na-achịkwa uru ahụ pharyngeal, laryngeal, respiratory, na abdominal; ọrụ jikọtara uru ahụ ndị a na-eje ozi dịka akụkụ mmegharị nke izi uzere.<ref name="Nonaka1990">{{Cite journal|title=Sneeze-evoking region within the brainstem|journal=Brain Research|volume=511|issue=2|pages=265–270|year=1990|pmid=2139800|doi=10.1016/0006-8993(90)90171-7}}</ref> Akụkụ mmegharị nke mmeghachi ize uzere na-agụnye ikuba ume na akụkụ ikufụ ume. N'oge iku ume, diaphragm na intercostal muscle na-agbakọta iji dọta nnukwu ikuku n'ime akpa ume. Nke a na-esochi oge iku ume, mgbe uru ahụ nke afọ na obi na-agbakọta n'ike iji kpochie akpa ume, na-amanye ikuku pụọ na mgbawa siri ike. Mkpịsị aka nke anya na-agbakọta n'amaghị ama n'oge nke ahụ, na-amanye ka anya nwee ike mechie. Ọ bụ ezie na anya anyị na-emechi n’aka onwe ya n'ihi mmeghachi omume na-enweghị isi n'oge ize uzere, aro a na-ahụkarị na ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịze uzere na anya gị mepee emepe ezighị ezi.<ref name="Holohan2013">{{Cite news|author=Holohan|first=Meghan|title=The eye-popping truth about why we close our eyes when we sneeze|date=12 April 2013|publisher=NBCNews.com|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/healthmain/eye-popping-truth-about-why-we-close-our-eyes-when-1c9321739|accessdate=1 November 2025}}</ref> Ize uzere enweghị ike ime n'oge ụra n'ihi REM atonia - ọnọdụ ahụ ebe a na-adịghị akpali akwara na-adịghị ebuga na ụbụrụ. Otú ọ dị, ihe ndị na-akpali akpali zuru oke n'èzí nwere ike ime ka mmadụ teta n'ụra wee zee uzere, mana ize uzere ụkwara ọ bụla na-eme mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ga-ewere ọnọdụ na ọnọdụ dịkariri ala.<ref name="Glass2019">{{Cite web|author=Glass|first=Don|title=Sleep On, Sneeze Not|work=A Moment of Science|publisher=Indiana Public Media|url=http://indianapublicmedia.org/amomentofscience/sleep-on-sneeze-not|accessdate=1 November 2025}}</ref> Ewezuga ịkpasu ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị ọzọ iwe, allergies maọbụ ọrịa nwere ike ime, ihe ọzọ na-akpali akpali bụ ikpughe ọkụ na-egbuke egbuke na mberede - ọnọdụ a maara dịka photic sneeze reflex (PSR). Ịga ije site n'ụlọ gbara ọchịchịrị banye n'ìhè anyanwụ, nwere ike ịkpata ọrịa PSR, maọbụ ACHOO (Autosomal dominant compulsive helio-ophthalmic outbursts of sneezing n’olu oyibo) dịka a na-akpọkwa ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20150623-why-looking-at-the-light-makes-us-sneeze|title=Why looking at the sun makes us sneeze.|author=Goldman|first=Jason G.|date=24 June 2015|work=BBC Future|publisher=BBC|accessdate=October 14, 2016}}</ref> Omume ịze uzere mgbe a na-ahụ ìhè na-egbuke egbuke bụ àgwà na-achịkwa onwe ya ma na-emetụta pacentị iri na asatọ ruo pacentị iri ato na ise nke ndị mmadụ.<ref name="Breitenbach_1993">{{Cite journal|title=The photic sneeze reflex as a risk factor to combat pilots|journal=Military Medicine|volume=158|issue=12|pages=806–809|year=1993|pmid=8108024|doi=10.1093/milmed/158.12.806}}</ref> Ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe, nke a na-ahụ n'ime ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ, bụ afọ jupụtara ozugbo ha risịrị nri buru ibu. A maara nke a dịka snatiation ma hụkwazie ya dịka nsogbu ahụike nke a na-agafe site na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dịka àgwà na-achịkwa autosomal.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Teebi|first=A S|year=1989|title=Autosomal dominant sneezing disorder provoked by fullness of stomach.|journal=Journal of Medical Genetics|volume=26|issue=8|pages=539–540|doi=10.1136/jmg.26.8.539|pmid=2769729}}</ref> == Ọrịa na-efe efe == [[Faịlụ:7-_to_8-meter-long_turbulent_multiphase_plume_from_a_human_sneeze.jpg|thumb|7-to-8-meter-ogologo (23 to 26 turbulent multiphase plume site na ize uzere mmadụ.]] Enwere ike ibute ọrịa ụfọdụ na-efe efe site na mmiri iku ume na [[Aerosol|aerosols]] nke ịze uzere mepụtara. Ize uzere nwere ike ịmepụta mmiri puku iri anọ, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Characterization of infectious aerosols in health care facilities: an aid to effective engineering controls and preventive strategies|journal=American Journal of Infection Control|volume=26|issue=4|pages=453–464|year=1998|pmid=9721404|doi=10.1016/S0196-6553(98)70046-X}}</ref> na nha nke na-adịkarị site na 0.5 wee ruo 5μm). Iji belata ohere nke ịgbasa ọrịa (dịka ahụ ọkụ), mmadụ na-ejide ogwe aka, n'ime ogwe aka ya, anụ ahụ maọbụ akwa aka n'ihu ọnụ ya na imi ya mgbe ọ na-eze uzere. Iji aka mmadụ maka ebumnuche ahụ adaala n'oge na-adịbeghị anya <ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/CtnEwvUWDo0 Ghostarchive] and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20130730085552/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CtnEwvUWDo0&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]: {{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CtnEwvUWDo0|title=Why Don't We Do It In Our Sleeves|author=Central Maine Medical Center|work=CoughSafe|date=7 March 2012|publisher=CMMC, St. Mary's Hospital, Maine Medical Association|accessdate=17 October 2016}}</ref> n'ihi na a na-ewere ya dịka ihe na-ekwesịghị ekwesị, ebe ọ bụ na ọ na-akwalite ịgbasa nje site na mmetụta mmadụ (dịka Ịmakụ aka) maọbụ site na ihe ndị a na-emetụtakarị (karịsịa ọnụ ụzọ). Ruo n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, a hụrụ ebe kachasị anya nke ize uzere fepers (maọbụ puffs) na-aga na 0.6 mita (2.0 ft) , na ọsọ kachasị elu nke ize uzere nwetara bụ 4.5m / s (ihe dịka 10mph). <ref name="Tang_2013">{{Cite journal|title=Airflow dynamics of human jets: sneezing and breathing - potential sources of infectious aerosols|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=4|year=2013|pmid=23560060|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0059970}}</ref> N'oge afọ 2020, e dekọrọ ize uzere nkụ na-emepụta ábụ́bà ruru mita asatọ (ft iri abụọ na isii). <ref name="aerosols">{{Cite journal|author=Sommerstein|first=R|title=Risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission by aerosols, the rational use of masks, and protection of healthcare workers from COVID-19.|journal=Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control|year=2020|volume=9|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s13756-020-00763-0|pmid=32631450}}</ref> == Mgbochi == [[Faịlụ:Coughs_and_Sneezes_Spread_Diseases_Art.IWMPST14133.jpg|thumb|A na-ekpuchi ize uzere site na akwa maọbụ ogwe aka]] Ụzọ ndị a nwapụtara iji belata nsị n'ozuzu ha na-akwado ibelata mmekọrịta na ihe na-akpasu iwe, dịka idebe anụ ụlọ n'ụlọ iji zere ịnyagharị anụmanụ; ijide n'aka na a ga-ewepụ unyi na uzuzu n'oge na-aga n'ihu site na idebe ụlọ kwesịrị ekwesị; dochie nzacha maka ọkụ na ikuku na humidifiers; na ịnọ n'ebe dị anya ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na mpaghara ọrụ ugbo. Iji ire na-akpụchasị elu ọnụ nwere ike ịkwụsị ize uzere.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Laurie L. Dove|title=Why does tickling the roof of your mouth with your tongue stifle a sneeze|publisher=HowStuffWorks.com.|year=2015|url=https://health.howstuffworks.com/human-body/systems/nose-throat/why-does-tickling-roof-mouth-with-tongue-stifle-sneeze.htm}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ ndị na-ahụ na ize uzere dị ụtọ ma ha agaghị achọ igbochi ha.<ref name="Adkinson2013">{{Cite book|author=Adkinson NF Jr.|title=Middleton's Allergy: Principles and Practice|edition=6|chapter=Phytomedicine|publisher=Mosby|location=|year=2003|isbn=978-0-323-01425-0}}</ref> A naghị akwado ijide onwe gị n'imi, dịka site na ịpị imi maọbụ ijide ume mmadụ, dịka ikuku na-etinye nrụgide na-enweghị isi na akpa Pa ume na ụzọ ikuku.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Setzen|first=Sean|year=2019|title=The Dangers of Sneezing: A Review of Injuries|journal=American Journal of Rhinology and Allergy|volume=33|issue=3|pages=331–337|doi=10.1177/1945892418823147|pmid=30616365}}</ref> Otu ihe ngosi kọmputa na-atụ aro ijide uzere na-eme ka ikuku ahụ nke 39 k Pa, ihe dịka okpukpu iri abụọ na anọ karịa nke uzere nkiti.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rahiminejad|first=Mohammad|year=2016|title=Computer Simulations of Pressure and Velocity fields in Human Upper Airway during Sneezing|journal=Computers in Biology and Medicine|volume=71|issue=71|pages=115–127|doi=10.1016/j.compbiomed.2016.01.022|pmid=26914240}}</ref> N'oge afọ nke 1884, onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ bụ Henry Walter Bates kọwara mmetụta nke ize uzere (Bates H.W. oge afọ 1881-wee ruo 84. Biologia Centrali-Americana Insecta. Ọ chọpụtara na ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịze uzere naanị mgbe ha chere na ha na-achịkwa gburugburu ha niile. N'ihi ya, o kwubiri na ndị mmadụ enweghị ike ịze uzere n'ọchịchịrị. Otú ọ dị, e mesịrị wee gbaghaa echiche nke a. == Omenaala == [[Faịlụ:Fred_Ott's_Sneeze_(1894).webm|alt=video of a man sneezing from 1894|thumb|''Fred Ott's Sneeze'', n’oge afọ 1894, ihe nkiri nke abụọ kacha ochie dị ndụ nwere ikike nwebisiinka.]] Na mba nke Gris oge ochie, a kwenyere na ize uzere bụ ihe ịrịba ama amụma sitere n'aka chi. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n’oge afọ 401 BC, mgbe ọchịagha obodo Atens nke bụ Xenophon kwuru okwu na-agba ndị agha ibe ya ume ịlụso ndị Peshia ọgụ, otu onye agha ji ize uzere mesie nkwubi okwu ya ike. N'iche na uzere a bụ ihe ịrịba ama dị mma sitere n'aka chi, ndị agha nwere obi ụtọ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Xenophon|title=Anabasis}}</ref> Ihe atụ ọzọ na-eme na akụkọ Odysseus. Nwunye ya aha ya bụ Penelope, mgbe ọ nụrụ na Odysseus nwere ike ka dị ndụ, kwuru na ya na nwa ya nwoke ga-abọ ọbọ n'ahụ ndị na-achọ ịlụ ya ma ọ bụrụ na ọ laghachi. N'oge ahụ, nwa ha nwoke zere uzere n'olu dara ụda, nke mesiri Penelope obi ike na ọ bụ ihe ịrịba ama sitere n'aka nke chi (Odyssey 17: oge afọ 541- wee ruo 550). O nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi na nkwenye a dịgidere ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ, na n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ndi mba Gris n’oge ugbu a, mgbe mmadụ na-ekwusi ike na onye na-ege ntị na-eze uzere ozugbo na njedebe nke nkwupụta ahụ, onye mbụ na-azaghachi "ngọzi diri gị na kwa m na-ekwu eziokwu", maọbụ "n'efu gị na ebe a bụ eziokwu" ("γεια σου__wol____wol____wol__", ''Ya sou ki alithia leo'', maọbụ"γεια σου και να__ , ya sou ke na ki i alithia). A na-agbaso omume yiri nke ahụ na obodo India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sikhchic.com/sikhing_answers/why_do_we_say_waheguru_every_time_we_sneeze_sikhing_answers_v|title=Why Do We Say "Waheguru!" Every Time We Sneeze?|work=Sikhing Answers – V}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiastudychannel.com/forum/134162-Why-do-we-say-this-when-a-person-sneezes-or-hiccups.aspx|title=Why do we say this when a person sneezes or hiccups?|work=India Study Channel|date=24 January 2015}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na onye mere nkwupụta na-edochaghị anya na asụsụ Flemish, maọbụ ụfọdụ onye na-ege ntị na-ezu uzere, mgbe otu n'ime ndị na-ege ya ntị ga-ekwu "'t is beniesd", n'ụzọ nkịtị pụtara na "Ọ na-eme mkpọtụ", dịka a ga-asị na ọ bụ ihe akaebe nke eziokwu - na-echeta omume nkwenkwe ụgha ochie a, na-enweghị obi abụọ maọbụ na-ezube nkwenye n'ezie, mana na-arịọ mgbaghara ọ bụla site na onye na-ezu uzere ahụ enweghị isi maka nkwụsịtụ ahụ ka a na-anabata site na-ana.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Volledig Dichtwerk|language=fy|year=1999|publisher=Lannoo Uitgeverij|isbn=978-90-209-3510-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sP9ySIDdZ-cC&pg=PA1060}}</ref> Na mba Yuropu, ọkachasị n'oge mmalite nke Oge Etiti, e kwenyere na ndụ mmadụ jikọtara ya na ume mmadụ - nkwenye nke gosipụtara n'okwu ahụ bụ "ịgwụ" (nke pụtara na mbụ "iku ume") na-enweta ihe ọzọ pụtara "ịbịa ná njedebe" ma ọ bụ "ịnwụ". Njikọ a, tinyere nnukwu ume a na-achụpụ n'ahụ mgbe a na-ezi uzere, o yikarịrị ka ndị mmadụ kwenyere na izu uzere nwere ike ibute ọnwụ ngwa ngwa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2007)">Ntụaka dị mkpa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Echiche dị otu a nwere ike ịkọwa ihe kpatara okwu Bekee ọdịnaala, "Chineke gọzie gị", na nzaghachi maka ịze uzere, nke mmalite ya edoghị anya kpamkpam. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Sir Raymond Henry Payne Crawfurd, onye na-edeba aha nke Royal College of Physicians, n'akwụkwọ ya nke oge afọ 1909, "Ụbọchị Ikpeazụ nke Charles nke Abụọ ", na-ekwu na, mgbe eze ahụ na-ese okwu nọ n'elu akwa ọnwụ ya, ndị dọkịnta ya nyere ngwakọta nke cowslips na ihe a na-esi na ihe pụtara na ammonia iji kwalite ịsụ ude. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Rhinology and laryngology in literature and Folk-Lore|journal=The Journal of Laryngology & Otology|volume=42|issue=2|pages=81–87|year=1927|doi=10.1017/S0022215100029959}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, a maghị ma e mere nkwalite ịze uzere a iji mee ka ọnwụ ya dị ngwa (dịka ''ọchịchị aka ike'' ) maọbụ dịka mgbalị ikpeazụ maka ọgwụgwọ nke ya. In certain parts of East Asia, particularly in Chinese culture, Korean culture, Japanese culture and Vietnamese culture, a sneeze without an obvious cause was generally perceived as a sign that someone was talking about the sneezer at that very moment. This can be seen in the ''Book of Songs'' (a collection of Chinese poems)<ref>{{Cite book|quote=If you speak insomnia, you will sneeze.|language=zh}}</ref> in ancient China as early as 1000 BC, and in Japan this belief is still depicted in present-day manga and anime. In [[China]], Vietnam, South Korea, and [[Japan]], for instance, there is a superstition that if talking behind someone's back causes the person being talked about to sneeze; as such, the sneezer can tell if something good is being said (one sneeze), someone is thinking about you (two sneezes in a row), even if someone is in love with you (three sneezes in a row) or if this is a sign that they are about to catch a cold (multiple sneezes). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Parallel beliefs are known to exist around the world, particularly in contemporary Greek, Slavic, Celtic, English, French, and Indian cultures. Similarly, in Nepal, sneezers are believed to be remembered by someone at that particular moment. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> N'asụsụ Bekee, a na-edekarị ya bụ onomatopoeia maka ịze uzere dika 'achoo' ma ọ dịka nke ọdịbendị dị iche iche.<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 August 2020|title=Where Did The Word "Achoo" Come From?|url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/achoo-god-bless-you-sneeze/|accessdate=2021-10-11|work=Dictionary.com}}</ref> Na Omenaala India, ọkachasị n'akụkụ ugwu nke obodo India, omenala ndi Bengali (Bangladesh na Bengal nke ndi India) nakwa na mba Iran, ọ bụ nkwenkwe ụgha a na-ahụkarị na ize uzere na-eme tupu mmalite nke ọrụ ọ bụla bụ ihe ịrịba ama nke nkwụsịtụ ọjọọ na-abịanụ. Ya mere, ọ bụ omenala ịkwụsị iji ṅụọ mmiri maọbụ mebie usoro ọrụ ọ bụla tupu ịmaliteghachi ọrụ iji gbochie ọdachi ọ bụla ime. N'Omenala ndị Poland, ọkachasị na ókèala obodo Kresy Wschodnie, nkwenye a ma ama na-aga n'ihu na ize uzere nwere ike ịbụ ihe ịrịba ama na-adịghị mma na, dabere na nsụgharị mpaghara, maọbụ onye a na-akọwaghị aha maọbụ nne di na-ekwu okwu ọjọọ banyere onye ahụ na-ize uzere n'oge ahụ. Otú ọ dị, na mpaghara ndị ọzọ, nkwenkwe ụgha a na-emetụta hiccups kama ịze uzere. Dịka ọ dị na mba ndị ọzọ Katọlik, dịka mba Mexico, Ịtali, maọbụ Ireland, a na-akwalite ihe ndị fọdụrụ n'omenala ndị ọgọ mmụọ na nkwenkwe ụgha nke ndị ọrụ ugbo ndi mba Poland. Omume ahụ n'etiti ọdịbendị nke ndi n’ekpe Alakụba, n'aka nke ya, dabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na ọdịnala amụma dị iche iche na ozizi nke [[Muhammad]]. Ihe atụ nke a bụ akụkọ Al-Bukhaari <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sunnah.com/bukhari/78/248|work=Sunnah.com|first=Sahih Al|author=Bukhari|title=When somebody sneezes, what should be said?}}</ref> sitere na Abu Hurayrah nke ya bụ Muhammad kwuru n'otu oge:<blockquote>''Mgbe otu n'ime unu na-eze uzere ka ọ kwuo, "Al-hamdu-Lillah"'' (Too Chineke), ka nwanne ya nwoke maọbụ onye ibe ya kwuo ya, "Yarhamuk Allah" (Ka Chineke meere gị ebere). ''Ọ bụrụ na ọ sị, "Yarhamuk-Allah", mgbe ahụ ka [onye na-eze uzere] kwuo, "Yahdeekum Allah wa yuslihu baalakum"'' (Ka Chineke duzie gị ma dozie ọnọdụ gị).''.''</blockquote> === Nzaghachi okwu === Na mba ndị na-asụ Bekee, otu nzaghachi a na-ahụkarị maka ụzere onye ọzọ bụ "[Ka [[God|Chineke]]] gọzie gị". Ọbụna na "Chineke", onye na-enweghị ebumnuche okpukpe nwere ike ikwu nkwupụta ahụ. Nzaghachi ọzọ, nke a na-adịghị ahụkebe, na mba United States na Canada maka ịsụ ngọngọ nke onye ọzọ bụkwa "Gesundheit", nke bụ okwu nke German nke pụtara, n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị, 'ahụike', ọ bụkwa nzaghachi okwu ọdịnala ndi mba German maka onye dị nso na-eze uzere. E nwere ọtụtụ echiche maka ihe mere omenaala nke ịsị "gọzie gị" maọbụ "Chineke gozie gi" n'ihe gbasara ịze uzere: * Ụfọdụ na-ekwu na a malitere iji ya mee ihe n'oge ọrịa na-efe efe nke narị afọ nke iri na anọ. A na-eche na ịgọzi onye ahụ mgbe ọ gosipụtara mgbaàmà dị otú ahụ iji gbochie ọnwụ na-abịanụ n'ihi ọrịa na-egbu egbu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/sneeze.html|title=Does your heart stop when you sneeze?|work=Everyday Mysteries: Fun Science Facts|publisher=The Library of Congress}}</ref> * N'oge Renaissance, e guzobere nkwenkwe ụgha na-ekwu na obi mmadụ kwụsịrị maka oge dị mkpirikpi n'oge akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ; ikwu na ngọzi gị bụ ihe ịrịba ama nke ekpere na obi agaghị ada.<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 July 2011|title='Bless you': Social convention or theological statement? {{!}} UU World Magazine|url=https://www.uuworld.org/articles/bless-you|accessdate=2023-08-25|work=www.uuworld.org}}</ref> == Mmekọahụ == Ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịze uzere n'oge mmalite nke mkpali mmekọahụ. Ndị dọkịnta na-eche na ihe omume nke ahụ nwere ike ibilite site na ikpe nke wires gafere na usoro akwara nke onwe ya, nke na-achịkwa ọtụtụ ọrụ n'ime ahụ, gụnyere, ma ọ bụghị nanị, ịkpali akụkụ ahụ nwoke na nke nwanyị n'oge mkpali mmekọahụ. N'imi, dịka akụkụ ahụ e ji enwe mmekọahụ, nwere anụ ahụ nkeni.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Sneezing induced by sexual ideation or orgasm: an under-reported phenomenon|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=101|issue=12|pages=587–591|year=2008|pmid=19092028|doi=10.1258/jrsm.2008.080262}}</ref> Ihe omume a nwere ike ịkwadebe Akụkụ vomeronasal maka nchọpụta nke ihe ndi oyibo kpọrọ pheromones.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The physiological and pathological relations between the nose and the sexual apparatus of man.|journal=The Journal of Laryngology, Rhinology, and Otology|volume=13|issue=3|pages=109–123|author=Mackenzie|first=John|doi=10.1017/S1755146300166016|year=1898|url=https://zenodo.org/record/2200945}}</ref> A na-eji ize uzere tụnyere Orgasm, ebe ọ bụ na ma orgasms na mmeghachi omume ize uzere na-agụnye ịze uzere, ịgbatị ahụ, nrụgide na ntọhapụ.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Nicholas|author=Gerbis|url=https://www.livescience.com/34337-sneezing-like-orgasm.html|title=Is Sneezing Really Like an Orgasm?|work=[[LiveScience]]|date=28 November 2012}}</ref> N'okwu a, ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara mmekọahụ Vanessa Thompson nke Mahadum obodo Sydney na-ekwu, "Ize uzere na orgasms na-emepụta kemịkalụ dị mma a na-akpọ endorphins mana ọnụọgụ nke ize uzere na-emepụta dị obere karịa orgasm. "<ref>{{Cite web|first=Peter|author=Terlato|date=1 June 2015|url=https://www.businessinsider.com.au/we-asked-a-sexologist-if-the-theory-about-sneezing-and-orgasms-was-true-heres-what-she-said-2015-6|title=We asked a sexologist if the theory about sneezing and orgasms was true – here's what she said|work=[[Business Insider]]|accessdate=23 March 2019|archivedate=23 March 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323030647/https://www.businessinsider.com.au/we-asked-a-sexologist-if-the-theory-about-sneezing-and-orgasms-was-true-heres-what-she-said-2015-6}}</ref> == N'ime anụmanụ ndị ọzọ == [[Faịlụ:Sneezing_zebra.jpg|thumb|[[Zebra]] n’ezi uzere]] Ize uzere abụghị naanị ụmụ mmadụ maọbụ ọbụna ụmụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara. Ọtụtụ ụmụ anụmanụ gụnyere nwamba, nkịta, ọkụkọ na iguana na-eji ize uzere akpa nkata.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pets.webmd.com/cats/why-cats-sneeze|title=Why Cats Sneeze|work=WebMD}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vetstreet.com/care/my-pet-is-sneezing-and-snorting-whats-going-on|title=My Pet Is Sneezing and Snorting. What's Going On?|date=19 September 2011|work=Vet Street}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.keepingchickens.com/why-is-my-chicken-sneezing/|title=Why is my Chicken Sneezing?|accessdate=2015-04-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517002223/http://www.keepingchickens.com/why-is-my-chicken-sneezing/|archivedate=2015-05-17|work=Keeping Chickens}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|first=Melissa|author=Kaplan|date=1 January 2014|url=http://www.anapsid.org/sneeze.html|title=Sneezing and Yawning|work=Herp Care Collection}}</ref> Nkịta ọhịa ndị mba Afrịka na-eji ịze uzere dịka ụdị nkwurịta okwu, ọkachasị mgbe ị na-atụle nkwekọrịta n'ime ìgwè ma ị ga-achụ nta maọbụ na ị gaghị.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Lycaon pictus) use variable quorum thresholds facilitated by sneezes in collective decisions|journal=Proceedings. Biological Sciences|volume=284|issue=1862|year=2017|pmid=28878054|doi=10.1098/rspb.2017.0347}}</ref> Ụdị nkịta ụfọdụ na-enwekarị uzere. == Hụkwazie == * Ịkụ ụkwara * Ọrịa Rhinitis * Mkpọrọ * Sniffle == Edensibia == == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == *   *   [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 949xar4guykt8ag4n6muabmbpak6gqy 632476 632475 2026-05-09T23:23:48Z Sayvhior 13464 632476 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  {{Clear}} [[Faịlụ:Qualitative-Real-Time-Schlieren-and-Shadowgraph-Imaging-of-Human-Exhaled-Airflows-An-Aid-to-Aerosol-pone.0021392.s002.ogv|thumbtime=0:12|thumb|360x360px|Nlereanya nke ikuku na-efe n'oge ịze uzere, na-atụnyere ịze uzere na-ekpuchighị ihe mkpuchi na ọtụtụ ụzọ dị iche iche esi ekpuchi ọnụ na imi mmadụ: ịze uzere n'ime aka, aka e ji aka kpuchie, anụ ahụ, ngwaọrụ ihe mkpuchi ịwa ahụ, na ihe mkpuchi N95.]] Ize uzere (nke a makwaara dịka '''sternutation n’olu oyibo''') bụ ikuku na-enweghị isi, nke na-esi n'akpa ume pụọ site na imi ya na ọnụ, nke na'abụkarị nke ihe ndị si ebe ọzọ na-akpali mucosal. Ize uzere na-achụpụ ikuku site n'ọnụ na imi n'ụzọ na-agbawa agbawa, nke na-enweghị isi. Omume a na-enye ohere ka mmiri gbapụ site na oghere imi na asọ iji gbapụ n'[[Onu|oghere ọnụ]]. Ize uzere nwere ike ijikọta ya na ikpughe na mberede na ìhè na-egbuke egbuke (nke a maara dịka photic sneeze reflex n’olu oyibo), mgbanwe mberede (ịda) na okpomọkụ, ikuku oyi, afọ jury eju, ikpughe ihe na-adịghị anabata ya, ma ọ bụ nje virus. N'ihi na '''akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ''' nwere ike ịgbasa ọrịa site na mmiri ozuzo [[aerosol]] na-efe efe, a na-atụ aro iji aka gị kpuchie ọnụ gị na imi gị, n'ime ogwe aka gị, anụ ahụ ihu gị maọbụ akwa aka gị mgbe ị na-agbapụta. Na mgbakwunye na ikpuchi ọnụ, a na-atụkwa aro ile anya n'ala iji gbanwee ntụziaka nke mmiri na-agbasa ma zere itinye uche dị elu na nke iku ume mmadụ di elu. Ọrụ nke isi uzere bụ ịchụpụ ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ nwere ihe ndị ọzọ maọbụ ihe na-akpasu iwe ma sachaa oghere imi. N'oge akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ, ọnụ dị nro na uvula palatine na-agbadata mgbe azụ ire na-ebuli elu iji mechie ụzọ na-aga n'ọnụ, na-emepụta venturi (dịka carburetor) n'ihi Ụkpụrụ Bernoulli ka ikuku si n'akpa ume wee mee ka ikuku na-agafe n'ọnụ ma si otú a na-emepụta ebe nrụgide dị ala n'azụ imi. N'ụzọ a, a na-amanye ikuku ịbanye n'ihu imi ma na-ewepụ mmiri na mmetọ ndị a chụpụrụ n'ọnụ. Ịze uzere mgbe ọnụ mechero emechi na-ewepụ mmiri site n'imi mana anaghị anabata ya n'ihi na ọ na-emepụta nrụgide dị elu n'isi ma nwee ike imerụ ahụ. == Nkọwa == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}{{Reflist}}Mmetụta nke izi uzere bụ usoro abụọ na-agụnye ụzọ akwara afferent nakwazi efferent. Ụzọ afferent bụ akụkụ mmetụta, ebe mkpali nke akwara mmetụta pụrụ iche a na-akpọ pruriceptors na mucosa iku ume nke nasopharynx maọbụ nke a na akpọ paranasal sinuses site na kemịkal maọbụ ihe na-akpasu iwe na-emepụta mgbaàmà nke a na-ebufe site na akwara trigeminal gaa na ụbụrụ. Ụzọ efferent bụ akụkụ motor, ebe akụkụ isi medulla oblongata na-eziga mgbaàmà site na akwara motor na ọtụtụ ìgwè uru ahụ dị iche iche n'ahụ dum iji mee ka ikuku na-iwepụ ewepụ, na mgbalị iwepụ ihe na-emebi ihe. Mpaghara akwara ndị na-emetụta ntụgharị ize uzere dị na ụbụrụ n'akụkụ ventromedial nke spinal trigeminal nucleus na nhazi reticular dị n'akụkụ. Mpaghara a yiri ka ọ na-achịkwa uru ahụ pharyngeal, laryngeal, respiratory, na abdominal; ọrụ jikọtara uru ahụ ndị a na-eje ozi dịka akụkụ mmegharị nke izi uzere.<ref name="Nonaka1990">{{Cite journal|title=Sneeze-evoking region within the brainstem|journal=Brain Research|volume=511|issue=2|pages=265–270|year=1990|pmid=2139800|doi=10.1016/0006-8993(90)90171-7}}</ref> Akụkụ mmegharị nke mmeghachi ize uzere na-agụnye ikuba ume na akụkụ ikufụ ume. N'oge iku ume, diaphragm na intercostal muscle na-agbakọta iji dọta nnukwu ikuku n'ime akpa ume. Nke a na-esochi oge iku ume, mgbe uru ahụ nke afọ na obi na-agbakọta n'ike iji kpochie akpa ume, na-amanye ikuku pụọ na mgbawa siri ike. Mkpịsị aka nke anya na-agbakọta n'amaghị ama n'oge nke ahụ, na-amanye ka anya nwee ike mechie. Ọ bụ ezie na anya anyị na-emechi n’aka onwe ya n'ihi mmeghachi omume na-enweghị isi n'oge ize uzere, aro a na-ahụkarị na ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịze uzere na anya gị mepee emepe ezighị ezi.<ref name="Holohan2013">{{Cite news|author=Holohan|first=Meghan|title=The eye-popping truth about why we close our eyes when we sneeze|date=12 April 2013|publisher=NBCNews.com|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/healthmain/eye-popping-truth-about-why-we-close-our-eyes-when-1c9321739|accessdate=1 November 2025}}</ref> Ize uzere enweghị ike ime n'oge ụra n'ihi REM atonia - ọnọdụ ahụ ebe a na-adịghị akpali akwara na-adịghị ebuga na ụbụrụ. Otú ọ dị, ihe ndị na-akpali akpali zuru oke n'èzí nwere ike ime ka mmadụ teta n'ụra wee zee uzere, mana ize uzere ụkwara ọ bụla na-eme mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ga-ewere ọnọdụ na ọnọdụ dịkariri ala.<ref name="Glass2019">{{Cite web|author=Glass|first=Don|title=Sleep On, Sneeze Not|work=A Moment of Science|publisher=Indiana Public Media|url=http://indianapublicmedia.org/amomentofscience/sleep-on-sneeze-not|accessdate=1 November 2025}}</ref> Ewezuga ịkpasu ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị ọzọ iwe, allergies maọbụ ọrịa nwere ike ime, ihe ọzọ na-akpali akpali bụ ikpughe ọkụ na-egbuke egbuke na mberede - ọnọdụ a maara dịka photic sneeze reflex (PSR). Ịga ije site n'ụlọ gbara ọchịchịrị banye n'ìhè anyanwụ, nwere ike ịkpata ọrịa PSR, maọbụ ACHOO (Autosomal dominant compulsive helio-ophthalmic outbursts of sneezing n’olu oyibo) dịka a na-akpọkwa ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20150623-why-looking-at-the-light-makes-us-sneeze|title=Why looking at the sun makes us sneeze.|author=Goldman|first=Jason G.|date=24 June 2015|work=BBC Future|publisher=BBC|accessdate=October 14, 2016}}</ref> Omume ịze uzere mgbe a na-ahụ ìhè na-egbuke egbuke bụ àgwà na-achịkwa onwe ya ma na-emetụta pacentị iri na asatọ ruo pacentị iri ato na ise nke ndị mmadụ.<ref name="Breitenbach_1993">{{Cite journal|title=The photic sneeze reflex as a risk factor to combat pilots|journal=Military Medicine|volume=158|issue=12|pages=806–809|year=1993|pmid=8108024|doi=10.1093/milmed/158.12.806}}</ref> Ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe, nke a na-ahụ n'ime ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ, bụ afọ jupụtara ozugbo ha risịrị nri buru ibu. A maara nke a dịka snatiation ma hụkwazie ya dịka nsogbu ahụike nke a na-agafe site na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dịka àgwà na-achịkwa autosomal.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Teebi|first=A S|year=1989|title=Autosomal dominant sneezing disorder provoked by fullness of stomach.|journal=Journal of Medical Genetics|volume=26|issue=8|pages=539–540|doi=10.1136/jmg.26.8.539|pmid=2769729}}</ref> == Ọrịa na-efe efe == [[Faịlụ:7-_to_8-meter-long_turbulent_multiphase_plume_from_a_human_sneeze.jpg|thumb|7-to-8-meter-ogologo (23 to 26 turbulent multiphase plume site na ize uzere mmadụ.]] Enwere ike ibute ọrịa ụfọdụ na-efe efe site na mmiri iku ume na [[Aerosol|aerosols]] nke ịze uzere mepụtara. Ize uzere nwere ike ịmepụta mmiri puku iri anọ, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Characterization of infectious aerosols in health care facilities: an aid to effective engineering controls and preventive strategies|journal=American Journal of Infection Control|volume=26|issue=4|pages=453–464|year=1998|pmid=9721404|doi=10.1016/S0196-6553(98)70046-X}}</ref> na nha nke na-adịkarị site na 0.5 wee ruo 5μm). Iji belata ohere nke ịgbasa ọrịa (dịka ahụ ọkụ), mmadụ na-ejide ogwe aka, n'ime ogwe aka ya, anụ ahụ maọbụ akwa aka n'ihu ọnụ ya na imi ya mgbe ọ na-eze uzere. Iji aka mmadụ maka ebumnuche ahụ adaala n'oge na-adịbeghị anya <ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/CtnEwvUWDo0 Ghostarchive] and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20130730085552/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CtnEwvUWDo0&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]: {{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CtnEwvUWDo0|title=Why Don't We Do It In Our Sleeves|author=Central Maine Medical Center|work=CoughSafe|date=7 March 2012|publisher=CMMC, St. Mary's Hospital, Maine Medical Association|accessdate=17 October 2016}}</ref> n'ihi na a na-ewere ya dịka ihe na-ekwesịghị ekwesị, ebe ọ bụ na ọ na-akwalite ịgbasa nje site na mmetụta mmadụ (dịka Ịmakụ aka) maọbụ site na ihe ndị a na-emetụtakarị (karịsịa ọnụ ụzọ). Ruo n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, a hụrụ ebe kachasị anya nke ize uzere fepers (maọbụ puffs) na-aga na 0.6 mita (2.0 ft) , na ọsọ kachasị elu nke ize uzere nwetara bụ 4.5m / s (ihe dịka 10mph). <ref name="Tang_2013">{{Cite journal|title=Airflow dynamics of human jets: sneezing and breathing - potential sources of infectious aerosols|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=4|year=2013|pmid=23560060|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0059970}}</ref> N'oge afọ 2020, e dekọrọ ize uzere nkụ na-emepụta ábụ́bà ruru mita asatọ (ft iri abụọ na isii). <ref name="aerosols">{{Cite journal|author=Sommerstein|first=R|title=Risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission by aerosols, the rational use of masks, and protection of healthcare workers from COVID-19.|journal=Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control|year=2020|volume=9|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s13756-020-00763-0|pmid=32631450}}</ref> == Mgbochi == [[Faịlụ:Coughs_and_Sneezes_Spread_Diseases_Art.IWMPST14133.jpg|thumb|A na-ekpuchi ize uzere site na akwa maọbụ ogwe aka]] Ụzọ ndị a nwapụtara iji belata nsị n'ozuzu ha na-akwado ibelata mmekọrịta na ihe na-akpasu iwe, dịka idebe anụ ụlọ n'ụlọ iji zere ịnyagharị anụmanụ; ijide n'aka na a ga-ewepụ unyi na uzuzu n'oge na-aga n'ihu site na idebe ụlọ kwesịrị ekwesị; dochie nzacha maka ọkụ na ikuku na humidifiers; na ịnọ n'ebe dị anya ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na mpaghara ọrụ ugbo. Iji ire na-akpụchasị elu ọnụ nwere ike ịkwụsị ize uzere.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Laurie L. Dove|title=Why does tickling the roof of your mouth with your tongue stifle a sneeze|publisher=HowStuffWorks.com.|year=2015|url=https://health.howstuffworks.com/human-body/systems/nose-throat/why-does-tickling-roof-mouth-with-tongue-stifle-sneeze.htm}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ ndị na-ahụ na ize uzere dị ụtọ ma ha agaghị achọ igbochi ha.<ref name="Adkinson2013">{{Cite book|author=Adkinson NF Jr.|title=Middleton's Allergy: Principles and Practice|edition=6|chapter=Phytomedicine|publisher=Mosby|location=|year=2003|isbn=978-0-323-01425-0}}</ref> A naghị akwado ijide onwe gị n'imi, dịka site na ịpị imi maọbụ ijide ume mmadụ, dịka ikuku na-etinye nrụgide na-enweghị isi na akpa Pa ume na ụzọ ikuku.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Setzen|first=Sean|year=2019|title=The Dangers of Sneezing: A Review of Injuries|journal=American Journal of Rhinology and Allergy|volume=33|issue=3|pages=331–337|doi=10.1177/1945892418823147|pmid=30616365}}</ref> Otu ihe ngosi kọmputa na-atụ aro ijide uzere na-eme ka ikuku ahụ nke 39 k Pa, ihe dịka okpukpu iri abụọ na anọ karịa nke uzere nkiti.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rahiminejad|first=Mohammad|year=2016|title=Computer Simulations of Pressure and Velocity fields in Human Upper Airway during Sneezing|journal=Computers in Biology and Medicine|volume=71|issue=71|pages=115–127|doi=10.1016/j.compbiomed.2016.01.022|pmid=26914240}}</ref> N'oge afọ nke 1884, onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ bụ Henry Walter Bates kọwara mmetụta nke ize uzere (Bates H.W. oge afọ 1881-wee ruo 84. Biologia Centrali-Americana Insecta. Ọ chọpụtara na ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịze uzere naanị mgbe ha chere na ha na-achịkwa gburugburu ha niile. N'ihi ya, o kwubiri na ndị mmadụ enweghị ike ịze uzere n'ọchịchịrị. Otú ọ dị, e mesịrị wee gbaghaa echiche nke a. == Omenaala == [[Faịlụ:Fred_Ott's_Sneeze_(1894).webm|alt=video of a man sneezing from 1894|thumb|''Fred Ott's Sneeze'', n’oge afọ 1894, ihe nkiri nke abụọ kacha ochie dị ndụ nwere ikike nwebisiinka.]] Na mba nke Gris oge ochie, a kwenyere na ize uzere bụ ihe ịrịba ama amụma sitere n'aka chi. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n’oge afọ 401 BC, mgbe ọchịagha obodo Atens nke bụ Xenophon kwuru okwu na-agba ndị agha ibe ya ume ịlụso ndị Peshia ọgụ, otu onye agha ji ize uzere mesie nkwubi okwu ya ike. N'iche na uzere a bụ ihe ịrịba ama dị mma sitere n'aka chi, ndị agha nwere obi ụtọ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Xenophon|title=Anabasis}}</ref> Ihe atụ ọzọ na-eme na akụkọ Odysseus. Nwunye ya aha ya bụ Penelope, mgbe ọ nụrụ na Odysseus nwere ike ka dị ndụ, kwuru na ya na nwa ya nwoke ga-abọ ọbọ n'ahụ ndị na-achọ ịlụ ya ma ọ bụrụ na ọ laghachi. N'oge ahụ, nwa ha nwoke zere uzere n'olu dara ụda, nke mesiri Penelope obi ike na ọ bụ ihe ịrịba ama sitere n'aka nke chi (Odyssey 17: oge afọ 541- wee ruo 550). O nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi na nkwenye a dịgidere ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ, na n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ndi mba Gris n’oge ugbu a, mgbe mmadụ na-ekwusi ike na onye na-ege ntị na-eze uzere ozugbo na njedebe nke nkwupụta ahụ, onye mbụ na-azaghachi "ngọzi diri gị na kwa m na-ekwu eziokwu", maọbụ "n'efu gị na ebe a bụ eziokwu" ("γεια σου__wol____wol____wol__", ''Ya sou ki alithia leo'', maọbụ"γεια σου και να__ , ya sou ke na ki i alithia). A na-agbaso omume yiri nke ahụ na obodo India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sikhchic.com/sikhing_answers/why_do_we_say_waheguru_every_time_we_sneeze_sikhing_answers_v|title=Why Do We Say "Waheguru!" Every Time We Sneeze?|work=Sikhing Answers – V}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiastudychannel.com/forum/134162-Why-do-we-say-this-when-a-person-sneezes-or-hiccups.aspx|title=Why do we say this when a person sneezes or hiccups?|work=India Study Channel|date=24 January 2015}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na onye mere nkwupụta na-edochaghị anya na asụsụ Flemish, maọbụ ụfọdụ onye na-ege ntị na-ezu uzere, mgbe otu n'ime ndị na-ege ya ntị ga-ekwu "'t is beniesd", n'ụzọ nkịtị pụtara na "Ọ na-eme mkpọtụ", dịka a ga-asị na ọ bụ ihe akaebe nke eziokwu - na-echeta omume nkwenkwe ụgha ochie a, na-enweghị obi abụọ maọbụ na-ezube nkwenye n'ezie, mana na-arịọ mgbaghara ọ bụla site na onye na-ezu uzere ahụ enweghị isi maka nkwụsịtụ ahụ ka a na-anabata site na-ana.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Volledig Dichtwerk|language=fy|year=1999|publisher=Lannoo Uitgeverij|isbn=978-90-209-3510-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sP9ySIDdZ-cC&pg=PA1060}}</ref> Na mba Yuropu, ọkachasị n'oge mmalite nke Oge Etiti, e kwenyere na ndụ mmadụ jikọtara ya na ume mmadụ - nkwenye nke gosipụtara n'okwu ahụ bụ "ịgwụ" (nke pụtara na mbụ "iku ume") na-enweta ihe ọzọ pụtara "ịbịa ná njedebe" ma ọ bụ "ịnwụ". Njikọ a, tinyere nnukwu ume a na-achụpụ n'ahụ mgbe a na-ezi uzere, o yikarịrị ka ndị mmadụ kwenyere na izu uzere nwere ike ibute ọnwụ ngwa ngwa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2007)">Ntụaka dị mkpa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Echiche dị otu a nwere ike ịkọwa ihe kpatara okwu Bekee ọdịnaala, "Chineke gọzie gị", na nzaghachi maka ịze uzere, nke mmalite ya edoghị anya kpamkpam. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Sir Raymond Henry Payne Crawfurd, onye na-edeba aha nke Royal College of Physicians, n'akwụkwọ ya nke oge afọ 1909, "Ụbọchị Ikpeazụ nke Charles nke Abụọ ", na-ekwu na, mgbe eze ahụ na-ese okwu nọ n'elu akwa ọnwụ ya, ndị dọkịnta ya nyere ngwakọta nke cowslips na ihe a na-esi na ihe pụtara na ammonia iji kwalite ịsụ ude. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Rhinology and laryngology in literature and Folk-Lore|journal=The Journal of Laryngology & Otology|volume=42|issue=2|pages=81–87|year=1927|doi=10.1017/S0022215100029959}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, a maghị ma e mere nkwalite ịze uzere a iji mee ka ọnwụ ya dị ngwa (dịka ''ọchịchị aka ike'' ) maọbụ dịka mgbalị ikpeazụ maka ọgwụgwọ nke ya. In certain parts of East Asia, particularly in Chinese culture, Korean culture, Japanese culture and Vietnamese culture, a sneeze without an obvious cause was generally perceived as a sign that someone was talking about the sneezer at that very moment. This can be seen in the ''Book of Songs'' (a collection of Chinese poems)<ref>{{Cite book|quote=If you speak insomnia, you will sneeze.|language=zh}}</ref> in ancient China as early as 1000 BC, and in Japan this belief is still depicted in present-day manga and anime. In [[China]], Vietnam, South Korea, and [[Japan]], for instance, there is a superstition that if talking behind someone's back causes the person being talked about to sneeze; as such, the sneezer can tell if something good is being said (one sneeze), someone is thinking about you (two sneezes in a row), even if someone is in love with you (three sneezes in a row) or if this is a sign that they are about to catch a cold (multiple sneezes). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Parallel beliefs are known to exist around the world, particularly in contemporary Greek, Slavic, Celtic, English, French, and Indian cultures. Similarly, in Nepal, sneezers are believed to be remembered by someone at that particular moment. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> N'asụsụ Bekee, a na-edekarị ya bụ onomatopoeia maka ịze uzere dika 'achoo' ma ọ dịka nke ọdịbendị dị iche iche.<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 August 2020|title=Where Did The Word "Achoo" Come From?|url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/achoo-god-bless-you-sneeze/|accessdate=2021-10-11|work=Dictionary.com}}</ref> Na Omenaala India, ọkachasị n'akụkụ ugwu nke obodo India, omenala ndi Bengali (Bangladesh na Bengal nke ndi India) nakwa na mba Iran, ọ bụ nkwenkwe ụgha a na-ahụkarị na ize uzere na-eme tupu mmalite nke ọrụ ọ bụla bụ ihe ịrịba ama nke nkwụsịtụ ọjọọ na-abịanụ. Ya mere, ọ bụ omenala ịkwụsị iji ṅụọ mmiri maọbụ mebie usoro ọrụ ọ bụla tupu ịmaliteghachi ọrụ iji gbochie ọdachi ọ bụla ime. N'Omenala ndị Poland, ọkachasị na ókèala obodo Kresy Wschodnie, nkwenye a ma ama na-aga n'ihu na ize uzere nwere ike ịbụ ihe ịrịba ama na-adịghị mma na, dabere na nsụgharị mpaghara, maọbụ onye a na-akọwaghị aha maọbụ nne di na-ekwu okwu ọjọọ banyere onye ahụ na-ize uzere n'oge ahụ. Otú ọ dị, na mpaghara ndị ọzọ, nkwenkwe ụgha a na-emetụta hiccups kama ịze uzere. Dịka ọ dị na mba ndị ọzọ Katọlik, dịka mba Mexico, Ịtali, maọbụ Ireland, a na-akwalite ihe ndị fọdụrụ n'omenala ndị ọgọ mmụọ na nkwenkwe ụgha nke ndị ọrụ ugbo ndi mba Poland. Omume ahụ n'etiti ọdịbendị nke ndi n’ekpe Alakụba, n'aka nke ya, dabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na ọdịnala amụma dị iche iche na ozizi nke [[Muhammad]]. Ihe atụ nke a bụ akụkọ Al-Bukhaari <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sunnah.com/bukhari/78/248|work=Sunnah.com|first=Sahih Al|author=Bukhari|title=When somebody sneezes, what should be said?}}</ref> sitere na Abu Hurayrah nke ya bụ Muhammad kwuru n'otu oge:<blockquote>''Mgbe otu n'ime unu na-eze uzere ka ọ kwuo, "Al-hamdu-Lillah"'' (Too Chineke), ka nwanne ya nwoke maọbụ onye ibe ya kwuo ya, "Yarhamuk Allah" (Ka Chineke meere gị ebere). ''Ọ bụrụ na ọ sị, "Yarhamuk-Allah", mgbe ahụ ka [onye na-eze uzere] kwuo, "Yahdeekum Allah wa yuslihu baalakum"'' (Ka Chineke duzie gị ma dozie ọnọdụ gị).''.''</blockquote> === Nzaghachi okwu === Na mba ndị na-asụ Bekee, otu nzaghachi a na-ahụkarị maka ụzere onye ọzọ bụ "[Ka [[God|Chineke]]] gọzie gị". Ọbụna na "Chineke", onye na-enweghị ebumnuche okpukpe nwere ike ikwu nkwupụta ahụ. Nzaghachi ọzọ, nke a na-adịghị ahụkebe, na mba United States na Canada maka ịsụ ngọngọ nke onye ọzọ bụkwa "Gesundheit", nke bụ okwu nke German nke pụtara, n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị, 'ahụike', ọ bụkwa nzaghachi okwu ọdịnala ndi mba German maka onye dị nso na-eze uzere. E nwere ọtụtụ echiche maka ihe mere omenaala nke ịsị "gọzie gị" maọbụ "Chineke gozie gi" n'ihe gbasara ịze uzere: * Ụfọdụ na-ekwu na a malitere iji ya mee ihe n'oge ọrịa na-efe efe nke narị afọ nke iri na anọ. A na-eche na ịgọzi onye ahụ mgbe ọ gosipụtara mgbaàmà dị otú ahụ iji gbochie ọnwụ na-abịanụ n'ihi ọrịa na-egbu egbu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/sneeze.html|title=Does your heart stop when you sneeze?|work=Everyday Mysteries: Fun Science Facts|publisher=The Library of Congress}}</ref> * N'oge Renaissance, e guzobere nkwenkwe ụgha na-ekwu na obi mmadụ kwụsịrị maka oge dị mkpirikpi n'oge akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ; ikwu na ngọzi gị bụ ihe ịrịba ama nke ekpere na obi agaghị ada.<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 July 2011|title='Bless you': Social convention or theological statement? {{!}} UU World Magazine|url=https://www.uuworld.org/articles/bless-you|accessdate=2023-08-25|work=www.uuworld.org}}</ref> == Mmekọahụ == Ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịze uzere n'oge mmalite nke mkpali mmekọahụ. Ndị dọkịnta na-eche na ihe omume nke ahụ nwere ike ibilite site na ikpe nke wires gafere na usoro akwara nke onwe ya, nke na-achịkwa ọtụtụ ọrụ n'ime ahụ, gụnyere, ma ọ bụghị nanị, ịkpali akụkụ ahụ nwoke na nke nwanyị n'oge mkpali mmekọahụ. N'imi, dịka akụkụ ahụ e ji enwe mmekọahụ, nwere anụ ahụ nkeni.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Sneezing induced by sexual ideation or orgasm: an under-reported phenomenon|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=101|issue=12|pages=587–591|year=2008|pmid=19092028|doi=10.1258/jrsm.2008.080262}}</ref> Ihe omume a nwere ike ịkwadebe Akụkụ vomeronasal maka nchọpụta nke ihe ndi oyibo kpọrọ pheromones.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The physiological and pathological relations between the nose and the sexual apparatus of man.|journal=The Journal of Laryngology, Rhinology, and Otology|volume=13|issue=3|pages=109–123|author=Mackenzie|first=John|doi=10.1017/S1755146300166016|year=1898|url=https://zenodo.org/record/2200945}}</ref> A na-eji ize uzere tụnyere Orgasm, ebe ọ bụ na ma orgasms na mmeghachi omume ize uzere na-agụnye ịze uzere, ịgbatị ahụ, nrụgide na ntọhapụ.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Nicholas|author=Gerbis|url=https://www.livescience.com/34337-sneezing-like-orgasm.html|title=Is Sneezing Really Like an Orgasm?|work=[[LiveScience]]|date=28 November 2012}}</ref> N'okwu a, ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara mmekọahụ Vanessa Thompson nke Mahadum obodo Sydney na-ekwu, "Ize uzere na orgasms na-emepụta kemịkalụ dị mma a na-akpọ endorphins mana ọnụọgụ nke ize uzere na-emepụta dị obere karịa orgasm. "<ref>{{Cite web|first=Peter|author=Terlato|date=1 June 2015|url=https://www.businessinsider.com.au/we-asked-a-sexologist-if-the-theory-about-sneezing-and-orgasms-was-true-heres-what-she-said-2015-6|title=We asked a sexologist if the theory about sneezing and orgasms was true – here's what she said|work=[[Business Insider]]|accessdate=23 March 2019|archivedate=23 March 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323030647/https://www.businessinsider.com.au/we-asked-a-sexologist-if-the-theory-about-sneezing-and-orgasms-was-true-heres-what-she-said-2015-6}}</ref> == N'ime anụmanụ ndị ọzọ == [[Faịlụ:Sneezing_zebra.jpg|thumb|[[Zebra]] n’ezi uzere]] Ize uzere abụghị naanị ụmụ mmadụ maọbụ ọbụna ụmụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara. Ọtụtụ ụmụ anụmanụ gụnyere nwamba, nkịta, ọkụkọ na iguana na-eji ize uzere akpa nkata.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pets.webmd.com/cats/why-cats-sneeze|title=Why Cats Sneeze|work=WebMD}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vetstreet.com/care/my-pet-is-sneezing-and-snorting-whats-going-on|title=My Pet Is Sneezing and Snorting. What's Going On?|date=19 September 2011|work=Vet Street}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.keepingchickens.com/why-is-my-chicken-sneezing/|title=Why is my Chicken Sneezing?|accessdate=2015-04-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517002223/http://www.keepingchickens.com/why-is-my-chicken-sneezing/|archivedate=2015-05-17|work=Keeping Chickens}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|first=Melissa|author=Kaplan|date=1 January 2014|url=http://www.anapsid.org/sneeze.html|title=Sneezing and Yawning|work=Herp Care Collection}}</ref> Nkịta ọhịa ndị mba Afrịka na-eji ịze uzere dịka ụdị nkwurịta okwu, ọkachasị mgbe ị na-atụle nkwekọrịta n'ime ìgwè ma ị ga-achụ nta maọbụ na ị gaghị.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Lycaon pictus) use variable quorum thresholds facilitated by sneezes in collective decisions|journal=Proceedings. Biological Sciences|volume=284|issue=1862|year=2017|pmid=28878054|doi=10.1098/rspb.2017.0347}}</ref> Ụdị nkịta ụfọdụ na-enwekarị uzere. == Hụkwazie == * Ịkụ ụkwara * Ọrịa Rhinitis * Mkpọrọ * Sniffle == Edensibia == == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == *   *   [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ba4suzms1r8nck9hmc3njpxg8wynptl 632477 632476 2026-05-09T23:25:18Z Sayvhior 13464 632477 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Clear}} [[Faịlụ:Qualitative-Real-Time-Schlieren-and-Shadowgraph-Imaging-of-Human-Exhaled-Airflows-An-Aid-to-Aerosol-pone.0021392.s002.ogv|thumbtime=0:12|thumb|360x360px|Nlereanya nke ikuku na-efe n'oge ịze uzere, na-atụnyere ịze uzere na-ekpuchighị ihe mkpuchi na ọtụtụ ụzọ dị iche iche esi ekpuchi ọnụ na imi mmadụ: ịze uzere n'ime aka, aka e ji aka kpuchie, anụ ahụ, ngwaọrụ ihe mkpuchi ịwa ahụ, na ihe mkpuchi N95.]] Ize uzere (nke a makwaara dịka '''sternutation n’olu oyibo''') bụ ikuku na-enweghị isi, nke na-esi n'akpa ume pụọ site na imi ya na ọnụ, nke na'abụkarị nke ihe ndị si ebe ọzọ na-akpali mucosal. Ize uzere na-achụpụ ikuku site n'ọnụ na imi n'ụzọ na-agbawa agbawa, nke na-enweghị isi. Omume a na-enye ohere ka mmiri gbapụ site na oghere imi na asọ iji gbapụ n'[[Onu|oghere ọnụ]]. Ize uzere nwere ike ijikọta ya na ikpughe na mberede na ìhè na-egbuke egbuke (nke a maara dịka photic sneeze reflex n’olu oyibo), mgbanwe mberede (ịda) na okpomọkụ, ikuku oyi, afọ jury eju, ikpughe ihe na-adịghị anabata ya, ma ọ bụ nje virus. N'ihi na '''akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ''' nwere ike ịgbasa ọrịa site na mmiri ozuzo [[aerosol]] na-efe efe, a na-atụ aro iji aka gị kpuchie ọnụ gị na imi gị, n'ime ogwe aka gị, anụ ahụ ihu gị maọbụ akwa aka gị mgbe ị na-agbapụta. Na mgbakwunye na ikpuchi ọnụ, a na-atụkwa aro ile anya n'ala iji gbanwee ntụziaka nke mmiri na-agbasa ma zere itinye uche dị elu na nke iku ume mmadụ di elu. Ọrụ nke isi uzere bụ ịchụpụ ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ nwere ihe ndị ọzọ maọbụ ihe na-akpasu iwe ma sachaa oghere imi. N'oge akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ, ọnụ dị nro na uvula palatine na-agbadata mgbe azụ ire na-ebuli elu iji mechie ụzọ na-aga n'ọnụ, na-emepụta venturi (dịka carburetor) n'ihi Ụkpụrụ Bernoulli ka ikuku si n'akpa ume wee mee ka ikuku na-agafe n'ọnụ ma si otú a na-emepụta ebe nrụgide dị ala n'azụ imi. N'ụzọ a, a na-amanye ikuku ịbanye n'ihu imi ma na-ewepụ mmiri na mmetọ ndị a chụpụrụ n'ọnụ. Ịze uzere mgbe ọnụ mechero emechi na-ewepụ mmiri site n'imi mana anaghị anabata ya n'ihi na ọ na-emepụta nrụgide dị elu n'isi ma nwee ike imerụ ahụ. == Nkọwa == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}{{Reflist}}Mmetụta nke izi uzere bụ usoro abụọ na-agụnye ụzọ akwara afferent nakwazi efferent. Ụzọ afferent bụ akụkụ mmetụta, ebe mkpali nke akwara mmetụta pụrụ iche a na-akpọ pruriceptors na mucosa iku ume nke nasopharynx maọbụ nke a na akpọ paranasal sinuses site na kemịkal maọbụ ihe na-akpasu iwe na-emepụta mgbaàmà nke a na-ebufe site na akwara trigeminal gaa na ụbụrụ. Ụzọ efferent bụ akụkụ motor, ebe akụkụ isi medulla oblongata na-eziga mgbaàmà site na akwara motor na ọtụtụ ìgwè uru ahụ dị iche iche n'ahụ dum iji mee ka ikuku na-iwepụ ewepụ, na mgbalị iwepụ ihe na-emebi ihe. Mpaghara akwara ndị na-emetụta ntụgharị ize uzere dị na ụbụrụ n'akụkụ ventromedial nke spinal trigeminal nucleus na nhazi reticular dị n'akụkụ. Mpaghara a yiri ka ọ na-achịkwa uru ahụ pharyngeal, laryngeal, respiratory, na abdominal; ọrụ jikọtara uru ahụ ndị a na-eje ozi dịka akụkụ mmegharị nke izi uzere.<ref name="Nonaka1990">{{Cite journal|title=Sneeze-evoking region within the brainstem|journal=Brain Research|volume=511|issue=2|pages=265–270|year=1990|pmid=2139800|doi=10.1016/0006-8993(90)90171-7}}</ref> Akụkụ mmegharị nke mmeghachi ize uzere na-agụnye ikuba ume na akụkụ ikufụ ume. N'oge iku ume, diaphragm na intercostal muscle na-agbakọta iji dọta nnukwu ikuku n'ime akpa ume. Nke a na-esochi oge iku ume, mgbe uru ahụ nke afọ na obi na-agbakọta n'ike iji kpochie akpa ume, na-amanye ikuku pụọ na mgbawa siri ike. Mkpịsị aka nke anya na-agbakọta n'amaghị ama n'oge nke ahụ, na-amanye ka anya nwee ike mechie. Ọ bụ ezie na anya anyị na-emechi n’aka onwe ya n'ihi mmeghachi omume na-enweghị isi n'oge ize uzere, aro a na-ahụkarị na ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịze uzere na anya gị mepee emepe ezighị ezi.<ref name="Holohan2013">{{Cite news|author=Holohan|first=Meghan|title=The eye-popping truth about why we close our eyes when we sneeze|date=12 April 2013|publisher=NBCNews.com|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/healthmain/eye-popping-truth-about-why-we-close-our-eyes-when-1c9321739|accessdate=1 November 2025}}</ref> Ize uzere enweghị ike ime n'oge ụra n'ihi REM atonia - ọnọdụ ahụ ebe a na-adịghị akpali akwara na-adịghị ebuga na ụbụrụ. Otú ọ dị, ihe ndị na-akpali akpali zuru oke n'èzí nwere ike ime ka mmadụ teta n'ụra wee zee uzere, mana ize uzere ụkwara ọ bụla na-eme mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ga-ewere ọnọdụ na ọnọdụ dịkariri ala.<ref name="Glass2019">{{Cite web|author=Glass|first=Don|title=Sleep On, Sneeze Not|work=A Moment of Science|publisher=Indiana Public Media|url=http://indianapublicmedia.org/amomentofscience/sleep-on-sneeze-not|accessdate=1 November 2025}}</ref> Ewezuga ịkpasu ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị ọzọ iwe, allergies maọbụ ọrịa nwere ike ime, ihe ọzọ na-akpali akpali bụ ikpughe ọkụ na-egbuke egbuke na mberede - ọnọdụ a maara dịka photic sneeze reflex (PSR). Ịga ije site n'ụlọ gbara ọchịchịrị banye n'ìhè anyanwụ, nwere ike ịkpata ọrịa PSR, maọbụ ACHOO (Autosomal dominant compulsive helio-ophthalmic outbursts of sneezing n’olu oyibo) dịka a na-akpọkwa ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20150623-why-looking-at-the-light-makes-us-sneeze|title=Why looking at the sun makes us sneeze.|author=Goldman|first=Jason G.|date=24 June 2015|work=BBC Future|publisher=BBC|accessdate=October 14, 2016}}</ref> Omume ịze uzere mgbe a na-ahụ ìhè na-egbuke egbuke bụ àgwà na-achịkwa onwe ya ma na-emetụta pacentị iri na asatọ ruo pacentị iri ato na ise nke ndị mmadụ.<ref name="Breitenbach_1993">{{Cite journal|title=The photic sneeze reflex as a risk factor to combat pilots|journal=Military Medicine|volume=158|issue=12|pages=806–809|year=1993|pmid=8108024|doi=10.1093/milmed/158.12.806}}</ref> Ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe, nke a na-ahụ n'ime ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ, bụ afọ jupụtara ozugbo ha risịrị nri buru ibu. A maara nke a dịka snatiation ma hụkwazie ya dịka nsogbu ahụike nke a na-agafe site na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dịka àgwà na-achịkwa autosomal.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Teebi|first=A S|year=1989|title=Autosomal dominant sneezing disorder provoked by fullness of stomach.|journal=Journal of Medical Genetics|volume=26|issue=8|pages=539–540|doi=10.1136/jmg.26.8.539|pmid=2769729}}</ref> == Ọrịa na-efe efe == [[Faịlụ:7-_to_8-meter-long_turbulent_multiphase_plume_from_a_human_sneeze.jpg|thumb|7-to-8-meter-ogologo (23 to 26 turbulent multiphase plume site na ize uzere mmadụ.]] Enwere ike ibute ọrịa ụfọdụ na-efe efe site na mmiri iku ume na [[Aerosol|aerosols]] nke ịze uzere mepụtara. Ize uzere nwere ike ịmepụta mmiri puku iri anọ, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Characterization of infectious aerosols in health care facilities: an aid to effective engineering controls and preventive strategies|journal=American Journal of Infection Control|volume=26|issue=4|pages=453–464|year=1998|pmid=9721404|doi=10.1016/S0196-6553(98)70046-X}}</ref> na nha nke na-adịkarị site na 0.5 wee ruo 5μm). Iji belata ohere nke ịgbasa ọrịa (dịka ahụ ọkụ), mmadụ na-ejide ogwe aka, n'ime ogwe aka ya, anụ ahụ maọbụ akwa aka n'ihu ọnụ ya na imi ya mgbe ọ na-eze uzere. Iji aka mmadụ maka ebumnuche ahụ adaala n'oge na-adịbeghị anya <ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/CtnEwvUWDo0 Ghostarchive] and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20130730085552/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CtnEwvUWDo0&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]: {{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CtnEwvUWDo0|title=Why Don't We Do It In Our Sleeves|author=Central Maine Medical Center|work=CoughSafe|date=7 March 2012|publisher=CMMC, St. Mary's Hospital, Maine Medical Association|accessdate=17 October 2016}}</ref> n'ihi na a na-ewere ya dịka ihe na-ekwesịghị ekwesị, ebe ọ bụ na ọ na-akwalite ịgbasa nje site na mmetụta mmadụ (dịka Ịmakụ aka) maọbụ site na ihe ndị a na-emetụtakarị (karịsịa ọnụ ụzọ). Ruo n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, a hụrụ ebe kachasị anya nke ize uzere fepers (maọbụ puffs) na-aga na 0.6 mita (2.0 ft) , na ọsọ kachasị elu nke ize uzere nwetara bụ 4.5m / s (ihe dịka 10mph). <ref name="Tang_2013">{{Cite journal|title=Airflow dynamics of human jets: sneezing and breathing - potential sources of infectious aerosols|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=4|year=2013|pmid=23560060|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0059970}}</ref> N'oge afọ 2020, e dekọrọ ize uzere nkụ na-emepụta ábụ́bà ruru mita asatọ (ft iri abụọ na isii). <ref name="aerosols">{{Cite journal|author=Sommerstein|first=R|title=Risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission by aerosols, the rational use of masks, and protection of healthcare workers from COVID-19.|journal=Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control|year=2020|volume=9|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s13756-020-00763-0|pmid=32631450}}</ref> == Mgbochi == [[Faịlụ:Coughs_and_Sneezes_Spread_Diseases_Art.IWMPST14133.jpg|thumb|A na-ekpuchi ize uzere site na akwa maọbụ ogwe aka]] Ụzọ ndị a nwapụtara iji belata nsị n'ozuzu ha na-akwado ibelata mmekọrịta na ihe na-akpasu iwe, dịka idebe anụ ụlọ n'ụlọ iji zere ịnyagharị anụmanụ; ijide n'aka na a ga-ewepụ unyi na uzuzu n'oge na-aga n'ihu site na idebe ụlọ kwesịrị ekwesị; dochie nzacha maka ọkụ na ikuku na humidifiers; na ịnọ n'ebe dị anya ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na mpaghara ọrụ ugbo. Iji ire na-akpụchasị elu ọnụ nwere ike ịkwụsị ize uzere.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Laurie L. Dove|title=Why does tickling the roof of your mouth with your tongue stifle a sneeze|publisher=HowStuffWorks.com.|year=2015|url=https://health.howstuffworks.com/human-body/systems/nose-throat/why-does-tickling-roof-mouth-with-tongue-stifle-sneeze.htm}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ ndị na-ahụ na ize uzere dị ụtọ ma ha agaghị achọ igbochi ha.<ref name="Adkinson2013">{{Cite book|author=Adkinson NF Jr.|title=Middleton's Allergy: Principles and Practice|edition=6|chapter=Phytomedicine|publisher=Mosby|location=|year=2003|isbn=978-0-323-01425-0}}</ref> A naghị akwado ijide onwe gị n'imi, dịka site na ịpị imi maọbụ ijide ume mmadụ, dịka ikuku na-etinye nrụgide na-enweghị isi na akpa Pa ume na ụzọ ikuku.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Setzen|first=Sean|year=2019|title=The Dangers of Sneezing: A Review of Injuries|journal=American Journal of Rhinology and Allergy|volume=33|issue=3|pages=331–337|doi=10.1177/1945892418823147|pmid=30616365}}</ref> Otu ihe ngosi kọmputa na-atụ aro ijide uzere na-eme ka ikuku ahụ nke 39 k Pa, ihe dịka okpukpu iri abụọ na anọ karịa nke uzere nkiti.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rahiminejad|first=Mohammad|year=2016|title=Computer Simulations of Pressure and Velocity fields in Human Upper Airway during Sneezing|journal=Computers in Biology and Medicine|volume=71|issue=71|pages=115–127|doi=10.1016/j.compbiomed.2016.01.022|pmid=26914240}}</ref> N'oge afọ nke 1884, onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ bụ Henry Walter Bates kọwara mmetụta nke ize uzere (Bates H.W. oge afọ 1881-wee ruo 84. Biologia Centrali-Americana Insecta. Ọ chọpụtara na ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịze uzere naanị mgbe ha chere na ha na-achịkwa gburugburu ha niile. N'ihi ya, o kwubiri na ndị mmadụ enweghị ike ịze uzere n'ọchịchịrị. Otú ọ dị, e mesịrị wee gbaghaa echiche nke a. == Omenaala == [[Faịlụ:Fred_Ott's_Sneeze_(1894).webm|alt=video of a man sneezing from 1894|thumb|''Fred Ott's Sneeze'', n’oge afọ 1894, ihe nkiri nke abụọ kacha ochie dị ndụ nwere ikike nwebisiinka.]] Na mba nke Gris oge ochie, a kwenyere na ize uzere bụ ihe ịrịba ama amụma sitere n'aka chi. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n’oge afọ 401 BC, mgbe ọchịagha obodo Atens nke bụ Xenophon kwuru okwu na-agba ndị agha ibe ya ume ịlụso ndị Peshia ọgụ, otu onye agha ji ize uzere mesie nkwubi okwu ya ike. N'iche na uzere a bụ ihe ịrịba ama dị mma sitere n'aka chi, ndị agha nwere obi ụtọ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Xenophon|title=Anabasis}}</ref> Ihe atụ ọzọ na-eme na akụkọ Odysseus. Nwunye ya aha ya bụ Penelope, mgbe ọ nụrụ na Odysseus nwere ike ka dị ndụ, kwuru na ya na nwa ya nwoke ga-abọ ọbọ n'ahụ ndị na-achọ ịlụ ya ma ọ bụrụ na ọ laghachi. N'oge ahụ, nwa ha nwoke zere uzere n'olu dara ụda, nke mesiri Penelope obi ike na ọ bụ ihe ịrịba ama sitere n'aka nke chi (Odyssey 17: oge afọ 541- wee ruo 550). O nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi na nkwenye a dịgidere ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ, na n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ndi mba Gris n’oge ugbu a, mgbe mmadụ na-ekwusi ike na onye na-ege ntị na-eze uzere ozugbo na njedebe nke nkwupụta ahụ, onye mbụ na-azaghachi "ngọzi diri gị na kwa m na-ekwu eziokwu", maọbụ "n'efu gị na ebe a bụ eziokwu" ("γεια σου__wol____wol____wol__", ''Ya sou ki alithia leo'', maọbụ"γεια σου και να__ , ya sou ke na ki i alithia). A na-agbaso omume yiri nke ahụ na obodo India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sikhchic.com/sikhing_answers/why_do_we_say_waheguru_every_time_we_sneeze_sikhing_answers_v|title=Why Do We Say "Waheguru!" Every Time We Sneeze?|work=Sikhing Answers – V}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiastudychannel.com/forum/134162-Why-do-we-say-this-when-a-person-sneezes-or-hiccups.aspx|title=Why do we say this when a person sneezes or hiccups?|work=India Study Channel|date=24 January 2015}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na onye mere nkwupụta na-edochaghị anya na asụsụ Flemish, maọbụ ụfọdụ onye na-ege ntị na-ezu uzere, mgbe otu n'ime ndị na-ege ya ntị ga-ekwu "'t is beniesd", n'ụzọ nkịtị pụtara na "Ọ na-eme mkpọtụ", dịka a ga-asị na ọ bụ ihe akaebe nke eziokwu - na-echeta omume nkwenkwe ụgha ochie a, na-enweghị obi abụọ maọbụ na-ezube nkwenye n'ezie, mana na-arịọ mgbaghara ọ bụla site na onye na-ezu uzere ahụ enweghị isi maka nkwụsịtụ ahụ ka a na-anabata site na-ana.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Volledig Dichtwerk|language=fy|year=1999|publisher=Lannoo Uitgeverij|isbn=978-90-209-3510-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sP9ySIDdZ-cC&pg=PA1060}}</ref> Na mba Yuropu, ọkachasị n'oge mmalite nke Oge Etiti, e kwenyere na ndụ mmadụ jikọtara ya na ume mmadụ - nkwenye nke gosipụtara n'okwu ahụ bụ "ịgwụ" (nke pụtara na mbụ "iku ume") na-enweta ihe ọzọ pụtara "ịbịa ná njedebe" ma ọ bụ "ịnwụ". Njikọ a, tinyere nnukwu ume a na-achụpụ n'ahụ mgbe a na-ezi uzere, o yikarịrị ka ndị mmadụ kwenyere na izu uzere nwere ike ibute ọnwụ ngwa ngwa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2007)">Ntụaka dị mkpa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Echiche dị otu a nwere ike ịkọwa ihe kpatara okwu Bekee ọdịnaala, "Chineke gọzie gị", na nzaghachi maka ịze uzere, nke mmalite ya edoghị anya kpamkpam. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Sir Raymond Henry Payne Crawfurd, onye na-edeba aha nke Royal College of Physicians, n'akwụkwọ ya nke oge afọ 1909, "Ụbọchị Ikpeazụ nke Charles nke Abụọ ", na-ekwu na, mgbe eze ahụ na-ese okwu nọ n'elu akwa ọnwụ ya, ndị dọkịnta ya nyere ngwakọta nke cowslips na ihe a na-esi na ihe pụtara na ammonia iji kwalite ịsụ ude. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Rhinology and laryngology in literature and Folk-Lore|journal=The Journal of Laryngology & Otology|volume=42|issue=2|pages=81–87|year=1927|doi=10.1017/S0022215100029959}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, a maghị ma e mere nkwalite ịze uzere a iji mee ka ọnwụ ya dị ngwa (dịka ''ọchịchị aka ike'' ) maọbụ dịka mgbalị ikpeazụ maka ọgwụgwọ nke ya. In certain parts of East Asia, particularly in Chinese culture, Korean culture, Japanese culture and Vietnamese culture, a sneeze without an obvious cause was generally perceived as a sign that someone was talking about the sneezer at that very moment. This can be seen in the ''Book of Songs'' (a collection of Chinese poems)<ref>{{Cite book|quote=If you speak insomnia, you will sneeze.|language=zh}}</ref> in ancient China as early as 1000 BC, and in Japan this belief is still depicted in present-day manga and anime. In [[China]], Vietnam, South Korea, and [[Japan]], for instance, there is a superstition that if talking behind someone's back causes the person being talked about to sneeze; as such, the sneezer can tell if something good is being said (one sneeze), someone is thinking about you (two sneezes in a row), even if someone is in love with you (three sneezes in a row) or if this is a sign that they are about to catch a cold (multiple sneezes). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Parallel beliefs are known to exist around the world, particularly in contemporary Greek, Slavic, Celtic, English, French, and Indian cultures. Similarly, in Nepal, sneezers are believed to be remembered by someone at that particular moment. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> N'asụsụ Bekee, a na-edekarị ya bụ onomatopoeia maka ịze uzere dika 'achoo' ma ọ dịka nke ọdịbendị dị iche iche.<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 August 2020|title=Where Did The Word "Achoo" Come From?|url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/achoo-god-bless-you-sneeze/|accessdate=2021-10-11|work=Dictionary.com}}</ref> Na Omenaala India, ọkachasị n'akụkụ ugwu nke obodo India, omenala ndi Bengali (Bangladesh na Bengal nke ndi India) nakwa na mba Iran, ọ bụ nkwenkwe ụgha a na-ahụkarị na ize uzere na-eme tupu mmalite nke ọrụ ọ bụla bụ ihe ịrịba ama nke nkwụsịtụ ọjọọ na-abịanụ. Ya mere, ọ bụ omenala ịkwụsị iji ṅụọ mmiri maọbụ mebie usoro ọrụ ọ bụla tupu ịmaliteghachi ọrụ iji gbochie ọdachi ọ bụla ime. N'Omenala ndị Poland, ọkachasị na ókèala obodo Kresy Wschodnie, nkwenye a ma ama na-aga n'ihu na ize uzere nwere ike ịbụ ihe ịrịba ama na-adịghị mma na, dabere na nsụgharị mpaghara, maọbụ onye a na-akọwaghị aha maọbụ nne di na-ekwu okwu ọjọọ banyere onye ahụ na-ize uzere n'oge ahụ. Otú ọ dị, na mpaghara ndị ọzọ, nkwenkwe ụgha a na-emetụta hiccups kama ịze uzere. Dịka ọ dị na mba ndị ọzọ Katọlik, dịka mba Mexico, Ịtali, maọbụ Ireland, a na-akwalite ihe ndị fọdụrụ n'omenala ndị ọgọ mmụọ na nkwenkwe ụgha nke ndị ọrụ ugbo ndi mba Poland. Omume ahụ n'etiti ọdịbendị nke ndi n’ekpe Alakụba, n'aka nke ya, dabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na ọdịnala amụma dị iche iche na ozizi nke [[Muhammad]]. Ihe atụ nke a bụ akụkọ Al-Bukhaari <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sunnah.com/bukhari/78/248|work=Sunnah.com|first=Sahih Al|author=Bukhari|title=When somebody sneezes, what should be said?}}</ref> sitere na Abu Hurayrah nke ya bụ Muhammad kwuru n'otu oge:<blockquote>''Mgbe otu n'ime unu na-eze uzere ka ọ kwuo, "Al-hamdu-Lillah"'' (Too Chineke), ka nwanne ya nwoke maọbụ onye ibe ya kwuo ya, "Yarhamuk Allah" (Ka Chineke meere gị ebere). ''Ọ bụrụ na ọ sị, "Yarhamuk-Allah", mgbe ahụ ka [onye na-eze uzere] kwuo, "Yahdeekum Allah wa yuslihu baalakum"'' (Ka Chineke duzie gị ma dozie ọnọdụ gị).''.''</blockquote> === Nzaghachi okwu === Na mba ndị na-asụ Bekee, otu nzaghachi a na-ahụkarị maka ụzere onye ọzọ bụ "[Ka [[God|Chineke]]] gọzie gị". Ọbụna na "Chineke", onye na-enweghị ebumnuche okpukpe nwere ike ikwu nkwupụta ahụ. Nzaghachi ọzọ, nke a na-adịghị ahụkebe, na mba United States na Canada maka ịsụ ngọngọ nke onye ọzọ bụkwa "Gesundheit", nke bụ okwu nke German nke pụtara, n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị, 'ahụike', ọ bụkwa nzaghachi okwu ọdịnala ndi mba German maka onye dị nso na-eze uzere. E nwere ọtụtụ echiche maka ihe mere omenaala nke ịsị "gọzie gị" maọbụ "Chineke gozie gi" n'ihe gbasara ịze uzere: * Ụfọdụ na-ekwu na a malitere iji ya mee ihe n'oge ọrịa na-efe efe nke narị afọ nke iri na anọ. A na-eche na ịgọzi onye ahụ mgbe ọ gosipụtara mgbaàmà dị otú ahụ iji gbochie ọnwụ na-abịanụ n'ihi ọrịa na-egbu egbu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/sneeze.html|title=Does your heart stop when you sneeze?|work=Everyday Mysteries: Fun Science Facts|publisher=The Library of Congress}}</ref> * N'oge Renaissance, e guzobere nkwenkwe ụgha na-ekwu na obi mmadụ kwụsịrị maka oge dị mkpirikpi n'oge akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ; ikwu na ngọzi gị bụ ihe ịrịba ama nke ekpere na obi agaghị ada.<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 July 2011|title='Bless you': Social convention or theological statement? {{!}} UU World Magazine|url=https://www.uuworld.org/articles/bless-you|accessdate=2023-08-25|work=www.uuworld.org}}</ref> == Mmekọahụ == Ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịze uzere n'oge mmalite nke mkpali mmekọahụ. Ndị dọkịnta na-eche na ihe omume nke ahụ nwere ike ibilite site na ikpe nke wires gafere na usoro akwara nke onwe ya, nke na-achịkwa ọtụtụ ọrụ n'ime ahụ, gụnyere, ma ọ bụghị nanị, ịkpali akụkụ ahụ nwoke na nke nwanyị n'oge mkpali mmekọahụ. N'imi, dịka akụkụ ahụ e ji enwe mmekọahụ, nwere anụ ahụ nkeni.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Sneezing induced by sexual ideation or orgasm: an under-reported phenomenon|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=101|issue=12|pages=587–591|year=2008|pmid=19092028|doi=10.1258/jrsm.2008.080262}}</ref> Ihe omume a nwere ike ịkwadebe Akụkụ vomeronasal maka nchọpụta nke ihe ndi oyibo kpọrọ pheromones.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The physiological and pathological relations between the nose and the sexual apparatus of man.|journal=The Journal of Laryngology, Rhinology, and Otology|volume=13|issue=3|pages=109–123|author=Mackenzie|first=John|doi=10.1017/S1755146300166016|year=1898|url=https://zenodo.org/record/2200945}}</ref> A na-eji ize uzere tụnyere Orgasm, ebe ọ bụ na ma orgasms na mmeghachi omume ize uzere na-agụnye ịze uzere, ịgbatị ahụ, nrụgide na ntọhapụ.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Nicholas|author=Gerbis|url=https://www.livescience.com/34337-sneezing-like-orgasm.html|title=Is Sneezing Really Like an Orgasm?|work=[[LiveScience]]|date=28 November 2012}}</ref> N'okwu a, ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara mmekọahụ Vanessa Thompson nke Mahadum obodo Sydney na-ekwu, "Ize uzere na orgasms na-emepụta kemịkalụ dị mma a na-akpọ endorphins mana ọnụọgụ nke ize uzere na-emepụta dị obere karịa orgasm. "<ref>{{Cite web|first=Peter|author=Terlato|date=1 June 2015|url=https://www.businessinsider.com.au/we-asked-a-sexologist-if-the-theory-about-sneezing-and-orgasms-was-true-heres-what-she-said-2015-6|title=We asked a sexologist if the theory about sneezing and orgasms was true – here's what she said|work=[[Business Insider]]|accessdate=23 March 2019|archivedate=23 March 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323030647/https://www.businessinsider.com.au/we-asked-a-sexologist-if-the-theory-about-sneezing-and-orgasms-was-true-heres-what-she-said-2015-6}}</ref> == N'ime anụmanụ ndị ọzọ == [[Faịlụ:Sneezing_zebra.jpg|thumb|[[Zebra]] n’ezi uzere]] Ize uzere abụghị naanị ụmụ mmadụ maọbụ ọbụna ụmụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara. Ọtụtụ ụmụ anụmanụ gụnyere nwamba, nkịta, ọkụkọ na iguana na-eji ize uzere akpa nkata.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pets.webmd.com/cats/why-cats-sneeze|title=Why Cats Sneeze|work=WebMD}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vetstreet.com/care/my-pet-is-sneezing-and-snorting-whats-going-on|title=My Pet Is Sneezing and Snorting. What's Going On?|date=19 September 2011|work=Vet Street}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.keepingchickens.com/why-is-my-chicken-sneezing/|title=Why is my Chicken Sneezing?|accessdate=2015-04-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517002223/http://www.keepingchickens.com/why-is-my-chicken-sneezing/|archivedate=2015-05-17|work=Keeping Chickens}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|first=Melissa|author=Kaplan|date=1 January 2014|url=http://www.anapsid.org/sneeze.html|title=Sneezing and Yawning|work=Herp Care Collection}}</ref> Nkịta ọhịa ndị mba Afrịka na-eji ịze uzere dịka ụdị nkwurịta okwu, ọkachasị mgbe ị na-atụle nkwekọrịta n'ime ìgwè ma ị ga-achụ nta maọbụ na ị gaghị.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Lycaon pictus) use variable quorum thresholds facilitated by sneezes in collective decisions|journal=Proceedings. Biological Sciences|volume=284|issue=1862|year=2017|pmid=28878054|doi=10.1098/rspb.2017.0347}}</ref> Ụdị nkịta ụfọdụ na-enwekarị uzere. == Hụkwazie == * Ịkụ ụkwara * Ọrịa Rhinitis * Mkpọrọ * Sniffle == Edensibia == == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == *   *   [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 9r3cs57j0p3nx68n12h5kw4whhjrpp5 632478 632477 2026-05-09T23:28:25Z Sayvhior 13464 632478 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Faịlụ:Qualitative-Real-Time-Schlieren-and-Shadowgraph-Imaging-of-Human-Exhaled-Airflows-An-Aid-to-Aerosol-pone.0021392.s002.ogv|thumbtime=0:12|thumb|360x360px|Nlereanya nke ikuku na-efe n'oge ịze uzere, na-atụnyere ịze uzere na-ekpuchighị ihe mkpuchi na ọtụtụ ụzọ dị iche iche esi ekpuchi ọnụ na imi mmadụ: ịze uzere n'ime aka, aka e ji aka kpuchie, anụ ahụ, ngwaọrụ ihe mkpuchi ịwa ahụ, na ihe mkpuchi N95.]] Ize uzere (nke a makwaara dịka '''sternutation n’olu oyibo''') bụ ikuku na-enweghị isi, nke na-esi n'akpa ume pụọ site na imi ya na ọnụ, nke na'abụkarị nke ihe ndị si ebe ọzọ na-akpali mucosal. Ize uzere na-achụpụ ikuku site n'ọnụ na imi n'ụzọ na-agbawa agbawa, nke na-enweghị isi. Omume a na-enye ohere ka mmiri gbapụ site na oghere imi na asọ iji gbapụ n'[[Onu|oghere ọnụ]]. Ize uzere nwere ike ijikọta ya na ikpughe na mberede na ìhè na-egbuke egbuke (nke a maara dịka photic sneeze reflex n’olu oyibo), mgbanwe mberede (ịda) na okpomọkụ, ikuku oyi, afọ jury eju, ikpughe ihe na-adịghị anabata ya, ma ọ bụ nje virus. N'ihi na '''akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ''' nwere ike ịgbasa ọrịa site na mmiri ozuzo [[aerosol]] na-efe efe, a na-atụ aro iji aka gị kpuchie ọnụ gị na imi gị, n'ime ogwe aka gị, anụ ahụ ihu gị maọbụ akwa aka gị mgbe ị na-agbapụta. Na mgbakwunye na ikpuchi ọnụ, a na-atụkwa aro ile anya n'ala iji gbanwee ntụziaka nke mmiri na-agbasa ma zere itinye uche dị elu na nke iku ume mmadụ di elu. Ọrụ nke isi uzere bụ ịchụpụ ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ nwere ihe ndị ọzọ maọbụ ihe na-akpasu iwe ma sachaa oghere imi. N'oge akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ, ọnụ dị nro na uvula palatine na-agbadata mgbe azụ ire na-ebuli elu iji mechie ụzọ na-aga n'ọnụ, na-emepụta venturi (dịka carburetor) n'ihi Ụkpụrụ Bernoulli ka ikuku si n'akpa ume wee mee ka ikuku na-agafe n'ọnụ ma si otú a na-emepụta ebe nrụgide dị ala n'azụ imi. N'ụzọ a, a na-amanye ikuku ịbanye n'ihu imi ma na-ewepụ mmiri na mmetọ ndị a chụpụrụ n'ọnụ. Ịze uzere mgbe ọnụ mechero emechi na-ewepụ mmiri site n'imi mana anaghị anabata ya n'ihi na ọ na-emepụta nrụgide dị elu n'isi ma nwee ike imerụ ahụ. == Nkọwa == Mmetụta nke izi uzere bụ usoro abụọ na-agụnye ụzọ akwara afferent nakwazi efferent. Ụzọ afferent bụ akụkụ mmetụta, ebe mkpali nke akwara mmetụta pụrụ iche a na-akpọ pruriceptors na mucosa iku ume nke nasopharynx maọbụ nke a na akpọ paranasal sinuses site na kemịkal maọbụ ihe na-akpasu iwe na-emepụta mgbaàmà nke a na-ebufe site na akwara trigeminal gaa na ụbụrụ. Ụzọ efferent bụ akụkụ motor, ebe akụkụ isi medulla oblongata na-eziga mgbaàmà site na akwara motor na ọtụtụ ìgwè uru ahụ dị iche iche n'ahụ dum iji mee ka ikuku na-iwepụ ewepụ, na mgbalị iwepụ ihe na-emebi ihe. Mpaghara akwara ndị na-emetụta ntụgharị ize uzere dị na ụbụrụ n'akụkụ ventromedial nke spinal trigeminal nucleus na nhazi reticular dị n'akụkụ. Mpaghara a yiri ka ọ na-achịkwa uru ahụ pharyngeal, laryngeal, respiratory, na abdominal; ọrụ jikọtara uru ahụ ndị a na-eje ozi dịka akụkụ mmegharị nke izi uzere.<ref name="Nonaka1990">{{Cite journal|title=Sneeze-evoking region within the brainstem|journal=Brain Research|volume=511|issue=2|pages=265–270|year=1990|pmid=2139800|doi=10.1016/0006-8993(90)90171-7}}</ref> Akụkụ mmegharị nke mmeghachi ize uzere na-agụnye ikuba ume na akụkụ ikufụ ume. N'oge iku ume, diaphragm na intercostal muscle na-agbakọta iji dọta nnukwu ikuku n'ime akpa ume. Nke a na-esochi oge iku ume, mgbe uru ahụ nke afọ na obi na-agbakọta n'ike iji kpochie akpa ume, na-amanye ikuku pụọ na mgbawa siri ike. Mkpịsị aka nke anya na-agbakọta n'amaghị ama n'oge nke ahụ, na-amanye ka anya nwee ike mechie. Ọ bụ ezie na anya anyị na-emechi n’aka onwe ya n'ihi mmeghachi omume na-enweghị isi n'oge ize uzere, aro a na-ahụkarị na ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịze uzere na anya gị mepee emepe ezighị ezi.<ref name="Holohan2013">{{Cite news|author=Holohan|first=Meghan|title=The eye-popping truth about why we close our eyes when we sneeze|date=12 April 2013|publisher=NBCNews.com|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/healthmain/eye-popping-truth-about-why-we-close-our-eyes-when-1c9321739|accessdate=1 November 2025}}</ref> Ize uzere enweghị ike ime n'oge ụra n'ihi REM atonia - ọnọdụ ahụ ebe a na-adịghị akpali akwara na-adịghị ebuga na ụbụrụ. Otú ọ dị, ihe ndị na-akpali akpali zuru oke n'èzí nwere ike ime ka mmadụ teta n'ụra wee zee uzere, mana ize uzere ụkwara ọ bụla na-eme mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ga-ewere ọnọdụ na ọnọdụ dịkariri ala.<ref name="Glass2019">{{Cite web|author=Glass|first=Don|title=Sleep On, Sneeze Not|work=A Moment of Science|publisher=Indiana Public Media|url=http://indianapublicmedia.org/amomentofscience/sleep-on-sneeze-not|accessdate=1 November 2025}}</ref> Ewezuga ịkpasu ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị ọzọ iwe, allergies maọbụ ọrịa nwere ike ime, ihe ọzọ na-akpali akpali bụ ikpughe ọkụ na-egbuke egbuke na mberede - ọnọdụ a maara dịka photic sneeze reflex (PSR). Ịga ije site n'ụlọ gbara ọchịchịrị banye n'ìhè anyanwụ, nwere ike ịkpata ọrịa PSR, maọbụ ACHOO (Autosomal dominant compulsive helio-ophthalmic outbursts of sneezing n’olu oyibo) dịka a na-akpọkwa ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20150623-why-looking-at-the-light-makes-us-sneeze|title=Why looking at the sun makes us sneeze.|author=Goldman|first=Jason G.|date=24 June 2015|work=BBC Future|publisher=BBC|accessdate=October 14, 2016}}</ref> Omume ịze uzere mgbe a na-ahụ ìhè na-egbuke egbuke bụ àgwà na-achịkwa onwe ya ma na-emetụta pacentị iri na asatọ ruo pacentị iri ato na ise nke ndị mmadụ.<ref name="Breitenbach_1993">{{Cite journal|title=The photic sneeze reflex as a risk factor to combat pilots|journal=Military Medicine|volume=158|issue=12|pages=806–809|year=1993|pmid=8108024|doi=10.1093/milmed/158.12.806}}</ref> Ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe, nke a na-ahụ n'ime ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ, bụ afọ jupụtara ozugbo ha risịrị nri buru ibu. A maara nke a dịka snatiation ma hụkwazie ya dịka nsogbu ahụike nke a na-agafe site na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dịka àgwà na-achịkwa autosomal.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Teebi|first=A S|year=1989|title=Autosomal dominant sneezing disorder provoked by fullness of stomach.|journal=Journal of Medical Genetics|volume=26|issue=8|pages=539–540|doi=10.1136/jmg.26.8.539|pmid=2769729}}</ref> == Ọrịa na-efe efe == [[Faịlụ:7-_to_8-meter-long_turbulent_multiphase_plume_from_a_human_sneeze.jpg|thumb|7-to-8-meter-ogologo (23 to 26 turbulent multiphase plume site na ize uzere mmadụ.]] Enwere ike ibute ọrịa ụfọdụ na-efe efe site na mmiri iku ume na [[Aerosol|aerosols]] nke ịze uzere mepụtara. Ize uzere nwere ike ịmepụta mmiri puku iri anọ, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Characterization of infectious aerosols in health care facilities: an aid to effective engineering controls and preventive strategies|journal=American Journal of Infection Control|volume=26|issue=4|pages=453–464|year=1998|pmid=9721404|doi=10.1016/S0196-6553(98)70046-X}}</ref> na nha nke na-adịkarị site na 0.5 wee ruo 5μm). Iji belata ohere nke ịgbasa ọrịa (dịka ahụ ọkụ), mmadụ na-ejide ogwe aka, n'ime ogwe aka ya, anụ ahụ maọbụ akwa aka n'ihu ọnụ ya na imi ya mgbe ọ na-eze uzere. Iji aka mmadụ maka ebumnuche ahụ adaala n'oge na-adịbeghị anya <ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/CtnEwvUWDo0 Ghostarchive] and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20130730085552/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CtnEwvUWDo0&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]: {{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CtnEwvUWDo0|title=Why Don't We Do It In Our Sleeves|author=Central Maine Medical Center|work=CoughSafe|date=7 March 2012|publisher=CMMC, St. Mary's Hospital, Maine Medical Association|accessdate=17 October 2016}}</ref> n'ihi na a na-ewere ya dịka ihe na-ekwesịghị ekwesị, ebe ọ bụ na ọ na-akwalite ịgbasa nje site na mmetụta mmadụ (dịka Ịmakụ aka) maọbụ site na ihe ndị a na-emetụtakarị (karịsịa ọnụ ụzọ). Ruo n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, a hụrụ ebe kachasị anya nke ize uzere fepers (maọbụ puffs) na-aga na 0.6 mita (2.0 ft) , na ọsọ kachasị elu nke ize uzere nwetara bụ 4.5m / s (ihe dịka 10mph). <ref name="Tang_2013">{{Cite journal|title=Airflow dynamics of human jets: sneezing and breathing - potential sources of infectious aerosols|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=4|year=2013|pmid=23560060|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0059970}}</ref> N'oge afọ 2020, e dekọrọ ize uzere nkụ na-emepụta ábụ́bà ruru mita asatọ (ft iri abụọ na isii). <ref name="aerosols">{{Cite journal|author=Sommerstein|first=R|title=Risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission by aerosols, the rational use of masks, and protection of healthcare workers from COVID-19.|journal=Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control|year=2020|volume=9|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s13756-020-00763-0|pmid=32631450}}</ref> == Mgbochi == [[Faịlụ:Coughs_and_Sneezes_Spread_Diseases_Art.IWMPST14133.jpg|thumb|A na-ekpuchi ize uzere site na akwa maọbụ ogwe aka]] Ụzọ ndị a nwapụtara iji belata nsị n'ozuzu ha na-akwado ibelata mmekọrịta na ihe na-akpasu iwe, dịka idebe anụ ụlọ n'ụlọ iji zere ịnyagharị anụmanụ; ijide n'aka na a ga-ewepụ unyi na uzuzu n'oge na-aga n'ihu site na idebe ụlọ kwesịrị ekwesị; dochie nzacha maka ọkụ na ikuku na humidifiers; na ịnọ n'ebe dị anya ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na mpaghara ọrụ ugbo. Iji ire na-akpụchasị elu ọnụ nwere ike ịkwụsị ize uzere.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Laurie L. Dove|title=Why does tickling the roof of your mouth with your tongue stifle a sneeze|publisher=HowStuffWorks.com.|year=2015|url=https://health.howstuffworks.com/human-body/systems/nose-throat/why-does-tickling-roof-mouth-with-tongue-stifle-sneeze.htm}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ ndị na-ahụ na ize uzere dị ụtọ ma ha agaghị achọ igbochi ha.<ref name="Adkinson2013">{{Cite book|author=Adkinson NF Jr.|title=Middleton's Allergy: Principles and Practice|edition=6|chapter=Phytomedicine|publisher=Mosby|location=|year=2003|isbn=978-0-323-01425-0}}</ref> A naghị akwado ijide onwe gị n'imi, dịka site na ịpị imi maọbụ ijide ume mmadụ, dịka ikuku na-etinye nrụgide na-enweghị isi na akpa Pa ume na ụzọ ikuku.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Setzen|first=Sean|year=2019|title=The Dangers of Sneezing: A Review of Injuries|journal=American Journal of Rhinology and Allergy|volume=33|issue=3|pages=331–337|doi=10.1177/1945892418823147|pmid=30616365}}</ref> Otu ihe ngosi kọmputa na-atụ aro ijide uzere na-eme ka ikuku ahụ nke 39 k Pa, ihe dịka okpukpu iri abụọ na anọ karịa nke uzere nkiti.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rahiminejad|first=Mohammad|year=2016|title=Computer Simulations of Pressure and Velocity fields in Human Upper Airway during Sneezing|journal=Computers in Biology and Medicine|volume=71|issue=71|pages=115–127|doi=10.1016/j.compbiomed.2016.01.022|pmid=26914240}}</ref> N'oge afọ nke 1884, onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ bụ Henry Walter Bates kọwara mmetụta nke ize uzere (Bates H.W. oge afọ 1881-wee ruo 84. Biologia Centrali-Americana Insecta. Ọ chọpụtara na ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịze uzere naanị mgbe ha chere na ha na-achịkwa gburugburu ha niile. N'ihi ya, o kwubiri na ndị mmadụ enweghị ike ịze uzere n'ọchịchịrị. Otú ọ dị, e mesịrị wee gbaghaa echiche nke a. == Omenaala == [[Faịlụ:Fred_Ott's_Sneeze_(1894).webm|alt=video of a man sneezing from 1894|thumb|''Fred Ott's Sneeze'', n’oge afọ 1894, ihe nkiri nke abụọ kacha ochie dị ndụ nwere ikike nwebisiinka.]] Na mba nke Gris oge ochie, a kwenyere na ize uzere bụ ihe ịrịba ama amụma sitere n'aka chi. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n’oge afọ 401 BC, mgbe ọchịagha obodo Atens nke bụ Xenophon kwuru okwu na-agba ndị agha ibe ya ume ịlụso ndị Peshia ọgụ, otu onye agha ji ize uzere mesie nkwubi okwu ya ike. N'iche na uzere a bụ ihe ịrịba ama dị mma sitere n'aka chi, ndị agha nwere obi ụtọ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Xenophon|title=Anabasis}}</ref> Ihe atụ ọzọ na-eme na akụkọ Odysseus. Nwunye ya aha ya bụ Penelope, mgbe ọ nụrụ na Odysseus nwere ike ka dị ndụ, kwuru na ya na nwa ya nwoke ga-abọ ọbọ n'ahụ ndị na-achọ ịlụ ya ma ọ bụrụ na ọ laghachi. N'oge ahụ, nwa ha nwoke zere uzere n'olu dara ụda, nke mesiri Penelope obi ike na ọ bụ ihe ịrịba ama sitere n'aka nke chi (Odyssey 17: oge afọ 541- wee ruo 550). O nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi na nkwenye a dịgidere ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ, na n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ndi mba Gris n’oge ugbu a, mgbe mmadụ na-ekwusi ike na onye na-ege ntị na-eze uzere ozugbo na njedebe nke nkwupụta ahụ, onye mbụ na-azaghachi "ngọzi diri gị na kwa m na-ekwu eziokwu", maọbụ "n'efu gị na ebe a bụ eziokwu" ("γεια σου__wol____wol____wol__", ''Ya sou ki alithia leo'', maọbụ"γεια σου και να__ , ya sou ke na ki i alithia). A na-agbaso omume yiri nke ahụ na obodo India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sikhchic.com/sikhing_answers/why_do_we_say_waheguru_every_time_we_sneeze_sikhing_answers_v|title=Why Do We Say "Waheguru!" Every Time We Sneeze?|work=Sikhing Answers – V}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiastudychannel.com/forum/134162-Why-do-we-say-this-when-a-person-sneezes-or-hiccups.aspx|title=Why do we say this when a person sneezes or hiccups?|work=India Study Channel|date=24 January 2015}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na onye mere nkwupụta na-edochaghị anya na asụsụ Flemish, maọbụ ụfọdụ onye na-ege ntị na-ezu uzere, mgbe otu n'ime ndị na-ege ya ntị ga-ekwu "'t is beniesd", n'ụzọ nkịtị pụtara na "Ọ na-eme mkpọtụ", dịka a ga-asị na ọ bụ ihe akaebe nke eziokwu - na-echeta omume nkwenkwe ụgha ochie a, na-enweghị obi abụọ maọbụ na-ezube nkwenye n'ezie, mana na-arịọ mgbaghara ọ bụla site na onye na-ezu uzere ahụ enweghị isi maka nkwụsịtụ ahụ ka a na-anabata site na-ana.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Volledig Dichtwerk|language=fy|year=1999|publisher=Lannoo Uitgeverij|isbn=978-90-209-3510-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sP9ySIDdZ-cC&pg=PA1060}}</ref> Na mba Yuropu, ọkachasị n'oge mmalite nke Oge Etiti, e kwenyere na ndụ mmadụ jikọtara ya na ume mmadụ - nkwenye nke gosipụtara n'okwu ahụ bụ "ịgwụ" (nke pụtara na mbụ "iku ume") na-enweta ihe ọzọ pụtara "ịbịa ná njedebe" ma ọ bụ "ịnwụ". Njikọ a, tinyere nnukwu ume a na-achụpụ n'ahụ mgbe a na-ezi uzere, o yikarịrị ka ndị mmadụ kwenyere na izu uzere nwere ike ibute ọnwụ ngwa ngwa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2007)">Ntụaka dị mkpa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Echiche dị otu a nwere ike ịkọwa ihe kpatara okwu Bekee ọdịnaala, "Chineke gọzie gị", na nzaghachi maka ịze uzere, nke mmalite ya edoghị anya kpamkpam. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Sir Raymond Henry Payne Crawfurd, onye na-edeba aha nke Royal College of Physicians, n'akwụkwọ ya nke oge afọ 1909, "Ụbọchị Ikpeazụ nke Charles nke Abụọ ", na-ekwu na, mgbe eze ahụ na-ese okwu nọ n'elu akwa ọnwụ ya, ndị dọkịnta ya nyere ngwakọta nke cowslips na ihe a na-esi na ihe pụtara na ammonia iji kwalite ịsụ ude. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Rhinology and laryngology in literature and Folk-Lore|journal=The Journal of Laryngology & Otology|volume=42|issue=2|pages=81–87|year=1927|doi=10.1017/S0022215100029959}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, a maghị ma e mere nkwalite ịze uzere a iji mee ka ọnwụ ya dị ngwa (dịka ''ọchịchị aka ike'' ) maọbụ dịka mgbalị ikpeazụ maka ọgwụgwọ nke ya. In certain parts of East Asia, particularly in Chinese culture, Korean culture, Japanese culture and Vietnamese culture, a sneeze without an obvious cause was generally perceived as a sign that someone was talking about the sneezer at that very moment. This can be seen in the ''Book of Songs'' (a collection of Chinese poems)<ref>{{Cite book|quote=If you speak insomnia, you will sneeze.|language=zh}}</ref> in ancient China as early as 1000 BC, and in Japan this belief is still depicted in present-day manga and anime. In [[China]], Vietnam, South Korea, and [[Japan]], for instance, there is a superstition that if talking behind someone's back causes the person being talked about to sneeze; as such, the sneezer can tell if something good is being said (one sneeze), someone is thinking about you (two sneezes in a row), even if someone is in love with you (three sneezes in a row) or if this is a sign that they are about to catch a cold (multiple sneezes). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Parallel beliefs are known to exist around the world, particularly in contemporary Greek, Slavic, Celtic, English, French, and Indian cultures. Similarly, in Nepal, sneezers are believed to be remembered by someone at that particular moment. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> N'asụsụ Bekee, a na-edekarị ya bụ onomatopoeia maka ịze uzere dika 'achoo' ma ọ dịka nke ọdịbendị dị iche iche.<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 August 2020|title=Where Did The Word "Achoo" Come From?|url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/achoo-god-bless-you-sneeze/|accessdate=2021-10-11|work=Dictionary.com}}</ref> Na Omenaala India, ọkachasị n'akụkụ ugwu nke obodo India, omenala ndi Bengali (Bangladesh na Bengal nke ndi India) nakwa na mba Iran, ọ bụ nkwenkwe ụgha a na-ahụkarị na ize uzere na-eme tupu mmalite nke ọrụ ọ bụla bụ ihe ịrịba ama nke nkwụsịtụ ọjọọ na-abịanụ. Ya mere, ọ bụ omenala ịkwụsị iji ṅụọ mmiri maọbụ mebie usoro ọrụ ọ bụla tupu ịmaliteghachi ọrụ iji gbochie ọdachi ọ bụla ime. N'Omenala ndị Poland, ọkachasị na ókèala obodo Kresy Wschodnie, nkwenye a ma ama na-aga n'ihu na ize uzere nwere ike ịbụ ihe ịrịba ama na-adịghị mma na, dabere na nsụgharị mpaghara, maọbụ onye a na-akọwaghị aha maọbụ nne di na-ekwu okwu ọjọọ banyere onye ahụ na-ize uzere n'oge ahụ. Otú ọ dị, na mpaghara ndị ọzọ, nkwenkwe ụgha a na-emetụta hiccups kama ịze uzere. Dịka ọ dị na mba ndị ọzọ Katọlik, dịka mba Mexico, Ịtali, maọbụ Ireland, a na-akwalite ihe ndị fọdụrụ n'omenala ndị ọgọ mmụọ na nkwenkwe ụgha nke ndị ọrụ ugbo ndi mba Poland. Omume ahụ n'etiti ọdịbendị nke ndi n’ekpe Alakụba, n'aka nke ya, dabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na ọdịnala amụma dị iche iche na ozizi nke [[Muhammad]]. Ihe atụ nke a bụ akụkọ Al-Bukhaari <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sunnah.com/bukhari/78/248|work=Sunnah.com|first=Sahih Al|author=Bukhari|title=When somebody sneezes, what should be said?}}</ref> sitere na Abu Hurayrah nke ya bụ Muhammad kwuru n'otu oge:<blockquote>''Mgbe otu n'ime unu na-eze uzere ka ọ kwuo, "Al-hamdu-Lillah"'' (Too Chineke), ka nwanne ya nwoke maọbụ onye ibe ya kwuo ya, "Yarhamuk Allah" (Ka Chineke meere gị ebere). ''Ọ bụrụ na ọ sị, "Yarhamuk-Allah", mgbe ahụ ka [onye na-eze uzere] kwuo, "Yahdeekum Allah wa yuslihu baalakum"'' (Ka Chineke duzie gị ma dozie ọnọdụ gị).''.''</blockquote> === Nzaghachi okwu === Na mba ndị na-asụ Bekee, otu nzaghachi a na-ahụkarị maka ụzere onye ọzọ bụ "[Ka [[God|Chineke]]] gọzie gị". Ọbụna na "Chineke", onye na-enweghị ebumnuche okpukpe nwere ike ikwu nkwupụta ahụ. Nzaghachi ọzọ, nke a na-adịghị ahụkebe, na mba United States na Canada maka ịsụ ngọngọ nke onye ọzọ bụkwa "Gesundheit", nke bụ okwu nke German nke pụtara, n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị, 'ahụike', ọ bụkwa nzaghachi okwu ọdịnala ndi mba German maka onye dị nso na-eze uzere. E nwere ọtụtụ echiche maka ihe mere omenaala nke ịsị "gọzie gị" maọbụ "Chineke gozie gi" n'ihe gbasara ịze uzere: * Ụfọdụ na-ekwu na a malitere iji ya mee ihe n'oge ọrịa na-efe efe nke narị afọ nke iri na anọ. A na-eche na ịgọzi onye ahụ mgbe ọ gosipụtara mgbaàmà dị otú ahụ iji gbochie ọnwụ na-abịanụ n'ihi ọrịa na-egbu egbu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/sneeze.html|title=Does your heart stop when you sneeze?|work=Everyday Mysteries: Fun Science Facts|publisher=The Library of Congress}}</ref> * N'oge Renaissance, e guzobere nkwenkwe ụgha na-ekwu na obi mmadụ kwụsịrị maka oge dị mkpirikpi n'oge akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ; ikwu na ngọzi gị bụ ihe ịrịba ama nke ekpere na obi agaghị ada.<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 July 2011|title='Bless you': Social convention or theological statement? {{!}} UU World Magazine|url=https://www.uuworld.org/articles/bless-you|accessdate=2023-08-25|work=www.uuworld.org}}</ref> == Mmekọahụ == Ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịze uzere n'oge mmalite nke mkpali mmekọahụ. Ndị dọkịnta na-eche na ihe omume nke ahụ nwere ike ibilite site na ikpe nke wires gafere na usoro akwara nke onwe ya, nke na-achịkwa ọtụtụ ọrụ n'ime ahụ, gụnyere, ma ọ bụghị nanị, ịkpali akụkụ ahụ nwoke na nke nwanyị n'oge mkpali mmekọahụ. N'imi, dịka akụkụ ahụ e ji enwe mmekọahụ, nwere anụ ahụ nkeni.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Sneezing induced by sexual ideation or orgasm: an under-reported phenomenon|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=101|issue=12|pages=587–591|year=2008|pmid=19092028|doi=10.1258/jrsm.2008.080262}}</ref> Ihe omume a nwere ike ịkwadebe Akụkụ vomeronasal maka nchọpụta nke ihe ndi oyibo kpọrọ pheromones.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The physiological and pathological relations between the nose and the sexual apparatus of man.|journal=The Journal of Laryngology, Rhinology, and Otology|volume=13|issue=3|pages=109–123|author=Mackenzie|first=John|doi=10.1017/S1755146300166016|year=1898|url=https://zenodo.org/record/2200945}}</ref> A na-eji ize uzere tụnyere Orgasm, ebe ọ bụ na ma orgasms na mmeghachi omume ize uzere na-agụnye ịze uzere, ịgbatị ahụ, nrụgide na ntọhapụ.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Nicholas|author=Gerbis|url=https://www.livescience.com/34337-sneezing-like-orgasm.html|title=Is Sneezing Really Like an Orgasm?|work=[[LiveScience]]|date=28 November 2012}}</ref> N'okwu a, ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara mmekọahụ Vanessa Thompson nke Mahadum obodo Sydney na-ekwu, "Ize uzere na orgasms na-emepụta kemịkalụ dị mma a na-akpọ endorphins mana ọnụọgụ nke ize uzere na-emepụta dị obere karịa orgasm. "<ref>{{Cite web|first=Peter|author=Terlato|date=1 June 2015|url=https://www.businessinsider.com.au/we-asked-a-sexologist-if-the-theory-about-sneezing-and-orgasms-was-true-heres-what-she-said-2015-6|title=We asked a sexologist if the theory about sneezing and orgasms was true – here's what she said|work=[[Business Insider]]|accessdate=23 March 2019|archivedate=23 March 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323030647/https://www.businessinsider.com.au/we-asked-a-sexologist-if-the-theory-about-sneezing-and-orgasms-was-true-heres-what-she-said-2015-6}}</ref> == N'ime anụmanụ ndị ọzọ == [[Faịlụ:Sneezing_zebra.jpg|thumb|[[Zebra]] n’ezi uzere]] Ize uzere abụghị naanị ụmụ mmadụ maọbụ ọbụna ụmụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara. Ọtụtụ ụmụ anụmanụ gụnyere nwamba, nkịta, ọkụkọ na iguana na-eji ize uzere akpa nkata.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pets.webmd.com/cats/why-cats-sneeze|title=Why Cats Sneeze|work=WebMD}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vetstreet.com/care/my-pet-is-sneezing-and-snorting-whats-going-on|title=My Pet Is Sneezing and Snorting. What's Going On?|date=19 September 2011|work=Vet Street}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.keepingchickens.com/why-is-my-chicken-sneezing/|title=Why is my Chicken Sneezing?|accessdate=2015-04-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517002223/http://www.keepingchickens.com/why-is-my-chicken-sneezing/|archivedate=2015-05-17|work=Keeping Chickens}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|first=Melissa|author=Kaplan|date=1 January 2014|url=http://www.anapsid.org/sneeze.html|title=Sneezing and Yawning|work=Herp Care Collection}}</ref> Nkịta ọhịa ndị mba Afrịka na-eji ịze uzere dịka ụdị nkwurịta okwu, ọkachasị mgbe ị na-atụle nkwekọrịta n'ime ìgwè ma ị ga-achụ nta maọbụ na ị gaghị.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Lycaon pictus) use variable quorum thresholds facilitated by sneezes in collective decisions|journal=Proceedings. Biological Sciences|volume=284|issue=1862|year=2017|pmid=28878054|doi=10.1098/rspb.2017.0347}}</ref> Ụdị nkịta ụfọdụ na-enwekarị uzere. == Hụkwazie == * Ịkụ ụkwara * Ọrịa Rhinitis * Mkpọrọ * Sniffle == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == *   *   == Edensibia == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] fwk7a05ff23m0gysxkbayxfg838k73d 632479 632478 2026-05-09T23:32:06Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Ịgụ ihe ọzọ */ 632479 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Faịlụ:Qualitative-Real-Time-Schlieren-and-Shadowgraph-Imaging-of-Human-Exhaled-Airflows-An-Aid-to-Aerosol-pone.0021392.s002.ogv|thumbtime=0:12|thumb|360x360px|Nlereanya nke ikuku na-efe n'oge ịze uzere, na-atụnyere ịze uzere na-ekpuchighị ihe mkpuchi na ọtụtụ ụzọ dị iche iche esi ekpuchi ọnụ na imi mmadụ: ịze uzere n'ime aka, aka e ji aka kpuchie, anụ ahụ, ngwaọrụ ihe mkpuchi ịwa ahụ, na ihe mkpuchi N95.]] Ize uzere (nke a makwaara dịka '''sternutation n’olu oyibo''') bụ ikuku na-enweghị isi, nke na-esi n'akpa ume pụọ site na imi ya na ọnụ, nke na'abụkarị nke ihe ndị si ebe ọzọ na-akpali mucosal. Ize uzere na-achụpụ ikuku site n'ọnụ na imi n'ụzọ na-agbawa agbawa, nke na-enweghị isi. Omume a na-enye ohere ka mmiri gbapụ site na oghere imi na asọ iji gbapụ n'[[Onu|oghere ọnụ]]. Ize uzere nwere ike ijikọta ya na ikpughe na mberede na ìhè na-egbuke egbuke (nke a maara dịka photic sneeze reflex n’olu oyibo), mgbanwe mberede (ịda) na okpomọkụ, ikuku oyi, afọ jury eju, ikpughe ihe na-adịghị anabata ya, ma ọ bụ nje virus. N'ihi na '''akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ''' nwere ike ịgbasa ọrịa site na mmiri ozuzo [[aerosol]] na-efe efe, a na-atụ aro iji aka gị kpuchie ọnụ gị na imi gị, n'ime ogwe aka gị, anụ ahụ ihu gị maọbụ akwa aka gị mgbe ị na-agbapụta. Na mgbakwunye na ikpuchi ọnụ, a na-atụkwa aro ile anya n'ala iji gbanwee ntụziaka nke mmiri na-agbasa ma zere itinye uche dị elu na nke iku ume mmadụ di elu. Ọrụ nke isi uzere bụ ịchụpụ ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ nwere ihe ndị ọzọ maọbụ ihe na-akpasu iwe ma sachaa oghere imi. N'oge akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ, ọnụ dị nro na uvula palatine na-agbadata mgbe azụ ire na-ebuli elu iji mechie ụzọ na-aga n'ọnụ, na-emepụta venturi (dịka carburetor) n'ihi Ụkpụrụ Bernoulli ka ikuku si n'akpa ume wee mee ka ikuku na-agafe n'ọnụ ma si otú a na-emepụta ebe nrụgide dị ala n'azụ imi. N'ụzọ a, a na-amanye ikuku ịbanye n'ihu imi ma na-ewepụ mmiri na mmetọ ndị a chụpụrụ n'ọnụ. Ịze uzere mgbe ọnụ mechero emechi na-ewepụ mmiri site n'imi mana anaghị anabata ya n'ihi na ọ na-emepụta nrụgide dị elu n'isi ma nwee ike imerụ ahụ. == Nkọwa == Mmetụta nke izi uzere bụ usoro abụọ na-agụnye ụzọ akwara afferent nakwazi efferent. Ụzọ afferent bụ akụkụ mmetụta, ebe mkpali nke akwara mmetụta pụrụ iche a na-akpọ pruriceptors na mucosa iku ume nke nasopharynx maọbụ nke a na akpọ paranasal sinuses site na kemịkal maọbụ ihe na-akpasu iwe na-emepụta mgbaàmà nke a na-ebufe site na akwara trigeminal gaa na ụbụrụ. Ụzọ efferent bụ akụkụ motor, ebe akụkụ isi medulla oblongata na-eziga mgbaàmà site na akwara motor na ọtụtụ ìgwè uru ahụ dị iche iche n'ahụ dum iji mee ka ikuku na-iwepụ ewepụ, na mgbalị iwepụ ihe na-emebi ihe. Mpaghara akwara ndị na-emetụta ntụgharị ize uzere dị na ụbụrụ n'akụkụ ventromedial nke spinal trigeminal nucleus na nhazi reticular dị n'akụkụ. Mpaghara a yiri ka ọ na-achịkwa uru ahụ pharyngeal, laryngeal, respiratory, na abdominal; ọrụ jikọtara uru ahụ ndị a na-eje ozi dịka akụkụ mmegharị nke izi uzere.<ref name="Nonaka1990">{{Cite journal|title=Sneeze-evoking region within the brainstem|journal=Brain Research|volume=511|issue=2|pages=265–270|year=1990|pmid=2139800|doi=10.1016/0006-8993(90)90171-7}}</ref> Akụkụ mmegharị nke mmeghachi ize uzere na-agụnye ikuba ume na akụkụ ikufụ ume. N'oge iku ume, diaphragm na intercostal muscle na-agbakọta iji dọta nnukwu ikuku n'ime akpa ume. Nke a na-esochi oge iku ume, mgbe uru ahụ nke afọ na obi na-agbakọta n'ike iji kpochie akpa ume, na-amanye ikuku pụọ na mgbawa siri ike. Mkpịsị aka nke anya na-agbakọta n'amaghị ama n'oge nke ahụ, na-amanye ka anya nwee ike mechie. Ọ bụ ezie na anya anyị na-emechi n’aka onwe ya n'ihi mmeghachi omume na-enweghị isi n'oge ize uzere, aro a na-ahụkarị na ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịze uzere na anya gị mepee emepe ezighị ezi.<ref name="Holohan2013">{{Cite news|author=Holohan|first=Meghan|title=The eye-popping truth about why we close our eyes when we sneeze|date=12 April 2013|publisher=NBCNews.com|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/healthmain/eye-popping-truth-about-why-we-close-our-eyes-when-1c9321739|accessdate=1 November 2025}}</ref> Ize uzere enweghị ike ime n'oge ụra n'ihi REM atonia - ọnọdụ ahụ ebe a na-adịghị akpali akwara na-adịghị ebuga na ụbụrụ. Otú ọ dị, ihe ndị na-akpali akpali zuru oke n'èzí nwere ike ime ka mmadụ teta n'ụra wee zee uzere, mana ize uzere ụkwara ọ bụla na-eme mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ga-ewere ọnọdụ na ọnọdụ dịkariri ala.<ref name="Glass2019">{{Cite web|author=Glass|first=Don|title=Sleep On, Sneeze Not|work=A Moment of Science|publisher=Indiana Public Media|url=http://indianapublicmedia.org/amomentofscience/sleep-on-sneeze-not|accessdate=1 November 2025}}</ref> Ewezuga ịkpasu ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị ọzọ iwe, allergies maọbụ ọrịa nwere ike ime, ihe ọzọ na-akpali akpali bụ ikpughe ọkụ na-egbuke egbuke na mberede - ọnọdụ a maara dịka photic sneeze reflex (PSR). Ịga ije site n'ụlọ gbara ọchịchịrị banye n'ìhè anyanwụ, nwere ike ịkpata ọrịa PSR, maọbụ ACHOO (Autosomal dominant compulsive helio-ophthalmic outbursts of sneezing n’olu oyibo) dịka a na-akpọkwa ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20150623-why-looking-at-the-light-makes-us-sneeze|title=Why looking at the sun makes us sneeze.|author=Goldman|first=Jason G.|date=24 June 2015|work=BBC Future|publisher=BBC|accessdate=October 14, 2016}}</ref> Omume ịze uzere mgbe a na-ahụ ìhè na-egbuke egbuke bụ àgwà na-achịkwa onwe ya ma na-emetụta pacentị iri na asatọ ruo pacentị iri ato na ise nke ndị mmadụ.<ref name="Breitenbach_1993">{{Cite journal|title=The photic sneeze reflex as a risk factor to combat pilots|journal=Military Medicine|volume=158|issue=12|pages=806–809|year=1993|pmid=8108024|doi=10.1093/milmed/158.12.806}}</ref> Ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe, nke a na-ahụ n'ime ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ, bụ afọ jupụtara ozugbo ha risịrị nri buru ibu. A maara nke a dịka snatiation ma hụkwazie ya dịka nsogbu ahụike nke a na-agafe site na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dịka àgwà na-achịkwa autosomal.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Teebi|first=A S|year=1989|title=Autosomal dominant sneezing disorder provoked by fullness of stomach.|journal=Journal of Medical Genetics|volume=26|issue=8|pages=539–540|doi=10.1136/jmg.26.8.539|pmid=2769729}}</ref> == Ọrịa na-efe efe == [[Faịlụ:7-_to_8-meter-long_turbulent_multiphase_plume_from_a_human_sneeze.jpg|thumb|7-to-8-meter-ogologo (23 to 26 turbulent multiphase plume site na ize uzere mmadụ.]] Enwere ike ibute ọrịa ụfọdụ na-efe efe site na mmiri iku ume na [[Aerosol|aerosols]] nke ịze uzere mepụtara. Ize uzere nwere ike ịmepụta mmiri puku iri anọ, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Characterization of infectious aerosols in health care facilities: an aid to effective engineering controls and preventive strategies|journal=American Journal of Infection Control|volume=26|issue=4|pages=453–464|year=1998|pmid=9721404|doi=10.1016/S0196-6553(98)70046-X}}</ref> na nha nke na-adịkarị site na 0.5 wee ruo 5μm). Iji belata ohere nke ịgbasa ọrịa (dịka ahụ ọkụ), mmadụ na-ejide ogwe aka, n'ime ogwe aka ya, anụ ahụ maọbụ akwa aka n'ihu ọnụ ya na imi ya mgbe ọ na-eze uzere. Iji aka mmadụ maka ebumnuche ahụ adaala n'oge na-adịbeghị anya <ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/CtnEwvUWDo0 Ghostarchive] and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20130730085552/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CtnEwvUWDo0&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]: {{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CtnEwvUWDo0|title=Why Don't We Do It In Our Sleeves|author=Central Maine Medical Center|work=CoughSafe|date=7 March 2012|publisher=CMMC, St. Mary's Hospital, Maine Medical Association|accessdate=17 October 2016}}</ref> n'ihi na a na-ewere ya dịka ihe na-ekwesịghị ekwesị, ebe ọ bụ na ọ na-akwalite ịgbasa nje site na mmetụta mmadụ (dịka Ịmakụ aka) maọbụ site na ihe ndị a na-emetụtakarị (karịsịa ọnụ ụzọ). Ruo n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, a hụrụ ebe kachasị anya nke ize uzere fepers (maọbụ puffs) na-aga na 0.6 mita (2.0 ft) , na ọsọ kachasị elu nke ize uzere nwetara bụ 4.5m / s (ihe dịka 10mph). <ref name="Tang_2013">{{Cite journal|title=Airflow dynamics of human jets: sneezing and breathing - potential sources of infectious aerosols|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=4|year=2013|pmid=23560060|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0059970}}</ref> N'oge afọ 2020, e dekọrọ ize uzere nkụ na-emepụta ábụ́bà ruru mita asatọ (ft iri abụọ na isii). <ref name="aerosols">{{Cite journal|author=Sommerstein|first=R|title=Risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission by aerosols, the rational use of masks, and protection of healthcare workers from COVID-19.|journal=Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control|year=2020|volume=9|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s13756-020-00763-0|pmid=32631450}}</ref> == Mgbochi == [[Faịlụ:Coughs_and_Sneezes_Spread_Diseases_Art.IWMPST14133.jpg|thumb|A na-ekpuchi ize uzere site na akwa maọbụ ogwe aka]] Ụzọ ndị a nwapụtara iji belata nsị n'ozuzu ha na-akwado ibelata mmekọrịta na ihe na-akpasu iwe, dịka idebe anụ ụlọ n'ụlọ iji zere ịnyagharị anụmanụ; ijide n'aka na a ga-ewepụ unyi na uzuzu n'oge na-aga n'ihu site na idebe ụlọ kwesịrị ekwesị; dochie nzacha maka ọkụ na ikuku na humidifiers; na ịnọ n'ebe dị anya ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na mpaghara ọrụ ugbo. Iji ire na-akpụchasị elu ọnụ nwere ike ịkwụsị ize uzere.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Laurie L. Dove|title=Why does tickling the roof of your mouth with your tongue stifle a sneeze|publisher=HowStuffWorks.com.|year=2015|url=https://health.howstuffworks.com/human-body/systems/nose-throat/why-does-tickling-roof-mouth-with-tongue-stifle-sneeze.htm}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ ndị na-ahụ na ize uzere dị ụtọ ma ha agaghị achọ igbochi ha.<ref name="Adkinson2013">{{Cite book|author=Adkinson NF Jr.|title=Middleton's Allergy: Principles and Practice|edition=6|chapter=Phytomedicine|publisher=Mosby|location=|year=2003|isbn=978-0-323-01425-0}}</ref> A naghị akwado ijide onwe gị n'imi, dịka site na ịpị imi maọbụ ijide ume mmadụ, dịka ikuku na-etinye nrụgide na-enweghị isi na akpa Pa ume na ụzọ ikuku.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Setzen|first=Sean|year=2019|title=The Dangers of Sneezing: A Review of Injuries|journal=American Journal of Rhinology and Allergy|volume=33|issue=3|pages=331–337|doi=10.1177/1945892418823147|pmid=30616365}}</ref> Otu ihe ngosi kọmputa na-atụ aro ijide uzere na-eme ka ikuku ahụ nke 39 k Pa, ihe dịka okpukpu iri abụọ na anọ karịa nke uzere nkiti.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rahiminejad|first=Mohammad|year=2016|title=Computer Simulations of Pressure and Velocity fields in Human Upper Airway during Sneezing|journal=Computers in Biology and Medicine|volume=71|issue=71|pages=115–127|doi=10.1016/j.compbiomed.2016.01.022|pmid=26914240}}</ref> N'oge afọ nke 1884, onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ bụ Henry Walter Bates kọwara mmetụta nke ize uzere (Bates H.W. oge afọ 1881-wee ruo 84. Biologia Centrali-Americana Insecta. Ọ chọpụtara na ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịze uzere naanị mgbe ha chere na ha na-achịkwa gburugburu ha niile. N'ihi ya, o kwubiri na ndị mmadụ enweghị ike ịze uzere n'ọchịchịrị. Otú ọ dị, e mesịrị wee gbaghaa echiche nke a. == Omenaala == [[Faịlụ:Fred_Ott's_Sneeze_(1894).webm|alt=video of a man sneezing from 1894|thumb|''Fred Ott's Sneeze'', n’oge afọ 1894, ihe nkiri nke abụọ kacha ochie dị ndụ nwere ikike nwebisiinka.]] Na mba nke Gris oge ochie, a kwenyere na ize uzere bụ ihe ịrịba ama amụma sitere n'aka chi. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n’oge afọ 401 BC, mgbe ọchịagha obodo Atens nke bụ Xenophon kwuru okwu na-agba ndị agha ibe ya ume ịlụso ndị Peshia ọgụ, otu onye agha ji ize uzere mesie nkwubi okwu ya ike. N'iche na uzere a bụ ihe ịrịba ama dị mma sitere n'aka chi, ndị agha nwere obi ụtọ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Xenophon|title=Anabasis}}</ref> Ihe atụ ọzọ na-eme na akụkọ Odysseus. Nwunye ya aha ya bụ Penelope, mgbe ọ nụrụ na Odysseus nwere ike ka dị ndụ, kwuru na ya na nwa ya nwoke ga-abọ ọbọ n'ahụ ndị na-achọ ịlụ ya ma ọ bụrụ na ọ laghachi. N'oge ahụ, nwa ha nwoke zere uzere n'olu dara ụda, nke mesiri Penelope obi ike na ọ bụ ihe ịrịba ama sitere n'aka nke chi (Odyssey 17: oge afọ 541- wee ruo 550). O nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi na nkwenye a dịgidere ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ, na n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ndi mba Gris n’oge ugbu a, mgbe mmadụ na-ekwusi ike na onye na-ege ntị na-eze uzere ozugbo na njedebe nke nkwupụta ahụ, onye mbụ na-azaghachi "ngọzi diri gị na kwa m na-ekwu eziokwu", maọbụ "n'efu gị na ebe a bụ eziokwu" ("γεια σου__wol____wol____wol__", ''Ya sou ki alithia leo'', maọbụ"γεια σου και να__ , ya sou ke na ki i alithia). A na-agbaso omume yiri nke ahụ na obodo India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sikhchic.com/sikhing_answers/why_do_we_say_waheguru_every_time_we_sneeze_sikhing_answers_v|title=Why Do We Say "Waheguru!" Every Time We Sneeze?|work=Sikhing Answers – V}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiastudychannel.com/forum/134162-Why-do-we-say-this-when-a-person-sneezes-or-hiccups.aspx|title=Why do we say this when a person sneezes or hiccups?|work=India Study Channel|date=24 January 2015}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na onye mere nkwupụta na-edochaghị anya na asụsụ Flemish, maọbụ ụfọdụ onye na-ege ntị na-ezu uzere, mgbe otu n'ime ndị na-ege ya ntị ga-ekwu "'t is beniesd", n'ụzọ nkịtị pụtara na "Ọ na-eme mkpọtụ", dịka a ga-asị na ọ bụ ihe akaebe nke eziokwu - na-echeta omume nkwenkwe ụgha ochie a, na-enweghị obi abụọ maọbụ na-ezube nkwenye n'ezie, mana na-arịọ mgbaghara ọ bụla site na onye na-ezu uzere ahụ enweghị isi maka nkwụsịtụ ahụ ka a na-anabata site na-ana.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Volledig Dichtwerk|language=fy|year=1999|publisher=Lannoo Uitgeverij|isbn=978-90-209-3510-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sP9ySIDdZ-cC&pg=PA1060}}</ref> Na mba Yuropu, ọkachasị n'oge mmalite nke Oge Etiti, e kwenyere na ndụ mmadụ jikọtara ya na ume mmadụ - nkwenye nke gosipụtara n'okwu ahụ bụ "ịgwụ" (nke pụtara na mbụ "iku ume") na-enweta ihe ọzọ pụtara "ịbịa ná njedebe" ma ọ bụ "ịnwụ". Njikọ a, tinyere nnukwu ume a na-achụpụ n'ahụ mgbe a na-ezi uzere, o yikarịrị ka ndị mmadụ kwenyere na izu uzere nwere ike ibute ọnwụ ngwa ngwa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2007)">Ntụaka dị mkpa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Echiche dị otu a nwere ike ịkọwa ihe kpatara okwu Bekee ọdịnaala, "Chineke gọzie gị", na nzaghachi maka ịze uzere, nke mmalite ya edoghị anya kpamkpam. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Sir Raymond Henry Payne Crawfurd, onye na-edeba aha nke Royal College of Physicians, n'akwụkwọ ya nke oge afọ 1909, "Ụbọchị Ikpeazụ nke Charles nke Abụọ ", na-ekwu na, mgbe eze ahụ na-ese okwu nọ n'elu akwa ọnwụ ya, ndị dọkịnta ya nyere ngwakọta nke cowslips na ihe a na-esi na ihe pụtara na ammonia iji kwalite ịsụ ude. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Rhinology and laryngology in literature and Folk-Lore|journal=The Journal of Laryngology & Otology|volume=42|issue=2|pages=81–87|year=1927|doi=10.1017/S0022215100029959}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, a maghị ma e mere nkwalite ịze uzere a iji mee ka ọnwụ ya dị ngwa (dịka ''ọchịchị aka ike'' ) maọbụ dịka mgbalị ikpeazụ maka ọgwụgwọ nke ya. In certain parts of East Asia, particularly in Chinese culture, Korean culture, Japanese culture and Vietnamese culture, a sneeze without an obvious cause was generally perceived as a sign that someone was talking about the sneezer at that very moment. This can be seen in the ''Book of Songs'' (a collection of Chinese poems)<ref>{{Cite book|quote=If you speak insomnia, you will sneeze.|language=zh}}</ref> in ancient China as early as 1000 BC, and in Japan this belief is still depicted in present-day manga and anime. In [[China]], Vietnam, South Korea, and [[Japan]], for instance, there is a superstition that if talking behind someone's back causes the person being talked about to sneeze; as such, the sneezer can tell if something good is being said (one sneeze), someone is thinking about you (two sneezes in a row), even if someone is in love with you (three sneezes in a row) or if this is a sign that they are about to catch a cold (multiple sneezes). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Parallel beliefs are known to exist around the world, particularly in contemporary Greek, Slavic, Celtic, English, French, and Indian cultures. Similarly, in Nepal, sneezers are believed to be remembered by someone at that particular moment. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> N'asụsụ Bekee, a na-edekarị ya bụ onomatopoeia maka ịze uzere dika 'achoo' ma ọ dịka nke ọdịbendị dị iche iche.<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 August 2020|title=Where Did The Word "Achoo" Come From?|url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/achoo-god-bless-you-sneeze/|accessdate=2021-10-11|work=Dictionary.com}}</ref> Na Omenaala India, ọkachasị n'akụkụ ugwu nke obodo India, omenala ndi Bengali (Bangladesh na Bengal nke ndi India) nakwa na mba Iran, ọ bụ nkwenkwe ụgha a na-ahụkarị na ize uzere na-eme tupu mmalite nke ọrụ ọ bụla bụ ihe ịrịba ama nke nkwụsịtụ ọjọọ na-abịanụ. Ya mere, ọ bụ omenala ịkwụsị iji ṅụọ mmiri maọbụ mebie usoro ọrụ ọ bụla tupu ịmaliteghachi ọrụ iji gbochie ọdachi ọ bụla ime. N'Omenala ndị Poland, ọkachasị na ókèala obodo Kresy Wschodnie, nkwenye a ma ama na-aga n'ihu na ize uzere nwere ike ịbụ ihe ịrịba ama na-adịghị mma na, dabere na nsụgharị mpaghara, maọbụ onye a na-akọwaghị aha maọbụ nne di na-ekwu okwu ọjọọ banyere onye ahụ na-ize uzere n'oge ahụ. Otú ọ dị, na mpaghara ndị ọzọ, nkwenkwe ụgha a na-emetụta hiccups kama ịze uzere. Dịka ọ dị na mba ndị ọzọ Katọlik, dịka mba Mexico, Ịtali, maọbụ Ireland, a na-akwalite ihe ndị fọdụrụ n'omenala ndị ọgọ mmụọ na nkwenkwe ụgha nke ndị ọrụ ugbo ndi mba Poland. Omume ahụ n'etiti ọdịbendị nke ndi n’ekpe Alakụba, n'aka nke ya, dabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na ọdịnala amụma dị iche iche na ozizi nke [[Muhammad]]. Ihe atụ nke a bụ akụkọ Al-Bukhaari <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sunnah.com/bukhari/78/248|work=Sunnah.com|first=Sahih Al|author=Bukhari|title=When somebody sneezes, what should be said?}}</ref> sitere na Abu Hurayrah nke ya bụ Muhammad kwuru n'otu oge:<blockquote>''Mgbe otu n'ime unu na-eze uzere ka ọ kwuo, "Al-hamdu-Lillah"'' (Too Chineke), ka nwanne ya nwoke maọbụ onye ibe ya kwuo ya, "Yarhamuk Allah" (Ka Chineke meere gị ebere). ''Ọ bụrụ na ọ sị, "Yarhamuk-Allah", mgbe ahụ ka [onye na-eze uzere] kwuo, "Yahdeekum Allah wa yuslihu baalakum"'' (Ka Chineke duzie gị ma dozie ọnọdụ gị).''.''</blockquote> === Nzaghachi okwu === Na mba ndị na-asụ Bekee, otu nzaghachi a na-ahụkarị maka ụzere onye ọzọ bụ "[Ka [[God|Chineke]]] gọzie gị". Ọbụna na "Chineke", onye na-enweghị ebumnuche okpukpe nwere ike ikwu nkwupụta ahụ. Nzaghachi ọzọ, nke a na-adịghị ahụkebe, na mba United States na Canada maka ịsụ ngọngọ nke onye ọzọ bụkwa "Gesundheit", nke bụ okwu nke German nke pụtara, n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị, 'ahụike', ọ bụkwa nzaghachi okwu ọdịnala ndi mba German maka onye dị nso na-eze uzere. E nwere ọtụtụ echiche maka ihe mere omenaala nke ịsị "gọzie gị" maọbụ "Chineke gozie gi" n'ihe gbasara ịze uzere: * Ụfọdụ na-ekwu na a malitere iji ya mee ihe n'oge ọrịa na-efe efe nke narị afọ nke iri na anọ. A na-eche na ịgọzi onye ahụ mgbe ọ gosipụtara mgbaàmà dị otú ahụ iji gbochie ọnwụ na-abịanụ n'ihi ọrịa na-egbu egbu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/sneeze.html|title=Does your heart stop when you sneeze?|work=Everyday Mysteries: Fun Science Facts|publisher=The Library of Congress}}</ref> * N'oge Renaissance, e guzobere nkwenkwe ụgha na-ekwu na obi mmadụ kwụsịrị maka oge dị mkpirikpi n'oge akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ; ikwu na ngọzi gị bụ ihe ịrịba ama nke ekpere na obi agaghị ada.<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 July 2011|title='Bless you': Social convention or theological statement? {{!}} UU World Magazine|url=https://www.uuworld.org/articles/bless-you|accessdate=2023-08-25|work=www.uuworld.org}}</ref> == Mmekọahụ == Ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịze uzere n'oge mmalite nke mkpali mmekọahụ. Ndị dọkịnta na-eche na ihe omume nke ahụ nwere ike ibilite site na ikpe nke wires gafere na usoro akwara nke onwe ya, nke na-achịkwa ọtụtụ ọrụ n'ime ahụ, gụnyere, ma ọ bụghị nanị, ịkpali akụkụ ahụ nwoke na nke nwanyị n'oge mkpali mmekọahụ. N'imi, dịka akụkụ ahụ e ji enwe mmekọahụ, nwere anụ ahụ nkeni.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Sneezing induced by sexual ideation or orgasm: an under-reported phenomenon|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=101|issue=12|pages=587–591|year=2008|pmid=19092028|doi=10.1258/jrsm.2008.080262}}</ref> Ihe omume a nwere ike ịkwadebe Akụkụ vomeronasal maka nchọpụta nke ihe ndi oyibo kpọrọ pheromones.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The physiological and pathological relations between the nose and the sexual apparatus of man.|journal=The Journal of Laryngology, Rhinology, and Otology|volume=13|issue=3|pages=109–123|author=Mackenzie|first=John|doi=10.1017/S1755146300166016|year=1898|url=https://zenodo.org/record/2200945}}</ref> A na-eji ize uzere tụnyere Orgasm, ebe ọ bụ na ma orgasms na mmeghachi omume ize uzere na-agụnye ịze uzere, ịgbatị ahụ, nrụgide na ntọhapụ.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Nicholas|author=Gerbis|url=https://www.livescience.com/34337-sneezing-like-orgasm.html|title=Is Sneezing Really Like an Orgasm?|work=[[LiveScience]]|date=28 November 2012}}</ref> N'okwu a, ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara mmekọahụ Vanessa Thompson nke Mahadum obodo Sydney na-ekwu, "Ize uzere na orgasms na-emepụta kemịkalụ dị mma a na-akpọ endorphins mana ọnụọgụ nke ize uzere na-emepụta dị obere karịa orgasm. "<ref>{{Cite web|first=Peter|author=Terlato|date=1 June 2015|url=https://www.businessinsider.com.au/we-asked-a-sexologist-if-the-theory-about-sneezing-and-orgasms-was-true-heres-what-she-said-2015-6|title=We asked a sexologist if the theory about sneezing and orgasms was true – here's what she said|work=[[Business Insider]]|accessdate=23 March 2019|archivedate=23 March 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323030647/https://www.businessinsider.com.au/we-asked-a-sexologist-if-the-theory-about-sneezing-and-orgasms-was-true-heres-what-she-said-2015-6}}</ref> == N'ime anụmanụ ndị ọzọ == [[Faịlụ:Sneezing_zebra.jpg|thumb|[[Zebra]] n’ezi uzere]] Ize uzere abụghị naanị ụmụ mmadụ maọbụ ọbụna ụmụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara. Ọtụtụ ụmụ anụmanụ gụnyere nwamba, nkịta, ọkụkọ na iguana na-eji ize uzere akpa nkata.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pets.webmd.com/cats/why-cats-sneeze|title=Why Cats Sneeze|work=WebMD}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vetstreet.com/care/my-pet-is-sneezing-and-snorting-whats-going-on|title=My Pet Is Sneezing and Snorting. What's Going On?|date=19 September 2011|work=Vet Street}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.keepingchickens.com/why-is-my-chicken-sneezing/|title=Why is my Chicken Sneezing?|accessdate=2015-04-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517002223/http://www.keepingchickens.com/why-is-my-chicken-sneezing/|archivedate=2015-05-17|work=Keeping Chickens}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|first=Melissa|author=Kaplan|date=1 January 2014|url=http://www.anapsid.org/sneeze.html|title=Sneezing and Yawning|work=Herp Care Collection}}</ref> Nkịta ọhịa ndị mba Afrịka na-eji ịze uzere dịka ụdị nkwurịta okwu, ọkachasị mgbe ị na-atụle nkwekọrịta n'ime ìgwè ma ị ga-achụ nta maọbụ na ị gaghị.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Lycaon pictus) use variable quorum thresholds facilitated by sneezes in collective decisions|journal=Proceedings. Biological Sciences|volume=284|issue=1862|year=2017|pmid=28878054|doi=10.1098/rspb.2017.0347}}</ref> Ụdị nkịta ụfọdụ na-enwekarị uzere. == Hụkwazie == * Ịkụ ụkwara * Ọrịa Rhinitis * Mkpọrọ * Sniffle == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == {{refbegin}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a2_304.html|first=Cecil|last=Adams|year=1987|title=If you hold your eyelids open while sneezing, will your eyes pop out?|work=The Straight Dope}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/language/phrases/blessyou.htm|first=Barbara|last=Mikkelson|year=2001|title=Bless You!|work=Urban Legends Reference Pages}} * {{cite web|url=http://madsci.org/posts/archives/aug97/865380242.Me.r.html|first=Tom|last=Wilson|year=1997|title=Why do we sneeze when we look at the sun?|work=MadSci Network}} * {{cite web|url=http://arthursclassicnovels.com/sheckley/protect10.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100516145519/http://arthursclassicnovels.com/sheckley/protect10.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=May 16, 2010|first=Robert|last=Sheckley|year=1956|title="Protection," a short story about sneezing}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/eng/osc/osc60.htm|title=The Origins of Popular Superstitions and Customs|first=T. Sharper|last=Knowlson|year=1910}} a book that listed many superstitions and customs that are still common today. * {{cite web|url=http://www.nhsdirect.nhs.uk/Sat/Topics/ColdsAndFlu.aspx?Host=Nhsd&SyndicationPartnerGuid=d19370ea-a100-407d-9695-b73407f701c7&TopicGuid=8c903315-a302-412a-bfae-9cb576d4b4cd|title=Cold and flu advice|work=NHS Direct|access-date=2009-05-06|archive-date=2010-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105095125/http://www.nhsdirect.nhs.uk/Sat/Topics/ColdsAndFlu.aspx?Host=Nhsd&SyndicationPartnerGuid=d19370ea-a100-407d-9695-b73407f701c7&TopicGuid=8c903315-a302-412a-bfae-9cb576d4b4cd}} * {{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5435812|title=Ancient Sneezing: A Gift from the Gods|first=Elaine|last=Fantham|author-link=Elaine Fantham|work=[[Princeton University|Princeton]]|publisher=[[NPR]] Radio}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.boston.com/news/science/articles/2004/06/15/why_do_my_eyes_close_every_time_i_sneeze/|title=Why do my eyes close every time I sneeze?|vauthors=Sherborn MG|work=[[The Boston Globe]]|date=15 June 2004}} {{refend}} == Edensibia == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] pp0b0jtqd1y2j845bf0d7qqzxnmfm6i 0 75379 632486 2026-05-10T05:53:10Z NiferO 20385 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345315330|Loveday Enyinnaya]]" 632486 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Loveday Enyinnaya Okechukwu''' {{Audio|LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Vivian Amalachukwu-Loveday Enyinnaya Okechukwu.wav|Listen}} (amụrụ n'abalị iri abụọ na asatọ n'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 1989) bụ onye Naijiria bụbu [[Footbọl|onye na-agba bọọlụ]] nke na-agbachitere. == Ọrụ == Amụrụ ya na Warri, Naijiria, Enyinnaya malitere ọrụ ya na Malabar United nke I-League 2nd Division n'afọ 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Merchant|first=Nikunj|title=I-League Second Division: Final Round - Match Day 3 Round Up|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1838/i-league-division-ii/2010/05/04/1908973/i-league-second-division-final-round-match-day-3-round-up|work=Goal.com|accessdate=28 December 2014}}</ref> Ọ gara n'ihu isonye na Rangdajied United, wee banye ''Ar-Hime'',<ref>{{Cite web|title=A.R Hima sign three players, 2 with I-League experience|url=http://meghalayatimes.info/index.php/54-archive/sports/january-2012/3284-ar-hima-sign-three-players-2-with-i-league-experience|work=Meghalaya Times|accessdate=30 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407074928/http://meghalayatimes.info/index.php/54-archive/sports/january-2012/3284-ar-hima-sign-three-players-2-with-i-league-experience|archivedate=7 April 2014}}</ref> na 2011 wee sonye na klọb ahụ na Shillong Premier League na I-League 2nd Division. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Double delight as Royal Wahingdoh win SPL|url=http://www.theshillongtimes.com/2011/12/04/double-delight-as-royal-wahingdoh-win-spl/|work=The Shillong Times|accessdate=28 December 2014}}</ref> Ọ sonyeere Royal Wahingdoh wee kpọọ otu na ngalaba nke abụọ na 2014, na-enyere ha aka inwe nkwalite na I-League.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Royal Wahingdoh: The Team To Watch Out For In I-League 2|url=http://feverpitch.in/featured.php?ftartid=2533&article=Royal-Wahingdoh:-The-Team-To-Watch-Out-For-In-I-League-2|work=FeverPitch|accessdate=28 December 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228204245/http://feverpitch.in/featured.php?ftartid=2533&article=Royal-Wahingdoh%3A-The-Team-To-Watch-Out-For-In-I-League-2|archivedate=28 December 2014}}</ref> O mere nke mbụ ya maka otu ahụ na 28 n'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2014 na Federation Cup megide Mumbai. <ref>{{Cite web|title=RWFC 2-1 MFC|url=https://twitter.com/RoyalWahingdohF/status/549173195702423552|work=Royal Wahingdoh FC (Twitter)|accessdate=28 December 2014}}</ref> == Nsọpụrụ == '''Rangdajied United''' * I-League 2nd Division: 2013<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kolkatafootball.com/ileague_2nd_2013/index.html|title=ileague 2nd divn -2013 &#124; LIVE Indian Football News &#124; LIVE kolkatafootball.com &#124; Indian Football &#124; I-LEAGUE LIVe SCORE &#124; Live Indian Football News &#124; Live Indian Soccer News &#124; Football in India &#124; Soccer of India. &#124; KOLKATA FOOTBALL NEWS|work=www.kolkatafootball.com}}</ref> * Shillong Premier League: 2013<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rangdajied United FC became the champions of the Shillong Premier League after beating Malki FC in the final.|url=http://feverpitch.in/news.php?newsid=2249|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208045421/http://feverpitch.in/news.php?newsid=2249|archivedate=8 December 2015|work=feverpitch.in|accessdate=29 November 2015}}</ref> '''Sporting Club nke Goa''' * Goa Professional League: 2015-16 '''Ezigbo Kashmir''' * I-League 2nd Division: 2017-18<ref>{{Cite news|title=2nd Division I-League: Real Kashmir promoted to I-League|url=http://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/second-division-i-league-real-kashmir-fc-hindustan-fc/12w0a2fi1q7kd1a36kg3ulm35c|accessdate=30 May 2018|work=goal.com|date=30 May 2018}}</ref> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 055plrqm0v4onjwhs52hbhh2nx1zwlx 0 75380 632487 2026-05-10T08:59:32Z Chigozirim2005 19722 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350609019|Colette]]" 632487 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Sidonie-Gabrielle '''Colette'''''' ( [sidɔni ɡabʁijɛl kɔlɛt]; 28 Jenụwarị 1873 - 3 Ọgọst 1954), nke a maara dị ka Colette ma ọ bụ dị ka '''Colette Willy''', bụ onye edemede French na nwanyị nke akwụkwọ ozi. Ọ bụkwa onye na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-ese ihe nkiri, na onye nta akụkọ. A maara Colette nke ọma n'ụwa na-asụ Bekee maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke 1944 ''Gigi'', nke bụ ihe ndabere maka Ihe nkiri 1958 na mmepụta nke 1973 nke otu aha ahụ. Nchịkọta akụkọ mkpirikpi ya The Tendrils of the mime bụkwa nke a ma ama na France.{{IPA|fr|sidɔni ɡabʁijɛl kɔlɛt|lang}}{{IPA|fr|sidɔni ɡabʁijɛl kɔlɛt|lang}}{{IPA|fr|sidɔni ɡabʁijɛl kɔlɛt|lang}} == Oge ọ malitere == A ''amụrụ'' ''Sido''-Gabrielle Colette na 28 Jenụwarị 1873 n'obodo Saint-Sauveur-en-Puisaye na ngalaba Yonne, Burgundy . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Flower|first=John|title=Historical Dictionary of French Literature|location=Lanham, Md.|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|date=2022|isbn=9781538168578|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wb9rEAAAQBAJ}}</ref> Nna ya, Captain Jules-Joseph Colette (1829-1905), bụ dike agha. Ọ bụ onye Zouave nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị agha Saint-Cyr, onye tụfuru ụkwụ na [[:fr:Bataille de Melegnano|Melegnano]] na Agha nke Abụọ nke Nnwere Onwe Ịtali. E nyere ya ọkwa dị ka onye na-anakọta ụtụ isi n'obodo Saint-Sauveur-en-Puisaye ebe a mụrụ ụmụ ya. A na-akpọ nne ya, Adèle Eugénie Sidonie, née Landoy (1835-1912) Sido. Nna nna Colette, Robert Landois, bụ onye Martinican mulatto bara ọgaranya, onye biri na Charleville na 1787. <ref name="FrancisGontier">{{Cite book|author=Francis|first=Claude|title=Creating Colette Volume 1: From Ingenue to Libertine, 1873-1913|date=1998|publisher=Steerforth Press L.C.|location=South Royalton, Vt.|isbn=1-883642-91-4|pages=367|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/first/f/francis-colette.html|accessdate=16 September 2024|language=English|chapter=1}}</ref> N'alụmdi na nwunye mbụ a haziri na Jules Robineau Duclos, nne Colette nwere ụmụ abụọ: Juliette (1860-1908) na Achille (1863-1913). O mechara lụọ Captain Colette wee mụọ ụmụ abụọ ọzọ: Leopold (1866–1940) na Sidonie-Gabrielle.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Colette (1873–1954) {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/colette-1873-1954|accessdate=13 February 2022|work=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chicago Tribune: Chicago news, sports, weather, entertainment|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/|accessdate=13 February 2022|work=chicagotribune.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=11 December 2019|title=Top 10 interesting facts about the French writer Colette|url=https://www.discoverwalks.com/blog/paris/top-10-interesting-facts-about-the-french-writer-colette/|accessdate=13 February 2022|work=Discover Walks Blog}}</ref> Colette gara ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze site na afọ 6 ruo 17. Ezinụlọ ahụ bara ọgaranya na mbụ, mana nlekọta ego na-adịghị mma belatara ego ha na-enweta. [6][7] == Ọrụ == N'afọ 1893, Colette lụrụ Henry Gauthier-Villars (1859-1931), onye edemede na onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ nke tọrọ ya afọ iri na anọ, onye jiri aha mkpịsị aka "Willy".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wwd.com/eye/people/book-tells-story-of-colettes-france-7264395?src=nl/wkEye/20140103|title=Book Tells Story of Colette's France|work=Women's Wear Daily|date=27 December 2013|accessdate=3 January 2014|author=Koski, Lorna}}.</ref> Akwụkwọ akụkọ anọ mbụ ya - akụkọ Claudine anọ: Claudine à l'école (1900), Claudine à Paris (1901), Claudine en ménage (1902), na Claudine s'en va (1903) - pụtara n'okpuru aha ya. (A na-ebipụta anọ ahụ n'asụsụ Bekee dị ka Claudine na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ, Claudine na Paris, Claudine Married, na Claudine na Annie.) [[Faịlụ:Jacques_Humbert_-_Colette.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Colette, nke Jacques Humbert sere n'ihe dị ka afọ 1896.]] Akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ahụ na-akọwa ọbịbịa afọ na ntorobịa nke dike ha, Claudine, site na nwata dị afọ 15 na-ekwekọghị n'otu obodo Burgundia ruo na doyenne nke ebe a na-edebe akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Paris nke oge ochie. Akụkọ ha na-akọ bụ ọkara nke onwe, ọ bụ ezie na Claudine, n'adịghị ka Colette, enweghị nne[9][10] Alụmdi na nwunye ya na Gauthier-Villars nyere Colette ohere itinye oge ya n'ide akwụkwọ.[11][12][13] O mechara kwuo na ọ gaghị abụ onye edemede ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị maka Willy.[14][7]Otu n'ime nnwere onwe a ma ama na Paris, ọ kpọbatara nwunye ya n'ime okirikiri ọgụgụ isi na nka avant-garde ma gbaa ndị enyi nwanyị nwanyị ume. Ma ọ bụ ya họọrọ isiokwu nke titillating nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Claudine: "akụkọ ifo nke abụọ nke Sappho ... ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụ agbọghọ ma ọ bụ ebe obibi ndị nọn nke onye nkụzi nwanyị na-eduhie eduhie na-achị." Willy "kpọchiri ya [Colette] n'ime ụlọ ya ruo mgbe o wepụtara ibe zuru ezu nke dabara ya." " <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> [[Faịlụ:(Barcelona)_Portrait_de_la_romancière_Colette_-_Jacques-Emile_Blanche_-_Barcelone_Museu_Nacional_d'Art_de_Catalunya.jpg|thumb|Foto nke Colette nke Jacques-Émile Blanche, 1905, Museo Nacional d'Art de CatalunyaEbe ndebe ihe ochie nke Catalonia]] == Mgbe ịgba alụkwaghịm gasịrị == Colette na Willy kewapụrụ na 1906, ọ bụ ezie na ịgba alụkwaghịm ha akwụsịbeghị ruo 1910. Colette enweghị ohere ịnweta nnukwu ego nke akwụkwọ Claudine - ikike nwebisiinka bụ nke Willy - na ruo 1912 ọ rụrụ ọrụ egwuregwu na ụlọ egwu egwu n'ofe France, mgbe ụfọdụ na-egwu Claudine na eserese sitere na akwụkwọ akụkọ ya, na-enweta ego na agụụ na-agụkarị ya. Iji nweta ego, ọ tụgharịrị n'ọrụ nta akụkọ n'afọ ndị 1910.[15] N'oge a, ọ ghọkwara onye na-ese foto. A na-echeta oge a nke ndụ ya na La Vagabonde (1910), nke na-ekwu maka nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị n'etiti ụmụ nwoke, isiokwu nke ọ ga-alaghachi mgbe niile n'ọrụ n'ọdịnihu. [[Faịlụ:Colette_and_Mathilde_“Missy”_de_Morny.jpg|thumb|Colette na Mathilde "Missy" nke Morny]] N'ime afọ ndị a, ya na ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ malitere mmekọrịta dị iche iche, ọkachasị Natalie Clifford Barney <ref>{{Cite web|first=Cameron|author=van Sant|title=Despite Trans Casting, 'Colette' Still Fails Trans Viewers|url=https://www.intomore.com/impact/despite-trans-casting-colette-still-fails-trans-viewers/|work=intomore.com|date=8 October 2018|publisher=Into|accessdate=20 March 2021|quote=Missy de Morny is certainly transgender, even if the exact specifics of his identity are difficult to determine.}}</ref> na [1] Mathilde de Morny, Marquise de Belbeuf ("Missy" ma ọ bụ "Max"), onye ya na ya na-arụkọ ọrụ mgbe ụfọdụ.[16] Na 3 Jenụwarị 1907, Max na Colette na-esusu ọnụ n'elu ikpo okwu n'ime ihe nkiri akpọrọ "Rêve d'Égypte" kpatara ọgba aghara, n'ihi ya, ha enweghịzi ike ibi n'otu n'ihu ọha, ọ bụ ezie na mmekọrịta ha gara n'ihu ruo afọ ise ọzọ.[11][16][18] Na 1912, Colette lụrụ Henry de Jouvenel, onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Le Matin. Ha mụrụ nwa nwanyị, Colette de Jouvenel, nke a na-akpọ ''Bel-Gazou'', na 1913. == Afọ 1920 na 1930 == N'afọ 1920, Colette bipụtara Chéri, na-egosi ịhụnanya dị n'etiti nwanyị meworo agadi na nwoke ka ukwuu. Chéri bụ onye huru Léa n'anya, onye ogaranya nwere ikike; Obi gbawara Léa mgbe Chéri lụrụ otu nwa agbọghọ bụ́ ọgbọ ya, obi na-adịkwa ya ụtọ ma ọ lọghachikwute ya, ma mgbe otu abalị ikpeazụ ya na ya biri, ọ hapụkwara ya ọzọ.[19] Colette's marriage to Jouvenel ended in divorce in 1924, due partly to his infidelities and partly to her affair with her 16-year-old stepson, Bertrand de Jouvenel. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2026)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> In 1925, she met Maurice Goudeket, who became her final husband; the couple stayed together until her death.[11][12] Colette bụ onye edemede a ma ama n'oge ahụ (The Vagabond enwetala votu atọ maka Prix Goncourt). Afọ iri nke afọ 1920 na 1930 bụ oge kachasị arụpụta ihe na ihe ọhụrụ.[20] Ntọala na Burgundy ma ọ bụ Paris n'oge Belle Époque, ọrụ ya lekwasịrị anya na ndụ alụmdi na nwunye na mmekọahụ. Ọ na-abụkarị ihe gbasara onwe ya: Chéri (1920) na Le Blé en Herbe (1923) na-ahụ maka ịhụnanya n'etiti nwanyị meworo agadi na nwa okorobịa, ọnọdụ na-egosipụta mmekọrịta ya na Bertrand de Jouvenel na di ya nke atọ, Goudeket, onye dị afọ 16 ka ọ dị obere.. [12][11] La Naissance du Jour (1928) bụ nkatọ doro anya ya banyere ndụ ụmụ nwanyị, nke gosipụtara site na ntụgharị uche banyere afọ na ịhapụ ịhụnanya site na àgwà nne ya, Sido.[21] Ka ọ na-erule oge a, a na-eto Colette dị ka onye edemede nwanyị kacha ukwuu na France. "Ọ ... enweghị nkata, ma na-akọ banyere ndụ atọ ihe niile kwesịrị ịmara," ka Janet Flanner nke Sido (1929) dere. "Ọzọkwa, na ogologo oge karịa ka ọ dị na mbụ, a na-eto ya maka ọgụgụ isi ya, ụmụ mmadụ na akwụkwọ akụkọ zuru oke site na akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ahụ nke afọ gara aga ... ebulighị ihe ọ bụla na ntụziaka ya ma e wezụga mkpịsị aka nke nlelị. "[22] N'ime afọ 1920, ya na onye edemede onye Juu na Algeria bụ Elissa Rhaïs, onye nabatara onye Alakụba iji ree akwụkwọ akụkọ ya. == Afọ ndị ikpeazụ, 1940-1954 == Colette dị afọ 67 mgbe ndị Germany weghaara France. Ọ nọrọ na Paris, n'ụlọ ya na Palais-Royal. Her husband Maurice Goudeket, who was Jewish, was arrested by the Gestapo in December 1941, and although he was released after seven weeks through the intervention of the French wife of the German ambassador,[24][25][26] N'oge Occupation, o mepụtara mpịakọta abụọ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme, Journal à Rebours (1941) na De ma Fenêtre (1942); e wepụtara ha abụọ n'asụsụ Bekee na 1975 dị ka Looking Backwards.[11] O dere isiokwu ndụ maka ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ na-akwado ndị Nazi. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/v22/n06/terry-castle/yes-you-sweetheart|title=Terry Castle Reviews ''Secrets of the Flesh: A Life of Colette'' by Judith Thurman|date=16 March 2000|work=London Review of Books|accessdate=17 January 2019}}</ref> Ndị a, na akwụkwọ akụkọ ya ''Julie de Carneilhan'' (1941), nwere ọtụtụ mkparị megide ndị Juu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/jan/07/colette-french-novelist-movie-keira-knightley|title=Wild, controversial and free: Colette, a life too big for film|date=7 January 2019|work=The Guardian|accessdate=17 January 2019}}</ref> Na 1944, Colette bipụtara ihe ghọrọ ọrụ ya a ma ama, Gigi, nke na-akọ akụkọ Gilberte dị afọ 16 ("Gigi") Alvar. Amụrụ n'ime ezinụlọ nke demimondaines, a zụrụ Gigi ka ọ bụrụ onye nkwanye ugwu iji dọta onye hụrụ ọgaranya n'anya mana ọ na-emegide ọdịnala site n'ịlụ ya kama.[29] N'afọ 1949, e mere ya ka ọ bụrụ ihe nkiri French nke Danièle Delorme na Gaby Morlay na-eme ihe nkiri, mgbe ahụ na 1951 gbanwere maka ogbo ya na Audrey Hepburn na-amaghị mgbe ahụ (nke Colette họpụtara n'onwe ya) na ọrụ aha. Ihe nkiri egwu Hollywood nke 1958, nke na-eme Leslie Caron na Louis Jourdan, nwere ihe nkiri Alan Jay Lerner na akara Lerner na Frederick Loewe, meriri Award Academy Award for Best Picture.. N'afọ ndị agha gachara, Colette ghọrọ onye ama ama n'ihu ọha. Ọrịa ogbu na nkwonkwo nwere nkwarụ ma Goudeket lekọtara ya, onye lekọtara nkwadebe nke Œuvres Complètes ya (1948-1950). Ọ gara n'ihu na-ede akwụkwọ n'ime afọ ndị ahụ ma bipụta L'Etoile Vesper (1946) na Le Fanal Bleu (1949), ebe ọ tụgharịrị uche na nsogbu nke onye edemede nke mkpali ya bụ akụkọ ndụ onwe onye. === Ihe nrite Nobel na edemede === {{Reflist}}N'afọ 1948, Claude Farrère, onye otu Académie Française, họpụtara Colette maka onyinye Nobel na edemede.<ref>{{Cite web|accessdate=24 September 2018|title=Sidonie Gabrielle Colette in the Nomination Database|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/redirector/?redir=archive/show_people.php&id=1883|work=The official website of the Nobel Prize - Nobel Foundation}}</ref> N'oge mkparịta ụka ahụ, Kọmitii Nobel kwuru na "onye edemede French na-aga n'ụgbọelu ebe a na-enweghị ike ịtụle ya maka onyinye Nobel". N'ihi ya, a jụrụ naanị nhọpụta ya. <ref name="Nobelpriset i litteratur" /><ref name="Nobelpriset i litteratur">{{Cite book|url=http://libris.kb.se/bib/8345517|title=Nobelpriset i litteratur. Nomineringar och utlåtanden 1901–1950|first=Bo|author=Svensén|date=2001|publisher=Svenska Akademien|isbn=978-91-1-301007-6|accessdate=11 November 2020}}</ref> == Ọrụ odeakụkọ == E dere akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ nke Colette (1895-1900) na njikọ aka ya na di ya, Gauthier-Villars - nyocha egwu maka La Cocarde, akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa ụbọchị nke Maurice Barres guzobere na usoro nke La Fronde.<ref name="Thurman, 2000">{{Cite book|author=Thurman|first=Judith|title=Secrets of the flesh : a life of Colette|date=2000|location=New York|isbn=978-0-345-37103-4|publisher=First Ballantine books}}</ref> Mgbe ya na Gauthier-Villars gbara alụkwaghịm na 1910, o dere n'onwe ya maka akwụkwọ dịgasị iche iche, na-enweta aha ọma maka edemede ya na-ekpuchi ọnọdụ ọha na eze, ihe nkiri, ejiji, na ihe nkiri, yana akụkọ mpụ.[33] Na Disemba 1910, Colette kwetara ide edemede oge niile na akwụkwọ akụkọ Paris kwa ụbọchị, Le Matin - na mbụ n'okpuru aha nzuzo, mgbe ahụ dị ka "Colette Willy. " Otu n'ime ndị nchịkọta akụkọ ya bụ Henry de Jouvenel, onye ọ lụrụ na 1912.[34] Otu n'ime ndị editọ ya bụ Henry de Jouvenel, onye ọ lụrụ na 1912. Ka ọ na-erule 1912, Colette akụziworo onwe ya ka ọ bụrụ onye nta akụkọ: "Ị ghaghị ịhụ ma ghara ịmepụta, ị ghaghị imetụ aka, ọ bụghị iche n'echiche .. n'ihi na, mgbe ị na-ahụ mpempe akwụkwọ [n'ebe a na-eme mpụ] na-agbanye n'ọbara ọhụrụ, ha bụ agba ị na-enweghị ike ịmepụta."[35][36] Nkewa nke Colette na Jouvenel na 1923 manyere ya ịhapụ mmekọrịta ya na Le Matin. N'ime afọ iri atọ sochirinụ, isiokwu ya pụtara n'ihe karịrị akwụkwọ iri abụọ na abụọ, gụnyere Vogue, Le Figaro, na Paris-Soir. N'oge German Occupation nke France, Colette gara n'ihu na-enye aka na mbipụta kwa ụbọchị na kwa izu, Ụtụtụ n'ime ha na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na ndị na-akwado Nazi, gụnyere Le Petit Parisien, nke ghọrọ onye na-akwado Vichy mgbe Jenụwarị 1941, na La Gerbe, kwa izu na-akwado ndị Nazi.[37] Ọ bụ ezie na akụkọ ya abụghị nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, a katọrọ Colette nke ọma n'oge ahụ maka inyefe akwụkwọ ndị a ugwu ya ma nabata onwe ya n'okpuru ọchịchị Vichy.[38] Edemede ya na Nọvemba 26, 1942, "Ma Bourgogne Pauvre" ("My Ogbenye Burgundy"), ụfọdụ ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme kpọpụtara ya ka ọ na-anakwere ụfọdụ ebumnuche ultra-nationalist nke ndị odee Vichyist siri ike kwadoro.<ref name="Golsan, 1993">{{Cite journal|author=Golsan|first=Richard J.|title=Ideology, cultural politics and literary collaboration at La Gerbe|journal=Journal of European Studies|date=March 1993|volume=89|issue=89–90|pages=27–47|doi=10.1177/004724419302300103|url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A14066069/LitRC?u=nypl&sid=googleScholar&xid=0e3d98dd}}</ref> Mgbe afọ 1945 gachara, ọrụ mgbasa ozi ya bụ nke a na-eme mgbe ụfọdụ, na edemede ikpeazụ ya bụ edemede onwe onye karịa akụkọ a kọrọ.[40] N'oge ọ na-ede akwụkwọ, Colette bipụtara ihe karịrị isiokwu 1200 maka akwụkwọ akụkọ, magazin, na akwụkwọ akụkọ.[41] == Ọnwụ na ihe nketa == Mgbe ọ nwụrụ, na 3 Ọgọstụ 1954, Chọọchị Katọlik jụrụ olili ozu okpukpe n'ihi ịgba alụkwaghịm ya, mana e nyere ya olili ozu steeti, nwanyị France mbụ nke akwụkwọ ozi e nyere nsọpụrụ ahụ, ma lie ya n'ebe ili ozu Père-Lachaise.[25][26][11] [[Faịlụ:Perelachaise-Colette-p1000342.jpg|thumb|Ili Colette na Père Lachaise Cemetery.]] A họpụtara Colette na Belgian Royal Academy (1935), Académie Goncourt (1945, na Onye isi ala na 1949), na Chevalier (1920) na Grand Officer (1953) nke Légion d'honneur.[13] Colette's numerous biographers have proposed widely differing interpretations of her life and work over the decades.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/00/02/27/reviews/000227.27decourt.html|title=Claudine All Grown Up|work=The New York Times|accessdate=31 July 2018}}</ref> Initially considered a limited if talented novelist (despite the outspoken admiration in her lifetime of figures such as André Gide and Henry de Montherlant), she has been increasingly recognised as an important voice in women's writing.[11] Before Colette's death, Katherine Anne Porter wrote in ''The New York Times'' that Colette "is the greatest living French writer of fiction; and that she was while Gide and Proust still lived."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/99/10/17/specials/colette-novels.html|title=A Most Lively Genius|work=The New York Times|accessdate=31 July 2018}}</ref> Akwụkwọ akụkọ Liane de Pougy (1869-1950) site na 1919 ruo 1941, nke e bipụtara dị ka Mes cahiers bleus na French na 1977, na My Blue Notebooks na Bekee na 1979, kọwara ya. Onye na-agụ egwú na onye na-ede egwú Rosanne Cash nyere onye edemede ahụ otuto n'abụ ahụ, "The Summer I Read Colette", na abọm ya nke 1996 10 Song Demo . Truman Capote dere edemede na 1970 banyere izute ya, nke akpọrọ "The White Rose". Ọ na-akọwa otú, mgbe ọ hụrụ ya na-enwe mmasị na akwụkwọ dị arọ na tebụl ("rose ọcha" nke aha ahụ), ọ siri ọnwụ na ọ ga-ewere ya; Capote jụrụ onyinye ahụ na mbụ, mana "...mgbe m mere mkpesa na enweghị m ike ịnabata ihe ọ hụrụ n'anya dị ka onyinye, [ọ zaghachiri] 'Onye m hụrụ n' n'anya, n'ezie ọ dịghị ihe bara uru n'inye onyinye ọ gwụla ma mmadụ jikwa ya kpọrọ ihe dị oké ọnụ ahịa.'" <ref>{{Cite book|author=Capote|first=Truman|date=2007|title=Portraits and Observations: The Essays of Truman Capote|url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/23734/portraits-and-observations-by-truman-capote/9780812994391/|publisher=Random House|isbn=9780812994391|authorlink=Truman Capote}}</ref> Womanhouse (30 Jenụwarị - 28 Febụwarị 1972) bụ ihe ngosi nka Nkà ụmụ nwanyị na oghere arụmọrụ nke Judy Chicago na Miriam Schapiro, ndị guzobere California Institute of the Arts (CalArts) Feminist Art Program, haziri, ọ bụkwa ihe ngosi nka mbụ nke ọha na eze nke dabeere na ike ụmụ nwanyị. Otu n'ime ọnụ ụlọ dị na ya, Leah's Room nke Karen LeCocq na Nancy Youdelman, dabeere na Chéri nke Colette. Karen na Nancy gbaziri tebụl ejiji ochie na kapet, mee ákwà mgbochi ma kpuchie àkwà ahụ na satin na lace iji mepụta mmetụta nke boudoir. Ha jupụtara n'ime ụlọ nkwakọba ihe na uwe ochie na okpu kpuchiri ekpuchi, ma tinye mgbidi na mgbidi iji gbakwunye mmetụta nke nostalgia. LeCocq nọdụrụ na tebụl ejiji ejiji nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu dị ka Léa, na-etinye ihe ntecha ugboro ugboro wee wepụ ya, na-emegharị mgbalị onye ahụ na-eme iji chekwaa ịma mma ya na-apụ n'anya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Shapiro|first=Miriam|title=Recalling Womanhouse|journal=Women's Studies Quarterly|volume=15|issue=1/2|pages=25–30|date=Summer 1987}}</ref> "Lucette Stranded on the Island" nke Julia Holter, site na abọm ya nke afọ 2015 Have You in My Wilderness, dabeere na obere onye si na akụkọ mkpirikpi nke Colette bụ Chance Acquaintances . <ref>{{Cite news|title='There's Always A Piece of Me': Julia Holter on Storytelling|work=NPR.org|url=https://www.npr.org/2015/09/21/442197547/theres-always-a-piece-of-me-julia-holter-on-storytelling|publisher=NPR|accessdate=20 October 2016}}</ref> Na ihe nkiri 1991 Becoming ''Colette'', onye France na-eme ihe nkiri bụ Mathilda May na-eme Colette. Na ihe nkiri 2018 Colette, Keira Knightley na-eme onye isi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/jan/22/colette-review-keira-knightley-is-on-top-form-in-exhilarating-literary-biopic|title=Colette review – Keira Knightley is on top form in exhilarating literary biopic|first=Jordan|author=Hoffman|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=27 January 2018|date=22 January 2018}}</ref> Ihe nkiri abụọ ahụ na-elekwasị anya na ndụ Colette n'afọ iri abụọ ya, alụmdi na nwunye ya na di mbụ ya, na mbipụta nke akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya n'aha ya. == Ọrụ ndị a ma ama == * Claudine à l'école (1900, sụgharịrị dị ka Claudine at School) * Claudine à Paris (1901, sụgharịrị dị ka ''Claudine na Paris'') * Claudine en ménage (1902, sụgharịrị dị ka Claudine Married) * Claudine s'en va (1903, sụgharịrị dị ka ''Claudine na Annie'') * ''Mkparịta ụka nke anụmanụ'' (1904) * ''Ịla ezumike nká'' (1907) * ''Osisi vaịn'' (1908) * La Vagabonde (1910) * N'elu ụlọ ezumezu (1913) * L'''Entrave'' (1913, sụgharịrị dị ka The Shackle) * ''Udo n'etiti anụmanụ'' (1916) * ''Nwatakịrị na Ọgwụ'' (1917, Ravel opera libretto) * Mitsou (1919) * Chéri (1920) * La Maison de Claudine (1922, sụgharịrị dị ka ''Ụlọ Claudine'') * L'Autre Femme (1922, sụgharịrị dị ka The Other Woman) * Le Blé en herbe (1923, sụgharịrị dị ka Ripening Seed) * La Fin de Chéri (1926, sụgharịrị dị ka The Last of Chéri ma ọ bụ The End of Chéri) * La Naissance du jour (1928, sụgharịrị dị ka Break of Day) * ''Sido'' (1929) * La Seconde (1929, sụgharịrị dị ka ''Onye nke ọzọ'') * Le Pur et l'Impur (1932, sụgharịrị dị ka The Pure and the Impure) * ''La Chatte'' (1933) * Duo (1934) * ''Julie de Carneilhan'' (1941) * Kepi (1943) * ''Gigi'' (1944) * ''Paris nke windo m'' (1944) * ''Kpakpando Vesper'' (1946) * Le Fanal Bleu (1949, sụgharịrị dị ka The Blue Lantern) * Paradis terrestre, na foto nke Izis Bidermanas (1953) Ebe e si nweta ya: <ref>{{Cite book|author=Norell|first=Donna M.|title=Colette: An Annotated Primary and Secondary Bibliography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GnRxQgAACAAJ|series=Garland Reference Library of the Humanities|year=1993|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780824066208}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == * La Vagabonde, nke Solange Térac duziri (France, 1932, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ The Vagabond) * Claudine à l'école, nke Serge de Poligny duziri (France, 1937, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ Claudine at School) * ''Gigi'', nke Jacqueline Audry duziri (France, 1949, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Gigi'') * ''Julie de Carneilhan'', nke Jacques Manuel duziri (France, 1950, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Julie de Carneilhan'') * ''Minne (ihe nkiri) '', nke Jacqueline Audry duziri (France, 1950, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ L'Ingénue libertine) * Chéri, nke Pierre Billon duziri (France, 1950, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ Chéri) * Le Blé en herbe, nke Claude Autant-Lara duziri (France, 1954, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ Green Wheat) * Mitsou, nke Jacqueline Audry duziri (France, 1956, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ Mitsou) * ''NBC Matinee Theater: The Vagabond'' (1958, ihe omume TV, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ The Vagabund) * ''Gigi'', nke Vincente Minnelli duziri (1958, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Gigi'') * Chéri, nke François Chatel duziri (France, 1962, ihe nkiri TV, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ Chéri) * The Gentle Libertine ma ọ bụ How Young Girls Grow Wise, nke Robert Kitts duziri (UK, 1967, ihe nkiri TV, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ L'Ingénue libertine) * Away from It All: The Ripening Seed, nke Mischa Scorer duziri (UK, 1973, ihe omume TV, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ Green Wheat) * Chéri, nke Claude Whatham duziri (UK, 1973, miniseries TV, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ Chéri) * La Seconde, nke Hervé Bromberger duziri (France, 1973, ihe nkiri TV, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ La Seconte) * ''Claudine'', nke Édouard Molinaro duziri (France, 1978, miniseries TV, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Claudine'') * La Naissance du jour, nke Jacques Demy duziri (France, 1980, ihe nkiri TV, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ Break of Day) * Emmenez-moi au théâtre: Chéri, nke Yves-André Hubert duziri (France, 1984, ihe omume TV, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ Chéri) * ''Gigi'', nke Jeannette Hubert duziri (France, 1987, ihe nkiri TV, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Gigi'') * ''Julie de Carneilhan'', nke Christopher Frank duziri (France, 1990, ihe nkiri TV, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Julie de Carneilhan'') * Le Blé en herbe, nke Serge Meynard duziri (France, 1990, ihe nkiri TV, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ Green Wheat) * La Seconde, nke Christopher Frank duziri (France, 1990, ihe nkiri TV, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ La Seconte) * Duo, nke Claude Santelli duziri (France, 1990, ihe nkiri TV, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ Duo) * Bella Vista, nke Alfredo Arias duziri (France, 1992, ihe nkiri TV, dabere na akụkọ mkpirikpi ''Bella-Vista'') * Mademoiselle ''Gigi'', nke Caroline Huppert duziri (France, 2006, ihe nkiri TV, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ Gigi) * Chéri, nke Stephen Frears duziri (UK, 2009, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ Chéri) === Onye edemede === * 1934: Lake of Ladies (onye ndu Marc Allégret) * 1935: Divine (onye nduzi Max Ophüls) === Ihe nkiri banyere Colette === * ''Colette'', nke Yannick Bellon duziri (France, 1952, obere ihe ngosi) * Becoming Colette, nke Danny Huston duziri (1991), na Mathilda May dị ka Colette * Colette, une femme libre, nke Nadine Trintignant duziri (France, 2004, ihe nkiri TV), na Marie Trintignant dị ka Colette * ''Colette'', nke Wash Westmoreland duziri (2018), na Keira Knightley dị ka Colette * Colette, l'insoumise, nke Cécile Denjean duziri (France, 2018, ihe ngosi) {{Reflist}} * 100 Akwụkwọ nke narị afọ nke Le Monde, ndepụta nke gụnyere Les Vrilles de la vigne''Osisi vaịn'' * Ndị a na-akpọ otu == Edemside == === Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ ===  <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] tsqsvevhxet4n7vo9e319zfbnpygyiv 0 75381 632488 2026-05-10T09:13:15Z Johnnybam 24488 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346689305|William Troost-Ekong]]" 632488 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''William''' '''Paul Troost-Ekong''' MFR MON (amụrụ n'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 1993) bụ [[Footbọl|onye na-agba bọọlụ]] nke na-agbachitere ndị otu Qatar Stars League Al-Ahli . A mụrụ ya na Netherlands, ọ bụ onyeisi [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]]. A mụrụ ya n'ezinụlọ Dutch na Naijiria, Troost-Ekong ruru eru maka Netherlands na Naijeria na mba ụwa. O mere nke mbụ ya maka Naịjirịa n'afọ 2015 ma kemgbe ahụ enwetala ihe karịrị 80 caps. == Ọrụ klọb == Troost-Ekong gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Hockerill Anglo-European College na Bishop's Stortford, na England. Ọ gbara bọọlụ na ọkwa ndị ntorobịa na England maka Fulham na Tottenham Hotspur, <ref name="scotsman">{{Cite web|url=http://www.scotsman.com/sport/football/latest/celtic-eye-groningen-defender-william-troost-ekong-1-3716896|title=Celtic eye Groningen defender William Troost-Ekong|date=12 March 2015|accessdate=28 July 2015|publisher=The Scotsman|archivedate=24 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924153036/http://www.scotsman.com/sport/football/latest/celtic-eye-groningen-defender-william-troost-ekong-1-3716896}}</ref> Troost-Ekong malitere ọrụ ya dị elu na Netherlands na FC Groningen na FC Dordrecht. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vi.nl/spelers/carriere/william-troostekong.htm|title=Profile|accessdate=28 July 2015|language=nl|publisher=Voetbal International|archivedate=7 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707155156/http://www.vi.nl/spelers/carriere/william-troostekong.htm}}</ref> Mgbe ejikọtara ya na mba ofesi na Celtic n'etiti ndị ọzọ, <ref name="scotsman">{{Cite web|url=http://www.scotsman.com/sport/football/latest/celtic-eye-groningen-defender-william-troost-ekong-1-3716896|title=Celtic eye Groningen defender William Troost-Ekong|date=12 March 2015|accessdate=28 July 2015|publisher=The Scotsman|archivedate=24 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924153036/http://www.scotsman.com/sport/football/latest/celtic-eye-groningen-defender-william-troost-ekong-1-3716896}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.scotsman.com/sport/football/latest/celtic-eye-groningen-defender-william-troost-ekong-1-3716896 "Celtic eye Groningen defender William Troost-Ekong"]. </cite></ref> ọ bịanyere aka na klọb Belgian KAA Gent na July 2015 ma gbazinye ya ozugbo na klọbu Norwegian FK Haugesund. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/33691115|title=Nigerian defender William Troost-Ekong joins Gent|date=28 July 2015|accessdate=28 July 2015|author=Oluwashina Okeleji|publisher=BBC Sport|archivedate=29 July 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729121200/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/33691115}}</ref> N'ọnwa Julaị 2017, Troost-Ekong bịanyere aka na klọb Turkish Süper Lig Bursaspor . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bursaspor.org.tr/bs//haber?id=22822/07/07/2017/william_troost-ekong_ile_her_konuda_anlasma_saglandi|title=Bursaspor Kulübü Resmi İnternet Sitesi|language=tr|work=www.bursaspor.org.tr|accessdate=8 July 2017|archivedate=15 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615214255/https://www.bursaspor.org.tr/bs//haber?id=22822%2F07%2F07%2F2017%2Fwilliam_troost-ekong_ile_her_konuda_anlasma_saglandi}}</ref> N'abalị iri na asaa n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2018, Troost-Ekong sonyeere klọb Udinese nke Serie A nke Ịtali.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.tuttomercatoweb.com/udinese/?action=read&idtmw=1146988|accessdate=17 August 2018|title=UFFICIALE: Udinese, ingaggiato Troost-Ekong|language=it}}</ref> N'oge izizi ya na Serie A, ọ pụtara 35 league ma debanye aha ugboro anọ, nyere Udinese aka ruo n'ọnọdụ nke iri na abụọ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.completesports.com/troost-ekong-positive-on-udinese-future-after-escaping-relegation/|title=Troost-Ekong Positive On Udinese Future After Escaping Relegation|date=27 March 2019|accessdate=4 August 2019|work=[[Complete Sports]]}}</ref> N'oge ọzọ, Udinese mechara nke iri na atọ, ọ bụ ezie na ha nwere akara abụọ ọzọ. N'agbanyeghị mkpọsa egwuregwu na-adịghị mma nke otu ahụ, Troost-Ekong malitere (ma kpọọ nkeji iri itoolu zuru ezu) na mmeri a na-agaghị echefu echefu megide AC Milan na Juventus n'oge abụọ ya na Le ''Zebrette''. Na 29 Septemba 2020, Troost-Ekong bịanyere aka na EFL Championship nke Watford na nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta afọ ise. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mysportdab.com/2020/09/watford-sign-nigerian-footballer-troost-ekong-from-udinese/|title=Troost-Ekong Joins Watford|publisher=MySportDab|date=30 September 2020|accessdate=30 September 2020|archivedate=22 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022002539/https://www.mysportdab.com/2020/09/watford-sign-nigerian-footballer-troost-ekong-from-udinese/}}</ref> Ọ gbara goolu mbụ ya maka klọb ahụ na mmeri 3-2 megide Coventry City na 7 Nọvemba 2020. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/54758042|title=Watford 3–2 Coventry|publisher=BBC|date=7 November 2020|accessdate=7 November 2020|archivedate=7 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107124554/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/54758042}}</ref> Na 24 Jenụwarị 2023, Troost-Ekong bịanyere aka na klọb Serie A Salernitana na mgbazinye ego na nhọrọ ịzụta na ngwụcha oge.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Adetunji|first=Joshua|date=24 January 2023|title=Troost-Ekong confirms Watford departure|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/africa/64388018|accessdate=2023-01-24}}</ref> Na 4 Julaị 2023, ọ sonyeere klọb Super League Greece PAOK na nkwekọrịta na-adịgide adịgide maka mbufe n'efu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.paokfc.gr/en/news/20230704-paiktis-tou-paok-o-william-troost-ekong/|title=William Troost-Ekong joins PAOK|date=4 July 2023}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2024, Troost-Ekong sonyeere klọb Al-Kholood nke Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=تروست القائد الدولي الثامن في "روشن"|url=https://arriyadiyah.com/847622}}</ref> Na 20 Jenụwarị 2026, Troost-Ekong sonyeere otu Qatar Stars League Al-Ahli na mbufe n'efu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=الأهلي يتعاقد مع المدافع النيجيري ويليام ايكونغ لموسم ونصف|url=https://alahlisc.qa/202526023}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == [[Faịlụ:William_troostekong-1439281002.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ọzụzụ Troost-Ekong na [[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] na 2015]] A mụrụ Troost-Ekong na Netherlands n'aka nne Dutch, Eleanore Troost na nna Naijiria. O nwere ụmụnne abụọ, Emily na Everest. Mgbe ọ nọchitere anya Netherlands na ndị na-eto eto n'okpuru afọ 19 na ndị na'n'okpuru afọ 20, <ref name="scotsman">{{Cite web|url=http://www.scotsman.com/sport/football/latest/celtic-eye-groningen-defender-william-troost-ekong-1-3716896|title=Celtic eye Groningen defender William Troost-Ekong|date=12 March 2015|accessdate=28 July 2015|publisher=The Scotsman|archivedate=24 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924153036/http://www.scotsman.com/sport/football/latest/celtic-eye-groningen-defender-william-troost-ekong-1-3716896}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.scotsman.com/sport/football/latest/celtic-eye-groningen-defender-william-troost-ekong-1-3716896 "Celtic eye Groningen defender William Troost-Ekong"]. </cite></ref> Troost-Ekong mechara họrọ ịnọchite anya [[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]]. O mere nke mbụ ya na mba ụwa maka Super Eagles na 13 June 2015, na-egwu nkeji 90 na egwuregwu AFCON na Chad. Ọ malitere ugboro atọ maka ndị otu okenye na 2016 tupu a họpụta ya maka ndị otu Naịjirịa na-erubeghị afọ iri abụọ na atọ na ndị otu ha dị iri atọ na ise maka Rio 2016 Summer Olympics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/36623763|title=Kelechi Iheanacho included in Nigeria's Olympics squad|date=24 June 2016|accessdate=25 June 2016|author=Oluwashina Okeleji|publisher=BBC Sport|archivedate=24 October 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024130341/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/36623763}}</ref> N'ọnwa Juun afọ 2018, a kpọrọ aha ya n'ime ndị otu iri abụọ na atọ nke Naijiria maka 2018 FIFA World Cup na Russia. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Crawford|first=Stephen|title=Revealed: Every World Cup 2018 squad – Final 23-man lists|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/revealed-every-world-cup-2018-squad-23-man-preliminary-lists/oa0atsduflsv1nsf6oqk576rb|work=Goal|accessdate=16 July 2019|date=4 June 2018|archivedate=15 May 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515135659/https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/revealed-every-world-cup-2018-squad-23-man-preliminary-lists/oa0atsduflsv1nsf6oqk576rb}}</ref> A kpọrọ Troost-Ekong aha na ndị otu mmadụ iri abụọ na atọ nke mba ahụ maka 2019 Africa Cup of Nations, <ref>{{Cite news|title=Nigeria: Super Eagles' Team List for Afcon 2019|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201906120056.html|accessdate=21 July 2019|work=Vanguard (Nigeria)|publisher=All Africa|date=11 June 2019}}</ref> ebe o meriri na nkeji iri asatọ na itoolu megide South Africa iji zipụ ndị otu ya na ọkara ikpeazụ n'ụzọ na-aga n'ọkwa nke atọ. Ọ bụ onyeisi ndị Super Eagles na 2021 Africa Cup of Nations, <ref>{{Cite news|title=Afcon should '100% be more respected'|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/59908935|accessdate=2022-02-22}}</ref> ma kpọọ aha ya na asọmpi ahụ Technical Study Group's Best XI of the Group Stage, <ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-01-23|title=Moses, Troost-Ekong among Africa's Best 11 At AFCON|url=https://editor.guardian.ng/sport/moses-troost-ekong-among-africas-best-11-at-afcon/|accessdate=2022-02-22|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}</ref> na-emeri Guinea-Bissau.<ref>{{Cite web|title=William Troost-Ekong Game by Game Stats and Performance|url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/player/matches/_/id/191507|accessdate=2022-02-22|work=ESPN|language=en|archivedate=22 February 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222170913/https://www.espn.co.uk/football/player/matches/_/id/191507}}</ref> Naịjirịa gara n'ihu bụrụ onye Tunisia kụrụ n'agba na-esote.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-23|title=Afcon last 16: Tunisia stun 10-man Nigeria after Burkina Faso beat Gabon|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/jan/23/burkina-faso-gabon-tunisia-nigeria-africa-cup-of-nations-match-report|accessdate=2022-02-22|work=The Guardian|language=en|archivedate=22 February 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222170918/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/jan/23/burkina-faso-gabon-tunisia-nigeria-africa-cup-of-nations-match-report}}</ref> N'oge ntozu nke Iko Mbaụwa nke 2022 agba nke atọ, o meriri penariti n'asọmpi nke abụọ megide Ghana, bụ nke kwụsịrị na ọkpụ 1-1 na mmeri na iwu mgbaru ọsọ pụọ; ya mere, mba ya eruteghị asọmpi isi na Qatar. Na 29 Disemba 2023, a kpọrọ Troost-Ekong n'ime ndị otu nwoke iri abụọ na ise maka iko mba Afrịka nke 2023 na Ivory Coast. Ọ tụgharịrị penariti na mmeri 1–0 na asọmpi otu nke abụọ megide Ivory Coast. N'asọmpi nke ọkara nke ikpeazụ megide South Africa, ọ meriri penariti ọzọ iji nye ndị otu ya ụzọ n'ọkpụkpụ 1-1, tupu ọ gbaa akara n'oge agbapụ nke kwụsịrị na mmeri 4-2. O mechara nye goolu mbụ n'asọmpi ikpeazụ megide Ivory Coast nke kwụsịrị na mmeri 2–1. Ka o sina dị, o jisiri ike nweta ihe nrite onye ọkpụkpọ egwuregwu Ihe mgbaru ọsọ ise ọ gbara na Africa Cup of Nations setịpụrụ ndekọ ọhụrụ maka ọtụtụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke onye na-agbachitere na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke asọmpi ahụ, karịa akara Stephen Keshi nwere.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Oyebola|first=Mike|date=2024-02-12|title=AFCON 2023: Troost-Ekong makes history in Super Eagles' defeat to Cote d'Ivoire|url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/02/12/afcon-2023-troost-ekong-makes-history-in-super-eagles-defeat-to-cote-divoire/|accessdate=2024-02-17|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iffhs.com/posts/3407|title=NEW RECORD IN AFRICA|publisher=IFFHS|date=13 February 2024}}</ref> Na 4 Disemba 2025, Troost-Ekong kwupụtara ezumike nká ya na bọọlụ mba ụwa na Naịjirịa, izu ole na ole tupu iko mba Afrịka nke afọ 2025. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africa.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/47209158/super-eagles-captain-william-troost-ekong-retirement-afcon-blow-nigeria|title=Super Eagles captain William Troost-Ekong's retirement before AFCON is a blow for Nigeria|publisher=ESPN|date=5 December 2025}}</ref> William guzobere Troost-Ekong Foundation, otu na-enweghị uru nke ebumnuche ya bụ inye ndị ntorobịa Naijiria na Afrịka ike site na bọọlụ na agụmakwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Chima|first=Naomi|date=2024-07-20|title=Super Eagles captain, Troost-Ekong, unveils foundation with novelty match|url=https://punchng.com/super-eagles-captain-troost-ekong-unveils-foundation-with-novelty-match/|accessdate=2025-01-29|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Ibeh|first=Ifeanyi|date=2024-05-21|title=Super Eagles captain Troost-Ekong launches foundation|url=https://guardian.ng/sport/super-eagles-captain-troost-ekong-launches-foundation/|accessdate=2025-01-29|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 2025, AF Global Football malitere William Troost-Ekong Scholarship Award, asọmpi agụmakwụkwọ ndị ntorobịa na-agba ọsọ site na ikpo okwu aiScout nke na-enye ebe obibi ego zuru oke n'otu n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị isi ya na UK.<ref>{{Cite web|title=William Troost-Ekong Scholarship Award|url=https://www.afglobal.football/william-troost-ekong-award|accessdate=19 December 2025|work=AF Global Football}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == {{updated|match played 9 January 2026}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/william-ekong/218093/|title=W. Troost-Ekong|website=Soccerway|access-date=15 August 2021|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612065939/https://int.soccerway.com/players/william-ekong/218093/|url-status=live}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko mba[a] ! colspan="2" |Iko Njikọ[b] ! colspan="2" |Kọntinent ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- |Groningen |2013–14 |Eredivisie |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |Dordrecht (onye a gbazitere) |2013–14 |Nkewa nke Eerste |10 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |1[c] |0 |11 |0 |- |2014–15 |Eredivisie |22 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |23 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !32 !0 !1 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !1 !0 !34 !0 |- | rowspan="3" |Haugesund (onye a gbazinyere) |2015 | rowspan="2" |Ndị Elite na-anọghị n'ọkwa |13 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |13 |0 |- |2016 |24 |3 |4 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |28 |4 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !37 !3 !4 !1 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !41 !4 |- |Gent |2016–17 |Belgian Pro League |8 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |8 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |Bursaspor |2017–18 | rowspan="2" |Süper Lig |27 |2 |4 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |31 |2 |- |2018–19 |1 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |1 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !28 !3 !4 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !32 !3 |- | rowspan="3" |Udinese |2018–19 | rowspan="2" |Usoro A |35 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |35 |0 |- |2019–20 |30 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |31 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !65 !0 !1 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !66 !0 |- | rowspan="4" |Watford |2020–21 |Mmeri |32 |1 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |33 |1 |- |2021–22 |Njikọ Premier |17 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |18 |0 |- |2022–23 |Mmeri |15 |1 |1 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |17 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !64 !2 !3 !0 !1 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !68 !2 |- |Salernitana (onye a gbazitere) |2022–23 |Usoro A |9 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |9 |1 |- | rowspan="3" |PAOK |2023–24 | rowspan="2" |Njikọ Super Gris |10 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |12[d] |0 | colspan="2" | - |22 |0 |- |2024–25 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |2[e] |1 | colspan="2" | - |2 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !10 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !14 !1 !0 !0 !24 !1 |- | rowspan="3" |Al-Kholood |2024–25 | rowspan="2" |Saudi Pro League |32 |2 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |33 |2 |- |2025–26 |13 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |16 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !45 !2 !4 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !49 !2 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !300 !11 !17 !1 !1 !0 !14 !1 !1 !0 !333 !13 |}  1 me{{updated|match played 13 November 2025}}<ref name="NFT" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ !Ndị otu mba !Afọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="11" |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] |2015 |4 |0 |- |2016 |5 |0 |- |2017 |7[a] |0 |- |2018 |12 |1 |- |2019 |14 |1 |- |2020 |3 |0 |- |2021 |8 |0 |- |2022 |10 |2 |- |2023 |0 |0 |- |2024 |12 |3 |- |2025 |7 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !82 !8 |} <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> : ''Akara na nsonaazụ depụtara ihe mgbaru ọsọ Naịjirịa na mbụ, kọlụm akara na-egosi akara mgbe Troost-Ekong ọ bụla gasịrị.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Ndepụta nke ihe mgbaru ọsọ mba ụwa nke William Troost-Ekong gbara ! scope="col" |Mba. ! scope="col" |Ụbọchị ! scope="col" |Ebe a na-anọ ! scope="col" |Onye mmegide ! scope="col" |Ihe ruru ! scope="col" |Nsonaazụ ! scope="col" |Ịsọ mpi |- | align="center" |1 |28 Mee 2018 |[[Adokiye Amiesimaka Stadium]], Port Harcourt, Nigeria | DR Congo | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–1 |Ndị nwere omume enyi |- | align="center" |2 |10 Julaị 2019 |Cairo International Stadium, Cairo, Egypt | South Africa | align="center" |2–1 | align="center" |2–1 |Iko Mba Afrịka nke 2019 |- | align="center" |3 |19 Jenụwarị 2022 |Roumdé Adjia Stadium, Garoua, Cameroon | Guinea-Bissau | align="center" |2–0 | align="center" |2–0 |Iko Mba Afrịka nke 2021 |- | align="center" |4 |29 Machị 2022 |Moshood Abiola National Stadium, [[Abuja]], Nigeria | Ghana | align="center" |1–1 | align="center" |1–1 |2022 FIFA World Cup iru eru |- | align="center" |5 |18 Jenụwarị 2024 |Alassane Ouattara Stadium, Abidjan, Ivory Coast | Ivory Coast | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–0 |Iko Mba Afrịka nke 2023 |- | align="center" |6 |7 Febụwarị 2024 |Stade de la Paix, Bouaké, Ivory Coast | South Africa | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1-1 (e.g.) |Iko Mba Afrịka nke 2023 |- | align="center" |7 |11 Febụwarị 2024 |Alassane Ouattara Stadium, Abidjan, Ivory Coast | Ivory Coast | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–2 |Iko Mba Afrịka nke 2023 |- | align="center" |8 |10 Ọktoba 2025 |Peter Mokaba Stadium, Polokwane, South Africa | Lesotho | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |2–1 |2026 FIFA World Cup iru eru |} == Nsọpụrụ == '''PAOK''' * Super League Greece: 2023-24<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gazzetta.gr/football/superleague/2335593/paok-4h4-kai-12-4-os-aoytsainter-apo-75-68-ekane-78-80|title=ΠΑΟΚ 4Χ4 και... 1, 2, 4 ως αουτσάιντερ: από 75–68 το έκανε 78–80!|work=Gazzetta|accessdate=19 May 2024|language=el|date=19 May 2024}}</ref> '''Naịjirịa U23''' * Ihe nrite ọla nchara nke Olimpik: 2016 '''Naịjirịa''' * Onye nke abụọ na Africa Cup of Nations: 2023; <ref>{{Cite web|author=Stevens|first=Rob|date=11 February 2024|title=Nigeria 1–2 Ivory Coast|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/68196261|accessdate=12 February 2024|work=BBC Sport|archivedate=12 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212182429/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/68196261}}</ref> nke atọ: 2019 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/live/football/49022063|title=Africa Cup of Nations third-place play-off – Tunisia 0–1 Nigeria – Live – BBC Sport|publisher=BBC Sport|date=17 July 2019|accessdate=20 July 2019|archivedate=17 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717234341/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/live/football/49022063}}</ref> '''Onye ọ bụla''' * Onye egwuregwu nke asọmpi iko mba Afrịka: 2023<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|date=11 February 2024|title=TotalEnergies CAF AFCON Cote d'Ivoire 2023 Awards|url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-africa-cup-of-nations/news/totalenergies-caf-afcon-cote-d-ivoire-2023-awards/|accessdate=12 February 2024|work=CAF|language=|archivedate=12 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212210051/https://www.cafonline.com/caf-africa-cup-of-nations/news/totalenergies-caf-afcon-cote-d-ivoire-2023-awards/}}</ref> * Africa Cup of Nations Team nke asọmpi ahụ: 2023 <ref>{{Cite web|date=14 February 2024|title=CAF TSG Group releases TotalEnergies CAF Africa Cup of Nation Cote d'Ivoire 2023 Best XI|url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-africa-cup-of-nations/news/caf-tsg-group-releases-totalenergies-caf-africa-cup-of-nation-cote-d-ivoire-2023-best-xi/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214121627/https://www.cafonline.com/caf-africa-cup-of-nations/news/caf-tsg-group-releases-totalenergies-caf-africa-cup-of-nation-cote-d-ivoire-2023-best-xi/|archivedate=14 February 2024|accessdate=14 February 2024|work=CAF Online|publisher=Confederation of African Football}}</ref> '''Iwu''' * Onye otu Order of the Niger <ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-02-13|title=Afcon: Ivory Coast and Nigeria players get cash, villas and honours|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68286543|accessdate=2024-02-24|work=[[BBC News]]|language=en-GB}}</ref>[[Faịlụ:Order_of_the_Niger_civil_division_ribbon.svg|60x60px]] == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Al Ahli SC (Doha) squad}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 5xw76cm2ssesjrsy5ry3btd0jwcrjs2 0 75382 632489 2026-05-10T09:16:03Z Johnnybam 24488 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344876685|Amas Obasogie]]" 632489 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ama Daniel Obasogie''' (amụrụ na 27 Disemba 1999) bụ [[Ndị Naijiria|Onye Naijiria]] na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba dịka onye na-edebe goolu maka Singida Black Stars na Tanzanian Premier League na [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]]. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-01-15|title=Singida Black Stars sign Super Eagles Goalkeeper Amas Obasogie {{!}} Bold Sports|url=https://boldsportsng.com/singida-black-stars-sign-super-eagles-goalkeeper-amas-obasogie/|accessdate=2025-12-21|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Amas Obasogie Biography - ESPN (UK)|url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/player/bio/_/id/376934/amas-obasogie|accessdate=2025-12-21|work=ESPN|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-12-11|title=Amas Obabsogie Biography: All You Need To Know About The Super Eagles Shot Stopper. - Sportever|url=https://sportever.com.ng/amas-obabsogie-biography/,%20https://sportever.com.ng/amas-obabsogie-biography/|accessdate=2025-12-21|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Akinbo|first=Peter|date=2025-03-19|title=Obasogie hopes to emulate Nwabali|url=https://punchng.com/obasogie-hopes-to-emulate-nwabali/|accessdate=2025-12-21|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Adewale|first=Abiodun|date=2024-08-19|title=Why Obasogie dumped Insurance for Ethiopian club|url=https://punchng.com/why-obasogie-dumped-insurance-for-ethiopian-club/|accessdate=2025-12-21|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Adewale|first=Abiodun|date=2023-11-14|title=Excited Obasogie hits Eagles camp|url=https://punchng.com/excited-obasogie-hits-eagles-camp/|accessdate=2025-12-21|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == == Ọrụ klọb == Obasogie malitere ọrụ ya na Bendel Insurance FC, ebe ọ na-egwu egwu dị ka onye na-eche nche na Nigeria Professional Football League. N'afọ 2024, ọ gafere na Fasil Kenema SC na Ethiopian Premier League . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Amas Obasogie Biography|url=https://sportever.com.ng/amas-obabsogie-biography/|work=Sportever|accessdate=21 December 2025}}</ref> N'afọ 2025, ọ sonyeere Singida Black Stars FC na Tanzania.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Singida Black Stars sign Nigerian goalkeeper|url=https://boldsportsng.com/singida-black-stars-sign-super-eagles-goalkeeper-amas-obasogie/|work=Bold Sports NG|accessdate=21 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Ogunbayo|first=Abiodun|date=2025-12-04|title=Amas Obasogie Shines as Singida Black Stars Hold Azam FC in Goalless Draw|url=https://www.sports247.ng/amas-obasogie-shines-as-singida-black-stars-hold-azam-fc-in-goalless-draw/|accessdate=2025-12-31|work=Sports247 Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Obasogie abụwo akụkụ nke ndị otu ọzụzụ maka [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]] n'oge asọmpi FIFA World Cup nke afọ 2026. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Amas Obasogie Biography|url=https://contents101.com/2023/11/15/amas-obasogie-biography-education-career-controversies-and-net-worth/|work=Contents101|accessdate=21 December 2025}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-12-20|title=Nwabali, Uzoho, and the keeper conundrum that could scupper Nigeria at AFCON|url=https://www.espn.co.uk/espn/story/_/id/47365679/stanley-nwabali-francis-uzoho-keeper-conundrum-scupper-nigeria-afcon|accessdate=2025-12-22|work=ESPN.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-12-04|title=Obasogie Pledges Commitment After Earning AFCON Call‑Up - Football In Nigeria|url=https://www.footballinnigeria.com.ng/news/national-team-news/obasogie-pledges-commitment-after-earning-afcon-call%e2%80%91up/|accessdate=2025-12-31|language=en-GB}}</ref> Na 11 Disemba 2025, a kpọrọ Obasogie ka ọ bụrụ ndị otu Naijiria maka asọmpi iko mba Africa nke 2025. == Ụdị egwuregwu == A maara ya maka nkwụsịtụ ịgba égbè ya, obi ike, na ikike inye iwu igbe penalty.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amas Obasogie stats|url=https://www.flashscore.com.ng/player/obasogie-amas/YeKaSbZQ/|work=Flashscore Nigeria|accessdate=21 December 2025}}</ref> == Nsọpụrụ == * Ebe nke atọ nke Africa Cup of Nations: 2025<ref>{{Cite web|author=Stevens|first=Rob|date=17 January 2026|title=Afcon 2025: Egypt 0-0 Nigeria (2-4 pens) - Super Eagles finish third|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/live/cpqyvje5de8t|accessdate=20 January 2026|work=BBC Sport|language=}}</ref> == Edensibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 15e64shg7ctuqtc4z4366wv7svb7c0n 0 75383 632490 2026-05-10T09:17:33Z Johnnybam 24488 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352686203|Ryan Alebiosu]]" 632490 wikitext text/x-wiki {{updated|2 May 2026}}<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />'''Ryan Fiyinfoluwa Alebiosu''' {{Audio|Ryan Alebiosu.ogg|Listen}} (amụrụ na 17 Disemba 2001) bụ [[Footbọl|onye na-agba bọọlụ]] nke na-agba ọsọ dị ka onye na-azụ azụ aka nri maka otu EFL Championship Blackburn Rovers . A mụrụ ya n'England, ọ na-anọchite anya [[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] na mba ụwa. == Ọrụ klọb == Ọ bịanyere aka na mgbazinye ego maka otu EFL League One Crewe Alexandra na Jenụwarị 2022, <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/60175226|title=Crewe sign Alebiosu, Uwakwe & Agyei|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> wee mee nke mbụ ya zuru oke na mmeri 1-0 nke Crewe na Gillingham na 1 Febụwarị 2022. Ọ kwagara na Kilmarnock na July 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/ryan-alebiosu-joins-kilmarnock-loan|title=Ryan Alebiosu joins Kilmarnock on loan|work=Arsenal.com}}</ref> Na Septemba 2023 ọ bịanyere aka na klọb Belgian Pro League Kortrijk . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arsenal.com/ryan-alebiosu-joins-kv-kortrijk-permanent-transfer-academy|title=Ryan Alebiosu joins KV Kortrijk in permanent deal|work=Arsenal.com}}</ref> N'abalị atọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2025, Alebiosu gara St Mirren.<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=St Mirren F.C.|url=https://www.stmirren.com/all-news/5757-ryan-alebiosu-joins-on-loan-from-k-v-kortrijk|title=Ryan Alebiosu joins on loan from K.V. Kortrijk|date=3 February 2025|accessdate=6 February 2025}}</ref> Na 11 Julaị 2025, Alebiosu bịanyere aka na Blackburn Rovers nke asọmpi EFL na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ mbụ yana nhọrọ nke ọnwa iri na abụọ ọzọ. Na 25 Ọktoba 2025, Alebiosu gbara bọọlụ mbụ ya maka Blackburn Rovers, na mmeri 2–1 megide Southampton. == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Alebiosu ruru eru ịnọchite anya England na [[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] na ọkwa mba ụwa, ebe a mụrụ ya na England na nne na nna Naijiria.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigeria name Blackburn Rovers' Ryan Alebiosu in massive AFCON preliminary squad|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/47186176/nigeria-name-blackburn-rovers-ryan-alebiosu-massive-afcon-preliminary-squad|work=ESPN|accessdate=12 December 2025}}</ref> O nwetara paspọtụ Naijiria n'ihu 2025 Africa Cup of Nations, ma kpọọ aha ya na ndị otu ikpeazụ nke Naijiria 28 maka asọmpi ahụ, na-egosi na ọ bụ onye isi mbụ ya maka Super Eagles. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Passport Issue Solved – Blackburn Rovers Defender Gets All Clear To Represent Nigeria At The AFCON|url=https://owngoalnigeria.com/2025/12/02/passport-issue-solved-blackburn-rovers-defender-get-all-clear-to-represent-nigeria-at-the-afcon/|work=OwnGoalNigeria|accessdate=12 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=FULL LIST: Okoye, Boniface dropped as Nwabali, Onuachu make Eagles’ AFCON final squad|url=https://www.thecable.ng/full-list-okoye-boniface-dropped-as-nwabali-onuachu-make-eagles-afcon-final-squad/|work=[[TheCable]]|accessdate=12 December 2025}}</ref> N'abalị iri atọ n'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2025, Alebiosu mere nke mbụ ya maka Naịjirịa, na-egwu egwuregwu zuru ezu n'egwuregwu ikpeazụ ha, mmeri 3-1 na Uganda, nke mere ka Naịjirịga nwee ọganihu na agba nke iri na isii.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uganda vs Nigeria: CAF Africa Cup of Nations stats & head-to-head|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/live/c2k4eqwpyw2t|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=30 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=AFCON 2025: Chelle lists Uzoho, Alebiosu, Onuachu vs Uganda|url=https://dailypost.ng/2025/12/30/afcon-2025-chelle-lists-uzoho-alebiosu-onuachu-vs-uganda/|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|accessdate=30 December 2025}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == === Klọb ===   {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! rowspan="2" |Nkewa ! colspan="2" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko mba[a] ! colspan="2" |Iko Njikọ[b] ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- |Arsenal U21s |2021–22 | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |4[c] |0 |4 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |Ngwá Agha |2021–22<ref name="SB2122" /> |Njikọ Premier |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- |2022–23<ref name="SB2223" /> |Njikọ Premier |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 |- |Crewe Alexandra (onye e ji ego mgbazinye) |2021–22<ref name="SB2122" /> |Njikọ nke Mbụ |6 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |6 |0 |- |Kilmarnock (onye a gbazinyere) |2022–23 |Onye isi ala Scotland |23 |0 |2 |0 |4 |0 | colspan="2" | - |29 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |KV Kortrijk |2023–24 |Belgian Pro League |12 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |12 |0 |- |2024–25<ref name="SW" /> |Belgian Pro League |13 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |13 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !25 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !25 !0 |- |St Mirren (onye e ji ego mgbazinye) |2024–25 |Onye isi ala Scotland |13 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |14 |0 |- |Blackburn Rovers |2025–26 |Mmeri |39 |1 |0 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |40 |1 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !107 !1 !2 !0 !5 !0 !4 !0 !118 !1 |} {{updated|match played 30 December 2025}}<ref>{{NFT player|pid=102258|accessdate=28 January 2026}}</ref><templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} === Mba Nile === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ !Ndị otu mba !Afọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="1" |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] |2025 |1 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !1 !0 |} == Nsọpụrụ == * Africa Cup of Nations third place: 2025<ref>{{Cite web|author=Stevens|first=Rob|date=17 January 2026|title=Afcon 2025: Egypt 0-0 Nigeria (2-4 pens) - Super Eagles finish third|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/live/cpqyvje5de8t|accessdate=20 January 2026|work=BBC Sport|language=}}</ref> == Edensibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 00fnxxp8qnp754oa2jdnphtqwlhlki5 0 75384 632491 2026-05-10T09:45:21Z Johnnybam 24488 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351933949|Ola Aina]]" 632491 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{updated|match played 30 April 2026}}<ref name="Soccerway">{{Soccerway|temitayo-aina/274798|access-date=27 May 2025}}</ref>'''Temitayo Olufisayo Olaoluwa "Ola" Aina MON''' {{Audio|Yo-Temitayo_olaoluwa_aina.ogg|Listen}} (amụrụ n'ụbọchị nke 8 n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1996) bụ [[Footbọl|onye na-agba bọọlụ]] nke na-agbachitere otu egwuregwu Premier League Nottingham Forest . A mụrụ ya n'England, ọ na-anọchite anya [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]]. Aina gara Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Campion ebe ọ na-egwu egwuregwu rugby union yana bọọlụ. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/sport/rugby-union/article/how-gallagher-prem-clubs-are-breaking-rugby-out-of-private-school-enclaves-m99bzjw2d|title=How Gallagher Prem clubs are breaking rugby out of private school enclaves|first=Charlie|author=Morgan|date=23 March 2026|work=The Times|accessdate=24 March 2026}}</ref> == Ọrụ klọb == === YtChelsea === ==== Ọrụ mmalite ==== Ola Aina bịanyere aka na Chelsea dị ka onye na-erubeghị afọ 11 wee mee ka ndị ntorobịa ya bụrụ nwata mbụ dị ka nwa akwụkwọ na oge 2012-13 wee malite na ụkwụ abụọ nke ọkara ikpeazụ na nke ikpeazụ nke FA Youth Cup. N'ọrụ ntorobịa ya, ọ nọchitekwara anya Chelsea n'okpuru-18s, n'okpuru-19 na ọkwa 21.[1] Na 19 July 2014, Aina mere egwuregwu mbụ ya na egwuregwu enyi na enyi na mbụ megide AFC Wimbledon, mgbe Todd Kane merụrụ ahụ. Aina malitere egwuregwu a ma dochie ya na ọkara oge maka Branislav Ivanović ka Chelsea gara n'ihu na-emeri 3–2. Tupu oge 2015-16, etinyere ya na njem nlegharị anya tupu oge, na-egwu egwuregwu atọ na International Champions Cup. Mgbe ọ masịrị onye njikwa Chelsea José Mourinho, Aina gụnyere n'òtù mbụ maka mkpọsa ahụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ nọrọ oge ọzụzụ oge fọdụrụnụ na ndị otu mbụ, ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ ya na ndị n'okpuru-21 na ndị na-erughi 19. Na 23 Septemba 2015, Aina so na ndị otu egwuregwu ụbọchị egwuregwu megide Walsall na agba nke anọ nke Njikọ Njikọ, n'agbanyeghị na ọ bụ onye nnọchi na-ejighị ya. N'ihi enweghị ohere nke otu mbụ, Aina jụrụ nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ n'agbanyeghị nkwekọrịta ya ugbu a na-agwụ na ngwụcha oge ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/transfer-news/arsenal-join-transfer-race-sign-7161465|title=Arsenal join transfer race to sign Chelsea's England Under-21 right-back Ola Aina|work=[[Daily Mirror]]|date=11 January 2016|accessdate=26 August 2016}}</ref> ==== Oge 2016-17 ==== Na 6 July 2016, ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ anọ ọhụrụ, na-ejedebe asịrị na ọ na-ahapụ akụkụ London.[1] Mgbe ha bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ, Aina so na ndị otu na-eme njem na Austria na United States. Ọ gara n'ihu na-egwu egwuregwu isii niile tupu oge egwuregwu. Na 23 Ọgọst 2016, onye njikwa Antonio Conte nyere Aina mpụta mbụ ọkachamara ya na mmeri 3–2 meriri Bristol Rovers na iko EFL, John Terry nọchiri ya na nkeji 77th.[2] Na 15 October 2016, o mere mpụta mbụ ya na Premier League na mmeri 3–0 meriri ndị mmeri na-achị Leicester City, nọchiri onye mgbaru ọsọ Victor Moses na nkeji 82nd ==== Ịgbazinye Hull City ==== N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2017, Chelsea kwupụtara na ha agbaala Aina n'aka ndị otu Championship Hull City.<ref>{{Cite news|title=First loan for Aina|url=http://www.chelseafc.com/news/latest-news/2017/07/aina-out-on-loan.html|publisher=Chelsea Official Site|date=11 July 2017|accessdate=11 July 2017}}</ref> O mere nke mbụ ya n'ụbọchị mmeghe nke oge ahụ, 5 Ọgọst 2017, na Aston Villa, na 1-1 draw.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/40760772|title=Aston Villa 1–1 Hull City|date=5 August 2017|work=BBC Sport|publisher=BBC|accessdate=5 August 2017}}</ref> Ọ gbara naanị goolu na Mmeri 1-0 nke Blackburn Rovers na agba nke atọ Iko FA Cup na 6 Jenụwarị 2018. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/42519393|title=Blackburn Rovers 0–1 Hull City|date=6 January 2018|work=BBC Sport|publisher=BBC|accessdate=6 January 2018}}</ref> === Torino === N'abalị iri na anọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2018, Aina sonyeere otu egwuregwu Torino nke Ịtali n'ụgwọ oge niile mgbe ya na Chelsea bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=New contract and loan for Aina|url=https://www.chelseafc.com/en/news/2018/8/14/new-contract-and-loan-for-aina|publisher=Chelsea Official Site|date=14 August 2018|accessdate=14 August 2018}}</ref> O mere nke mbụ ya na Serie A ụbọchị ole na ole ka e mesịrị na mmeri Torino 0-1 n'ụbọchị mmeghe n'ụlọ na Rom, na-abịa dị ka onye na-anọchi anya onye na-agbachitere aka nri Lorenzo De Silvestri onye merụrụ ahụ mgbe naanị nkeji iri abụọ na ise gasịrị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legaseriea.it/en/serie-a/match-report/2018-19/UNICO/UNI/1/TORROM|title=Fixtures and Results – Season 2018–19 – 1^ Match Day – Lega Serie A|work=legaseriea.it|accessdate=19 August 2018}}</ref> Aina gbara goolu mbụ ya maka Torino n'egwuregwu ya na Udinese na 2 Febụwarị 2019. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2019/02/10/italy/serie-a/torino-fc/udinese-calcio/2863986/|title=Torino vs. Udinese 1–0|work=Soccerway|date=2 February 2019|accessdate=11 September 2020}}</ref> Aina mere 30 Serie A pụtara n'ihe bụ oge siri ike maka Il Toro, onye nke asaa na-eme ka ọ bụrụ onye ruru eru na Europa League.<ref name="FulhamTransfer">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fulhamfc.com/news/2020/september/Ola-Aina-Joins-On-Loan|title=Ola Aina joins on loan|work=Fulham|date=11 September 2020}}</ref> N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Juun afọ 2019, Torino mere ka Aina hapụ Chelsea kpamkpam maka ego a kọrọ na ọ bụ £ 9 nde.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/torino-confirm-ola-ainas-permanent-capture-from-chelsea/y7sah9lpkph61qdrg6v49dez6|title=Torino confirm Ola Aina's permanent capture from Chelsea|work=Goal (website)|date=10 June 2019|accessdate=11 September 2020}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-eme ihe mgbe niile n'oge nke abụọ ya na Turin, na-egwu ugboro 37 na asọmpi niile.<ref name="FulhamTransfer">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fulhamfc.com/news/2020/september/Ola-Aina-Joins-On-Loan|title=Ola Aina joins on loan|work=Fulham|date=11 September 2020}}</ref>&nbsp; ==== Oge 2020-21: Ịgbazinye Fulham ==== N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 2020, Aina laghachiri na Premier League, na-etinye aka na Fulham na mgbazinye oge mbụ na nhọrọ iji mee ka nkwekọrịta ahụ bụrụ nke na-adịgide adịgide.<ref name="FulhamTransfer">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fulhamfc.com/news/2020/september/Ola-Aina-Joins-On-Loan|title=Ola Aina joins on loan|work=Fulham|date=11 September 2020}}</ref> N'ụbọchị nke abụọ n'ọnwa Nọvemba, Aina gbara goolu mbụ ya maka klọb ahụ, na Premier League, na mmeri 2-0 n'ụlọ West Brom, na-agbapụ n'akụkụ aka ekpe nke elu site na mpụga ebe penalty.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2020/nov/02/fulham-west-bromwich-albion-premier-league-match-report|title=Fulham on the up after Ola Aina seals first win of season against West Brom|work=The Guardian|date=2 November 2020|accessdate=9 January 2021}}</ref> E mechara họrọ ọgbaghara ahụ dị ka ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke ọnwa site na Premier League.<ref name="GOM">{{Cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/1931701#:~:text=%F0%9F%91%8F%20%22Absolutely%20outstanding%22%20%F0%9F%91%8F%20%40,the%20Month%20winner%20for%20November.&text=The%2024%2Dyear%2Dold%20is,the%20prize%20in%202018%2F19.|title=Aina earns Budweiser Goal of the Month award|publisher=Premier League|date=13 December 2020|accessdate=9 January 2021}}</ref> Aina ghọrọ onye egwuregwu Fulham nke atọ meriri ihe nrite Budweiser Goal of the Month, mgbe Jean Michaël Seri na André Schürrle meriri ihe nkiri ahụ na 2018-19.<ref name="GOM" /> === Ọhịa Nottingham === On 22 July 2023, following his release from Torino, Aina joined Nottingham Forest on a one-year contract.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nottinghamforest.co.uk/news/2023/july/22/forest-complete-aina-signing/|title=Forest complete Aina signing|date=22 July 2023|work=Nottingham Forest Football Club}}</ref> He made his debut for the club on 12 August in a 2–1 loss against Arsenal in the Premier League.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/66413654|title=Bukayo Saka's superb first-half strike helped Arsenal begin their Premier League campaign with a 2–1 win over Nottingham Forest on the opening weekend|work=BBC Sport|date=12 August 2023|accessdate=13 August 2023}}</ref> On 5 November, Aina scored his first goal for Forest in a 2–0 win over Aston Villa at the City Ground.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/soccer/forest-beat-villa-2-0-end-winless-run-2023-11-05/|title=Forest end winless run with 2–0 defeat of top-four chasing Villa|date=6 November 2023|work=Reuters}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na otu n'ọnwa Mee afọ 2024, klọb ahụ kwupụtara na ha emeela nkwekọrịta otu afọ maka Aina.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nottinghamforest.co.uk/news/2024/may/21/forest-trigger-aina-contract-extension/|title=Forest trigger Aina contract extension|publisher=Nottingham Forest F.C.|date=21 May 2024|accessdate=21 May 2024}}</ref> Goolu mbụ ya na Premier League nke oge 2024-25 maka Forest bịara n'ikpeazụ n'afọ ahụ na mmeri 3-0 n'ụlọ megide West Ham na 2 Nọvemba nsonaazụ nke hụrụ Forest ka ọ bụrụ nke atọ na league.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2024/nov/02/nottingham-forest-west-ham-premier-league-match-report|title=Nottm Forest 3–0 West Ham: Nottingham Forest in dreamland as Wood helps sink 10-man West Ham|author=Unwin|first=Will|work=The Guardian|date=2 November 2024|accessdate=5 November 2024}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Aina nọchitere anya England n'n'n'n'okpuru afọ 19, n'okpuru 17, n'okpuru 18, n'okpuru 19 na England n'afọ 20. === Naịjirịa === [[Faịlụ:Ola_Aina-Nigeria.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Aina na-agbanye aha maka Naijiria n'ụbọchị a na-akọwaghị]] N'abalị iri abụọ na asatọ n'ọnwa Machị n'afọ 2017, e sere Aina na Chuba Akpom nke Arsenal mgbe ya na onye isi oche nke Nigeria Football Federation, Amaju Pinnick nwesịrị mkparịta ụka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/4110/nigerians-abroad/2017/03/28/34076632/chelseas-ola-aina-brighton-and-hove-albions-chuba-akpom|title=Chelsea's Ola Aina, Brighton and Hove Albion's Chuba Akpom pledge allegiance to Nigeria|author=Oludare|first=Shina|date=28 March 2017|publisher=Goal Nigeria|accessdate=28 March 2017}}</ref> N'ọnwa Mee 2017, Aina kwere nkwa na ọ ga-aga Naịjirịa n'ọdịnihu mba ụwa ma nweta paspọtụ Naịjirị iji kwadebe iji gbanwee site na England gaa Naịjiria.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://dailypost.ng/2017/05/12/nff-confirms-ola-aina-joel-bazee-now-nigerian-passports-tammy-abraham-follow/|title=NFF confirms Ola Aina, Joel Bazee now have Nigerian passports, Tammy Abraham to follow|date=12 May 2017|accessdate=15 May 2017|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/05/nff-formally-applies-ainas-intl-switch/|title=NFF formally applies for Aina's int'l switch – Vanguard News|date=4 May 2017|accessdate=15 May 2017|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> N'otu ọnwa ahụ, a kpọrọ ya maka oge mbụ ka ọ gbaa bọọlụ maka Naijiria.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espnfc.com/nigeria/story/3122106/chelseas-ola-aina-gets-nigeria-call|title=Chelsea's Ola Aina gets Nigeria call|date=8 May 2017|accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref> N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2018, a kpọrọ aha ya n'ime ndị otu iri atọ nke Naijiria maka 2018 FIFA World Cup na Russia. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Adewoye|first=Gbenga|title='Maybe next time,' Ola Aina unruffled missing out in Nigeria World Cup Squad|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/maybe-next-time-ola-aina-unruffled-despite-missing-out-on/t9jhnhhv8jiv19gwt0puvhcn1|work=Goal (website)|accessdate=25 July 2019|date=6 June 2018}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọ banyeghị na 23 ikpeazụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/44346451|title=World Cup 2018: Arsenal's Iwobi in Nigeria's 23-man squad|date=3 June 2018|accessdate=20 August 2018|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> E mechara kpọghachi ya n'ime ndị otu ahụ ma rụọ ọrụ dị mkpa na iru eru nke ndị otu ahụ maka Iko Mba Afrịka nke 2019 nke e mere na Egypt. Ọ gbara egwuregwu mbụ ya na onye mbido asọmpi ahụ bụ Burundi, na-enyere naanị ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke egwuregwu ahụ aka. == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == === Klọb === <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko mba[a] ! colspan="2" |Iko Njikọ[b] ! colspan="2" |Europe ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="3" |Chelsea |2015–16 |Njikọ Premier |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- |2016–17 |Njikọ Premier |3 |0 |1 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |6 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !3 !0 !1 !0 !2 !0 !0 !0 !6 !0 |- |Hull City (nke a gbazitere) |2017–18 |Mmeri |44 |0 |2 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |46 |1 |- |Torino (onye a gbazitere) |2018–19 |Usoro A |30 |1 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |32 |1 |- | rowspan="4" |Torino |2019–20 |Usoro A |32 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |3[c] |0 |37 |0 |- |2021–22 |Usoro A |21 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |23 |0 |- |2022–23 |Usoro A |19 |1 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |21 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Torino ngụkọta !102 !2 !8 !0 !0 !0 !3 !0 !113 !2 |- |Fulham (onye a gbazinyere) |2020–21 |Njikọ Premier |31 |2 |1 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |33 |2 |- | rowspan="4" |Ọhịa Nottingham |2023–24 |Njikọ Premier |22 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |22 |1 |- |2024–25 |Njikọ Premier |35 |2 |2 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |37 |2 |- |2025–26 |Njikọ Premier |18 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |8[d] |0 |26 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !75 !3 !2 !0 !0 !0 !8 !0 !85 !3 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !254 !7 !14 !1 !3 !0 !11 !0 !282 !8 |}    === Mba Nile === {{updated|match played 9 September 2025}}<ref name="nft">{{NFT|69100}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ !Ndị otu mba !Afọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="9" |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] |2017 |3 |0 |- |2018 |4 |0 |- |2019 |10 |0 |- |2020 |1 |0 |- |2021 |3 |0 |- |2022 |9 |0 |- |2023 |3 |0 |- |2024 |11 |0 |- |2025 |4 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !48 !0 |} Aina nwere nwanne nwoke, Jordan, onye na-egwuri egwu maka Fulham Academy . <ref>{{Cite web|first=Ethan|author=Georgiou|url=https://www.fulhamfc.com/news/2021/march/A-Bit-About-Jordan-Aina|title=A bit about: Jordan Aina|date=9 March 2021|publisher=Fulham F.C.|accessdate=9 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Player Departures|url=https://www.fulhamfc.com/news/2021/june/Player-Departures/|accessdate=4 July 2024|publisher=Fulham Football Club|date=3 June 2021}}</ref> '''Chelsea''' * Premier League: 2016-172016–17 * Barclays U21 Premier League: 2013-142013–14 * FA Youth Cup: 2013-14, 2014-152014–15 * UEFA Youth League: 2014-15, 2015-162015–16 '''Onye ọ bụla''' * Ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke ọnwa Premier League: Nọvemba 2020 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/1931701|title=Aina wins November Budweiser Goal of the Month award|publisher=Premier League|date=11 December 2020|accessdate=11 December 2020}}</ref> * Africa Cup of Nations Team nke asọmpi ahụ: 2023 <ref>{{Cite web|date=14 February 2024|title=CAF TSG Group releases TotalEnergies CAF Africa Cup of Nation Cote d'Ivoire 2023 Best XI|url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-africa-cup-of-nations/news/caf-tsg-group-releases-totalenergies-caf-africa-cup-of-nation-cote-d-ivoire-2023-best-xi/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214121627/https://www.cafonline.com/caf-africa-cup-of-nations/news/caf-tsg-group-releases-totalenergies-caf-africa-cup-of-nation-cote-d-ivoire-2023-best-xi/|archivedate=14 February 2024|accessdate=14 February 2024|work=CAF Online|publisher=Confederation of African Football}}</ref> * Onye otu Order of the Niger <ref>{{Cite news|date=13 February 2024|title=Afcon: Ivory Coast and Nigeria players get cash, villas and honours|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68286543|accessdate=24 February 2024|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref>[[Faịlụ:Order_of_the_Niger_civil_division_ribbon.svg|60x60px]] == Edensibia == == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 3hu5ae0arwzvyab1ksqje0yue2kjay5 0 75385 632492 2026-05-10T09:47:56Z Johnnybam 24488 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352144241|Emmanuel Michael]]" 632492 wikitext text/x-wiki Ụlọ akwụkwọ bọọlụ Simoiben nyochara Michael mgbe ọ na-agba bọọlụ n'okporo ámá [[Kaduna]].<ref name="sports">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sports247.ng/rising-star-emmanuel-michaels-inspirational-journey-from-streets-of-kaduna-to-flying-eagles-u-20/|title=Rising Star: Emmanuel Michael's Inspirational Journey From Streets Of Kaduna To Flying Eagles U-20|first=Lovette|author=Ochicha|date=16 February 2024|accessdate=9 October 2024|work=sports247.ng}}</ref> N'ịgbaso arụmọrụ dị egwu na ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na ndị na-erubeghị afọ iri na asaa nke Naịjirịa, ndị otu Danish na Spanish Midtjylland na Huesca nyochara ya, n'otu n'otu.<ref name="sports" /> Ndị Dutch na ndị France [[AFC Ajax|Ajax]] na AS Monaco bịakwutere ya, n'otu n'otu, na-akọ na nke ikpeazụ na-achọ ịbịanye aka na ya tupu ya eruo afọ iri na asatọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://owngoalnigeria.com/2022/12/28/like-endrick-monaco-pushing-to-sign-nigeria-u17-star-emmanuel-michael-before-he-turns-18/|title=Like Endrick - Monaco Pushing To Sign Nigeria U17 Star Emmanuel Michael Before He Turns 18|date=28 December 2022|accessdate=9 October 2024|work=owngoalnigeria.com}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị mmasị a, ọ sonyeere otu egwuregwu bọọlụ Nigeria Premier Football League Gombe United na nkwekọrịta mgbazinye ego otu afọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ckdmedia.ng/post/u17-afcon-star-emmanuel-micheal-joins-gombe-united|title=U17 AFCON Star, Emmanuel Michael Joins Gombe United|first=Oluwayemisi Afolabi|author=Adeyanju|date=2 October 2023|accessdate=9 October 2024|work=ckdmedia.ng}}</ref> N'otu ọnwa ahụ, akwụkwọ akụkọ Bekee ''The Guardian'' kpọrọ ya otu n'ime ndị egwuregwu kachasị mma amụrụ n'afọ 2006 n'ụwa niile.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/ng-interactive/2023/oct/11/next-generation-2023-60-of-the-best-young-talents-in-world-football|title=Next Generation 2023: 60 of the best young talents in world football|first=Marcus|author=Christenson|date=11 October 2023|accessdate=9 October 2024|work=theguardian.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://owngoalnigeria.com/2023/10/12/nigeria-u17-star-emmanuel-michael-in-list-of-best-young-talents-in-the-world/|title=Nigeria U17 Star Emmanuel Michael In List Of Best Young Talents In The World|date=12 October 2023|accessdate=9 October 2024|work=owngoalnigeria.com}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2024, ọ sonyeere otu Austrian LASK, e kenyere ya na otu 'B' nke klọb ahụ, Juniors OÖ . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lask.at/de/m/news/lask-verpflichtet-emmanuel-michael-fuer-die-amateure|title=LASK signs Emmanuel Michael for the amateurs|date=9 August 2024|accessdate=9 October 2024|work=lask.at|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.footballinnigeria.com.ng/news/transfer-news/golden-eaglets-star-officially-joins-austrian-club/|title=Golden Eaglets Star Officially Joins Austrian Club|first=Kelechi|author=Abel|date=10 August 2024|accessdate=9 October 2024|work=footballinnigeria.com.ng}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == A kpọrọ ya na ndị otu Naijiria na-erubeghị afọ iri na asaa maka iru eru nke 2023 U-17 Africa Cup of Nations (nke a na-akpọ ''2022 WAFU-B U17''), Michael gbara na egwuregwu mmeghe, mmeri 4-2 megide Ghana. Ọ sochiri nke a site na mmeri 3-1 megide Ivory Coast, na-enweta ihe nrite Man of the Match atọ n'usoro.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://owngoalnigeria.com/2022/06/22/emmanuel-michael-tops-list-of-five-nigeria-u17-players-shining-bright-at-wafu-b-championship/|title=Emmanuel Michael tops List Of Five Nigeria U17 Players Shining Bright At WAFU B Championship|date=22 June 2022|accessdate=9 October 2024|work=owngoalnigeria.com}}</ref> N'ịbụ onye nyeere ndị otu ya aka imeri 2022 WAFU-B U17, ndị otu ya na-eto eto na Simoiben Football Academy mgbe ọ laghachiri Nigeria.[1] E mechara kpughe na ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ hapụ asọmpi ahụ; ka ọ bịarutere n'oge n'ogige ọzụzụ, ndị nkuzi Naijiria chọrọ ka ewepụrụ ya n'òtù egwuregwu ahụ, mana ka e nwesịrị nzukọ n'etiti Onye isi oche nke Nigeria Football Federation, Ibrahim Musa Gusau na onye nwe Simoiben Football Academy, onye mba Nigeria bụ Moses Simon, eweghachiri ya. A kpọrọ ya ka ọ bụrụ onye na-erubeghị afọ iri abụọ maka egwuregwu Afrịka nke afọ 2023, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asaaseradio.com/nigeria-name-provisional-football-squad-for-13th-african-games/|title=Nigeria name provisional football squad for 13th African Games|first=Leroy|author=Hawkson|date=17 February 2024|accessdate=9 October 2024|work=asaaseradio.com}}</ref> mana ọ hapụrụ ndị otu ikpeazụ n'ihi mmerụ ahụ n'ikiri ụkwụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.footballinnigeria.com.ng/player-health-and-injuries/emmanuel-michaels-fitness-concerns-ahead-of-all-africa-games/|title=Emmanuel Michael's Fitness Concerns Ahead of All Africa Games|date=2 March 2024|accessdate=9 October 2024|work=footballinnigeria.com.ng}}</ref> == Ụdị egwuregwu == Ọkachamara ịgba bọọlụ, Michael kelere onye mba Naijiria Moses Simon maka inye ya akpụkpọ ụkwụ mgbe ọ gbasịrị bọọlụ n'efu na mmeri Nigeria meriri Ghana n'okpuru 17 na ntozu maka asọmpi 2023 Africa U-17.[3] Ọ gbatara bọọlụ n'efu abụọ ọzọ na mmeri 3–1 meriri Ivory Coast n'otu asọmpi ahụ. == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == {{updated|22 March 2026}}<ref>{{Soccerway|emmanuel-michael/904828}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- |Simoiben |2023–24 | colspan="3" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |- |Gombe United (onye a gbazinyere) |2023–24 |NPFL |6 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |6 |1 |- |Ndị na-eto eto OÖ |2024–25 |Central Regionalliga |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |2 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |LASK |2024–25 |Bundesliga nke Austria |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |- |2025–26 |Bundesliga nke Austria |7 |0 |2 |0 |0 |0 |9 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !8 !0 !2 !0 !0 !0 !10 !0 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !16 !1 !2 !0 !0 !0 !18 !1 |}   == Nsọpụrụ == * Iko Austria: 2025-26<ref name="Pokal26">{{Cite news|title=Nach 61 Jahren: LASK bejubelt Titel im UNIQA ÖFB Cup|url=https://www.oefb.at/cup/News/Match-UNIQA-OeFB-Cup-Finale-26/|accessdate=2 May 2026|work=ÖFB|date=1 May 2026|language=de-AT}}</ref> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] gls0vy2cz4rmtowvbxclxvs1y27pyqx 0 75386 632493 2026-05-10T09:48:37Z Chigozirim2005 19722 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1265178769|Christiane Collange]]" 632493 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Reflist}}'''Christiane Collange''' (29 Ọktoba 1930 - 24 Ọktobe 2023) bụ onye nta akụkọ na onye edemede French. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Christiane Collange dị ka '''Christiane Servan-Schreiber''' na 29 Ọktoba 1930. <ref name="bnf">{{Cite book|title=Collange, Christiane (1930-....) forme internationale|url=http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118972881|accessdate=1 October 2016}}</ref> Nna ya, Émile Servan-Schreiber, bụ onye nta akụkọ na onye edemede [[Jew|Ndị Juu]]. <ref name="parismatchchavelet">{{Cite news|author=Chavelet|first=Elisabeth|title=Une histoire française|url=http://www.parismatch.com/Actu/Societe/Les-Servan-Schreiber-Une-histoire-francaise-691516|accessdate=30 September 2016|work=Paris Match|date=17 January 2015}}</ref> Nne ya, Denise Brésard, bụ onye Roman Katọlik. Nna nna ya, Joseph Schreiber, bụ onye Juu-Prussian kwabatara.<ref name="parismatchchavelet" /> O nwere ụmụnne abụọ, Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber na Jean-Louis Servan-Schreiber, na ụmụnne nwanyị abụọ, Brigitte Gros na Bernadette Gradis.<ref name="parismatchchavelet" /> Ezinụlọ Servan-Screiber (ihe ruru ndị otu 200) na-enwe nnọkọ ezinụlọ kwa afọ ise.<ref name="parismatchchavelet" /> Collange gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Sciences Po . <ref name="lamanchelibreunefemme">{{Cite news|title=Christiane Collange, une femme sans complexes et engagée|url=http://www.lamanchelibre.fr/actualite-12238-christiane-collange-une-femme-sans-complexes-et-engagee.html|accessdate=1 October 2016|work=La Manche Libre|date=6 August 2009}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Collange bụ onye nta akụkọ. Ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke ''Madame Express'', mgbakwunye nke {{Lang|fr|[[L'Express]]}} . <ref name="lexpresssessixdefits">{{Cite news|title=Ses six défis|url=http://www.lexpress.fr/informations/ses-six-defis_676385.html|accessdate=1 October 2016|work=L'Express|date=9 November 2006}}</ref> Ọ ghọrọ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Le Jardin des Modes na 1970<ref name="laroussejournal70">{{Cite web|title=Journal de l'Annee Ed. 1970|url=http://www.larousse.fr/archives/journaux_annee/1970/347/information|work=Larousse|accessdate=1 October 2016}}</ref> Collange bụ onye dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ. N'akwụkwọ mbụ ya, Madame et le management, nke e bipụtara na 1969, ọ rụrụ ụka na ụmụ nwanyị kwesịrị ịgba ọsọ ezinụlọ ha dị ka azụmahịa.<ref name="blandinfemmes">{{Cite journal|author=Blandin|first=Claire|title=Femmes de lettres dans la presse féminine (1964-1974)|journal=COnTEXTES|date=2012|volume=11|issue=11|doi=10.4000/contextes.5329|url=https://contextes.revues.org/5329?lang=en|accessdate=1 October 2016}}</ref> Collange jere ozi na kọmitii nsọpụrụ nke Association pour le droit de mourir dans la dignité, ọgbakọ pro-euthanasia. <ref name="honorarycommittee">{{Cite web|title=Comité d'honneur|url=http://www.admd.net/la-structure/le-comite-d-honneur.html|work=Association pour le droit de mourir dans la dignité|accessdate=1 October 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001003749/http://www.admd.net/la-structure/le-comite-d-honneur.html|archivedate=1 October 2015}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Collange lụrụ di ma gbaa alụkwaghịm ugboro atọ.<ref name="laffontquandnosenfants">{{Cite book|title=QUAND NOS ENFANTS DIVORCENT|url=http://www.laffont.fr/site/quand_nos_enfants_divorcent_&100&9782221140000.html|accessdate=3 October 2016|quote=Christiane Collange a divorcé trois fois à une époque ou seules les stars hollywoodiennes détenaient ce genre de record.}}</ref> Ya na otu di ya, onye nta akụkọ na onye edemede Jean Ferniot, ọ mụrụ nwa nwoke, Vincent Ferniot. . <ref name="premierevincentferniot">{{Cite web|title=Vincent Ferniot|url=http://www.premiere.fr/Star/Vincent-FERNIOT|work=Premiere|accessdate=1 October 2016}}</ref> Ọ nwụrụ na 24 Ọktoba 2023, mgbe ọ dị afọ 92, ụbọchị ise tupu ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya nke afọ 93.<ref>{{Cite news|title=La journaliste et essayiste Christiane Collange est morte|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2023/10/25/la-journaliste-et-essayiste-christiane-collange-est-morte_6196453_3382.html|accessdate=25 October 2023|work=Le Monde|date=25 October 2023}}</ref> == Ọrụ == * {{Cite book|author=Collange|first=Christiane|title=Madame et le management|date=1969|publisher=Tchou|location=Paris|oclc=2945519}} * {{Cite book|author=Collange|first=Christiane|title=Madame et le bonheur|date=1972|publisher=Robert Laffont|location=Paris|oclc=683281}} * {{Cite book|author=Collange|first=Christiane|title=Je veux rentrer à la maison|date=1978|publisher=Club français du livre|location=Paris|oclc=461703622}} * {{Cite book|author=Collange|first=Christiane|title=Ça va les hommes ?|date=1981|publisher=Bernard Grasset|location=Paris|isbn=9782246254317|oclc=7969540}} * {{Cite book|author=Collange|first=Christiane|title=Le divorce-boom|date=1983|publisher=Fayard|location=Paris|isbn=9782213012506|oclc=10183380}} * {{Cite book|author=Collange|first=Christiane|title=Moi, ta mere|date=1985|publisher=Fayard|location=Paris|isbn=9782213015231|oclc=299390276|url=https://archive.org/details/moitamere0000coll}} * {{Cite book|author=Collange|first=Christiane|title=Chers enfants|date=1987|publisher=Fayard|location=Paris|isbn=9782213018713|oclc=19812340}} * {{Cite book|author=Collange|first=Christiane|title=Nos sous|date=1989|publisher=Fayard|location=Paris|isbn=9782213021782|oclc=20332957}} * {{Cite book|author=Collange|first=Christiane|title=Moi, ta fille|date=1990|publisher=Fayard|location=Paris|isbn=9782213024622|oclc=22994280}} * {{Cite book|author=Collange|first=Christiane|title=Dessine-moi une famille|date=1992|publisher=Fayard|location=Paris|isbn=9782213027227|oclc=299436661}} * {{Cite book|author=Collange|first=Christiane|title=La politesse du cœur|date=1993|publisher=Stock|location=Paris|isbn=9782234026117|oclc=414971604}} * {{Cite book|author=Collange|first=Christiane|title=La grosse et la maigre|date=1994|publisher=Albin Michel|location=Paris|isbn=9782226069627|oclc=32920599}} * {{Cite book|author=Collange|first=Christiane|title=Toi mon senior|date=1997|publisher=Fayard|location=Paris|isbn=9782213598444|oclc=300103714}} * {{Cite book|author=Collange|first=Christiane|title=Merci, mon siècle|date=1998|publisher=Fayard|location=Paris|isbn=9782213600567|oclc=299884177}} * {{Cite book|author=Collange|first=Christiane|title=Nous, les belles-mères|date=2001|publisher=Fayard|location=Paris|isbn=9782213608549|oclc=299641909}} * {{Cite book|author=Collange|first=Christiane|title=La deuxième vie des femmes|date=2005|publisher=Robert Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=9782221103005|oclc=300271823|url=https://archive.org/details/ladeuxiemeviedes0000coll}} * {{Cite book|author=Collange|first=Christiane|title=Sacrées grands-mères!|date=2007|publisher=Robert Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=9782221106853|oclc=319901620}} * {{Cite book|author=Collange|first=Christiane|title=Pitié pour vos rides : enquête vérité sur le monde de l'esthétique|date=2009|publisher=Robert Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=9782221111239|oclc=718261870}} * {{Cite book|author=Collange|first=Christiane|title=Le jeu des 7 familles : pour une cohabitation harmonieuse entre les générations|date=2011|publisher=Robert Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=9782221116784|oclc=706016640}} == Edemside == g85pxr4kyxtwjhx0mqykahvy0zfjl56 0 75387 632496 2026-05-10T10:10:58Z Chigozirim2005 19722 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1070346982|Rose Combe]]" 632496 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />'''Rose Combe''', onye amụrụ Marie-Rosalie Bugne (14 Septemba 1883 - 24 Septemba 1932), bụ onye ọrụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè na onye edemede nke French, nke a na-ele anya dị ka ihe atụ nke akwụkwọ Proletarian. A mụrụ ya n'ezinụlọ dara ogbenye, n'agbanyeghị na ọ gụrụ obere akwụkwọ, ọ bụ onye na-agụ akwụkwọ nke ukwuu ma buru otu n'ime akwụkwọ ole na ole ọ nwere ike ịnweta, almanac, mgbe ọ dị afọ anọ. Ọ chọrọ ịbụ onye nkuzi mana kama ọ rụrụ ọrụ maka ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè dị n'etiti Ambert na Thiers dị ka onye na-ịgafe ọkwa. Otú ọ dị, ọ gara n'ihu na-ede akwụkwọ, site n'aka onye edemede Henri Pourrat, onye bi n'ógbè ahụ, e bipụtara ya na 1927. E mechara bipụta ọrụ ya na L'Auvergne littéraire et artistique na akwụkwọ akụkọ ya {{Lang|fr|Le Mile des Garre}} pụtara na 1931. A maara ya dị ka {{Lang|fr|La Garde-Barrière Auvergnate}} (Overgne Gatekeeper) site na ọrụ ya na ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè. Ọ nwụrụ na 1932, ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya ka na-ebipụtaghị. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Marie-Rosalie Bugne na Olmet na French Third Republic na 4 Septemba 1883. [1] Nna ya, Joseph Bugne, bụ onye na-arụ ọrụ n'ụgbọ okporo ígwè dị n'etiti Ambert na Thiers, Puy-de-Dôme. Dị ka nwa okorobịa, ọ na-akwaga na ọrụ nna ya, na-enweta obere agụmakwụkwọ. E nwere akwụkwọ ole na ole n'ụlọ mana o gosipụtara ọchịchọ siri ike ịgụ akwụkwọ site na nwata. Mgbe ọ dị afọ anọ, o buru otu n'ime akwụkwọ ole na ole ezinụlọ ahụ nwere, almanac. N'agbanyeghị oge ọ na-anọghị ya ugboro ugboro, ọ hapụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị na asambodo ọmụmụ. Ọ chọsiri ike ịbụ onye nkuzi; Otú ọ dị, kama nke ahụ, e were ya n'ọrụ dị ka onye na-agafe n'okporo ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè nna ya nyere aka mepụta, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes.[2] Ọ lụrụ Jean-Marie Combe, onye ọrụ ugbo n'ógbè ahụ, na 1903.[3] Ọchịchọ ịgụ akwụkwọ akwụsịghị n'ihi enweghị akwụkwọ na ndụ ya wee malite ide na 1916. Ihe odide mbụ ya jikọtara akwụkwọ ndekọ onwe ya na akụkọ na-ezughị ezu.[4] Agbanyeghị, ka obi ike ya na-abawanye, ọ kpọtụụrụ Henri Pourrat, onye bikwa na Ambert, ịrịọ maka ndụmọdụ. N'ịgụ ọrụ ya, ọ jikọtara ya na ndị edemede obodo ndị ọzọ, gụnyere Lucien Gachon, Pierre Balme, Georges Desdevises du Dézert, Alexandre Vialatte na Amelie Murat.[5] E bipụtara ọrụ mbụ ya n'akwụkwọ akụkọ L'Auvergne littéraire na 1927. A nabatara ihe odide ya nke ọma, karịsịa akwụkwọ akụkọ ya bụ Le Mile des Garret, nke Henri Poulaille bipụtara na 1931 na okwu mmalite nke Alexandre Vialatte dere.[2] A tụlere akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ nke ọma na Le Monde, nke butere Lucien Gachon ide nkwado siri ike maka ide ya. <ref>{{Cite journal|first=Lucien|author=Gachon|title=Défense de Mme Rose Combe écrivain du peuple|journal=Nouvel Age|date=November 1931}}</ref> Ọkwa ya n'oge a na-abawanye. A na-ele ya anya dị ka ihe ochie nke akwụkwọ ndị Proletarian wee nweta aha La Garde-Barrière Auvergnate (Onye na-elekọta ọnụ ụzọ Auvergne) n'ọrụ ya n'okporo ụzọ ụgbọ oloko.[5] Otú ọ dị, ọ na-esiwanyekwa ike ahụ́ ya. Na ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu nke ewu ewu ya, ọ nwụrụ na 24 Septemba 1932 n'ụlọ ọgwụ dị na Clermont-Ferrand.[7] == Ihe odide ndị a họọrọ == Combe dere otu akwụkwọ akụkọ, Le Mile des Garret, nke e bipụtara na mbụ na 1931 dịka akụkụ nke mkpokọta Rome du Nouvel Age.[2] Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya ka na-edeghị aha mgbe ọ nwụrụ, ma bụrụ nke a na-ebipụtaghị.[8] Ihe odide ndị ọzọ gụnyere: [9] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a ga-anọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] == Ihe odide == === Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ === {{Reflist}} 3o4vp4o929ca7auarf3d3vrqc4l8w1q 0 75388 632497 2026-05-10T10:22:23Z Chigozirim2005 19722 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1167984017|Béatrice Commengé]]" 632497 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Béatrice_Commengé.jpg|thumb|Beatrice Commengé]] '''Beatrice Commengé''' (amụrụ na 1949 na Algiers) bụ onye edemede na onye ntụgharị French. == Akụkọ ndụ == Ka emechara Ph.D. na Virginia Woolf, ọ malitere akara ugo mmụta nna ukwu na ịgba egwu nke mechiri na mbipụta nke edemede ya "The Dance of Nietzsche". Akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, La Nuit est en avance d'un jour, ka ebipụtara na 1985 na Éditions Orban. Ọ sụgharịrị akwụkwọ akụkọ Anaïs Nin niile na-adịghị achụpụ. Ezigbo onye njem, o tinyela aka n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ dịka L'Infini, Les Cahiers de l'Herne, L'Atelier du roman, La Revue des ressources [fr] na ịntanetị ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ.[fr]. Béatrice Commengé nwetara Prix Cazes na 2004 maka akwụkwọ ya Et il ne pleut jamais, naturellement nke ahọpụtara maka ihe nrite Femina na Wepler. == Ọrụ == * 1985: La Nuit bụ otu ụbọchị tupu oge eruo, Orban * 1988: ''Egwú Nietzsche'', Gallimard * 1989: ''Eluigwe nke Onye Njem'', Gallimard * 1991: ''Henry Miller, mmụọ ozi, onye na-eme ihe ọchị, onye na'amaghị ama'', Plon * 1995: ''Ndị Aleksandria'', Tebụl Gburugburu Ebe Obibi * 1998: ''Nwoke Na-adịghị agagharị agagharị'', Gallimard * 2003: Ọ dịghị mgbe mmiri na-ezo, n'ezie, Gallimard * 2007: ''N'ihu ogige - Ụbọchị isii na ndụ Rainer Maria Rilke'', Flammarion, * 2009: Voyager vers des noms magnifiques, mbipụta Finitude * 2011: L'occasion fugitive, Éditions Léo Scheer * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * 2015: Le ''Paris nke Modiano'', mbipụta Alexandrines * 2016: Une vie de paysages, Éditions Verdier * 2020: Algiers, rue des Bananiers, Éditions Verdier == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.babelio.com/auteur/Beatrice-Commenge/61137 Beatrice Commengé] na Babelio * [http://editions.flammarion.com/peoples_detail.cfm?id=108870 Beatrice Commengé] na Gallimard * [http://editions-verdier.fr/auteur/beatrice-commenge-2/ Beatrice Commengé] na mbipụta Verdier * [http://www.larevuedesressources.org/_beatrice-commenge,020_.html Beatrice Commengé] na La revue des Ressources * Béatrice Commengé: N'ihu ogige ahụ, ụbọchị isii na ndụ Maria Rainer na INA.fr (6 Eprel 2007) [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 0jaomu73e8123kwuahg31kreczu1saj 0 75389 632498 2026-05-10T10:57:38Z Chigozirim2005 19722 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1292922184|Louise Compain]]" 632498 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Louise Compain''' (nke a makwaara dị ka '''Louise Massebiau-Compain'''; 23 Eprel 1869 - 7 Disemba 1941) bụ onye France na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ, onye nta akụkọ, onye na-ede ihe n'onwe ya, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụmụ nwanyị, onye na'ịgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na onye na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị.[1][2] Ọ bụ onye malitere òtù ụmụ nwanyị na France na ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na itoolu na mmalite narị afọ nke abụọ. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Mélanie Louise Massebiau na Vierzon, France, <ref name="archives18.fr">{{Cite web|title=Visionneuse|url=http://www.archives18.fr/arkotheque/visionneuse/visionneuse.php?arko=YTo3OntzOjQ6ImRhdGUiO3M6MTA6IjIwMTktMDEtMzEiO3M6MTA6InR5cGVfZm9uZHMiO3M6MTE6ImFya29fc2VyaWVsIjtzOjQ6InJlZjEiO3M6MToiMSI7czo0OiJyZWYyIjtzOjQ6IjgzNDYiO3M6MjI6ImZvcmNlX251bV9pbWFnZV9kZXBhcnQiO2k6NDM7czoxNjoidmlzaW9ubmV1c2VfaHRtbCI7YjoxO3M6MjE6InZpc2lvbm5ldXNlX2h0bWxfbW9kZSI7czo0OiJwcm9kIjt9#uielem_move=246.78334045410156%2C74&uielem_islocked=0&uielem_zoom=64&uielem_brightness=0&uielem_contrast=0&uielem_isinverted=0&uielem_rotate=F|publisher=Archives Départementales du Cher|accessdate=30 January 2019|language=French}}</ref> na 23 Eprel 1869. Ọ bụ nwa nwanyị nke Jean Louis Adolphe Massebieau, prọfesọ na Faculty of Protestant Theology na Paris, na Louise Françoise Marie Boissier. Compain bụ onye otu French Union for Women's Suffrage. Onye edemede na onye nta akụkọ, a bịara mara ya na mmalite nke òtù ụmụ nwanyị site n'ịde akwụkwọ akụkọ nwanyị na-aga nke ọma. Compain bụ onye mgbanwe mmekọrịta ọha na eze kwadoro ihe ndị metụtara ịhọpụta ụmụ nwanyị, otu ụmụ nwanyị, na mgba ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị.[4] Dị ka Charity Organisation Society (London, England, 1899) si kwuo: - [5]   Na Paris, Ọktoba 1888, ọ lụrụ Luc Compain (1864-1889), <ref name="archives.paris.fr">{{Cite web|title=Accueil|url=http://archives.paris.fr/a/1/|publisher=Archives de Paris|accessdate=30 January 2019|language=French}}</ref> Onye mmekọ Prọfesọ na Lycée de Chaumont onye nwụrụ na mberede na 17 Nọvemba 1889<ref name="gallica.bnf.fr1892">{{Cite web|author=Association des anciens élèves de lettres et sciences humaines des universités de Paris Auteur du|title=Bulletin|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5679707g/f65.image.r=COMPAIN%201889%20LUC%20PULIGNY.langFR|work=Gallica|accessdate=30 January 2019|language=French|date=1892}}</ref> ka ọ na-akwado akụkọ akụkọ Geoffrey nke Vendôme, nke e bipụtara n'afọ 1891 mgbe ọ nwụsịrị. Compain bụ nwanne nne [[Georgette Hammel]] (née Roustain; Righteous Among the Nations), nwanne nne nke onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta ụmụ nwanyị na onye edemede Evelyn Sullerot, na onye na-eguzogide, [[Élisabeth Quintenelle|Elizabeth Quintenelle]]. == Onyinye == * Ihe nrite Academy maka L'un vers l'autre (1903) [8] == Ọrụ == * ''Nwanyị n'ime òtù ndị ọrụ'', 1910 * ''Ndụ Ọdachi nke Geneviève'', 1912 * ''Ịhụnanya Claire'', 1915 * Nnukwu ọmịiko nke ime obodo France, 1917 * Ọnụ ụzọ nke Ndụ Mmụọ, 1927 * ''Uwe a dọwara adọka'', 1929 * ''Kalenda nke ndụ ime mmụọ ma ọ bụ nzọụkwụ nke mkpụrụ obi'', 1938 == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|30em}} === Onye e nyere ya === === Akwụkwọ === == Njikọ mpụga == {{authority control}} ej6zc7khwekzorlycjivsfq8gio54h6 632499 632498 2026-05-10T10:59:14Z Chigozirim2005 19722 Edemside 632499 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Louise Compain''' (nke a makwaara dị ka '''Louise Massebiau-Compain'''; 23 Eprel 1869 - 7 Disemba 1941) bụ onye France na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ, onye nta akụkọ, onye na-ede ihe n'onwe ya, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụmụ nwanyị, onye na'ịgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na onye na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị.[1][2] Ọ bụ onye malitere òtù ụmụ nwanyị na France na ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na itoolu na mmalite narị afọ nke abụọ. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Mélanie Louise Massebiau na Vierzon, France, <ref name="archives18.fr">{{Cite web|title=Visionneuse|url=http://www.archives18.fr/arkotheque/visionneuse/visionneuse.php?arko=YTo3OntzOjQ6ImRhdGUiO3M6MTA6IjIwMTktMDEtMzEiO3M6MTA6InR5cGVfZm9uZHMiO3M6MTE6ImFya29fc2VyaWVsIjtzOjQ6InJlZjEiO3M6MToiMSI7czo0OiJyZWYyIjtzOjQ6IjgzNDYiO3M6MjI6ImZvcmNlX251bV9pbWFnZV9kZXBhcnQiO2k6NDM7czoxNjoidmlzaW9ubmV1c2VfaHRtbCI7YjoxO3M6MjE6InZpc2lvbm5ldXNlX2h0bWxfbW9kZSI7czo0OiJwcm9kIjt9#uielem_move=246.78334045410156%2C74&uielem_islocked=0&uielem_zoom=64&uielem_brightness=0&uielem_contrast=0&uielem_isinverted=0&uielem_rotate=F|publisher=Archives Départementales du Cher|accessdate=30 January 2019|language=French}}</ref> na 23 Eprel 1869. Ọ bụ nwa nwanyị nke Jean Louis Adolphe Massebieau, prọfesọ na Faculty of Protestant Theology na Paris, na Louise Françoise Marie Boissier. Compain bụ onye otu French Union for Women's Suffrage. Onye edemede na onye nta akụkọ, a bịara mara ya na mmalite nke òtù ụmụ nwanyị site n'ịde akwụkwọ akụkọ nwanyị na-aga nke ọma. Compain bụ onye mgbanwe mmekọrịta ọha na eze kwadoro ihe ndị metụtara ịhọpụta ụmụ nwanyị, otu ụmụ nwanyị, na mgba ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị.[4] Dị ka Charity Organisation Society (London, England, 1899) si kwuo: - [5]   Na Paris, Ọktoba 1888, ọ lụrụ Luc Compain (1864-1889), <ref name="archives.paris.fr">{{Cite web|title=Accueil|url=http://archives.paris.fr/a/1/|publisher=Archives de Paris|accessdate=30 January 2019|language=French}}</ref> Onye mmekọ Prọfesọ na Lycée de Chaumont onye nwụrụ na mberede na 17 Nọvemba 1889<ref name="gallica.bnf.fr1892">{{Cite web|author=Association des anciens élèves de lettres et sciences humaines des universités de Paris Auteur du|title=Bulletin|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5679707g/f65.image.r=COMPAIN%201889%20LUC%20PULIGNY.langFR|work=Gallica|accessdate=30 January 2019|language=French|date=1892}}</ref> ka ọ na-akwado akụkọ akụkọ Geoffrey nke Vendôme, nke e bipụtara n'afọ 1891 mgbe ọ nwụsịrị. Compain bụ nwanne nne [[Georgette Hammel]] (née Roustain; Righteous Among the Nations), nwanne nne nke onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta ụmụ nwanyị na onye edemede Evelyn Sullerot, na onye na-eguzogide, [[Élisabeth Quintenelle|Elizabeth Quintenelle]]. == Onyinye == * Ihe nrite Academy maka L'un vers l'autre (1903) [8] == Ọrụ == * ''Nwanyị n'ime òtù ndị ọrụ'', 1910 * ''Ndụ Ọdachi nke Geneviève'', 1912 * ''Ịhụnanya Claire'', 1915 * Nnukwu ọmịiko nke ime obodo France, 1917 * Ọnụ ụzọ nke Ndụ Mmụọ, 1927 * ''Uwe a dọwara adọka'', 1929 * ''Kalenda nke ndụ ime mmụọ ma ọ bụ nzọụkwụ nke mkpụrụ obi'', 1938 == Edemside == {{Reflist|30em}} === Onye e nyere ya === === Akwụkwọ === == Njikọ mpụga == {{authority control}} ograpgygqittnxtb9trzi7a6x5e4a18 0 75390 632500 2026-05-10T11:14:39Z Johnnybam 24488 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350455917|Tom Dele-Bashiru]]" 632500 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{updated|match played 18 April 2026}}''' Ayotomiwa Sherif "Tom" Dele-Bashiru''' (born 17 September 1999) is a professional [[Footbọl|footballer]] who plays as a midfielder for Gençlerbirliği on loan from EFL Championship club Watford.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=FC|first=Reading|title=TDB: "I'm excited to be back doing what I love!"|url=https://readingfc.co.uk//news/2021/august/TDB-I-m-excited-to-be-back-doing-what-I-love-/|accessdate=18 August 2021|work=Reading FC}}</ref> Born in England, Dele-Bashiru represents Nigeria internationally. == Ọrụ klọb == Dele-Bashiru mere egwuregwu mbụ ya maka Manchester City na 19 Disemba 2017 na EFL Cup megide Leicester City, dochie Phil Foden na nkeji 91st ma na-egwu egwu na oge mgbakwunye. Na 24 Julaị 2019, Dele-Bashiru sonyeere Watford na nkwekọrịta afọ isii ka nkwekọrịta ya na Manchester City gwụchara.[1] O mere mpụta mbụ ya na Watford wee gbata goolu mmalite na asọmpi 3–3 megide Tranmere Rovers na FA Cup agba nke atọ. Na mbido mbụ ya na league, Dele-Bashiru merụrụ ahụ na ọkara mbụ megide Reading na 3 Ọktoba 2020. E gosipụtara na a ga-awa ya ahụ maka mmerụ ahụ n'ihu ya ma ọ ga-anọghị n'ọrụ ruo ihe dị ka ọnwa isii.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.watfordfc.com/news/injury-news-dele-bashiru-set-for-surgery|title=Injury News: Dele-Bashiru Set For Surgery|publisher=watfordfc.com|date=5 October 2020|accessdate=22 October 2020}}</ref> Mgbe ọ laghachiri ọzụzụ ma na-anọchite anya ''Hornets'' n'oge tupu oge okpomọkụ 2021, Dele-Bashiru sonyeere Reading na mgbazinye oge, iji nwetakwuo oge egwu ma weghachite ahụike ya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=FC|first=Reading|title=TDB: "I'm excited to be back doing what I love!"|url=https://readingfc.co.uk//news/2021/august/TDB-I-m-excited-to-be-back-doing-what-I-love-/|accessdate=18 August 2021|work=Reading FC}}</ref> Ọ gbara goolu mbụ ya maka Reading mgbe ọ gbara goolu abụọ megide Peterborough United na 14 Septemba 2021 na mmeri 3-1.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/58470836|title=Reading 3-1 Peterborough|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=14 September 2021|accessdate=15 September 2021}}</ref> Na 12 Septemba 2025, Dele-Bashiru sonyeere klọb Süper Lig Gençlerbirliği na mgbazinye oge.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.watfordfc.com/news/2025/september/12/official--loan-move-for-dele-bashiru/|title=Official: Loan Move For Dele-Bashiru|work=www.watfordfc.com|date=12 September 2025|accessdate=13 September 2025}}</ref> Dele-Bashiru nọchitere anya Ndị otu England na-erubeghị afọ iri na isii, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mancity.com/teams/eds/midfielders/tom-dele-bashiru#profile-bio|title=Manchester City U18s Tom Dele-Bashiru profile|work=MCFC}}</ref> mana o ruru eru maka Naijiria. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị otu bọọlụ mba [[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] na-erubeghị afọ 20 na 2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup na [[Poland]]. Dele-Bashiru gbara goolu nke atọ nke Naịjirịa na mmeri mbụ ha meriri Qatar, egwuregwu ahụ mechiri 4-0. Nwanne Dele-Bashiru nke obere Fisayo bịakwara na Manchester City tupu ọ banye Sheffield Wednesday.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/53570429|title=Fisayo Dele-Bashiru: Manchester City midfielder joins Sheffield Wednesday for undisclosed fee|publisher=BBC|date=28 July 2020|accessdate=29 July 2020}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko FA ! colspan="2" |Iko EFL ! colspan="2" |Europe ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="3" |Manchester City U21 |2017–18 | colspan="3" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |3[a] |0 |3 |0 |- |2018–19 | colspan="3" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |5[a] |1 |5 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !8 !1 !8 !1 |- | rowspan="3" |Manchester City |2017–18<ref name="17/18" /> |Njikọ Premier |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |- |2018–19<ref name="18/19" /> |Njikọ Premier |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !0 !0 !0 !0 !1 !0 !0 !0 ! colspan="2" |- !1 !0 |- | rowspan="8" |Watford |2019–20 |Njikọ Premier |0 |0 |2 |1 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |3 |1 |- |2020–21 |Mmeri |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |- |2021–22 |Njikọ Premier |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |- |2022–23 |Mmeri |6 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |6 |0 |- |2023–24 |Mmeri |35 |2 |2 |1 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |38 |3 |- |2024–25 |Mmeri |27 |4 |0 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |30 |4 |- |2025–26<ref name="24/25" /> |Mmeri |1 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !71 !6 !4 !2 !6 !0 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !81 !8 |- |Ịgụ Ihe (gbazinye ego) |2021–22<ref name="21/22" /> |Mmeri |38 |4 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |39 |4 |- |Gençlerbirliği (onye a gbazinyere) |2025–26<ref name="24/25" /> |Süper Lig |25 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |25 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !134 !10 !5 !2 !7 !0 !0 !0 !8 !1 !154 !12 |} <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Edensibia == == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 1lel5ugno1hb7oh7bjdbk3zus7kazsx