Wikipedia igwiki https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihu_mb%E1%BB%A5 MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.8 first-letter Midia Ọpụrụiche Ńkàtá Ojiarụ Ńkàtá ojiarụ Wikipedia Ńkàtá Wikipedia Faịlụ Ńkàtá faịlụ MidiaWiki Ńkàtá MidiaWiki Templeeti Ńkàtá templeeti Enyemaka Ńkàtá enyemaka Otú Ńkàtá otú Édēchághị́ Ńkàtá Édēchághị́ TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 60540 670514 211083 2026-06-30T12:18:01Z Anastesia chi 23720 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345446756|Yusuf Shitu Galambi]]" 670514 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yusuf Shitu Galambi''' (amụrụ n'ụbọchi iri abụọ na asatọ n'ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 1964) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchọ nke Niajirịa. Ọ na-eje ozi ugbu a dịka onye nnọchiteanya gọọmentị etiti na-anọchite anya ndị omeiwu Gwaram nke [[Ȯra Jigawa|Jigawa Steeti]] na Nzụkọ nke iri Mba niile .<ref>{{Cite news|author=Omorogbe|first=Paul|date=2021-06-20|title=Jigawa bye-election: APC candidate declared winner|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/jigawa-bye-election-apc-candidate-declared-winner/|accessdate=2024-12-25|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=David|date=2021-05-23|title=Galambi emerges Gwaram APC house of reps candidate|url=https://thesun.ng/galambi-emerges-gwaram-apc-house-of-reps-candidate/|accessdate=2024-12-25|work=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Muhammad|first=Khaleel|date=2021-06-20|title=APC wins Jigawa bye-election|url=https://dailypost.ng/2021/06/20/apc-wins-jigawa-bye-election/|accessdate=2024-12-25|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1964]] [[Otú:Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchọ Niajirịa]] lbg7uy4coesno2q0e5ganae4rel9xoo 670515 670514 2026-06-30T12:21:31Z Anastesia chi 23720 Fixed category 670515 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yusuf Shitu Galambi''' (amụrụ n'ụbọchi iri abụọ na asatọ n'ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 1964) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchọ nke Niajirịa. Ọ na-eje ozi ugbu a dịka onye nnọchiteanya gọọmentị etiti na-anọchite anya ndị omeiwu Gwaram nke [[Ȯra Jigawa|Jigawa Steeti]] na Nzụkọ nke iri Mba niile .<ref>{{Cite news|author=Omorogbe|first=Paul|date=2021-06-20|title=Jigawa bye-election: APC candidate declared winner|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/jigawa-bye-election-apc-candidate-declared-winner/|accessdate=2024-12-25|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=David|date=2021-05-23|title=Galambi emerges Gwaram APC house of reps candidate|url=https://thesun.ng/galambi-emerges-gwaram-apc-house-of-reps-candidate/|accessdate=2024-12-25|work=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Muhammad|first=Khaleel|date=2021-06-20|title=APC wins Jigawa bye-election|url=https://dailypost.ng/2021/06/20/apc-wins-jigawa-bye-election/|accessdate=2024-12-25|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1964]] [[Otú:Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria]] 9jdp5y8cixngdyqj2awrpvl7p8u5g79 4 76815 670678 656187 2026-07-01T11:51:41Z PieWriter 56464 /* Comments and Discussions */ 670678 wikitext text/x-wiki ===[[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/SafariScribe|SafariScribe]]=== '''[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/SafariScribe|action=edit}} Voice your opinion]''' '''(0/0/0); Scheduled to end 15:21, [[25 Jụn]] [[2026]] (UTC)''' {{user|SafariScribe}} - Aha m bụ SafariScribe. A chọrọ m ịbụ admin n'ihi na odi nnukwu mkpa tụmadi oge ugbua ufọdụ ihe kwesịrị ka edozie; Ihe ndị ahụ kwesịrị ka-edozie dika iwepu ịhụ akwukwo (deletion), na ndị ọzọ abụghị ihe onye na enweghị ya bu akara ga emenwu. Ana m ede ma na edezikwa otutu ibe (pages) na Wikipedia a. Ọrụ admin a ga enyere m aka idozi templeeti ma Ihe ndị ọzọ kwesịrị na aga edozi. Daalụ! [[Ojiarụ:SafariScribe|SafariScribe]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:SafariScribe|ṅkátá]]) 15:21, 18 Jụn 2026 (UTC) ====Questions for candidate==== Dear candidate, thank you for offering to serve Wikipedia as an administrator. You may wish to answer the following <u>optional</u> questions to provide guidance for participants: :'''1.''' What admin work do you intend to take part in? ::'''A:''' Ọrụ admin karịrị akari mànà nke mu na-arunye aka karịa bu nwepu otutu ibe na-enweghi isi okachasi ndị gbara abụọ. Ọzọkwa bụ idozi ihu Wikipedia Anyị a (main page), ịdezikwa ibe dika mụ si emebu. :'''2.''' What are your best contributions to Wikipedia, and why? ::'''A:''' Ndezi ịhụ akwukwo na ntụgharị otutu ibe site na Wikipedia asụsụ bekee. :'''3.''' Have you been in any conflicts over editing in the past or have other users caused you stress? How have you dealt with it and how will you deal with it in the future? ::'''A:''' Oburu maka Wikipedia a, mba. ====Comments and Discussions==== * Links for {{usercheck-short|SafariScribe}} ---- '''Support, oppose, or abstain below this line:''' *<small>(sorry for writing in English)</small> Not a vote but I would like to encourage stewards to take a look at [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Administrators%27_noticeboard/Incidents&oldid=1362010281#Potential_mass_improper_AfC_acceptances this] when accepting/declining this request. [[Ojiarụ:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:PieWriter|ṅkátá]]) 11:51, 1 Julaị 2026 (UTC) ss0pg2433c6n4h4fay4p2nof3w91mtx 670681 670678 2026-07-01T11:56:58Z PieWriter 56464 670681 wikitext text/x-wiki ===[[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/SafariScribe|SafariScribe]]=== '''[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/SafariScribe|action=edit}} Voice your opinion]''' '''(0/0/0); Scheduled to end 15:21, [[25 Jụn]] [[2026]] (UTC)''' {{user|SafariScribe}} - Aha m bụ SafariScribe. A chọrọ m ịbụ admin n'ihi na odi nnukwu mkpa tụmadi oge ugbua ufọdụ ihe kwesịrị ka edozie; Ihe ndị ahụ kwesịrị ka-edozie dika iwepu ịhụ akwukwo (deletion), na ndị ọzọ abụghị ihe onye na enweghị ya bu akara ga emenwu. Ana m ede ma na edezikwa otutu ibe (pages) na Wikipedia a. Ọrụ admin a ga enyere m aka idozi templeeti ma Ihe ndị ọzọ kwesịrị na aga edozi. Daalụ! [[Ojiarụ:SafariScribe|SafariScribe]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:SafariScribe|ṅkátá]]) 15:21, 18 Jụn 2026 (UTC) ====Questions for candidate==== Dear candidate, thank you for offering to serve Wikipedia as an administrator. You may wish to answer the following <u>optional</u> questions to provide guidance for participants: :'''1.''' What admin work do you intend to take part in? ::'''A:''' Ọrụ admin karịrị akari mànà nke mu na-arunye aka karịa bu nwepu otutu ibe na-enweghi isi okachasi ndị gbara abụọ. Ọzọkwa bụ idozi ihu Wikipedia Anyị a (main page), ịdezikwa ibe dika mụ si emebu. :'''2.''' What are your best contributions to Wikipedia, and why? ::'''A:''' Ndezi ịhụ akwukwo na ntụgharị otutu ibe site na Wikipedia asụsụ bekee. :'''3.''' Have you been in any conflicts over editing in the past or have other users caused you stress? How have you dealt with it and how will you deal with it in the future? ::'''A:''' Oburu maka Wikipedia a, mba. ====Comments and Discussions==== * Links for {{usercheck-short|SafariScribe}} ---- '''Support, oppose, or abstain below this line:''' *<small>(sorry for writing in English)</small> Not a vote but I would like to encourage stewards to take a look at [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Administrators%27_noticeboard/Incidents&oldid=1362010281#Potential_mass_improper_AfC_acceptances this] when making a judgement on this request due to the suspected UPE. [[Ojiarụ:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:PieWriter|ṅkátá]]) 11:51, 1 Julaị 2026 (UTC) oun0msj0psanqc0gjt7qtqwg8hougj5 1728 76958 670534 670504 2026-06-30T15:20:01Z Celetex 13524 670534 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Dialect Standardization project flyer.jpg|thumb|Flyer for dialectal Variations project]] Igbo Wiktionary already has numerous entries, but many still lack proper dialectal variations (Olumba), regional usage examples, and standardization across dialects. This project aims to improve the completeness and quality of Igbo Wiktionary entries by focusing on creating and standardizing dialectal variations of Igbo words. Through the active participation of experienced editors, the project will document variations from major dialects such as Anambra (Nnewi, Awka, Onitsha), Imo (Owerri), Enugu (Nsukka), Abia (Ngwa), and Ebonyi (Afikpo). This is essential to ensure that Igbo speakers, researchers, and linguists have access to more accurate, inclusive, and representative linguistic resources. == Focus == This project will focus primarily on creating new entries and improving existing ones on Igbo Wiktionary with special emphasis on dialectal variations. These improvements will include: * Adding and expanding Olumba (Dialectal Variations) sections with regional spellings and example sentences * Documenting variations from Anambra (Nnewi, Awka, Onitsha), Imo (Owerri), Enugu (Nsukka), Abia (Ngwa), and Ebonyi (Afikpo) * Adding relevant usage examples from different dialects * Standardizing the presentation of dialectal information '''Note:''' This project is not a contest-based project. == Timeline == * 26th June – 31st July 2026 == Venue == Kenneth Dike Library, Awka, Anambra State == Work List == [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Igbo_Wikimedians_User_Group/Projects/Dialectal_Variations_Igbo_Wiktionary_2026#Work_List] == Outreach Dashboard == https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/Igbo_Wikimedians_User_Group/Creating_and_Standardizing_Dialectal_Variations_of_Igbo_Words_on_Igbo_Wikti [[Otú:Mmemme]] [[Otú:Mmemme 2026]] isfdpzk9d2vsqizynoqcbev8zfp7fhn 0 77026 670523 659019 2026-06-30T13:51:09Z Dolphyb 10983 Wepu mgbanwe [[Special:Diff/659019|659019]] nke [[Special:Contributions/Emmanuel Obiajulu|Emmanuel Obiajulu]] ([[User talk:Emmanuel Obiajulu|talk]]) 670523 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''[[osimiri]] Oti''' ma ọ bụ '''Osimiri Pendjari''' ([[Asụsụ French|French]]: Rivière Pendjari) bụ osimiri mba ụwa dị na West [[Afrịka]]. Ọ na-etona [[Benin]], Site na agbata obodo Benin na Burkina Faso Kwolu gafee obodo Togo ma zute oshimiri volta  dị na Ghana. == Ọdịdị ala == Osimiri Oti dị ihe dị ka kilomita Narị ise na iri abụọ (323 mi) n'ogologo. isi mmiri ya dị na Benin na Burkina Faso, Ọ na-ekworo gafee obodo Benin na Togo wee banye na Osimiri Volta na Ghana. [[:en:Tributary|Tributaries]] ọdụ mmiri dị n'a aka ekpe na Togo sitere na Ugwu Togo n'ebe ndịda. Otu n'ime ndị na-esite n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ya bụ Osimiri Kara, ebe njikọ ya dị n'Ókè Ghana na Togo, ebe ọzọ, [[Koumongou River|Osimiri Koumongou]], si n'ebe ndịda. ọnụ Oti dịbu n'osimiri Volta, mana ugbu a ọ na-asọba n'Ọdọ Mmiri Volta na Ghana.<ref name="Atlas">{{Cite book|title=Atlas of the World|author=Philip's|year=1994|publisher=Reed International|isbn=0-540-05831-9}}</ref> Osimiri ahụ gafere akụkụ ugwu nke Togo na ndagwurugwu savanna ihe dị ka kilomita iri anọ maọbụ iri ise (25 ma ọ bụ 31 mi) n'obosara. N'akụkụ osimiri ahụ bụ oké ọhịa gallery - mke na-asọba mgbe ụfọdụ. [[Oge ọkọchị]] ebe na adigide site na [[Novemba|Nọvemba]] ruo [[Önwa ànó|Eprel]], na ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ nke oge [[Harmattan|Ụgụrụ]] na-esi n'ebe ugwu na-efe. N'oge a n'afọ, mmiri nke osimiri ahụ dị obere. Ma Oti ma Koumongou nwere ala mmiri, ihe dị ka kilomita iri na anọ (6.2 na 2.5 mi) n'obosara, n'otu n'otu. Idei mmiri ndị a na-asọba nke ukwuu n'Oge mmiri ozuzo, mana n'oge ọkọchị ha na-akpọnwụ, ala dị larịị, na ọdọ mmiri ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri mgbe ụfọdụ na ndagwurugwu. Ehi na-ata nri n'ala mmiri n'oge ọkọchị. Enwekwara obere uto nke ihe ọkụkụ, na ịchụ nta nke anụ na-ewere ọnọdụ n'ebe ahụ.<ref name="Hughes">{{Cite book|author=Hughes, R.H.|title=A Directory of African Wetlands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA443|year=1992|publisher=IUCN|isbn=978-2-88032-949-5|pages=443–447}}</ref> === Ókèala mba ụwa === Osimiri ahụ bụ akụkụ nke ókèala mba ụwa dị n'etiti [[Ghana]], [[Burkina Faso]], [[Togo]], na [[Benin]].<ref name="Rivers and Lakes">{{Cite web|url=http://www.countrystudies.us/ghana/30.htm|title=Ghana - Rivers and Lakes|work=www.countrystudies.us|accessdate=2017-08-17}}</ref> === Ogige ntụrụndụ === Osimiri Oti na-agafe Ogige Ntụrụndụ Pendjari na Benin <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pendjari.net/en/|title=Parc National de la Pendjari|accessdate=21 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714032607/http://www.pendjari.net/en/|archivedate=14 July 2017}}</ref> na Ogige Ntụ Oti-Kéran na Togo. <ref name="Hughes">{{Cite book|author=Hughes, R.H.|title=A Directory of African Wetlands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA443|year=1992|publisher=IUCN|isbn=978-2-88032-949-5|pages=443–447}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHughes,_R.H.1992">Hughes, R.H. (1992). </cite></ref> == Ogologo na Akụkụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri == Osimiri Oti nwere ihe dịka ogologo nke ihe dị ka kilomita 520<ref>{{Cite web|author=Environment|first=Gregory Sousa in|date=2017-04-25|title=The Major Rivers Of Ghana|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-major-rivers-of-ghana.html|accessdate=2026-06-17|work=WorldAtlas|language=en-US}}</ref>. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-enwe mgbanwe dị ike n'oge, ebe ọtụtụ n'ime mmiri na-egosi mbelata mmiri ma ọ bụ ọwa mmiri kpọrọ nkụ n'oge ọkọchị.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Koch|first=Hagen|date=2025-03-13|title=From Data Scarcity to Solutions: Hydrological and Water Management Modeling in a Highly Managed River Basin|journal=Water|language=en|volume=17|issue=6|pages=823|doi=10.3390/w17060823|issn=2073-4441}}</ref> == Mmiri na Mmiri Na-asọba n'Oge == Osimiri ahụ bụ oge dị ukwuu, na ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu na-eme n'oge mmiri ozuzo na obere mmiri n'oge ọkọchị Harmattan. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=Burkina Faso {{!}} Coup, Map, Capital, Flag, Government, & History {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Burkina-Faso?utm|accessdate=2026-06-17|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> Mgbanwe oge a na-akpata idei mmiri oge na oge nke ala mmiri gbara ya gburugburu, ọkachasị na Togo na ugwu Ghana.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=Burkina Faso {{!}} Coup, Map, Capital, Flag, Government, & History {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Burkina-Faso?utm|accessdate=2026-06-17|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/place/Burkina-Faso?utm "Burkina Faso | Coup, Map, Capital, Flag, Government, & History | Britannica"]. </cite></ref> == Okike na gburugburu ebe obibi == Mmiri nke Osimiri Oti gụnyere usoro okike savanna, ala mmiri, na oké ọhịa gallery nke na-akwado ọrụ ugbo na ọzụzụ anụ. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=Burkina Faso {{!}} Coup, Map, Capital, Flag, Government, & History {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Burkina-Faso?utm|accessdate=2026-06-17|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/place/Burkina-Faso?utm "Burkina Faso | Coup, Map, Capital, Flag, Government, & History | Britannica"]. </cite></ref> A na-eji ala mmiri dị n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ eme ihe maka ịta nri na [[Oru ugbo|ịkọ ugbo]] n'oge ọkọchị mgbe mmiri na-ebelata.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=Burkina Faso {{!}} Coup, Map, Capital, Flag, Government, & History {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Burkina-Faso?utm|accessdate=2026-06-17|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/place/Burkina-Faso?utm "Burkina Faso | Coup, Map, Capital, Flag, Government, & History | Britannica"]. </cite></ref> == Mkpa akụ na ụba na nke mmadụ == Osimiri ahụ bụ isi Mmiri maka [[Oru ugbo|ọrụ ugbo]], [[anụ ụlọ]], na obodo ịkụ azụ n'ofe [[Burkina Faso]], Togo, na Ghana.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Koch|first=Hagen|date=2025-03-13|title=From Data Scarcity to Solutions: Hydrological and Water Management Modeling in a Highly Managed River Basin|journal=Water|language=en|volume=17|issue=6|pages=823|doi=10.3390/w17060823|issn=2073-4441}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKochYangoulibaLiersch2025">Koch, Hagen; Yangouliba, Gnibga Issoufou; Liersch, Stefan (2025-03-13). </cite></ref> Ọ na-enyekwa aka na ikike ịgba mmiri na ndụ ime obodo na Volta Basin, nke bụ otu n'ime usoro mmiri kachasị mkpa na West Africa. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Volta Basin|url=https://www.fao.org/4/W4347E/w4347e0u.htm?utm|accessdate=2026-06-17|work=www.fao.org}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}}{{Rivers of Ghana}}{{Rivers of Togo}} [[Otú:Ọdọ Mmiri]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] q3i37k7agi7c899flge4ztp1wo2o4x2 670527 670523 2026-06-30T14:34:31Z Dolphyb 10983 670527 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[osimiri]] Oti''' ma ọ bụ '''Osimiri Pendjari''' ([[Asụsụ French|French]]: Rivière Pendjari) bụ osimiri mba ụwa dị na West [[Afrịka]]. Ọ na-etona [[Benin]], Site na agbata obodo Benin na Burkina Faso Kwolu gafee obodo Togo ma zute oshimiri volta  dị na Ghana. == Ọdịdị ala == Osimiri Oti dị ihe dị ka kilomita Narị ise na iri abụọ (323 mi) n'ogologo. isi mmiri ya dị na Benin na Burkina Faso, Ọ na-ekworo gafee obodo Benin na Togo wee banye na Osimiri Volta na Ghana. [[:en:Tributary|Tributaries]] ọdụ mmiri dị n'a aka ekpe na Togo sitere na Ugwu Togo n'ebe ndịda. Otu n'ime ndị na-esite n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ya bụ Osimiri Kara, ebe njikọ ya dị n'Ókè Ghana na Togo, ebe ọzọ, [[Koumongou River|Osimiri Koumongou]], si n'ebe ndịda. ọnụ Oti dịbu n'osimiri Volta, mana ugbu a ọ na-asọba n'Ọdọ Mmiri Volta na Ghana.<ref name="Atlas">{{Cite book|title=Atlas of the World|author=Philip's|year=1994|publisher=Reed International|isbn=0-540-05831-9}}</ref> Osimiri ahụ gafere akụkụ ugwu nke Togo na ndagwurugwu savanna ihe dị ka kilomita iri anọ maọbụ iri ise (25 ma ọ bụ 31 mi) n'obosara. N'akụkụ osimiri ahụ bụ oké ọhịa gallery - mke na-asọba mgbe ụfọdụ. [[Oge ọkọchị]] ebe na adigide site na [[Novemba|Nọvemba]] ruo [[Önwa ànó|Eprel]], na ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ nke oge [[Harmattan|Ụgụrụ]] na-esi n'ebe ugwu na-efe. N'oge a n'afọ, mmiri nke osimiri ahụ dị obere. Ma Oti ma Koumongou nwere ala mmiri, ihe dị ka kilomita iri na anọ (6.2 na 2.5 mi) n'obosara, n'otu n'otu. Idei mmiri ndị a na-asọba nke ukwuu n'Oge mmiri ozuzo, mana n'oge ọkọchị ha na-akpọnwụ, ala dị larịị, na ọdọ mmiri ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri mgbe ụfọdụ na ndagwurugwu. Ehi na-ata nri n'ala mmiri n'oge ọkọchị. Enwekwara obere uto nke ihe ọkụkụ, na ịchụ nta nke anụ na-ewere ọnọdụ n'ebe ahụ.<ref name="Hughes">{{Cite book|author=Hughes, R.H.|title=A Directory of African Wetlands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA443|year=1992|publisher=IUCN|isbn=978-2-88032-949-5|pages=443–447}}</ref> === Ókèala mba ụwa === Osimiri ahụ bụ akụkụ nke ókèala mba ụwa dị n'etiti [[Ghana]], [[Burkina Faso]], [[Togo]], na [[Benin]].<ref name="Rivers and Lakes">{{Cite web|url=http://www.countrystudies.us/ghana/30.htm|title=Ghana - Rivers and Lakes|work=www.countrystudies.us|accessdate=2017-08-17}}</ref> === Ogige ntụrụndụ === Osimiri Oti na-agafe Ogige Ntụrụndụ Pendjari na Benin <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pendjari.net/en/|title=Parc National de la Pendjari|accessdate=21 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714032607/http://www.pendjari.net/en/|archivedate=14 July 2017}}</ref> na Ogige Ntụ Oti-Kéran na Togo. <ref name="Hughes" /> == Ogologo na Akụkụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri == Osimiri Oti nwere ihe dịka ogologo nke ihe dị ka kilomita 520<ref>{{Cite web|author=Environment|first=Gregory Sousa in|date=2017-04-25|title=The Major Rivers Of Ghana|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-major-rivers-of-ghana.html|accessdate=2026-06-17|work=WorldAtlas|language=en-US}}</ref>. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-enwe mgbanwe dị ike n'oge, ebe ọtụtụ n'ime mmiri na-egosi mbelata mmiri ma ọ bụ ọwa mmiri kpọrọ nkụ n'oge ọkọchị.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Koch|first=Hagen|date=2025-03-13|title=From Data Scarcity to Solutions: Hydrological and Water Management Modeling in a Highly Managed River Basin|journal=Water|language=en|volume=17|issue=6|pages=823|doi=10.3390/w17060823|issn=2073-4441}}</ref> == Mmiri na Mmiri Na-asọba n'Oge == Osimiri ahụ bụ oge dị ukwuu, na ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu na-eme n'oge mmiri ozuzo na obere mmiri n'oge ọkọchị Harmattan. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=Burkina Faso {{!}} Coup, Map, Capital, Flag, Government, & History {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Burkina-Faso?utm|accessdate=2026-06-17|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> Mgbanwe oge a na-akpata idei mmiri oge na oge nke ala mmiri gbara ya gburugburu, ọkachasị na Togo na ugwu Ghana.<ref name=":1" /> == Okike na gburugburu ebe obibi == Mmiri nke Osimiri Oti gụnyere usoro okike savanna, ala mmiri, na oké ọhịa gallery nke na-akwado ọrụ ugbo na ọzụzụ anụ. <ref name=":1" /> A na-eji ala mmiri dị n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ eme ihe maka ịta nri na [[Oru ugbo|ịkọ ugbo]] n'oge ọkọchị mgbe mmiri na-ebelata.<ref name=":1" /> == Mkpa akụ na ụba na nke mmadụ == Osimiri ahụ bụ isi Mmiri maka [[Oru ugbo|ọrụ ugbo]], [[anụ ụlọ]], na obodo ịkụ azụ n'ofe [[Burkina Faso]], Togo, na Ghana.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ na-enyekwa aka na ikike ịgba mmiri na ndụ ime obodo na Volta Basin, nke bụ otu n'ime usoro mmiri kachasị mkpa na West Africa. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Volta Basin|url=https://www.fao.org/4/W4347E/w4347e0u.htm?utm|accessdate=2026-06-17|work=www.fao.org}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}}{{Rivers of Ghana}}{{Rivers of Togo}} [[Otú:Ọdọ Mmiri]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] lo0xnngp3501w2lck92c9ijrsejwvjs 0 77151 670511 2026-06-30T12:03:59Z Elizabeth chee 62456 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349908508|Idris Garba Kareka]]" 670511 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | name = <small>Rt. Hon.</small><br> Idris Garba Kareka | image = | office = Speaker of the [[Jigawa State House of Assembly]] | term_start = May 2019 | term_end = | predecessor = Isah Idris Gwaram | successor = | termstart1 = June 2015 | termend1 = January 2017 | predecessor1 = | successor1 = Malam Isah Idris | office2 = Member [[Jigawa State House of Assembly]]<br>for [[Jahun|Jahun Constituency]] | termstart2 = 2015 | termend2 = | party = [[All Progressive Congress]] (APC) | alma_mater = | occupation = Legislature | profession = Politician | website = {{URL|https://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/state-asembly_1.php}} }} '''Idris Garba Kareka''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria amụrụ na Jahun, [[Ȯra Jigawa|Jigawa Steeti]] . Ọ na-anọchite anya mpaghara Jahun na Jigawa State House of Assembly n'okpuru ikpo okwu nke All Progressive Congress (APC), ma na-eje ozi dị ka ọkà okwu nke 7th Jigawa Assembly.<ref name="Nation">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenationonlineng.net/just-in-jigawa-assembly-re-elects-impeached-speaker/|title=JUST IN: Jigawa Assembly re-elects impeached Speaker|author=<!--no|location=Lagos, Nigeria byline-->|date=13 June 2019|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> == Ịchụpụ ya == Obere oge ka ntuli aka izugbe nke afọ 2015 na mmalite nke Mgbakọ Jigawa nke isii na June, ndị otu ahụ ji otu olu họpụta Garba dịka ọkà okwu.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Jigawa Assembly Speaker emerges|author=<!-- no byline -->|date=11 June 2015|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/jigawa-assembly-speaker-emerges/|accessdate=17 June 2021|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> Na ụbọchị atọ nke ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2017, ihe na-erughị ọnwa asaa ka e ṅụchara ya iyi, mmadụ iri abụọ na ise n'ime mmadụ iri atọ ahụ kpọrọ oku ka e mee mkpebi ịchụpụ ya n'ọchịchị mgbe gọvanọ ahụ nọ n'obodo ọzọ. Ihe kpatara e ji mee mkpebi a bụ na Garba anaghị anabata arịrịọ ndị ọrụ ibe ya, o kwukwara na ya nwere ike karịrị akarị, nke mere ka ndị ọrụ ibe ya ghara inwe obi ike n'ebe ọ nọ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Real Reasons Why Former Jigawa Speaker, Idris Garba Was Impeached|author=<!-- no byline -->|date=5 January 2017|work=Universal Reporters|url=https://universalreportersng.com/real-reasons-why-former-jigawa-speaker-idris-garba-was-impeached/|accessdate=17 June 2021}}</ref> Obere oge ka ntuli aka izugbe nke afọ 2019 gasịrị, e hiwere ọgbakọ nke asaa nke Jigawa na Mee, a họpụtakwara Garba ọzọ ịbụ onyeisi okwu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thecable.ng/jigawa-house-of-assembly-impeaches-speaker/|title=Jigawa house of assembly removes speaker|first=Jerry|author=Lenbang|date=9 May 2019|work=[[TheCable]]}}</ref><ref name="Nation">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenationonlineng.net/just-in-jigawa-assembly-re-elects-impeached-speaker/|title=JUST IN: Jigawa Assembly re-elects impeached Speaker|author=<!--no|location=Lagos, Nigeria byline-->|date=13 June 2019|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.thenationonlineng.net/just-in-jigawa-assembly-re-elects-impeached-speaker/ "JUST IN: Jigawa Assembly re-elects impeached Speaker"]. ''[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]''. 13 June 2019.</cite></ref> == Edensịbịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/d-governor.php Gọọmentị Jigawa Steeti] E debere ya na Wayback Machine. E nwetara ya na 1 Mee 2021 [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 7xlhsdmvs7k2c2v8046fhikp3z64koj 0 77152 670512 2026-06-30T12:05:20Z Omekara Chinemerem 62457 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359255198|Stanley Nwabuisi]]" 670512 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | office = Abia State House of Assembly | order = Member of | term_start = 2019 | term_end = 2023 | alma_mater = Rivers State University of Science and Technology, <br> Obafemi Awolowo University | succeeded = Boniface Isienyi }} '''Dickson Stanley Nwabuisi''' ({{Audio|Ig-Dickson Stanley Nwabuisi.ogg|Listen}}) O nwetara akara ugo mmụta na Accounting na Mahadum Nigeria, Nsukka na 1987 wee gaa mmemme agụmakwụkwọ Executive na Lagos Business School na Iese Business School, Barcelona.<ref>{{Cite web|author=gloriaabiakam|date=2021-09-24|title=Ikwuano House Member visits Erosion Sites in his Constituency|url=https://fmino.gov.ng/ikwuano-house-member-visits-erosion-sites-in-his-constituency/|accessdate=2024-12-13|work=Federal Ministry of Information and National Orientation|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=2023: Be A Sportsman, Forget Post-election Litigation - Nwaka Appeals to Hon Stanley Nwabuisi|url=https://www.dailyledger.com.ng/2023/04/2023-be-sportsman-forget-post-election.html?m=1|work=Daily Ledger|accessdate=2024-12-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-13|title=Abia/Akwa Ibom boundary dispute claims 28 lives|url=https://www.africa-press.net/nigeria/all-news/abia-akwa-ibom-boundary-dispute-claims-28-lives|accessdate=2025-07-26|work=africa-press.net|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mmụta == Stanley gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nke Command Day maka O'Level ya.Ọ gara Rivers State University of Science and Technology iji nweta akara ugo mmụta na ụlọ nyocha ahụike. O nwetara akara ugo mmụta na Management na [[Mahadum nke Obafemi Awolowo|Mahadum Obafemi Awolowo]] . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Enyinnaya|first=Victor|title=Honourable Stanley Nwabuisi: An unrelenting Passion For Ikwuano People, Inspiring Servant Leader.|url=https://dailysportsng.com/news/28868-Honourable-Stanley-Nwabuisi-An-unrelenting-Passion-For-Ikwuano-People-Inspiring-Servant-Leader|work=Daily Sport}}</ref>{{Reflist}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Nwabuisi, Stanley}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 26wp9j90yxatjz425b4zbwq24qgocjc 670513 670512 2026-06-30T12:08:56Z Omekara Chinemerem 62457 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359255198|Stanley Nwabuisi]]" 670513 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | office = Abia State House of Assembly | order = Member of | term_start = 2019 | term_end = 2023 | alma_mater = Rivers State University of Science and Technology, <br> Obafemi Awolowo University | succeeded = Boniface Isienyi }} '''Dickson Stanley Nwabuisi''' ({{Audio|Ig-Dickson Stanley Nwabuisi.ogg|Listen}}) O nwetara akara ugo mmụta na Accounting na Mahadum Nigeria, Nsukka na 1987 wee gaa mmemme agụmakwụkwọ Executive na Lagos Business School na Iese Business School, Barcelona.<ref>{{Cite web|author=gloriaabiakam|date=2021-09-24|title=Ikwuano House Member visits Erosion Sites in his Constituency|url=https://fmino.gov.ng/ikwuano-house-member-visits-erosion-sites-in-his-constituency/|accessdate=2024-12-13|work=Federal Ministry of Information and National Orientation|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=2023: Be A Sportsman, Forget Post-election Litigation - Nwaka Appeals to Hon Stanley Nwabuisi|url=https://www.dailyledger.com.ng/2023/04/2023-be-sportsman-forget-post-election.html?m=1|work=Daily Ledger|accessdate=2024-12-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-13|title=Abia/Akwa Ibom boundary dispute claims 28 lives|url=https://www.africa-press.net/nigeria/all-news/abia-akwa-ibom-boundary-dispute-claims-28-lives|accessdate=2025-07-26|work=africa-press.net|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mmụta == Stanley gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nke Command Day maka O'Level ya.Ọ gara Rivers State University of Science and Technology iji nweta akara ugo mmụta na ụlọ nyocha ahụike. O nwetara akara ugo mmụta na Management na [[Mahadum nke Obafemi Awolowo|Mahadum Obafemi Awolowo]] . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Enyinnaya|first=Victor|title=Honourable Stanley Nwabuisi: An unrelenting Passion For Ikwuano People, Inspiring Servant Leader.|url=https://dailysportsng.com/news/28868-Honourable-Stanley-Nwabuisi-An-unrelenting-Passion-For-Ikwuano-People-Inspiring-Servant-Leader|work=Daily Sport}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Nwabuisi, Stanley}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 4nbtkdeuqih8h16conod8gyo462y3k6 0 77153 670516 2026-06-30T12:30:13Z Elizabeth chee 62456 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347007895|Bitrus Kaze]]" 670516 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | name = Bitrus Kaze | office = Federal Representative | constituency = [[Jos South]]/[[Jos East]] | term_start = 2007 | term_end = 2015 | occupation = Politician }} '''Peter Kaze''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1969) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria. O jere ozi dịka onye otu Mgbakọ Mba, na-anọchite anya [[Jos South]] / Jos East nke Plateau State n'oge nzukọ nke isii na nke asaa site na 2007 ruo 2015. A họpụtara ya n'okpuru ikpo okwu nke People's Democratic Party (PDP).<ref>{{Cite news|author=Shobayo|first=Isaac|date=2022-09-10|title=PDP on a self-destructive path ― Former National Lawmaker, Bitrus Kaze|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/pdp-on-a-self-destructive-path-%E2%80%95-former-national-lawmaker-bitrus-kaze/|accessdate=2025-02-03|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Pwanagba|first=Agabus|date=2018-04-21|title=Senate mace snatched with presidency's backing - Hon. Kaze|url=https://dailypost.ng/2018/04/21/senate-mace-snatched-presidencys-backing-hon-kaze/|accessdate=2025-02-03|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Ajibola|first=Akinola|date=2021-08-30|title=Plateau Crisis: You Are Not Doing Enough, Kaze Tells Gov Lalong|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2021/08/30/plateau-crisis-you-are-not-doing-enough-hon-kaze-slams-gov-lalong/|accessdate=2025-02-03|work=Channels Television|language=en}}</ref> == Edensịbịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaze, Bitrus}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 770cfp7jd7c7ngv0feec1052cdfye6k 0 77154 670517 2026-06-30T12:48:07Z Elizabeth chee 62456 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348008606|Joseph Haruna Kigbu]]" 670517 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | name = Joseph Haruna Kigbu | office = Federal Representative | constituency = Lafia/Obi/Keana | occupation = Politician }} '''Joseph Haruna Kigbu''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa. Ọ bụ onye otu Ụlọ Ndị Nnọchiteanya, onye nọchitere anya ya [[Lafia]]/Obi/Keana mpaghara ntuliaka nke steeti Nasarawa n'okpuru ọchịchị Federal Constituency 7th National Assembly. Ndị ohi a na-enyo enyo tọọrọ ya na nwunye ya na ụbọchị atọ nke ọnwa Disemba, afọ 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-12-03|title=Former Nasarawa House Of Reps Member Abducted, Police Escort Killed {{!}} AIT LIVE|url=https://ait.live/former-nasarawa-house-of-reps-member-abducted-police-escort-killed/|accessdate=2025-01-31|work=ait.live|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Gunmen Abduct Ex-Reps Member, Kigbu, Wife in Nasawara|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2024/12/04/gunmen-abduct-ex-reps-member-kigbu-wife-in-nasawara/|accessdate=2025-01-31|work=[[This Day]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Agwam|first=Collins|date=2024-12-04|title=Gunmen abduct ex-Nasarawa Rep, kill police orderly|url=https://punchng.com/gunmen-abduct-ex-nasarawa-rep-kill-police-orderly/|accessdate=2025-01-31|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edensịbịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kigbu, Joseph Haruna}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 9nrxp4ghoao3iccm9oou8x51j5tc7uz 0 77155 670518 2026-06-30T13:03:36Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357970161|African Great Lakes]]" 670518 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} [[Faịlụ:African_Great_Lakes.svg|thumb|Usoro nke Ọdọ Mmírí Ukwu Afrịka, na-acha anụnụ anụnụ]] [[Faịlụ:MapGreatRiftValley.png|thumb|Map nke mpaghara buru ibu gụnyere East African Rift na ihe a na-akpọ Great Rift Valley]] '''Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka''' (Swahili: Maziwa Makuu; Kinyarwanda: Ibiyaga bigari) bụ usoro nke ọdọ mmiri ndị mejupụtara akụkụ nke ọdọ mmiri Rift Valley dị n'ime na gburugburu Osimiri East Africa. Usoro ihe nkiri a gụnyere [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]], ọdọ mmiri nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa site na mpaghara; Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika, ọdọ mmiri mmiri nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa site na olu na omimi; Ọdọ Mmiri Malawi, ọdọ mmiri mmiri nke anọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa site na olu; na Ọdọ Mmiri Turkana, ọdọ mmiri ọzara kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa na ọdọ mmiri alkaline kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa.<ref name="zambiatour">{{Cite web|url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/travel/places/tanganyi.htm|title=~ZAMBIA~|publisher=www.zambiatourism.com|accessdate=2008-03-14}}</ref> N'ozuzu ha, ha nwere mmiri ruru 31,000 km³ (7,400 mi³), nke karịrị ọdọ mmiri Baikal ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri ndị dị n'Ebe Ugwu Amerịka. Ngụkọta a bụ ihe dị ka pasentị iri abụọ na ise nke mmiri dị ọcha dị n'elu ụwa a na-enweghị oyi. Nnukwu ọdọ mmiri ndị dị n'akụkụ oké osimiri nke Afrịka bụ ebe obibi ochie nke nnukwu ụdị dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ, pasentị iri nke ụdị azụ̀ dị n'ụwa bi na mpaghara a. Mba ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ nke ọdọ mmiri nke mpaghara Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu dị n'akụkụ ya gụnyere [[Burundi]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Kenya]], [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]], [[Rwanda]], [[Tanzania]], [[Uganda]] na [[Zambia]].<ref name="Idnotgalr">{{Cite web|title=International Documentation Network on the Great African Lakes Region|url=http://library.princeton.edu/resource/3870|publisher=Princeton University Library|accessdate=22 November 2013}}</ref>{{Commons category}} == Ọdọ mmiri na ebe mmiri sị apụ == Ndị a dị n'ọtụtụ ndepụta nke ọdọ mmiri ukwu nke Afrịka, nke e ji ebe mmiri sị apụ wee chịkọta. Ọnụọgụgụ kpọmkwem nke ọdọ mmiri ndị a na-ewere dị ka akụkụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka dịgasị iche site na ndepụta, ma nwee ike ịgụnye obere ọdọ mmiri ndị dị na ndagwurugwu ndị dị n'ime ala, karịsịa ma ọ bụrụ na ha bụ akụkụ nke otu ebe mmiri sị apụ dị ka ọdọ mmiri ndị buru ibu, dịka Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga. === Ọdọ mmiri ndị na-asọba n'OsimiriWhite Nile === * [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]] * Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga (akụkụ nke usoro Great Lakes mana ọ bụghị onwe ya "ọdọ mmiri ukwu") * Ọdọ Mmiri Albert * Ọdọ Mmiri Edward === Ọdọ mmiri ndị na-asọba n'Osimiri Congo === * Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika * Ọdọ Mmiri Kivu * Ọdọ Mmiri Mweru * Ọdọ Mmiri Bangweulu === Ọdọ Mmiri nke na-abanye na Zambezi === * Ọdọ Mmiri Malawi, site na Osimiri Shire === Ọdọ mmiri ndị nwere ọdọ mmiri mechiri emechi === * Ọdọ Mmiri Turkana * Ọdọ Mmiri Rukwa == Ógbè Great Lakes nke Africa == Mpaghara Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu (ọ naghị adịkarị: Mpaghara Ọdọ Mmiri Ndị Ka Ukwuu) nwere mba iri dị n'akụkụ osimiri: [[Burundi]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Kenya]], [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]], [[Rwanda]], [[Tanzania]], [[Uganda]], na [[Zambia]].<ref name="Idnotgalr">{{Cite web|title=International Documentation Network on the Great African Lakes Region|url=http://library.princeton.edu/resource/3870|publisher=Princeton University Library|accessdate=22 November 2013}}</ref> Okwu a na-akpọ interlacustrine ("n'etiti ọdọ mmiri") nwere ike ịpụta mpaghara ahụ,<ref>{{Cite book|author=Shillington|first=Kevin|authorlink=Kevin Shillington|title=Encyclopedia of African History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WixiTjxYdkYC&pg=PA320|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-45669-6|quote=the fertile corridor of the Great Lakes Region (also called the interlacustrine region)}}</ref> ma ọ bụ karịa kpọmkwem, mba ma ọ bụ mpaghara nke ọdọ mmiri gbara gburugburu. [[Asụsụ Swahili]] bụ asụsụ a na-asụkarị n'ógbè ọdọ mmiri ukwu nke Afrịka.<ref name="Shema">{{Cite web|author=Shema|first=Rutagengwa Claude|title=Great Lakes Region of Africa – Burundi|url=http://www.author-me.com/nonfiction/greatlakesregion-burundi.htm|publisher=Author-me|accessdate=22 November 2013}}</ref> Ọ na-ejekwa ozi dị ka asụsụ mba ma ọ bụ nke gọọmentị nke mba ise dị na mpaghara ahụ: Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, na Democratic Republic of the Congo. N'ihi ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ ya dị elu—a na-eme atụmatụ na ọ ga-eru ihe karịrị nde mmadụ iri ise na 2020<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Obiero|first=Kevin|date=2020-10-01|title=Advancing Africa’s Great Lakes research and academic potential: Answering the call for harmonized, long-term, collaborative networks and partnerships|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S038013302030037X|journal=Journal of Great Lakes Research|volume=46|issue=5|pages=1240–1250|doi=10.1016/j.jglr.2020.02.002|issn=0380-1330}}</ref>—na oke ọrụ ugbo dị na mpaghara ahụ, a haziri mpaghara ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ọtụtụ steeti nta. Ndị kacha ike n'ime ọchịchị ndị a bụ Buganda, Bunyoro, Karagwe, Rwanda, na Burundi. Ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ ebe a na-achọkarị isi mmiri Nile na ebe atọ dị n'etiti osimiri Nile, Congo na Zambezi, mpaghara ahụ abụrụla ebe ndị Europe na-achọkarị. Ndị Yuropu mbụ rutere na mpaghara ahụ n'ọnụọgụgụ ọ bụla bụ Ndị Kraịst Ndị ozi ala ọzọ bụ ndị nwere obere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịgbanwe ndị obodo ahụ, mana o meghere mpaghara ahụ maka ọchịchị mgbe e mesịrị. Mmụba mmekọrịta na mba ndị ọzọ metụtara ụwa dugara n'ọtụtụ ọrịa dị egwu nke metụtara ma mmadụ ma anụ ụlọ. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ahụ mpaghara Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu dị ka mpaghara nwere nnukwu ikike mgbe nnwere onwe gasịrị, mpaghara Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu enwetawo nsogbu site na agha obodo na esemokwu n'ime afọ iri anọ gburugburu mmalite nke narị afọ nke 21 (ihe dị ka 1980 rụọ 2020). N'afọ 2022, Kọmishọna Ukwu nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu maka Ndị Gbara Ọsọ Ndụ (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) toro [[Tanzania]] maka ịnabata na inyere ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ si mba ndị ọzọ nọ na mpaghara ahụ aka mgbe niile.<ref>{{Cite web|title=In Tanzania, UNHCR's Grandi urges more backing for solutions as the country continues to host refugees|date=27 Aug 2022|url=https://www.unhcr.org/en-us/news/press/2022/8/6309c8f34/tanzania-unhcrs-grandi-urges-backing-solutions-country-continues-host-refugees.html#_ga=2.182632673.654779216.1669226601-1178526418.1669226601|work=UNHCR US|accessdate=23 Nov 2022}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == {{Authority control}}<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> == Ọnọdụ ihu igwe == AlaUgwu ndị dị n'elu ugwu ahụ dị jụụ nke ukwuu, okpomọkụ ha dịkwa n'etiti 17°C (63°F) na 19°C (66°F) ma nwee mmiri ozuzo buru ibu. Isi mmiri mmiri ndị a na-agbapụta gụnyere osimiri Congo-Zaire, Nile, na Zambezi, bụ́ ndị na-asọba n'ime [[Oshimiri Atlantic|Osimiri Atlantic]], Oké Osimiri Mediterenian, na Oké Osimiri India, n'otu n'otu. Oke ọhịa dị n'ala dị larịị nke Congo-Zaire Basin, ebe ala ahịhịa na savanna (ala ahịhịa kpọrọ nkụ) na-adịkarị n'ugwu ndịda na ọwụwa anyanwụ. Okpomọkụ dị n'ala dị larịị dị ihe dị ka 35°C (95°F). N'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri Turkana, ihu igwe dị ọkụ ma kpọọ nkụ nke ukwuu. Oge mmiri ozuzo dị mkpirikpi n'ọnwa Ọktoba na-esochi oge mmiri ozuzo dị ogologo site n'April ruo Mee. == Ahịhịa ndụ na ụmụ anụmanụ == Ọdọ mmiri ndị dị na Western Rift Valley bụ mmiri dị ọcha ma nwee ọtụtụ ụdị anụmanụ dị iche iche. Ihe karịrị ụdị azụ̀ 1,500 bi n'ọdọ mmiri ndị ahụ,<ref name="Turner2001">{{Cite journal|author=Turner|year=2001|title=How many species of cichlid fishes are there in African lakes?|journal=[[Molecular Ecology]]|volume=10|issue=3|pages=793–806|doi=10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01200.x|pmid=11298988}}</ref> tinyere ezinụlọ azụ ndị ọzọ. Ọdọ mmiri ndị a bụkwa ebe obibi dị mkpa maka ọtụtụ ụdị anụmanụ amphibians. Agụ iyi Naịl dị ọtụtụ. Anụmanụ ndị na-amụ nwa gụnyere enyí, ọzọdịmgba na hippopotamus. Mpaghara ọdọ mmiri Turkana bụ ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ narị ụdị nnụnụ ndị a na-ahụkarị na Kenya. Mmiri flamingo na-asọba n'ime ala ya dị omimi. Usoro mgbawa nke East Africa na-ejekwa ozi dị ka ụzọ ikuku maka nnụnụ ndị na-akwaga ebe ọzọ, na-eweta ọtụtụ narị ndị ọzọ. Nnụnụ ndị a na-enweta nnukwu nri site na plankton n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ, bụ́ ihe na-azụkwa azụ̀ ndị dị ebe ahụ nri. Akwụkwọ nri dị iche iche site na oke ọhịa ruo na ahịhịa savanna. N'ọdọ mmiri ụfọdụ, osisi ndị na-eto ngwa ngwa, dịka hyacinth mmiri na-ama jijiji n'elu ala na papyrus nke na-emechi emechi n'ụsọ osimiri, bụ nsogbu. Ruo ugbu a, ọ bụ naanị ọdọ mmiri Victoria ka Water hyacinth na enye nsogbu. == Ọdịdị ala == Ruo nde afọ iri na abụọ gara aga, mmiri jupụtara na ala dị larịị nke equatorial na-asọba n'ọdịda anyanwụ ruo n'usoro Osimiri Congo ma ọ bụ n'ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo n'Oké Osimiri India. E guzobere Ndagwurugwu Ukwu Rift nke mere ka nke a gbanwe. Rift bụ ebe na-adịghị ike n'ime ala ụwa n'ihi nkewa nke efere tectonic abụọ, nke a na-ejikarị eriri ma ọ bụ ihe e ji ekpuchi mmiri, nke mmiri ọdọ mmiri nwere ike ịchịkọta, na-esokarị. Nkewa a malitere mgbe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka, nke mmiri ozuzo na-akpali, malitere ikewapụ onwe ya na akụkụ Afrịka ndị ọzọ, na-aga n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ. Efere ndị sitere na elu ala jupụtara na mmiri nke na-asọba ugbu a n'ebe ugwu. Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria adịghị n'ime Rift Valley. Ọ dị n'ime ala dị n'etiti Eastern Rifts na Western Rifts, nke e ji mmụba nke oghere ndị ahụ mee n'akụkụ abụọ ya. == Nkà mmụta ihe ochie == Ihe dị ka afọ nde abụọ ruo atọ gara aga, Ọdọ Mmiri Turkana buru ibu karịa ma na-eme nri, ebe ahụ na-emekwa ka ọ bụrụ ebe etiti maka ndị mbido. [[Richard Leakey]] dugara ọtụtụ ihe e gwupụtara n'ebe ahụ, nke mere ka e nweta ọtụtụ ihe dị mkpa nke ihe fọdụrụ n'ime ya. A chọtara Okpokoro isi 1470 dị afọ nde abụọ n'afọ 1972. E chere na ọ bụ ''Homo habilis'', mana ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta ihe gbasara mmadụ enyela ya ụdị ọhụrụ, ''Homo rudolfensis'', aha ya bụ site n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ (nke a maara na mbụ dị ka Ọdọ Mmiri Rudolf). N'afọ 1984, a chọtara otu nwa okorobịa Turkana, nke fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọkpụkpụ zuru oke nke otu nwa okorobịa ''Homo erectus''. N'afọ 1999, a chọtara okpokoro isi dị afọ 3,500,000 n'ebe ahụ, nke aha ya bụ ''Kenyanthropus platyops'', nke pụtara "nwoke Kenya nwere ihu dị larịị". == Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba == Ịkụ azụ—nke bụ́ isi n'ụdị tilapia kamakwa nke perch osimiri—na-enye ndị mmadụ bi na mpaghara ahụ ihe ha ji ebi ndụ. Ebe ọ bụ na e nwere ọdọ mmiri ukwu anọ dị n'ókèala ya, Uganda so n'ime ndị kacha emepụta azụ̀ mmiri dị ọcha n'ụwa. Ihu igwe na ala ugwu mgbawa bara ụba n'ugwu na-akwadokwa ala ubi a kụrụ nke ọma. Akụ na ụba nke steeti mpaghara Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu nwere usoro dị iche iche ma dị n'ọkwa dị iche iche nke mmepe. Ọnụego uto GDP n'ezie sitere na pasent 1.8 na Burundi<ref>{{Cite web|title=GDP growth (annual %) – Burundi|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?locations=BI|accessdate=2021-10-23|work=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> ruo 4.4 na DRC.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Figure 1 – Real GDP Growth and Per Capita GDP ($ PPP at current prices)|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/266155225581|accessdate=2021-10-23|doi=10.1787/266155225581|journal=OECD}}</ref> GDP kwa onye ọ bụla na-agbanwe n'etiti $600 na DRC<ref>{{Cite web|title=GDP per capita (current US$) – Congo, Dem. Rep.|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=CD|accessdate=2021-10-23|work=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> na Burundi na $800 na Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web|title=GDP per capita (current US$) – Uganda|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=UG|accessdate=2021-10-23|work=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> == Hụkwa ==   * 2005 Ala ọma jijiji nke Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika * Ala ọma jijiji nke ọdọ mmiri Kivu na 2008 * Ala Dị larịị nke Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka * Nsogbu ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na Great Lakes * Ndepụta ọdọ mmiri * Ndepụta ọdọ mmiri site na mpaghara * Ọdọ Mmiri Rift == Ihe edeturu == {{Commons category}}{{Regions of Africa}} == Edensibia == {{Authority control}}<templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles> * {{Cite book|first=Jean-Pierre|author=Chrétien|title=The Great Lakes of Africa: Two Thousand Years of History|location=New York|publisher=[[Zone Books]]|year=2006|isbn=1-890951-35-8}} {{Regions of Africa}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 7hthy56kbyfwzmxncvz4ao9fa0k8ekc 0 77156 670519 2026-06-30T13:15:46Z Anastesia chi 23720 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348204086|Motunrayo Gbadebo-Alogba]]" 670519 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | name = Motunrayo Gbadebo-Alogba | image = Motunrayo Gbadebo-Alogba.jpg | width = | alt = montunrayo_gbadebo-alogba | caption = Gbadebo-Alogba, 2025 | office1 = Chairman, [[Ijede]] LCDA | termstart1 = July 2021 | termend1 = July 2029 | predecessor1 = Fatiu Salisu | birth_name = Motunrayo Adijat Gbadebo | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1990|04|01}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-01-08|title= Residents Celebrate Amazing Ijede Council Boss, Gbadebo -Alogba On Birthday |access-date=2025-04-01|website= Impact Newspapers Website|url= https://www.theimpactnewspaper.com/2025/04/01/residents-celebrate-amazing-ijede-council-boss-gbadebo-alogba-on-birthday/ |language=en-UK|archive-date=8 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108231509/https://lagosstate.gov.ng/blog/2022/01/08/celebrating-lagos-first-lady-dr-mrs-ibijoke-sanwo-olu-on-her-special-day/}}</ref> | birth_place = | spouse = Azeem Alogba<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-09 |title=Ikorodu agog as Ijede Vice chairman, Motunrayo Gbadebo weds beau|url=https://blackboxnigeria.com/ikorodu-agog-ijede-vice-chairman-motunrayo-gbadebo-weds-beau// |access-date=2025-07-31|language=en-US}}</ref> | party = [[All Progressives Congress]] | occupation = {{flatlist| * Administrator * politician}} }} Motunrayo Gbadebo-Alogba (née Monturayo Adijat Gbadebo; amụrụ n'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 1990) bụ onye nchịkwa ọhaneze na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke [[Ijede]] LCDA na ngalaba [[Ikorodu]] nke Lagos . <ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-05-15|title=LG chair empowers residents with cash|url=https://punchng.com/lg-chair-empowers-residents-with-cash///|accessdate=2025-07-31|language=en-US|work=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ya == A mụrụ Gbadebo-Alogba n'ezinaụlọ Otunba Wasiu Gbadebo na Yeye Fausat Gbadebo, bụ onye ọsụ ụzọ onye isi oche nke Ijede LCDA na onye bụbu onye isi nwanyị nwanyị APC na Lagos East.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Just In: ex-Chairman Of Ijede LCDA, Fausat Gbadebo, Dies At 68|url=https://www.thegazellenews.com/just-in-ex-chairman-of-ijede-lcda-fausat-gbadebo-dies-at-68/|work=The Gazelle News|date=25 January 2021}}</ref> Gbadebo-Alogba gara Lagos State Model College, Igbokuta iji mezue agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị ya. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-01|title=Meet Motunrayo Gbadebo-Alogba: A Dynamic Youth Vying For Ijede LCDA Chairmanship Seat|url=https://blackboxnigeria.com/meet-motunrayo-gbadebo-alogba-a-dynamic-youth-vying-for-ijede-lcda-chairmanship-seat/|accessdate=2025-07-31|language=en-US}}</ref> O nwere akara ugo mmụta mbụ na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Mahadum Lagos State ([[Mahadum nke Ȯra Lagos|LASU]]), ebe o nwetakwara M.Sc. Ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ PhD ugbu a.<ref>{{Cite news|work=[[Legit.ng]]|date=2022-02-22|title=List of 37 LCDA in Lagos State and their chairmen in 2022|url=https://www.legit.ng/1199834-list-37-lcda-lagos-state.html|accessdate=2025-07-31|language=en-NG}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Gbadebo-Alogba rụrụ ọrụ nwa oge dịka onye ọrụ nchịkwa na Federal Capital Development Authority, Abuja tupu ọ malite azụmaahịa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=HON. MOTUNRAYO GBADEBO-ALOGBA INSPECTS ONGOING CONSTRUCTION OF FIRST PRIMARY SCHOOL IN IGBE-OGUNRO|url=https://ajasainfo.com/2023/11/28/hon-motunrayo-gbadebo-alogba-inspects-ongoing-construction-of-first-primary-school-in-igbe-ogunro-ajasa-info/|work=Ajasa Info|date=28 November 2023}}</ref> Gbadebo-Alogba ghọrọ onyeisi oche nke Ijede LCDA na 2021 mgbe ọ dị afọ 31, nke mere ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi oche gọọmentị ime obodo kacha nta na Lagos.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-01|title=Ijede LCDA Vice Chairman, Motunrayo Gbadebo-Alogba Turns 30 In Grand Style|url=https://blackboxnigeria.com/ijede-lcda-vice-chairman-motunrayo-gbadebo-alogba-turns-30-in-grand-style/|accessdate=2025-07-31|language=en-US}}</ref> Gbadebo-Alogba jere ozi dị ka osote onyeisi oche na Ijede LCDA tupu ọ bụrụ onyeisi oche kansụl. N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2022, Gbadebo-Alogba pụtara dị ka onye ntorobịa kachasị mma na ọchịchị na mbipụta 2022 nke Lagos Youth Awards nke emere na Raddison Hotel na Lagos.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ijede LCDA chair Gbadebo-Alogba named 'Most Outstanding Young Person in Governance' at Lagos Youth Awards|url=https://blackboxnigeria.com/ijede-lcda-chair-gbadebo-alogba-named-most-outstanding-young-person-in-governance-at-lagos-youth-awards/|work=BlackBox Nigeria|date=26 December 2022}}</ref> A họpụtara ya ọzọ na Julaị 12, 2025 ma ugbu a ọ na-eje ozi n'ọchịchị nke ugboro abụọ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-07-13|title=LG Polls: Hon. Motunrayo Gbadebo -Alogba Re – Elected As Ijede LCDA Chairman|url=https://www.theimpactnewspaper.com/2025/07/13/lg-polls-hon-motunrayo-gbadebo-alogba-re-elected-as-ijede-lcda-chairman/|accessdate=2025-07-31|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}  [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria]] [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1990]] psr2d8a8ww5eu62qq9z1zpbzl5u3w9i 0 77157 670520 2026-06-30T13:20:48Z Elizabeth chee 62456 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345611642|Ibrahim Aminu Kurami]]" 670520 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Multiple issues/styles.css"></templatestyles>  [[Faịlụ:Ibrahim_Aminu_Kurami.jpg|thumb|Dr. Ibrahim Aminu Kurami]] A mụrụ '''Ibrahim Aminu Kurami''' (nwụrụ na 10 Ọktoba 2022) na [[Bakori]], Katsina Steeti, [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]; ọ bụ dọkịta na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị jere ozi dị ka onye otu Bakori LGA na State House of Assembly . <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Idris|first=Mahmoud|date=2022-10-10|title=Katsina Lawmaker Dies in Saudi Arabia|url=https://dailytrust.com/breaking-katsina-legislator-dies-in-saudi-arabia|accessdate=2022-10-12|work=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Katsina Lawmaker Ibrahim Kurami Dies Two Years After Being Elected {{!}} Channels Television|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2022/10/10/katsina-lawmaker-ibrahim-kurami-dies-two-years-after-being-elected/amp/|accessdate=2022-10-12|work=www.channelstv.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Tracker|first=Nigerian|date=2020-12-08|title=KURAMI And The Emergence Of Dr. Ibrahim:{{as written|Begi|ning [sic]}} Of Better Days Ahead|url=https://nigeriantracker.com/2020/12/08/kurami-and-the-emergency-of-dr-ibrahimbegining-of-better-days-ahead/|accessdate=2022-10-12|work=Nigerian Tracker|language=en-US}}</ref> A họpụtara ya ka ọ nọchite anya Bakori LGA na State House of Assembly na 31 Ọktoba 2020, na-ejupụta oche nke onye bu ya ụzọ [[Abdulrazaraq Isma'il Tsiga]], onye nwụrụ na Mee 2020. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-10-10|title=Aminu Kurami, Katsina APC lawmaker, dies in Saudi Arabia|url=https://www.thecable.ng/aminu-kurami-katsina-apc-lawmaker-dies-in-saudi-arabia|accessdate=2022-10-12|work=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Katsina State Lawmaker Dies In Saudi Arabia {{!}} Sahara Reporters|url=https://saharareporters.com/2022/10/10/katsina-state-lawmaker-dies-saudi-arabia|accessdate=2022-10-12|work=saharareporters.com}}</ref> Kurami nwụrụ n'abalị iri nke ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2022 mgbe ọ rịasịrị obere ọrịa na Madinah ebe ọ gara ịrụ ọrụ okpukpe nke Umrah.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 October 2022|title=Katsi lawmaker dies in Saudi Arabia|url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/312813/katsina-lawmaker-dr-ibrahim-aminu-kurami-dies-in-saudi-arab.html|work=The Nigerian Voice}}</ref> E liri ya n'ime Medina.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Idris|first=Mahmoud|date=2022-10-10|title=Katsina Lawmaker Dies in Saudi Arabia|url=https://dailytrust.com/breaking-katsina-legislator-dies-in-saudi-arabia|accessdate=2022-10-12|work=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFIdris2022">Idris, Mahmoud (2022-10-10). [https://dailytrust.com/breaking-katsina-legislator-dies-in-saudi-arabia "Katsina Lawmaker Dies in Saudi Arabia"]. ''[[Daily Trust]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-12</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Katsina Lawmaker Ibrahim Kurami Dies Two Years After Being Elected {{!}} Channels Television|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2022/10/10/katsina-lawmaker-ibrahim-kurami-dies-two-years-after-being-elected/amp/|accessdate=2022-10-12|work=www.channelstv.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.channelstv.com/2022/10/10/katsina-lawmaker-ibrahim-kurami-dies-two-years-after-being-elected/amp/ "Katsina Lawmaker Ibrahim Kurami Dies Two Years After Being Elected | Channels Television"]. ''www.channelstv.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-12</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Enna|first=Godwin|date=2022-10-10|title=JUST-IN: Katsina Lawmaker Dies In Saudi Arabia|url=https://leadership.ng/just-in-katsina-lawmaker-dies-in-saudi-arabia/|accessdate=2022-10-12|language=en-US|work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}</ref> Kurami lụrụ ụmụ nwanyị abụọ, ụmụ iri na otu na ụmụ ụmụ atọ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Katsina Lawmaker Ibrahim Kurami Dies Two Years After Being Elected {{!}} Channels Television|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2022/10/10/katsina-lawmaker-ibrahim-kurami-dies-two-years-after-being-elected/amp/|accessdate=2022-10-12|work=www.channelstv.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.channelstv.com/2022/10/10/katsina-lawmaker-ibrahim-kurami-dies-two-years-after-being-elected/amp/ "Katsina Lawmaker Ibrahim Kurami Dies Two Years After Being Elected | Channels Television"]. ''www.channelstv.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-12</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Idris|first=Mahmoud|date=2022-10-10|title=Katsina Lawmaker Dies in Saudi Arabia|url=https://dailytrust.com/breaking-katsina-legislator-dies-in-saudi-arabia|accessdate=2022-10-12|work=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFIdris2022">Idris, Mahmoud (2022-10-10). [https://dailytrust.com/breaking-katsina-legislator-dies-in-saudi-arabia "Katsina Lawmaker Dies in Saudi Arabia"]. ''[[Daily Trust]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-12</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Edensịbịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Kurami, Ibrahim Aminu}} fa7zcdx738okqdze8s9jsm79m3qmti1 0 77158 670521 2026-06-30T13:26:45Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1282931986|Bahr Aouk River]]" 670521 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Bahr Aouk Osimiri <div class="nickname" style="display:inline;font-size:78%">Aoukalé</div><br /> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Charirivermap.png|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |<mapframe zoom="5" align="center" frameless="1" height="200" width="250">[ {"properties":{"title":"Bahr Aouk River","fill-opacity":0.1,"stroke":"#0000ff","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#606060"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q769856"}, {"properties":{"stroke-width":5,"stroke":"#0000ff","title":"Bahr Aouk River"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","ids":"Q769856"}, {"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[18.87638889,8.845],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#5E74F3","title":"Bahr Aouk River","marker-symbol":"water"}} ]</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption"></div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Ebe |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="hlist"> * [[Chad]] * [[Central African Republic]] </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Àgwà ya&nbsp; |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" style="display:none;" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe e si nweta ya | class="infobox-data" |  |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ebe&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |[[Central African Republic]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọnụ | class="infobox-data" |  |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ebe&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |Osimiri Chari na mpaghara ókèala na Central African Republic, [[Chad]] |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; akara&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bahr_Aouk_River&params=8_50_42_N_18_52_35_E_type:river <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°50′42′′N</span> <span class="longitude">18°52′35′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.84500°N 18.87639°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">8.84500; 18.87639</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bahr_Aouk_River&params=8_50_42_N_18_52_35_E_type:river <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°50′42″N</span> <span class="longitude">18°52′35″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.84500°N 18.87639°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">8.84500; 18.87639</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ịdị elu&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |367 m (1,204 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ogologo | class="infobox-data" |650 kilomita (400 mi) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ogologo ọdọ mmiri</div> | class="infobox-data" |103,577 km² (39,991 sq mi) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Ihe ndị dị n'ime ala&nbsp; |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụtụ isi | class="infobox-data" |  |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; aka ekpe&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |[[Bahr Kameur River|Osimiri Bahr Kameur]]; Teté; Gourdai |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọnọdụ nchebe | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- class="mergedrow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><div style="line-height:1.5;text-align:center;border-style:solid;border-width:4px;border-color:#8DE3D2">Ala Mmiri Ramsar</div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Aha gọọmentị</div> | class="infobox-data" |Ala Mmiri nke Bahr Aouk na Salamat |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ndị a họpụtara | class="infobox-data" |1 Mee 2006 |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ihe odide no.&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |1621 |} '''Osimiri Bahr Aouk''' bụ osimiri dị n'etiti [[Afrịka]]. Ọ na-ebilite n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Chad]] n'ókè [[Sudan]] ma na-asọba n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ, na-emepụta akụkụ dị mkpa nke ókèala mba ụwa n'etiti Chad na [[Central African Republic]]. Bahr Aouk zutere Osimiri Chari, nke na-apụ n'ókèala ahụ ma na-asọba n'ebe ugwu ruo Chad. == Hydrometry == A hụla mmiri osimiri ahụ ruo ihe karịrị afọ 22 (1952–74) na Golongoso, obodo dị nso na njikọ Bahr Aouk na Chari. Mmiri a tụrụ n'afọ nkezi n'oge a bụ cubic mita 74 kwa sekọnd (2,600 cu ft/s), na-agbapụta ihe dị ka square kilomita 96,000 (37,000 mi2) nke bụ oke oke nke mpaghara mmiri niile dị n'osimiri ahụ.{{Center|'''The average monthly flow of the river Bahr Aouk at hydrological station of Golongosso (in m³ / s )''' <br /> (Calculated using the data for a period of 22 years, 1952–74) <timeline> Colors= id:lightgrey value:gray(0.8) id:darkgrey value:gray(0.3) id:sfondo value:rgb(1,1,1) id:barra value:rgb(0.6,0.8,0.9) ImageSize = width:600 height:250 PlotArea = left:40 bottom:40 top:20 right:20 DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:220 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical AlignBars = justify ScaleMajor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:40 start:0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:20 start:0 BackgroundColors = canvas:sfondo BarData= bar:Jan text:January bar:Fév text:February bar:Mar text:Marz bar:Avr text:April bar:Mai text:May bar:Jun text:June bar:Jul text:July bar:Aoû text:August bar:Sep text:Sept. bar:Oct text:Oct. bar:Nov text:Nov. bar:Déc text:Dec. PlotData= color:barra width:30 align:left bar:Jan from:0 till: 72.2 bar:Fév from:0 till: 30.9 bar:Mar from:0 till: 19.4 bar:Avr from:0 till: 13.1 bar:Mai from:0 till: 9.9 bar:Jun from:0 till: 14.6 bar:Jul from:0 till: 17.7 bar:Aoû from:0 till: 47.9 bar:Sep from:0 till: 122 bar:Oct from:0 till: 196 bar:Nov from:0 till: 201 bar:Déc from:0 till: 147 PlotData= bar:Jan at: 72.2 fontsize:S text: 72,2 shift:(-10,5) bar:Fév at: 30.9 fontsize:S text: 30,9 shift:(-10,5) bar:Mar at: 19.4 fontsize:S text: 19,4 shift:(-10,5) bar:Avr at: 13.1 fontsize:S text: 13,1 shift:(-10,5) bar:Mai at: 9.9 fontsize:S text: 9,9 shift:(-10,5) bar:Jun at: 14.6 fontsize:S text: 14,6 shift:(-10,5) bar:Jul at: 17.7 fontsize:S text: 17,7 shift:(-10,5) bar:Aoû at: 47.9 fontsize:S text: 47,9 shift:(-10,5) bar:Sep at: 122 fontsize:S text: 122 shift:(-10,5) bar:Oct at: 196 fontsize:S text: 196 shift:(-10,5) bar:Nov at: 201 fontsize:S text: 201 shift:(-10,5) bar:Déc at: 147 fontsize:S text: 147 shift:(-10,5) </timeline>}} == Edensibịa == <references /> [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] 1a1q8jic5k5jf0a5lishwtcr0eysozs 670522 670521 2026-06-30T13:33:00Z Adimora chidinma 15845 670522 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Bahr Aouk Osimiri <div class="nickname" style="display:inline;font-size:78%">Aoukalé</div><br /> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Charirivermap.png|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |<mapframe zoom="5" align="center" frameless="1" height="200" width="250">[ {"properties":{"title":"Bahr Aouk River","fill-opacity":0.1,"stroke":"#0000ff","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#606060"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q769856"}, {"properties":{"stroke-width":5,"stroke":"#0000ff","title":"Bahr Aouk River"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","ids":"Q769856"}, {"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[18.87638889,8.845],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#5E74F3","title":"Bahr Aouk River","marker-symbol":"water"}} ]</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption"></div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Ebe |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="hlist"> * [[Chad]] * [[Central African Republic]] </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Àgwà ya&nbsp; |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" style="display:none;" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe e si nweta ya | class="infobox-data" |  |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ebe&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |[[Central African Republic]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọnụ | class="infobox-data" |  |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ebe&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |Osimiri Chari na mpaghara ókèala na Central African Republic, [[Chad]] |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; akara&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bahr_Aouk_River&params=8_50_42_N_18_52_35_E_type:river <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°50′42′′N</span> <span class="longitude">18°52′35′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.84500°N 18.87639°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">8.84500; 18.87639</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bahr_Aouk_River&params=8_50_42_N_18_52_35_E_type:river <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°50′42″N</span> <span class="longitude">18°52′35″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.84500°N 18.87639°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">8.84500; 18.87639</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ịdị elu&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |367 m (1,204 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ogologo | class="infobox-data" |650 kilomita (400 mi) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ogologo ọdọ mmiri</div> | class="infobox-data" |103,577 km² (39,991 sq mi) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Ihe ndị dị n'ime ala&nbsp; |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụtụ isi | class="infobox-data" |  |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; aka ekpe&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |[[Bahr Kameur River|Osimiri Bahr Kameur]]; Teté; Gourdai |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọnọdụ nchebe | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- class="mergedrow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><div style="line-height:1.5;text-align:center;border-style:solid;border-width:4px;border-color:#8DE3D2">Ala Mmiri Ramsar</div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Aha gọọmentị</div> | class="infobox-data" |Ala Mmiri nke Bahr Aouk na Salamat |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ndị a họpụtara | class="infobox-data" |1 Mee 2006 |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ihe odide no.&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |1621<ref>{{Cite web|title=Plaines d'inondation des Bahr Aouk et Salamat|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1621|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref> |} '''Osimiri Bahr Aouk''' bụ osimiri dị n'etiti [[Afrịka]]. Ọ na-ebilite n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Chad]] n'ókè [[Sudan]] ma na-asọba n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ, na-emepụta akụkụ dị mkpa nke ókèala mba ụwa n'etiti Chad na [[Central African Republic]]. Bahr Aouk zutere Osimiri Chari, nke na-apụ n'ókèala ahụ ma na-asọba n'ebe ugwu ruo Chad. == Hydrometry == A hụla mmiri osimiri ahụ ruo ihe karịrị afọ 22 (1952–74) na Golongoso, obodo dị nso na njikọ Bahr Aouk na Chari.<ref>[http://www.grdc.sr.unh.edu/html/Polygons/P1737700.html GRDC - The Bahr Aouk at Golongoso]</ref> Mmiri a tụrụ n'afọ nkezi n'oge a bụ cubic mita 74 kwa sekọnd (2,600 cu ft/s), na-agbapụta ihe dị ka square kilomita 96,000 (37,000 mi2) nke bụ oke oke nke mpaghara mmiri niile dị n'osimiri ahụ.{{Center|'''The average monthly flow of the river Bahr Aouk at hydrological station of Golongosso (in m³ / s )''' <br /> (Calculated using the data for a period of 22 years, 1952–74) <timeline> Colors= id:lightgrey value:gray(0.8) id:darkgrey value:gray(0.3) id:sfondo value:rgb(1,1,1) id:barra value:rgb(0.6,0.8,0.9) ImageSize = width:600 height:250 PlotArea = left:40 bottom:40 top:20 right:20 DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:220 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical AlignBars = justify ScaleMajor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:40 start:0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:20 start:0 BackgroundColors = canvas:sfondo BarData= bar:Jan text:January bar:Fév text:February bar:Mar text:Marz bar:Avr text:April bar:Mai text:May bar:Jun text:June bar:Jul text:July bar:Aoû text:August bar:Sep text:Sept. bar:Oct text:Oct. bar:Nov text:Nov. bar:Déc text:Dec. PlotData= color:barra width:30 align:left bar:Jan from:0 till: 72.2 bar:Fév from:0 till: 30.9 bar:Mar from:0 till: 19.4 bar:Avr from:0 till: 13.1 bar:Mai from:0 till: 9.9 bar:Jun from:0 till: 14.6 bar:Jul from:0 till: 17.7 bar:Aoû from:0 till: 47.9 bar:Sep from:0 till: 122 bar:Oct from:0 till: 196 bar:Nov from:0 till: 201 bar:Déc from:0 till: 147 PlotData= bar:Jan at: 72.2 fontsize:S text: 72,2 shift:(-10,5) bar:Fév at: 30.9 fontsize:S text: 30,9 shift:(-10,5) bar:Mar at: 19.4 fontsize:S text: 19,4 shift:(-10,5) bar:Avr at: 13.1 fontsize:S text: 13,1 shift:(-10,5) bar:Mai at: 9.9 fontsize:S text: 9,9 shift:(-10,5) bar:Jun at: 14.6 fontsize:S text: 14,6 shift:(-10,5) bar:Jul at: 17.7 fontsize:S text: 17,7 shift:(-10,5) bar:Aoû at: 47.9 fontsize:S text: 47,9 shift:(-10,5) bar:Sep at: 122 fontsize:S text: 122 shift:(-10,5) bar:Oct at: 196 fontsize:S text: 196 shift:(-10,5) bar:Nov at: 201 fontsize:S text: 201 shift:(-10,5) bar:Déc at: 147 fontsize:S text: 147 shift:(-10,5) </timeline>}} == Edensibịa == <references /> [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] 9sgl5jgq0gsu0q5v0o0glquxzfp6cgs 0 77159 670524 2026-06-30T14:07:40Z Anastesia chi 23720 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360929214|Makanjuola Gbenga Peter]]" 670524 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | name = Makanjuola Gbenga Peter | country = Nigeria | term_start = 2003 to 2007 | term_end = 2007 to 2011 | constituency = Kwara state | occupation = [[Politician]] | birth_place = Kwara state | honorific_prefix = }} '''Makanjuola Gbenga Peter''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria nke jere ozi dị ka onye otu nke Mgbakọ mba nke ise , na-anọchite anya Ekiti / Isin / Orepodun / Oke-Ero Mpaghara etiti obodo maka oge abụọ, site na afọ puku abụọ na atọ ruo afọ puku abụọ na asaa , na site n'afọ puku abụọ na asaa ruo afọ puku abụọ na iri na otu. Ọ bụ onye otu People's Democratic Party (PDP). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Citizen Science Nigeria|url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/makanjuola-gbenga-peter/|accessdate=2025-01-19|work=citizensciencenigeria.org|language=en}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Gbenga Peter na ọnwa Julaị afọ 1967. Ọ nwetere Nzere LL.B (Hons) na B.L. sitere na Mahadum Maiduguri na Ụlọakwụkwọ Iwu nke Naijiria . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2007-10-12|title=House of Representatives Member {{!}} Honourable Makanjuola Peter|url=http://nassnig.org/House/Personaldata/Kwara/makanjuola.htm|accessdate=2025-01-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012132710/http://nassnig.org/House/Personaldata/Kwara/makanjuola.htm|archivedate=12 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-12-21|title=The House of Representatives, Federal Republic of Nigeria|url=http://www.nassnig.org/House/RepMembers2.htm|accessdate=2025-01-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221092347/http://www.nassnig.org/House/RepMembers2.htm|archivedate=21 December 2007}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Gbenga Peter jere ozi dịka onye nnọchi anya na Mgbakọ Mba nke Ise, na-anọchite anya mpaghara Ekiti/Isin/Irepodun/Oke-Ero Federal maka oge abụọ n'usoro, site na afọ puku abụọ na atọ ruo puku abụọ na asaa ma site na afọ puku abụọ na asaa ruo puku abụọ na iri na otu, n'okpuru People's Democratic Party (PDP). <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2007-10-12|title=House of Representatives Member {{!}} Honourable Makanjuola Peter|url=http://nassnig.org/House/Personaldata/Kwara/makanjuola.htm|accessdate=2025-01-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012132710/http://nassnig.org/House/Personaldata/Kwara/makanjuola.htm|archivedate=12 October 2007}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20071012132710/http://nassnig.org/House/Personaldata/Kwara/makanjuola.htm "House of Representatives Member | Honourable Makanjuola Peter"]. 2007-10-12. Archived from [http://nassnig.org/House/Personaldata/Kwara/makanjuola.htm the original] on 12 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-19</span></span>.</cite></ref> Gbanga Péter bụ onye nọchiri Basai Bola ebe Aiyedun Olayinka Akeem nọchiri ya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Citizen Science Nigeria|url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/makanjuola-gbenga-peter/|accessdate=2025-01-19|work=citizensciencenigeria.org|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/makanjuola-gbenga-peter/ "Citizen Science Nigeria"]. ''citizensciencenigeria.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-19</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria]] [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1967]] [[Otú:Mahadum dị na Naijiria]] eel845p2u8xr2mnotv8kiw6inw69dgt 670525 670524 2026-06-30T14:13:04Z Anastesia chi 23720 Fixed reference error 670525 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | name = Makanjuola Gbenga Peter | country = Nigeria | term_start = 2003 to 2007 | term_end = 2007 to 2011 | constituency = Kwara state | occupation = [[Politician]] | birth_place = Kwara state | honorific_prefix = }} '''Makanjuola Gbenga Peter''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria nke jere ozi dị ka onye otu nke Mgbakọ mba nke ise , na-anọchite anya Ekiti / Isin / Orepodun / Oke-Ero Mpaghara etiti obodo maka oge abụọ, site na afọ puku abụọ na atọ ruo afọ puku abụọ na asaa , na site n'afọ puku abụọ na asaa ruo afọ puku abụọ na iri na otu. Ọ bụ onye otu People's Democratic Party (PDP). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Citizen Science Nigeria|url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/makanjuola-gbenga-peter/|accessdate=2025-01-19|work=citizensciencenigeria.org|language=en}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Gbenga Peter na ọnwa Julaị afọ 1967. Ọ nwetere Nzere LL.B (Hons) na B.L. sitere na Mahadum Maiduguri na Ụlọakwụkwọ Iwu nke Naijiria . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2007-10-12|title=House of Representatives Member {{!}} Honourable Makanjuola Peter|url=http://nassnig.org/House/Personaldata/Kwara/makanjuola.htm|accessdate=2025-01-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012132710/http://nassnig.org/House/Personaldata/Kwara/makanjuola.htm|archivedate=12 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-12-21|title=The House of Representatives, Federal Republic of Nigeria|url=http://www.nassnig.org/House/RepMembers2.htm|accessdate=2025-01-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221092347/http://www.nassnig.org/House/RepMembers2.htm|archivedate=21 December 2007}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Gbenga Peter jere ozi dịka onye nnọchi anya na Mgbakọ Mba nke Ise, na-anọchite anya mpaghara Ekiti/Isin/Irepodun/Oke-Ero Federal maka oge abụọ n'usoro, site na afọ puku abụọ na atọ ruo puku abụọ na asaa ma site na afọ puku abụọ na asaa ruo puku abụọ na iri na otu, n'okpuru People's Democratic Party (PDP). <ref name=":1" /> Gbanga Péter bụ onye nọchiri Basai Bola ebe Aiyedun Olayinka Akeem nọchiri ya.<ref name=":0" /> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria]] [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1967]] [[Otú:Mahadum dị na Naijiria]] mr4oeb6kmkzowpixbmzeilrjmlywfd8 670526 670525 2026-06-30T14:14:08Z Anastesia chi 23720 670526 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | name = Makanjuola Gbenga Peter | country = Nigeria | term_start = 2003 to 2007 | term_end = 2007 to 2011 | constituency = Kwara state | occupation = [[Politician]] | birth_place = Kwara state | honorific_prefix = }} '''Makanjuola Gbenga Peter''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria nke jere ozi dị ka onye otu nke Mgbakọ mba nke ise , na-anọchite anya Ekiti / Isin / Orepodun / Oke-Ero Mpaghara etiti obodo maka oge abụọ, site na afọ puku abụọ na atọ ruo afọ puku abụọ na asaa , na site n'afọ puku abụọ na asaa ruo afọ puku abụọ na iri na otu. Ọ bụ onye otu People's Democratic Party (PDP). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Citizen Science Nigeria|url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/makanjuola-gbenga-peter/|accessdate=2025-01-19|work=citizensciencenigeria.org|language=en}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Gbenga Peter na ọnwa Julaị afọ 1967. Ọ nwetere Nzere LL.B (Hons) na B.L. sitere na Mahadum Maiduguri na Ụlọakwụkwọ Iwu nke Naijiria . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2007-10-12|title=House of Representatives Member {{!}} Honourable Makanjuola Peter|url=http://nassnig.org/House/Personaldata/Kwara/makanjuola.htm|accessdate=2025-01-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012132710/http://nassnig.org/House/Personaldata/Kwara/makanjuola.htm|archivedate=12 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-12-21|title=The House of Representatives, Federal Republic of Nigeria|url=http://www.nassnig.org/House/RepMembers2.htm|accessdate=2025-01-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221092347/http://www.nassnig.org/House/RepMembers2.htm|archivedate=21 December 2007}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Gbenga Peter jere ozi dịka onye nnọchi anya na Mgbakọ Mba nke Ise, na-anọchite anya mpaghara Ekiti/Isin/Irepodun/Oke-Ero Federal maka oge abụọ n'usoro, site na afọ puku abụọ na atọ ruo puku abụọ na asaa ma site na afọ puku abụọ na asaa ruo puku abụọ na iri na otu, n'okpuru People's Democratic Party (PDP). <ref name=":1" /> Gbanga Péter bụ onye nọchiri Basai Bola ebe Aiyedun Olayinka Akeem nọchiri ya.<ref name=":0" /> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria]] [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1967]] eso67ifblxdc94kwxdzom9y9i7hacw3 0 77160 670528 2026-06-30T14:46:23Z Ginikanwachimamkpa 61353 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1065893895|Dagu River]]" 670528 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Dagu River | native_name = {{native name|zh|大沽河}} | image = Qingdao, China ESA349719.jpg | image_caption = The Dagu River which flows into the [[Jiaozhou Bay]] is clearly visible in this satellite image of [[Qingdao]] | source1 = | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|36.1779|120.1299|format=dms|type:river_region:CN|display=inline,title}} | progression = | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[People's Republic of China]] | subdivision_type2 = Province | subdivision_name2 = [[Shandong Province]] | length = 180 [[kilometers]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Sustainable Development of Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering in China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pwNbDwAAQBAJ|chapter=Runoff Simulation Using SWAT Model in the Middle Reaches of the Dagu River Basin|year=2019|isbn=978-3-319-61629-2|publisher=[[Springer Publishing]]|last=Du|first=Fu-hui|last2=Tao|first2=Li|last3=Chen|first3=Xin-mei|last4=Yao|first4=Huai-xian|pages=115–126}}</ref> | basin_size = }} {{Reflist}}'''Osimiri Dagu''' (Chinese; ) bụ osimiri dị kilomita 180 n'ogologo na mpaghara Shandong, China, sitere na Ugwu Fu na Zhaoyuan, Shandong ma na-abanye na Jiaozhou Bay na Qingdao. O nwere ebe mmiri na-ahọba na 6131.3 km2 ma bụrụkwa ihe ọkụ 85% nke mmiri dị ọcha na Jiaozhou Ba<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Temporal and spatial evolution of surface sediments characteristics in the Dagu River estuary and their dynamic response mechanism|journal=China Geology|volume=2|issue=3|pages=325–332|doi=10.31035/cg2018092|author=Chen|first=Xiao-ying|year=2019}}</ref> == Edemsibia == [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] n8v40ivg7vdlwa6fjpoef5g2szy1tdb 670530 670528 2026-06-30T14:51:54Z Aluta editor 62822 670530 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Dagu River | native_name = {{native name|zh|大沽河}} | image = Qingdao, China ESA349719.jpg | image_caption = The Dagu River which flows into the [[Jiaozhou Bay]] is clearly visible in this satellite image of [[Qingdao]] | source1 = | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|36.1779|120.1299|format=dms|type:river_region:CN|display=inline,title}} | progression = | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[People's Republic of China]] | subdivision_type2 = Province | subdivision_name2 = [[Shandong Province]] | length = 180 [[kilometers]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Sustainable Development of Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering in China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pwNbDwAAQBAJ|chapter=Runoff Simulation Using SWAT Model in the Middle Reaches of the Dagu River Basin|year=2019|isbn=978-3-319-61629-2|publisher=[[Springer Publishing]]|last=Du|first=Fu-hui|last2=Tao|first2=Li|last3=Chen|first3=Xin-mei|last4=Yao|first4=Huai-xian|pages=115–126}}</ref> | basin_size = }} '''Osimiri Dagu''' (Chinese; ) bụ osimiri dị kilomita 180 n'ogologo na mpaghara Shandong, China, sitere na Ugwu Fu na Zhaoyuan, Shandong ma na-abanye na Jiaozhou Bay na Qingdao. O nwere ebe mmiri na-ahọba na 6131.3 km2 ma bụrụkwa ihe ọkụ 85% nke mmiri dị ọcha na Jiaozhou Ba <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Temporal and spatial evolution of surface sediments characteristics in the Dagu River estuary and their dynamic response mechanism|journal=China Geology|volume=2|issue=3|pages=325–332|doi=10.31035/cg2018092|author=Chen|first=Xiao-ying|year=2019}}</ref> == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] fpwrwgppc4gud8qvs531pwcn531fmvf 0 77161 670529 2026-06-30T14:49:24Z Ginikanwachimamkpa 61353 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1245672570|The Earth Suspended River]]" 670529 wikitext text/x-wiki A mara nọrọ Yellow maka ịbụ ájá nwere oke ala. Ihe eserese ya bụ na ịrịgo nke ebe a gosipụtara nnukwu, calaamad nke osimiri ahụ meghere, mmiri na-ahọkwa nro. ịma, ájá na-abanye n'àkwà mgbe niile. N'ihe ihe mere eme, idei mmiri dakwasịrị mpaghara ugboro ugboro, ya mere ndị mmadụ wuru ụgbọ mmiri maka ihe nke idei mmiri ahụ. N'ihi ya, mmiri na- ikike elu site n'afọ ruo n'afọ. Mgbe mkpokọta nke ihe ụmụaka 300, iru na-aghọ ihe ọ bụ ugbu a. == Edemsibia == 5032omc2vz1hsqmzwpa5j3v84bzyvna 670531 670529 2026-06-30T14:55:23Z Aluta editor 62822 670531 wikitext text/x-wiki A mara nọrọ Yellow maka ịbụ ájá nwere oke ala. Ihe eserese ya bụ na ịrịgo nke ebe a gosipụtara nnukwu, calaamad nke osimiri ahụ meghere, mmiri na-ahọkwa nro. ịma, ájá na-abanye n'àkwà mgbe niile. N'ihe ihe mere eme, idei mmiri dakwasịrị mpaghara ugboro ugboro, ya mere ndị mmadụ wuru ụgbọ mmiri maka ihe nke idei mmiri ahụ. N'ihi ya, mmiri na- ikike elu site n'afọ ruo n'afọ. Mgbe mkpokọta nke ihe ụmụaka 300, iru na-aghọ ihe ọ bụ ugbu a.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://b2museum.cdstm.cn/swc/yujicms/14.htm | title=中国数字科技馆 }}</ref> == Edemsibia == 9y7q0o4belbe7mcs0yor37rn2qics5s 0 77162 670532 2026-06-30T14:59:11Z Ginikanwachimamkpa 61353 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1248918444|Qingshui River (Guizhou)]]" 670532 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Qingshui | image = | image_size = | image_alt = | image_caption = | map = | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = | source1_location = | mouth_location = [[Wu River (Yangtze River tributary)|Wu River]] | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = China | progression = | length = | source1_elevation = | mouth_elevation = | discharge1_avg = | basin_size = | river_system = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = }} {{chinese|c={{linktext|清|水|河}}|p=Qīngshuǐhé|w=Ch‘ing-shui-ho|l=[[Clearwater (disambiguation)|Clearwater]]{{nbsp}}River}} '''Osimiri Qingshui''' <ref>{{Cite web|title=IHA Sustainability Protocol Audit Assessment of Dahuashui Hydropower Project|url=http://www.regjeringen.no/upload/FIN/cnn/Evaluation-Dahuashui.pdf|publisher=Norwegian Government Purchases|accessdate=8 January 2011}}</ref>bụ isi iyi nke Wu na Guizhou Province, China.  Ɔ na-akpaghasị ya site na Dahuashui Dam. == Hụkwa == * Qingshuis ndị ọzọ na China na Taiwan == Edemsibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] i70xfz3loxg0qe7116sq1rrkkhzvv29 0 77163 670533 2026-06-30T15:11:16Z Ginikanwachimamkpa 61353 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1195704443|Huma River (Heilongjiang)]]" 670533 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Osimiri Huma''' ụtụ isi iyi dị n'ebe ugwu ugwu Amur na mpaghara Heilongjiang nke China. Ọ na-amalite na Ugwu Khingan ma na-ahọba n'ebe ndị mbụ na ndị na-amalite taa, n'otu ụgwọ na ndị na-akwado nke Amur, ruo mgbe ọ na-awụga n'ime Amur na Huma County, ihe dị ka 10 (6 mi) n'ebe ndịda nke isi obodo Huma County..<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://amur-heilong.net/http/00_intro/glossary.html|title=AMUR-HEILONG RIVER BASIN|accessdate=16 February 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113151243/http://amur-heilong.net/http/00_intro/glossary.html|archivedate=13 January 2017}}</ref> N'ebe dị nso n'ọnụ ya bụ ebe ndị Russia siri ike nke Kumarsk n'oge ndị ọrụ Russia na Manchu. N'oge ahụ, a na-akpọkwa ya "Osimiri Kamora" ma ọ bụ "Osimiri Houmar. == Edemsibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> stgwgbcwmfx0ipqfmb6kl2elbqb5zxo 0 77164 670535 2026-06-30T16:32:22Z Elizabeth chee 62456 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345039856|Ahmed Kusamotu]]" 670535 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ahmed Kusamotu''' (1940 - 2005) bụ onye ọka iwu Naijiria nke nwere ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị a ma ama dị ka onyeisi oche nke mgbakọ mba nke ndị Republican n'oge ikpeazụ nke Republic nke Atọ dị mkpirikpi. == Ndụ == A mụrụ Kusamotu n'ezinụlọ Adeoti Kusamotu na Akirun nke Ikirun, Kusamotu Oyewole, onye ọchịchị ọdịnala ndị Alakụba nke ezinụlọ ya nwere mmetụta n'ịbawanye okpukpe Alakụba na Ikirun..<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tosin Akinjobi-Babatunde|date=2012|title=Oba Kusamotu Oyewole and the formation of Islamic societies in Ikirun|url=http://rgdoi.net/10.13140/RG.2.1.1334.8567|doi=10.13140/RG.2.1.1334.8567}}</ref> Ndị nna nna Kusamotu so n'ime ndị isi na ịzụlite Islam n'etiti ndị Ikirun. A na-ewere nna nna ya, Aliyu Oyewole dị ka eze obodo mbụ nabatara islam, ebe nna nna ya ukwu, Akadiri Oyewole nọ n'ọkwa n'akụkụ ikpeazụ nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu hụrụ ka ọ gbasaa Islam na Ikirun.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-03-12|title=Sumonu Kusamotu, prince of Ikirun, dies at 89|url=https://www.thecable.ng/sumonu-kusamotu-prince-of-ikirun-dies-at-89|accessdate=2023-09-16|work=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Kusamotu onye nna ya nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị obere ma zụlite ya n'aka nne ya, ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ St Paul, ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị ndị Anglikan na-achịkwa ma gụchaa akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya na Osogbo Grammar School. N'etiti 1965 na 1973, ọ nwetara LL. B, LL. M na PhD na iwu site na London School of Economics . <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Okonofua|first=Joyce|date=June 12, 1988|title=Kusamotu: In Pursuit of Another Life Ambition|work=Sunday Concord (Lagos)}}</ref> Mgbe ọ laghachiri Naịjirịa, ọ rụrụ ọrụ obere oge n'ụlọ Richard Akinjide. N'afọ 1977, ya na onye ọka iwu ọzọ bụ Tunde Olojo guzobere ụlọ ọrụ iwu, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mechara tinye onye mmekọ nke atọ, Umaru Shinkafi. === ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị === Kusamotu banyere na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị bụ n'oge [[Mba Naịjirịa nke Abụọ|mba nke abụọ]]; ọ bụ onye otu National Party of Nigeria ma bụrụ onye otu gọọmentị nke kọmitii nchịkwa nke steeti Oyo. Ọ nọkwa n'òtù iwu nke gbachitere onye isi ala [[Shehu Shagari]] na Awolowo v. Shagari & ors . <ref>{{Cite web|title=LawPavilion Electronic Law Report (LPELR) - CHIEF OBAFEMI AWOLOWO V. ALHAJI SHEHU SHAGARI & ORS|url=http://www.lawpavilionpersonal.com/lawreportsummary.jsp?suite=olabisi@9thfloor&pk=SC.62/1979&apk=212|accessdate=2020-07-03|work=www.lawpavilionpersonal.com|archivedate=2020-07-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703201411/http://www.lawpavilionpersonal.com/lawreportsummary.jsp?suite=olabisi@9thfloor&pk=SC.62/1979&apk=212}}</ref> Mgbe e belatara mba ahụ, ọ gara n'ihu na ọrụ ya. N'afọ 1988, ọ bụ onye otu Constituent Assembly iji kwurịta usoro iwu ọhụrụ maka mba nke atọ na-abata.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Okonofua|first=Joyce|date=June 12, 1988|title=Kusamotu: In Pursuit of Another Life Ambition|work=Sunday Concord (Lagos)}}</ref> N'oge arụmụka banyere nnabata nke Sharia, Kusamotu kwadoro ndị na-akwado Sharia. Otú ọ dị, ọ chọghị ịnakwere ntaramahụhụ mpụ siri ike dabere na Shariah.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sharia Debates in Africa - The Institution of Sharia in Oyo and Osun States, Nigeria, 1890–2005|url=http://www.sharia-in-africa.net/pages/publications/the-institution-of-sharia-in-oyo-and-osun-states-nigeria.php|accessdate=2020-07-03|work=www.sharia-in-africa.net}}</ref> Mgbe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị malitere, ọ sonyeere ndị Shinkafi n'ime ndị ọhụrụ e guzobere na Naịjirịa National Congress ma bụrụ osote onye isi oche nke NNC n'oge na-adịghị anya tupu ya na ndị ọzọ ejikọta iji guzobe Mgbakọ Mba nke Ndị Republican. Na Republic nke Atọ, Kusamotu nwere njikọ na Choice 92, nzukọ mkpọsa onye isi ala nke Umaru Shinkafi. N'afọ 1993, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche nke NRC mana mgbe onye na-azọ ọkwa onye isi ala nke pati ahụ meriri na June 12, 1993, Kusamotu na ụfọdụ ndị otu NRC họọrọ ịkwado atụmatụ maka Kansụl Mba Na-anọchi anya.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1993-07-08|title=Parties in Nigeria Reach Accord|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/07/08/world/parties-in-nigeria-reach-accord.html|accessdate=2020-07-03}}</ref> Na mmalite nke Republic nke Anọ, Kusamotu bụ onye otu All People's Party ma na-arụsi ọrụ ike na njikọ aka dị n'etiti APP na Njikọ aka maka ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya iji mepụta tiketi onye isi ala.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ale|first=Ayodele|date=March 11, 1999|title=From Alliance to Merger|work=Tempo (Lagos)|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/199903110169.html}}</ref> == Edensịbịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Kusamotu, Ahmed}} iygrkjfdsxn4oh3tqqa18voiqvp7wod 0 77165 670536 2026-06-30T16:42:04Z Anastesia chi 23720 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342730318|Sala Senkayi]]" 670536 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Sala Nanyanzi Senkayi bụ onye sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi nke [[Uganda|Ugandan]] na United States Environmental Protection Agency. Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ a mụrụ na Uganda iji merie Presidential Early Career Award maka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị injinia. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Senkayi bụ nwa nwanyị [[Abu Senkayi]] na Sunajeh Senkayi. Ezinụlọ ya si na Butambala District na Uganda. Nna ya bụ onye sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi ma rụọ ọrụ na Mahadum Texas A&amp;amp;M dị ka onye sayentist na-eme nchọpụta site na 1977. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.24-7pressrelease.com/press-release/454480/abu-lwanga-senkayi-celebrates-40-years-of-professional-excellence-in-environmental-science|title=Abu Lwanga Senkayi Celebrates 40 Years of Professional Excellence in Environmental Science|work=24-7 Press Release Newswire|language=en|accessdate=2018-12-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://marquistopscientists.com/2018/08/14/abu-senkayi/|title=Abu Lwanga Senkayi, Ph.D.|author=Moderator|first=Marquis Who's Who|date=2018-08-14|work=Marquis Who's Who Top Scientists|language=en|accessdate=2018-12-26}}</ref> Senkayi nwetara nzere bachelọ na Sayensị biomedicine na Mahadum Texas A&M na College Station, Texas. Ọ sonyeere Mahadum Texas na Arlington, nweta nzere bachelọ abụọ ọzọ na Microbiology na biology. O mechara nweta nzere masta (2010) na nzere PhD (2012) na sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi na nke ụwa n'otu mahadum ahụ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://eadm.news/39-carousel/big/262-youthful-dr-sala-senkayi-smashes-glass-ceiling-wins-top-us-science-award|title=Youthful Dr. Sala Senkayi smashes glass ceiling, wins top US science award|author=Ph.D|first=Samuel Muwanguzi|work=eadm.news|language=en-gb|accessdate=2018-12-26}}</ref>Akwụkwọ edemede PhD ya tụlere njikọ dị n'etiti ọrịa kansa ọbara n'oge ụmụaka na ịdị nso ọdụ ụgbọelu dị na Texas.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=2014-04-01|title=Investigation of an association between childhood leukemia incidences and airports in Texas|journal=Atmospheric Pollution Research|language=en|volume=5|issue=2|pages=189–195|doi=10.5094/APR.2014.023|issn=1309-1042|author=Senkayi|first=Sala N.}}</ref> Ọ chọpụtara na ikuku benzene bụ ihe na-egosi ọrịa leukemia n'oge ọ dị nwata.<ref name=":0" /> N'oge ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ, Muwenda Mutebi nke Abụọ nke Buganda na Sylvia Nnaginda gara leta ya na Texas.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ugandandiasporanews.com/2012/05/18/meet-the-first-ugandan-american-female-environmental-scientist-in-dallas-fort-worth-dr-sala-senkayi/|title=Meet The First Ugandan-American PhD Female Environmental Scientist In Dallas – Dr. Sala Senkayi {{!}} Welcome to the Ugandan Diaspora News Online|work=www.ugandandiasporanews.com|accessdate=2018-12-26|archivedate=2018-12-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181227084812/http://www.ugandandiasporanews.com/2012/05/18/meet-the-first-ugandan-american-female-environmental-scientist-in-dallas-fort-worth-dr-sala-senkayi/}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Senkayi sonyeere Otu na ahụ maka Nchekwa gburu gburu na United Steeti n'afọ 2007. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.federalpay.org/employees/environmental-protection-agency/senkayi-sala|title=Employee Profile of Sala Senkayi — General Physical Scientist|work=www.federalpay.org|accessdate=2018-12-26}}</ref> Ọ na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ yana ụmụaka obodo n'ụlọ akwụkwọ na kọleji na-ekwu maka gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ugandandiasporanews.com/2012/05/18/meet-the-first-ugandan-american-female-environmental-scientist-in-dallas-fort-worth-dr-sala-senkayi/|title=Meet The First Ugandan-American PhD Female Environmental Scientist In Dallas – Dr. Sala Senkayi {{!}} Welcome to the Ugandan Diaspora News Online|work=www.ugandandiasporanews.com|accessdate=2018-12-26|archivedate=2018-12-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181227084812/http://www.ugandandiasporanews.com/2012/05/18/meet-the-first-ugandan-american-female-environmental-scientist-in-dallas-fort-worth-dr-sala-senkayi/}}</ref> Ọ malitere mkparịta ụka [[Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke United States|EPA]] na ụmụ akwụkwọ webcast, ohere ụmụaka nwere ịgwa ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-arụ ọrụ na nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi na Ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/students/epa-converses-students-webcasts|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181227084724/https://www.epa.gov/students/epa-converses-students-webcasts|archivedate=December 27, 2018|title=EPA Converses with Students Webcasts|author=US EPA|first=OA|date=2015-07-30|work=US EPA|language=en|accessdate=2018-12-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wlf.louisiana.gov/newsletter-issue/weekly-enews-events-grantsawards-workshops-webinars-volunteer-opportunities-resourc|title=WEEKLY eNEWS: Events, Grants/Awards, Workshops, Webinars, Volunteer Opportunities, Resources {{!}} Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries|work=www.wlf.louisiana.gov|accessdate=2018-12-26}}</ref> Nnyocha ya lekwasịrị anya na nchekwa mma mmiri, ọ bụkwa ya bụ onye ọrụ nchekwa mma nke ngalaba mma mmiri.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://eadm.news/39-carousel/big/262-youthful-dr-sala-senkayi-smashes-glass-ceiling-wins-top-us-science-award|title=Youthful Dr. Sala Senkayi smashes glass ceiling, wins top US science award|author=Ph.D|first=Samuel Muwanguzi|work=eadm.news|language=en-gb|accessdate=2018-12-26}}</ref> N'afọ 2017, e nyere Senkayi ihe nrite Presidential Early Career Award maka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị injinia maka mgbasa ozi na nyocha ya.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2017/01/09/president-obama-honors-federally-funded-early-career-scientists|title=President Obama Honors Federally-Funded Early-Career Scientists|date=2017-01-09|work=whitehouse.gov|language=en|accessdate=2018-12-26}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <references /> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] owfuu1n3gesx9nqojal8zhtm9wnb7b6 0 77166 670537 2026-06-30T16:49:39Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1279218883|List of Ramsar sites in Chad]]" 670537 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:ISS-30_Lake_Fitri,_Chad.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Foto Satellite nke Ọdọ Mmiri Fitri]] Saịtị Ramsar dị na Chad na-ezo aka na saịtị isii akpọrọ Ramsar Wetland of International Importance na Chad. Ha na-ekpuchi mpaghara 124,050.68 square (47,896.24 sq mi). Ha gụnyere Lac Fitri, Partie tchadienne du lac Tchad, Plaine de Massenya, Plaines d'inondation des Bahr Aouk et Salamat, na Réserve de faune de Binder-Léré. == Ọdọ Mmiri Fitri == Ebe Lac Fitri Ramsar dị square kilomita 1,950 (750 sq mi) ma guzobe ya na 13 June 1990. Ọdọ Mmiri Fitri na-abụba nke ukwuu n'oge mmiri ozuzo, na-agbanwe site n'afọ ruo n'afọ. Mmiri na-agba gburugburu ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'ogologo nke kilomita 150. ''Echinochloa stagnina'', ''Vossia cuspidata'' na ''[[Nymphaea aquatica|Nymphaea aquatic]]'' bụ ụdị ahịhịa a na-ahụkarị ebe ''Acacia nilotica'' na ''[[Mitragyna inermis]]'' na-eto n'ógbè idei mmiri nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ. Ala dị n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere ahịhịa na ahịhịhịa. Ọzọkwa, dị ka Ebe Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa, ọ nwere ma ụdị na-amụ nwa ma -abụghị nke na-amụ. Ọ bụ ebe oyi maka ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke nnụnụ mmiri Palearctic. Ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ụdị nnụnụ edere ebe a bụ ''Aythya nyroca'', ''Balearica pavonina'', ''Ardeola ralloides'', ''Platalea alba'', ''Dendrocygna bicolor'', ''Dendrocygna viduata'', Anas acuta, na ''Anas querquedula''. Ọ na-enye ebe mgbaba n'oge ọkọchị maka ụdị Afrotropical na enyí. A makwaara ya dị ka ọdọ mmiri na-egbu azụ nke na-egbute azụ̀ 3,000 kwa afọ. <ref name="Bird">{{Cite web|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/userfiles/file/IBAs/AfricaCntryPDFs/Chad.pdf|title=Important Bird Areas in Africa and associated islands – Chad|accessdate=16 October 2013|publisher=BirdLife International Organization}}</ref> <ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-notes-anno-chad/main/ramsar/1-30-168%5E16481_4000_0_|title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Chad|publisher=Ramsar Organization}}</ref><ref name="Lake">{{Cite web|url=http://www.protectedplanet.net/sites/Lac_Fitri_Wetland_Of_International_Importance_Ramsar_Convention|title=Lac Fitri Ramsar Site, Wetland of International|accessdate=18 October 2013|publisher=Protectedplanet.net|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024131047/http://www.protectedplanet.net/sites/Lac_Fitri_Wetland_Of_International_Importance_Ramsar_Convention|archivedate=24 October 2013}}</ref>&nbsp; == Akụkụ Chad nke Ọdọ Mmiri Chad == <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>  Partie tchadienne du lac Tchad Ramsar Site na-atụle square kilomita 16,481.68 (6,363.61 sq mi) n'ogo. E guzobere ya dị ka ebe Ramsar Wetland na 2001 <ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-notes-anno-chad/main/ramsar/1-30-168%5E16481_4000_0_|title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Chad|publisher=Ramsar Organization}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-notes-anno-chad/main/ramsar/1-30-168%5E16481_4000_0_ "The Annotated Ramsar List: Chad"]. Ramsar Organization.</cite></ref> Ọ bụ akụkụ nke ọdọ mmiri Chad ka ukwuu na Cameroon, Niger, na Nigeria. E guzobere Partie tchadienne du lac Tchad n'okpuru mgbalị mmekorita nke Gọọmentị Chad, Lake Chad Oasis Commission, Ramsar Bureau, World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN), Global Environment Facility (GEF), World Bank, na United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Ọ na-ekpuchi akụkụ Chad nke Ọdọ Mmiri Chad n'ókè nke ụsọ mmiri dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ a na-akpọ "erg" ebe nsọtụ ndịda nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere ala dị larịị. Ọ bụ ihe mejupụtara "mmiri mepere emepe, agwaetiti na ájá, [[Polder|polders]], oases na "natron" ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri alkalai" nke na-adịru nwa oge na nke na-adịghị adịgide adịgide na-ekpuchi mba anọ niile na-ekerịta ya. Ewezuga nnụnụ mmiri, ọ nwere ihe dị ka ụdị azụ 150; Kouri Ox bụ ụdị dị na mpaghara ma na-eyi egwu ebe a. A na-achịkwa mmiri nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ ma na-enyekwa aka n'ime mmiri dị n'okpuru ala. Ọ na-enye ihe oriri maka nde mmadụ atọ na-egbu azụ. A na-azụkwa ehi, atụrụ na kamel n'ikpere mmiri ya. Blue algae (''spirulina'') bụkwa ngwaahịa dị mkpa sitere na ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref name="Lakes">{{Cite news|url=http://www.worldlakes.org/shownews.asp?newsid=159|title=Substantial portion of Lake Chad named a Ramsar site (Chad)|date=14 January 2002|accessdate=20 October 2013|publisher=Worldlakes organization}}</ref> == Ala Dị Larịị nke Massenya == Plaine de Massenya Ramsar Site na-atụle square kilomita 25,260 (9,750 sq mi) n'ogo. E guzobere ya na 17 Ọktoba 2008 na mpaghara ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Chad Basin. Ala mmiri dị larịị nke Massenya nwere mmiri dị ọcha, osimiri, iyi na iyi. Ọ na-enye ime ka idei mmiri dị nro, na-ejigide ibu nke ala, ma na-enyere aka n'ịgbanye mmiri n'okpuru ala. Ewezuga ụdị nnụnụ 366, e nwekwara ụdị anụ ọhịa nke Enyí Afrịka, [[Ágụ|agụ owuru]], Agụ iyi Naịl na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. Azụ̀ dịkwa ọtụtụ, ha na-erikwa ụdị osisi Echinachloa nke na-eto nke ọma n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ. Ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ na-akwado ihe ha ji ebi ndụ site n'ịkụ azụ̀, ịrụ ọrụ ugbo na ịzụ anụ ụlọ.<ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-notes-anno-chad/main/ramsar/1-30-168%5E16481_4000_0_|title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Chad|publisher=Ramsar Organization}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-notes-anno-chad/main/ramsar/1-30-168%5E16481_4000_0_ "The Annotated Ramsar List: Chad"]. Ramsar Organization.</cite></ref> == Ala Mmiri nke Bahr Aouk na Salamat == Ebe a na-akpọ Plaines d'inodation des Bahr Aouk et Salamat Ramsar dị square kilomita 49,220 (sq mi 19,000) n'ogo ma ọ bụ otu n'ime ebe Ramsar kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa. E guzobere ya na 1 June 2006, ọ dịkwa n'ime oke ala dị n'akụkụ ya. [[Central African Republic|Central Africa Republic]]. Ala mmiri dị larịị nke Bahr Aouk na Salamat, -esokwa n'Ogige Ntụrụndụ Zakouma, na-enye ihe oriri maka anụ ọhịa nke mpaghara ahụ. Nnụnụ mmiri na-agagharị agagharị bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị. Anụmanụ a kọrọ bụ ụị enyí mmiri, agụ owuru, enyí na ọtụtụ ụdị antelopes. Ọ bụ ebe obibi dị mkpa maka ịzụ azụ na a na-akọ na azụ̀ a na-egbu kwa afọ bụ tọn 15,000. Anụmanụ ala mmiri na-eyi egwu site na ịchụ nta na ahịhịa na-emetụta ịta nri siri ike yana ọkụ ọhịa nke chọrọ ka a dozie ya nke ọma site na njikwa obodo na agụmakwụkwọ gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ọnọdụ a, [[Global Environment Facility|GEF]] amalitela ọrụ nnwale n'ógbè ahụ.<ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-notes-anno-chad/main/ramsar/1-30-168%5E16481_4000_0_|title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Chad|publisher=Ramsar Organization}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-notes-anno-chad/main/ramsar/1-30-168%5E16481_4000_0_ "The Annotated Ramsar List: Chad"]. Ramsar Organization.</cite></ref> Mgbe agha obodo nke bibiri mpaghara ahụ gasịrị, e wusiri Ogige Ntụrụndụ Zakouma ike site na iwebata enyí, giraffe na ọdụm site na enyemaka nke European Union.<ref name="Designate">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/may2006/2006-05-23-03.asp|title=Chad Designates Enormous Wetland Reserve|date=23 May 2006|accessdate=20 October 2013|publisher=Environment News Service}}</ref> == Ala dị larịị nke Logone na ndagwurugwu Toupouri == Ebe a na-akpọ Plaines d'inodation des Bahr Aouk et Salamat Ramsar dị square kilomita 49,220 (sq mi 19,000) n'ogo, ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ebe Ramsar kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa. E guzobere ya na 1 June 2006, ọ dịkwa n'ime oke ala dị n'akụkụ Central Africa Republic. Ala mmiri Plaines d'inodation des Bahr Aouk et Salamat, nke dịkwa n'okpuru Ogige Ntụrụndụ Zakouma, na-enye anụ ọhịa nke mpaghara ahụ ihe oriri. Nnụnụ mmiri ndị na-agagharị agagharị bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị. A kọrọ na anụmanụ ndị a bụ ụdị hippos, agụ owuru, enyí na ọtụtụ ụdị ele. Ọ bụ ebe obibi dị mkpa maka ịzụ azụ, a na-akọkwa na azụ̀ a na-ejide kwa afọ dị tọn 15,000. Anụmanụ ndị a na-egwu mmiri na-eyi egwu site na igbu anụ ọhịa na ahịhịa na-ata ahịhịa nke ukwuu na ọkụ ọhịa nke kwesịrị idozi nke ọma site na njikwa ndị obodo na agụmakwụkwọ gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ọnọdụ a, GEF amalitekwala ọrụ nnwale na mpaghara ahụ.[1] Mgbe agha obodo nke bibiri mpaghara ahụ gasịrị, e wusiri ogige ntụrụndụ nke Zakouma ike site n'enyemaka nke enyí, giraffes na ọdụm site n'enyemaka nke European Union.<ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-notes-anno-chad/main/ramsar/1-30-168%5E16481_4000_0_|title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Chad|publisher=Ramsar Organization}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-notes-anno-chad/main/ramsar/1-30-168%5E16481_4000_0_ "The Annotated Ramsar List: Chad"]. Ramsar Organization.</cite></ref> == Ebe Nchekwa Anụmanụ nke Binder-Léré == Réserve de faune de Binder-Léré Ramsar Site na-ekpuchi mpaghara ,350 square kilomita (520 sq mi). E guzobere ya dị ka ebe nchekwa Ramsar Wetland na 14 Nọvemba 2005 na ókèala Chad-Cameroonian na mpaghara nchịkwa Mayo-Kebbi. <ref name="Parks">{{Cite web|url=http://www.parks.it/world/TD/Eindex.html|title=Parks, Reserves, and Other Protected Areas in Chad|accessdate=17 October 2013|publisher=Parks.it}}</ref><ref name="Search">{{Cite web|url=http://www.protectedplanet.net/search?country_id=42&q=Chad|title=Search for protected areas|work=Official Record Only|accessdate=17 October 2013|publisher=Protectedplanet.net}}</ref> Ala mmiri ahụ nwere ọdọ mmiri, iyi na-adịru nwa oge na nke na-adịgide adịgide, na marshes. Nsụda mmiri Gauthiot dị na Osimiri Gauthiot na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe mgbochi maka ịkwaga ụdị azụ site na Osimiri Niger, n'elu mmiri n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Chad. Ndị agbụrụ [[Moundang]] nọ n'ógbè ahụ na-eme ka ọdịda a na-asọpụrụ. Ebe ahụ nwere ọtụtụ ụdị anụmanụ nke manatee, agụ iyi, enyí mmiri, na cheetahs nke dị na ndepụta ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ. Ọ bụ ebe obibi maka nnụnụ mmiri na ụfọdụ n'ime ụdị bụ ''Dendrocygna'' spp. , ''Balearica pavonina'', ''Pelecanus rufescens'' na ''Plectropterus gambensis''. Ịkụ azụ, ọrụ ugbo, ịchụ nta na ịzụ anụ ụlọ bụ ọrụ ndị .obodo ahụ na-azụ maka ihe oriri.<ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-notes-anno-chad/main/ramsar/1-30-168%5E16481_4000_0_|title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Chad|publisher=Ramsar Organization}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-notes-anno-chad/main/ramsar/1-30-168%5E16481_4000_0_ "The Annotated Ramsar List: Chad"]. Ramsar Organization.</cite></ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} 865yzs2vske54y5rxtknnwm9rm5wcyz 670543 670537 2026-06-30T17:59:52Z Adimora chidinma 15845 670543 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:ISS-30_Lake_Fitri,_Chad.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Foto Satellite nke Ọdọ Mmiri Fitri]] '''Saịtị Ramsar''' dị na Chad na-ezo aka na saịtị isii akpọrọ Ramsar Wetland of International Importance na Chad. Ha na-ekpuchi mpaghara 124,050.68 square (47,896.24 sq mi). Ha gụnyere Lac Fitri, Partie tchadienne du lac Tchad, Plaine de Massenya, Plaines d'inondation des Bahr Aouk et Salamat, na Réserve de faune de Binder-Léré. == Ọdọ Mmiri Fitri == Ebe Lac Fitri Ramsar dị square kilomita 1,950 (750 sq mi) ma guzobe ya na 13 June 1990. Ọdọ Mmiri Fitri na-abụba nke ukwuu n'oge mmiri ozuzo, na-agbanwe site n'afọ ruo n'afọ. Mmiri na-agba gburugburu ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'ogologo nke kilomita 150. ''Echinochloa stagnina'', ''Vossia cuspidata'' na ''Nymphaea aquatic'' bụ ụdị ahịhịa a na-ahụkarị ebe ''Acacia nilotica'' na ''Mitragyna inermis'' na-eto n'ógbè idei mmiri nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ. Ala dị n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere ahịhịa na ahịhịhịa. Ọzọkwa, dị ka Ebe Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa, ọ nwere ma ụdị na-amụ nwa ma -abụghị nke na-amụ. Ọ bụ ebe oyi maka ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke nnụnụ mmiri Palearctic. Ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ụdị nnụnụ edere ebe a bụ ''Aythya nyroca'', ''Balearica pavonina'', ''Ardeola ralloides'', ''Platalea alba'', ''Dendrocygna bicolor'', ''Dendrocygna viduata'', Anas acuta, na ''Anas querquedula''. Ọ na-enye ebe mgbaba n'oge ọkọchị maka ụdị Afrotropical na enyí. A makwaara ya dị ka ọdọ mmiri na-egbu azụ nke na-egbute azụ̀ 3,000 kwa afọ. <ref name="Bird">{{Cite web|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/userfiles/file/IBAs/AfricaCntryPDFs/Chad.pdf|title=Important Bird Areas in Africa and associated islands – Chad|accessdate=16 October 2013|publisher=BirdLife International Organization}}</ref> <ref name="Ramsar" /><ref name="Lake">{{Cite web|url=http://www.protectedplanet.net/sites/Lac_Fitri_Wetland_Of_International_Importance_Ramsar_Convention|title=Lac Fitri Ramsar Site, Wetland of International|accessdate=18 October 2013|publisher=Protectedplanet.net|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024131047/http://www.protectedplanet.net/sites/Lac_Fitri_Wetland_Of_International_Importance_Ramsar_Convention|archivedate=24 October 2013}}</ref>&nbsp; == Akụkụ Chad nke Ọdọ Mmiri TChad == <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>  Partie tchadienne du lac Tchad Ramsar Site na-atụle square kilomita 16,481.68 (6,363.61 sq mi) n'ogo. E guzobere ya dị ka ebe Ramsar Wetland na 2001 <ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-notes-anno-chad/main/ramsar/1-30-168%5E16481_4000_0_|title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Chad|publisher=Ramsar Organization}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-notes-anno-chad/main/ramsar/1-30-168%5E16481_4000_0_ "The Annotated Ramsar List: Chad"]. Ramsar Organization.</cite></ref> Ọ bụ akụkụ nke ọdọ mmiri Chad ka ukwuu na Cameroon, Niger, na Nigeria. E guzobere Partie tchadienne du lac Tchad n'okpuru mgbalị mmekorita nke Gọọmentị Chad, Lake Chad Oasis Commission, Ramsar Bureau, World Wide Fund nke Nature (WWF), [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN), Global Environment Facility (GEF), World Bank, na United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Ọ na-ekpuchi akụkụ Chad nke Ọdọ Mmiri Chad n'ókè nke ụsọ mmiri dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ a na-akpọ "erg" ebe nsọtụ ndịda nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere ala dị larịị. Ọ bụ ihe mejupụtara "mmiri mepere emepe, agwaetiti na ájá, [[Polder|polders]], oases na "natron" ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri alkalai" nke na-adịru nwa oge na nke na-adịghị adịgide adịgide na-ekpuchi mba anọ niile na-ekerịta ya. Ewezuga nnụnụ mmiri, ọ nwere ihe dị ka ụdị azụ 150; Kouri Ox bụ ụdị dị na mpaghara ma na-eyi egwu ebe a. A na-achịkwa mmiri nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ ma na-enyekwa aka n'ime mmiri dị n'okpuru ala. Ọ na-enye ihe oriri maka nde mmadụ atọ na-egbu azụ. A na-azụkwa ehi, atụrụ na kamel n'ikpere mmiri ya. Blue algae (''spirulina'') bụkwa ngwaahịa dị mkpa sitere na ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref name="Lakes">{{Cite news|url=http://www.worldlakes.org/shownews.asp?newsid=159|title=Substantial portion of Lake Chad named a Ramsar site (Chad)|date=14 January 2002|accessdate=20 October 2013|publisher=Worldlakes organization}}</ref> == Ala Dị Larịị nke Massenya == Plaine de Massenya Ramsar Site na-atụle square kilomita 25,260 (9,750 sq mi) n'ogo. E guzobere ya na 17 Ọktoba 2008 na mpaghara ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Chad Basin. Ala mmiri dị larịị nke Massenya nwere mmiri dị ọcha, osimiri, iyi na iyi. Ọ na-enye ime ka idei mmiri dị nro, na-ejigide ibu nke ala, ma na-enyere aka n'ịgbanye mmiri n'okpuru ala. Ewezuga ụdị nnụnụ 366, e nwekwara ụdị anụ ọhịa nke Enyí Afrịka, [[Ágụ|agụ owuru]], Agụ iyi Naịl na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. Azụ̀ dịkwa ọtụtụ, ha na-erikwa ụdị osisi Echinachloa nke na-eto nke ọma n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ. Ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ na-akwado ihe ha ji ebi ndụ site n'ịkụ azụ̀, ịrụ ọrụ ugbo na ịzụ anụ ụlọ.<ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-notes-anno-chad/main/ramsar/1-30-168%5E16481_4000_0_|title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Chad|publisher=Ramsar Organization}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-notes-anno-chad/main/ramsar/1-30-168%5E16481_4000_0_ "The Annotated Ramsar List: Chad"]. Ramsar Organization.</cite></ref> == Ala Mmiri nke Bahr Aouk na Salamat == Ebe a na-akpọ Plaines d'inodation des Bahr Aouk et Salamat Ramsar dị square kilomita 49,220 (sq mi 19,000) n'ogo ma ọ bụ otu n'ime ebe Ramsar kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa. E guzobere ya na 1 June 2006, ọ dịkwa n'ime oke ala dị n'akụkụ ya. [[Central African Republic|Central Africa Republic]]. Ala mmiri dị larịị nke Bahr Aouk na Salamat, -esokwa n'Ogige Ntụrụndụ Zakouma, na-enye ihe oriri maka anụ ọhịa nke mpaghara ahụ. Nnụnụ mmiri na-agagharị agagharị bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị. Anụmanụ a kọrọ bụ ụị enyí mmiri, agụ owuru, enyí na ọtụtụ ụdị antelopes. Ọ bụ ebe obibi dị mkpa maka ịzụ azụ na a na-akọ na azụ̀ a na-egbu kwa afọ bụ tọn 15,000. Anụmanụ ala mmiri na-eyi egwu site na ịchụ nta na ahịhịa na-emetụta ịta nri siri ike yana ọkụ ọhịa nke chọrọ ka a dozie ya nke ọma site na njikwa obodo na agụmakwụkwọ gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ọnọdụ a, [[Global Environment Facility|GEF]] amalitela ọrụ nnwale n'ógbè ahụ.<ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-notes-anno-chad/main/ramsar/1-30-168%5E16481_4000_0_|title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Chad|publisher=Ramsar Organization}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-notes-anno-chad/main/ramsar/1-30-168%5E16481_4000_0_ "The Annotated Ramsar List: Chad"]. Ramsar Organization.</cite></ref> Mgbe agha obodo nke bibiri mpaghara ahụ gasịrị, e wusiri Ogige Ntụrụndụ Zakouma ike site na iwebata enyí, giraffe na ọdụm site na enyemaka nke European Union.<ref name="Designate">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/may2006/2006-05-23-03.asp|title=Chad Designates Enormous Wetland Reserve|date=23 May 2006|accessdate=20 October 2013|publisher=Environment News Service}}</ref> == Ala dị larịị nke Logone na ndagwurugwu Toupouri == Ebe a na-akpọ Plaines d'inodation du Logone et les depressions Toupouri Ramsar na-ekpuchi mpaghara nke {{convert|29789|sqkm}}. E guzobere ya na 14 Nọvemba 2005 ma ọ bụ otu n'ime ala mmiri kachasị ukwuu n'Africa. Ala mmiri dị na Toupouri nwere ọtụtụ mmiri n'ụdị osimiri, ọdọ mmiri na-adịgide adịgide na nke nwa oge, ala mmiri dị na ọdọ mmiri. N'ime usoro ihe dị iche iche a, osisi ahụ nwere ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche gụnyere osisi Palmyra nke Afrịka na néré (''Parkia biglobosa'') nke dị na ndepụta ihe iyi egwu. Anụmanụ avi nwere ụdị Occidental Palearctic na ụdị ndị Etiopia na-akwaga dị ka crane ojii, goose spur-winged na ọbọgwụ na-efe efe'. Ịkụ azụ bụ ọrụ ndị bi n'ala mmiri ahụ n'afọ niile. Ihe iyi egwu ndị a na-eche ihu n'ala mmiri metụtara ịchụ nta, ịta ahịhịa gabigara ókè, ọkụ ọhịa, inyocha mmanụ na ọgwụ ahụhụ. GEF, World Bank, UNDP na Lake Chad Basin Commission amalitela ọrụ maka njikwa ya.<ref name=Ramsar/> == Ebe Nchekwa Anụmanụ nke Binder-Léré == Réserve de faune de Binder-Léré Ramsar Site na-ekpuchi mpaghara ,350 square kilomita (520 sq mi). E guzobere ya dị ka ebe nchekwa Ramsar Wetland na 14 Nọvemba 2005 na ókèala Chad-Cameroonian na mpaghara nchịkwa Mayo-Kebbi. <ref name="Parks">{{Cite web|url=http://www.parks.it/world/TD/Eindex.html|title=Parks, Reserves, and Other Protected Areas in Chad|accessdate=17 October 2013|publisher=Parks.it}}</ref><ref name="Search">{{Cite web|url=http://www.protectedplanet.net/search?country_id=42&q=Chad|title=Search for protected areas|work=Official Record Only|accessdate=17 October 2013|publisher=Protectedplanet.net}}</ref> Ala mmiri ahụ nwere ọdọ mmiri, iyi na-adịru nwa oge na nke na-adịgide adịgide, na marshes. Nsụda mmiri Gauthiot dị na Osimiri Gauthiot na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe mgbochi maka ịkwaga ụdị azụ site na Osimiri Niger, n'elu mmiri n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Chad. Ndị agbụrụ Moundang nọ n'ógbè ahụ na-eme ka ọdịda a na-asọpụrụ. Ebe ahụ nwere ọtụtụ ụdị anụmanụ nke manatee, agụ iyi, enyí mmiri, na cheetahs nke dị na ndepụta ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ. Ọ bụ ebe obibi maka nnụnụ mmiri na ụfọdụ n'ime ụdị bụ ''Dendrocygna'' spp. , ''Balearica pavonina'', ''Pelecanus rufescens'' na ''Plectropterus gambensis''. Ịkụ azụ, ọrụ ugbo, ịchụ nta na ịzụ anụ ụlọ bụ ọrụ ndị .obodo ahụ na-azụ maka ihe oriri.<ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-notes-anno-chad/main/ramsar/1-30-168%5E16481_4000_0_|title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Chad|publisher=Ramsar Organization}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-notes-anno-chad/main/ramsar/1-30-168%5E16481_4000_0_ "The Annotated Ramsar List: Chad"]. Ramsar Organization.</cite></ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} mau2m0198ysi84nu7kge16iux8ixbr6 0 77167 670538 2026-06-30T16:55:26Z Anastesia chi 23720 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355000101|Alabo Dakorinama George-Kelly]]" 670538 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>  '''Dr. Alabo George-Kelly''', onye a makwaara dị ka '''Alabo Dakorinama George Kelly''' (amụrụ na 23 Disemba), bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye na-ahụ maka teknụzụ na Naijiria. A họpụtara onye nyocha nke Kalabari-Ijaw ka ọ bụrụ onye kọmishọna a na-asọpụrụ, Otu na ahụ maka Ọrụ nke Steeti Rivers site na [[Ezenwo Nyesom Wike|Nyesom Wike]], Gọvanọ nke Rivers Steeti. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Dakorinama A. K. George {{!}} PMWorld Library|url=https://pmworldlibrary.net/authors/dakorinama-a-k-george/|accessdate=2023-03-30|work=pmworldlibrary.net}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Tide|first=The|date=2022-06-13|title=Akawor, AKULGA Boss Extol Virtues Of New Rivers Commissioners|url=https://www.thetidenewsonline.com/2022/06/13/akawor-akulga-boss-extol-virtues-of-new-rivers-commissioners/|accessdate=2023-03-30|work=[[The Tide (Nigeria)|The Tide]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rivers Government Blames Collapse Of N3.9 Billion University Of Port Harcourt Arena Under Construction On Failure Or Misapplication Of Equipment {{!}} Sahara Reporters|url=https://saharareporters.com/2023/02/02/rivers-government-blames-collapse-n39-billion-university-port-harcourt-arena-under|accessdate=2023-04-07|work=saharareporters.com}}</ref> Tupu nhọpụta ya n'ime Executive Council nke Rivers Steeti, ọ bụ onye isi njikwa (akụrụngwa) na Niger Delta Development Commission. O sonyekwara na ntuli aka gọvanọ nke ndị People's Democratic Party nke afọ puku abụọ iri abụọ na abụọ na Rivers Steeti, ebe ọ bịara nke abụọ mgbe Sir [[Siminalayi Fubara]], gọvanọ a họpụtara na Rivers Steeti. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-05-08|title=2023 Rivers Guber: Youth Groups Throw Weight Behind George Kelley|url=https://kristinareports.net/2023-rivers-guber-youth-groups-throw-weight-behind-george-kelley/|accessdate=2023-04-03|work=KRISTINA REPORTS|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rivers Accountant General, Fubara, Wins PDP Governorship Primary|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/05/26/rivers-accountant-general-fubara-wins-pdp-governorship-primary/|accessdate=2023-04-03|work=[[This Day]]}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />On{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria nke narị afọ nke 21]] 8sx6a1jsh3grplrk3ysa1rnt38u1dgv 670539 670538 2026-06-30T16:57:11Z Anastesia chi 23720 670539 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>  '''Dr. Alabo George-Kelly''', onye a makwaara dị ka '''Alabo Dakorinama George Kelly''' (amụrụ na 23 Disemba), bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye na-ahụ maka teknụzụ na Naijiria. A họpụtara onye nyocha nke Kalabari-Ijaw ka ọ bụrụ onye kọmishọna a na-asọpụrụ, Otu na ahụ maka Ọrụ nke Steeti Rivers site na [[Ezenwo Nyesom Wike|Nyesom Wike]], Gọvanọ nke Rivers Steeti. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Dakorinama A. K. George {{!}} PMWorld Library|url=https://pmworldlibrary.net/authors/dakorinama-a-k-george/|accessdate=2023-03-30|work=pmworldlibrary.net}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Tide|first=The|date=2022-06-13|title=Akawor, AKULGA Boss Extol Virtues Of New Rivers Commissioners|url=https://www.thetidenewsonline.com/2022/06/13/akawor-akulga-boss-extol-virtues-of-new-rivers-commissioners/|accessdate=2023-03-30|work=[[The Tide (Nigeria)|The Tide]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rivers Government Blames Collapse Of N3.9 Billion University Of Port Harcourt Arena Under Construction On Failure Or Misapplication Of Equipment {{!}} Sahara Reporters|url=https://saharareporters.com/2023/02/02/rivers-government-blames-collapse-n39-billion-university-port-harcourt-arena-under|accessdate=2023-04-07|work=saharareporters.com}}</ref> Tupu nhọpụta ya n'ime Executive Council nke Rivers Steeti, ọ bụ onye isi njikwa (akụrụngwa) na Niger Delta Development Commission. O sonyekwara na ntuli aka gọvanọ nke ndị People's Democratic Party nke afọ puku abụọ iri abụọ na abụọ na Rivers Steeti, ebe ọ bịara nke abụọ mgbe Sir [[Siminalayi Fubara]], gọvanọ a họpụtara na Rivers Steeti. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-05-08|title=2023 Rivers Guber: Youth Groups Throw Weight Behind George Kelley|url=https://kristinareports.net/2023-rivers-guber-youth-groups-throw-weight-behind-george-kelley/|accessdate=2023-04-03|work=KRISTINA REPORTS|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rivers Accountant General, Fubara, Wins PDP Governorship Primary|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/05/26/rivers-accountant-general-fubara-wins-pdp-governorship-primary/|accessdate=2023-04-03|work=[[This Day]]}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />On{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria]] 8ajw98gbaiatb5h2owq6n7j37luqgrc 0 77168 670540 2026-06-30T17:33:58Z Elizabeth chee 62456 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345269074|Ayodeji Karim]]" 670540 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | name = Ayodeji Ismail Karim | image = Ayodeji karim.jpg | party = [[All Progressive Congress]] (APC) | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1970|12|18}} | birth_place = [[Ibadan North East]], [[Oyo State]], Nigeria | alma_mater = [[South Thames College]] Wandsworth, London<br> [[University of Wales]], Swansea, UK. | occupation = Politician, businessman, chief executive officer of [[costain west africa]] plc | website = {{URL|ayodejikarim.com/}} }} '''Ayodeji Ismail Karim'''// i (amụrụ na Disemba 18, 1970) bụ onye isi nchịkwa / CEO nke [[Costain West Africa]] Plc . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2010/06/costain-raises-shareholders%E2%80%99-hope-over-dividend/|title=Costain raises shareholders hope over dividend|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessdayonline.com/news/article/chinese-firms-take-nigerias-rail-construction-sector/|title=Chinese firms take nigerias rail construction sector|work=businessdayonline.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.proshareng.com/news/Capital%20Market/Costain--How-We-Survived-Global-Financial-Crisis/11052|title=Costain How We Survived Global Financial Crisis/11052|work=proshareng.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.winne.com/ng/interviews/mr-ayodeji-karim|title=mr ayodeji karim|work=winne.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://insideoyo.com/2019-constain-owner-ayo-karim-joins-oyo-guber-race-launches-ayo-ni-o/|title=2019 constain owner ayo karim joins oyo guber race launches ayo ni o|work=insideoyo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.projectlightupnigeria.com/corporate-nigeria/costain.html|title=Corporate Nigeria|work=projectlightupnigeria.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200005030057.html|title=Stories|work=allafrica.com}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == '''Ayodeji Ismail Karim''' (amụrụ na Disemba 18, 1970) n'ezinụlọ Dauda Adebayo Karim na [[Ibadan North-East|Ibadan North East]] LGA, steeti Oyo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pmparrotng.com/2018/06/20/ayodeji-karim-another-guber-aspirant-in-oyo-apc-begins-campaign/|title=ayodeji karim another guber aspirant in oyo apc begins campaign|work=pmparrotng.com}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ praịmarị na St George's Boys School, Falomo, Ikoyi, Lagos na agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị ya na Metropolitan College, Isolo tupu ọ gaa South Thames College, Wandsworth, London ebe ọ nwetara National Diploma na Electro / Mechanical Sciences. O nwekwara akara ugo mmụta na Bachelor of Materials Engineering and Engineering Design/Manufacturing ma site na Mahadum Wales, Swansea, UK.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2018/02/11/uk-returnee-ayodeji-karim-declares-intention-for-oyo-governorship/?amp|title=returnee ayodeji karim declares intention for oyo governorship|work=[[This Day]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://crawler.com.ng/uk-returnee-ayodeji-karim-declares-intention-for-oyo-governorship-58457.html|title=uk returnee ayodeji karim declares intention for oyo governorship|work=dailypost.ng}}</ref> == Ọrụ na azụmahịa == Ayodeji rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye njikwa na Le Pain Croissant Ltd, Southall UK, tupu ọ gaa n'ihu na Charles Walden & Associates Company Ltd UK dịka onye ndu otu ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=52087355&ticker=COSTAIN:NL|title=stocks|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://commonwealthomes.com/ayodeji-karim/|title=ayodeji karim|work=commonwealthomes.com|accessdate=September 10, 2018|archivedate=September 10, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910173016/http://commonwealthomes.com/ayodeji-karim/}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi nchịkwa na Fortis Construction Company Ltd ma were ya n'ọrụ na [[Costain West Africa]] Plc, na Febụwarị 2007 dị ka onye nduzi ọrụ; O wee bụrụ onyeisi njikwa/onyeisi nchịkwa nke nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ owuwu ahụ na Jenụwarị 2010, ọkwa ọ nọworo ruo taa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marketscreener.com/business-leaders/Ayodeji-Karim-0B2Y57-E/biography/|title=business leaders|work=marketscreener.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uk.reuters.com/business/stocks/officer-profile/COSTAIN.LG/1109372|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109072305/https://uk.reuters.com/business/stocks/officer-profile/COSTAIN.LG/1109372|archivedate=2018-11-09|title=business/stocks/officer profile|work=Reuters}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pageone.ng/2016/12/06/ayodeji-karim-costain/|title=Ayodeji karim costain|work=pageone.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://m.guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/ayo-karim-sails-away-with-a-grand-dinner/|title=Ayo karim sails away with a grand dinner|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pagepedia.com/ayodejikarim|title=ayodeji karim|work=pagepedia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://quotes.wsj.com/NG/XNSA/COWA/company-people/executive-profile/16081094|title=executive-profile|work=The Wall Street Journal|accessdate=September 10, 2018|archivedate=September 10, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910164726/https://quotes.wsj.com/NG/XNSA/COWA/company-people/executive-profile/16081094}}</ref> Ọ bụ Onyeisi/Onyeisi nke Winchester Farms Ltd. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ na mba ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theoctopusnews.com/ayodeji-karim-joins-league-of-africas-powerful-men/|title=league of africas powerful men|work=theoctopusnews.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cityvoiceng.com/investor-pledges-30m-for-oyo-agriculture-initiative/|title=investor pledges 30m for oyo agriculture initiative|work=cityvoiceng.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thecapital.ng/?p=21513|title=Winchester Farms Ltd|work=thecapital.ng}}</ref> == Ọzụzụ ọkachamara na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Ayodeji nwere ọzụzụ agha, nke gafere Territorial Army (4th Royal Green Jackets) Basic Infantry Training & Fitness, Senior Rifleman British Army, na Officer cadet, Royal Engineers Advanced Infantry training, Military Qualification Part 2, UK. Ọ bụ Alumnus nke Mahadum Wales Officer Training Corps Wales, British Army, UK. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tribuneonlineng.com/153139/|title=Ayodeji extensive military training|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.peoplespostmedia.com/news/item/12710-uk-returnee-expresses-interest-in-occupying-the-oyo-state-government-house|title=uk returnee expresses interest in occupying the oyo state government house|work=peoplespostmedia.com|accessdate=September 10, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910164754/https://www.peoplespostmedia.com/news/item/12710-uk-returnee-expresses-interest-in-occupying-the-oyo-state-government-house|archivedate=September 10, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.citypeopleonline.com/lagos-big-boy-ayo-karim-joins-oyo-guber-race/|title=lagos big boy ayo karim joins oyo guber race|work=dailypost.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dailytimes.ng/oyo-guber-hopeful-ayo-karim-holds-grand-dinner/|title=oyo guber hopeful-ayo-karim|work=dailytimes.ng}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-azọ ọkwa onyeisiala maka All Progressive Congress (APC) na ntuli aka ọchịchị nke steeti Oyo maka afọ 2019. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theanchoronline.com.ng/2018/09/07/i-am-the-governor-oyo-needs-ayodeji-karim/|title=The governor oyo needs-ayodeji-karim|work=theanchoronline.com.ng|accessdate=September 10, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910165113/https://www.theanchoronline.com.ng/2018/09/07/i-am-the-governor-oyo-needs-ayodeji-karim/|archivedate=September 10, 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.today.ng/topic/ayodeji-karim|title=Ayodeji karim|work=today.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://independent.ng/ayo-karim-makes-bold-steps/amp/|title=Ayo karim makes bold steps|work=[[Independent (Nigeria)|Independent]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://g9ija.com/2018/01/03/g9+ijatv-live-interview-with-ayodeji-ismail-karim-oyo-state-gubernatorial-candidate-on-apc-platform-5thjan18/|title=Ayodeji ismail karim oyo state gubernatorial candidate on apc platform|work=g9ija.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tribuneonlineng.com/145694/|title=candidate for the All Progressive Congress|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Ayodeji Ismail Karim lụrụ ma nwee ụmụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thecitypulsenews.com/oyo-2019-guber-race-meet-ayodeji-ismail-karim-vibrant-man-can-govern-right/|title=Ayodeji ismail karim vibrant man can govern right|work=thecitypulsenews.com}}</ref> == Edensịbịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.facebook.com/Ayodejikarim/ Peeji facebook] * [https://ayodejikarim.com/ ebe nrụọrụ weebụ] E debere na Wayback Machine {{DEFAULTSORT:Karim, Ayodeji}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 8tswznshusb306v0ck1o1xog35u6ror 0 77169 670541 2026-06-30T17:39:48Z Anastesia chi 23720 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359828521|Idris Muhammad Gobir]]" 670541 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = [[His Excellency]] | image = Dr. IDRIS MOHAMMED GOBIR.jpg | birth_date = 1976 | office = Deputy Governor of Sokoto State | occupation = Politician | caption = Idris Mohammed Gobir | alt = | name = Idris Mohammed Gobir | term_start = 2023 | alma_mater = [[Ahmadu Bello University]] }} '''Idris Muhammad Gobir''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria nke jere ozi dị ka osote gọvanọ nke steeti sokoto kemgbe ntuli aka afọ puku abụọ iri abụọ na atọ. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Dunamis|first=Ogalah|date=2025-09-24|title=UNICEF, Sokoto government launch free healthcare for 15,400 vulnerable residents|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/health/health-news/823326-unicef-sokoto-government-launch-free-healthcare-for-15400-vulnerable-residents.html|accessdate=2025-11-11|language=en-GB|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Salman|first=Animashaun|date=2022-07-13|title=Ex-minister's aide emerges Sokoto APC deputy gov candidate|url=https://punchng.com/ex-ministers-aide-emerges-sokoto-apc-deputy-gov-candidate/|accessdate=2025-11-11|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSalman2022">Salman, Animashaun (2022-07-13). [https://punchng.com/ex-ministers-aide-emerges-sokoto-apc-deputy-gov-candidate/ "Ex-minister's aide emerges Sokoto APC deputy gov candidate"]. ''[[The Punch]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-11-11</span></span>.</cite></ref> A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ osote gọvanọ n'akụkụ gọvanọ Ahmad Aliyu n'oge ntuli aka nke afọ puku abụọ iri abụọ na atọ . <ref>{{Cite news|title=Aliyu Inaugurates SON Office in Sokoto as Organisation Vows to Sustain Clampdown on Manufacturers of Substandard Products|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2025/11/08/aliyu-inaugurates-son-office-in-sokoto-as-organisation-vows-to-sustain-clampdown-on-manufacturers-of-substandard-products/|accessdate=2025-11-11|language=en-US|work=[[This Day]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Nwafor|date=2025-11-06|title=Gov Aliyu reaffirms alliance with FG, SON to drive industrial revolution in Sokoto|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/11/gov-aliyu-reaffirms-alliance-with-fg-son-to-drive-industrial-revolution-in-sokoto/|accessdate=2025-11-11|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Salman|first=Animashaun|date=2024-01-03|title=Two die in Sokoto deputy gov's convoy accident|url=https://punchng.com/two-die-in-sokoto-deputy-govs-convoy-accident/|accessdate=2025-11-11|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ == Gobir gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Ahmadu Bello dị na Zaria ma nwetakwa nzere masta na ngalaba mmụta ise dị iche iche. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Salman|first=Animashaun|date=2022-07-13|title=Ex-minister's aide emerges Sokoto APC deputy gov candidate|url=https://punchng.com/ex-ministers-aide-emerges-sokoto-apc-deputy-gov-candidate/|accessdate=2025-11-11|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Gobir rụrụ ọrụ dịka Kọmishọna maka atụmatụ mmefu ego na akụ na ụba nakwa dịka onye nchịkwa naanị ya na mpaghara ọchịchị ime obodo [[Sabon Birni|Sabon Birnin]] nke Sokoto Steeti n'oge onye bụbu Gọvanọ [[Aliyu Magatakarda Wamakko|Aliyu Wamakko]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Salman|first=Animashaun|date=2022-07-13|title=Ex-minister's aide emerges Sokoto APC deputy gov candidate|url=https://punchng.com/ex-ministers-aide-emerges-sokoto-apc-deputy-gov-candidate/|accessdate=2025-11-11|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSalman2022">Salman, Animashaun (2022-07-13). [https://punchng.com/ex-ministers-aide-emerges-sokoto-apc-deputy-gov-candidate/ "Ex-minister's aide emerges Sokoto APC deputy gov candidate"]. ''[[The Punch]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-11-11</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />N{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1976]] 35g9yjby8x5xjlee13f2nj25nwo9n2c 670542 670541 2026-06-30T17:42:10Z Anastesia chi 23720 670542 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = [[His Excellency]] | image = Dr. IDRIS MOHAMMED GOBIR.jpg | birth_date = 1976 | office = Deputy Governor of Sokoto State | occupation = Politician | caption = Idris Mohammed Gobir | alt = | name = Idris Mohammed Gobir | term_start = 2023 | alma_mater = [[Ahmadu Bello University]] }} '''Idris Muhammad Gobir''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria nke jere ozi dị ka osote gọvanọ nke steeti sokoto kemgbe ntuli aka afọ puku abụọ iri abụọ na atọ. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Dunamis|first=Ogalah|date=2025-09-24|title=UNICEF, Sokoto government launch free healthcare for 15,400 vulnerable residents|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/health/health-news/823326-unicef-sokoto-government-launch-free-healthcare-for-15400-vulnerable-residents.html|accessdate=2025-11-11|language=en-GB|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Salman|first=Animashaun|date=2022-07-13|title=Ex-minister's aide emerges Sokoto APC deputy gov candidate|url=https://punchng.com/ex-ministers-aide-emerges-sokoto-apc-deputy-gov-candidate/|accessdate=2025-11-11|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSalman2022">Salman, Animashaun (2022-07-13). [https://punchng.com/ex-ministers-aide-emerges-sokoto-apc-deputy-gov-candidate/ "Ex-minister's aide emerges Sokoto APC deputy gov candidate"]. ''[[The Punch]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-11-11</span></span>.</cite></ref> A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ osote gọvanọ n'akụkụ gọvanọ Ahmad Aliyu n'oge ntuli aka nke afọ puku abụọ iri abụọ na atọ . <ref>{{Cite news|title=Aliyu Inaugurates SON Office in Sokoto as Organisation Vows to Sustain Clampdown on Manufacturers of Substandard Products|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2025/11/08/aliyu-inaugurates-son-office-in-sokoto-as-organisation-vows-to-sustain-clampdown-on-manufacturers-of-substandard-products/|accessdate=2025-11-11|language=en-US|work=[[This Day]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Nwafor|date=2025-11-06|title=Gov Aliyu reaffirms alliance with FG, SON to drive industrial revolution in Sokoto|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/11/gov-aliyu-reaffirms-alliance-with-fg-son-to-drive-industrial-revolution-in-sokoto/|accessdate=2025-11-11|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Salman|first=Animashaun|date=2024-01-03|title=Two die in Sokoto deputy gov's convoy accident|url=https://punchng.com/two-die-in-sokoto-deputy-govs-convoy-accident/|accessdate=2025-11-11|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ == Gobir gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Ahmadu Bello dị na Zaria ma nwetakwa nzere masta na ngalaba mmụta ise dị iche iche. <ref name=":0 /> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Gobir rụrụ ọrụ dịka Kọmishọna maka atụmatụ mmefu ego na akụ na ụba nakwa dịka onye nchịkwa naanị ya na mpaghara ọchịchị ime obodo [[Sabon Birni|Sabon Birnin]] nke Sokoto Steeti n'oge onye bụbu Gọvanọ [[Aliyu Magatakarda Wamakko|Aliyu Wamakko]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Salman|first=Animashaun|date=2022-07-13|title=Ex-minister's aide emerges Sokoto APC deputy gov candidate|url=https://punchng.com/ex-ministers-aide-emerges-sokoto-apc-deputy-gov-candidate/|accessdate=2025-11-11|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSalman2022">Salman, Animashaun (2022-07-13). [https://punchng.com/ex-ministers-aide-emerges-sokoto-apc-deputy-gov-candidate/ "Ex-minister's aide emerges Sokoto APC deputy gov candidate"]. ''[[The Punch]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-11-11</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />N{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1976]] cn3e7muwkixhg0l1vyesf7asutt66r9 3 77170 670544 2026-06-30T18:00:22Z DolphybBot 61063 Nabata onye ohuru na Igbo Wikipedia! (bot) 670544 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nnọọ|username=Omekara Chinemerem|bot=[[Ojiarụ:DolphybBot|DolphybBot]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:DolphybBot|ṅkátá]]) 18:00, 30 Jụn 2026 (UTC)}} ft5squfj85ulx6agx7x2fj6fiyuhnjj 0 77171 670545 2026-06-30T18:16:00Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340135112|Porto Inglês salt flats]]" 670545 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Porto Inglês salt flats''' (Portuguese: Salinas do Porto Inglês) bụ ala mmiri dị n'ime ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke agwaetiti Maio [[Cape Verde]], n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke obodo Porto Inglês. Ọ bụ mpaghara nchekwa 5.34 km2 (2.06 sq mi) (Paisagem Protegida das Salinas do Porto Inglês)[1][2][3] na ebe Ramsar.[4] Ọ gụnyere gburugburu ebe obibi, ala, akụkọ ihe mere eme na omenala. Ụdị nnụnụ ndị nwere mmasị nchekwa na-agakarị ebe ahụ, ụfọdụ n'ime ha bụ ndị iwu mba na nkwekọrịta mba ụwa na-echebe, ụfọdụ dịkwa na agwaetiti ahụ. kpa nke Kentish plover: 50% nke mkpokọta ndị bi na Cape Verde (mmadụ 150-300). == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ebe echedoro na Cape Verde == Edensibịa ==   4cw77uujw2kh3v68obw9slqp7uyf9gv 670547 670545 2026-06-30T18:27:10Z Adimora chidinma 15845 670547 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Protected area of Maio, Cape Verde}} {{Infobox protected area | name = Porto Inglês salt flats<br>''Salinas do Porto Inglês'' | map = Cape Verde | label = Porto Inglês salt flats | label_position = top | coordinates = {{Coord|15.154|-23.225|display=inline,title}} | alt_name = | image = Salina do porto ingles.jpg | image_caption = | created = 2013 (Ramsar site) | area = {{convert|534|ha}} | length = | width = | elevation = | iucn_category = | location = southwestern part of [[Maio, Cape Verde|Maio]] northwest of [[Porto Inglês]] | module = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_date = 3 July 2013 | designation1_number = 2182<ref name=Ramsar>{{Cite web|title=Salinas of the English Port |website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2182|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} }} '''Porto Inglês salt flats''' bụ saline wetland na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke agwaetiti Maio, Cape Verde, n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke obodo Porto Inglês. Ọ bụ ebe nchekwa {{convert|5.34|km2|abbr=on}} (''Paisagem Protegida das Salinas do Porto Inglês'')<ref name=resol>[http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/cvi154186.pdf Resolução nº 36/2016], Estratégia e Plano Nacional de Negócios das Áreas Protegidas</ref><ref>[http://fmb-maio.org/pt/protected-areas/ Áreas protegidas Maio], Maio Biodiversity Foundation</ref><ref>[http://www.areasprotegidas.gov.cv/images/Paisagens%20Protegidas_pdf.pdf Paisagens Protegidas], Áreas protegidas Cabo Verde</ref> and a Ramsar site.<ref name=Ramsar/> Ọ gụnyere ụkpụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi, ọdịdị ala, akụkọ ihe mere eme na omenala. Ụdị nnụnụ ndị na-achọ nchekwa na-agakarị ebe ahụ, ụfọdụ n'ime ha bụ ndị iwu mba na nkwekọrịta mba ụwa na-echebe, ebe ụfọdụ jupụtara na agwaetiti. ==Fauna== Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ a na-akwado nkuzi agba ude (''cursorius cursor'') na mbe mmiri loggerhead nke nọ n'ihe ize ndụ (''Caretta caretta'').<ref name=Ramsar/> O nwere nnụnụ ájá a ma ama na nke dị n'ime ala, gụnyere nnukwu nnụnụ hoopoe-lark (''Alaemon alaudipes''), nnụnụ sparrow-crowned black-crowned (''Eremopterix nigriceps''), lark bar-tailed (''Ammomanes cinctura''), sanderling (''Calidris alba''') na bar-tailed godwit (''Limosa lapponica''). O nwekwara ọnụ ọgụgụ dị mkpa nke Kentish plover: 50% nke mkpokọta ndị bi na Cape Verde (mmadụ 150-300).<ref name=Ramsar/> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ebe echedoro na Cape Verde == Edensibịa ==   7bt8wxs5t6jozaekhgsgij3qyppxpm8 0 77172 670546 2026-06-30T18:17:10Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361838661|Lake Chad]]" 670546 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''Ọdọ Mmiri Chad''' (Arabic: بحيرة تشاد, [[Kanuri language|Kanuri]]: ''Sádǝ'', French: Lac Tchad) bụ ọdọ mmiri dị ọhụrụ nke dị n'ime mmiri<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Lake Chad {{!}} Physical Features & Economy {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Chad|accessdate=2026-06-16|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> dị na njikọ nke mba anọ: Naịjiriya, Niger, Chad, na Cameroon, n'ọdịda anyanwụ na etiti Afrịka n'otu n'otu, yana mpaghara karịrị 1,000,000 km² (390, 000 sq mi). Ọ bụ ala mmiri dị mkpa na West-Central Africa. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ bara ụba na akụrụngwa mmiri ma bụrụkwa otu n'ime ebe dị mkpa maka ịkụ azụ̀ mmiri dị ọcha n'Africa. E kewara Ọdọ Mmiri Chad ụzọ n'ime akụkụ ndịda miri emi na akụkụ ugwu dị omimi karị. Isi iyi mmiri ọdọ mmiri ahụ sitere na ọdọ mmiri dịka osimiri Chari nke na-eso ọdọ mmiri ahụ<ref>{{Cite web|title=Africa’s vanishing Lake Chad {{!}} Africa Renewal|url=https://africarenewal.un.org/en/magazine/africas-vanishing-lake-chad|accessdate=2026-06-16|work=africarenewal.un.org}}</ref>. Ọkwa mmiri na-agbanwe nke ukwuu n'oge ọ bụla, ebe ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-agbanwekwa nke ukwuu. Na narị afọ nke 19, ọ ka nwere mpaghara 28,000 km² (11,000 sq mi).<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Magrin|first=Géraud|title=The disappearance of Lake Chad: history of a myth|journal=Journal of Political Ecology|date=1 December 2016|volume=23|issue=1|doi=10.2458/v23i1.20191}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, n'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe na ụzọ mmadụ si emegharị mmiri, ọ belatala nke ukwuu kemgbe etiti afọ 1970, na mpaghara ya agbanweela n'etiti 2,000 na 5,000 km² (770 na 1,930 sq mi). == Akụkọ ihe mere eme na akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Faịlụ:Megatschad_GIS.PNG|áká_èkpè|thumb|275x275px|Ọdọ Mmiri Chad n'oge mmiri ozuzo nke Africa (acha anụnụ anụnụ) na narị afọ nke 20 (ọcha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ gbara gburugburu na-acha anụnụ uhie) ]] E guzobere Chad Basin site na ọdịda nke Africa Shield.<ref name="hd3">{{Cite book|author=Hughes|first=R. H.|year=1992|title=A Directory of African Wetlands|publisher=[[IUCN]] / [[UNEP]] / [[World Conservation Monitoring Centre|WCMC]]|isbn=2-88032-949-3|pages=329–330|url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/1992-007.pdf|language=en|accessdate=2023-06-14}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHughesHughes1992">Hughes, R. H.; Hughes, J. S. (1992). [https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/1992-007.pdf ''A Directory of African Wetlands''] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. [[International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUCN]] / [[Ihe Omume Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu|UNEP]] / [[World Conservation Monitoring Centre|WCMC]]. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">329–</span>330. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/2-88032-949-3|<bdi>2-88032-949-3</bdi>]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120924181446/http://ramsar.wetlands.org/Portals/15/CHAD.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> E ji nkume dị n'ala nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ mee ala nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ, nke ihe karịrị mita 3,600 (ụkwụ 11,800) nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ya kpuchiri.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Obaje|first=Nuhu George|title=Geology and Mineral Resources of Nigeria|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U1VBp7aItooC&pg=PA69|accessdate=2013-05-06|date=2009-08-12|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-540-92684-9}}</ref> Maka ọtụtụ n'ime Quaternary, ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere ọtụtụ ebe mmiri si apụta. Mgbe oge a na-erule njedebe, ihu igwe malitere ịkpọ nkụ. Ihe dị ka afọ 20,000 ruo 40,000 gara aga, ájá ájá eolianite malitere itolite n'ebe ugwu nke ala ahụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Wright|first=J.B.|title=Geology and Mineral Resources of West Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YBDbdZrHosMC&pg=PA94|accessdate=2013-05-06|date=1985-11-30|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-04-556001-1}}</ref> Mpaghara ọdọ mmiri Chad nwere oge dị elu n'etiti afọ 39,000 BC na 300 BC, na-ahapụ nnukwu ájá dị oké osimiri na ihe ndị e tinyere na lacustrine n'ime ájá dị n'ime ya. A kpọrọ nke a Mega-Chad. Oke omimi nke Mega-Chad karịrị mita 180 (ụkwụ 590) ma kpuchie ihe dị ka kilomita 400,000 (150,000 sq mi),<ref name="w2" /> ọ gbabara n'ime Osimiri Benue site na Mayo Kébbi, nke na-asọba n'ime Oké Osimiri Atlantic site na Osimiri Niger.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Leblanc|first=M.|year=2006|title=Reconstruction of Megalake Chad using Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission data|journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|volume=239|issue=1–2|pages=16–27|doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.01.003|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222672298|language=en|accessdate=2023-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mathieu Schuster|title=Holocene Lake Mega-Chad palaeoshorelines from space|journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|date=2005|volume=24|issue=16–17|pages=1821–1827|doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.02.001}}</ref> Mmiri buru ibu nke e mepụtara n'oge mmiri dị n'Africa nyere ọnọdụ maka mmalite nke ebe obibi ndị ọkụ azụ n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri, agbụrụ Nilo-Saharan kwagakwara n'Ọdọ Mmiri Chad n'oge a. Ọrụ ugbo pụtakwara ìhè na mpaghara Sahel n'oge a.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Kevin Shillington|title=History of Africa|date=28 August 2018|publisher=Macmillan Education UK|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rxtHEAAAQBAJ|isbn=978-1-137-52481-2|pages=19–31}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1800 Tupu Kraịst, omenala ite ụrọ a maara dị ka Gajiganna pụtara, na mbụ dị ka ndị na-azụ anụ ụlọ, mana, malite n'ihe dị ka afọ 1500 Tupu Kraịst, bi n'obodo nta ndị bi n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ogundiran|first=Akinwumi|year=2005|title=Four Millennia of Cultural History in Nigeria (ca. 2000 B.C.–A.D. 1900): Archaeological Perspectives|journal=Journal of World Prehistory|volume=19|issue=2|doi=10.1007/s10963-006-9003-y}}</ref> Nchọpụta ihe mgbe ochie gosiri ahịhịa ọhịa, nke kachasị na ebo ahụ bụ Paniceae, na osikapa ọhịa yana ọka pearl kacha ochie a na-azụ n'ụlọ na mpaghara Lake Chad, nke dịrị site na 1200 ruo 1000 cal BC. A hụrụ otu n'ime millet pearl kacha ochie a na-azụ n'ụlọ na West Africa na Chad Basin, a na-ere ya ọkụ na ahịhịa ọhịa, a pụkwara ịkọ oge ha ruo 800-1000 cal BC.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Marlies Klee|chapter=The Exploitation of Wild and Domesticated Food Plants at Settlement Mounds in North-East Nigeria (1800 cal BC to Today)|title=The Exploitation of Plant Resources in Ancient Africa|date=1999|pages=81–88|doi=10.1007/978-1-4757-6730-8_8|isbn=978-1-4419-3316-4}}</ref> E guzobere obodo nta ndị na-adịgide adịgide n'ebe ndịda nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ ka ọ na-erule afọ 500 Tupu Kraịst,<ref name="fzn1">{{Cite book|author=Decorse|first=Christopher R.|title=West Africa During the Atlantic Slave Trade: Archaeological Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Fcr1HSZXNgC&pg=PA103|accessdate=2013-05-06|year=2001|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-7185-0247-8}}</ref> ihe ndị e mere n'oge ochie dị mkpa gụnyere mmepeanya Sao. Dịka akwụkwọ ndekọ nke Claudius Ptolemy n'etiti narị afọ nke abụọ AD si kwuo, Ndị Rom nke narị afọ mbụ AD ezutelarị Lake Chad site na njikọ ha na Tunisia, Tripoli, na Fezzan.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Johnston|first=H. H.|date=1910|title=Lake Chad|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=84|issue=2130|pages=244–245|doi=10.1038/084244a0|issn=1476-4687}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule narị afọ nke ise AD, a na-eji kamel eme azụmahịa trans-Saharan site na Fezzan, ma ọ bụ site n'ọwụwa anyanwụ site na Darfur.<ref name="eof1">{{Cite book|author=Appiah|first=Kwame Anthony|title=Encyclopaedia of Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC&pg=PA254|accessdate=2013-05-06|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-533770-9}}</ref> Mgbe ndị Arab meriri Ugwu Afrịka n'ime narị afọ nke asaa na nke asatọ, Chad Basin malitere inwe njikọ na mba ndị Alakụba.<ref name="fzn1" /> Azụmahịa na usoro ọrụ ugbo ka mma mere ka obodo ndị nwere nkà dịkwuo elu.<ref name="eof1">{{Cite book|author=Appiah|first=Kwame Anthony|title=Encyclopaedia of Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC&pg=PA254|accessdate=2013-05-06|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-533770-9}}</ref> N'ihe dịka afọ 900 AD, ndị Kanem ndị na-asụ asụsụ Kanuri jikọtara ọtụtụ agbụrụ ndị na-awagharị awagharị wee guzobe Alaeze Ukwu Kanem n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ọdọ mmiri Chad. Ná mmalite ntọala obodo ahụ, ndị Kanem nọgidere na-ebi ndụ ndị na-eme njem kwa ụbọchị ruo narị afọ nke 11, mgbe ha ghọrọ ndị Alakụba ma biri na Njimi. Site na azụmaahịa trans-Saharan, ike nke Alaeze Ukwu Kanem ruru ọkwa kachasị elu ya na narị afọ nke 13, mana ka alaeze ukwu ahụ dara ada na narị afọ nke 14, steeti ndị nọ n'okpuru ọchịchị ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Bornu malitere ịrị elu, mere ka ebe ike nke alaeze ukwu ahụ si ebe ahụ gaa na Bornu n'ihe dị ka afọ 1400. N'afọ 1574, Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman wakporo Fezzan na Oasis,<ref>{{Cite book|author=Lange|first=Dierk|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=syATJKcx5A0C&pg=PA546|title=Ancient Kingdoms of West Africa: African-centred and Canaanite-Israelite Perspectives ; a Collection of Published and Unpublished Studies in English and French|date=2004|publisher=J.H.Röll Verlag|isbn=978-3-89754-115-3|language=en}}</ref> ma ruo ọbụna n'ime ọdọ mmiri Chad. Nke a bụ mwakpo kachasị njọ nke ndị Ottoman banyere n'ime ime obodo Afrịka tupu narị afọ nke iri na itoolu. Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman gbasaara mmetụta ya na mpaghara etiti nke Central Sahel n'oge ọchịchị nke Murad nke Atọ, Ọdọ Mmiri Chad wee bụrụ akụkụ nke mpaghara mmetụta Ottoman,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Flynn|first=Sébastien|date=2016-01-01|title=THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND KANEM- BORNU DURING THE REIGN OF SULTAN MURAD III A Master's Thesis|url=https://www.academia.edu/40148198|journal=Bilkent Master's Thesis}}</ref> na ọkara nke abụọ nke narị afọ nke 16, Alaeze Ukwu Bornu malitere ibubata ngwa agha site na Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman, na-eme ka ọchịchị ndị agha ya sie ike. Alaeze Ukwu Bornu dara na narị afọ nke 18, ma mechaa tụfuo mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ ya n'aka Sokoto Caliphate n'oge mmalite narị afọ nke 19. Ndị ọchịchị Yuropu mechara chịwa ya n'ime narị afọ nke iri abụọ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Kevin Shillington|title=History of Africa|date=28 August 2018|publisher=Macmillan Education UK|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rxtHEAAAQBAJ|isbn=978-1-137-52481-2|pages=101–103+188–190+249–256}}</ref> Site na mmụba mmasị n'Africa n'etiti ndị ọkà mmụta na ndị ọchụnta ego na Europe, Ndị Yuropu kọwara mpaghara Lake Chad nke ọma na narị afọ nke 19. E mere njem mmụta sayensị atọ n'agbata afọ 1898 na 1909. N'oge Ọgbakọ Berlin na 1884–1885, e kewara Afrịka n'etiti ndị ọchịchị Yurop. Ka ọ na-erule afọ iri abụọ nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ, ndị Britain, Frans, na Germany, chịrị ma biri n'Ọdọ Mmiri Chad, ịkọwapụta ókèala ndị na-adịgide adịgide na steeti ndị dị ugbu a mgbe ọchịchị gasịrị.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Harlow|first=Barbara|title=Colonialism|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=qFTHBoRvQbsC&pg=PA139|accessdate=2013-05-06|year=2003|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-335-3|chapter=Conference of Berlin (1884–1885)}}</ref><ref name="hea3">{{Cite news|title=乍得湖：从"文明摇篮"到"死亡之心"|author=熊正坤|url=http://www.chinawater.com.cn/newscenter/jlkt/202104/t20210408_763432.html|accessdate=2024-01-01|publisher=China Water Resources News|date=2021-04-08}}</ref> Ná mmalite nnwere onwe, mba ndị gbara Ọdọ Mmiri Chad gburugburu abụghị naanị na ha nwere ntọala akụ na ụba na-adịghị mma, kamakwa ha nwere esemokwu agbụrụ, okpukperechi, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị ọzọ dị mgbagwoju anya. Naịjirịa na ,igeretara nnwere onwe ọhụrụ, nwetara ọchịchị n'oge na-adịghị anya, ebe Chad nwekwara agha obodo na-aga n'ihu. Enweghị ike mba ndị dị n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ ịtụle nchekwa nke ọdọ mmiri Chad emeela ka ọtụtụ nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi dị iche iche.<ref name="hea3" /> == Ọdịdị ala == [[Faịlụ:Charirivermap.png|áká_èkpè|thumb|275x275px|Map na-egosi ọdọ mmiri nke Osimiri Chari]] Ala Chad gụnyere Chad, Naịjirịa, Kamerun, Nijer, Sudan, na Central African Republic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cblt.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/about-map.jpg|title=about-map|accessdate=2024-03-26|work=Lake Chad Basin Commission}}</ref> Ọ bụ ụdị nsogbu ịda mbà nke nwere ike ime ka ọ daa n'ime akụkụ anọ nke abụọ nke nwere nhazi: ịda mbà na ndịda, ịda mbà n'ugwu, elu etiti, na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ. A na-ahụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke ala mmiri ahụ site na mgbawa nke enweghị ntụpọ asymmetric fault depression nke nwere ugwu ndị dị elu n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na ugwu dị nro n'ọdịda anyanwụ na profaịlụ ahụ, a na-ekesakwa ya n'ụzọ NNW n'ụgbọelu ahụ. E nwere nnukwu nsogbu abụọ dị n'akụkụ abụọ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ, nke nwere nsogbu dị ka graben na ịda mbà n'etiti ya. Akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ na ọdịda anyanwụ bụ mpaghara ugwu dị nro nke na-agbada n'akụkụ ala. Nsogbu ókèala ọwụwa anyanwụ dị elu nke nwere akụkụ ndọda nke ihe dị ka 55°, ebe nsogbu ọdịda anyanwụ nwere akụkụ ndọda nke ihe dị ka 45°. Okpukpu nke oyi akwa dị n'ime mpaghara mkpọda ahụ dị ntakịrị. N'etiti mpaghara nke ala ahụ, ọkpụrụkpụ nke ala ahụ dị oke ibu, ọkpụrụkpụ nke mpaghara etiti ala ahụ ruru ihe karịrị mita 10,000 (ụkwụ 33,000). Akụkụ ugwu nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị elu n'ọdịda anyanwụ ma dị nro n'ọwụwa anyanwụ na profaịlụ ahụ. Mpaghara nhazi ihe ise dị ka nsogbu ndị dị n'akụkụ mmiri esiwo n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ ruo n'ọwụwa anyanwụ pụta.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=乍得湖盆地构造特征与油气成藏规律初探|author=黄先雄|journal=大地构造与成矿学|date=2008|issue=3|pages=326–331|doi=10.16539/j.ddgzyckx.2008.03.013}}</ref> E kewara ọdọ mmiri Chad n'akụkụ ugwu na ndịda site na oghere dị omimi nke a na-akpọ Great Barrier, ala nke ala nke ugwu ahụ dị mita 275.3 (ụkwụ 903) na ala nke ala nke ala nke ndịda ahụ dị mita 278.2 (ụkwụ 913). Mgbe mmiri dị n'ebe ndịda gafere mita 279 (ụkwụ 915) karịa ọkwa oké osimiri, ọ ga-asọba n'ebe ugwu.<ref name="7g">{{Cite journal|author=刘甜甜|title=基于多源遥感数据的非洲乍得湖水面变化监测|journal=地理科学进展|year=2013|volume=32|issue=6|pages=906–912|doi=10.11820/dlkxjz.2013.06.007|language=zh-cn}}</ref> N'ebe ndịda, e nwere mmiri na-emeghe mgbe niile n'ọnụ Osimiri Chari, ebe apịtị ahịhịa kpuchiri akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke mmiri ahụ,<ref name="h8">{{Cite journal|author=Marie-Thérèse Sarch|title=Fishing and farming at Lake Chad: Responses to lake-level fluctuations|journal=The Geographical Journal|date=June 2000|volume=166|issue=2|pages=156–172|doi=10.1111/j.1475-4959.2000.tb00015.x}}</ref> ájá ndị na-adịghị amịkọrọ kpamkpam n'ime mmiri ọwụwa anyanwụ na-aghọ agwaetiti. Omimi nke ọdọ mmiri ndịda dị n'etiti .5 na 2 m (1 ft 8 na na 6 ft 7 in), nke ọdọ mmiri ugwu dị n'etiti 0 na 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in), na nke agwaetiti ọwụwa anyanwụ dị n'etiti mita 0 na 2 (6 ft 7 in).<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jacques Lemoalle|title=Recent changes in Lake Chad: Observations, simulations and management options (1973–2011)|journal=Global and Planetary Change|date=January 2012|volume=80–81|issue=247–254|pages=247–254|doi=10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.07.004}}</ref> Ihu igwe nke mpaghara Lake Chad na-emetụta nke ukwuu site na oke ikuku nke kọntinent na nke mmiri. Oke ikuku mmiri na-aga n'ebe ugwu n'oge ọkọchị, na-eme ka mmiri zoo n'oge oge. N'ọgwụgwụ oge ọkọchị, oke ikuku kọntinent na-achịkwa ọzọ.<ref name="w2">{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Gritzner|first1=J. A.|title=Lake Chad|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|location=Chicago|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Chad|access-date=2023-06-13|language=en|archive-date=22 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722235543/https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Chad|url-status=live}}</ref> Mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ na mpaghara ọdọ mmiri Chad bụ 330 mm (inchi 13), ya na mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ nke 560 mm (inchi 22.0) na ndịda na ihe dị ka 250 mm (inchi 9.8) na ugwu. Okpomọkụ kachasị elu n'oge mmiri ozuzo bụ 30°C (86°F), okpomọkụ kachasị elu na-arị elu ruo ihe karịrị 32°C (90°F) mgbe Ọktoba na Nọvemba na-abanye n'oge ọkọchị. Ọdịiche okpomọkụ dị n'etiti ehihie na abalị fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ okpukpu abụọ nke oge mmiri ozuzo, okpomọkụ abalị kacha ala na-agbadata ruo 8°C (46°F) na Disemba na Jenụwarị. Eprel na-abụkarị ọnwa kacha ekpo ọkụ n'afọ, ebe okpomọkụ na-erukarị 40 °C (104 °F), Mmiri kacha ala na-apụta n'ọnwa Juun ruo Julaị, ebe mmiri kachasị elu na-apụta n'ọnwa Nọvemba ruo Disemba, ebe okpomọkụ mmiri dị n'elu ya dị site na 19 ruo 32 Celsius (66 ruo 90 Celsius). == Mmiri na-amụ banyere mmiri == [[Faịlụ:Megachad_en_disappearance_of_lake_chad.jpg|thumb|346x346px|Mbelata nke Ọdọ Mmiri Chad n'ime afọ 7000 gara aga, na nhazi nke British Isles maka ntụnyere]] [[Faịlụ:Lake_Chad.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|275x275px|Ọdọ Mmiri Chad 1972-2007]] Chad Basin kpuchiri ihe dị ka 1×10⁶ km² (390,000 sq mi), a na-agbakwa ya site na Chari, Logone, na [[Yobe River|Yobe Rivers]]. Mmiri ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-enweta n'oge. Ọtụtụ mmiri ozuzo na-abịa site na Adamawa Plateau dị na ndịda nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ, nke a na-ebuga na ọdọ mmiri ahụ site na Osimiri Chari na Osimiri Logone. Ha abụọ na-enye pasentị iri itoolu na ise nke mmiri niile dị n'Ọdọ Mmiri Chad, ebe Osimiri Yobe na-enye naanị ihe na-erughị pasentị abụọ na ọkara.<ref name="hd3">{{Cite book|author=Hughes|first=R. H.|year=1992|title=A Directory of African Wetlands|publisher=[[IUCN]] / [[UNEP]] / [[World Conservation Monitoring Centre|WCMC]]|isbn=2-88032-949-3|pages=329–330|url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/1992-007.pdf|language=en|accessdate=2023-06-14}}</ref> Ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-asọba n'ime ala ruo n'ebe kachasị ala nke Chad Basin, Bodélé Depression, ihe dị ka kilomita 480 (mile 300) n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Chad, ebe kachasị omimi ruru naanị mita 155 (ụkwụ 509) n'elu ọkwa oké osimiri. Nke a na-ewepụ ọtụtụ n'ime nnu dị n'ime ọdọ mmiri Chad ma na-eme ka nnu dị ala nke ọdọ mmiri Chad dị. Mmiri ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Chad bụ mmiri dị ọcha, mmiri dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ dịkwa ntakịrị nnu.<ref name="4d">{{Cite journal|author=袁宣民|title=乍得湖的环境、安全及其脆弱性|journal=世界科学|date=2016|issue=7|pages=21–23|url=https://worldscience.cn/c/2016-07-14/587434.shtml|language=zh-cn|accessdate=2023-06-13}}</ref><ref name="hd3" /> Mgbanwe ndị kwekọrọ na mmiri ozuzo yiri ka ọ metụtara mmetụta nke mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi. Oke mmiri nke ọtụtụ ọdọ mmiri buru ibu n'Africa na-adabere na mmiri ozuzo na uzuoku, nke pụtara na okpomọkụ na-adị na mmiri ozuzo dịkwa oke mkpa maka ịchịkwa nguzozi mmiri nke mmiri ndị a, mgbanwe ọ bụla nwere ike ibute nnukwu mgbanwe na ọkwa mmiri na mpaghara ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Richard Ogutu-Ohwayo|title=Implications of climate variability and change for African lake ecosystems, fisheries productivity, and livelihoods|journal=Journal of Great Lakes Research|volume=42|issue=3|pages=498–510|doi=10.1016/j.jglr.2016.03.004|year=2016}}</ref> Ọdọ Mmiri Chad bụ ọdọ mmiri dị n'ime ime obodo, mmiri ozuzo na mpaghara Chad na-emetụta obere mgbanwe na mgbasa ikuku, ya mere Mgbanwe ihu igwe na-emetụta elu ọdọ mmiri Chad nke ukwuu.<ref name="f1">{{Cite book|author=Evans|first=T.|chapter=The effects of changes in the world hydrological cycle on availability of water resources|editor=Bazzaz|title=Global climate change and agricultural production|year=1996|publisher=FAO / John Wiley & Sons|isbn=92-5-103987-9|chapterurl=https://www.fao.org/3/W5183E/w5183e04.htm|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Leblanc|first=M.|title=Remote sensing for groundwater modelling in large semiarid areas:Lake Chad Basin, Africa|journal=Hydrogeology Journal|year=2007|volume=15|issue=1|pages=97–100|doi=10.1007/s10040-006-0126-0|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/29650900|language=en}}</ref> Ihu igwe kpọrọ nkụ n'ihi oke anụmanụ ịta ahịhịa na oke mkpofu osisi na nnukwu ọrụ ịgba mmiri nke dọpụrụ mmiri site n'osimiri ndị na-eri nri n'ọdọ mmiri bụ isi ihe kpatara mbelata nke Ọdọ Mmiri Chad.<ref name="tr5">{{Cite web|url=http://www.unep.org/dewa/vitalwater/article116.html|title=Lake Chad: almost gone|publisher=[[United Nations Environment Programme]] (UNEP)|accessdate=2015-12-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216142751/http://www.unep.org/dewa/vitalwater/article116.html|archivedate=2008-12-16}}</ref> Atlantic multidecadal oscillation na El Niño–Southern Oscillation emetụtala mmiri ozuzo na mpaghara Sahel. Site na mmalite afọ 1960 ruo etiti afọ 1980, ọkwa mmiri ọdọ mmiri ahụ dara site na mita 3 (ụkwụ 9.8) ma e jiri ya tụnyere nkezi ọkwa site na 1900 ruo 2010.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Combined effect of El Niño southern oscillation and Atlantic multidecadal oscillation on Lake Chad level variability|author=Churchill Okonkwo|journal=Cogent Geoscience|date=2015-12-15|volume=1|issue=1|doi=10.1080/23312041.2015.1117829}}</ref> N'afọ 1870, mpaghara ọdọ mmiri Chad dị ihe dị ka puku kilomita iri abụọ na asatọ (11,000 sq mi). Ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere ike ịpụ na Bahr el-Ghazal n'oge mmiri ozuzo. Ná mmalite narị afọ nke 20, mpaghara ọdọ mmiri Chad dara obere oge, wee ruo n'ọkwa kachasị elu n'etiti narị afọ nke 20 wee si na Bahr el-Ghazal jupụta ọzọ. Oké ọkọchị malitere na mpaghara Sahel na ngwụcha afọ 1960 ma mebie nnukwu ihe na 1972 na 1984. E chere na ọ bụ ihe metụtara mfu osisi, okpomọkụ ụwa, na nsogbu okpomọkụ dị n'elu oké osimiri.<ref name="f1">{{Cite book|author=Evans|first=T.|chapter=The effects of changes in the world hydrological cycle on availability of water resources|editor=Bazzaz|title=Global climate change and agricultural production|year=1996|publisher=FAO / John Wiley & Sons|isbn=92-5-103987-9|chapterurl=https://www.fao.org/3/W5183E/w5183e04.htm|language=en}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEvans1996">Evans, T. (1996). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230618010145/https://www.fao.org/3/W5183E/w5183e04.htm "The effects of changes in the world hydrological cycle on availability of water resources"]. In Bazzaz, F.; Sombroek, W. (eds.). ''Global climate change and agricultural production''. FAO / John Wiley & Sons. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/92-5-103987-9|<bdi>92-5-103987-9</bdi>]]. Archived from [https://www.fao.org/3/W5183E/w5183e04.htm the original] on 18 June 2023.</cite></ref> N'oge a, Ọdọ Mmiri Chad dara nke ukwuu ma gbanwee n'etiti 2,000 ruo 5,000 km² (770 ruo 1,930 sq mi) mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị.<ref name="7g">{{Cite journal|author=刘甜甜|title=基于多源遥感数据的非洲乍得湖水面变化监测|journal=地理科学进展|year=2013|volume=32|issue=6|pages=906–912|doi=10.11820/dlkxjz.2013.06.007|language=zh-cn}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREF刘甜甜刘荣高葛全胜2013">刘甜甜; 刘荣高; 葛全胜 (2013). [[doi:10.11820/dlkxjz.2013.06.007|"基于多源遥感数据的非洲乍得湖水面变化监测"]] &#x5B;Monitoring of water surface change in Lake Chad in Africa based on multi-source remote sensing data&#x5D;. ''地理科学进展'' (in Chinese (China)). '''32''' (6): <span class="nowrap">906–</span>912. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.11820/dlkxjz.2013.06.007|10.11820/dlkxjz.2013.06.007]]</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Chinese (China)-language sources (zh-cn)]]</ref> Site na Juun 1966 ruo Jenụwarị 1973, mpaghara ọdọ mmiri Chad dara site na 22,772 ruo 15,400 km² (8,792 ruo 5,946 sq mi),<ref name="tr5">{{Cite web|url=http://www.unep.org/dewa/vitalwater/article116.html|title=Lake Chad: almost gone|publisher=[[United Nations Environment Programme]] (UNEP)|accessdate=2015-12-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216142751/http://www.unep.org/dewa/vitalwater/article116.html|archivedate=2008-12-16}}</ref> na 1975, ala ahụ belatara ruo 4,398 km² (1,698 sq mi).<ref name="7g">{{Cite journal|author=刘甜甜|title=基于多源遥感数据的非洲乍得湖水面变化监测|journal=地理科学进展|year=2013|volume=32|issue=6|pages=906–912|doi=10.11820/dlkxjz.2013.06.007|language=zh-cn}}</ref> na naanị 1,756 km² (678 sq mi) na Febụwarị 1994.<ref name="tr5" /> Kemgbe ahụ, mpaghara ọdọ mmiri Chad abanyela n'ọnọdụ kwụsiri ike na mmụba dị ntakịrị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wengbin Zhu|title=Monitoring Recent Fluctuations of the Southern Pool of Lake Chad Using Multiple Remote Sensing Data: Implications for Water Balance Analysis|journal=Remote Sensing|date=2017|issue=10|volume=9|doi=10.3390/rs9101032}}</ref> Site na 1995 ruo 1998, ọ gbanwere n'etiti 1,200 ruo 4,500 km² (460 ruo 1,740 sq mi). N'afọ 2000, mpaghara ahụ ruru square kilomita 5,075 (1,959 sq mi),<ref name="7g">{{Cite journal|author=刘甜甜|title=基于多源遥感数据的非洲乍得湖水面变化监测|journal=地理科学进展|year=2013|volume=32|issue=6|pages=906–912|doi=10.11820/dlkxjz.2013.06.007|language=zh-cn}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREF刘甜甜刘荣高葛全胜2013">刘甜甜; 刘荣高; 葛全胜 (2013). [[doi:10.11820/dlkxjz.2013.06.007|"基于多源遥感数据的非洲乍得湖水面变化监测"]] &#x5B;Monitoring of water surface change in Lake Chad in Africa based on multi-source remote sensing data&#x5D;. ''地理科学进展'' (in Chinese (China)). '''32''' (6): <span class="nowrap">906–</span>912. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.11820/dlkxjz.2013.06.007|10.11820/dlkxjz.2013.06.007]]</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Chinese (China)-language sources (zh-cn)]]</ref> ebe nkezi mmiri dị n'elu ala site na 2013 ruo 2016 dị ihe dị ka 1,876 km² (724 sq mi), ebe oke kachasị bụ 2,231 km² (861 sq mi) na Julaị 2015.<ref name="Buma">{{Cite journal|author=Willibroad Gabila Buma|title=Recent surface water extent of Lake Chad from multispectral sensors and GRACE|journal=Sensors|date=2018|doi=10.3390/s18072082|issue=7|volume=18|pmid=29958481}}</ref> === Mmiri dị n'okpuru ala na mmiri dị n'ime ala === N'okpuru ọdọ mmiri ahụ ka e nwere aquifer Quaternary phreatic a na-anaghị achịkwa, nnukwu mmiri dị n'ofe ókèala nke dị ihe dị ka square kilomita 500,000 n'ofe Chad, Niger, Nigeria, na Cameroon.<ref name="Nour2022">{{Cite journal|author=Mahamat Nour|first=A.|date=2022|title=Shallow Quaternary groundwater in the Lake Chad basin is resilient to climate change but requires sustainable management strategy: Results of isotopic investigation|journal=Science of The Total Environment|volume=848|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158152}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-efunahụ ihe dị ka 2,200mm/afọ mmiri n'ihi na mmiri nwere ike ịpụ apụ, ọmụmụ ihe gbasara isotopic nke ejiri isotopes kwụsiri ike na tritium na-egosi na sistemụ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala ka na-eguzogide mgbanwe ihu igwe nke ukwuu.<ref name="Nour2022" /><ref name="Goni2021">{{Cite journal|author=Goni|first=I. B.|date=2021|title=Groundwater recharge from heavy rainfall in the southwestern Lake Chad Basin: evidence from isotopic observations|journal=Hydrological Sciences Journal|volume=66|issue=10|pages=1521–1534|doi=10.1080/02626667.2021.1937630}}</ref> Aquifer nke Quaternary na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma site na usoro abụọ bụ isi: ịbanye kpọmkwem na mmiri ozuzo siri ike n'oge na mpụta n'akụkụ site na ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'onwe ya na ọwa osimiri ya na-adịghị agwụ agwụ.<ref name="Goni2021">{{Cite journal|author=Goni|first=I. B.|date=2021|title=Groundwater recharge from heavy rainfall in the southwestern Lake Chad Basin: evidence from isotopic observations|journal=Hydrological Sciences Journal|volume=66|issue=10|pages=1521–1534|doi=10.1080/02626667.2021.1937630}}</ref> Data isotopic na-egosi na oke mmiri ozuzo gafere pasentị iri isii nke oke mmiri ozuzo kwa ọnwa na-akpali ọtụtụ n'ime mmiri mgbapụta ahụ, nke pụtara na mmụba nke mmiri ozuzo nke ebe okpomọkụ n'okpuru okpomọkụ ụwa na-akwado mmụba nke mmiri dị n'ime ala.<ref name="Goni2021" /> Ebe nchekwa mmiri a sara mbara na-enye nchekwa mmiri dị mkpa, hụ na mmiri na-adịgide adịgide maka mmiri mmiri nke obodo na nke ọrụ ugbo na-enweta n'agbanyeghị oke mgbanwe dị ukwuu n'elu mmiri na ala.<ref name="Nour2022">{{Cite journal|author=Mahamat Nour|first=A.|date=2022|title=Shallow Quaternary groundwater in the Lake Chad basin is resilient to climate change but requires sustainable management strategy: Results of isotopic investigation|journal=Science of The Total Environment|volume=848|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158152}}</ref> == Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi == [[Faịlụ:Kanał_doprowadzający_do_jeziora_-_Jezioro_Czad_-_001269s.jpg|thumb|275x275px|[[Lake Chad flooded savanna|Ọdọ Mmiri Chad jupụtara na savanna]]]] Akụkụ nke Chad Basin dị n'ime Chad Basin National Park na Naịjirịa, obodo ahụ na Cameroon eguzobela Ala Mmiri Chad Ramsar nke nwere oke ala dị 8,225 km2 (3,176 sq mi).<ref name="tgd1">{{Cite web|author=Emma Martin|title=Lake Chad Flooded Savanna|url=https://www.oneearth.org/ecoregions/lake-chad-flooded-savanna/|work=www.oneearth.org|date=15 December 2021|accessdate=2023-07-15|archivedate=15 July 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715052429/https://www.oneearth.org/ecoregions/lake-chad-flooded-savanna/}}</ref> === Ndụ Ahịhịa === Osisi mmiri dị n'ebe ndịda gụnyerekarị papyrus cyperus, wdg. Osisi ahịhịa na-etokarị n'ebe ugwu ebe nnu dị elu, osisi na-ese n'elu mmiri na-ekpuchikwa nnukwu ebe mmiri dị n'èzí. Mgbanwe usoro ojiji ala na mmebi na-aga n'ihu emeela ka ọdịiche dị iche iche belata ma mee ka ọhịa mepere emepe nke ukwuu, nke mejupụtara ụdị dị iche iche nke a na-emegharị iji belata mmiri <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Lake Chad {{!}} Physical Features & Economy {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Chad|accessdate=2026-06-16|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Chad "Lake Chad | Physical Features & Economy | Britannica"]. ''Encyclopedia Britannica''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref>. Osisi dịka hyparrhenia rufa na-eto n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri ndị nwere idei mmiri dị ogologo n'ebe ndịda.<ref name="tgd1">{{Cite web|author=Emma Martin|title=Lake Chad Flooded Savanna|url=https://www.oneearth.org/ecoregions/lake-chad-flooded-savanna/|work=www.oneearth.org|date=15 December 2021|accessdate=2023-07-15|archivedate=15 July 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715052429/https://www.oneearth.org/ecoregions/lake-chad-flooded-savanna/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEmma_MartinNeil_Burgess2021">Emma Martin; Neil Burgess (15 December 2021). [https://www.oneearth.org/ecoregions/lake-chad-flooded-savanna/ "Lake Chad Flooded Savanna"]. ''www.oneearth.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230715052429/https://www.oneearth.org/ecoregions/lake-chad-flooded-savanna/ Archived] from the original on 15 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Mpaghara osisi na-adịgide adịgide amụbaala site na ihe dị ka 3,800 km² (1,500 sq mi) na 2000 ruo ihe dị ka 5,200 km² (2,000 sq mi) na 2020 ka ọkwa mmiri adalatala ma okpomọkụ amụbaala.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Binh Pham-Duc|title=The Lake Chad hydrology under current climate change|journal=Scientific Reports|date=2020|volume=10|issue=5498|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-62417-w|pmid=32218517}}</ref> A gbanweela oke ọhịa gbara ya gburugburu ka ọ bụrụ ọhịa mepere emepe nke nwere acacias, baobabs, nkwụ na India jujube. === Nnụnụ === A kpọrọ ọdọ mmiri a Mkpa Ebe Nnụnụ (IBA) site n'aka BirdLife International.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/lake-chad-iba-chad|title=Lake Chad|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2024|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=2024-10-30}}</ref> Ọtụtụ narị ụdị nnụnụ dị iche iche dịka shoveler n'ebe ugwu, Ọgazị Ijipt na anụmanụ marabou na-ebi n'ime ya ruo mgbe ebighị ebi ma ọ bụ n'oge. Ọ bụ ebe dị mkpa maka nnụnụ ndị Europe na-eto eto na ndị na-egwu mmiri. E nwere anụ ọhịa dịka ugo steppe na ugo booted n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri,<ref name="tgd1">{{Cite web|author=Emma Martin|title=Lake Chad Flooded Savanna|url=https://www.oneearth.org/ecoregions/lake-chad-flooded-savanna/|work=www.oneearth.org|date=15 December 2021|accessdate=2023-07-15|archivedate=15 July 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715052429/https://www.oneearth.org/ecoregions/lake-chad-flooded-savanna/}}</ref> a na-ahụkwa ihe karịrị otu nde ruff n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'otu oge. === Anụ na-enye nwa ara === Anụmanụ buru ibu a na-ahụkarị gụnyere gazel nwere ihu uhie, gazel dama, patas enwe, hyena nwere akara, cheetah na caracal, ebe a na-ekesa enyí Afrịka, otter, hippopotamus, sitatunga na kob n'ala mmiri. Ugbu a, a chụọla ọtụtụ n'ime nnukwu anụ anụmanụ ka ha laa n'iyi, e jiri ọtụtụ ehi dochie ha.<ref name="tgd1">{{Cite web|author=Emma Martin|title=Lake Chad Flooded Savanna|url=https://www.oneearth.org/ecoregions/lake-chad-flooded-savanna/|work=www.oneearth.org|date=15 December 2021|accessdate=2023-07-15|archivedate=15 July 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715052429/https://www.oneearth.org/ecoregions/lake-chad-flooded-savanna/}}</ref> === Azụ === N'ime Chad Basin dum, ụdị azụ̀ dị otu narị na iri asaa na itoolu, n'ime ha bụ otu azụ̀ dị na Naịja River Basin, 85 bụ otu ihe ahụ dị ka Osimiri Naịl, 47 bụ otu ihe ahụ dị ka Basini Kongo, ebe ụdị azụ 84 dị na ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref name="hd3">{{Cite book|author=Hughes|first=R. H.|year=1992|title=A Directory of African Wetlands|publisher=[[IUCN]] / [[UNEP]] / [[World Conservation Monitoring Centre|WCMC]]|isbn=2-88032-949-3|pages=329–330|url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/1992-007.pdf|language=en|accessdate=2023-06-14}}</ref> This maNke a mere ka ọ bụrụ ebe ịkụ azụ bara ụba maka obodo dị iche iche na Naịjirịa, Naịja, Chad, na KamerọseaMbugharị idei mmiri n'oge yana mmụba nke okpomọkụ ikuku na-eduga na mbelata nnu,smmụba nke turbidity, na mmụba nke ọkwa trophic, nke kpalitere mmụba nke ọnụọgụ phytoplankton nankton, allowinikwe ka nnukwu azụ̀ kwaga ebe dị iche iche n'ime mmiri ahụ n'oge ọ bụla iji zụọ ma mụọ ụmụ n'ime mmiri na-eme nri mgbe idei mmiri ruterhe CChad Basin ka bụ ebe a na-azụ azụ dị mkpa, nke nwere ihe karịrị ụdị azụ iri anọ dị mkpa maka azụmaahịao Ihe ọzọ dị mkpa bụ ụdị ochie dị ka azụ̀ lungfish nafin <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Lake Chad {{!}} Physical Features & Economy {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Chad|accessdate=2026-06-16|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ ụmụ mmadụ == [[Faịlụ:ShrinkingLakeChad-1973-1997-EO.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ọdọ Mmiri Chad na foto Satellite nke afọ 2001. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ ejirila pasent 95 belata kemgbe afọ 1960. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Plan B Updates - 47: Disappearing Lakes, Shrinking Seas - EPI|url=http://www.earth-policy.org/index.php?/plan_b_updates/2005/update47|work=earth-policy.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Shrinking African Lake Offers Lesson on Finite Resources|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/04/0426_lakechadshrinks.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010430065144/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/04/0426_lakechadshrinks.html|archivedate=April 30, 2001|work=nationalgeographic.com}}</ref>]] [[Faịlụ:Building_a_house_in_lake_Chad_region.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|275x275px|Iwu ụlọ nwa oge na mpaghara Lake Chad]] E nwere ihe karịrị nde mmadụ iri atọ bi na Chad Lake Basin. E nwere ihe karịrị otu agbụrụ iri asaa gburugburu ọdọ mmiri ahụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha kesara na ndịda, ebe njupụta ndị mmadụ karịrị 100/km² (260/sq mi). Ha na-adabere na isi iyi mmiri nke Chad Lake maka ịgba mmiri, ịzụ ụmụ, ịzụ anụmanụ na ịṅụ ihe ọṅụṅụ.<ref name="4d">{{Cite journal|author=袁宣民|title=乍得湖的环境、安全及其脆弱性|journal=世界科学|date=2016|issue=7|pages=21–23|url=https://worldscience.cn/c/2016-07-14/587434.shtml|language=zh-cn|accessdate=2023-06-13}}</ref> Ihe ubi ndị obodo na-akọ nke ọma gụnyere sorgum, ọka, millet, agwa, na akwụkwọ nri. A na-akụ gourd nke ọma maka imepụta arịa. Nchịkọta nke ihe ndị dị n'ọhịa dịka chịngọm arabic, mmanụ aṅụ, wax aṅụ, na nkụ dị oke mkpa na mpaghara ahụ. Agbanyeghị, mbelata nke oke ọhịa emetụtala mmepụta nke ngwaahịa ndị a, mmụba dị egwu nke ìgwè ehi emeela ka mmetụta a ka njọ. Anụ ehi bụ anụ ụlọ kacha mkpa a na-azụ, tinyere anụ ọkụkọ, ewu, atụrụ, kamel, ịnyịnya, na ịnyịnya ibu. Akụ̀ na-akọ anụmanụ ndị a metụtara nke ukwuu n'ihi oké ọkọchị nke afọ 1970 na 1980. Ịkụ azụ bụ ihe kacha mkpa maka ndị bi n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri, nke fọrọ nke nta ka ọ kwụsị n'oge ọkọchị ma maliteghachi naanị n'etiti afọ 1990. A na-akpọ nkụ, a na-etinye mkpụrụ osisi a mịrị amị, ma ọ bụ na-ese anwụrụ n'ọtụtụ ihe ndị e ji azụ azụ. Mmiri natron nke e mepụtara n'oge ọdịda anyanwụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ abụrụla ihe dị mkpa kemgbe. Dịka omenala si dị, a na-egwupụta ya n'ime blọk ma na-ebuga ya n'ofe ọdọ mmiri ahụ iji banye n'ahịa Naịjirịa. Kemgbe ụkọ mmiri ozuzo nke afọ 1970, ala a na-akụ n'enweghị mmiri na fatịlaịza ekpugheela n'ala ọdọ mmiri ahụ, a na-eweghachikwa ya dị ka polder maka ịkụ ọka, cowpea, osikapa, ọka wit na ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Luxereau|first=A.|year=2011|title=Fluctuations in the Size of Lake Chad: Consequences on the Livelihoods of the Riverain Peoples in Eastern Niger|journal=Regional Environmental Change|volume=12|issue=3|pages=507–521|doi=10.1007/s10113-011-0267-0|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257480536|language=en|accessdate=2023-06-13}}</ref> Ndị ọrụ ugbo agbanweela site n'ịkụ ihe ubi kpọrọ nkụ, dịka ọka wit, gaa n'ịkụ osikapa nwere oke mmiri, nke na-eme ka ala dị oke njọ ma na-eme ka mmiri ghara ịdị ọcha.<ref name="4d">{{Cite journal|author=袁宣民|title=乍得湖的环境、安全及其脆弱性|journal=世界科学|date=2016|issue=7|pages=21–23|url=https://worldscience.cn/c/2016-07-14/587434.shtml|language=zh-cn|accessdate=2023-06-13}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREF袁宣民2016">袁宣民 (2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230321201808/https://worldscience.cn/c/2016-07-14/587434.shtml "乍得湖的环境、安全及其脆弱性"] &#x5B;The environment, security and vulnerability of Lake Chad&#x5D;. ''世界科学'' (in Chinese (China)) (7): <span class="nowrap">21–</span>23. Archived from [https://worldscience.cn/c/2016-07-14/587434.shtml the original] on 21 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Chinese (China)-language sources (zh-cn)]]</ref> Mmetụta ọjọọ nke mbelata mmiri na-enwe n'ịkụ azụ, ọrụ ugbo, na ịzụ anụ karịrị uru ala ọhụrụ sitere na mmiri ndị na-ebelata. Ndị bi gburugburu ebe ahụ bụ́ ndị na-adabere na mmiri ọdọ mmiri ahụ ka a manyere ịkwaga ebe ọzọ, nke mere ka akụnụba nke mpaghara ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-ebelata mgbe niile.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Effects of Climate Change in the Poorest Countries: Evidence from the Permanent Shrinking of Lake Chad|url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/40328|date=2023-09-05|accessdate=2024-04-08|work=World Bank|language=en|author=Roman D. Zarate}}</ref> Kemgbe afọ 1970, mba ise dị na ndịda nke ala ahụ arụọla ọtụtụ ọrụ nchekwa mmiri n'elu Osimiri Chari, Osimiri Logone, na Osimiri Yobe iji gbochie mmiri osimiri, nke mere ka ọnụọgụ mmiri na-abanye n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ belata nke ukwuu. Nkezi mmiri mmiri nke Osimiri Chari na Osimiri Logone na-abata kwa afọ site na 1970 ruo 1990 bụ naanị pasent 55 nke nke ahụ site na 1950 ruo 1970. Kemgbe afọ 1980, otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke mmiri dị n'Osimiri Chari na Osimiri Logone agbanweela ụzọ ma Central African Republic jidere ya nke dị n'elu mmiri maka ịgba mmiri na mmepụta ike mmiri.<ref name="4d">{{Cite journal|author=袁宣民|title=乍得湖的环境、安全及其脆弱性|journal=世界科学|date=2016|issue=7|pages=21–23|url=https://worldscience.cn/c/2016-07-14/587434.shtml|language=zh-cn|accessdate=2023-06-13}}</ref> Ọdọ mmiri ndị e wuru n'elu osimiri ndị na-abanye n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ gbanwere oge na oke idei mmiri n'oge ma gbochie njem azụ, Nke a mere ka ọnụọgụgụ Alestes baremoze na Nile perch, bụ́ isi azụ a na-ejide n'Ọdọ Mmiri Chad, belata nke ukwuu.<ref name="hd3">{{Cite book|author=Hughes|first=R. H.|year=1992|title=A Directory of African Wetlands|publisher=[[IUCN]] / [[UNEP]] / [[World Conservation Monitoring Centre|WCMC]]|isbn=2-88032-949-3|pages=329–330|url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/1992-007.pdf|language=en|accessdate=2023-06-14}}</ref> N'otu oge ahụ, esemokwu dị n'etiti mba dị iche iche na agbụrụ dị iche iche na-asọ mpi maka mmiri na ala na-akawanye njọ. Mba anọ dị n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-eche nsogbu nke oke ịda ogbenye ihu, nakwa n'ihi ihe isi ike ha nwere n'ịzụta ihe ha ji ebi ndụ, ụfọdụ ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ etinyela aka n'ahịa ọgwụ ọjọọ na ngwa agha.<ref name="4d" /> Nke a emeela ka nke a ka njọ site n'ọrụ nke Boko Haram, bụ́ mwakpo nke chụpụrụ ọtụtụ nde mmadụ ma mebie mmepe n'ime mpaghara ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Olowoyeye|first=Oluwatuyi S.|year=2023|title=Water and Food Sustainability in the Riparian Countries of Lake Chad in Africa|journal=Sustainability|volume=15|doi=10.3390/su151310009}}</ref> Kamerun, Naịja, ,aijiriaChad hiwere Kọmishọna Chad Basin nke dị n'Ọdọ Mmiri na 22 Mee 1964. The CMba Central African Republic sonyeere na 1996, Libya sonyekwara na. The hIsi ụlọ ọrụ kọmitii ahụ dị na N'Djamenad. The cỌrụ kọmishọn ahụ gụnyere ijikwa Lake Chad na akụrụngwa mmiri ya, ichekwa gburugburu ebe obibi na ịkwalite njikọta mpaghara, udo, nchekwa, na mmepe na mpaghara Lake Chad. Atụmatụ mba ndị gbara ya gburugburu maka imejupụta mmiri n'Ọdọ Mmiri Chad gụnyere iwu ọwa mmiri nke dị kilomita 2,400 (maịlụ 1,500) ibuga mmiri 100×10⁹ m³ (130×10⁹ yd³) site na Osimiri Congo ruo Osimiri Chari kwa afọ, ma jiri usoro dam dị iche iche n'ụzọ ahụ iji mepụta ọkụ eletrik.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43500314|title=Can the vanishing lake be saved?|author=Ross|first=Will|date=2018-03-31|work=BBC|accessdate=2019-01-28|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Hụkwa ==   * [[Inner Niger Delta]], a n'ime ala delta na Mali * Ọdọ Mmiri Ptolemy, ọdọ mmiri ochie dị na Sudan * Ndepụta ọdọ mmiri ndị na-akpọnwụ * Sudd, nnukwu ala ahịhịa na South Sudan * Anụ ọhịa nke Chad * Lake Chad replenishment project - Atụmatụ a tụrụ aro maka ịdọrọ mmiri iji gbochie ịcha ọdọ mmiri Chad == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite book|author=Hughes|first=R. H.|year=1992|title=A Directory of African Wetlands|publisher=[[IUCN]]|isbn=978-2-88032-949-5}} * {{Cite book|author=Beadle|first=L. C.|year=1974|title=The Inland Waters of Tropical Africa: An Introduction to Tropical Limnology Hardcover|edition=1th|publisher=Longman Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-582-44852-0}} * {{Cite book|author=Chapman|first=Graham|year=1992|title=The changing geography of Africa and the Middle East|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-203-03450-7}} * {{Cite book|author=Caterina Batello|title=The Future is an Ancient Lake|publisher=FAO Interdepartmental Working Group on Biological Diversity for Food and Agriculture|url=https://www.fao.org/3/y5118e/y5118e00.htm|year=2004|isbn=92-5-105064-3}} == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>  * [http://www.cblt.org/en/ Kọmitii Mmiri nke Ọdọ Mmiri Chad] * [https://en.unesco.org/biopalt BIOsphere na Heritage nke Lake Chad (BIOPALT) oru ngo] * [https://www.earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/91291/the-ups-and-downs-of-lake-chad Ups na Downs nke Ọdọ Mmiri Chad] * Lake Chad in worldlakes.org * [https://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Lake/AFR-02 Ọdọ Mmiri Chad na World Lake Database] * [https://news.un.org/en/tags/lake-chad Ọdọ Mmiri Chad na UN News] {{Lakes of Chad}}{{Authority control}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] phe8zkdtu9c8s55qmlrxmd2dbvzkdm8 670549 670546 2026-06-30T18:29:19Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 670549 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''Ọdọ Mmiri Chad''' (Arabic: بحيرة تشاد, [[Kanuri language|Kanuri]]: ''Sádǝ'', French: Lac Tchad) bụ ọdọ mmiri dị ọhụrụ nke dị n'ime mmiri<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Lake Chad {{!}} Physical Features & Economy {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Chad|accessdate=2026-06-16|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> dị na njikọ nke mba anọ: Naịjiriya, Niger, Chad, na Cameroon, n'ọdịda anyanwụ na etiti Afrịka n'otu n'otu, yana mpaghara karịrị 1,000,000 km² (390, 000 sq mi). Ọ bụ ala mmiri dị mkpa na West-Central Africa. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ bara ụba na akụrụngwa mmiri ma bụrụkwa otu n'ime ebe dị mkpa maka ịkụ azụ̀ mmiri dị ọcha n'Africa. E kewara Ọdọ Mmiri Chad ụzọ n'ime akụkụ ndịda miri emi na akụkụ ugwu dị omimi karị. Isi iyi mmiri ọdọ mmiri ahụ sitere na ọdọ mmiri dịka osimiri Chari nke na-eso ọdọ mmiri ahụ<ref>{{Cite web|title=Africa’s vanishing Lake Chad {{!}} Africa Renewal|url=https://africarenewal.un.org/en/magazine/africas-vanishing-lake-chad|accessdate=2026-06-16|work=africarenewal.un.org}}</ref>. Ọkwa mmiri na-agbanwe nke ukwuu n'oge ọ bụla, ebe ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-agbanwekwa nke ukwuu. Na narị afọ nke 19, ọ ka nwere mpaghara 28,000 km² (11,000 sq mi).<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Magrin|first=Géraud|title=The disappearance of Lake Chad: history of a myth|journal=Journal of Political Ecology|date=1 December 2016|volume=23|issue=1|doi=10.2458/v23i1.20191}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, n'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe na ụzọ mmadụ si emegharị mmiri, ọ belatala nke ukwuu kemgbe etiti afọ 1970, na mpaghara ya agbanweela n'etiti 2,000 na 5,000 km² (770 na 1,930 sq mi). == Akụkọ ihe mere eme na akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Faịlụ:Megatschad_GIS.PNG|áká_èkpè|thumb|275x275px|Ọdọ Mmiri Chad n'oge mmiri ozuzo nke Africa (acha anụnụ anụnụ) na narị afọ nke 20 (ọcha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ gbara gburugburu na-acha anụnụ uhie) ]] E guzobere Chad Basin site na ọdịda nke Africa Shield.<ref name="hd3">{{Cite book|author=Hughes|first=R. H.|year=1992|title=A Directory of African Wetlands|publisher=[[IUCN]] / [[UNEP]] / [[World Conservation Monitoring Centre|WCMC]]|isbn=2-88032-949-3|pages=329–330|url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/1992-007.pdf|language=en|accessdate=2023-06-14}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHughesHughes1992">Hughes, R. H.; Hughes, J. S. (1992). [https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/1992-007.pdf ''A Directory of African Wetlands''] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. [[International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUCN]] / [[Ihe Omume Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu|UNEP]] / [[World Conservation Monitoring Centre|WCMC]]. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">329–</span>330. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/2-88032-949-3|<bdi>2-88032-949-3</bdi>]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120924181446/http://ramsar.wetlands.org/Portals/15/CHAD.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> E ji nkume dị n'ala nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ mee ala nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ, nke ihe karịrị mita 3,600 (ụkwụ 11,800) nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ya kpuchiri.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Obaje|first=Nuhu George|title=Geology and Mineral Resources of Nigeria|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U1VBp7aItooC&pg=PA69|accessdate=2013-05-06|date=2009-08-12|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-540-92684-9}}</ref> Maka ọtụtụ n'ime Quaternary, ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere ọtụtụ ebe mmiri si apụta. Mgbe oge a na-erule njedebe, ihu igwe malitere ịkpọ nkụ. Ihe dị ka afọ 20,000 ruo 40,000 gara aga, ájá ájá eolianite malitere itolite n'ebe ugwu nke ala ahụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Wright|first=J.B.|title=Geology and Mineral Resources of West Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YBDbdZrHosMC&pg=PA94|accessdate=2013-05-06|date=1985-11-30|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-04-556001-1}}</ref> Mpaghara ọdọ mmiri Chad nwere oge dị elu n'etiti afọ 39,000 BC na 300 BC, na-ahapụ nnukwu ájá dị oké osimiri na ihe ndị e tinyere na lacustrine n'ime ájá dị n'ime ya. A kpọrọ nke a Mega-Chad. Oke omimi nke Mega-Chad karịrị mita 180 (ụkwụ 590) ma kpuchie ihe dị ka kilomita 400,000 (150,000 sq mi),<ref name="w2" /> ọ gbabara n'ime Osimiri Benue site na Mayo Kébbi, nke na-asọba n'ime Oké Osimiri Atlantic site na Osimiri Niger.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Leblanc|first=M.|year=2006|title=Reconstruction of Megalake Chad using Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission data|journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|volume=239|issue=1–2|pages=16–27|doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.01.003|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222672298|language=en|accessdate=2023-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mathieu Schuster|title=Holocene Lake Mega-Chad palaeoshorelines from space|journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|date=2005|volume=24|issue=16–17|pages=1821–1827|doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.02.001}}</ref> Mmiri buru ibu nke e mepụtara n'oge mmiri dị n'Africa nyere ọnọdụ maka mmalite nke ebe obibi ndị ọkụ azụ n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri, agbụrụ Nilo-Saharan kwagakwara n'Ọdọ Mmiri Chad n'oge a. Ọrụ ugbo pụtakwara ìhè na mpaghara Sahel n'oge a.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Kevin Shillington|title=History of Africa|date=28 August 2018|publisher=Macmillan Education UK|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rxtHEAAAQBAJ|isbn=978-1-137-52481-2|pages=19–31}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1800 Tupu Kraịst, omenala ite ụrọ a maara dị ka Gajiganna pụtara, na mbụ dị ka ndị na-azụ anụ ụlọ, mana, malite n'ihe dị ka afọ 1500 Tupu Kraịst, bi n'obodo nta ndị bi n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ogundiran|first=Akinwumi|year=2005|title=Four Millennia of Cultural History in Nigeria (ca. 2000 B.C.–A.D. 1900): Archaeological Perspectives|journal=Journal of World Prehistory|volume=19|issue=2|doi=10.1007/s10963-006-9003-y}}</ref> Nchọpụta ihe mgbe ochie gosiri ahịhịa ọhịa, nke kachasị na ebo ahụ bụ Paniceae, na osikapa ọhịa yana ọka pearl kacha ochie a na-azụ n'ụlọ na mpaghara Lake Chad, nke dịrị site na 1200 ruo 1000 cal BC. A hụrụ otu n'ime millet pearl kacha ochie a na-azụ n'ụlọ na West Africa na Chad Basin, a na-ere ya ọkụ na ahịhịa ọhịa, a pụkwara ịkọ oge ha ruo 800-1000 cal BC.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Marlies Klee|chapter=The Exploitation of Wild and Domesticated Food Plants at Settlement Mounds in North-East Nigeria (1800 cal BC to Today)|title=The Exploitation of Plant Resources in Ancient Africa|date=1999|pages=81–88|doi=10.1007/978-1-4757-6730-8_8|isbn=978-1-4419-3316-4}}</ref> E guzobere obodo nta ndị na-adịgide adịgide n'ebe ndịda nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ ka ọ na-erule afọ 500 Tupu Kraịst,<ref name="fzn1">{{Cite book|author=Decorse|first=Christopher R.|title=West Africa During the Atlantic Slave Trade: Archaeological Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Fcr1HSZXNgC&pg=PA103|accessdate=2013-05-06|year=2001|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-7185-0247-8}}</ref> ihe ndị e mere n'oge ochie dị mkpa gụnyere mmepeanya Sao. Dịka akwụkwọ ndekọ nke Claudius Ptolemy n'etiti narị afọ nke abụọ AD si kwuo, Ndị Rom nke narị afọ mbụ AD ezutelarị Lake Chad site na njikọ ha na Tunisia, Tripoli, na Fezzan.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Johnston|first=H. H.|date=1910|title=Lake Chad|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=84|issue=2130|pages=244–245|doi=10.1038/084244a0|issn=1476-4687}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule narị afọ nke ise AD, a na-eji kamel eme azụmahịa trans-Saharan site na Fezzan, ma ọ bụ site n'ọwụwa anyanwụ site na Darfur.<ref name="eof1">{{Cite book|author=Appiah|first=Kwame Anthony|title=Encyclopaedia of Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC&pg=PA254|accessdate=2013-05-06|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-533770-9}}</ref> Mgbe ndị Arab meriri Ugwu Afrịka n'ime narị afọ nke asaa na nke asatọ, Chad Basin malitere inwe njikọ na mba ndị Alakụba.<ref name="fzn1" /> Azụmahịa na usoro ọrụ ugbo ka mma mere ka obodo ndị nwere nkà dịkwuo elu.<ref name="eof1">{{Cite book|author=Appiah|first=Kwame Anthony|title=Encyclopaedia of Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC&pg=PA254|accessdate=2013-05-06|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-533770-9}}</ref> N'ihe dịka afọ 900 AD, ndị Kanem ndị na-asụ asụsụ Kanuri jikọtara ọtụtụ agbụrụ ndị na-awagharị awagharị wee guzobe Alaeze Ukwu Kanem n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ọdọ mmiri Chad. Ná mmalite ntọala obodo ahụ, ndị Kanem nọgidere na-ebi ndụ ndị na-eme njem kwa ụbọchị ruo narị afọ nke 11, mgbe ha ghọrọ ndị Alakụba ma biri na Njimi. Site na azụmaahịa trans-Saharan, ike nke Alaeze Ukwu Kanem ruru ọkwa kachasị elu ya na narị afọ nke 13, mana ka alaeze ukwu ahụ dara ada na narị afọ nke 14, steeti ndị nọ n'okpuru ọchịchị ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Bornu malitere ịrị elu, mere ka ebe ike nke alaeze ukwu ahụ si ebe ahụ gaa na Bornu n'ihe dị ka afọ 1400. N'afọ 1574, Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman wakporo Fezzan na Oasis,<ref>{{Cite book|author=Lange|first=Dierk|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=syATJKcx5A0C&pg=PA546|title=Ancient Kingdoms of West Africa: African-centred and Canaanite-Israelite Perspectives ; a Collection of Published and Unpublished Studies in English and French|date=2004|publisher=J.H.Röll Verlag|isbn=978-3-89754-115-3|language=en}}</ref> ma ruo ọbụna n'ime ọdọ mmiri Chad. Nke a bụ mwakpo kachasị njọ nke ndị Ottoman banyere n'ime ime obodo Afrịka tupu narị afọ nke iri na itoolu. Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman gbasaara mmetụta ya na mpaghara etiti nke Central Sahel n'oge ọchịchị nke Murad nke Atọ, Ọdọ Mmiri Chad wee bụrụ akụkụ nke mpaghara mmetụta Ottoman,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Flynn|first=Sébastien|date=2016-01-01|title=THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND KANEM- BORNU DURING THE REIGN OF SULTAN MURAD III A Master's Thesis|url=https://www.academia.edu/40148198|journal=Bilkent Master's Thesis}}</ref> na ọkara nke abụọ nke narị afọ nke 16, Alaeze Ukwu Bornu malitere ibubata ngwa agha site na Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman, na-eme ka ọchịchị ndị agha ya sie ike. Alaeze Ukwu Bornu dara na narị afọ nke 18, ma mechaa tụfuo mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ ya n'aka Sokoto Caliphate n'oge mmalite narị afọ nke 19. Ndị ọchịchị Yuropu mechara chịwa ya n'ime narị afọ nke iri abụọ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Kevin Shillington|title=History of Africa|date=28 August 2018|publisher=Macmillan Education UK|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rxtHEAAAQBAJ|isbn=978-1-137-52481-2|pages=101–103+188–190+249–256}}</ref> Site na mmụba mmasị n'Africa n'etiti ndị ọkà mmụta na ndị ọchụnta ego na Europe, Ndị Yuropu kọwara mpaghara Lake Chad nke ọma na narị afọ nke 19. E mere njem mmụta sayensị atọ n'agbata afọ 1898 na 1909. N'oge Ọgbakọ Berlin na 1884–1885, e kewara Afrịka n'etiti ndị ọchịchị Yurop. Ka ọ na-erule afọ iri abụọ nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ, ndị Britain, Frans, na Germany, chịrị ma biri n'Ọdọ Mmiri Chad, ịkọwapụta ókèala ndị na-adịgide adịgide na steeti ndị dị ugbu a mgbe ọchịchị gasịrị.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Harlow|first=Barbara|title=Colonialism|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=qFTHBoRvQbsC&pg=PA139|accessdate=2013-05-06|year=2003|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-335-3|chapter=Conference of Berlin (1884–1885)}}</ref><ref name="hea3">{{Cite news|title=乍得湖：从"文明摇篮"到"死亡之心"|author=熊正坤|url=http://www.chinawater.com.cn/newscenter/jlkt/202104/t20210408_763432.html|accessdate=2024-01-01|publisher=China Water Resources News|date=2021-04-08}}</ref> Ná mmalite nnwere onwe, mba ndị gbara Ọdọ Mmiri Chad gburugburu abụghị naanị na ha nwere ntọala akụ na ụba na-adịghị mma, kamakwa ha nwere esemokwu agbụrụ, okpukperechi, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị ọzọ dị mgbagwoju anya. Naịjirịa na ,igeretara nnwere onwe ọhụrụ, nwetara ọchịchị n'oge na-adịghị anya, ebe Chad nwekwara agha obodo na-aga n'ihu. Enweghị ike mba ndị dị n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ ịtụle nchekwa nke ọdọ mmiri Chad emeela ka ọtụtụ nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi dị iche iche.<ref name="hea3" /> == Ọdịdị ala == [[Faịlụ:Charirivermap.png|áká_èkpè|thumb|275x275px|Map na-egosi ọdọ mmiri nke Osimiri Chari]] Ala Chad gụnyere Chad, Naịjirịa, Kamerun, Nijer, Sudan, na Central African Republic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cblt.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/about-map.jpg|title=about-map|accessdate=2024-03-26|work=Lake Chad Basin Commission}}</ref> Ọ bụ ụdị nsogbu ịda mbà nke nwere ike ime ka ọ daa n'ime akụkụ anọ nke abụọ nke nwere nhazi: ịda mbà na ndịda, ịda mbà n'ugwu, elu etiti, na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ. A na-ahụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke ala mmiri ahụ site na mgbawa nke enweghị ntụpọ asymmetric fault depression nke nwere ugwu ndị dị elu n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na ugwu dị nro n'ọdịda anyanwụ na profaịlụ ahụ, a na-ekesakwa ya n'ụzọ NNW n'ụgbọelu ahụ. E nwere nnukwu nsogbu abụọ dị n'akụkụ abụọ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ, nke nwere nsogbu dị ka graben na ịda mbà n'etiti ya. Akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ na ọdịda anyanwụ bụ mpaghara ugwu dị nro nke na-agbada n'akụkụ ala. Nsogbu ókèala ọwụwa anyanwụ dị elu nke nwere akụkụ ndọda nke ihe dị ka 55°, ebe nsogbu ọdịda anyanwụ nwere akụkụ ndọda nke ihe dị ka 45°. Okpukpu nke oyi akwa dị n'ime mpaghara mkpọda ahụ dị ntakịrị. N'etiti mpaghara nke ala ahụ, ọkpụrụkpụ nke ala ahụ dị oke ibu, ọkpụrụkpụ nke mpaghara etiti ala ahụ ruru ihe karịrị mita 10,000 (ụkwụ 33,000). Akụkụ ugwu nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị elu n'ọdịda anyanwụ ma dị nro n'ọwụwa anyanwụ na profaịlụ ahụ. Mpaghara nhazi ihe ise dị ka nsogbu ndị dị n'akụkụ mmiri esiwo n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ ruo n'ọwụwa anyanwụ pụta.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=乍得湖盆地构造特征与油气成藏规律初探|author=黄先雄|journal=大地构造与成矿学|date=2008|issue=3|pages=326–331|doi=10.16539/j.ddgzyckx.2008.03.013}}</ref> E kewara ọdọ mmiri Chad n'akụkụ ugwu na ndịda site na oghere dị omimi nke a na-akpọ Great Barrier, ala nke ala nke ugwu ahụ dị mita 275.3 (ụkwụ 903) na ala nke ala nke ala nke ndịda ahụ dị mita 278.2 (ụkwụ 913). Mgbe mmiri dị n'ebe ndịda gafere mita 279 (ụkwụ 915) karịa ọkwa oké osimiri, ọ ga-asọba n'ebe ugwu.<ref name="7g">{{Cite journal|author=刘甜甜|title=基于多源遥感数据的非洲乍得湖水面变化监测|journal=地理科学进展|year=2013|volume=32|issue=6|pages=906–912|doi=10.11820/dlkxjz.2013.06.007|language=zh-cn}}</ref> N'ebe ndịda, e nwere mmiri na-emeghe mgbe niile n'ọnụ Osimiri Chari, ebe apịtị ahịhịa kpuchiri akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke mmiri ahụ,<ref name="h8">{{Cite journal|author=Marie-Thérèse Sarch|title=Fishing and farming at Lake Chad: Responses to lake-level fluctuations|journal=The Geographical Journal|date=June 2000|volume=166|issue=2|pages=156–172|doi=10.1111/j.1475-4959.2000.tb00015.x}}</ref> ájá ndị na-adịghị amịkọrọ kpamkpam n'ime mmiri ọwụwa anyanwụ na-aghọ agwaetiti. Omimi nke ọdọ mmiri ndịda dị n'etiti .5 na 2 m (1 ft 8 na na 6 ft 7 in), nke ọdọ mmiri ugwu dị n'etiti 0 na 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in), na nke agwaetiti ọwụwa anyanwụ dị n'etiti mita 0 na 2 (6 ft 7 in).<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jacques Lemoalle|title=Recent changes in Lake Chad: Observations, simulations and management options (1973–2011)|journal=Global and Planetary Change|date=January 2012|volume=80–81|issue=247–254|pages=247–254|doi=10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.07.004}}</ref> Ihu igwe nke mpaghara Lake Chad na-emetụta nke ukwuu site na oke ikuku nke kọntinent na nke mmiri. Oke ikuku mmiri na-aga n'ebe ugwu n'oge ọkọchị, na-eme ka mmiri zoo n'oge oge. N'ọgwụgwụ oge ọkọchị, oke ikuku kọntinent na-achịkwa ọzọ.<ref name="w2">{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Gritzner|first1=J. A.|title=Lake Chad|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|location=Chicago|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Chad|access-date=2023-06-13|language=en|archive-date=22 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722235543/https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Chad|url-status=live}}</ref> Mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ na mpaghara ọdọ mmiri Chad bụ 330 mm (inchi 13), ya na mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ nke 560 mm (inchi 22.0) na ndịda na ihe dị ka 250 mm (inchi 9.8) na ugwu. Okpomọkụ kachasị elu n'oge mmiri ozuzo bụ 30°C (86°F), okpomọkụ kachasị elu na-arị elu ruo ihe karịrị 32°C (90°F) mgbe Ọktoba na Nọvemba na-abanye n'oge ọkọchị. Ọdịiche okpomọkụ dị n'etiti ehihie na abalị fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ okpukpu abụọ nke oge mmiri ozuzo, okpomọkụ abalị kacha ala na-agbadata ruo 8°C (46°F) na Disemba na Jenụwarị. Eprel na-abụkarị ọnwa kacha ekpo ọkụ n'afọ, ebe okpomọkụ na-erukarị 40 °C (104 °F), Mmiri kacha ala na-apụta n'ọnwa Juun ruo Julaị, ebe mmiri kachasị elu na-apụta n'ọnwa Nọvemba ruo Disemba, ebe okpomọkụ mmiri dị n'elu ya dị site na 19 ruo 32 Celsius (66 ruo 90 Celsius). == Mmiri na-amụ banyere mmiri == [[Faịlụ:Megachad_en_disappearance_of_lake_chad.jpg|thumb|346x346px|Mbelata nke Ọdọ Mmiri Chad n'ime afọ 7000 gara aga, na nhazi nke British Isles maka ntụnyere]] [[Faịlụ:Lake_Chad.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|275x275px|Ọdọ Mmiri Chad 1972-2007]] Chad Basin kpuchiri ihe dị ka 1×10⁶ km² (390,000 sq mi), a na-agbakwa ya site na Chari, Logone, na [[Yobe River|Yobe Rivers]]. Mmiri ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-enweta n'oge. Ọtụtụ mmiri ozuzo na-abịa site na Adamawa Plateau dị na ndịda nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ, nke a na-ebuga na ọdọ mmiri ahụ site na Osimiri Chari na Osimiri Logone. Ha abụọ na-enye pasentị iri itoolu na ise nke mmiri niile dị n'Ọdọ Mmiri Chad, ebe Osimiri Yobe na-enye naanị ihe na-erughị pasentị abụọ na ọkara.<ref name="hd3" /> Ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-asọba n'ime ala ruo n'ebe kachasị ala nke Chad Basin, Bodélé Depression, ihe dị ka kilomita 480 (mile 300) n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Chad, ebe kachasị omimi ruru naanị mita 155 (ụkwụ 509) n'elu ọkwa oké osimiri. Nke a na-ewepụ ọtụtụ n'ime nnu dị n'ime ọdọ mmiri Chad ma na-eme ka nnu dị ala nke ọdọ mmiri Chad dị. Mmiri ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Chad bụ mmiri dị ọcha, mmiri dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ dịkwa ntakịrị nnu.<ref name="4d">{{Cite journal|author=袁宣民|title=乍得湖的环境、安全及其脆弱性|journal=世界科学|date=2016|issue=7|pages=21–23|url=https://worldscience.cn/c/2016-07-14/587434.shtml|language=zh-cn|accessdate=2023-06-13}}</ref><ref name="hd3" /> Mgbanwe ndị kwekọrọ na mmiri ozuzo yiri ka ọ metụtara mmetụta nke mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi. Oke mmiri nke ọtụtụ ọdọ mmiri buru ibu n'Africa na-adabere na mmiri ozuzo na uzuoku, nke pụtara na okpomọkụ na-adị na mmiri ozuzo dịkwa oke mkpa maka ịchịkwa nguzozi mmiri nke mmiri ndị a, mgbanwe ọ bụla nwere ike ibute nnukwu mgbanwe na ọkwa mmiri na mpaghara ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Richard Ogutu-Ohwayo|title=Implications of climate variability and change for African lake ecosystems, fisheries productivity, and livelihoods|journal=Journal of Great Lakes Research|volume=42|issue=3|pages=498–510|doi=10.1016/j.jglr.2016.03.004|year=2016}}</ref> Ọdọ Mmiri Chad bụ ọdọ mmiri dị n'ime ime obodo, mmiri ozuzo na mpaghara Chad na-emetụta obere mgbanwe na mgbasa ikuku, ya mere Mgbanwe ihu igwe na-emetụta elu ọdọ mmiri Chad nke ukwuu.<ref name="f1">{{Cite book|author=Evans|first=T.|chapter=The effects of changes in the world hydrological cycle on availability of water resources|editor=Bazzaz|title=Global climate change and agricultural production|year=1996|publisher=FAO / John Wiley & Sons|isbn=92-5-103987-9|chapterurl=https://www.fao.org/3/W5183E/w5183e04.htm|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Leblanc|first=M.|title=Remote sensing for groundwater modelling in large semiarid areas:Lake Chad Basin, Africa|journal=Hydrogeology Journal|year=2007|volume=15|issue=1|pages=97–100|doi=10.1007/s10040-006-0126-0|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/29650900|language=en}}</ref> Ihu igwe kpọrọ nkụ n'ihi oke anụmanụ ịta ahịhịa na oke mkpofu osisi na nnukwu ọrụ ịgba mmiri nke dọpụrụ mmiri site n'osimiri ndị na-eri nri n'ọdọ mmiri bụ isi ihe kpatara mbelata nke Ọdọ Mmiri Chad.<ref name="tr5">{{Cite web|url=http://www.unep.org/dewa/vitalwater/article116.html|title=Lake Chad: almost gone|publisher=[[United Nations Environment Programme]] (UNEP)|accessdate=2015-12-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216142751/http://www.unep.org/dewa/vitalwater/article116.html|archivedate=2008-12-16}}</ref> Atlantic multidecadal oscillation na El Niño–Southern Oscillation emetụtala mmiri ozuzo na mpaghara Sahel. Site na mmalite afọ 1960 ruo etiti afọ 1980, ọkwa mmiri ọdọ mmiri ahụ dara site na mita 3 (ụkwụ 9.8) ma e jiri ya tụnyere nkezi ọkwa site na 1900 ruo 2010.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Combined effect of El Niño southern oscillation and Atlantic multidecadal oscillation on Lake Chad level variability|author=Churchill Okonkwo|journal=Cogent Geoscience|date=2015-12-15|volume=1|issue=1|doi=10.1080/23312041.2015.1117829}}</ref> N'afọ 1870, mpaghara ọdọ mmiri Chad dị ihe dị ka puku kilomita iri abụọ na asatọ (11,000 sq mi). Ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere ike ịpụ na Bahr el-Ghazal n'oge mmiri ozuzo. Ná mmalite narị afọ nke 20, mpaghara ọdọ mmiri Chad dara obere oge, wee ruo n'ọkwa kachasị elu n'etiti narị afọ nke 20 wee si na Bahr el-Ghazal jupụta ọzọ. Oké ọkọchị malitere na mpaghara Sahel na ngwụcha afọ 1960 ma mebie nnukwu ihe na 1972 na 1984. E chere na ọ bụ ihe metụtara mfu osisi, okpomọkụ ụwa, na nsogbu okpomọkụ dị n'elu oké osimiri.<ref name="f1" /> N'oge a, Ọdọ Mmiri Chad dara nke ukwuu ma gbanwee n'etiti 2,000 ruo 5,000 km² (770 ruo 1,930 sq mi) mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị.<ref name="7g" /> Site na Juun 1966 ruo Jenụwarị 1973, mpaghara ọdọ mmiri Chad dara site na 22,772 ruo 15,400 km² (8,792 ruo 5,946 sq mi),<ref name="tr5">{{Cite web|url=http://www.unep.org/dewa/vitalwater/article116.html|title=Lake Chad: almost gone|publisher=[[United Nations Environment Programme]] (UNEP)|accessdate=2015-12-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216142751/http://www.unep.org/dewa/vitalwater/article116.html|archivedate=2008-12-16}}</ref> na 1975, ala ahụ belatara ruo 4,398 km² (1,698 sq mi).<ref name="7g" /> na naanị 1,756 km² (678 sq mi) na Febụwarị 1994.<ref name="tr5" /> Kemgbe ahụ, mpaghara ọdọ mmiri Chad abanyela n'ọnọdụ kwụsiri ike na mmụba dị ntakịrị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wengbin Zhu|title=Monitoring Recent Fluctuations of the Southern Pool of Lake Chad Using Multiple Remote Sensing Data: Implications for Water Balance Analysis|journal=Remote Sensing|date=2017|issue=10|volume=9|doi=10.3390/rs9101032}}</ref> Site na 1995 ruo 1998, ọ gbanwere n'etiti 1,200 ruo 4,500 km² (460 ruo 1,740 sq mi). N'afọ 2000, mpaghara ahụ ruru square kilomita 5,075 (1,959 sq mi),<ref name="7g" /> ebe nkezi mmiri dị n'elu ala site na 2013 ruo 2016 dị ihe dị ka 1,876 km² (724 sq mi), ebe oke kachasị bụ 2,231 km² (861 sq mi) na Julaị 2015.<ref name="Buma">{{Cite journal|author=Willibroad Gabila Buma|title=Recent surface water extent of Lake Chad from multispectral sensors and GRACE|journal=Sensors|date=2018|doi=10.3390/s18072082|issue=7|volume=18|pmid=29958481}}</ref> === Mmiri dị n'okpuru ala na mmiri dị n'ime ala === N'okpuru ọdọ mmiri ahụ ka e nwere aquifer Quaternary phreatic a na-anaghị achịkwa, nnukwu mmiri dị n'ofe ókèala nke dị ihe dị ka square kilomita 500,000 n'ofe Chad, Niger, Nigeria, na Cameroon.<ref name="Nour2022">{{Cite journal|author=Mahamat Nour|first=A.|date=2022|title=Shallow Quaternary groundwater in the Lake Chad basin is resilient to climate change but requires sustainable management strategy: Results of isotopic investigation|journal=Science of The Total Environment|volume=848|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158152}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-efunahụ ihe dị ka 2,200mm/afọ mmiri n'ihi na mmiri nwere ike ịpụ apụ, ọmụmụ ihe gbasara isotopic nke ejiri isotopes kwụsiri ike na tritium na-egosi na sistemụ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala ka na-eguzogide mgbanwe ihu igwe nke ukwuu.<ref name="Nour2022" /><ref name="Goni2021">{{Cite journal|author=Goni|first=I. B.|date=2021|title=Groundwater recharge from heavy rainfall in the southwestern Lake Chad Basin: evidence from isotopic observations|journal=Hydrological Sciences Journal|volume=66|issue=10|pages=1521–1534|doi=10.1080/02626667.2021.1937630}}</ref> Aquifer nke Quaternary na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma site na usoro abụọ bụ isi: ịbanye kpọmkwem na mmiri ozuzo siri ike n'oge na mpụta n'akụkụ site na ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'onwe ya na ọwa osimiri ya na-adịghị agwụ agwụ.<ref name="Goni2021">{{Cite journal|author=Goni|first=I. B.|date=2021|title=Groundwater recharge from heavy rainfall in the southwestern Lake Chad Basin: evidence from isotopic observations|journal=Hydrological Sciences Journal|volume=66|issue=10|pages=1521–1534|doi=10.1080/02626667.2021.1937630}}</ref> Data isotopic na-egosi na oke mmiri ozuzo gafere pasentị iri isii nke oke mmiri ozuzo kwa ọnwa na-akpali ọtụtụ n'ime mmiri mgbapụta ahụ, nke pụtara na mmụba nke mmiri ozuzo nke ebe okpomọkụ n'okpuru okpomọkụ ụwa na-akwado mmụba nke mmiri dị n'ime ala.<ref name="Goni2021" /> Ebe nchekwa mmiri a sara mbara na-enye nchekwa mmiri dị mkpa, hụ na mmiri na-adịgide adịgide maka mmiri mmiri nke obodo na nke ọrụ ugbo na-enweta n'agbanyeghị oke mgbanwe dị ukwuu n'elu mmiri na ala.<ref name="Nour2022">{{Cite journal|author=Mahamat Nour|first=A.|date=2022|title=Shallow Quaternary groundwater in the Lake Chad basin is resilient to climate change but requires sustainable management strategy: Results of isotopic investigation|journal=Science of The Total Environment|volume=848|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158152}}</ref> == Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi == [[Faịlụ:Kanał_doprowadzający_do_jeziora_-_Jezioro_Czad_-_001269s.jpg|thumb|275x275px|[[Lake Chad flooded savanna|Ọdọ Mmiri Chad jupụtara na savanna]]]] Akụkụ nke Chad Basin dị n'ime Chad Basin National Park na Naịjirịa, obodo ahụ na Cameroon eguzobela Ala Mmiri Chad Ramsar nke nwere oke ala dị 8,225 km2 (3,176 sq mi).<ref name="tgd1">{{Cite web|author=Emma Martin|title=Lake Chad Flooded Savanna|url=https://www.oneearth.org/ecoregions/lake-chad-flooded-savanna/|work=www.oneearth.org|date=15 December 2021|accessdate=2023-07-15|archivedate=15 July 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715052429/https://www.oneearth.org/ecoregions/lake-chad-flooded-savanna/}}</ref> === Ndụ Ahịhịa === Osisi mmiri dị n'ebe ndịda gụnyerekarị papyrus cyperus, wdg. Osisi ahịhịa na-etokarị n'ebe ugwu ebe nnu dị elu, osisi na-ese n'elu mmiri na-ekpuchikwa nnukwu ebe mmiri dị n'èzí. Mgbanwe usoro ojiji ala na mmebi na-aga n'ihu emeela ka ọdịiche dị iche iche belata ma mee ka ọhịa mepere emepe nke ukwuu, nke mejupụtara ụdị dị iche iche nke a na-emegharị iji belata mmiri <ref name=":0" />. Osisi dịka hyparrhenia rufa na-eto n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri ndị nwere idei mmiri dị ogologo n'ebe ndịda.<ref name="tgd1" /> Mpaghara osisi na-adịgide adịgide amụbaala site na ihe dị ka 3,800 km² (1,500 sq mi) na 2000 ruo ihe dị ka 5,200 km² (2,000 sq mi) na 2020 ka ọkwa mmiri adalatala ma okpomọkụ amụbaala.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Binh Pham-Duc|title=The Lake Chad hydrology under current climate change|journal=Scientific Reports|date=2020|volume=10|issue=5498|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-62417-w|pmid=32218517}}</ref> A gbanweela oke ọhịa gbara ya gburugburu ka ọ bụrụ ọhịa mepere emepe nke nwere acacias, baobabs, nkwụ na India jujube. === Nnụnụ === A kpọrọ ọdọ mmiri a Mkpa Ebe Nnụnụ (IBA) site n'aka BirdLife International.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/lake-chad-iba-chad|title=Lake Chad|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2024|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=2024-10-30}}</ref> Ọtụtụ narị ụdị nnụnụ dị iche iche dịka shoveler n'ebe ugwu, Ọgazị Ijipt na anụmanụ marabou na-ebi n'ime ya ruo mgbe ebighị ebi ma ọ bụ n'oge. Ọ bụ ebe dị mkpa maka nnụnụ ndị Europe na-eto eto na ndị na-egwu mmiri. E nwere anụ ọhịa dịka ugo steppe na ugo booted n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri,<ref name="tgd1">{{Cite web|author=Emma Martin|title=Lake Chad Flooded Savanna|url=https://www.oneearth.org/ecoregions/lake-chad-flooded-savanna/|work=www.oneearth.org|date=15 December 2021|accessdate=2023-07-15|archivedate=15 July 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715052429/https://www.oneearth.org/ecoregions/lake-chad-flooded-savanna/}}</ref> a na-ahụkwa ihe karịrị otu nde ruff n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'otu oge. === Anụ na-enye nwa ara === Anụmanụ buru ibu a na-ahụkarị gụnyere gazel nwere ihu uhie, gazel dama, patas enwe, hyena nwere akara, cheetah na caracal, ebe a na-ekesa enyí Afrịka, otter, hippopotamus, sitatunga na kob n'ala mmiri. Ugbu a, a chụọla ọtụtụ n'ime nnukwu anụ anụmanụ ka ha laa n'iyi, e jiri ọtụtụ ehi dochie ha.<ref name="tgd1">{{Cite web|author=Emma Martin|title=Lake Chad Flooded Savanna|url=https://www.oneearth.org/ecoregions/lake-chad-flooded-savanna/|work=www.oneearth.org|date=15 December 2021|accessdate=2023-07-15|archivedate=15 July 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715052429/https://www.oneearth.org/ecoregions/lake-chad-flooded-savanna/}}</ref> === Azụ === N'ime Chad Basin dum, ụdị azụ̀ dị otu narị na iri asaa na itoolu, n'ime ha bụ otu azụ̀ dị na Naịja River Basin, 85 bụ otu ihe ahụ dị ka Osimiri Naịl, 47 bụ otu ihe ahụ dị ka Basini Kongo, ebe ụdị azụ 84 dị na ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref name="hd3" /> This maNke a mere ka ọ bụrụ ebe ịkụ azụ bara ụba maka obodo dị iche iche na Naịjirịa, Naịja, Chad, na KamerọseaMbugharị idei mmiri n'oge yana mmụba nke okpomọkụ ikuku na-eduga na mbelata nnu,smmụba nke turbidity, na mmụba nke ọkwa trophic, nke kpalitere mmụba nke ọnụọgụ phytoplankton nankton, allowinikwe ka nnukwu azụ̀ kwaga ebe dị iche iche n'ime mmiri ahụ n'oge ọ bụla iji zụọ ma mụọ ụmụ n'ime mmiri na-eme nri mgbe idei mmiri ruterhe CChad Basin ka bụ ebe a na-azụ azụ dị mkpa, nke nwere ihe karịrị ụdị azụ iri anọ dị mkpa maka azụmaahịao Ihe ọzọ dị mkpa bụ ụdị ochie dị ka azụ̀ lungfish nafin <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Lake Chad {{!}} Physical Features & Economy {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Chad|accessdate=2026-06-16|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ ụmụ mmadụ == [[Faịlụ:ShrinkingLakeChad-1973-1997-EO.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ọdọ Mmiri Chad na foto Satellite nke afọ 2001. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ ejirila pasent 95 belata kemgbe afọ 1960. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Plan B Updates - 47: Disappearing Lakes, Shrinking Seas - EPI|url=http://www.earth-policy.org/index.php?/plan_b_updates/2005/update47|work=earth-policy.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Shrinking African Lake Offers Lesson on Finite Resources|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/04/0426_lakechadshrinks.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010430065144/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/04/0426_lakechadshrinks.html|archivedate=April 30, 2001|work=nationalgeographic.com}}</ref>]] [[Faịlụ:Building_a_house_in_lake_Chad_region.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|275x275px|Iwu ụlọ nwa oge na mpaghara Lake Chad]] E nwere ihe karịrị nde mmadụ iri atọ bi na Chad Lake Basin. E nwere ihe karịrị otu agbụrụ iri asaa gburugburu ọdọ mmiri ahụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha kesara na ndịda, ebe njupụta ndị mmadụ karịrị 100/km² (260/sq mi). Ha na-adabere na isi iyi mmiri nke Chad Lake maka ịgba mmiri, ịzụ ụmụ, ịzụ anụmanụ na ịṅụ ihe ọṅụṅụ.<ref name="4d" /> Ihe ubi ndị obodo na-akọ nke ọma gụnyere sorgum, ọka, millet, agwa, na akwụkwọ nri. A na-akụ gourd nke ọma maka imepụta arịa. Nchịkọta nke ihe ndị dị n'ọhịa dịka chịngọm arabic, mmanụ aṅụ, wax aṅụ, na nkụ dị oke mkpa na mpaghara ahụ. Agbanyeghị, mbelata nke oke ọhịa emetụtala mmepụta nke ngwaahịa ndị a, mmụba dị egwu nke ìgwè ehi emeela ka mmetụta a ka njọ. Anụ ehi bụ anụ ụlọ kacha mkpa a na-azụ, tinyere anụ ọkụkọ, ewu, atụrụ, kamel, ịnyịnya, na ịnyịnya ibu. Akụ̀ na-akọ anụmanụ ndị a metụtara nke ukwuu n'ihi oké ọkọchị nke afọ 1970 na 1980. Ịkụ azụ bụ ihe kacha mkpa maka ndị bi n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri, nke fọrọ nke nta ka ọ kwụsị n'oge ọkọchị ma maliteghachi naanị n'etiti afọ 1990. A na-akpọ nkụ, a na-etinye mkpụrụ osisi a mịrị amị, ma ọ bụ na-ese anwụrụ n'ọtụtụ ihe ndị e ji azụ azụ. Mmiri natron nke e mepụtara n'oge ọdịda anyanwụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ abụrụla ihe dị mkpa kemgbe. Dịka omenala si dị, a na-egwupụta ya n'ime blọk ma na-ebuga ya n'ofe ọdọ mmiri ahụ iji banye n'ahịa Naịjirịa. Kemgbe ụkọ mmiri ozuzo nke afọ 1970, ala a na-akụ n'enweghị mmiri na fatịlaịza ekpugheela n'ala ọdọ mmiri ahụ, a na-eweghachikwa ya dị ka polder maka ịkụ ọka, cowpea, osikapa, ọka wit na ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Luxereau|first=A.|year=2011|title=Fluctuations in the Size of Lake Chad: Consequences on the Livelihoods of the Riverain Peoples in Eastern Niger|journal=Regional Environmental Change|volume=12|issue=3|pages=507–521|doi=10.1007/s10113-011-0267-0|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257480536|language=en|accessdate=2023-06-13}}</ref> Ndị ọrụ ugbo agbanweela site n'ịkụ ihe ubi kpọrọ nkụ, dịka ọka wit, gaa n'ịkụ osikapa nwere oke mmiri, nke na-eme ka ala dị oke njọ ma na-eme ka mmiri ghara ịdị ọcha.<ref name="4d" /> Mmetụta ọjọọ nke mbelata mmiri na-enwe n'ịkụ azụ, ọrụ ugbo, na ịzụ anụ karịrị uru ala ọhụrụ sitere na mmiri ndị na-ebelata. Ndị bi gburugburu ebe ahụ bụ́ ndị na-adabere na mmiri ọdọ mmiri ahụ ka a manyere ịkwaga ebe ọzọ, nke mere ka akụnụba nke mpaghara ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-ebelata mgbe niile.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Effects of Climate Change in the Poorest Countries: Evidence from the Permanent Shrinking of Lake Chad|url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/40328|date=2023-09-05|accessdate=2024-04-08|work=World Bank|language=en|author=Roman D. Zarate}}</ref> Kemgbe afọ 1970, mba ise dị na ndịda nke ala ahụ arụọla ọtụtụ ọrụ nchekwa mmiri n'elu Osimiri Chari, Osimiri Logone, na Osimiri Yobe iji gbochie mmiri osimiri, nke mere ka ọnụọgụ mmiri na-abanye n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ belata nke ukwuu. Nkezi mmiri mmiri nke Osimiri Chari na Osimiri Logone na-abata kwa afọ site na 1970 ruo 1990 bụ naanị pasent 55 nke nke ahụ site na 1950 ruo 1970. Kemgbe afọ 1980, otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke mmiri dị n'Osimiri Chari na Osimiri Logone agbanweela ụzọ ma Central African Republic jidere ya nke dị n'elu mmiri maka ịgba mmiri na mmepụta ike mmiri.<ref name="4d" />{{Cite journal|author=袁宣民|title=乍得湖的环境、安全及其脆弱性|journal=世界科学|date=2016|issue=7|pages=21–23|url=https://worldscience.cn/c/2016-07-14/587434.shtml|language=zh-cn|accessdate=2023-06-13}}</ref> Ọdọ mmiri ndị e wuru n'elu osimiri ndị na-abanye n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ gbanwere oge na oke idei mmiri n'oge ma gbochie njem azụ, Nke a mere ka ọnụọgụgụ Alestes baremoze na Nile perch, bụ́ isi azụ a na-ejide n'Ọdọ Mmiri Chad, belata nke ukwuu.<ref name="hd3" /> N'otu oge ahụ, esemokwu dị n'etiti mba dị iche iche na agbụrụ dị iche iche na-asọ mpi maka mmiri na ala na-akawanye njọ. Mba anọ dị n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-eche nsogbu nke oke ịda ogbenye ihu, nakwa n'ihi ihe isi ike ha nwere n'ịzụta ihe ha ji ebi ndụ, ụfọdụ ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ etinyela aka n'ahịa ọgwụ ọjọọ na ngwa agha.<ref name="4d" /> Nke a emeela ka nke a ka njọ site n'ọrụ nke Boko Haram, bụ́ mwakpo nke chụpụrụ ọtụtụ nde mmadụ ma mebie mmepe n'ime mpaghara ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Olowoyeye|first=Oluwatuyi S.|year=2023|title=Water and Food Sustainability in the Riparian Countries of Lake Chad in Africa|journal=Sustainability|volume=15|doi=10.3390/su151310009}}</ref> Kamerun, Naịja, ,aijiriaChad hiwere Kọmishọna Chad Basin nke dị n'Ọdọ Mmiri na 22 Mee 1964. The CMba Central African Republic sonyeere na 1996, Libya sonyekwara na. The hIsi ụlọ ọrụ kọmitii ahụ dị na N'Djamenad. The cỌrụ kọmishọn ahụ gụnyere ijikwa Lake Chad na akụrụngwa mmiri ya, ichekwa gburugburu ebe obibi na ịkwalite njikọta mpaghara, udo, nchekwa, na mmepe na mpaghara Lake Chad. Atụmatụ mba ndị gbara ya gburugburu maka imejupụta mmiri n'Ọdọ Mmiri Chad gụnyere iwu ọwa mmiri nke dị kilomita 2,400 (maịlụ 1,500) ibuga mmiri 100×10⁹ m³ (130×10⁹ yd³) site na Osimiri Congo ruo Osimiri Chari kwa afọ, ma jiri usoro dam dị iche iche n'ụzọ ahụ iji mepụta ọkụ eletrik.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43500314|title=Can the vanishing lake be saved?|author=Ross|first=Will|date=2018-03-31|work=BBC|accessdate=2019-01-28|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Hụkwa ==   * [[Inner Niger Delta]], a n'ime ala delta na Mali * Ọdọ Mmiri Ptolemy, ọdọ mmiri ochie dị na Sudan * Ndepụta ọdọ mmiri ndị na-akpọnwụ * Sudd, nnukwu ala ahịhịa na South Sudan * Anụ ọhịa nke Chad * Lake Chad replenishment project - Atụmatụ a tụrụ aro maka ịdọrọ mmiri iji gbochie ịcha ọdọ mmiri Chad == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite book|author=Hughes|first=R. H.|year=1992|title=A Directory of African Wetlands|publisher=[[IUCN]]|isbn=978-2-88032-949-5}} * {{Cite book|author=Beadle|first=L. C.|year=1974|title=The Inland Waters of Tropical Africa: An Introduction to Tropical Limnology Hardcover|edition=1th|publisher=Longman Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-582-44852-0}} * {{Cite book|author=Chapman|first=Graham|year=1992|title=The changing geography of Africa and the Middle East|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-203-03450-7}} * {{Cite book|author=Caterina Batello|title=The Future is an Ancient Lake|publisher=FAO Interdepartmental Working Group on Biological Diversity for Food and Agriculture|url=https://www.fao.org/3/y5118e/y5118e00.htm|year=2004|isbn=92-5-105064-3}} == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>  * [http://www.cblt.org/en/ Kọmitii Mmiri nke Ọdọ Mmiri Chad] * [https://en.unesco.org/biopalt BIOsphere na Heritage nke Lake Chad (BIOPALT) oru ngo] * [https://www.earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/91291/the-ups-and-downs-of-lake-chad Ups na Downs nke Ọdọ Mmiri Chad] * Lake Chad in worldlakes.org * [https://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Lake/AFR-02 Ọdọ Mmiri Chad na World Lake Database] * [https://news.un.org/en/tags/lake-chad Ọdọ Mmiri Chad na UN News] {{Lakes of Chad}}{{Authority control}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 3zle62o0spx40hm6o1wlo7b2zxzeofn 0 77173 670548 2026-06-30T18:27:29Z Geraldine Kene 23189 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1179950808|Long River (Fujian)]]" 670548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chinese|pic=File:Fuqing Longjiang Qiao 20120303-07.jpg|piccap=The Long River estuary at [[Haikou, Fuqing|Haikou]], spanned by the [[Longjiang Bridge]]|s={{linktext|龙江}}|t={{linktext|龍江}}|p=Lóngjiāng|l={{nowrap|[[Chinese dragon|Dragon]] River}}}} osimiri Long ma ọ bụ '''Longjiang''' bụ osimiri dị na mpaghara Fujian, [[China]]. O bidoro na Mpaghara Hanjiang nke Putian ma gafee na Fuqing nke dị nso na Fuzhou, ebe ọ na-asọba na Taiwan Strait na Haikou.<ref>{{Cite web|title="河长"绘出闽西乡村新画卷：水清河美 宜居宜游-中新网|url=https://www.chinanews.com.cn/sh/2021/11-22/9613704.shtml|accessdate=2022-08-01|work=www.chinanews.com.cn}}</ref> A na-egbochi osimiri ahụ n'elu mmiri nke Honglu. Dam ahụ na-emepụta Dongzhang Reservoir, n'akụkụ ugwu nke Dongzhang dị. Àkwà Mmiri Longjiang, otu n'ime usoro àkwà mmiri Song a ma ama n'okporo ụzọ Fujian, nke gafere osimiri ahụ n'akụkụ ọnụ ya. == Hụkwa == == Edensibịa == rasm33l10qh7xtend0c1kgl3bwu45l4 0 77174 670550 2026-06-30T18:33:09Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329532487|Lagoas de Pedra Badejo]]" 670550 wikitext text/x-wiki   Lagoas de Pedra Badejo bụ mpaghara mmiri dị n'agwaetiti Santiago, Cape Verde. Ọ bụ ebe dị hekta 666 (eka 1,650) nke nwere ọdọ mmiri abụọ dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri n'akụkụ osimiri Ribeira dos Picos na Ribeira Seca, yana ala mmiri dum nke ikpeazụ, gụnyere ọdọ mmiri Barragem de Poilão. Ọ dị na ndịda obodo Pedra Badejo, n'ụsọ oké osimiri ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke agwaetiti ahụ. Ọdọ mmiri ndị ahụ bara nnukwu uru maka nnụnụ n'ihi na ha nwere mmiri ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ obere mmiri dị nro. A matala ha dị ka ala mmiri dị mkpa maka mba ụwa site na aha dịka Mgbakọ Ramsar kemgbe 2005. A na-akụ akị bekee, okpete, unere, cassava na akwụkwọ nri dị iche iche n'ógbè ndị gbara ọdọ mmiri ahụ gburugburu. Ọdọ mmiri, nke na-ejide mmiri n'afọ niile, dị n'ọnụ mmiri atọ nke oge, mgbe ọ na-ebili mmiri n'Oge mmiri ozuzo, na-etinye apịtị na ihe mkpofu buru ibu na ọdọ mmiri, na-eme ka ha na-adọrọ mmasị Nnụnụ mmiri dị ka waders na herons. Ebe nrụọrụ ahụ na-akwadokwa ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Cape Verde warblers [[Ụdị ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ|nọ n'ihe ize ndụ]] ma BirdLife International amatala ya dị ka Ebe Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa (IBA).<ref name="bli">{{Cite web|url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/6141|title=Pedra Badejo lagoons|accessdate=2018-08-21|work=Important Bird Areas factsheet|publisher=BirdLife International|year=2018}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} m534e35l2hwffxgs5t8oybaf37kozns 670551 670550 2026-06-30T18:35:51Z Adimora chidinma 15845 670551 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Wetlands in Cape Verde}} {{Designation list | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = Lagoas de Pedra Badejo | designation1_date = 18 July 2005 | designation1_number = 1577<ref name=ramsar>{{Cite web|title=Lagoa de Pedra Badejo|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1577|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} '''Lagoas de Pedra Badejo''' bụ mpaghara mmiri dị n'agwaetiti Santiago, Cape Verde. Ọ bụ ebe dị hekta 666 (eka 1,650) nke nwere ọdọ mmiri abụọ dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri n'akụkụ osimiri Ribeira dos Picos na Ribeira Seca, yana ala mmiri dum nke ikpeazụ, gụnyere ọdọ mmiri Barragem de Poilão. Ọ dị na ndịda obodo Pedra Badejo, n'ụsọ oké osimiri ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke agwaetiti ahụ. Ọdọ mmiri ndị ahụ bara nnukwu uru maka nnụnụ n'ihi na ha nwere mmiri ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ obere mmiri dị nro. A matala ha dị ka ala mmiri dị mkpa maka mba ụwa site na aha dịka Mgbakọ Ramsar kemgbe 2005.<ref name=ramsar/> A na-akụ akị bekee, okpete, unere, cassava na akwụkwọ nri dị iche iche n'ógbè ndị gbara ọdọ mmiri ahụ gburugburu. Ọdọ mmiri, nke na-ejide mmiri n'afọ niile, dị n'ọnụ mmiri atọ nke oge, mgbe ọ na-ebili mmiri n'Oge mmiri ozuzo, na-etinye apịtị na ihe mkpofu buru ibu na ọdọ mmiri, na-eme ka ha na-adọrọ mmasị Nnụnụ mmiri dị ka waders na herons. Ebe nrụọrụ ahụ na-akwadokwa ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Cape Verde warblers [[Ụdị ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ|nọ n'ihe ize ndụ]] ma BirdLife International amatala ya dị ka Ebe Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa (IBA).<ref name="bli">{{Cite web|url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/6141|title=Pedra Badejo lagoons|accessdate=2018-08-21|work=Important Bird Areas factsheet|publisher=BirdLife International|year=2018}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} t8tegjfmsplck1vphete2fvx9dke3ph 0 77175 670552 2026-06-30T18:42:32Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329532538|Lagoa do Rabil]]" 670552 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Faịlụ:Ribeira_de_Rabil.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ribeira do Rabil]] '''Lagoa do Rabil''' (Rabil lagoon) bụ ebe mmiri dị na [[Cape Verde]] Archipelago, n'àgwàetiti Boa Vista . A matala ya dị ka ala mmiri dị mkpa n'ụwa niile site na nhọpụta n'okpuru Nkwekọrịta Ramsar kemgbe afọ 2005. Ebe ahụ dị n'ọnụ Ribeira do Rabil na-asọ n'oge, na nso obodo Rabil n'ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ nke Boa Vista. Ebe ahụ gụnyere ọnụ osimiri, ọdọ mmiri metụtara ya, usoro dunes gbara ya gburugburu na ahịhịa ya nke ''Tamarix'', ''Cyperus'', ''Zygophyllum'' na Euphorbia. <ref name="birdlife">{{Cite web|title=Ilhéu de Curral Velho and adjacent coastal area|work=BirdLife International|url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/ribeira-do-rabil-iba-cape-verde|accessdate=3 August 2018}}</ref> Ebe a na-enwe ọtụtụ nnụnụ Iago na ọtụtụ ụdị nnụnụ wader, gụnyere spoonbill nke Eurasia. Ngwere ndị a na-ahụkarị dịka Hemidactylus bouvieri na Chioninia stangeri dị.<ref name="birdlife" /> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} 0uu9zpsspkj87r2xh5hrhzy81hawo7k 670553 670552 2026-06-30T18:44:45Z Adimora chidinma 15845 670553 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Wetland in Cape Verde}} {{Designation list | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = Lagoa de Rabil | designation1_date = 18 July 2005 | designation1_number = 1576<ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite web|title=Lagoa de Rabil|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1576|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} [[Faịlụ:Ribeira_de_Rabil.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ribeira do Rabil]] '''Lagoa do Rabil''' (Rabil lagoon) bụ ebe mmiri dị na [[Cape Verde]] Archipelago, n'àgwàetiti Boa Vista . A matala ya dị ka ala mmiri dị mkpa n'ụwa niile site na nhọpụta n'okpuru Nkwekọrịta Ramsar kemgbe afọ 2005.<ref name="Ramsar"/> Ebe ahụ dị n'ọnụ Ribeira do Rabil na-asọ n'oge, na nso obodo Rabil n'ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ nke Boa Vista. Ebe ahụ gụnyere ọnụ osimiri, ọdọ mmiri metụtara ya, usoro dunes gbara ya gburugburu na ahịhịa ya nke ''Tamarix'', ''Cyperus'', ''Zygophyllum'' na Euphorbia. <ref name="birdlife">{{Cite web|title=Ilhéu de Curral Velho and adjacent coastal area|work=BirdLife International|url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/ribeira-do-rabil-iba-cape-verde|accessdate=3 August 2018}}</ref> Ebe a na-enwe ọtụtụ nnụnụ Iago na ọtụtụ ụdị nnụnụ wader, gụnyere spoonbill nke Eurasia. Ngwere ndị a na-ahụkarị dịka Hemidactylus bouvieri na Chioninia stangeri dị.<ref name="birdlife" /> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} 3zrd238dxmnaojulbtrllz6o2ok3xvq 0 77176 670554 2026-06-30T18:49:41Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1304858411|Ilhéu de Curral Velho and adjacent coast Important Bird Area]]" 670554 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ilhéu nke Curral Velho''' na ụsọ oké osimiri dị n'akụkụ ya dị n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke agwaetiti [[Cape Verde]]">Boa Vista na Cape Verde Archipelago n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka n'[[Òrìmìlì Atlantic|Oké Osimiri Atlantic]]. Ọ bụ ebe dị hekta 986 nke nwere Ilhéu de Curral Velho, yana mpaghara dị n'ihu ya na Boa Vista nke dị n'etiti obodo Curral Vello. A họpụtara ya dị ka Ala Mmiri Ramsar nke dị mkpa na mba ụwa na July 18, 2005. [[Faịlụ:Passer_iagoensis_male.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|IBA dị mkpa maka Iago Sparrows]] [[Faịlụ:Curral_Velho3,_Cape_Verde.jpg|thumb|Ala mara na Curral Velho]] Ilhéu de Curral Velho nke dị hekta 0.77 (eka 1.9) bụ nkume calcareous nke na-enweghị akwụkwọ nri, nke gbawara agbawa nke ukwuu, nke dị mita 15 (ụkwụ 49) n'ịdị elu, nke dị ihe dị ka mita 500 (ụkwụ 1,600) site n'ebe ndịda kachasị na Boavista. Agwaetiti ahụ na mpaghara mmiri dị hekta 41 gbara ya gburugburu bụ ebe nchekwa okike echekwara. (''Reserva Natural Integral Ilhéu de Curral Velho''). Ógbè dị n'agwaetiti ukwu ahụ nwere ájá ájá, ọdọ mmiri na oasis nwere ahịhịa osisi nkwụ, acacia na Tamarix senegalensis na-achị. O nwere osisi na anụmanụ ndị a na-ahụkarị n'ógbè kpọrọ nkụ.<ref name="birdlife">{{Cite web|title=Ilhéu de Curral Velho and adjacent coastal area|work=BirdLife International|url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/ilh%C3%A9u-de-curral-velho-and-adjacent-coastal-area-iba-cape-verde|accessdate=3 August 2018}}</ref> Ụsọ mmiri ájá bụ ebe dị mkpa maka Hawksbill na Loggerhead sea turtles na-eyi egwu. Lizards a hụrụ n'ógbè ahụ gụnyere ''Chioninia stangeri'' na ''Hemidactylus bouvieri'' . <ref name="birdlife" /> Agwaetiti a bụ eb a na-azụ ụmụ nnụnụ aja aja, nnụnụ frigate mara mma na Cape Verde shearwater. Nnụnụ ndị na-amụ nwa n'ụsọ oké osimiri dị n'akụkụ ya gụnyere Iago sparrow, kestrel nkịtị, quail nkịtị, courser na-acha ude, Kentish plover na ọtụtụ ụdị nnụnụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="birdlife" /> == Hụkwa == * [[Ọdịdị ala nke Cape Verde|Ndepụta agwaetiti nke Cape Verde]] == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} 4c5zh5635octg3xzv6w71n57wt4rnte 670555 670554 2026-06-30T18:59:42Z Adimora chidinma 15845 670555 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Bird sanctuary in Cape Verde}} {{Infobox islands | name = Ilhéu de Curral Velho | image_name = Boa Vista. Isolotto a Curral Vehlo - panoramio.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Ilhéu de Curral Velho and its natural cavern | nickname = | location = [[Atlantic Ocean]] | pushpin_map = Cape Verde#Atlantic Ocean | pushpin_label = | pushpin_label_position = top | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_relief = 1 | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|15.969|-22.790|type:landmark_region:CV|display=inline, title}} | archipelago = | area_km2 = 0.0077 | length_km = | width_km = | highest_mount = | elevation_m = 5 | country = {{CPV}} | country_admin_divisions_title = Municipality | country_admin_divisions = [[Boa Vista, Cape Verde (municipality)|Boa Vista]] | country_admin_divisions_title_1 = | country_admin_divisions_1 = | country_admin_divisions_title_2 = | country_admin_divisions_2 = | population = 0 | module = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = Curral Velho | designation1_date = 18 July 2005 | designation1_number = 1575<ref name=ramsar>{{Cite web|title=Curral Velho|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1575|access-date=3 August 2018}}</ref>}} }} '''Ilhéu nke Curral Velho''' na ụsọ oké osimiri dị n'akụkụ ya dị n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke agwaetiti [[Cape Verde]]">Boa Vista na Cape Verde Archipelago n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka n'[[Òrìmìlì Atlantic|Oké Osimiri Atlantic]]. Ọ bụ ebe dị hekta 986 nke nwere Ilhéu de Curral Velho, yana mpaghara dị n'ihu ya na Boa Vista nke dị n'etiti obodo Curral Vello. A họpụtara ya dị ka Ala Mmiri Ramsar nke dị mkpa na mba ụwa na July 18, 2005.<ref name=ramsar>{{Cite web|title=Curral Velho|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1575|access-date=3 August 2018}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Passer_iagoensis_male.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|IBA dị mkpa maka Iago Sparrows]] [[Faịlụ:Curral_Velho3,_Cape_Verde.jpg|thumb|Ala mara na Curral Velho]] Ilhéu de Curral Velho nke dị hekta 0.77 (eka 1.9) bụ nkume calcareous nke na-enweghị akwụkwọ nri, nke gbawara agbawa nke ukwuu, nke dị mita 15 (ụkwụ 49) n'ịdị elu, nke dị ihe dị ka mita 500 (ụkwụ 1,600) site n'ebe ndịda kachasị na Boavista. Agwaetiti ahụ na mpaghara mmiri dị hekta 41 gbara ya gburugburu bụ ebe nchekwa okike echekwara. (''Reserva Natural Integral Ilhéu de Curral Velho'').<ref name=munic>[http://www.municipiodaboavista.com/boavista-capoverde/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Espa%C3%A7os-protegidos-da-Boa-Vista.pdf Protected areas in the island of Boa Vista] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919215330/http://www.municipiodaboavista.com/boavista-capoverde/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Espa%C3%A7os-protegidos-da-Boa-Vista.pdf |date=2020-09-19 }} - Municipality of Boa Vista, March 2013 {{in lang|pt}}</ref><ref name=resol>[http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/cvi154186.pdf Resolução nº 36/2016] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118230515/http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/cvi154186.pdf |date=2021-01-18 }}, Estratégia e Plano Nacional de Negócios das Áreas Protegidas</ref> Ógbè dị n'agwaetiti ukwu ahụ nwere ájá ájá, ọdọ mmiri na oasis nwere ahịhịa osisi nkwụ, acacia na Tamarix senegalensis na-achị. O nwere osisi na anụmanụ ndị a na-ahụkarị n'ógbè kpọrọ nkụ.<ref name="birdlife">{{Cite web|title=Ilhéu de Curral Velho and adjacent coastal area|work=BirdLife International|url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/ilh%C3%A9u-de-curral-velho-and-adjacent-coastal-area-iba-cape-verde|accessdate=3 August 2018}}</ref> Ụsọ mmiri ájá bụ ebe dị mkpa maka Hawksbill na Loggerhead sea turtles na-eyi egwu. Lizards a hụrụ n'ógbè ahụ gụnyere ''Chioninia stangeri'' na ''Hemidactylus bouvieri'' . <ref name="birdlife" /> Agwaetiti a bụ eb a na-azụ ụmụ nnụnụ aja aja, nnụnụ frigate mara mma na Cape Verde shearwater. Nnụnụ ndị na-amụ nwa n'ụsọ oké osimiri dị n'akụkụ ya gụnyere Iago sparrow, kestrel nkịtị, quail nkịtị, courser na-acha ude, Kentish plover na ọtụtụ ụdị nnụnụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="birdlife" /> == Hụkwa == * [[Ọdịdị ala nke Cape Verde|Ndepụta agwaetiti nke Cape Verde]] == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} e547t0krmm5pxc9u3rgry7o5ds1s8h9 0 77177 670556 2026-06-30T19:02:14Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/990705927|Waza Logone floodplain]]" 670556 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ala Mmiri nke Waza Logone''' bụ usoro ihe ọkụkụ na-anaghị akọrọ nke dị n'ebe ugwu Cameroon. N'ime ya, mmiri ozuzo ahụ dị na mpaghara ugwu dị anya. Naịjirịa dị n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ ebe Chad dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ.<ref name="IUCN2003">{{Cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:1N0Xz_PodlUJ:cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/casestudy04waza.pdf+&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiSik7BvNF3khdjWP_MK0lJTwf8vLpr2pyphrdJQumNEIIIm5K1_I7PY6BbRQrsyx4-7R_2Ow_RvTZYTQzx1S5PCOga9cSuAgdLtGyv0Ra8hfYYkImrtPC-NmZU0L2ctVVlvved&sig=AHIEtbTjFqX6mgmu7_sCsdTJEztNJQYFog|title=WAZA LOGONE FLOODPLAIN, CAMEROON: economic benefits of wetland restoration|date=May 2003|work=CASE STUDIES IN WETLAND VALUATION #4|publisher=[[IUCN]]|accessdate=27 February 2013}}</ref><ref name="Annotated list: Cameroon">{{Cite web|title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Cameroon|url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-annotated-ramsar-16493/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E16493_4000_0__|publisher=Ramsar.org|accessdate=13 April 2013}}</ref> A họpụtara mpaghara ahụ dị ka "Wetland of International Importance" n'okpuru Nkwekọrịta Ramsar na Machị 20, 2006. == Hụkwa == * Ogige Ntụrụndụ Waza == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} liptgvxd25qgn3jvm4eeberxrdyle39 670557 670556 2026-06-30T19:03:38Z Adimora chidinma 15845 670557 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Floodplain in Cameroon}} {{Designation list | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_date = 20 March 2006 | designation1_number = 1609<ref>{{Cite web|title=Waza Logone Floodplain|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1609|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} '''Ala Mmiri nke Waza Logone''' bụ usoro ihe ọkụkụ na-anaghị akọrọ nke dị n'ebe ugwu Cameroon. N'ime ya, mmiri ozuzo ahụ dị na mpaghara ugwu dị anya. Naịjirịa dị n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ ebe Chad dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ.<ref name="IUCN2003">{{Cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:1N0Xz_PodlUJ:cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/casestudy04waza.pdf+&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiSik7BvNF3khdjWP_MK0lJTwf8vLpr2pyphrdJQumNEIIIm5K1_I7PY6BbRQrsyx4-7R_2Ow_RvTZYTQzx1S5PCOga9cSuAgdLtGyv0Ra8hfYYkImrtPC-NmZU0L2ctVVlvved&sig=AHIEtbTjFqX6mgmu7_sCsdTJEztNJQYFog|title=WAZA LOGONE FLOODPLAIN, CAMEROON: economic benefits of wetland restoration|date=May 2003|work=CASE STUDIES IN WETLAND VALUATION #4|publisher=[[IUCN]]|accessdate=27 February 2013}}</ref><ref name="Annotated list: Cameroon">{{Cite web|title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Cameroon|url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-annotated-ramsar-16493/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E16493_4000_0__|publisher=Ramsar.org|accessdate=13 April 2013}}</ref> A họpụtara mpaghara ahụ dị ka "Wetland of International Importance" n'okpuru Nkwekọrịta Ramsar na Machị 20, 2006. == Hụkwa == * Ogige Ntụrụndụ Waza == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} 8knytz4vbpba6jvnyphpk6chrme4gcl 0 77178 670558 2026-06-30T19:07:52Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361865740|Boy Wives and Female-Husbands: Studies in African Homosexualities]]" 670558 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''''Boy-Wives and Female Husbands: Studies in African Homosexualities''''' bụ akwụkwọ na-abughi akụkọ ifo nke e bipụtara n'afọ 1998 nke na-enyocha Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara mmadụ nke Afrịka, akụkọ ihe mere eme, na okike, na-enyocha nwoke idina nwoke na nwanyị n'obodo ọdịnala na nke oge a nke Afrịka. Ndị ọkà mmụta nọọrọ onwe ha nke Amerịka bụ Stephen O. Murray na Will Roscoe deziri ya ebe okwu mmalite bụ nke Marc Epprecht dere. E bipụtara ya ọzọ n'afọ 2021 site n'aka State University of New York Press n'okpuru SUNY Press Open Access.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/83859/|title=Project MUSE - Boy-Wives and Female Husbands|work=Muse.jhu.edu|accessdate=June 30, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://sunypress.edu/Books/B/Boy-Wives-and-Female-Husbands|title=Boy-Wives and Female Husbands|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Murray|first=Stephen O.|url=http://archive.org/details/boywivesfemalehu00murr|title=Boy-wives and female husbands : studies in African homosexualities|date=1998|publisher=New York : St. Martin's Press|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-312-21216-2}}</ref> == Atụmatụ == Akwụkwọ a na-achọ ịkagbu akụkọ ifo na nwoke idina nwoke na nwoke na nwanyị adịghị n'omenala Afrịka, na-emegide nkwenye nke ụfọdụ ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, ndị ọkà mmụta banyere mmadụ, na ndị Afrịka nke oge a. O dekọrọ ihe akaebe nke ụdịdị mmekọahụ na okike n'ime obodo iri ise n'ofe mpaghara dị iche iche nke ndịda Sahara Africa, na-ama aka n'echiche na ndị Yuropu ma ọ bụ ndị Arab webatara nwoke idina nwoke na kọntinent ahụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Murray|first=Stephen O.|url=https://www.perlego.com/book/2673878/boywives-and-female-husbands-studies-in-african-homosexualities-pdf|title=Boy-Wives and Female Husbands: Studies in African Homosexualities|date=2021-04-01|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-1-4384-8411-2|language=English}}</ref> Ọ bụ nchịkọta edemede gbasara nkà mmụta mmadụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme, nke e ji ọtụtụ nnyocha gbasara ọdịbendị na akwụkwọ kwado. Akwụkwọ a na-egosi ihe akaebe nke mmekọrịta nwoke na nwoke na nwaanyị na nwanyị n'etiti ndị mmadụ n'Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Boy-Wives and Female Husbands - Summary & Key Ideas|url=https://talkbook.live/read/boy-wives-and-female-husbands|accessdate=2026-06-30|work=Talkbook.live|language=en}}</ref> == Tebụl ọdịnaya == Ebe e si nweta ya<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newuniversityinexileconsortium.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Africa-homosexuality.pdf|title=Boy-Wives and Female Husbands|work=Newuniversityinexileconsortium.org|accessdate=2026-06-30}}</ref> * '''Akụkụ nke Mbụ'''. Horn of Africa, Sudan, na East Africa * '''Akụkụ nke Abụọ'''. Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka * '''Akụkụ nke Abụọ'''. Ebe Etiti Afrịka * '''Akụkụ nke Anọ'''. Ndịda Afrịka * '''Akụkụ nke ise.''' Nkwubi okwu == Nnabata == Peter Nardi, onye na-ede akwụkwọ maka American Journal of Sociology, kọwara isi ihe akwụkwọ ahụ kwuru nke ọma dịka mkparịta ụka ya gbasara alụlụ ndị a haziri ahazi na alụlụ ịhụnanya, nke na-adabaghị na usoro nke ọgbara ọhụrụ na-aga n'ihu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=(PDF) Book Review: "Boy‐Wives and Female Husbands: Studies of African Homosexualities", edited by Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237960823_Book_Review_Boy-Wives_and_Female_Husbands_Studies_of_African_Homosexualities_edited_by_Stephen_O_Murray_and_Will_Roscoe|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20210816212323/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237960823_Book_Review_Boy-Wives_and_Female_Husbands_Studies_of_African_Homosexualities_edited_by_Stephen_O_Murray_and_Will_Roscoe|archivedate=2021-08-16|accessdate=2026-06-30|work=ResearchGate|language=en}}</ref> Norbert Brockman lere akwụkwọ ahụ anya n'akwụkwọ Journal of Sex Education and Therapy.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Brockman|first=Norbert|date=1998-12-01|title=Boy-Wives and Female Husbands: Studies of African Homosexualities. Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998. 358 pp., $29.95, cloth. ISBN: 0-312-21216-X.|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/01614576.1998.11074270|journal=Journal of Sex Education and Therapy|volume=23|issue=4|pages=319–320|doi=10.1080/01614576.1998.11074270|issn=0161-4576}}</ref> Channing Gerard Joseph nke Mahadum Southern California kọwara akwụkwọ a dị ka ọmụmụ mbụ siri ike gbasara mmekọahụ nwoke na nwoke na nwanyị na nwanyị na ụdịdị dị iche iche nke nwoke na nwanyị n'Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-03-03|title=Boy-Wives and Female Husbands: Studies in African Homosexualities {{!}} Trans Reads|url=https://transreads.org/boy-wives-and-female-husbands-studies-in-african-homosexualities/|accessdate=2026-06-30|work=transreads.org|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} l8o01x1bphd2ktge9vw96o2ouud7jaj 0 77179 670559 2026-06-30T19:11:30Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1165508122|Rio del Rey]]" 670559 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Faịlụ:Cross_River_Estuary̞_OSM.png|thumb|359x359px|Ọwara mmiri Rio Del Rey (n'aka nri) ]] '''Rio del Rey''' (a na-akpọkwa Rio del Ray) bụ ọwara mmiri nke ọdọ mmiri dị na West Africa na Cameroon. Ọ dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke usoro Osimiri Niger.[1] Ahịrị ugwu mgbawa nke Cameroon kewara Rio Del Rey na ọdọ mmiri Douala.[1] Akọwala Rio del Rey dị ka ọwara mmiri nke "osimiri abụọ N'dian na Massake na-asọpụta".[2] Ọnụ ya dị nso na ókèala ya na Naịjirịa ma nwee njikọ na ọwara mmiri Cross River nke Bakassi peninsula kewapụrụ ya. A họpụtara ọwara mmiri Rio del Rey dị ka ebe Ramsar kemgbe 2010.[3] == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta osimiri nke Cameroon == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * [https://books.google.com/books?id=Nv5NMO1gOs0C&pg=PA71 Mangrove Ecosystems: Ọrụ na Nchịkwa]. peeji nke 71.&nbsp; ekxrdb0t50gybw4vlgk7hp5k9n2mbm3 670560 670559 2026-06-30T19:26:38Z Adimora chidinma 15845 670560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Estuary in Cameroon}} {{Designation list | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = Estuaire du Rio Del Rey | designation1_date = 20 May 2010 | designation1_number = 1908<ref name="RSIS">{{Cite web|title=Estuaire du Rio Del Rey|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1908|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} [[Faịlụ:Cross_River_Estuary̞_OSM.png|thumb|359x359px|Ọwara mmiri Rio Del Rey (n'aka nri) ]] '''Rio del Rey''' (a na-akpọkwa Rio del Ray) bụ ọwara mmiri nke ọdọ mmiri dị na West Africa na Cameroon. Ọ dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke usoro Osimiri Niger.<ref name="Selley">[https://books.google.com/books?id=KaxnNYz2g6EC&pg=PA173 African Basins<!-- Bot generated title -->]. pp. 173-176</ref> Ahịrị ugwu mgbawa nke Cameroon kewara Rio Del Rey na ọdọ mmiri Douala.<ref name="Selley"/> Akọwala Rio del Rey dị ka ọwara mmiri nke "osimiri abụọ N'dian na Massake na-asọpụta".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=M-pff9qPNUQC&pg=PA127 Swedish Ventures in Cameroon, 1833-1923: Trade and Travel, People and Politics - Knut Knutson<!-- Bot generated title -->]. pp. 127-133.</ref> Ọnụ ya dị nso na ókèala ya na Naịjirịa ma nwee njikọ na ọwara mmiri Cross River nke Bakassi peninsula kewapụrụ ya. A họpụtara ọwara mmiri Rio del Rey dị ka ebe Ramsar kemgbe 2010.<ref name="RSIS"/> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta osimiri nke Cameroon == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * [https://books.google.com/books?id=Nv5NMO1gOs0C&pg=PA71 Mangrove Ecosystems: Ọrụ na Nchịkwa]. peeji nke 71.&nbsp; 86ykhf4x143gefg1aepodchn2kkyqb9 0 77180 670561 2026-06-30T19:27:52Z Confidence2026 62380 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360686966|Bello John Olarewaju]]" 670561 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = [[The Honourable]] | name = Bello John Olarewaju | honorific_suffix = | image = | width = | alt = | caption = | office1 = Deputy House Leader [[Kwara State House of Assembly]] | termstart1 = 18 March 2019 | termend1 = 18 March 2023 | deputy1 = | predecessor1 = | successor1 = | office2 = Member of the [[Kwara State House of Assembly]]<br>from Moro Local Government | termstart2 = 18 March 2023 | termend2 = | predecessor2 = | successor2 = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|07|19|df=y}} | birth_place = Onipako-Jebba, Moro Local Government [[Kwara State]] [[Nigeria]] | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[All Progressive Congress]] | spouse = | children = | relations = | alma_mater = {{plainlist| * [[University of Ado Ekiti]] }} | occupation = {{hlist|Politician|Administrator}} | education = College of Education, Oro | profession = | awards = | website = }} {{Reflist}}{{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = [[The Honourable]] | name = Bello John Olarewaju | honorific_suffix = | image = | width = | alt = | caption = | office1 = Deputy House Leader [[Kwara State House of Assembly]] | termstart1 = 18 March 2019 | termend1 = 18 March 2023 | deputy1 = | predecessor1 = | successor1 = | office2 = Member of the [[Kwara State House of Assembly]]<br>from Moro Local Government | termstart2 = 18 March 2023 | termend2 = | predecessor2 = | successor2 = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|07|19|df=y}} | birth_place = Onipako-Jebba, Moro Local Government [[Kwara State]] [[Nigeria]] | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[All Progressive Congress]] | spouse = | children = | relations = | alma_mater = {{plainlist| * [[University of Ado Ekiti]] }} | occupation = {{hlist|Politician|Administrator}} | education = College of Education, Oro | profession = | awards = | website = }} {{Reflist}}Bello John Olarewaju Listenⓘ bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa na-anọchite anya mpaghara Lanwa/Ejido Nagari, mpaghara ọchịchị ime obodo Moro na ụlọ omeiwu steeti Kwara, nakwa osote onye isi oche nke itoolu n'ụlọ omeiwu. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Kwara State House of Assembly|url=https://www.kwha.gov.ng/KWHA/Pages/_9thDLeader|accessdate=2024-12-03|work=www.kwha.gov.ng|archivedate=26 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226073913/https://www.kwha.gov.ng/KWHA/Pages/_9thDLeader}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Royal|first=David O.|date=2020-09-12|title=Flood displaces over 2500 Kwara residents in Jebba community|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/09/flood-displaces-over-2500-kwara-residents-in-jebba-community/amp/#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17355845919383&referrer=https://www.google.com|accessdate=2024-12-30|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Kwara Governor reappoints 4 Commissioners|url=https://dailytrust.com/kwara-governor-reappoints-4-commissioners/|accessdate=2024-12-30|work=[[Daily Trust]]|date=14 August 2023}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Bello na 19 Julaị 1960 na Onipako-Jebba, Mpaghara Ọchịchị Moro nke Kwara Steeti, Naịjirịa. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị gọọmentị, Malete, tupu ọ gaa kọleji agụmakwụkwọ nke Kwara State, Oro, ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ mgbakọ na mwepụ. Ọ gara n'ihu na-achọ agụmakwụkwọ ya site n'inweta akara ugo mmụta bachelọ na agụmakwụkwọ mgbakọ na mwepụ na Mahadum Ekiti State. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Kwara State House of Assembly|url=https://www.kwha.gov.ng/KWHA/Pages/_9thDLeader|accessdate=2024-12-03|work=www.kwha.gov.ng|archivedate=26 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226073913/https://www.kwha.gov.ng/KWHA/Pages/_9thDLeader}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Bello abụrụla onye nlekọta na Nigeria Paper Mill and Sugar Company dị na Bacita, nakwa dịka onye njikwa na Power Holding Company nke Naịjirịa. A họpụtara ya dịka onye kansụl na-anọchite anya Jebba Ward site na 1996 ruo 1997. Na 2019, o meriri tiketi n'okpuru ikpo okwu All Progressives Congress iji bụrụ onye otu omeiwu steeti. Ọ gbara ọsọ ma merie ntuli aka izugbe nke 2019, wee bụrụ onye otu Mgbakọ nke 9. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Bello John Olarewaju|url=https://kwarastate.gov.ng/commissioner/bello-john-olarewaju/|accessdate=2024-12-30|work=kwarastate.gov.ng}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Royal|first=David O.|date=2020-09-12|title=Flood displaces over 2500 Kwara residents in Jebba community|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/09/flood-displaces-over-2500-kwara-residents-in-jebba-community/amp/#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17355845919383&referrer=https://www.google.com|accessdate=2024-12-30|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref>{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 2voettao9rjsyzedu49mls5z0dowiji 0 77181 670562 2026-06-30T19:36:33Z Nachi kim 20090 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1332174246|Doba (historical region)]]" 670562 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Territory_of_Doba.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px|Map nke 1828 nke Sidney Hall na-egosi mpaghara Doba nke Tigray gbara n'ebe ugwu na Assubo Galla (Oromo) n'ebe ndịda]] '''Doba''' ([[Amharic language|Amharic]]: ዶባ, [[Afar language|Afar]]: Dobaq) nke a makwaara dị ka '''Mba Dobas''' bụ mpaghara [[Ndi áláküba|Ndị Alakụba]] ochie na etiti [[Ethiopia|Etiopia]] nke oge a.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Menasbo|first=Negga|title=HISTORY AND IDENTITY IN NORTHEAST ETHIOPIA WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO RAYA-AZӒBO, 1543-1974|publisher=Addis Ababa University|url=http://etd.aau.edu.et/bitstream/handle/123456789/26891/Negga%20Menasbo.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref> Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Fesseha Berhe jikọtara Doba na Ndị Saho.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Berhe|first=Fesseha|title=Regional History and Ethnohistory Gerhard Rohlfs and other Germanophone Researchers and a Forgotten Ethnic Group, the Dobʿa|publisher=Mekelle University|url=http://www.ityopis.org/Issues-Extra-1_files/ityopis-extra-berhe.pdf}}</ref> [1]Ọkà akụkọ ihe mere eme bụ John Trimingham na-arụ ụka na ndị Doba bụ ndị Afar.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Trimingham|first=J. Spencer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UfrcAAAAQBAJ&q=trimingham+islam+in+ethiopia|title=Islam in Ethiopia|date=2013-09-13|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-97022-1|pages=81|language=en}}</ref> A na-ewere ndị Doba dị ka ndị nwụrụ anwụ taa.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Levine|first=Donald|title=Greater Ethiopia The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society|date=10 December 2014|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226229676|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NZHeBQAAQBAJ&dq=dobaa+ethiopia&pg=PA69}}</ref> Dịka George Huntingford si kwuo, ọ yiri ka Doba si n'aha ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ, Dobe'a, kama ịbụ mpaghara.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Huntingford|first=G. W. B.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gAgkDwAAQBAJ&dq=doba.+this+appears+to+have+been+the+name+of+a+people&pg=PT251|title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646: Being Extracts from The History of High Ethiopia or Abassia by Manoel de Almeida Together with Bahrey's History of the Galla|date=2017-05-15|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-05271-5|language=en}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Ịzụ atụrụ|Ndị na-azụ anụmanụ]] ka a maara dị ka ndi Dobe'a bi na Doba.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ahmed|first=Hussein|title=Islam in Nineteenth-Century Wallo, Ethiopia|publisher=BRILL|url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789004492288/B9789004492288_s006.xml}}</ref> Ndị Doba nwere njikọ na ọchịchị ndị isi Argobba nke Walasma.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Kifleyesus|first=Abebe|title=Tradition and Transformation The Argobba of Ethiopia|year=2006|publisher=Harrassowitz|isbn=9783447053419|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=plclkFB9KZwC&dq=further+north+were+the+nomadic+Doba+who+are+traditionally+related+to+the&pg=PA44}}</ref> Ndị Argobba na-ewere ndị bi na Doba dị ka ndị nna nna ha.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Asfaw|first=Aklilu|title=A short History of the Argobba|publisher=Annales d'Éthiopie|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/ethio_0066-2127_2000_num_16_1_973}}</ref> Ókèala Doba dị n'ime steeti Ifat nke narị afọ nke 13.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ifat|publisher=Encyclopedia Aethiopica|url=https://en.sewasew.com/p/ifat-(%E1%8A%A2%E1%8D%8B%E1%89%B5)}}</ref> Na narị afọ nke iri na anọ, Doba gbara mpaghara Tigray, Angot, na Amhara nke Etiopia nke oge a gburugburu.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Tamrat|first=Tadesse|title=Church and state|publisher=University of London|url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/28644/1/10672804.pdf}}</ref> Dị ka Ayele Tariku si kwuo, n'afọ 1400, eze ukwu Yeshaq m debere otu ndị agha a na-akpọ Jan Amora na nso obodo Doba iji chebe ókèala Abyssinia megide mwakpo sitere n'aka ndị Doba.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tariku|first=Ayele|title=The Christian Military Colonies in Medieval Ethiopia: The Chewa System|journal=The Medieval History Journal|year=2022|volume=25|issue=2|pages=179–306|doi=10.1177/09719458211003380|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/09719458211003380}}</ref> N'oge ọchịchị nke Eze Ukwu Baeda Maryam I na ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na ise, a na-akọ na Angot, nke dị n'akụkụ Doba, mebiri ụzọ dị mkpa e ji azụ ahịa Abyssinian.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Mordechai|first=Abir|title=Ethiopia and the Red Sea The Rise and Decline of the Solomonic Dynasty and Muslim European Rivalry in the Region|publisher=Taylor & Francis|pages=34–35|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7fArBgAAQBAJ&dq=dobaa+ethiopia&pg=PA34}}</ref> Baeda Maryam nke Mbụ ga-etinye ndị Doba n'ime ndị agha ya mgbe ha wakporo mpaghara ha.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Demisse|first=Yonas|title=Bringing the Slaves Back InCaptives and the Making and Unmaking of the Premodern Ethiopian State|publisher=Duke University Press|pages=261–279|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/706674}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Trimingham|first=J.Spencer|title=Islam in Ethiopia|publisher=Taylor & Francis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UfrcAAAAQBAJ&dq=dobaa+ethiopia&pg=PA81}}</ref> A kọrọ na Doba bi na Mpaghara Tigray na narị afọ nke 16. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Cerulli|first=Ernesta|title=Peoples of South-West Ethiopia and Its Borderland North Eastern Africa Part III|publisher=Taylor & Francis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j4QZDgAAQBAJ&dq=dobaa+ethiopia&pg=PT22}}</ref> Ka e mesịrị na narị afọ nke iri na asaa, iwebata ndị Doba na ndị Harla n'elu ala n'ime njirimara Afar dugara na mpụta nke Aussa Sultanate.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Bausi|first=Alessandro|title=Ethiopia History, Culture and Challenges|publisher=Michigan State University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h-g7DwAAQBAJ&dq=were+reclaimed+by+migrant+populations+from+the+highlands+(Haralla,+Dobaa)+who+were+integrated+into+Afar+ethnicity&pg=PA83}}</ref> N'oge ọchịchị nke Emperor Iyasu nke Abụọ na 1700s, ndị agha Doba wakporo ókèala Abyssinia.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Budge|first=E.A|title=A History of Ethiopia: Volume II (Routledge Revivals): Nubia and Abyssinia|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=umMtBAAAQBAJ&dq=dobaa+ethiopia&pg=PA456}}</ref> N'afọ 1809, onye Britain na-eme nchọpụta Henry Salt onye gara Doba kwupụtara na ọ bụ nnukwu ala a na-akọghị ihe ma kwuo na ndị bi ebe ahụ bụ agbụrụ dịpụrụ adịpụ nke "ndị ojii" bụ ndị a na-ewere dị ka ndị na-apụnara mmadụ ihe mana ha na-enwe ihe isi ike ịnọgide na-enwe nnwere onwe.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Salt|first=Henry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zsdOAAAAcAAJ&q=henry+salt+ethiopia|title=A Voyage to Abyssinia and Travels Into the Interior of that Country: Executed Under the Orders of the British Government, in the Years 1809 and 1810 ...|date=1814|publisher=Rivington|pages=275|language=en}}</ref> Ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie nke oge a chọpụtara ọtụtụ mkpọmkpọ ebe na mpaghara Chercher a na-akpọ Doba (ọwụwa anyanwụ Oromia nke oge a) nke nwere mpaghara Kubi, Addas, Mito, Djugola na Abadir nke malitere na narị afọ nke asatọ, ma jikọta ya na ndị Harla. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Joussaume|first=Roger|title=MEGALITHISM IN CHER IN ETHIOPIA|publisher=French Center for Ethiopian Studies|url=https://books.openedition.org/cfee/780?lang=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=History of Harar and Hararis|publisher=Harar tourism bureau|url=https://everythingharar.com/files/History_of_Harar_and_Harari-HNL.pdf}}</ref> O yiri ka ndị Oromo chụpụrụ ndị Doba na mpaghara Chercher na narị afọ ndị sochirinụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Perspectives Des Études Africaines Contemporaines Rapport Final D'un Symposium International|publisher=Deutsche UNESCO-Kommission|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t3ocAAAAMAAJ&q=Tigrinha%20speaking%20Doba%20occupied%20the%20plains%20of%20Chercher%20and%20Raya%20-%20Azebo%20to%20the%20east%20.%20Some%20of%20the%20Doba%20were%20pastoralists}}</ref> == Leekwa == * Dobe'a * Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Etiopia <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} mkesm04ea95dg4o7d29pspk39a910oq 0 77182 670563 2026-06-30T20:07:43Z Elizabeth chee 62456 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361498627|Audu Sule Katagum]]" 670563 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | name = Audu Sule Katagum | image = File:Audu Sule Katagum.jpg | caption = Katagum in 2018 | office = Deputy Governor of Bauchi State | term_start = 2 July 2018 | term_end = 29 May 2019 | governor = [[Mohammed Abdullahi Abubakar]] | predecessor = [[Nuhu Gidado]] | successor = [[Baba Tela]] | office2 = Chief of Staff to the Governor of Bauchi State | termend2 = 2018 | governor2 = [[Mohammed Abdullahi Abubakar]] | birth_date = 1956 or 1957 | birth_place = [[Bauchi State]], Nigeria | death_date = {{death date and given age|df=y|2026|6|20|69}} | death_place = | party = [[All Progressives Congress]] | relations = [[Sule Katagum]] (father) | occupation = {{hlist|Architect|politician}} }} '''Audu Sule [[Katagum]]''' (1956 ma ọ bụ 1957 - 20 June 2026) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria, onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na Wazirin Katagum nke Katagum . Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka osote gọvanọ nke steeti Bauchi site na 2018 ruo 2019 n'okpuru Gọvanọ Mohammed Abdullahi Abubakar . <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Report|first=Agency|date=2018-07-02|title=Bauchi's new Deputy Gov, Katagum, sworn-in|url=https://punchng.com/bauchis-new-deputy-gov-katagum-sworn-in/|accessdate=2025-01-16|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Owolabi|first=Timi|date=2024-10-10|title=Youths may revolt amid neglect, hardship – Bauchi ex-dep gov, Sule Katagum|url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/10/10/youths-may-revolt-amid-neglect-hardship-bauchi-ex-dep-gov-sule-katagum/|accessdate=2025-01-16|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-07-03|title=Abubakar swears in Katagum as new deputy governor|url=https://dailytrust.com/abubakar-swears-in-katagum-as-new-deputy-governor-259147/|accessdate=2025-01-16|work=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="dailypost-confirm2">{{Cite news|author=Adam|first=Adams|date=29 June 2018|title=Bauchi Assembly confirms Audu Sule Katagum as Deputy Governor|url=https://dailypost.ng/2018/06/29/bauchi-assembly-confirms-audu-sule-katagum-deputy-governor/|accessdate=22 May 2026|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}</ref> Tupu e bulie ya n'ọkwa osote gọvanọ, ọ bụ onyeisi ndị ọrụ n'ụlọ gọọmentị steeti Bauchi.<ref name="punch-confirm">{{Cite news|date=30 June 2018|title=Assembly confirms Katagum as Bauchi deputy governor|url=https://punchng.com/assembly-confirms-katagum-as-bauchi-deputy-governor/|accessdate=22 May 2026|work=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Audu Sule Katagum na steeti Bauchi, Naijiria ma zụọ ya dị ka onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ, ọrụ ọ rụrụ tupu ọ banye n'ọrụ gọọmentị. <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Michael|first=Ishola|date=2024-02-10|title=Bauchi Gov felicitates with ex-deputy on appointment as Wazirin Katagum|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/bauchi-gov-felicitates-with-ex-deputy-on-appointment-as-wazirin-katagum/|accessdate=2025-01-16|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref name="punch-confirm">{{Cite news|date=30 June 2018|title=Assembly confirms Katagum as Bauchi deputy governor|url=https://punchng.com/assembly-confirms-katagum-as-bauchi-deputy-governor/|accessdate=22 May 2026|work=[[The Punch]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://punchng.com/assembly-confirms-katagum-as-bauchi-deputy-governor/ "Assembly confirms Katagum as Bauchi deputy governor"]. ''[[The Punch]]''. 30 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="dailypost-confirm2">{{Cite news|author=Adam|first=Adams|date=29 June 2018|title=Bauchi Assembly confirms Audu Sule Katagum as Deputy Governor|url=https://dailypost.ng/2018/06/29/bauchi-assembly-confirms-audu-sule-katagum-deputy-governor/|accessdate=22 May 2026|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdam2018">Adam, Adams (29 June 2018). [https://dailypost.ng/2018/06/29/bauchi-assembly-confirms-audu-sule-katagum-deputy-governor/ "Bauchi Assembly confirms Audu Sule Katagum as Deputy Governor"]. ''[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ bụ nwa Alhaji Sule Katagum (1927 - 2017), onye isi oche mbụ nke Federal Public Service Commission nke [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] na onwe ya bụ onye nwere utu aha Wazirin Katagum.<ref name="pt-olaopa2">{{Cite news|author=Olaopa|first=Tunji|date=26 December 2017|title=Sule Katagum, the Civil Service Commission and Future of Public Administration|url=https://opinion.premiumtimesng.com/2017/12/26/sule-katagum-civil-service-commission-and-future-of-public-administration-by-tunji-olaopa/|accessdate=22 May 2026|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref><ref name="vanguard-olaopa">{{Cite news|author=Olaopa|first=Tunji|date=26 December 2017|title=Sule Katagum, Civil Service Commission and Future of Public Administration|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/12/sule-katagum-civil-service-commision-future-public-administration/|accessdate=22 May 2026|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == === Onye isi ndị ọrụ === Katagum rụrụ ọrụ dịka onyeisi ndị ọrụ n'ụlọ gọọmentị steeti Bauchi n'oge ọchịchị mbụ nke Gọvanọ Mohammed Abdullahi Abubakar nkeAll Progressives Congress (APC). Ọ nọgidere n'ọkwa ahụ ruo n'ọnwa Juun afọ 2018, mgbe gọvanọ họpụtara ya ka ọ mejupụta oghere n'ọfịs osote gọvanọ.<ref name="punch-confirm">{{Cite news|date=30 June 2018|title=Assembly confirms Katagum as Bauchi deputy governor|url=https://punchng.com/assembly-confirms-katagum-as-bauchi-deputy-governor/|accessdate=22 May 2026|work=[[The Punch]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://punchng.com/assembly-confirms-katagum-as-bauchi-deputy-governor/ "Assembly confirms Katagum as Bauchi deputy governor"]. ''[[The Punch]]''. 30 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="dailypost-confirm2">{{Cite news|author=Adam|first=Adams|date=29 June 2018|title=Bauchi Assembly confirms Audu Sule Katagum as Deputy Governor|url=https://dailypost.ng/2018/06/29/bauchi-assembly-confirms-audu-sule-katagum-deputy-governor/|accessdate=22 May 2026|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdam2018">Adam, Adams (29 June 2018). [https://dailypost.ng/2018/06/29/bauchi-assembly-confirms-audu-sule-katagum-deputy-governor/ "Bauchi Assembly confirms Audu Sule Katagum as Deputy Governor"]. ''[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> === Onye osote Gọvanọ nke Bauchi State (2018-2019) === Ụzọ etu Katagum si abanye n'ọchịchị meghere na 24 Mee 2018, mgbe Nuhu Gido gbara arụkwaghịm, na-ekwu maka "mmụọ na-adịghị mma" maka ọrụ ahụ.<ref name="premiumtimes-gidado">{{Cite news|date=23 May 2018|title=BREAKING: Bauchi deputy governor resigns|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/269539-breaking-bauchi-deputy-governor-resigns.html|accessdate=22 May 2026|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> Na mbido June, Gọvanọ Abubakar họpụtara Katagum mgbe ihe a kọwara dị ka mkparịta ụka sara mbara na ndị metụtara APC na steeti ahụ.<ref name="dailypost-confirm2">{{Cite news|author=Adam|first=Adams|date=29 June 2018|title=Bauchi Assembly confirms Audu Sule Katagum as Deputy Governor|url=https://dailypost.ng/2018/06/29/bauchi-assembly-confirms-audu-sule-katagum-deputy-governor/|accessdate=22 May 2026|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdam2018">Adam, Adams (29 June 2018). [https://dailypost.ng/2018/06/29/bauchi-assembly-confirms-audu-sule-katagum-deputy-governor/ "Bauchi Assembly confirms Audu Sule Katagum as Deputy Governor"]. ''[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Ụlọ Nzukọ nke steeti Bauchi nyochara ma kwado nhọpụta ahụ na 29 June 2018 na nnọkọ zuru ezu nke were ihe na-erughị nkeji ise. Onye na-ekwu okwu, Kawuwa Shehu Damina, bụ onye isi oche, Abdullahi Abdulkadir nke mpaghara Bura kwadoro ya ma Ibrahim Katagum, onye na-anọchite anya mpaghara Katagum kwadoro ya.<ref name="punch-confirm">{{Cite news|date=30 June 2018|title=Assembly confirms Katagum as Bauchi deputy governor|url=https://punchng.com/assembly-confirms-katagum-as-bauchi-deputy-governor/|accessdate=22 May 2026|work=[[The Punch]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://punchng.com/assembly-confirms-katagum-as-bauchi-deputy-governor/ "Assembly confirms Katagum as Bauchi deputy governor"]. ''[[The Punch]]''. 30 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="dailypost-confirm2">{{Cite news|author=Adam|first=Adams|date=29 June 2018|title=Bauchi Assembly confirms Audu Sule Katagum as Deputy Governor|url=https://dailypost.ng/2018/06/29/bauchi-assembly-confirms-audu-sule-katagum-deputy-governor/|accessdate=22 May 2026|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdam2018">Adam, Adams (29 June 2018). [https://dailypost.ng/2018/06/29/bauchi-assembly-confirms-audu-sule-katagum-deputy-governor/ "Bauchi Assembly confirms Audu Sule Katagum as Deputy Governor"]. ''[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Katagum ṅụrụ iyi nke ọfịs na iguzosi ike n'ihe na 2 Julaị 2018 na ụlọ egwuregwu dị n'ime ụlọ nwere ọtụtụ ebumnuche na steeti [[Ȯra Bauchi|Bauchi]]. Site na onye isi ikpe steeti ahụ na Abuja, ọ bụ Grand Khadi nke Bauchi State, Dahiru Abubakar Ningi na-aṅụ iyi ahụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Report|first=Agency|date=2018-07-02|title=Bauchi's new Deputy Gov, Katagum, sworn-in|url=https://punchng.com/bauchis-new-deputy-gov-katagum-sworn-in/|accessdate=2025-01-16|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFReport2018">Report, Agency (2018-07-02). [https://punchng.com/bauchis-new-deputy-gov-katagum-sworn-in/ "Bauchi's new Deputy Gov, Katagum, sworn-in"]. ''[[The Punch]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-16</span></span>.</cite></ref> N'okwu nnabata dị mkpirikpi, o kwere nkwa ịrụ ọrụ maka ndị Bauchi maka oge fọdụrụnụ nke nchịkwa. <ref name=":0" /> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ ruo na njedebe nke ọchịchị Abubakar na 29 Mee 2019 ma [[Baba Tela]] nọchiri ya n'okpuru gọvanọ PDP na-abata, [[Bala Muhammed|Bala Mohammed]]. === Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị ọrụ === Na 2023, tupu Gọvanọ Mohammed a ṅụọ iyi maka oge nke abụọ, Katagum bụ onyeisi kọmitii mgbanwe ọchịchị steeti nke lere anya na arụmọrụ nke ministri, ngalaba na ụlọ ọrụ dị na Bauchi.<ref name="tribune-mda">{{Cite news|date=30 April 2023|title=Apprehension as Bauchi Gov sets to dissolve State Executive Council|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/apprehension-as-bauchi-gov-sets-to-dissolve-state-executive-council/|accessdate=22 May 2026|work=[[Nigerian Tribune|Tribune Online]]}}</ref> Mgbe ọ na-ekwu okwu na nzukọ mbụ nke ebumnuche mmepe na-adịgide adịgide nke emere na Bauchi na Ọktoba 2024, ọ dọrọ aka ná ntị na ihe isi ike akụ na ụba na nleghara anya nke ndị ntorobịa Naịjirịa nwere ike ime ka mba ahụ gaa n'ọgbaghara nke ndị ntorobịa na-edu, ma boo ihe ọ kpọrọ echiche mba na-efu efu na enweghị ibu ọrụ n'etiti ndị isi obodo ahụ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Owolabi|first=Timi|date=2024-10-10|title=Youths may revolt amid neglect, hardship – Bauchi ex-dep gov, Sule Katagum|url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/10/10/youths-may-revolt-amid-neglect-hardship-bauchi-ex-dep-gov-sule-katagum/|accessdate=2025-01-16|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFOwolabi2024">Owolabi, Timi (2024-10-10). [https://dailypost.ng/2024/10/10/youths-may-revolt-amid-neglect-hardship-bauchi-ex-dep-gov-sule-katagum/ "Youths may revolt amid neglect, hardship – Bauchi ex-dep gov, Sule Katagum"]. ''[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]''. Lagos, Nigeria<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-16</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Wazirin Katagum == N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2024, Emir nke [[Katagum]], Umar Farooq nke Abụọ, kpuchiri Katagum dị ka Wazirin Katagum ọhụrụ n'obí eze, na-enye ya utu aha ikpeazụ nke nna ya nwụrụ anwụ. Gọvanọ Bala Mohammed, onye osote ya bụ Auwal Jatau nọchitere anya, gara emume ahụ ma kọwaa nhọpụta ahụ dị ka nke kwesịrị ekwesị, na-ekwu maka ndekọ Katagum dị ka osote gọvanọ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Michael|first=Ishola|date=2024-02-10|title=Bauchi Gov felicitates with ex-deputy on appointment as Wazirin Katagum|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/bauchi-gov-felicitates-with-ex-deputy-on-appointment-as-wazirin-katagum/|accessdate=2025-01-16|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMichael2024">Michael, Ishola (2024-02-10). [https://tribuneonlineng.com/bauchi-gov-felicitates-with-ex-deputy-on-appointment-as-wazirin-katagum/ "Bauchi Gov felicitates with ex-deputy on appointment as Wazirin Katagum"]. ''[[Nigerian Tribune]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-16</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name="blueprint-turban">{{Cite news|author=Shuaibu|first=Mohammed Nasir|title=Bauchi: Katagum emir turbans new Waziri|url=https://blueprint.ng/bauchi-katagum-emir-turbans-new-waziri/|date=11 February 2024|accessdate=22 May 2026|work=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Katagum nwụrụ na 20 June 2026, mgbe ọ dị afọ 69. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Former Bauchi Deputy Governor Is Dead|url=https://www.naijanews.com/2026/06/20/bauchi-deputy-governor-dead/|accessdate=20 June 2026|date=20 June 2026|work=[[Naija News]]}}</ref> == Edensịbịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{Cite web|title=Continuity: Audu Katagum takes Oath of Office as Bauchi Deputy Governor|url=http://www.bauchistate.gov.ng/news/continuity-audu-katagum-takes-oath-of-office-as-bauchi-deputy-governor/|publisher=Bauchi State Government}} {{s-start}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[Nuhu Gidado]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Deputy Governor of Bauchi State|years=2018 - 2019}} {{s-aft|after=[[Baba Tela]]}} {{s-end}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Katagum, Audu Sule}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 4duqx0e2d7gef0nxgqgsiiy5yn5dlht 0 77183 670564 2026-06-30T20:25:43Z Confidence2026 62380 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346742721|Alabi Hassan Olajoku]]" 670564 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist}}'''Alhaji Alabi Hassan Olajoku (1947–2005) bụ onye ọchụnta ego na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa, onye ndị omekome a na-amaghị ama gburu na 15 Mee 2005.''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2013/05/17/aregbesola-unveils-park-in-honour-of-late-hassan-olajoku/|title=Aregbesola Unveils Park In Honour Of Late Hassan Olajoku • Channels Television|date=2013-05-17|work=Channels Television|accessdate=2017-05-25}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == Alabi Hassan Olajoku mụrụ na February 9, 1947, na Mushin, Lagos State, na ezinụlọ Aristocratic nke Alhaji Kehinde Asani Olajoku (Ile Oloosa Oko), Isale Imole, llobu, Osun State.  Nna ya biri na Waigbo, ngalaba dị egwu nke Mushin. Asani Olajoku bụ onye isi n'azụmahịa njem a haziri ahazi na Lagos, ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ndị na-ebufe ụgbọ ala kachasị ukwuu n'agbata mmalite afọ 1950 na 1970, nwee otu n'ime ụgbọ ala kachasị ukwuu (BOLEKAJA). Ọ bụ Ekerin nke Waigbo, Mushin, Lagos, Naịjirịa. Alabi Hassan Olajoku bụ nwa nwoke mbụ.. N'afọ 1959, e debanyere aha Alhaji Hassan Olajoku maka agụmakwụkwọ praịmarị ya na Klas Oriakụ F. Kuti, nke onye nwere nkà mmụta na-arụsi ọrụ ike ma nwee aha ọma, Oriakụ Olufunmilayo Ransome Kuti nwe..<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/womeninafrica/funmilayo-ransome-kuti/biography|title=Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti biography {{!}} Women|work=en.unesco.org|language=en|accessdate=2017-05-25}}</ref> == Ihe omuma agụmakwụkwọ == Alhaji Alabi Hassan Olajoku gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Ansaru-deen Grammar School, 63 Randle Avenue, Surulere, Lagos, ebe ọ malitere ma gụchaa agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị ya site na 1964 ruo 1968. Na 1972, Alhaji gara US wee gaa The North Virginia Community College, Alexandria, Virginia, ebe o nwetara akara ugo mmụta na azụmaahịa, mechaa nweta akara ugo mmụta na George Washington University, Washington D.C (N'okpuru nkwado nke Gọọmentị Steeti Lagos), wee nweta akara ugo mmụta B.B.A (Bachelor of Business Administration) na ego na 1976. O mechara mmemme nzere masta ya na nchịkwa azụmaahịa na mahadum ahụ, wee nweta akara ugo mmụta MBA (Ego na itinye ego) na 1978, tupu ọ laghachi Naịjirịa na 1979 maka mmemme ọrụ ntorobịa mba ya. Hassan nọgidere na ndepụta ndị isi ahụ n'oge ọ nọrọ na Mahadum George Washington. == Ọrụ ya == N'afọ 1970, e were Alhaji Hassan n'ọrụ na ngalaba mba ofesi nke National Bank of Nigeria Limited na Broad Street (Banuso House), Lagos, Naịjirịa. Na 1983, Alhaji Hassan malitere ịrụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ndụmọdụ njikwa ya. Otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ya, Constructive Alternative Limited, bụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara ụtụ isi na Lagos, Rivers States na Federal Capital, Abuja. Alhaji Alabi Hassan Olajoku bụ onyeisi oche na onye guzobere ụlọ akụ Mushin Central Community Bank. Ụlọ ọrụ ya gụnyere Lone Star Consulting Limited, Hassan-Olajoku Construction Limited, Hassan-Ola Consultancy na Paramo Development Ventures.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2011/01/04/ladipo-market-crises-deepen/|title=Ladipo Market Crises Deepen|date=2011-01-04|work=[[P.M. News]]|accessdate=2017-05-25}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Alhaji Alabi Hassan Olajoku sonyeere ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị n'afọ 1987 n'okpuru pati efu nke ọchịchị ndị agha General lbrahim Babangida.p<ref>{{Cite news|author=Oladesu|first=Emmanuel|date=2024-05-14|title=19 years after, family remembers Olajokun|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/19-years-after-family-remembers-olajokun/|accessdate=2025-05-22|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ bụ odeakwụkwọ nke NRC nke kwụsịrị ọchịchị na Legọs Steeti, Naịjirịa, o nyekwara aka n'ịhazi otu Alliance for Democracy (AD) n'oge ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200505171306.html|title=Nigeria: 'How AD Financier Was Killed'|author=Ugah|first=Hammed Shittu And Ndubuisi|date=2005-05-17|work=This Day (Lagos)|accessdate=2017-05-25}}</ref> Ọ na-ekpo ọkụ na mkpụrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ha kụrụ kemgbe ahụ malitere na All Progressive Congress (APC), ugbu a otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị siri ike nke gbanwere ala ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na Naịjirịa.&nbsp;&nbsp; == Ndụ onwe onye == Alhaji Hassan Olajoku bụ onye Alakụba na-efe Chineke nke ukwuu, o nwekwara aha okpukperechi Alakụba dịka Baba Adeeni nke Ilobu <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://issuu.com/thenation/docs/september_13__2011|title=The Nation September 13, 2011|work=issuu|accessdate=2017-05-25|language=en}}</ref> Osun State as well as Oganla Adeeni of Alakuko, Lagos State.&nbsp; Alhaji Alabi Hassan Olajoku lụrụ Hon.  Fausat Hassan Olajoku<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cityvoiceng.com/we-are-working-to-bring-development-to-ojokoro-fausat-olajoku/|title='We are working to bring development to Ojokoro' – Fausat Olajoku {{!}} City Voice Newspaper|author=Voice|first=City|work=cityvoiceng.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2017-05-25}}</ref> [1] Ha nwere ụmụ isii ma ha gụnyere Ajibade Olajoku, Babatunde Hassan Olajoku, Dr. Folawiyo Kareem Olajoku,,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://osun.gov.ng/2014/07/31/osun-time-decide/|title=Osun: Time To Decide|date=2014-07-31|work=The Official Website Of The State Of Osun|accessdate=2017-05-25|archivedate=2017-07-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706224620/http://osun.gov.ng/2014/07/31/osun-time-decide/}}</ref> Abisoye Mojeed Olajoku.  &nbsp;&nbsp; == Ndụ na igbu ọchụ == Dịka nwa ama ama na mpako nke IIobu Land, ọ nọ n'ihu n'ịkwalite Steeti Osun n'ihe niile metụtara ya, gụnyere akụrụngwa, ọrụ ugbo, agụmakwụkwọ, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọ bụ n'ịchụso ọhụụ a na ịkwado ego na atụmatụ maka ntuli aka Rauf Aregbesola dịka Gọvanọ Steeti Osun, ka ndị egbe a na-amaghị ama gburu ya n'ụzọ obi ọjọọ na Mee 15, 2005, na Gbongan Junction, Osun State, mgbe ọ dị afọ 58.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200505171306.html|title=Nigeria: 'How AD Financier Was Killed'|author=Ugah|first=Hammed Shittu And Ndubuisi|date=2005-05-17|work=This Day (Lagos)|accessdate=2017-05-25}}</ref> Rauf Aregbesola ghọrọ Gọvanọ Osun na Nọvemba 26, 2010, nke a na-ekwu na ọ mere ka ọnwụ Alabi Hassan Olajoku dị ndụ, nke mere na ọ nwụọghị n'efu. Rauf Aregbesola wuru ogige mba ụwa zuru ụwa ọnụ n'ebe ahụ e gburu ya iji cheta ya, aha ya bụ Hassan Olajoku Park Gbongan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2013/05/16/aregbesola-celebrates-slain-political-associate-with-ultra-modern-rest-station/|title=Aregbesola Celebrates Slain Political Associate With Ultra Modern Rest Station|date=2013-05-16|work=[[P.M. News]]|accessdate=2017-05-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2013-05-17|title=Aregbesola Unveils Park In Honour Of Late Hassan Olajoku|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2013/05/17/aregbesola-unveils-park-in-honour-of-late-hassan-olajoku/|accessdate=2025-05-22|work=Channels Television|language=en}}</ref>&nbsp; rp9uznats7tuqyurkiq8o5ca7i0te6f 0 77184 670565 2026-06-30T21:08:18Z Nachi kim 20090 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329069386|Anna Kernahan]]" 670565 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Anna Kernahan''' bụ onye na-ahụ maka ihu igwe, gburugburu ebe obibi, ikpe ziri ezi na ikike mmadụ, na onye guzobere Friday for Future Northern Ireland. Site na Belfast, Northern Ireland, ha bụkwa ndị edemede.[a] Ha na-eme ngagharị iwe na Fraịdee ọ bụla iji kweta Mgbanwe ihu igwe, dịka akụkụ nke Fraịdee Maka Ọdịnihu, ngagharị iwe ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ. <ref name="TheRegenerators1">{{Cite web|url=https://theregenerators.org/stories/meet-a-regenerator-anna-kernahan/|title=Meet Anna Kernahan|author=Studios|first=Regen|work=The Regenerators|date=2 December 2022|accessdate=16 May 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.belfastlive.co.uk/whats-on/be/international-womens-day-30-women-23313017|title=International Women's Day: 30 women from Northern Ireland who are breaking down barriers|author=Corscadden|first=Jane|work=BelfastLive|date=8 March 2022|accessdate=10 July 2023}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=BBC Radio Ulster - The Lynette Fay Show, Earth Day and harpist Brídín, Earth Day with youth climate activist Anna Kernahan|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p09fgnth/player|accessdate=2023-09-10|work=BBC}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Big city centre climate strike demo takes place today|url=https://belfastmedia.com/city-centre-climate-strikes-kick-start-the-new-year-with-a-clear-message|accessdate=2023-09-13|work=Belfast Media Group|language=en}}</ref> == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Kernahan na 25 Julaị 2002.<ref name="TwitterPage">{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/AnnaKernahan|title=Anna Kernahan|publisher=Self-published|accessdate=25 September 2024|work=x.com|author=Kernahan|first=Anna}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (September 2024)">better<span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>source<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>needed<nowiki></span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup>  Dịka ha si kwuo, mgbe ọ dị nwata, Kernahan nwere mmasị n'okike n'inwe mmasị na gburugburu ebe obibi na anụ ọhịa na ịhụ ịdị n'okike n'anya, na-agagharị n'ugwu ma na-agụ akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma okike..<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=BBC Radio Ulster - The Lynette Fay Show, Earth Day and harpist Brídín, Earth Day with youth climate activist Anna Kernahan|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p09fgnth/player|accessdate=2023-09-10|work=BBC}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p09fgnth/player "BBC Radio Ulster - The Lynette Fay Show, Earth Day and harpist Brídín, Earth Day with youth climate activist Anna Kernahan"]. ''BBC''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-10</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name="BelfastInterview1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/life/features/being-out-in-nature-is-a-fun-way-to-learn/40150305.html|title='Being out in nature is a fun way to learn'|date=3 March 2021|work=Belfast Telegraph|accessdate=16 May 2023|quote=Did your interest in ecology/wildlife start at a young age? Yes, I've always loved being in nature, searching for worms and walking through hills. In nursery school I'd be digging in soil to search for insects and once I could read I was obsessed with nature encyclopaedias.}}</ref> na 2019, oge ọ dị afọ iri na isii, mgbe ọ gụchara ihe gbasara [[Greta Thunberg]], [[School Strike for Climate|Fridays For Future]] 2018 IPCC special report, Kernahan nwere nchegbu maka ọnọdụ ihu igwe mberede, na-eche na usoro agụmakwụkwọ anaghị akụzi ihe dị oke mkpa gbasara nsogbu ihu igwe nakwa na ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị amaghị nke ọma banyere nsogbu ahụ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Interview with Anna Kernahan, Climate Strike Activist {{!}} Development Education Review|url=https://www.developmenteducationreview.com/issue/issue-30/interview-anna-kernahan-climate-strike-activist|accessdate=2024-01-30|work=www.developmenteducationreview.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.developmenteducationreview.com/issue/issue-30/interview-anna-kernahan-climate-strike-activist "Interview with Anna Kernahan, Climate Strike Activist | Development Education Review"]. ''www.developmenteducationreview.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-30</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-07-05|title=Climate change: Northern Ireland pupils to study new qualification|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-62008312|accessdate=2023-09-11}}</ref> Ya mere, ha malitere ịkpalite mmata gbasara mmetụta mmetọ site n'ime ka a mara data sayensị gbasara isiokwu a ma mee ngagharị iwe, ịlụ ọgụ ma rịọ ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ka ha mee ihe gbasara nsogbu ihu igwe<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Big city centre climate strike demo takes place today|url=https://belfastmedia.com/city-centre-climate-strikes-kick-start-the-new-year-with-a-clear-message|accessdate=2023-09-13|work=Belfast Media Group|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://belfastmedia.com/city-centre-climate-strikes-kick-start-the-new-year-with-a-clear-message "Big city centre climate strike demo takes place today"]. ''Belfast Media Group''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-13</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Mmegide == [[Faịlụ:Annakernahan.jpg|thumb|255x255px|Anna Kernahan na-eme ngagharị iwe, dị ka akụkụ nke Youth Strike 4 Climate movement.]] Dị ka ha si kwuo, Kernahan malitere dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ikpe ziri ezi mgbe ha dị afọ 13.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=BBC Radio Ulster - The Lynette Fay Show, Earth Day and harpist Brídín, Earth Day with youth climate activist Anna Kernahan|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p09fgnth/player|accessdate=2023-09-10|work=BBC}}</ref> Mgbe ahụ, na 2019, ha kpebiri ime ngagharị iwe ụlọ akwụkwọ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, ọ bụ ezie na ụlọ akwụkwọ ha akwadoghị echiche nke ime ngagharịiwe ụlọ akwụkwọ ma hapụ ha ka ha mee ya na mgbochi ole na ole.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Interview with Anna Kernahan, Climate Strike Activist {{!}} Development Education Review|url=https://www.developmenteducationreview.com/issue/issue-30/interview-anna-kernahan-climate-strike-activist|accessdate=2024-01-30|work=www.developmenteducationreview.com}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=BBC Radio Ulster - The Lynette Fay Show, Earth Day and harpist Brídín, Earth Day with youth climate activist Anna Kernahan|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p09fgnth/player|accessdate=2023-09-10|work=BBC}}</ref> Mbụ, na Mee 2019, Kernahan sonyeere Northern Ireland Students' Climate Network, ngalaba Youth Strike 4 Climate nke Northern Ireland, na-eme ngagharị iwe kwa ọnwa. Mgbe ahụ, na Septemba 2019, ha mepụtara Friday For Future Northern Ireland, ngalaba mba Northern Irish nke Friday For Future na-eme ngagharị iwe ma na-eme ka a mara banyere mgbanwe ihu igwe na Friday ọ bụla. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":0" /><ref name="NewsletterUK1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsletter.co.uk/education/ni-teenager-id-rather-be-school-taking-part-climate-strikes-1364982|title=NI Teenager: I'd Rather be in School Than Taking Part in Climate Strikes|author=((The Newsroom))|date=15 January 2020|work=News Letter|accessdate=1 June 2023}}</ref> N'ihi ya, Kernahan anọwo na-eme ngagharị iwe n'ụlọ akwụkwọ na Fraịdee ọ bụla n'enweghị ihe ọ bụla gbasara ihe ọkpụkpụ Spirit of Belfast, na-eme mkpesa ugboro ugboro naanị ya.<ref name="UnsustainableMagazine3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.unsustainablemagazine.com/anna-kernahan/|title=Interview with Anna Kernahan|date=17 January 2020|work=unsustainable|accessdate=1 June 2023|quote=Instead, every week without fail, sometimes with company but frequently alone, she protests at the Spirit of Belfast statue in Cornmarket, Belfast.}}</ref><ref name="BelfastInterview2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/life/features/being-out-in-nature-is-a-fun-way-to-learn/40150305.html|title='Being out in nature is a fun way to learn'|date=3 March 2021|work=Belfast Telegraph|accessdate=16 May 2023|quote=Yes, there have been school strikes every Friday but on a much smaller scale. Every crisis should be treated like a crisis and this means both the climate crisis and the coronavirus crisis so we are trying to balance the importance of raising awareness of the environment while also staying safe.}}</ref> E wezụga ịkatọ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, ha na-ede uri, echiche ha banyere nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụmịhe ha dị ka onye na-eme ihe ike ma na-emekarị ihe osise iji mee ka ndị mmadụ nwee nchegbu banyere mmetọ na nsogbu ihu igwe ndị ọzọ, karịsịa maka ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na gọọmentị.<ref name="blog">{{Cite web|url=https://annakernahan.co.uk/author/annakernahanclimate/|title=Anna Kernahan|date=21 June 2022}}</ref> [ihe na-abụghị isi iyi dị mkpa] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (September 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Naanị Ya Mana Ọ Bụghị Naanị Ya === Na Disemba 2019, Kernahan na ndị enyi abụọ, Grace Maddrell na Helen Jackson, mepụtara ibe Twitter, nke a na-akpọ Solo Not Alone, na ebumnuche nke ịkekọrịta akụkọ banyere ọgbaghara ihu igwe. [ihe na-abụghị isi iyi dị mkpa]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Interview with Anna Kernahan, Climate Strike Activist {{!}} Development Education Review|url=https://www.developmenteducationreview.com/issue/issue-30/interview-anna-kernahan-climate-strike-activist|accessdate=2024-01-30|work=www.developmenteducationreview.com}}</ref><ref name="Guardian">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/feb/13/young-climate-strikers-go-it-alone|title='I've lost friends': the young climate strikers forced to go it alone|date=13 February 2020|work=The Guardian|accessdate=18 August 2023|author=Jessica Murray|quote=It was the power of social media that inspired Anna Kernahan, 17, Grace Maddrell, 14, and Helen Jackson, 21, to set up Solo But Not Alone, a Twitter page dedicated to sharing the stories of solo climate strikers."People will say: 'Oh, you're not alone,' but it's hard to see that when you are sitting there at the strike and there's no one else around you, everyone's walking past," says Anna. She strikes alone in Belfast from 12pm to 3pm every Friday, often reading a book or catching up on homework. Although she struggles to get friends to join her, she has one powerful supporter to keep her going – Greta Thunberg.}}</ref>  === Mgbasa ozi #LearnMoreOutdoors === Na 3 Machị 2020, Ulster Wildlife na Our Bright Future Youth Advocate malitere mkpọsa a na-akpọ #LearnMoreOutdoors iji mee emume World Wildlife Day. <ref name="UlsterWildlife">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ulsterwildlife.org/news/ulster-wildlife-youth-advocates-call-students-learnmoreoutdoors|title=Ulster Wildlife Youth Advocates call for students to #LearnMoreOutdoors|work=Ulster Wildlife|date=3 March 2021|accessdate=1 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Bailie|first=Tony|date=2021-03-06|title=Tony Bailie's Take on Nature: Advocating for the environment|url=https://www.irishnews.com/lifestyle/2021/03/06/news/tony-bailie-s-take-on-nature-advocating-for-the-environment-2244278/|accessdate=2023-09-13|work=The Irish News|language=en}}</ref> Kernahan sonyere na mmegharị a site n'inyere aka na usoro vidiyo ya banyere uru nke ụlọ akwụkwọ n'èzí na inye echiche ha banyere isiokwu ahụ.<ref name="BelfastInterview3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/life/features/being-out-in-nature-is-a-fun-way-to-learn/40150305.html|title='Being out in nature is a fun way to learn'|date=3 March 2021|work=Belfast Telegraph|accessdate=16 May 2023}}</ref> === TED-Okwu === Na 14 Machị 2020, Kernahan nwere TED-Talk ebe ha na onye ọzọ na-eto eto na-ahụ maka ihu igwe, [[Kaitlyn Laverty]], kpọrọ ndị na-ekiri ka ha mee ihe ma were nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi kpọrọ ihe.<ref name="tedtalk">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ted.com/talks/anna_kernahan_kaitlyn_laverty_young_climate_justice_activists_call_for_action|title=Young climate justice activists call for action|work=TED|date=14 October 2020|accessdate=1 June 2023}}</ref> === Onyinye Amnesty Brave 2020 === N'afọ 2020, Kernahan meriri Amnesty Brave Award 2020 n'ihi na ha anọwo na-eme ngagharị iwe ihe karịrị ọkara afọ mgbe Ireland nwere iwu mkpesa siri ike.<ref name="amnsety">{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org.uk/braveawards|title=Amnesty Brave Awards 2020|date=|work=Amnesty International UK|accessdate=1 June 2023|quote=Anna Kernahan is a 17-year-old climate activist who unfailingly takes part in weekly climate strikes in Northern Ireland as part of the global Fridays for Future movement. She has now kept it up for six months: a considerable achievement given that protest laws are stricter than elsewhere in the UK.}}</ref> === Ememme Sayensị nke Northern Ireland === N'etiti 15th na 28 February 2021, na Northern Ireland Science Festival, Kernahan sonyeere mkparịta ụka ọgbọ na ọgbọ banyere nsogbu ndị dị mkpa na-eche mbara ala ihu na ihe dị mkpa ime iji metụta ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ọha na eze, nke akpọrọ How to save the planet, . E gosipụtara mkparịta ụka ahụ na mmekorita ya na British Council Northern Ireland, gụnyere Jane Goodall na Tara Shine ma bụrụ nke onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ọhịa bụ [[Lizzie Daly]] kwadoro. <ref name="NIFestival">{{Cite web|url=https://nireland.britishcouncil.org/northern-ireland-science-festival-2021|title=How to Save The Planet - In conversation with Dr. Jane Goodall DBE, Tara Shine and Anna Kernahan|work=British Council: Northern Ireland|accessdate=1 June 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=ONE PLANET How to Save the Planet – In conversation with Dr. Jane Goodall DBE, Tara Shine and Anna Kernahan – Tara Shine|url=https://www.tarashine.com/one-planet-how-to-save-the-planet-in-conversation-with-dr-jane-goodall-dbe-tara-shine-and-anna-kernahan/|accessdate=2023-09-11|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Cousins|first=Graeme|date=February 9, 2021|title=World renowned primatologist Dr Jane Goodall to take part in NI climate panel discussion|url=https://www.newsletter.co.uk/news/environment/world-renowned-primatologist-dr-jane-goodall-to-take-part-in-ni-climate-panel-discussion-3129053|work=News Letter}}</ref> == Nkatọ == A katọrọ Kernahan maka naanị ụlọ akwụkwọ na-eme ngagharị iwe maka gburugburu ebe obibi ka ha wee nwee ike ịhapụ klas. Ha kwuru n'ajụjụ ọnụ na ha kpọrọ ịgba akwụkwọ asị ma họrọ ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ, mana ha enweghị nhọrọ n'ihi na ha chere na ọ bụ ọrụ omume ha.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Interview with Anna Kernahan, Climate Strike Activist {{!}} Development Education Review|url=https://www.developmenteducationreview.com/issue/issue-30/interview-anna-kernahan-climate-strike-activist|accessdate=2024-01-30|work=www.developmenteducationreview.com}}</ref><ref name="NewsletterUK1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsletter.co.uk/education/ni-teenager-id-rather-be-school-taking-part-climate-strikes-1364982|title=NI Teenager: I'd Rather be in School Than Taking Part in Climate Strikes|author=((The Newsroom))|date=15 January 2020|work=News Letter|accessdate=1 June 2023}}</ref> == Ihe edeturu == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Ntụaka == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] r8vkjnzbga1zoek0qu5klxjmovpx54l 0 77185 670566 2026-06-30T21:14:22Z Aluta editor 62822 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1236606901|Sebkha el Melah, El Menia]]" 670566 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Sebkha el Melah''', nke a makwaara dị ka Sebkhel el Melah ma ọ bụ '''Sebkhet el Melah''' bụ ọdọ mmiri nnu dị na El Menia Province, etiti [[Algeria]] . <ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite web|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1429|title=Sebkhet El Melah|publisher=Ramsar Sites Information Service|work=Ramsar|accessdate=2 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sebkhel el Melah, Béchar, Algeria|url=https://www.google.com.au/maps?q=Sebkhel+el+Melah,+B%C3%A9char,+Algeria&hl=en&ie=UTF8&ll=29.360633,-1.065674&spn=1.297413,2.175293&sll=29.101777,-1.049194&sspn=1.300697,2.175293&oq=sebkhel+el+me&hnear=Sebkhel+el+Melah&t=m&z=9|work=Google Maps|accessdate=14 March 2013}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == Sebkha el Melah bụ ọdọ nnu nke hibere na basin dị na mpaghara El Menia na etiti [[:en:Algeria|Algeria]]. Ọ nwere ozu mmiri abụọ, nke elu nke ọdọ mmiri yiri, nke nwere salinity na-agafeghị oke na ahịhịa na anụmanụ dị iche iche, na nke dị ala bụ ọdọ sabkha ma ọ bụ ọdọ nnu, nke nwere salinity dị elu, akụkụ nwere nnu na obere ahịhịa.<ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite web|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1429|title=Sebkhet El Melah|publisher=Ramsar Sites Information Service|work=Ramsar|accessdate=2 August 2019}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1429 "Sebkhet El Melah"]. </cite></ref> == Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi == A họpụtara Sebkha el Melah dị ka Ebe Ramsar kemgbe afọ 2004. Mpaghara nke ebe Ramsar bụ 18,947 hekta (46,820 acres), ala nke ọdọ mmiri ndịda bụ saline na ahịhịa dị obere. N'ala, e nwere osisi tamarisk na ụdị osisi dị iche iche na-amị mkpụrụ. A na-arụ ọrụ ugbo ụfọdụ, gụnyere ịkọ nkwụ date. A na-ahụ ọtụtụ ụdị anụ na-akpụ akpụ na anụ na-ebi n'ala n'ebe ugwu, yana anụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ, [[Fish|azụ]] na obere anụ na-enye nwa ara. Ebe ahụ nwere mkpa mba ụwa n'ihi nnụnụ mmiri na-amụ nwa ma na-azụlite ụmụ ha ebe a. Ọdọ mmiri ndị ahụ na-amịpụta ihe karịsịa n'ihi okpomọkụ dị elu; ihe karịrị 1% nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ụwa nke shelduck (''Tadorna ferruginea'') na ọbọgwụ ferruginous (''Aythya nyroca'') na-amụ na Sebkha el Melah.<ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite web|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1429|title=Sebkhet El Melah|publisher=Ramsar Sites Information Service|work=Ramsar|accessdate=2 August 2019}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1429 "Sebkhet El Melah"]. </cite></ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} p5wi6ultjs7dav7q3dcgqcmj30s3vge 670567 670566 2026-06-30T21:21:23Z Aluta editor 62822 670567 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Sebkha el Melah''', nke a makwaara dị ka Sebkhel el Melah ma ọ bụ '''Sebkhet el Melah''' bụ ọdọ mmiri nnu dị na El Menia Province, etiti [[Algeria]] . <ref name="Ramsar" />{{Cite web|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1429|title=Sebkhet El Melah|publisher=Ramsar Sites Information Service|work=Ramsar|accessdate=2 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sebkhel el Melah, Béchar, Algeria|url=https://www.google.com.au/maps?q=Sebkhel+el+Melah,+B%C3%A9char,+Algeria&hl=en&ie=UTF8&ll=29.360633,-1.065674&spn=1.297413,2.175293&sll=29.101777,-1.049194&sspn=1.300697,2.175293&oq=sebkhel+el+me&hnear=Sebkhel+el+Melah&t=m&z=9|work=Google Maps|accessdate=14 March 2013}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == Sebkha el Melah bụ ọdọ nnu nke hibere na basin dị na mpaghara El Menia na etiti [[:en:Algeria|Algeria]]. Ọ nwere ozu mmiri abụọ, nke elu nke ọdọ mmiri yiri, nke nwere salinity na-agafeghị oke na ahịhịa na anụmanụ dị iche iche, na nke dị ala bụ ọdọ sabkha ma ọ bụ ọdọ nnu, nke nwere salinity dị elu, akụkụ nwere nnu na obere ahịhịa.<ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite web|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1429|title=Sebkhet El Melah|publisher=Ramsar Sites Information Service|work=Ramsar|accessdate=2 August 2019}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1429 "Sebkhet El Melah"]. </cite></ref> == Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi == A họpụtara Sebkha el Melah dị ka Ebe Ramsar kemgbe afọ 2004. Mpaghara nke ebe Ramsar bụ 18,947 hekta (46,820 acres), ala nke ọdọ mmiri ndịda bụ saline na ahịhịa dị obere. N'ala, e nwere osisi tamarisk na ụdị osisi dị iche iche na-amị mkpụrụ. A na-arụ ọrụ ugbo ụfọdụ, gụnyere ịkọ nkwụ date. A na-ahụ ọtụtụ ụdị anụ na-akpụ akpụ na anụ na-ebi n'ala n'ebe ugwu, yana anụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ, [[Fish|azụ]] na obere anụ na-enye nwa ara. Ebe ahụ nwere mkpa mba ụwa n'ihi nnụnụ mmiri na-amụ nwa ma na-azụlite ụmụ ha ebe a. Ọdọ mmiri ndị ahụ na-amịpụta ihe karịsịa n'ihi okpomọkụ dị elu; ihe karịrị 1% nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ụwa nke shelduck (''Tadorna ferruginea'') na ọbọgwụ ferruginous (''Aythya nyroca'') na-amụ na Sebkha el Melah.<ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite web|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1429|title=Sebkhet El Melah|publisher=Ramsar Sites Information Service|work=Ramsar|accessdate=2 August 2019}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1429 "Sebkhet El Melah"]. </cite></ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} p4jr1x15yare1416vm0l16d42u5v811 670568 670567 2026-06-30T21:22:57Z Aluta editor 62822 670568 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sebkhet El Melah|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1429|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref>  <templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Sebkha el Melah''', nke a makwaara dị ka Sebkhel el Melah ma ọ bụ '''Sebkhet el Melah''' bụ ọdọ mmiri nnu dị na El Menia Province, etiti [[Algeria]] . <ref name="Ramsar" />{{Cite web|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1429|title=Sebkhet El Melah|publisher=Ramsar Sites Information Service|work=Ramsar|accessdate=2 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sebkhel el Melah, Béchar, Algeria|url=https://www.google.com.au/maps?q=Sebkhel+el+Melah,+B%C3%A9char,+Algeria&hl=en&ie=UTF8&ll=29.360633,-1.065674&spn=1.297413,2.175293&sll=29.101777,-1.049194&sspn=1.300697,2.175293&oq=sebkhel+el+me&hnear=Sebkhel+el+Melah&t=m&z=9|work=Google Maps|accessdate=14 March 2013}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == Sebkha el Melah bụ ọdọ nnu nke hibere na basin dị na mpaghara El Menia na etiti [[:en:Algeria|Algeria]]. Ọ nwere ozu mmiri abụọ, nke elu nke ọdọ mmiri yiri, nke nwere salinity na-agafeghị oke na ahịhịa na anụmanụ dị iche iche, na nke dị ala bụ ọdọ sabkha ma ọ bụ ọdọ nnu, nke nwere salinity dị elu, akụkụ nwere nnu na obere ahịhịa.<ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite web|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1429|title=Sebkhet El Melah|publisher=Ramsar Sites Information Service|work=Ramsar|accessdate=2 August 2019}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1429 "Sebkhet El Melah"]. </cite></ref> == Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi == A họpụtara Sebkha el Melah dị ka Ebe Ramsar kemgbe afọ 2004. Mpaghara nke ebe Ramsar bụ 18,947 hekta (46,820 acres), ala nke ọdọ mmiri ndịda bụ saline na ahịhịa dị obere. N'ala, e nwere osisi tamarisk na ụdị osisi dị iche iche na-amị mkpụrụ. A na-arụ ọrụ ugbo ụfọdụ, gụnyere ịkọ nkwụ date. A na-ahụ ọtụtụ ụdị anụ na-akpụ akpụ na anụ na-ebi n'ala n'ebe ugwu, yana anụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ, [[Fish|azụ]] na obere anụ na-enye nwa ara. Ebe ahụ nwere mkpa mba ụwa n'ihi nnụnụ mmiri na-amụ nwa ma na-azụlite ụmụ ha ebe a. Ọdọ mmiri ndị ahụ na-amịpụta ihe karịsịa n'ihi okpomọkụ dị elu; ihe karịrị 1% nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ụwa nke shelduck (''Tadorna ferruginea'') na ọbọgwụ ferruginous (''Aythya nyroca'') na-amụ na Sebkha el Melah.<ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite web|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1429|title=Sebkhet El Melah|publisher=Ramsar Sites Information Service|work=Ramsar|accessdate=2 August 2019}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1429 "Sebkhet El Melah"]. </cite></ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} 5lb7pv8lzzoif1yv5bji6k0c5kaqlmv 0 77186 670569 2026-06-30T21:28:28Z Aluta editor 62822 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330812059|Réghaïa lake]]" 670569 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ọdọ Mmiri Reghaia''' dị na obodo Réghaia, Algeria, 29 kilomita n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Algiers.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=El Haouati|first=Habiba|date=2015|title=Study of the diatoms of Reghaia Lake, northern Algeria|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/revec_0249-7395_2015_num_70_1_1768|journal=Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie)|volume=70|issue=1|pages=44–57}}</ref>&nbsp; Ọ na-anakọta mmiri site na mmiri nke 84² km2, nke Oued Réghaïa si na ya na-asọ. A matara ọdọ mmiri ahụ, tinyere oké ọhịa Réghaïa, dị ka Ebe Ramsar na June 4, 2003. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Lac de Fetzara|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/fr/ris/1299|work=Service d’information sur les Sites Ramsar|language=fr}}</ref>&nbsp; == Ebe == Ọdọ mmiri Réghaïa dị kilomita 29 n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Algiers.<sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="48" href="./Reghaïa" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Reghaïa">Reghaia Lake, northern Algeria<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>https://www.persee.fr/doc/revec_0249-7395_2015_num_70_1_1768&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;journal&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Revue</nowiki> d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie)<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;volume<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;70<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;issue<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;1<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;pages<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;44–57<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mw-w\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt9\" class=\"citation journal cs1\" id=\"CITEREFEl_HaouatiArabTudesqueLek2015\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">El Haouati, Habiba; Arab, Abdeslem; Tudesque, Loïc; Lek, Sovan; Samraoui, Boudjéma (2015). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.persee.fr/doc/revec_0249-7395_2015_num_70_1_1768\" id=\"mw_A\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Study of the diatoms of Reghaia Lake, northern Algeria\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mw_Q\">Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie)</i></nowiki>. <nowiki><b id=\"mw_g\">70</b></nowiki> (1): <nowiki><span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mw_w\">44–</span></nowiki>57.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Réghaïa_lake#cite_note-:0-1 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> Ọ dị na obodo Réghaïa na mpaghara Mitidja nke Basse Kabylie . <ref>{{Cite web|title=TerraServer - Aerial Photos & Satellite Images|url=http://www.terraserver.com/view.asp?cx=3.6201279&cy=36.7228968&proj=4326&mpp=1&sdrt=jax|work=terraserver.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310203947/http://www.terraserver.com/view.asp?cx=3.6201279&cy=36.7228968&proj=4326&mpp=1&sdrt=jax|archivedate=2016-03-10}}</ref>&nbsp; == Nkọwa == Ọdọ mmiri Réghaïa kwekọrọ n'ọnụ mmiri nke Oued Réghaia, nke eriri ájá kpuchiri ọnụ ya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=El Haouati|first=Habiba|date=2015|title=Study of the diatoms of Reghaia Lake, northern Algeria|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/revec_0249-7395_2015_num_70_1_1768|journal=Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie)|volume=70|issue=1|pages=44–57}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEl_HaouatiArabTudesqueLek2015">El Haouati, Habiba; Arab, Abdeslem; Tudesque, Loïc; Lek, Sovan; Samraoui, Boudjéma (2015). [https://www.persee.fr/doc/revec_0249-7395_2015_num_70_1_1768 "Study of the diatoms of Reghaia Lake, northern Algeria"]. ''Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie)''. '''70''' (1): <span class="nowrap">44–</span>57.</cite></ref> Ihe dị ka mita 600 n'elu mmiri site na Mediterenian, a artificial dyke na-ejigide mmiri na-adịgide adịgide nke marshland site. Mmiri a dị n'oké osimiri nwere ụsọ mmiri na-agbadata nke ọma.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lac du reghaia - historique|url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lac-du-reghaia.sitew.com%2F#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url|language=fr}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Faịlụ:Lac_de_reghaia.jpg|thumb|Ọdọ mmiri Reghaïa]] Tupu 1930s, mgbe dunes na-egbochi Oued Réghaïa na ihe ndina ya adịghị omimi, e nwere olulu mmiri nke jupụtara na mmiri mmiri, ma ọchịchọ maka ala ubi ọhụrụ mere ka mmiri na-agbapụta site n'ịgbapụta, ịkwanye na ịkụ osisi eucalyptus. E mechara gbahapụ ọrụ a, e wuokwa ihe mgbakwụnye ala iji mepụta ebe nchekwa mmiri maka ịgba mmiri, nke ọzọ sochiri ya iji gbochie oke mmiri dị na ndagwurugwu ahụ. Emezigharịrị ọwa mgbada ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2006|title=Plan de Gestion de la Réserve Naturelle du Lac de Réghaïa (Algérie)|url=http://www.medwet.org/wp-content/pdf/NAWN_1.pdf|journal=Protection et Développement Durable des Zones Humides en Afrique du Nord|language=fr}}</ref> == Àgwà ya == === Ọdịdị ala === Ọdọ mmiri Réghaïa nwere njikọ Neogene nke ezigbo Miocene na Plio-Quaternary dị n'etiti Gibraltar na Sicilian Channel.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=El Haouati|first=Habiba|date=2015|title=Study of the diatoms of Reghaia Lake, northern Algeria|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/revec_0249-7395_2015_num_70_1_1768|journal=Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie)|volume=70|issue=1|pages=44–57}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEl_HaouatiArabTudesqueLek2015">El Haouati, Habiba; Arab, Abdeslem; Tudesque, Loïc; Lek, Sovan; Samraoui, Boudjéma (2015). [https://www.persee.fr/doc/revec_0249-7395_2015_num_70_1_1768 "Study of the diatoms of Reghaia Lake, northern Algeria"]. ''Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie)''. '''70''' (1): <span class="nowrap">44–</span>57.</cite></ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Djitli|first=Yasmina|date=2021|title=Annual cycle of water quality and macroinvertebrate composition in Algerian wetlands: a case study of lake Réghaïa (Algeria)|url=https://www.limnetica.com/documentos/limnetica/limnetica-40-2-27.pdf|journal=National Higher School of Agronomy, GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, National Higher School of Veterinary -Zoological Laboratory-, Oued-Smar|volume=40|issue=2|doi=10.23818/limn.40.27}}</ref> Ọdịdị ala a, nke a pịrị apị ma jupụta, bụ nke alluvial na marshy facies mara.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=El Haouati|first=Habiba|date=2015|title=Study of the diatoms of Reghaia Lake, northern Algeria|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/revec_0249-7395_2015_num_70_1_1768|journal=Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie)|volume=70|issue=1|pages=44–57}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEl_HaouatiArabTudesqueLek2015">El Haouati, Habiba; Arab, Abdeslem; Tudesque, Loïc; Lek, Sovan; Samraoui, Boudjéma (2015). [https://www.persee.fr/doc/revec_0249-7395_2015_num_70_1_1768 "Study of the diatoms of Reghaia Lake, northern Algeria"]. ''Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie)''. '''70''' (1): <span class="nowrap">44–</span>57.</cite></ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Djitli|first=Yasmina|date=2021|title=Annual cycle of water quality and macroinvertebrate composition in Algerian wetlands: a case study of lake Réghaïa (Algeria)|url=https://www.limnetica.com/documentos/limnetica/limnetica-40-2-27.pdf|journal=National Higher School of Agronomy, GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, National Higher School of Veterinary -Zoological Laboratory-, Oued-Smar|volume=40|issue=2|doi=10.23818/limn.40.27}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDjitli2021">Djitli, Yasmina (2021). [https://www.limnetica.com/documentos/limnetica/limnetica-40-2-27.pdf "Annual cycle of water quality and macroinvertebrate composition in Algerian wetlands: a case study of lake Réghaïa (Algeria)"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''National Higher School of Agronomy, GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, National Higher School of Veterinary -Zoological Laboratory-, Oued-Smar''. '''40''' (2). [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.23818/limn.40.27|10.23818/limn.40.27]].</cite></ref> Ụdị Quaternary nke na-adịbeghị anya na nke ugbu a nwere ihe ndị dị n'oké osimiri na ọdọ mmiri, pebbly na alluvium silty nke na-eme n'oge na-adịgide adịgide, dunes, scallop lumachelles, poudingues na sandstones, ájá ụrọ na alluvius Quaternari oge ochie.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=El Haouati|first=Habiba|date=2015|title=Study of the diatoms of Reghaia Lake, northern Algeria|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/revec_0249-7395_2015_num_70_1_1768|journal=Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie)|volume=70|issue=1|pages=44–57}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEl_HaouatiArabTudesqueLek2015">El Haouati, Habiba; Arab, Abdeslem; Tudesque, Loïc; Lek, Sovan; Samraoui, Boudjéma (2015). [https://www.persee.fr/doc/revec_0249-7395_2015_num_70_1_1768 "Study of the diatoms of Reghaia Lake, northern Algeria"]. ''Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie)''. '''70''' (1): <span class="nowrap">44–</span>57.</cite></ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Djitli|first=Yasmina|date=2021|title=Annual cycle of water quality and macroinvertebrate composition in Algerian wetlands: a case study of lake Réghaïa (Algeria)|url=https://www.limnetica.com/documentos/limnetica/limnetica-40-2-27.pdf|journal=National Higher School of Agronomy, GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, National Higher School of Veterinary -Zoological Laboratory-, Oued-Smar|volume=40|issue=2|doi=10.23818/limn.40.27}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDjitli2021">Djitli, Yasmina (2021). [https://www.limnetica.com/documentos/limnetica/limnetica-40-2-27.pdf "Annual cycle of water quality and macroinvertebrate composition in Algerian wetlands: a case study of lake Réghaïa (Algeria)"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''National Higher School of Agronomy, GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, National Higher School of Veterinary -Zoological Laboratory-, Oued-Smar''. '''40''' (2). [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.23818/limn.40.27|10.23818/limn.40.27]].</cite></ref> === Geomorphology === Ọdọ mmiri Réghaïa dị n'elu ugwu dị elu n'etiti mpaghara Réghaia . <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Djitli|first=Yasmina|date=2021|title=Annual cycle of water quality and macroinvertebrate composition in Algerian wetlands: a case study of lake Réghaïa (Algeria)|url=https://www.limnetica.com/documentos/limnetica/limnetica-40-2-27.pdf|journal=National Higher School of Agronomy, GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, National Higher School of Veterinary -Zoological Laboratory-, Oued-Smar|volume=40|issue=2|doi=10.23818/limn.40.27}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDjitli2021">Djitli, Yasmina (2021). [https://www.limnetica.com/documentos/limnetica/limnetica-40-2-27.pdf "Annual cycle of water quality and macroinvertebrate composition in Algerian wetlands: a case study of lake Réghaïa (Algeria)"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''National Higher School of Agronomy, GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, National Higher School of Veterinary -Zoological Laboratory-, Oued-Smar''. '''40''' (2). [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.23818/limn.40.27|10.23818/limn.40.27]].</cite></ref> Elu ya, nke ọtụtụ ndagwurugwu mmiri na-asọsi ike, nwere nhazi na-agbagọ agbagọ nke Oued Réghaïa gafere, nke na-emepụta obere ndagwurugwum dị warara nke nwere ndagwurughu abụọ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Djitli|first=Yasmina|date=2021|title=Annual cycle of water quality and macroinvertebrate composition in Algerian wetlands: a case study of lake Réghaïa (Algeria)|url=https://www.limnetica.com/documentos/limnetica/limnetica-40-2-27.pdf|journal=National Higher School of Agronomy, GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, National Higher School of Veterinary -Zoological Laboratory-, Oued-Smar|volume=40|issue=2|doi=10.23818/limn.40.27}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDjitli2021">Djitli, Yasmina (2021). [https://www.limnetica.com/documentos/limnetica/limnetica-40-2-27.pdf "Annual cycle of water quality and macroinvertebrate composition in Algerian wetlands: a case study of lake Réghaïa (Algeria)"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''National Higher School of Agronomy, GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, National Higher School of Veterinary -Zoological Laboratory-, Oued-Smar''. '''40''' (2). [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.23818/limn.40.27|10.23818/limn.40.27]].</cite></ref> Otu n'ime ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, nke bụbu nke Saïdani na Ali Khodja, bụzi ebe ịchụ nta Réghaïa, ụlọ ọrụ na-akpọ ụda mba na ebe a na-agbapụta mmiri.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Delleci|first=K.|date=2018|title=Evaluation of the quality of the ground of the lake of Reghaïa in heavy metals and study of their distribution on the surface|url=https://www.aljest.net/index.php/aljest/article/view/56|journal=Algerian Journal of Environmental Science and Technology|volume=4|issue=3}}</ref> Nke ọzọ, n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, bụ Douar Aïn El Kahla na Domaine agricole de Boudhane.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Delleci|first=K.|date=2018|title=Evaluation of the quality of the ground of the lake of Reghaïa in heavy metals and study of their distribution on the surface|url=https://www.aljest.net/index.php/aljest/article/view/56|journal=Algerian Journal of Environmental Science and Technology|volume=4|issue=3}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDelleciMohamedMadjdoubSayoud2018">Delleci, K.; Mohamed, N.; Madjdoub, F.; Sayoud, K. (2018). [https://www.aljest.net/index.php/aljest/article/view/56 "Evaluation of the quality of the ground of the lake of Reghaïa in heavy metals and study of their distribution on the surface"]. ''Algerian Journal of Environmental Science and Technology''. '''4''' (3).</cite></ref> N'akụkụ ugwu nke ndagwurugwu ahụ, ihe ndị dị n'elu ugwu na-agbasa, na-ekewa ọnụ Oued Réghaïa na Oké Osimiri Mediterenian.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014|title=Le lac ou le marais de Réghaïa|url=https://www.algerie-dz.com/forums/voyages/337848-le-lac-ou-le-marais-de-réghaïa?t=329881|work=Forum Algérie|language=fr}}</ref> === Nkà mmụta ụmụ anụmanụ === Ala dị n'ọdọ mmiri Réghaïa na-abụkarị ájá. Akụkụ dị n'etiti, n'aka nke ọzọ, bụ ala na-eme nri nke nwere ụrọ, ma nwee ala na-acha nchara nchara na ala na- ọbara ọbara. === Mmiri na-amụ banyere mmiri === Ọdọ Mmiri Reghaia na-enweta mmiri dị n'okpuru ala site na marsh Réghaia, nke Oued Réghaï, Oued Guesbaï, Ouad Berraba, Oued El Biar, Oued Boureah na Oued El Hamiz na-enye mmiri.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Delleci|first=K.|date=2018|title=Evaluation of the quality of the ground of the lake of Reghaïa in heavy metals and study of their distribution on the surface|url=https://www.aljest.net/index.php/aljest/article/view/56|journal=Algerian Journal of Environmental Science and Technology|volume=4|issue=3}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDelleciMohamedMadjdoubSayoud2018">Delleci, K.; Mohamed, N.; Madjdoub, F.; Sayoud, K. (2018). [https://www.aljest.net/index.php/aljest/article/view/56 "Evaluation of the quality of the ground of the lake of Reghaïa in heavy metals and study of their distribution on the surface"]. ''Algerian Journal of Environmental Science and Technology''. '''4''' (3).</cite></ref> [[Faịlụ:KoppenclassificationworldmapCs.png|thumb|Ọnọdụ ihu igwe Mediterenian gburugburu ụwa.]] === Ọnọdụ ihu igwe === Ọdọ mmiri Reghaia dị n'ógbè nwere ihu igwe Mediterenian, nke a na-eji oge mmiri ozuzo ọnwa 7 na oge ọkọchị ọnwa 5. Dabere na climagram nke Emberger, Réghaïa marsh dị na mpaghara bioclimatic na-ekpo ọkụ, nke a na-ahụkarị site na ọkọchị, oge okpomọkụ na oge oyi dị nro. ==== Ifufe ==== Ifufe dị n'Ọdọ Mmiri Réghaïa na-adịkarị mfe ma ọ bụ agafeghị oke, ọkachasị na ugwu-ọdịda anyanwụ. Sirocco na-efe efe na nkezi 5 ụbọchị n'afọ, ebe égbè eluigwe na-emekarị, karịsịa n'oge oyi na n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ na nkezi nke 23.3 ụbọchị / afọ. ==== Mmiri ==== Oge mmiri mmiri na ọdọ mmiri Réghaïa gụnyere oge atọ niile (ụbịa, oyi na mmiri), ebe ọkọchị bụ ọkọchị. ==== Nchịkọta ihu igwe ==== Ọnọdụ ihu igwe na ọdọ mmiri Réghaïa bụ Mediterenian, nke nwere oge mmiri ozuzo ọnwa asaa na oge ọkọchị ọnwa ise. === Ụkpụrụ mmiri === A na-ahụ ọdọ mmiri Réghaïa site na mgbasa nke idei mmiri, mmiri dị n'okpuru ala na mkpokọta ala. Ọrụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'ezie bụ mgbochi mbuze n'ụsọ oké osimiri, njikwa idei mmiri, ijide sediment na mmezi mmiri. Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ ndị a, Ọdọ Mmiri Réghaïa na-agba [[ala ugbo]] 1,200 mmiri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lac du reghaia. Caractéristiques physiques|url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lac-du-reghaia.sitew.com%2FCaracteristiques_physiques_.C.htm#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url|work=SiteW.com|language=fr}}</ref> === Ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi === Ọdọ mmiri Réghaïa nwere ebe obibi 5 na gburugburu ebe obibi. ==== Ala Mmiri ==== Réghaïa maritime marsh na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'igbochi na ịchịkwa idei mmiri, yana ichekwa ụdị nnụnụ ụfọdụ na-akpa n'ebe ahụ. Ahịhịa nke marsh a na-emepụta mpaghara dị iche iche na gburugburu ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Maiche|first=Zineb|date=2008|title=Lac de Réghaïa : Menacé par l'urbanisation|url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.djazairess.com%2Ffr%2Felwatan%2F104757#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url|work=El Watan|language=fr}}</ref> ==== Mmiri mepere emepe ==== Ọdọ mmiri Réghaïa bụ ọdọ mmiri na-adịgide adịgide nke na-ekpuchi ihe karịrị hekta 75.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Le lac de Réghaïa|url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fniarunblog.unblog.fr%2Flieux-touristiques-algerie%2Fparc-national-de-chrea%2Fle-lac-de-reghaia%2F#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url|work=El Ayam|language=fr}}</ref> ==== Akara ala dị n'elu ala ==== Akpụkpọ anụ dune Réghaïa, ihe mgbochi sitere n'okike dị n'etiti oke osimiri Mediterenian na oke mmiri mmiri, bụ mkpọmkpọ ebe kwụsiri ike. Ahịhịa, nke na-eto n'okirikiri dị warara n'akụkụ eriri mmiri a, kwụsịrị ma dozie ájá ahụ, na-eme ihe mgbochi na-emechi ọnụ nke Oued Réghaïa.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2012|title=Plan Côtier de Reghaia, rapport de cadrage|url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2F195.97.36.231%2Fdbases%2FMAPlibraryHoldings%2FMedpartnership%2FFINAL%2520REPORTS%2FSub-Comp%25201.2%2520ICZM%2F1.2.2%2520Demonstrations%2FReghaia%2FPCR_Rapport%2520Cadrage_F.pdf|journal=MedPartnership|language=fr}}</ref> ==== Ebe Mmiri na-eme ==== Mpaghara mmiri Réghaïa dị gburugburu obere agwaetiti Agueli ma ọ bụ Bounettah, nke bụ ebe ụmụ nnụnụ ụfọdụ na-anọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2005|title=Programme d'Aménagement Côtier (PAC) "Zone côtière algéroise"|url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pap-thecoastcentre.org%2Fpdfs%2FProtection_des_sites_sensibles_Rapport_3.pdf|journal=Programme d'Actions Prioritaires Centre d'Activités Régionales|language=fr}}</ref> ==== Obodo ahịhịa ==== Ubi ahịhịa nke Réghaïa na-emepụta eriri dị warara gburugburu ọdọ mmiri ahụ, na-enye ezigbo nchebe maka ụmụ nnụnụ. N'ime gburugburu ebe dịgasị iche iche, Anụmanụ dịgasị nnọọ iche, na ndị na-eri ahịhịa na ndị na'eri anụ na-enye aka na usoro nri nke marsh.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Djitli|first=Yasmina|date=2021|title=Annual cycle of water quality and macroinvertebrate composition in Algerian wetlands: a case study of lake Réghaïa (Algeria)|url=https://www.limnetica.com/documentos/limnetica/limnetica-40-2-27.pdf|journal=National Higher School of Agronomy, GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, National Higher School of Veterinary -Zoological Laboratory-, Oued-Smar|volume=40|issue=2|doi=10.23818/limn.40.27}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDjitli2021">Djitli, Yasmina (2021). [https://www.limnetica.com/documentos/limnetica/limnetica-40-2-27.pdf "Annual cycle of water quality and macroinvertebrate composition in Algerian wetlands: a case study of lake Réghaïa (Algeria)"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''National Higher School of Agronomy, GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, National Higher School of Veterinary -Zoological Laboratory-, Oued-Smar''. '''40''' (2). [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.23818/limn.40.27|10.23818/limn.40.27]].</cite></ref> == Hụkwa ==   * Ndepụta ọdọ mmiri * Ndagwurugwu Reghaïa * Ọdịdị ala nke Algeria * Anụ ọhịa nke Algeria == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] jpmzfgc0glqgdgx91uvh7hbxvyzvaue 670570 670569 2026-06-30T21:29:40Z Aluta editor 62822 670570 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ọdọ Mmiri Reghaia''' dị na obodo Réghaia, Algeria, 29 kilomita n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Algiers.<ref name=":0" /> &nbsp; Ọ na-anakọta mmiri site na mmiri nke 84² km2, nke Oued Réghaïa si na ya na-asọ. A matara ọdọ mmiri ahụ, tinyere oké ọhịa Réghaïa, dị ka Ebe Ramsar na June 4, 2003. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Lac de Fetzara|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/fr/ris/1299|work=Service d’information sur les Sites Ramsar|language=fr}}</ref>&nbsp; == Ebe == Ọdọ mmiri Réghaïa dị kilomita 29 n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Algiers.<sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="48" href="./Reghaïa" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Reghaïa">Reghaia Lake, northern Algeria<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>https://www.persee.fr/doc/revec_0249-7395_2015_num_70_1_1768&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;journal&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Revue</nowiki> d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie)<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;volume<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;70<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;issue<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;1<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;pages<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;44–57<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mw-w\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt9\" class=\"citation journal cs1\" id=\"CITEREFEl_HaouatiArabTudesqueLek2015\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">El Haouati, Habiba; Arab, Abdeslem; Tudesque, Loïc; Lek, Sovan; Samraoui, Boudjéma (2015). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.persee.fr/doc/revec_0249-7395_2015_num_70_1_1768\" id=\"mw_A\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Study of the diatoms of Reghaia Lake, northern Algeria\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mw_Q\">Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie)</i></nowiki>. <nowiki><b id=\"mw_g\">70</b></nowiki> (1): <nowiki><span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mw_w\">44–</span></nowiki>57.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Réghaïa_lake#cite_note-:0-1 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> Ọ dị na obodo Réghaïa na mpaghara Mitidja nke Basse Kabylie . <ref>{{Cite web|title=TerraServer - Aerial Photos & Satellite Images|url=http://www.terraserver.com/view.asp?cx=3.6201279&cy=36.7228968&proj=4326&mpp=1&sdrt=jax|work=terraserver.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310203947/http://www.terraserver.com/view.asp?cx=3.6201279&cy=36.7228968&proj=4326&mpp=1&sdrt=jax|archivedate=2016-03-10}}</ref>&nbsp; == Nkọwa == Ọdọ mmiri Réghaïa kwekọrọ n'ọnụ mmiri nke Oued Réghaia, nke eriri ájá kpuchiri ọnụ ya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=El Haouati|first=Habiba|date=2015|title=Study of the diatoms of Reghaia Lake, northern Algeria|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/revec_0249-7395_2015_num_70_1_1768|journal=Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie)|volume=70|issue=1|pages=44–57}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEl_HaouatiArabTudesqueLek2015">El Haouati, Habiba; Arab, Abdeslem; Tudesque, Loïc; Lek, Sovan; Samraoui, Boudjéma (2015). [https://www.persee.fr/doc/revec_0249-7395_2015_num_70_1_1768 "Study of the diatoms of Reghaia Lake, northern Algeria"]. ''Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie)''. '''70''' (1): <span class="nowrap">44–</span>57.</cite></ref> Ihe dị ka mita 600 n'elu mmiri site na Mediterenian, a artificial dyke na-ejigide mmiri na-adịgide adịgide nke marshland site. Mmiri a dị n'oké osimiri nwere ụsọ mmiri na-agbadata nke ọma.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lac du reghaia - historique|url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lac-du-reghaia.sitew.com%2F#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url|language=fr}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Faịlụ:Lac_de_reghaia.jpg|thumb|Ọdọ mmiri Reghaïa]] Tupu 1930s, mgbe dunes na-egbochi Oued Réghaïa na ihe ndina ya adịghị omimi, e nwere olulu mmiri nke jupụtara na mmiri mmiri, ma ọchịchọ maka ala ubi ọhụrụ mere ka mmiri na-agbapụta site n'ịgbapụta, ịkwanye na ịkụ osisi eucalyptus. E mechara gbahapụ ọrụ a, e wuokwa ihe mgbakwụnye ala iji mepụta ebe nchekwa mmiri maka ịgba mmiri, nke ọzọ sochiri ya iji gbochie oke mmiri dị na ndagwurugwu ahụ. Emezigharịrị ọwa mgbada ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2006|title=Plan de Gestion de la Réserve Naturelle du Lac de Réghaïa (Algérie)|url=http://www.medwet.org/wp-content/pdf/NAWN_1.pdf|journal=Protection et Développement Durable des Zones Humides en Afrique du Nord|language=fr}}</ref> == Àgwà ya == === Ọdịdị ala === Ọdọ mmiri Réghaïa nwere njikọ Neogene nke ezigbo Miocene na Plio-Quaternary dị n'etiti Gibraltar na Sicilian Channel.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=El Haouati|first=Habiba|date=2015|title=Study of the diatoms of Reghaia Lake, northern Algeria|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/revec_0249-7395_2015_num_70_1_1768|journal=Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie)|volume=70|issue=1|pages=44–57}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEl_HaouatiArabTudesqueLek2015">El Haouati, Habiba; Arab, Abdeslem; Tudesque, Loïc; Lek, Sovan; Samraoui, Boudjéma (2015). [https://www.persee.fr/doc/revec_0249-7395_2015_num_70_1_1768 "Study of the diatoms of Reghaia Lake, northern Algeria"]. ''Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie)''. '''70''' (1): <span class="nowrap">44–</span>57.</cite></ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Djitli|first=Yasmina|date=2021|title=Annual cycle of water quality and macroinvertebrate composition in Algerian wetlands: a case study of lake Réghaïa (Algeria)|url=https://www.limnetica.com/documentos/limnetica/limnetica-40-2-27.pdf|journal=National Higher School of Agronomy, GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, National Higher School of Veterinary -Zoological Laboratory-, Oued-Smar|volume=40|issue=2|doi=10.23818/limn.40.27}}</ref> Ọdịdị ala a, nke a pịrị apị ma jupụta, bụ nke alluvial na marshy facies mara.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=El Haouati|first=Habiba|date=2015|title=Study of the diatoms of Reghaia Lake, northern Algeria|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/revec_0249-7395_2015_num_70_1_1768|journal=Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie)|volume=70|issue=1|pages=44–57}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEl_HaouatiArabTudesqueLek2015">El Haouati, Habiba; Arab, Abdeslem; Tudesque, Loïc; Lek, Sovan; Samraoui, Boudjéma (2015). [https://www.persee.fr/doc/revec_0249-7395_2015_num_70_1_1768 "Study of the diatoms of Reghaia Lake, northern Algeria"]. ''Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie)''. '''70''' (1): <span class="nowrap">44–</span>57.</cite></ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Djitli|first=Yasmina|date=2021|title=Annual cycle of water quality and macroinvertebrate composition in Algerian wetlands: a case study of lake Réghaïa (Algeria)|url=https://www.limnetica.com/documentos/limnetica/limnetica-40-2-27.pdf|journal=National Higher School of Agronomy, GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, National Higher School of Veterinary -Zoological Laboratory-, Oued-Smar|volume=40|issue=2|doi=10.23818/limn.40.27}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDjitli2021">Djitli, Yasmina (2021). [https://www.limnetica.com/documentos/limnetica/limnetica-40-2-27.pdf "Annual cycle of water quality and macroinvertebrate composition in Algerian wetlands: a case study of lake Réghaïa (Algeria)"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''National Higher School of Agronomy, GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, National Higher School of Veterinary -Zoological Laboratory-, Oued-Smar''. '''40''' (2). [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.23818/limn.40.27|10.23818/limn.40.27]].</cite></ref> Ụdị Quaternary nke na-adịbeghị anya na nke ugbu a nwere ihe ndị dị n'oké osimiri na ọdọ mmiri, pebbly na alluvium silty nke na-eme n'oge na-adịgide adịgide, dunes, scallop lumachelles, poudingues na sandstones, ájá ụrọ na alluvius Quaternari oge ochie.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=El Haouati|first=Habiba|date=2015|title=Study of the diatoms of Reghaia Lake, northern Algeria|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/revec_0249-7395_2015_num_70_1_1768|journal=Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie)|volume=70|issue=1|pages=44–57}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEl_HaouatiArabTudesqueLek2015">El Haouati, Habiba; Arab, Abdeslem; Tudesque, Loïc; Lek, Sovan; Samraoui, Boudjéma (2015). [https://www.persee.fr/doc/revec_0249-7395_2015_num_70_1_1768 "Study of the diatoms of Reghaia Lake, northern Algeria"]. ''Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie)''. '''70''' (1): <span class="nowrap">44–</span>57.</cite></ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Djitli|first=Yasmina|date=2021|title=Annual cycle of water quality and macroinvertebrate composition in Algerian wetlands: a case study of lake Réghaïa (Algeria)|url=https://www.limnetica.com/documentos/limnetica/limnetica-40-2-27.pdf|journal=National Higher School of Agronomy, GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, National Higher School of Veterinary -Zoological Laboratory-, Oued-Smar|volume=40|issue=2|doi=10.23818/limn.40.27}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDjitli2021">Djitli, Yasmina (2021). [https://www.limnetica.com/documentos/limnetica/limnetica-40-2-27.pdf "Annual cycle of water quality and macroinvertebrate composition in Algerian wetlands: a case study of lake Réghaïa (Algeria)"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''National Higher School of Agronomy, GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, National Higher School of Veterinary -Zoological Laboratory-, Oued-Smar''. '''40''' (2). [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.23818/limn.40.27|10.23818/limn.40.27]].</cite></ref> === Geomorphology === Ọdọ mmiri Réghaïa dị n'elu ugwu dị elu n'etiti mpaghara Réghaia . <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Djitli|first=Yasmina|date=2021|title=Annual cycle of water quality and macroinvertebrate composition in Algerian wetlands: a case study of lake Réghaïa (Algeria)|url=https://www.limnetica.com/documentos/limnetica/limnetica-40-2-27.pdf|journal=National Higher School of Agronomy, GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, National Higher School of Veterinary -Zoological Laboratory-, Oued-Smar|volume=40|issue=2|doi=10.23818/limn.40.27}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDjitli2021">Djitli, Yasmina (2021). [https://www.limnetica.com/documentos/limnetica/limnetica-40-2-27.pdf "Annual cycle of water quality and macroinvertebrate composition in Algerian wetlands: a case study of lake Réghaïa (Algeria)"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''National Higher School of Agronomy, GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, National Higher School of Veterinary -Zoological Laboratory-, Oued-Smar''. '''40''' (2). [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.23818/limn.40.27|10.23818/limn.40.27]].</cite></ref> Elu ya, nke ọtụtụ ndagwurugwu mmiri na-asọsi ike, nwere nhazi na-agbagọ agbagọ nke Oued Réghaïa gafere, nke na-emepụta obere ndagwurugwum dị warara nke nwere ndagwurughu abụọ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Djitli|first=Yasmina|date=2021|title=Annual cycle of water quality and macroinvertebrate composition in Algerian wetlands: a case study of lake Réghaïa (Algeria)|url=https://www.limnetica.com/documentos/limnetica/limnetica-40-2-27.pdf|journal=National Higher School of Agronomy, GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, National Higher School of Veterinary -Zoological Laboratory-, Oued-Smar|volume=40|issue=2|doi=10.23818/limn.40.27}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDjitli2021">Djitli, Yasmina (2021). [https://www.limnetica.com/documentos/limnetica/limnetica-40-2-27.pdf "Annual cycle of water quality and macroinvertebrate composition in Algerian wetlands: a case study of lake Réghaïa (Algeria)"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''National Higher School of Agronomy, GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, National Higher School of Veterinary -Zoological Laboratory-, Oued-Smar''. '''40''' (2). [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.23818/limn.40.27|10.23818/limn.40.27]].</cite></ref> Otu n'ime ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, nke bụbu nke Saïdani na Ali Khodja, bụzi ebe ịchụ nta Réghaïa, ụlọ ọrụ na-akpọ ụda mba na ebe a na-agbapụta mmiri.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Delleci|first=K.|date=2018|title=Evaluation of the quality of the ground of the lake of Reghaïa in heavy metals and study of their distribution on the surface|url=https://www.aljest.net/index.php/aljest/article/view/56|journal=Algerian Journal of Environmental Science and Technology|volume=4|issue=3}}</ref> Nke ọzọ, n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, bụ Douar Aïn El Kahla na Domaine agricole de Boudhane.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Delleci|first=K.|date=2018|title=Evaluation of the quality of the ground of the lake of Reghaïa in heavy metals and study of their distribution on the surface|url=https://www.aljest.net/index.php/aljest/article/view/56|journal=Algerian Journal of Environmental Science and Technology|volume=4|issue=3}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDelleciMohamedMadjdoubSayoud2018">Delleci, K.; Mohamed, N.; Madjdoub, F.; Sayoud, K. (2018). [https://www.aljest.net/index.php/aljest/article/view/56 "Evaluation of the quality of the ground of the lake of Reghaïa in heavy metals and study of their distribution on the surface"]. ''Algerian Journal of Environmental Science and Technology''. '''4''' (3).</cite></ref> N'akụkụ ugwu nke ndagwurugwu ahụ, ihe ndị dị n'elu ugwu na-agbasa, na-ekewa ọnụ Oued Réghaïa na Oké Osimiri Mediterenian.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014|title=Le lac ou le marais de Réghaïa|url=https://www.algerie-dz.com/forums/voyages/337848-le-lac-ou-le-marais-de-réghaïa?t=329881|work=Forum Algérie|language=fr}}</ref> === Nkà mmụta ụmụ anụmanụ === Ala dị n'ọdọ mmiri Réghaïa na-abụkarị ájá. Akụkụ dị n'etiti, n'aka nke ọzọ, bụ ala na-eme nri nke nwere ụrọ, ma nwee ala na-acha nchara nchara na ala na- ọbara ọbara. === Mmiri na-amụ banyere mmiri === Ọdọ Mmiri Reghaia na-enweta mmiri dị n'okpuru ala site na marsh Réghaia, nke Oued Réghaï, Oued Guesbaï, Ouad Berraba, Oued El Biar, Oued Boureah na Oued El Hamiz na-enye mmiri.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Delleci|first=K.|date=2018|title=Evaluation of the quality of the ground of the lake of Reghaïa in heavy metals and study of their distribution on the surface|url=https://www.aljest.net/index.php/aljest/article/view/56|journal=Algerian Journal of Environmental Science and Technology|volume=4|issue=3}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDelleciMohamedMadjdoubSayoud2018">Delleci, K.; Mohamed, N.; Madjdoub, F.; Sayoud, K. (2018). [https://www.aljest.net/index.php/aljest/article/view/56 "Evaluation of the quality of the ground of the lake of Reghaïa in heavy metals and study of their distribution on the surface"]. ''Algerian Journal of Environmental Science and Technology''. '''4''' (3).</cite></ref> [[Faịlụ:KoppenclassificationworldmapCs.png|thumb|Ọnọdụ ihu igwe Mediterenian gburugburu ụwa.]] === Ọnọdụ ihu igwe === Ọdọ mmiri Reghaia dị n'ógbè nwere ihu igwe Mediterenian, nke a na-eji oge mmiri ozuzo ọnwa 7 na oge ọkọchị ọnwa 5. Dabere na climagram nke Emberger, Réghaïa marsh dị na mpaghara bioclimatic na-ekpo ọkụ, nke a na-ahụkarị site na ọkọchị, oge okpomọkụ na oge oyi dị nro. ==== Ifufe ==== Ifufe dị n'Ọdọ Mmiri Réghaïa na-adịkarị mfe ma ọ bụ agafeghị oke, ọkachasị na ugwu-ọdịda anyanwụ. Sirocco na-efe efe na nkezi 5 ụbọchị n'afọ, ebe égbè eluigwe na-emekarị, karịsịa n'oge oyi na n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ na nkezi nke 23.3 ụbọchị / afọ. ==== Mmiri ==== Oge mmiri mmiri na ọdọ mmiri Réghaïa gụnyere oge atọ niile (ụbịa, oyi na mmiri), ebe ọkọchị bụ ọkọchị. ==== Nchịkọta ihu igwe ==== Ọnọdụ ihu igwe na ọdọ mmiri Réghaïa bụ Mediterenian, nke nwere oge mmiri ozuzo ọnwa asaa na oge ọkọchị ọnwa ise. === Ụkpụrụ mmiri === A na-ahụ ọdọ mmiri Réghaïa site na mgbasa nke idei mmiri, mmiri dị n'okpuru ala na mkpokọta ala. Ọrụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'ezie bụ mgbochi mbuze n'ụsọ oké osimiri, njikwa idei mmiri, ijide sediment na mmezi mmiri. Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ ndị a, Ọdọ Mmiri Réghaïa na-agba [[ala ugbo]] 1,200 mmiri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lac du reghaia. Caractéristiques physiques|url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lac-du-reghaia.sitew.com%2FCaracteristiques_physiques_.C.htm#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url|work=SiteW.com|language=fr}}</ref> === Ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi === Ọdọ mmiri Réghaïa nwere ebe obibi 5 na gburugburu ebe obibi. ==== Ala Mmiri ==== Réghaïa maritime marsh na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'igbochi na ịchịkwa idei mmiri, yana ichekwa ụdị nnụnụ ụfọdụ na-akpa n'ebe ahụ. Ahịhịa nke marsh a na-emepụta mpaghara dị iche iche na gburugburu ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Maiche|first=Zineb|date=2008|title=Lac de Réghaïa : Menacé par l'urbanisation|url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.djazairess.com%2Ffr%2Felwatan%2F104757#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url|work=El Watan|language=fr}}</ref> ==== Mmiri mepere emepe ==== Ọdọ mmiri Réghaïa bụ ọdọ mmiri na-adịgide adịgide nke na-ekpuchi ihe karịrị hekta 75.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Le lac de Réghaïa|url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fniarunblog.unblog.fr%2Flieux-touristiques-algerie%2Fparc-national-de-chrea%2Fle-lac-de-reghaia%2F#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url|work=El Ayam|language=fr}}</ref> ==== Akara ala dị n'elu ala ==== Akpụkpọ anụ dune Réghaïa, ihe mgbochi sitere n'okike dị n'etiti oke osimiri Mediterenian na oke mmiri mmiri, bụ mkpọmkpọ ebe kwụsiri ike. Ahịhịa, nke na-eto n'okirikiri dị warara n'akụkụ eriri mmiri a, kwụsịrị ma dozie ájá ahụ, na-eme ihe mgbochi na-emechi ọnụ nke Oued Réghaïa.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2012|title=Plan Côtier de Reghaia, rapport de cadrage|url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2F195.97.36.231%2Fdbases%2FMAPlibraryHoldings%2FMedpartnership%2FFINAL%2520REPORTS%2FSub-Comp%25201.2%2520ICZM%2F1.2.2%2520Demonstrations%2FReghaia%2FPCR_Rapport%2520Cadrage_F.pdf|journal=MedPartnership|language=fr}}</ref> ==== Ebe Mmiri na-eme ==== Mpaghara mmiri Réghaïa dị gburugburu obere agwaetiti Agueli ma ọ bụ Bounettah, nke bụ ebe ụmụ nnụnụ ụfọdụ na-anọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2005|title=Programme d'Aménagement Côtier (PAC) "Zone côtière algéroise"|url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pap-thecoastcentre.org%2Fpdfs%2FProtection_des_sites_sensibles_Rapport_3.pdf|journal=Programme d'Actions Prioritaires Centre d'Activités Régionales|language=fr}}</ref> ==== Obodo ahịhịa ==== Ubi ahịhịa nke Réghaïa na-emepụta eriri dị warara gburugburu ọdọ mmiri ahụ, na-enye ezigbo nchebe maka ụmụ nnụnụ. N'ime gburugburu ebe dịgasị iche iche, Anụmanụ dịgasị nnọọ iche, na ndị na-eri ahịhịa na ndị na'eri anụ na-enye aka na usoro nri nke marsh.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Djitli|first=Yasmina|date=2021|title=Annual cycle of water quality and macroinvertebrate composition in Algerian wetlands: a case study of lake Réghaïa (Algeria)|url=https://www.limnetica.com/documentos/limnetica/limnetica-40-2-27.pdf|journal=National Higher School of Agronomy, GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, National Higher School of Veterinary -Zoological Laboratory-, Oued-Smar|volume=40|issue=2|doi=10.23818/limn.40.27}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDjitli2021">Djitli, Yasmina (2021). [https://www.limnetica.com/documentos/limnetica/limnetica-40-2-27.pdf "Annual cycle of water quality and macroinvertebrate composition in Algerian wetlands: a case study of lake Réghaïa (Algeria)"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''National Higher School of Agronomy, GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, National Higher School of Veterinary -Zoological Laboratory-, Oued-Smar''. '''40''' (2). [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.23818/limn.40.27|10.23818/limn.40.27]].</cite></ref> == Hụkwa ==   * Ndepụta ọdọ mmiri * Ndagwurugwu Reghaïa * Ọdịdị ala nke Algeria * Anụ ọhịa nke Algeria == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] iravmwg6o3i21lhrxmjwc5i00msj2o1 670571 670570 2026-06-30T21:30:52Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed reference with multiple tag name 670571 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ọdọ Mmiri Reghaia''' dị na obodo Réghaia, Algeria, 29 kilomita n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Algiers.<ref name=":0" /> &nbsp; Ọ na-anakọta mmiri site na mmiri nke 84² km2, nke Oued Réghaïa si na ya na-asọ. A matara ọdọ mmiri ahụ, tinyere oké ọhịa Réghaïa, dị ka Ebe Ramsar na June 4, 2003. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Lac de Fetzara|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/fr/ris/1299|work=Service d’information sur les Sites Ramsar|language=fr}}</ref>&nbsp; == Ebe == Ọdọ mmiri Réghaïa dị kilomita 29 n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Algiers.<sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="48" href="./Reghaïa" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Reghaïa">Reghaia Lake, northern Algeria<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>https://www.persee.fr/doc/revec_0249-7395_2015_num_70_1_1768&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;journal&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Revue</nowiki> d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie)<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;volume<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;70<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;issue<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;1<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;pages<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;44–57<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mw-w\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt9\" class=\"citation journal cs1\" id=\"CITEREFEl_HaouatiArabTudesqueLek2015\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">El Haouati, Habiba; Arab, Abdeslem; Tudesque, Loïc; Lek, Sovan; Samraoui, Boudjéma (2015). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.persee.fr/doc/revec_0249-7395_2015_num_70_1_1768\" id=\"mw_A\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Study of the diatoms of Reghaia Lake, northern Algeria\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mw_Q\">Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie)</i></nowiki>. <nowiki><b id=\"mw_g\">70</b></nowiki> (1): <nowiki><span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mw_w\">44–</span></nowiki>57.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Réghaïa_lake#cite_note-:0-1 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> Ọ dị na obodo Réghaïa na mpaghara Mitidja nke Basse Kabylie . <ref>{{Cite web|title=TerraServer - Aerial Photos & Satellite Images|url=http://www.terraserver.com/view.asp?cx=3.6201279&cy=36.7228968&proj=4326&mpp=1&sdrt=jax|work=terraserver.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310203947/http://www.terraserver.com/view.asp?cx=3.6201279&cy=36.7228968&proj=4326&mpp=1&sdrt=jax|archivedate=2016-03-10}}</ref>&nbsp; == Nkọwa == Ọdọ mmiri Réghaïa kwekọrọ n'ọnụ mmiri nke Oued Réghaia, nke eriri ájá kpuchiri ọnụ ya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=El Haouati|first=Habiba|date=2015|title=Study of the diatoms of Reghaia Lake, northern Algeria|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/revec_0249-7395_2015_num_70_1_1768|journal=Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie)|volume=70|issue=1|pages=44–57}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEl_HaouatiArabTudesqueLek2015">El Haouati, Habiba; Arab, Abdeslem; Tudesque, Loïc; Lek, Sovan; Samraoui, Boudjéma (2015). [https://www.persee.fr/doc/revec_0249-7395_2015_num_70_1_1768 "Study of the diatoms of Reghaia Lake, northern Algeria"]. ''Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie)''. '''70''' (1): <span class="nowrap">44–</span>57.</cite></ref> Ihe dị ka mita 600 n'elu mmiri site na Mediterenian, a artificial dyke na-ejigide mmiri na-adịgide adịgide nke marshland site. Mmiri a dị n'oké osimiri nwere ụsọ mmiri na-agbadata nke ọma.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lac du reghaia - historique|url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lac-du-reghaia.sitew.com%2F#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url|language=fr}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Faịlụ:Lac_de_reghaia.jpg|thumb|Ọdọ mmiri Reghaïa]] Tupu 1930s, mgbe dunes na-egbochi Oued Réghaïa na ihe ndina ya adịghị omimi, e nwere olulu mmiri nke jupụtara na mmiri mmiri, ma ọchịchọ maka ala ubi ọhụrụ mere ka mmiri na-agbapụta site n'ịgbapụta, ịkwanye na ịkụ osisi eucalyptus. E mechara gbahapụ ọrụ a, e wuokwa ihe mgbakwụnye ala iji mepụta ebe nchekwa mmiri maka ịgba mmiri, nke ọzọ sochiri ya iji gbochie oke mmiri dị na ndagwurugwu ahụ. Emezigharịrị ọwa mgbada ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2006|title=Plan de Gestion de la Réserve Naturelle du Lac de Réghaïa (Algérie)|url=http://www.medwet.org/wp-content/pdf/NAWN_1.pdf|journal=Protection et Développement Durable des Zones Humides en Afrique du Nord|language=fr}}</ref> == Àgwà ya == === Ọdịdị ala === Ọdọ mmiri Réghaïa nwere njikọ Neogene nke ezigbo Miocene na Plio-Quaternary dị n'etiti Gibraltar na Sicilian Channel.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=El Haouati|first=Habiba|date=2015|title=Study of the diatoms of Reghaia Lake, northern Algeria|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/revec_0249-7395_2015_num_70_1_1768|journal=Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie)|volume=70|issue=1|pages=44–57}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEl_HaouatiArabTudesqueLek2015">El Haouati, Habiba; Arab, Abdeslem; Tudesque, Loïc; Lek, Sovan; Samraoui, Boudjéma (2015). [https://www.persee.fr/doc/revec_0249-7395_2015_num_70_1_1768 "Study of the diatoms of Reghaia Lake, northern Algeria"]. ''Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie)''. '''70''' (1): <span class="nowrap">44–</span>57.</cite></ref><ref name=":1" /> Ọdịdị ala a, nke a pịrị apị ma jupụta, bụ nke alluvial na marshy facies mara.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=El Haouati|first=Habiba|date=2015|title=Study of the diatoms of Reghaia Lake, northern Algeria|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/revec_0249-7395_2015_num_70_1_1768|journal=Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie)|volume=70|issue=1|pages=44–57}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEl_HaouatiArabTudesqueLek2015">El Haouati, Habiba; Arab, Abdeslem; Tudesque, Loïc; Lek, Sovan; Samraoui, Boudjéma (2015). [https://www.persee.fr/doc/revec_0249-7395_2015_num_70_1_1768 "Study of the diatoms of Reghaia Lake, northern Algeria"]. ''Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie)''. '''70''' (1): <span class="nowrap">44–</span>57.</cite></ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Djitli|first=Yasmina|date=2021|title=Annual cycle of water quality and macroinvertebrate composition in Algerian wetlands: a case study of lake Réghaïa (Algeria)|url=https://www.limnetica.com/documentos/limnetica/limnetica-40-2-27.pdf|journal=National Higher School of Agronomy, GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, National Higher School of Veterinary -Zoological Laboratory-, Oued-Smar|volume=40|issue=2|doi=10.23818/limn.40.27}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDjitli2021">Djitli, Yasmina (2021). [https://www.limnetica.com/documentos/limnetica/limnetica-40-2-27.pdf "Annual cycle of water quality and macroinvertebrate composition in Algerian wetlands: a case study of lake Réghaïa (Algeria)"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''National Higher School of Agronomy, GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, National Higher School of Veterinary -Zoological Laboratory-, Oued-Smar''. '''40''' (2). [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.23818/limn.40.27|10.23818/limn.40.27]].</cite></ref> Ụdị Quaternary nke na-adịbeghị anya na nke ugbu a nwere ihe ndị dị n'oké osimiri na ọdọ mmiri, pebbly na alluvium silty nke na-eme n'oge na-adịgide adịgide, dunes, scallop lumachelles, poudingues na sandstones, ájá ụrọ na alluvius Quaternari oge ochie.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=El Haouati|first=Habiba|date=2015|title=Study of the diatoms of Reghaia Lake, northern Algeria|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/revec_0249-7395_2015_num_70_1_1768|journal=Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie)|volume=70|issue=1|pages=44–57}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEl_HaouatiArabTudesqueLek2015">El Haouati, Habiba; Arab, Abdeslem; Tudesque, Loïc; Lek, Sovan; Samraoui, Boudjéma (2015). [https://www.persee.fr/doc/revec_0249-7395_2015_num_70_1_1768 "Study of the diatoms of Reghaia Lake, northern Algeria"]. ''Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie)''. '''70''' (1): <span class="nowrap">44–</span>57.</cite></ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Djitli|first=Yasmina|date=2021|title=Annual cycle of water quality and macroinvertebrate composition in Algerian wetlands: a case study of lake Réghaïa (Algeria)|url=https://www.limnetica.com/documentos/limnetica/limnetica-40-2-27.pdf|journal=National Higher School of Agronomy, GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, National Higher School of Veterinary -Zoological Laboratory-, Oued-Smar|volume=40|issue=2|doi=10.23818/limn.40.27}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDjitli2021">Djitli, Yasmina (2021). [https://www.limnetica.com/documentos/limnetica/limnetica-40-2-27.pdf "Annual cycle of water quality and macroinvertebrate composition in Algerian wetlands: a case study of lake Réghaïa (Algeria)"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''National Higher School of Agronomy, GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, National Higher School of Veterinary -Zoological Laboratory-, Oued-Smar''. '''40''' (2). [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.23818/limn.40.27|10.23818/limn.40.27]].</cite></ref> === Geomorphology === Ọdọ mmiri Réghaïa dị n'elu ugwu dị elu n'etiti mpaghara Réghaia . <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Djitli|first=Yasmina|date=2021|title=Annual cycle of water quality and macroinvertebrate composition in Algerian wetlands: a case study of lake Réghaïa (Algeria)|url=https://www.limnetica.com/documentos/limnetica/limnetica-40-2-27.pdf|journal=National Higher School of Agronomy, GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, National Higher School of Veterinary -Zoological Laboratory-, Oued-Smar|volume=40|issue=2|doi=10.23818/limn.40.27}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDjitli2021">Djitli, Yasmina (2021). [https://www.limnetica.com/documentos/limnetica/limnetica-40-2-27.pdf "Annual cycle of water quality and macroinvertebrate composition in Algerian wetlands: a case study of lake Réghaïa (Algeria)"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''National Higher School of Agronomy, GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, National Higher School of Veterinary -Zoological Laboratory-, Oued-Smar''. '''40''' (2). [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.23818/limn.40.27|10.23818/limn.40.27]].</cite></ref> Elu ya, nke ọtụtụ ndagwurugwu mmiri na-asọsi ike, nwere nhazi na-agbagọ agbagọ nke Oued Réghaïa gafere, nke na-emepụta obere ndagwurugwum dị warara nke nwere ndagwurughu abụọ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Djitli|first=Yasmina|date=2021|title=Annual cycle of water quality and macroinvertebrate composition in Algerian wetlands: a case study of lake Réghaïa (Algeria)|url=https://www.limnetica.com/documentos/limnetica/limnetica-40-2-27.pdf|journal=National Higher School of Agronomy, GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, National Higher School of Veterinary -Zoological Laboratory-, Oued-Smar|volume=40|issue=2|doi=10.23818/limn.40.27}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDjitli2021">Djitli, Yasmina (2021). [https://www.limnetica.com/documentos/limnetica/limnetica-40-2-27.pdf "Annual cycle of water quality and macroinvertebrate composition in Algerian wetlands: a case study of lake Réghaïa (Algeria)"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''National Higher School of Agronomy, GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, National Higher School of Veterinary -Zoological Laboratory-, Oued-Smar''. '''40''' (2). [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.23818/limn.40.27|10.23818/limn.40.27]].</cite></ref> Otu n'ime ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, nke bụbu nke Saïdani na Ali Khodja, bụzi ebe ịchụ nta Réghaïa, ụlọ ọrụ na-akpọ ụda mba na ebe a na-agbapụta mmiri.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Delleci|first=K.|date=2018|title=Evaluation of the quality of the ground of the lake of Reghaïa in heavy metals and study of their distribution on the surface|url=https://www.aljest.net/index.php/aljest/article/view/56|journal=Algerian Journal of Environmental Science and Technology|volume=4|issue=3}}</ref> Nke ọzọ, n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, bụ Douar Aïn El Kahla na Domaine agricole de Boudhane.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Delleci|first=K.|date=2018|title=Evaluation of the quality of the ground of the lake of Reghaïa in heavy metals and study of their distribution on the surface|url=https://www.aljest.net/index.php/aljest/article/view/56|journal=Algerian Journal of Environmental Science and Technology|volume=4|issue=3}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDelleciMohamedMadjdoubSayoud2018">Delleci, K.; Mohamed, N.; Madjdoub, F.; Sayoud, K. (2018). [https://www.aljest.net/index.php/aljest/article/view/56 "Evaluation of the quality of the ground of the lake of Reghaïa in heavy metals and study of their distribution on the surface"]. ''Algerian Journal of Environmental Science and Technology''. '''4''' (3).</cite></ref> N'akụkụ ugwu nke ndagwurugwu ahụ, ihe ndị dị n'elu ugwu na-agbasa, na-ekewa ọnụ Oued Réghaïa na Oké Osimiri Mediterenian.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014|title=Le lac ou le marais de Réghaïa|url=https://www.algerie-dz.com/forums/voyages/337848-le-lac-ou-le-marais-de-réghaïa?t=329881|work=Forum Algérie|language=fr}}</ref> === Nkà mmụta ụmụ anụmanụ === Ala dị n'ọdọ mmiri Réghaïa na-abụkarị ájá. Akụkụ dị n'etiti, n'aka nke ọzọ, bụ ala na-eme nri nke nwere ụrọ, ma nwee ala na-acha nchara nchara na ala na- ọbara ọbara. === Mmiri na-amụ banyere mmiri === Ọdọ Mmiri Reghaia na-enweta mmiri dị n'okpuru ala site na marsh Réghaia, nke Oued Réghaï, Oued Guesbaï, Ouad Berraba, Oued El Biar, Oued Boureah na Oued El Hamiz na-enye mmiri.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Delleci|first=K.|date=2018|title=Evaluation of the quality of the ground of the lake of Reghaïa in heavy metals and study of their distribution on the surface|url=https://www.aljest.net/index.php/aljest/article/view/56|journal=Algerian Journal of Environmental Science and Technology|volume=4|issue=3}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDelleciMohamedMadjdoubSayoud2018">Delleci, K.; Mohamed, N.; Madjdoub, F.; Sayoud, K. (2018). [https://www.aljest.net/index.php/aljest/article/view/56 "Evaluation of the quality of the ground of the lake of Reghaïa in heavy metals and study of their distribution on the surface"]. ''Algerian Journal of Environmental Science and Technology''. '''4''' (3).</cite></ref> [[Faịlụ:KoppenclassificationworldmapCs.png|thumb|Ọnọdụ ihu igwe Mediterenian gburugburu ụwa.]] === Ọnọdụ ihu igwe === Ọdọ mmiri Reghaia dị n'ógbè nwere ihu igwe Mediterenian, nke a na-eji oge mmiri ozuzo ọnwa 7 na oge ọkọchị ọnwa 5. Dabere na climagram nke Emberger, Réghaïa marsh dị na mpaghara bioclimatic na-ekpo ọkụ, nke a na-ahụkarị site na ọkọchị, oge okpomọkụ na oge oyi dị nro. ==== Ifufe ==== Ifufe dị n'Ọdọ Mmiri Réghaïa na-adịkarị mfe ma ọ bụ agafeghị oke, ọkachasị na ugwu-ọdịda anyanwụ. Sirocco na-efe efe na nkezi 5 ụbọchị n'afọ, ebe égbè eluigwe na-emekarị, karịsịa n'oge oyi na n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ na nkezi nke 23.3 ụbọchị / afọ. ==== Mmiri ==== Oge mmiri mmiri na ọdọ mmiri Réghaïa gụnyere oge atọ niile (ụbịa, oyi na mmiri), ebe ọkọchị bụ ọkọchị. ==== Nchịkọta ihu igwe ==== Ọnọdụ ihu igwe na ọdọ mmiri Réghaïa bụ Mediterenian, nke nwere oge mmiri ozuzo ọnwa asaa na oge ọkọchị ọnwa ise. === Ụkpụrụ mmiri === A na-ahụ ọdọ mmiri Réghaïa site na mgbasa nke idei mmiri, mmiri dị n'okpuru ala na mkpokọta ala. Ọrụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'ezie bụ mgbochi mbuze n'ụsọ oké osimiri, njikwa idei mmiri, ijide sediment na mmezi mmiri. Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ ndị a, Ọdọ Mmiri Réghaïa na-agba [[ala ugbo]] 1,200 mmiri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lac du reghaia. Caractéristiques physiques|url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lac-du-reghaia.sitew.com%2FCaracteristiques_physiques_.C.htm#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url|work=SiteW.com|language=fr}}</ref> === Ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi === Ọdọ mmiri Réghaïa nwere ebe obibi 5 na gburugburu ebe obibi. ==== Ala Mmiri ==== Réghaïa maritime marsh na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'igbochi na ịchịkwa idei mmiri, yana ichekwa ụdị nnụnụ ụfọdụ na-akpa n'ebe ahụ. Ahịhịa nke marsh a na-emepụta mpaghara dị iche iche na gburugburu ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Maiche|first=Zineb|date=2008|title=Lac de Réghaïa : Menacé par l'urbanisation|url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.djazairess.com%2Ffr%2Felwatan%2F104757#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url|work=El Watan|language=fr}}</ref> ==== Mmiri mepere emepe ==== Ọdọ mmiri Réghaïa bụ ọdọ mmiri na-adịgide adịgide nke na-ekpuchi ihe karịrị hekta 75.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Le lac de Réghaïa|url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fniarunblog.unblog.fr%2Flieux-touristiques-algerie%2Fparc-national-de-chrea%2Fle-lac-de-reghaia%2F#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url|work=El Ayam|language=fr}}</ref> ==== Akara ala dị n'elu ala ==== Akpụkpọ anụ dune Réghaïa, ihe mgbochi sitere n'okike dị n'etiti oke osimiri Mediterenian na oke mmiri mmiri, bụ mkpọmkpọ ebe kwụsiri ike. Ahịhịa, nke na-eto n'okirikiri dị warara n'akụkụ eriri mmiri a, kwụsịrị ma dozie ájá ahụ, na-eme ihe mgbochi na-emechi ọnụ nke Oued Réghaïa.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2012|title=Plan Côtier de Reghaia, rapport de cadrage|url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2F195.97.36.231%2Fdbases%2FMAPlibraryHoldings%2FMedpartnership%2FFINAL%2520REPORTS%2FSub-Comp%25201.2%2520ICZM%2F1.2.2%2520Demonstrations%2FReghaia%2FPCR_Rapport%2520Cadrage_F.pdf|journal=MedPartnership|language=fr}}</ref> ==== Ebe Mmiri na-eme ==== Mpaghara mmiri Réghaïa dị gburugburu obere agwaetiti Agueli ma ọ bụ Bounettah, nke bụ ebe ụmụ nnụnụ ụfọdụ na-anọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2005|title=Programme d'Aménagement Côtier (PAC) "Zone côtière algéroise"|url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pap-thecoastcentre.org%2Fpdfs%2FProtection_des_sites_sensibles_Rapport_3.pdf|journal=Programme d'Actions Prioritaires Centre d'Activités Régionales|language=fr}}</ref> ==== Obodo ahịhịa ==== Ubi ahịhịa nke Réghaïa na-emepụta eriri dị warara gburugburu ọdọ mmiri ahụ, na-enye ezigbo nchebe maka ụmụ nnụnụ. N'ime gburugburu ebe dịgasị iche iche, Anụmanụ dịgasị nnọọ iche, na ndị na-eri ahịhịa na ndị na'eri anụ na-enye aka na usoro nri nke marsh.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Djitli|first=Yasmina|date=2021|title=Annual cycle of water quality and macroinvertebrate composition in Algerian wetlands: a case study of lake Réghaïa (Algeria)|url=https://www.limnetica.com/documentos/limnetica/limnetica-40-2-27.pdf|journal=National Higher School of Agronomy, GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, National Higher School of Veterinary -Zoological Laboratory-, Oued-Smar|volume=40|issue=2|doi=10.23818/limn.40.27}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDjitli2021">Djitli, Yasmina (2021). [https://www.limnetica.com/documentos/limnetica/limnetica-40-2-27.pdf "Annual cycle of water quality and macroinvertebrate composition in Algerian wetlands: a case study of lake Réghaïa (Algeria)"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''National Higher School of Agronomy, GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, National Higher School of Veterinary -Zoological Laboratory-, Oued-Smar''. '''40''' (2). [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.23818/limn.40.27|10.23818/limn.40.27]].</cite></ref> == Hụkwa ==   * Ndepụta ọdọ mmiri * Ndagwurugwu Reghaïa * Ọdịdị ala nke Algeria * Anụ ọhịa nke Algeria == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 3vx8acngvlourh2gmial9otl42p5jq1 670572 670571 2026-06-30T21:31:25Z Aluta editor 62822 670572 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ọdọ Mmiri Reghaia''' dị na obodo Réghaia, Algeria, 29 kilomita n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Algiers.<ref name=":0" /> &nbsp; Ọ na-anakọta mmiri site na mmiri nke 84² km2, nke Oued Réghaïa si na ya na-asọ. A matara ọdọ mmiri ahụ, tinyere oké ọhịa Réghaïa, dị ka Ebe Ramsar na June 4, 2003. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Lac de Fetzara|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/fr/ris/1299|work=Service d’information sur les Sites Ramsar|language=fr}}</ref>&nbsp; == Ebe == Ọdọ mmiri Réghaïa dị kilomita 29 n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Algiers.<sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="48" href="./Reghaïa" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Reghaïa">Reghaia Lake, northern Algeria<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>https://www.persee.fr/doc/revec_0249-7395_2015_num_70_1_1768&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;journal&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Revue</nowiki> d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie)<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;volume<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;70<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;issue<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;1<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;pages<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;44–57<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mw-w\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt9\" class=\"citation journal cs1\" id=\"CITEREFEl_HaouatiArabTudesqueLek2015\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">El Haouati, Habiba; Arab, Abdeslem; Tudesque, Loïc; Lek, Sovan; Samraoui, Boudjéma (2015). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.persee.fr/doc/revec_0249-7395_2015_num_70_1_1768\" id=\"mw_A\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Study of the diatoms of Reghaia Lake, northern Algeria\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mw_Q\">Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie)</i></nowiki>. <nowiki><b id=\"mw_g\">70</b></nowiki> (1): <nowiki><span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mw_w\">44–</span></nowiki>57.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Réghaïa_lake#cite_note-:0-1 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> Ọ dị na obodo Réghaïa na mpaghara Mitidja nke Basse Kabylie . <ref>{{Cite web|title=TerraServer - Aerial Photos & Satellite Images|url=http://www.terraserver.com/view.asp?cx=3.6201279&cy=36.7228968&proj=4326&mpp=1&sdrt=jax|work=terraserver.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310203947/http://www.terraserver.com/view.asp?cx=3.6201279&cy=36.7228968&proj=4326&mpp=1&sdrt=jax|archivedate=2016-03-10}}</ref>&nbsp; == Nkọwa == Ọdọ mmiri Réghaïa kwekọrọ n'ọnụ mmiri nke Oued Réghaia, nke eriri ájá kpuchiri ọnụ ya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=El Haouati|first=Habiba|date=2015|title=Study of the diatoms of Reghaia Lake, northern Algeria|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/revec_0249-7395_2015_num_70_1_1768|journal=Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie)|volume=70|issue=1|pages=44–57}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEl_HaouatiArabTudesqueLek2015">El Haouati, Habiba; Arab, Abdeslem; Tudesque, Loïc; Lek, Sovan; Samraoui, Boudjéma (2015). [https://www.persee.fr/doc/revec_0249-7395_2015_num_70_1_1768 "Study of the diatoms of Reghaia Lake, northern Algeria"]. ''Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie)''. '''70''' (1): <span class="nowrap">44–</span>57.</cite></ref> Ihe dị ka mita 600 n'elu mmiri site na Mediterenian, a artificial dyke na-ejigide mmiri na-adịgide adịgide nke marshland site. Mmiri a dị n'oké osimiri nwere ụsọ mmiri na-agbadata nke ọma.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lac du reghaia - historique|url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lac-du-reghaia.sitew.com%2F#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url|language=fr}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Faịlụ:Lac_de_reghaia.jpg|thumb|Ọdọ mmiri Reghaïa]] Tupu 1930s, mgbe dunes na-egbochi Oued Réghaïa na ihe ndina ya adịghị omimi, e nwere olulu mmiri nke jupụtara na mmiri mmiri, ma ọchịchọ maka ala ubi ọhụrụ mere ka mmiri na-agbapụta site n'ịgbapụta, ịkwanye na ịkụ osisi eucalyptus. E mechara gbahapụ ọrụ a, e wuokwa ihe mgbakwụnye ala iji mepụta ebe nchekwa mmiri maka ịgba mmiri, nke ọzọ sochiri ya iji gbochie oke mmiri dị na ndagwurugwu ahụ. Emezigharịrị ọwa mgbada ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2006|title=Plan de Gestion de la Réserve Naturelle du Lac de Réghaïa (Algérie)|url=http://www.medwet.org/wp-content/pdf/NAWN_1.pdf|journal=Protection et Développement Durable des Zones Humides en Afrique du Nord|language=fr}}</ref> == Àgwà ya == === Ọdịdị ala === Ọdọ mmiri Réghaïa nwere njikọ Neogene nke ezigbo Miocene na Plio-Quaternary dị n'etiti Gibraltar na Sicilian Channel.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=El Haouati|first=Habiba|date=2015|title=Study of the diatoms of Reghaia Lake, northern Algeria|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/revec_0249-7395_2015_num_70_1_1768|journal=Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie)|volume=70|issue=1|pages=44–57}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEl_HaouatiArabTudesqueLek2015">El Haouati, Habiba; Arab, Abdeslem; Tudesque, Loïc; Lek, Sovan; Samraoui, Boudjéma (2015). [https://www.persee.fr/doc/revec_0249-7395_2015_num_70_1_1768 "Study of the diatoms of Reghaia Lake, northern Algeria"]. ''Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie)''. '''70''' (1): <span class="nowrap">44–</span>57.</cite></ref><ref name=":1" /> Ọdịdị ala a, nke a pịrị apị ma jupụta, bụ nke alluvial na marshy facies mara.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=El Haouati|first=Habiba|date=2015|title=Study of the diatoms of Reghaia Lake, northern Algeria|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/revec_0249-7395_2015_num_70_1_1768|journal=Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie)|volume=70|issue=1|pages=44–57}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEl_HaouatiArabTudesqueLek2015">El Haouati, Habiba; Arab, Abdeslem; Tudesque, Loïc; Lek, Sovan; Samraoui, Boudjéma (2015). [https://www.persee.fr/doc/revec_0249-7395_2015_num_70_1_1768 "Study of the diatoms of Reghaia Lake, northern Algeria"]. ''Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie)''. '''70''' (1): <span class="nowrap">44–</span>57.</cite></ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Djitli|first=Yasmina|date=2021|title=Annual cycle of water quality and macroinvertebrate composition in Algerian wetlands: a case study of lake Réghaïa (Algeria)|url=https://www.limnetica.com/documentos/limnetica/limnetica-40-2-27.pdf|journal=National Higher School of Agronomy, GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, National Higher School of Veterinary -Zoological Laboratory-, Oued-Smar|volume=40|issue=2|doi=10.23818/limn.40.27}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDjitli2021">Djitli, Yasmina (2021). [https://www.limnetica.com/documentos/limnetica/limnetica-40-2-27.pdf "Annual cycle of water quality and macroinvertebrate composition in Algerian wetlands: a case study of lake Réghaïa (Algeria)"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''National Higher School of Agronomy, GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, National Higher School of Veterinary -Zoological Laboratory-, Oued-Smar''. '''40''' (2). [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.23818/limn.40.27|10.23818/limn.40.27]].</cite></ref> Ụdị Quaternary nke na-adịbeghị anya na nke ugbu a nwere ihe ndị dị n'oké osimiri na ọdọ mmiri, pebbly na alluvium silty nke na-eme n'oge na-adịgide adịgide, dunes, scallop lumachelles, poudingues na sandstones, ájá ụrọ na alluvius Quaternari oge ochie.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=El Haouati|first=Habiba|date=2015|title=Study of the diatoms of Reghaia Lake, northern Algeria|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/revec_0249-7395_2015_num_70_1_1768|journal=Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie)|volume=70|issue=1|pages=44–57}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEl_HaouatiArabTudesqueLek2015">El Haouati, Habiba; Arab, Abdeslem; Tudesque, Loïc; Lek, Sovan; Samraoui, Boudjéma (2015). [https://www.persee.fr/doc/revec_0249-7395_2015_num_70_1_1768 "Study of the diatoms of Reghaia Lake, northern Algeria"]. ''Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie)''. '''70''' (1): <span class="nowrap">44–</span>57.</cite></ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Djitli|first=Yasmina|date=2021|title=Annual cycle of water quality and macroinvertebrate composition in Algerian wetlands: a case study of lake Réghaïa (Algeria)|url=https://www.limnetica.com/documentos/limnetica/limnetica-40-2-27.pdf|journal=National Higher School of Agronomy, GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, National Higher School of Veterinary -Zoological Laboratory-, Oued-Smar|volume=40|issue=2|doi=10.23818/limn.40.27}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDjitli2021">Djitli, Yasmina (2021). [https://www.limnetica.com/documentos/limnetica/limnetica-40-2-27.pdf "Annual cycle of water quality and macroinvertebrate composition in Algerian wetlands: a case study of lake Réghaïa (Algeria)"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''National Higher School of Agronomy, GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, National Higher School of Veterinary -Zoological Laboratory-, Oued-Smar''. '''40''' (2). [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.23818/limn.40.27|10.23818/limn.40.27]].</cite></ref> === Geomorphology === Ọdọ mmiri Réghaïa dị n'elu ugwu dị elu n'etiti mpaghara Réghaia . <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Djitli|first=Yasmina|date=2021|title=Annual cycle of water quality and macroinvertebrate composition in Algerian wetlands: a case study of lake Réghaïa (Algeria)|url=https://www.limnetica.com/documentos/limnetica/limnetica-40-2-27.pdf|journal=National Higher School of Agronomy, GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, National Higher School of Veterinary -Zoological Laboratory-, Oued-Smar|volume=40|issue=2|doi=10.23818/limn.40.27}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDjitli2021">Djitli, Yasmina (2021). [https://www.limnetica.com/documentos/limnetica/limnetica-40-2-27.pdf "Annual cycle of water quality and macroinvertebrate composition in Algerian wetlands: a case study of lake Réghaïa (Algeria)"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''National Higher School of Agronomy, GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, National Higher School of Veterinary -Zoological Laboratory-, Oued-Smar''. '''40''' (2). [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.23818/limn.40.27|10.23818/limn.40.27]].</cite></ref> Elu ya, nke ọtụtụ ndagwurugwu mmiri na-asọsi ike, nwere nhazi na-agbagọ agbagọ nke Oued Réghaïa gafere, nke na-emepụta obere ndagwurugwum dị warara nke nwere ndagwurughu abụọ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Djitli|first=Yasmina|date=2021|title=Annual cycle of water quality and macroinvertebrate composition in Algerian wetlands: a case study of lake Réghaïa (Algeria)|url=https://www.limnetica.com/documentos/limnetica/limnetica-40-2-27.pdf|journal=National Higher School of Agronomy, GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, National Higher School of Veterinary -Zoological Laboratory-, Oued-Smar|volume=40|issue=2|doi=10.23818/limn.40.27}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDjitli2021">Djitli, Yasmina (2021). [https://www.limnetica.com/documentos/limnetica/limnetica-40-2-27.pdf "Annual cycle of water quality and macroinvertebrate composition in Algerian wetlands: a case study of lake Réghaïa (Algeria)"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''National Higher School of Agronomy, GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, National Higher School of Veterinary -Zoological Laboratory-, Oued-Smar''. '''40''' (2). [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.23818/limn.40.27|10.23818/limn.40.27]].</cite></ref> Otu n'ime ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, nke bụbu nke Saïdani na Ali Khodja, bụzi ebe ịchụ nta Réghaïa, ụlọ ọrụ na-akpọ ụda mba na ebe a na-agbapụta mmiri.<ref name=":2" /> Nke ọzọ, n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, bụ Douar Aïn El Kahla na Domaine agricole de Boudhane.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Delleci|first=K.|date=2018|title=Evaluation of the quality of the ground of the lake of Reghaïa in heavy metals and study of their distribution on the surface|url=https://www.aljest.net/index.php/aljest/article/view/56|journal=Algerian Journal of Environmental Science and Technology|volume=4|issue=3}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDelleciMohamedMadjdoubSayoud2018">Delleci, K.; Mohamed, N.; Madjdoub, F.; Sayoud, K. (2018). [https://www.aljest.net/index.php/aljest/article/view/56 "Evaluation of the quality of the ground of the lake of Reghaïa in heavy metals and study of their distribution on the surface"]. ''Algerian Journal of Environmental Science and Technology''. '''4''' (3).</cite></ref> N'akụkụ ugwu nke ndagwurugwu ahụ, ihe ndị dị n'elu ugwu na-agbasa, na-ekewa ọnụ Oued Réghaïa na Oké Osimiri Mediterenian.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014|title=Le lac ou le marais de Réghaïa|url=https://www.algerie-dz.com/forums/voyages/337848-le-lac-ou-le-marais-de-réghaïa?t=329881|work=Forum Algérie|language=fr}}</ref> === Nkà mmụta ụmụ anụmanụ === Ala dị n'ọdọ mmiri Réghaïa na-abụkarị ájá. Akụkụ dị n'etiti, n'aka nke ọzọ, bụ ala na-eme nri nke nwere ụrọ, ma nwee ala na-acha nchara nchara na ala na- ọbara ọbara. === Mmiri na-amụ banyere mmiri === Ọdọ Mmiri Reghaia na-enweta mmiri dị n'okpuru ala site na marsh Réghaia, nke Oued Réghaï, Oued Guesbaï, Ouad Berraba, Oued El Biar, Oued Boureah na Oued El Hamiz na-enye mmiri.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Delleci|first=K.|date=2018|title=Evaluation of the quality of the ground of the lake of Reghaïa in heavy metals and study of their distribution on the surface|url=https://www.aljest.net/index.php/aljest/article/view/56|journal=Algerian Journal of Environmental Science and Technology|volume=4|issue=3}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDelleciMohamedMadjdoubSayoud2018">Delleci, K.; Mohamed, N.; Madjdoub, F.; Sayoud, K. (2018). [https://www.aljest.net/index.php/aljest/article/view/56 "Evaluation of the quality of the ground of the lake of Reghaïa in heavy metals and study of their distribution on the surface"]. ''Algerian Journal of Environmental Science and Technology''. '''4''' (3).</cite></ref> [[Faịlụ:KoppenclassificationworldmapCs.png|thumb|Ọnọdụ ihu igwe Mediterenian gburugburu ụwa.]] === Ọnọdụ ihu igwe === Ọdọ mmiri Reghaia dị n'ógbè nwere ihu igwe Mediterenian, nke a na-eji oge mmiri ozuzo ọnwa 7 na oge ọkọchị ọnwa 5. Dabere na climagram nke Emberger, Réghaïa marsh dị na mpaghara bioclimatic na-ekpo ọkụ, nke a na-ahụkarị site na ọkọchị, oge okpomọkụ na oge oyi dị nro. ==== Ifufe ==== Ifufe dị n'Ọdọ Mmiri Réghaïa na-adịkarị mfe ma ọ bụ agafeghị oke, ọkachasị na ugwu-ọdịda anyanwụ. Sirocco na-efe efe na nkezi 5 ụbọchị n'afọ, ebe égbè eluigwe na-emekarị, karịsịa n'oge oyi na n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ na nkezi nke 23.3 ụbọchị / afọ. ==== Mmiri ==== Oge mmiri mmiri na ọdọ mmiri Réghaïa gụnyere oge atọ niile (ụbịa, oyi na mmiri), ebe ọkọchị bụ ọkọchị. ==== Nchịkọta ihu igwe ==== Ọnọdụ ihu igwe na ọdọ mmiri Réghaïa bụ Mediterenian, nke nwere oge mmiri ozuzo ọnwa asaa na oge ọkọchị ọnwa ise. === Ụkpụrụ mmiri === A na-ahụ ọdọ mmiri Réghaïa site na mgbasa nke idei mmiri, mmiri dị n'okpuru ala na mkpokọta ala. Ọrụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'ezie bụ mgbochi mbuze n'ụsọ oké osimiri, njikwa idei mmiri, ijide sediment na mmezi mmiri. Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ ndị a, Ọdọ Mmiri Réghaïa na-agba [[ala ugbo]] 1,200 mmiri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lac du reghaia. Caractéristiques physiques|url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lac-du-reghaia.sitew.com%2FCaracteristiques_physiques_.C.htm#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url|work=SiteW.com|language=fr}}</ref> === Ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi === Ọdọ mmiri Réghaïa nwere ebe obibi 5 na gburugburu ebe obibi. ==== Ala Mmiri ==== Réghaïa maritime marsh na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'igbochi na ịchịkwa idei mmiri, yana ichekwa ụdị nnụnụ ụfọdụ na-akpa n'ebe ahụ. Ahịhịa nke marsh a na-emepụta mpaghara dị iche iche na gburugburu ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Maiche|first=Zineb|date=2008|title=Lac de Réghaïa : Menacé par l'urbanisation|url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.djazairess.com%2Ffr%2Felwatan%2F104757#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url|work=El Watan|language=fr}}</ref> ==== Mmiri mepere emepe ==== Ọdọ mmiri Réghaïa bụ ọdọ mmiri na-adịgide adịgide nke na-ekpuchi ihe karịrị hekta 75.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Le lac de Réghaïa|url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fniarunblog.unblog.fr%2Flieux-touristiques-algerie%2Fparc-national-de-chrea%2Fle-lac-de-reghaia%2F#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url|work=El Ayam|language=fr}}</ref> ==== Akara ala dị n'elu ala ==== Akpụkpọ anụ dune Réghaïa, ihe mgbochi sitere n'okike dị n'etiti oke osimiri Mediterenian na oke mmiri mmiri, bụ mkpọmkpọ ebe kwụsiri ike. Ahịhịa, nke na-eto n'okirikiri dị warara n'akụkụ eriri mmiri a, kwụsịrị ma dozie ájá ahụ, na-eme ihe mgbochi na-emechi ọnụ nke Oued Réghaïa.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2012|title=Plan Côtier de Reghaia, rapport de cadrage|url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2F195.97.36.231%2Fdbases%2FMAPlibraryHoldings%2FMedpartnership%2FFINAL%2520REPORTS%2FSub-Comp%25201.2%2520ICZM%2F1.2.2%2520Demonstrations%2FReghaia%2FPCR_Rapport%2520Cadrage_F.pdf|journal=MedPartnership|language=fr}}</ref> ==== Ebe Mmiri na-eme ==== Mpaghara mmiri Réghaïa dị gburugburu obere agwaetiti Agueli ma ọ bụ Bounettah, nke bụ ebe ụmụ nnụnụ ụfọdụ na-anọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2005|title=Programme d'Aménagement Côtier (PAC) "Zone côtière algéroise"|url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pap-thecoastcentre.org%2Fpdfs%2FProtection_des_sites_sensibles_Rapport_3.pdf|journal=Programme d'Actions Prioritaires Centre d'Activités Régionales|language=fr}}</ref> ==== Obodo ahịhịa ==== Ubi ahịhịa nke Réghaïa na-emepụta eriri dị warara gburugburu ọdọ mmiri ahụ, na-enye ezigbo nchebe maka ụmụ nnụnụ. N'ime gburugburu ebe dịgasị iche iche, Anụmanụ dịgasị nnọọ iche, na ndị na-eri ahịhịa na ndị na'eri anụ na-enye aka na usoro nri nke marsh.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Djitli|first=Yasmina|date=2021|title=Annual cycle of water quality and macroinvertebrate composition in Algerian wetlands: a case study of lake Réghaïa (Algeria)|url=https://www.limnetica.com/documentos/limnetica/limnetica-40-2-27.pdf|journal=National Higher School of Agronomy, GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, National Higher School of Veterinary -Zoological Laboratory-, Oued-Smar|volume=40|issue=2|doi=10.23818/limn.40.27}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDjitli2021">Djitli, Yasmina (2021). [https://www.limnetica.com/documentos/limnetica/limnetica-40-2-27.pdf "Annual cycle of water quality and macroinvertebrate composition in Algerian wetlands: a case study of lake Réghaïa (Algeria)"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''National Higher School of Agronomy, GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, National Higher School of Veterinary -Zoological Laboratory-, Oued-Smar''. '''40''' (2). [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.23818/limn.40.27|10.23818/limn.40.27]].</cite></ref> == Hụkwa ==   * Ndepụta ọdọ mmiri * Ndagwurugwu Reghaïa * Ọdịdị ala nke Algeria * Anụ ọhịa nke Algeria == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 3921df5al3o8djcxta0r7fw01gh57jm 0 77187 670573 2026-06-30T21:38:24Z Aluta editor 62822 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330573867|Lake Fetzara]]" 670573 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ọdọ Mmiri Fetzara''' dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Algeria]], 18 km (11 mi) n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa Anyanwụ nke obodo Annaba. Ọ na-atụle 17 km (11 mi) site n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ gaa n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na 13 mi) site na ugwu gaa n'okpuru, na mpaghara nke ihe dị ka hekta 18,600 (46,000 acres). E kewara ya dị ka mpaghara "Ramsar", -agụnye nchebe nke ebe a. E meela ọtụtụ nnyocha na mmiri na ala nke mpaghara Fetzara [1-7]. E mere nnyocha ndị a iji nyochaa nnu na iji mee ka mmalite ya na ihe ndị na-achịkwa ya pụta ìhè. Ebumnuche bụ isi nke ọmụmụ a bụ iji nyochaa ihe onwunwe ala nke Ọdọ Mmiri Fetzara nke ihe omume salinization na-emetụta na ịmụ ọdịiche ha na omimi. E weere ihe nnwale ahụ na okpukpu abụọ mbụ (0-20 cm na 20-40 cm) na ebe asatọ gburugburu Ọdọ Mmiri Fetzara, maka ngụkọta nke ihe nnwale 16. Nsonaazụ nyocha na-egosi na nnu nke ala eruola n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ (ógbè Wadi Zied) na ndịda ọdọ mmiri (ógbè Cheurfa) na mmụba nke sodium chloride-chemical facies.&nbsp;&nbsp; == Ebe == [[Faịlụ:Geographic_situation_of_Fetzara_Lake.png|thumb|Ọnọdụ ala nke Ọdọ Mmiri Fetzara]] Ọdọ mmiri Fetzara dị 18 km ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke obodo Annaba na oke ọwụwa anyanwụ Algeria. Ọ dị kilomita 17 (11 mi) site n'ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo ọdịda anyanwụ yana kilomita 13 (8.1 mi) site na ugwu ruo ndịda nwere elu dị ihe dị ka hectare 18,600 (acres 46,000). Mpaghara a nwere ọnọdụ ihu igwe Mediterranean nwere oge abụọ dị iche iche: otu iru mmiri na nke ọzọ kpọrọ nkụ. Mmiri ọdọ mmiri na-adịru nwa oge dabere n'ịdị ike nke oge mmiri ozuzo nke ọ na-adabere na ya fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nanị, ọ bụ n'ozuzu mpaghara nke ihe karịrị 13000 ha nke ala nke idei mmiri jupụtara na oyi na-eme ka nnukwu ahịhịa. Ọnụnọ nke isi ọwa gafee ọdọ ahụ site na ọdịda anyanwụ ruo n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na-enye mmiri mmiri, ma ọ bụ ezughi oke iji wepụ mmiri n'oge oyi&nbsp; Ọkà mmụta n'ihe banyere ala Henri Fournel chọpụtara ebe magnetite dị nso n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Bône na 1843.[2] Ebe a na-egwupụta ihe dị ka 35 site na Bone n'ugwu Mokta n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri Fetzara na ala ugwu nke si n'ebe ndịda gaa n'ebe ugwu, wee tụgharịa n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Bone. Aha "Mokta-el-Hadid" (ụzọ ígwè) na-egosi na a maara ebe a na-etinye ígwè kemgbe, mana ọ nweghị ihe ịrịba ama na a rụrụ ya tupu obere mgbalị mbụ na 1840. [3] N'oge a elu elu ọdọ ahụ gaara eruwo mita 16 (52 ft) n'oge oyi, yana mpaghara 14,000 hectare (acres 35,000). Ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere ahịhịa amị na ahịhịa, bụ́ ndị nnụnụ na-akwaga ebe ahụ na-akpa akwụ́, nweekwa azụ̀ bara ụba.[4] A na-ewere ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị ka isi iyi nke ahụ ọkụ, a tụkwara aro ka ọwa mmiri dị kilomita 16 (9.9 mi) na-asọba na Oued Meboudja, mana ọ bụ ezie na Société Générale Algérienne (SGA) nwere ikike n'akụkụ ugwu na ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ, ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla.[4] N'afọ 1870, ụlọ ọrụ na-egwupụta ihe n'ala kụrụ ọtụtụ osisi eucalyptus gburugburu Ọdọ Mmiri Fetzara, mana mmiri nnu si n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ gburu ha niile.[5] [a] N'afọ 1877, ụlọ ọrụ Mokta El Hadid nwetara ikike ịdọrọ mmiri n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ iji gbanwere mbufe ala ahụ n'efu. Otu ọwa si n'etiti ọdọ mmiri ahụ, gafee 22 mita (72 n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ wee gaa na Meboudja. Elu ala ahụ adaala ruo mita 12 (39 site na 1880, mana ọdọ mmiri ahụ nọgidere na-ekpo ọkụ n'oge ọkọchị.[4] Mgbe 1903 gasịrị, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nyere ikike ya na Lake of Fetzara na SGA colony, nke weghaara ọrụ ahụ ma wuchaa ya na 1935. [4] == Àgwà ala == [[Faịlụ:Distribution_of_soils_classes_of_Fetzara_Lake.png|thumb|Nhazi nke ụdị ala nke Ọdọ Mmiri Fetzara]] A kọwapụtara ịdị mma ala ahụ dị ka nsonaazụ anụ ahụ, kemịkalụ na ihe ndu ya, nke na-enye ohere itolite na ihe ọkụkụ, ụkpụrụ na akara mmiri na-agafe na gburugburu ebe obibi ma na-eme ihe dị ka mgbapụta nzacha n'ebe ndị na-emetọ ihe nọ. Àgwà ala ahụ na-egosipụta ikike ya iji jide na ịhapụ mmiri na nri na-edozi ahụ iji nọgide na-enwe ụdị dịgasị iche iche na iguzogide mmetụta nke omume ndị nwere ike iduga nbibi ya. O doro anya na ogo ala maka ojiji enyere ya dabere na njirimara dị n'ime gburugburu geochemical na ihu igwe yana ụmụ mmadụ na-eji ya. === Ihe ndị e ji mara ya === Ala nke ọdọ mmiri Fetzara abụrụla isiokwu nke ọtụtụ ọmụmụ maka mmepe ọrụ ugbo, nke niile gosipụtara ihe mgbochi ọ bụla dị mkpa na ojiji ha dị ka salinization na hydromorphy [1, 2, 3, na 7]. Ọmụmụ ihe ndị a enyerela aka kewaa ala ahụ n'ime klas anọ: ala ndị na-adịghị emepụta ihe na-esiteghị na ihu igwe na-esi na mbuze, mkpokọ ọnụ na ihe nkwụnye ego, vertisols; alluvial nkwụnye ego na nnukwu ụrọ ọdịnaya ka oké ọkọchị na-abịa mfe cracking; ala hydromorphic na ala halomorphic nwere salinity dị elu. === Ihe onwunwe na usoro === [[Faịlụ:Inventory_Map_of_sampling_points-.png|thumb|Ndepụta Map nke ebe nnwale-]] Emere nlele ahụ na ọkwa abụọ mbụ (0 - 20 cm na 20 – 40 cm) n'ihi na, n'ọkwa a, na-ewere ọnọdụ mgbanwe ion kachasị mkpa. Emere ha na isi asatọ n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri Fetzara ma ọ bụ ngụkọta nke nlele 16..&nbsp;&nbsp; Akpọkọrọ ihe nlele ala ahụ ruo n'ala ikuku dị ọhụrụ wee sie ya ruo 2 mm iji nweta ihe ndị dị mma nke a ga-eji mee nyocha kemịkalụ na physicochemical niile. A na-eme nyocha nke ala gbasara njupụta, porosity, carbon na organic okwu, pH, conductivity eletrik na nnu soluble. A na-enweta njirimara ndị a site na usoro nyocha nke ugbu a na sayensị ala. === Nsonaazụ na mkparịta ụka === ==== Ihe onwunwe nke ala ==== A na-egosipụta ihe onwunwe ala nke nnu na-agbaze agbaze site na mgbanwe ndị dị ịrịba ama. Ọdịdị ala nke Ọdọ Mmiri Fetzara bụ nke ụdị prismatic na ogidi, njirimara ndị a bụ nke ala na-emetụta nnu. Ala nke Ọdọ Mmiri Fetzara nwere ezigbo njupụta nke ihe dị ka 2.31 g / cm3, nkezi nke ihe dị na 33%, permeability n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ na-erughị 2 cm / h, pH bụ ntakịrị acidic na alkaline (5.65 ruo 7.93), na ihe dị n'ime ihe dị iche iche (0.26 ruo 7.67%) [10]. Ọganihu ha nwere njikọ chiri anya na okirikiri mmiri, site na idei mmiri nke oge oyi na oge okpomọkụ.&nbsp; ==== Nnyocha nke nnu n'ala ==== [[Faịlụ:Variation_of_electrical_conductivity.png|thumb|Mgbanwe nke conductivity eletrik]] Nnyocha ndị gara aga na-egosi na nnu dị mkpa karịsịa n'ebe ugwu, n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa Anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Fetzara. Ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na etiti ọdọ mmiri ahụ yiri ka ọ bụ ebe nnu na-emetụta ntakịrị n'ihi mmegharị nke nnu na-aga na mpụga na desalination nke etiti ọdọ mmiri .[7] Nkezi nke conductivity eletrik nke ihe ngwọta ala n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ ihe dị ka 1534 μs / cm maka oyi akwa 0-20 cm, na 2577 μs /cm maka oyi akwa nke ọzọ 20-40 cm, na-egosi nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'etiti oyi akwa abụọ ahụ nwere oke nnu a na-agbaze agbaze na omimi.&nbsp;&nbsp; Nsogbu nke nnu nwere ike imetụta ala n'ihi ọnụnọ nke oke nnu, sodium ma ọ bụ ha abụọ n'otu oge. Mmiri nnu ndị a na-agbaze agbaze bụ, Ca ++, Mg ++, K+, Na +, Cl-, SO4 - na HCO3- (Table 2). ==== Nnyocha isi nke akụkụ ahụ ==== {| |[[Faịlụ:Physical_and_chemical_methods_of_soil_analysis.png|thumb|Usoro anụ ahụ na nke kemịkal nke nyocha ala]] |[[Faịlụ:Principal_component_analysis_of_soil_in_the_Fetzara_region.png|thumb|Nnyocha isi nke ala na mpaghara Fetzara]] |[[Faịlụ:Results_of_chemical_analysis_of_soil_solutions_in_Fetzara_Lake.png|thumb|Nsonaazụ nke nyocha kemịkal nke ihe ngwọta ala na Ọdọ Mmiri Fetzara]] |} Nnyocha nke okirikiri njikọ nke axis abụọ F1 na F2 mejupụtara, anyị na-egosi na ihe F1 na-egosipụta 72.40% nke ọdịiche (Foto 5). Na axis a, nnu ndị a na-agbaze agbaze (Ca ++, Mg ++, Na+, Cl-, SO4 - na EC) na-emegide HCO3- nke na-anọchite anya carbonate alkalinity. Nke a bụ axis nke nwere ike igosipụta n'otu oge ahụ ihe omume nke salinization na-emetụta ụdị ala ụfọdụ na alkalinization nke na-etolite na ndị ọzọ [10]. Akụkụ nke abụọ F2, nke na-anọchite anya 12.29% nke ọdịiche ahụ, na-emegide nnu ndị a na-agbaze agbaze na alkalinity, pH na K+. Ọ nwere ike igosipụta usoro nke salinization na alkalinization. Mana a naghị ewepụkwa ihe omume nke nkedo nke K + site na ụfọdụ mineral ụrọ. Nkesa nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na-enye anyị ohere ịhụ ìgwè atọ nke njikọ; otu mbụ G1 (S3, S4, S8, S11, S12 na S16) bụ nke a na-akọwa site na ngwọta mineral, ọ na-emegide otu nke abụọ G2 (S6, S7, S14 na S15) na-anọchite anya ngwọta mineralized. Ìgwè nke atọ G3 (S1, S2, S9 na S10) gụnyere ihe ngwọta ndị e ji bicarbonate mee. == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Ebe e si nweta ya == <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />  == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170617053417/http://jmaterenvironsci.com/Document/vol2/vol2_S1/3-Zahi-theme1.pdf Nnyocha nke nnu n'ala na mpaghara Ọdọ Mmiri Fetzara] <templatestyles src="Module:Portal bar/styles.css"></templatestyles>  6x34lz93rjzq5y7de2iq72d62fqgx6q 670574 670573 2026-06-30T21:38:40Z Quinlan83 12227 Fix 670574 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ọdọ Mmiri Fetzara''' dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Algeria]], 18 km (11 mi) n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa Anyanwụ nke obodo Annaba. Ọ na-atụle 17 km (11 mi) site n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ gaa n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na 13 mi) site na ugwu gaa n'okpuru, na mpaghara nke ihe dị ka hekta 18,600 (46,000 acres). E kewara ya dị ka mpaghara "Ramsar", -agụnye nchebe nke ebe a. E meela ọtụtụ nnyocha na mmiri na ala nke mpaghara Fetzara [1-7]. E mere nnyocha ndị a iji nyochaa nnu na iji mee ka mmalite ya na ihe ndị na-achịkwa ya pụta ìhè. Ebumnuche bụ isi nke ọmụmụ a bụ iji nyochaa ihe onwunwe ala nke Ọdọ Mmiri Fetzara nke ihe omume salinization na-emetụta na ịmụ ọdịiche ha na omimi. E weere ihe nnwale ahụ na okpukpu abụọ mbụ (0-20 cm na 20-40 cm) na ebe asatọ gburugburu Ọdọ Mmiri Fetzara, maka ngụkọta nke ihe nnwale 16. Nsonaazụ nyocha na-egosi na nnu nke ala eruola n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ (ógbè Wadi Zied) na ndịda ọdọ mmiri (ógbè Cheurfa) na mmụba nke sodium chloride-chemical facies.&nbsp;&nbsp; == Ebe == [[Faịlụ:Geographic_situation_of_Fetzara_Lake.png|thumb|Ọnọdụ ala nke Ọdọ Mmiri Fetzara]] Ọdọ mmiri Fetzara dị 18 km ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke obodo Annaba na oke ọwụwa anyanwụ Algeria. Ọ dị kilomita 17 (11 mi) site n'ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo ọdịda anyanwụ yana kilomita 13 (8.1 mi) site na ugwu ruo ndịda nwere elu dị ihe dị ka hectare 18,600 (acres 46,000). Mpaghara a nwere ọnọdụ ihu igwe Mediterranean nwere oge abụọ dị iche iche: otu iru mmiri na nke ọzọ kpọrọ nkụ. Mmiri ọdọ mmiri na-adịru nwa oge dabere n'ịdị ike nke oge mmiri ozuzo nke ọ na-adabere na ya fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nanị, ọ bụ n'ozuzu mpaghara nke ihe karịrị 13000 ha nke ala nke idei mmiri jupụtara na oyi na-eme ka nnukwu ahịhịa. Ọnụnọ nke isi ọwa gafee ọdọ ahụ site na ọdịda anyanwụ ruo n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na-enye mmiri mmiri, ma ọ bụ ezughi oke iji wepụ mmiri n'oge oyi&nbsp; Ọkà mmụta n'ihe banyere ala Henri Fournel chọpụtara ebe magnetite dị nso n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Bône na 1843.[2] Ebe a na-egwupụta ihe dị ka 35 site na Bone n'ugwu Mokta n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri Fetzara na ala ugwu nke si n'ebe ndịda gaa n'ebe ugwu, wee tụgharịa n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Bone. Aha "Mokta-el-Hadid" (ụzọ ígwè) na-egosi na a maara ebe a na-etinye ígwè kemgbe, mana ọ nweghị ihe ịrịba ama na a rụrụ ya tupu obere mgbalị mbụ na 1840. [3] N'oge a elu elu ọdọ ahụ gaara eruwo mita 16 (52 ft) n'oge oyi, yana mpaghara 14,000 hectare (acres 35,000). Ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere ahịhịa amị na ahịhịa, bụ́ ndị nnụnụ na-akwaga ebe ahụ na-akpa akwụ́, nweekwa azụ̀ bara ụba.[4] A na-ewere ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị ka isi iyi nke ahụ ọkụ, a tụkwara aro ka ọwa mmiri dị kilomita 16 (9.9 mi) na-asọba na Oued Meboudja, mana ọ bụ ezie na Société Générale Algérienne (SGA) nwere ikike n'akụkụ ugwu na ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ, ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla.[4] N'afọ 1870, ụlọ ọrụ na-egwupụta ihe n'ala kụrụ ọtụtụ osisi eucalyptus gburugburu Ọdọ Mmiri Fetzara, mana mmiri nnu si n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ gburu ha niile.[5] [a] N'afọ 1877, ụlọ ọrụ Mokta El Hadid nwetara ikike ịdọrọ mmiri n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ iji gbanwere mbufe ala ahụ n'efu. Otu ọwa si n'etiti ọdọ mmiri ahụ, gafee 22 mita (72 n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ wee gaa na Meboudja. Elu ala ahụ adaala ruo mita 12 (39 site na 1880, mana ọdọ mmiri ahụ nọgidere na-ekpo ọkụ n'oge ọkọchị.[4] Mgbe 1903 gasịrị, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nyere ikike ya na Lake of Fetzara na SGA colony, nke weghaara ọrụ ahụ ma wuchaa ya na 1935. [4] == Àgwà ala == [[Faịlụ:Distribution_of_soils_classes_of_Fetzara_Lake.png|thumb|Nhazi nke ụdị ala nke Ọdọ Mmiri Fetzara]] A kọwapụtara ịdị mma ala ahụ dị ka nsonaazụ anụ ahụ, kemịkalụ na ihe ndu ya, nke na-enye ohere itolite na ihe ọkụkụ, ụkpụrụ na akara mmiri na-agafe na gburugburu ebe obibi ma na-eme ihe dị ka mgbapụta nzacha n'ebe ndị na-emetọ ihe nọ. Àgwà ala ahụ na-egosipụta ikike ya iji jide na ịhapụ mmiri na nri na-edozi ahụ iji nọgide na-enwe ụdị dịgasị iche iche na iguzogide mmetụta nke omume ndị nwere ike iduga nbibi ya. O doro anya na ogo ala maka ojiji enyere ya dabere na njirimara dị n'ime gburugburu geochemical na ihu igwe yana ụmụ mmadụ na-eji ya. === Ihe ndị e ji mara ya === Ala nke ọdọ mmiri Fetzara abụrụla isiokwu nke ọtụtụ ọmụmụ maka mmepe ọrụ ugbo, nke niile gosipụtara ihe mgbochi ọ bụla dị mkpa na ojiji ha dị ka salinization na hydromorphy [1, 2, 3, na 7]. Ọmụmụ ihe ndị a enyerela aka kewaa ala ahụ n'ime klas anọ: ala ndị na-adịghị emepụta ihe na-esiteghị na ihu igwe na-esi na mbuze, mkpokọ ọnụ na ihe nkwụnye ego, vertisols; alluvial nkwụnye ego na nnukwu ụrọ ọdịnaya ka oké ọkọchị na-abịa mfe cracking; ala hydromorphic na ala halomorphic nwere salinity dị elu. === Ihe onwunwe na usoro === [[Faịlụ:Inventory_Map_of_sampling_points-.png|thumb|Ndepụta Map nke ebe nnwale-]] Emere nlele ahụ na ọkwa abụọ mbụ (0 - 20 cm na 20 – 40 cm) n'ihi na, n'ọkwa a, na-ewere ọnọdụ mgbanwe ion kachasị mkpa. Emere ha na isi asatọ n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri Fetzara ma ọ bụ ngụkọta nke nlele 16..&nbsp;&nbsp; Akpọkọrọ ihe nlele ala ahụ ruo n'ala ikuku dị ọhụrụ wee sie ya ruo 2 mm iji nweta ihe ndị dị mma nke a ga-eji mee nyocha kemịkalụ na physicochemical niile. A na-eme nyocha nke ala gbasara njupụta, porosity, carbon na organic okwu, pH, conductivity eletrik na nnu soluble. A na-enweta njirimara ndị a site na usoro nyocha nke ugbu a na sayensị ala. === Nsonaazụ na mkparịta ụka === ==== Ihe onwunwe nke ala ==== A na-egosipụta ihe onwunwe ala nke nnu na-agbaze agbaze site na mgbanwe ndị dị ịrịba ama. Ọdịdị ala nke Ọdọ Mmiri Fetzara bụ nke ụdị prismatic na ogidi, njirimara ndị a bụ nke ala na-emetụta nnu. Ala nke Ọdọ Mmiri Fetzara nwere ezigbo njupụta nke ihe dị ka 2.31 g / cm3, nkezi nke ihe dị na 33%, permeability n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ na-erughị 2 cm / h, pH bụ ntakịrị acidic na alkaline (5.65 ruo 7.93), na ihe dị n'ime ihe dị iche iche (0.26 ruo 7.67%) [10]. Ọganihu ha nwere njikọ chiri anya na okirikiri mmiri, site na idei mmiri nke oge oyi na oge okpomọkụ.&nbsp; ==== Nnyocha nke nnu n'ala ==== [[Faịlụ:Variation_of_electrical_conductivity.png|thumb|Mgbanwe nke conductivity eletrik]] Nnyocha ndị gara aga na-egosi na nnu dị mkpa karịsịa n'ebe ugwu, n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa Anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Fetzara. Ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na etiti ọdọ mmiri ahụ yiri ka ọ bụ ebe nnu na-emetụta ntakịrị n'ihi mmegharị nke nnu na-aga na mpụga na desalination nke etiti ọdọ mmiri .[7] Nkezi nke conductivity eletrik nke ihe ngwọta ala n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ ihe dị ka 1534 μs / cm maka oyi akwa 0-20 cm, na 2577 μs /cm maka oyi akwa nke ọzọ 20-40 cm, na-egosi nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'etiti oyi akwa abụọ ahụ nwere oke nnu a na-agbaze agbaze na omimi.&nbsp;&nbsp; Nsogbu nke nnu nwere ike imetụta ala n'ihi ọnụnọ nke oke nnu, sodium ma ọ bụ ha abụọ n'otu oge. Mmiri nnu ndị a na-agbaze agbaze bụ, Ca ++, Mg ++, K+, Na +, Cl-, SO4 - na HCO3- (Table 2). ==== Nnyocha isi nke akụkụ ahụ ==== {| |[[Faịlụ:Physical_and_chemical_methods_of_soil_analysis.png|thumb|Usoro anụ ahụ na nke kemịkal nke nyocha ala]] |[[Faịlụ:Principal_component_analysis_of_soil_in_the_Fetzara_region.png|thumb|Nnyocha isi nke ala na mpaghara Fetzara]] |[[Faịlụ:Results_of_chemical_analysis_of_soil_solutions_in_Fetzara_Lake.png|thumb|Nsonaazụ nke nyocha kemịkal nke ihe ngwọta ala na Ọdọ Mmiri Fetzara]] |} Nnyocha nke okirikiri njikọ nke axis abụọ F1 na F2 mejupụtara, anyị na-egosi na ihe F1 na-egosipụta 72.40% nke ọdịiche (Foto 5). Na axis a, nnu ndị a na-agbaze agbaze (Ca ++, Mg ++, Na+, Cl-, SO4 - na EC) na-emegide HCO3- nke na-anọchite anya carbonate alkalinity. Nke a bụ axis nke nwere ike igosipụta n'otu oge ahụ ihe omume nke salinization na-emetụta ụdị ala ụfọdụ na alkalinization nke na-etolite na ndị ọzọ [10]. Akụkụ nke abụọ F2, nke na-anọchite anya 12.29% nke ọdịiche ahụ, na-emegide nnu ndị a na-agbaze agbaze na alkalinity, pH na K+. Ọ nwere ike igosipụta usoro nke salinization na alkalinization. Mana a naghị ewepụkwa ihe omume nke nkedo nke K + site na ụfọdụ mineral ụrọ. Nkesa nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na-enye anyị ohere ịhụ ìgwè atọ nke njikọ; otu mbụ G1 (S3, S4, S8, S11, S12 na S16) bụ nke a na-akọwa site na ngwọta mineral, ọ na-emegide otu nke abụọ G2 (S6, S7, S14 na S15) na-anọchite anya ngwọta mineralized. Ìgwè nke atọ G3 (S1, S2, S9 na S10) gụnyere ihe ngwọta ndị e ji bicarbonate mee. == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Ebe e si nweta ya == <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />  == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170617053417/http://jmaterenvironsci.com/Document/vol2/vol2_S1/3-Zahi-theme1.pdf Nnyocha nke nnu n'ala na mpaghara Ọdọ Mmiri Fetzara] <templatestyles src="Module:Portal bar/styles.css"></templatestyles>  e47xi40zauf3d1c218qvlxjlbnmhny8 670576 670574 2026-06-30T21:47:45Z Aluta editor 62822 670576 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref>{{Cite web|title=Lac Fetzara|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1299|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref> '''Ọdọ Mmiri Fetzara''' dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Algeria]], 18 km (11 mi) n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa Anyanwụ nke obodo Annaba. Ọ na-atụle 17 km (11 mi) site n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ gaa n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na 13 mi) site na ugwu gaa n'okpuru, na mpaghara nke ihe dị ka hekta 18,600 (46,000 acres). E kewara ya dị ka mpaghara "Ramsar", -agụnye nchebe nke ebe a. E meela ọtụtụ nnyocha na mmiri na ala nke mpaghara Fetzara [1-7]. E mere nnyocha ndị a iji nyochaa nnu na iji mee ka mmalite ya na ihe ndị na-achịkwa ya pụta ìhè. Ebumnuche bụ isi nke ọmụmụ a bụ iji nyochaa ihe onwunwe ala nke Ọdọ Mmiri Fetzara nke ihe omume salinization na-emetụta na ịmụ ọdịiche ha na omimi. E weere ihe nnwale ahụ na okpukpu abụọ mbụ (0-20 cm na 20-40 cm) na ebe asatọ gburugburu Ọdọ Mmiri Fetzara, maka ngụkọta nke ihe nnwale 16. Nsonaazụ nyocha na-egosi na nnu nke ala eruola n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ (ógbè Wadi Zied) na ndịda ọdọ mmiri (ógbè Cheurfa) na mmụba nke sodium chloride-chemical facies.&nbsp;&nbsp; == Ebe == [[Faịlụ:Geographic_situation_of_Fetzara_Lake.png|thumb|Ọnọdụ ala nke Ọdọ Mmiri Fetzara]] Ọdọ mmiri Fetzara dị 18 km ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke obodo Annaba na oke ọwụwa anyanwụ Algeria. Ọ dị kilomita 17 (11 mi) site n'ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo ọdịda anyanwụ yana kilomita 13 (8.1 mi) site na ugwu ruo ndịda nwere elu dị ihe dị ka hectare 18,600 (acres 46,000). Mpaghara a nwere ọnọdụ ihu igwe Mediterranean nwere oge abụọ dị iche iche: otu iru mmiri na nke ọzọ kpọrọ nkụ. Mmiri ọdọ mmiri na-adịru nwa oge dabere n'ịdị ike nke oge mmiri ozuzo nke ọ na-adabere na ya fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nanị, ọ bụ n'ozuzu mpaghara nke ihe karịrị 13000 ha nke ala nke idei mmiri jupụtara na oyi na-eme ka nnukwu ahịhịa. Ọnụnọ nke isi ọwa gafee ọdọ ahụ site na ọdịda anyanwụ ruo n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na-enye mmiri mmiri, ma ọ bụ ezughi oke iji wepụ mmiri n'oge oyi&nbsp; Ọkà mmụta n'ihe banyere ala Henri Fournel chọpụtara ebe magnetite dị nso n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Bône na 1843.[2] Ebe a na-egwupụta ihe dị ka 35 site na Bone n'ugwu Mokta n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri Fetzara na ala ugwu nke si n'ebe ndịda gaa n'ebe ugwu, wee tụgharịa n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Bone. Aha "Mokta-el-Hadid" (ụzọ ígwè) na-egosi na a maara ebe a na-etinye ígwè kemgbe, mana ọ nweghị ihe ịrịba ama na a rụrụ ya tupu obere mgbalị mbụ na 1840. [3] N'oge a elu elu ọdọ ahụ gaara eruwo mita 16 (52 ft) n'oge oyi, yana mpaghara 14,000 hectare (acres 35,000). Ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere ahịhịa amị na ahịhịa, bụ́ ndị nnụnụ na-akwaga ebe ahụ na-akpa akwụ́, nweekwa azụ̀ bara ụba.[4] A na-ewere ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị ka isi iyi nke ahụ ọkụ, a tụkwara aro ka ọwa mmiri dị kilomita 16 (9.9 mi) na-asọba na Oued Meboudja, mana ọ bụ ezie na Société Générale Algérienne (SGA) nwere ikike n'akụkụ ugwu na ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ, ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla.[4] N'afọ 1870, ụlọ ọrụ na-egwupụta ihe n'ala kụrụ ọtụtụ osisi eucalyptus gburugburu Ọdọ Mmiri Fetzara, mana mmiri nnu si n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ gburu ha niile.[5] [a] N'afọ 1877, ụlọ ọrụ Mokta El Hadid nwetara ikike ịdọrọ mmiri n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ iji gbanwere mbufe ala ahụ n'efu. Otu ọwa si n'etiti ọdọ mmiri ahụ, gafee 22 mita (72 n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ wee gaa na Meboudja. Elu ala ahụ adaala ruo mita 12 (39 site na 1880, mana ọdọ mmiri ahụ nọgidere na-ekpo ọkụ n'oge ọkọchị.[4] Mgbe 1903 gasịrị, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nyere ikike ya na Lake of Fetzara na SGA colony, nke weghaara ọrụ ahụ ma wuchaa ya na 1935. [4] == Àgwà ala == [[Faịlụ:Distribution_of_soils_classes_of_Fetzara_Lake.png|thumb|Nhazi nke ụdị ala nke Ọdọ Mmiri Fetzara]] A kọwapụtara ịdị mma ala ahụ dị ka nsonaazụ anụ ahụ, kemịkalụ na ihe ndu ya, nke na-enye ohere itolite na ihe ọkụkụ, ụkpụrụ na akara mmiri na-agafe na gburugburu ebe obibi ma na-eme ihe dị ka mgbapụta nzacha n'ebe ndị na-emetọ ihe nọ. Àgwà ala ahụ na-egosipụta ikike ya iji jide na ịhapụ mmiri na nri na-edozi ahụ iji nọgide na-enwe ụdị dịgasị iche iche na iguzogide mmetụta nke omume ndị nwere ike iduga nbibi ya. O doro anya na ogo ala maka ojiji enyere ya dabere na njirimara dị n'ime gburugburu geochemical na ihu igwe yana ụmụ mmadụ na-eji ya. === Ihe ndị e ji mara ya === Ala nke ọdọ mmiri Fetzara abụrụla isiokwu nke ọtụtụ ọmụmụ maka mmepe ọrụ ugbo, nke niile gosipụtara ihe mgbochi ọ bụla dị mkpa na ojiji ha dị ka salinization na hydromorphy [1, 2, 3, na 7]. Ọmụmụ ihe ndị a enyerela aka kewaa ala ahụ n'ime klas anọ: ala ndị na-adịghị emepụta ihe na-esiteghị na ihu igwe na-esi na mbuze, mkpokọ ọnụ na ihe nkwụnye ego, vertisols; alluvial nkwụnye ego na nnukwu ụrọ ọdịnaya ka oké ọkọchị na-abịa mfe cracking; ala hydromorphic na ala halomorphic nwere salinity dị elu. === Ihe onwunwe na usoro === [[Faịlụ:Inventory_Map_of_sampling_points-.png|thumb|Ndepụta Map nke ebe nnwale-]] Emere nlele ahụ na ọkwa abụọ mbụ (0 - 20 cm na 20 – 40 cm) n'ihi na, n'ọkwa a, na-ewere ọnọdụ mgbanwe ion kachasị mkpa. Emere ha na isi asatọ n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri Fetzara ma ọ bụ ngụkọta nke nlele 16..&nbsp;&nbsp; Akpọkọrọ ihe nlele ala ahụ ruo n'ala ikuku dị ọhụrụ wee sie ya ruo 2 mm iji nweta ihe ndị dị mma nke a ga-eji mee nyocha kemịkalụ na physicochemical niile. A na-eme nyocha nke ala gbasara njupụta, porosity, carbon na organic okwu, pH, conductivity eletrik na nnu soluble. A na-enweta njirimara ndị a site na usoro nyocha nke ugbu a na sayensị ala. === Nsonaazụ na mkparịta ụka === ==== Ihe onwunwe nke ala ==== A na-egosipụta ihe onwunwe ala nke nnu na-agbaze agbaze site na mgbanwe ndị dị ịrịba ama. Ọdịdị ala nke Ọdọ Mmiri Fetzara bụ nke ụdị prismatic na ogidi, njirimara ndị a bụ nke ala na-emetụta nnu. Ala nke Ọdọ Mmiri Fetzara nwere ezigbo njupụta nke ihe dị ka 2.31 g / cm3, nkezi nke ihe dị na 33%, permeability n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ na-erughị 2 cm / h, pH bụ ntakịrị acidic na alkaline (5.65 ruo 7.93), na ihe dị n'ime ihe dị iche iche (0.26 ruo 7.67%) [10]. Ọganihu ha nwere njikọ chiri anya na okirikiri mmiri, site na idei mmiri nke oge oyi na oge okpomọkụ.&nbsp; ==== Nnyocha nke nnu n'ala ==== [[Faịlụ:Variation_of_electrical_conductivity.png|thumb|Mgbanwe nke conductivity eletrik]] Nnyocha ndị gara aga na-egosi na nnu dị mkpa karịsịa n'ebe ugwu, n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa Anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Fetzara. Ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na etiti ọdọ mmiri ahụ yiri ka ọ bụ ebe nnu na-emetụta ntakịrị n'ihi mmegharị nke nnu na-aga na mpụga na desalination nke etiti ọdọ mmiri .[7] Nkezi nke conductivity eletrik nke ihe ngwọta ala n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ ihe dị ka 1534 μs / cm maka oyi akwa 0-20 cm, na 2577 μs /cm maka oyi akwa nke ọzọ 20-40 cm, na-egosi nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'etiti oyi akwa abụọ ahụ nwere oke nnu a na-agbaze agbaze na omimi.&nbsp;&nbsp; Nsogbu nke nnu nwere ike imetụta ala n'ihi ọnụnọ nke oke nnu, sodium ma ọ bụ ha abụọ n'otu oge. Mmiri nnu ndị a na-agbaze agbaze bụ, Ca ++, Mg ++, K+, Na +, Cl-, SO4 - na HCO3- (Table 2). ==== Nnyocha isi nke akụkụ ahụ ==== {| |[[Faịlụ:Physical_and_chemical_methods_of_soil_analysis.png|thumb|Usoro anụ ahụ na nke kemịkal nke nyocha ala]] |[[Faịlụ:Principal_component_analysis_of_soil_in_the_Fetzara_region.png|thumb|Nnyocha isi nke ala na mpaghara Fetzara]] |[[Faịlụ:Results_of_chemical_analysis_of_soil_solutions_in_Fetzara_Lake.png|thumb|Nsonaazụ nke nyocha kemịkal nke ihe ngwọta ala na Ọdọ Mmiri Fetzara]] |} Nnyocha nke okirikiri njikọ nke axis abụọ F1 na F2 mejupụtara, anyị na-egosi na ihe F1 na-egosipụta 72.40% nke ọdịiche (Foto 5). Na axis a, nnu ndị a na-agbaze agbaze (Ca ++, Mg ++, Na+, Cl-, SO4 - na EC) na-emegide HCO3- nke na-anọchite anya carbonate alkalinity. Nke a bụ axis nke nwere ike igosipụta n'otu oge ahụ ihe omume nke salinization na-emetụta ụdị ala ụfọdụ na alkalinization nke na-etolite na ndị ọzọ [10]. Akụkụ nke abụọ F2, nke na-anọchite anya 12.29% nke ọdịiche ahụ, na-emegide nnu ndị a na-agbaze agbaze na alkalinity, pH na K+. Ọ nwere ike igosipụta usoro nke salinization na alkalinization. Mana a naghị ewepụkwa ihe omume nke nkedo nke K + site na ụfọdụ mineral ụrọ. Nkesa nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na-enye anyị ohere ịhụ ìgwè atọ nke njikọ; otu mbụ G1 (S3, S4, S8, S11, S12 na S16) bụ nke a na-akọwa site na ngwọta mineral, ọ na-emegide otu nke abụọ G2 (S6, S7, S14 na S15) na-anọchite anya ngwọta mineralized. Ìgwè nke atọ G3 (S1, S2, S9 na S10) gụnyere ihe ngwọta ndị e ji bicarbonate mee. == Edensibịa == {{notelist}} {{reflist|30em}} == Ebe e si nweta ya == {{refbegin}} * Agence Japonaise de Coopération Internationale. Etude de la faisabilité du projet d'aménagement agricole de la région périphérique du Lac Fetzara. (1985) Vol. 3. *Badraoui, M., Soudi, B., Farhat, A. Variation de la qualité des sols : une base pour évaluer la durabilité de la mise en valeur agricole sous irrigation par pivot au Maroc. Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Maroc. (1998) pp 227–233. * Belhamra, A. Contrôle de la salinité des eaux du lac Fetzara jusqu'à la mer. Mémoire de Magister, option : Biologie et physiologie des organismes Marins. Univ. Annaba, (2001) 110 p. *{{citation |last=Davis|first=Diana K.|title=Resurrecting the Granary of Rome: Environmental History and French Colonial Expansion in North Africa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hwu3S5i-2QQC&pg=PA227|accessdate=2017-08-13|date=2007-09-11|publisher=Ohio University Press|isbn=978-0-8214-1751-5}} * Direction générale des forets. Atlas des 26 zones humides Algériennes d'importance internationale, Algérie. (2002) p 53-55. * Djamai, R. Contribution à l'étude de la salinité des sols et des eaux du lac Fetzara (Annaba). Mémoire de Magister, option : Science Agronomiques. INA Alger, (1993)78 p.&nbsp;7. * Durand, J. Premiers résultats de l'étude des sols du lac Fetzara. Doc inédit; SES Alger, (1950) 112 p. * Habes, S. Pollution saline d'un lac, cas du lac Fetzara, Est Algérien. Mémoire de Magister, option : Hydrogéologie. Univ. Annaba, (2006) 103 p.&nbsp;7. * Ifagraria. Etude générale de la mise en valeur agricole des plaines côtières d'Annaba. Soc Ifagraria, Rome; partie I, (1967) 169 p. *{{citation |author=Iron and Steel Institute|title=The Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8sg-AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA251 |accessdate=2017-08-13|year=1880|publisher=The Institute|chapter=Africa}} *{{citation |author=Mining Journal|title=Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures and Mines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x1lIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA438 |accessdate=2017-08-13|year=1878|chapter=Iron Ore}} *{{citation|title=Blue Gum. (Eucalyptus Globulus, Labill.) |last=Tommasi-Crudeli|journal=Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew)|volume=1903|issue=1|year=1903 |publisher=Springer on behalf of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|doi=10.2307/4111387 |jstor=4111387|doi-access=free}} *{{citation|title=LA MISE EN VALEUR DU LAC FETZARA|language=fr |last=Travers |first=L.|journal=Annales de Géographie|volume=67|issue=361 |date=May–June 1958|publisher=Armand Colin |jstor=23443549}} * Zahi, F. la qualité des eaux et des sols de la région du lac Fetzara (Nord-Est Algérien). Mémoire de Magister, option : Géosciences. Université d'Annaba, (2008) 150 p(2011) {{refend}} * Zenati, N. Relation Nappes - Lac Confirmation par l'hydrochimie cas de la plaine Ouest d'El Hadjar lac Fetzara N-E Algérien. Mémoire de Magister, option : Chimie et Environnement. Univ. Annaba, (1999) 151p. == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170617053417/http://jmaterenvironsci.com/Document/vol2/vol2_S1/3-Zahi-theme1.pdf Nnyocha nke nnu n'ala na mpaghara Ọdọ Mmiri Fetzara] <templatestyles src="Module:Portal bar/styles.css"></templatestyles>  elouttkshlexlolwyedudgmjs74ig38 0 77188 670575 2026-06-30T21:47:42Z Ginikanwachimamkpa 61353 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1306991763|Taiyang River]]" 670575 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Osimiri Taiyang |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Taiyang_River_in_Wanning.jpg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Osimiri Taiyang na Wanning City.</div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Ebe |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba | class="infobox-data" |People's Republic of China |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Àgwà ya&nbsp; |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" style="display:none;" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe e si nweta ya | class="infobox-data" |  |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ebe&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |Ugwu Hongding, Qiongzhong County, Hainan ProvinceÓgbè Hainan |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ịdị elu&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |875 m (2,871 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọnụ | class="infobox-data" |  |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ebe&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |Oké Osimiri Ndịda China |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; akara&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Taiyang_River&params=18.742_N_110.4513_E_type:river_region:CN <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">18°44′31′′N</span> <span class="longitude">110°27′05′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">18.7420°N 110.4513°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">18.7420; 110.4513</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Taiyang_River&params=18.742_N_110.4513_E_type:river_region:CN <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">18°44′31″N</span> <span class="longitude">110°27′05″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">18.7420°N 110.4513°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">18.7420; 110.4513</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ịdị elu&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |0 m (0 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ogologo | class="infobox-data" |75.7 km (47.0 mi) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ogologo ọdọ mmiri</div> | class="infobox-data" |59².51 km2 (228.77 sq mi) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" style="display:none;" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ịchụpụ | class="infobox-data" |  |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; nkezi&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |20.6 m³/s (730 cu ft/s) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |} '''Osimiri Taiyang''' (Chinese: 太阳河; : )bụ osimiri dị na Hainan Island, China. Ọ na-ebili na Ugwu Hongding nke ndị na-eme egwuregwu Qiongzhong County ma na-aga n'ebe Iberibe Gafe Wanning City iji banye n'Oké sere South China. map ahụ nwere ogologo nke 75.7 km ma na-akpa mmiri n'ebe dị 592.51 square km. .<ref>{{Cite book|author=|title=Encyclopedia of rivers and lakes in China Section of Zhujiang River basin|year=2013|publisher=China WaterPower Press|location=Beijing|isbn=978-7-5170-0561-2}}</ref>&nbsp; == Edemsibia == [[Otú:Articles with short description]] dlk5ytqpt5lp6t06zw666y3qn6q752u 0 77189 670577 2026-06-30T21:51:50Z Aluta editor 62822 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341896108|Island of Limacos]]" 670577 wikitext text/x-wiki   The '''Island of Limacos''' ("slugs") or '''Island of Caracoles''' ("snails"), known in Spanish in the 16th century as '''{{Lang|es|Risgol}}'''<ref>{{Cite book|author=Asteroide|url=http://archive.org/details/SourcesIneditesDeLhistoireDuMaroc.T.II|title=Sources Inedites De L'histoire Du Maroc. T. II|date=1956}}</ref> and in French as '''{{Lang|fr|Île de Rachgoun}}'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Carta de la Costa de España, desde Punta de Europa hasta Vera con la parte correspondiente de Africa desde Ceuta hasta Cabo Fégalo. H. 117A [Material cartográfico] / construida la costa de España con arreglo a los trabajos verificados por la Comision Hidrográfica al mando del Capitan de Fragata D. José Montojo y Salcedo, y la de Africa según las cartas francesas mas recientes; J. Riudavets la construyó; E. Perez la grabó; F. Serra gº la letra - Montojo y Salcedo, José - Material cartográfico impreso - 1877|url=http://bdh.bne.es/bnesearch/detalle/91114|accessdate=2022-06-10|work=bdh.bne.es|language=en}}</ref> (Arabic: جزيرة رشقون, romanized: Jazira Rashqūn) is an Algerian islet located near the North African coast. It has an area of about 66 hectares (160 acres)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=The List of Wetlands of International Importance (the Ramsar List)|url=https://www.ramsar.org/document/the-list-of-wetlands-of-international-importance-the-ramsar-list|accessdate=2022-06-10|publisher=[[Ramsar Convention]]}}</ref> and it is uninhabited. It is located in front of the mouth of the [[Tafna River]], where the town of Rashgun is located. It is approximately halfway between Oran and the border between Algeria and Morocco. It was literarily described, along with other islets on the Maghreb coast, by the writer Pedro Mata as "one of those sea monsters sentinel that deflower the surface of the sea at various points" in his 1856 work {{Lang|es|Los moros del Riff o el presidiario de las Alhucemas}}.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Fontanet|first=Pedro Mata y|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pXz8UUsdE5wC&q=caracoles&pg=PA573|title=Los Moros del riff: o el presidario de las Alhucemas|date=1856|publisher=Manini Hermanos|language=es}}</ref> The island has been protected as a Ramsar site since 2001. == Nkọwa == Agwaetiti Limacos ma ọ bụ Rachgoun dị kilomita anọ site n'ụsọ oké osimiri Afrịka, n'ihu ọnụ Osimiri Tafna, nke na-emepụta ọdọ mmiri nke Cape Acra gbara n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ na Cape Bocchus gbara n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ. Agwaetiti ahụ sitere na ugwu mgbawa, ọ bụkwa nkume basaltic na ájá Pliocene dị na ndịda mejupụtara ya..<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Fiche descriptive sur les zones humides Ramsar (FDR)&thinsp;: Île de Rachgoun|url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1DZ050_RIS_June2011.pdf|accessdate=2022-06-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101113219/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1DZ050_RIS_June2011.pdf|archivedate=2013-11-01|language=fr}}</ref> O nwere ihu igwe na-adịkarị n'etiti mmiri ozuzo n'oge oyi na oge ọkọchị. Enweghị mmiri ozuzo (300–500 mm/afọ) bụ ihe si na mmetụta "onyinyo" nke ugwu ndị Morocco nke Atlas na Rif dị n'ọdịda anyanwụ na sistemụ oke ugwu nke ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Spen gaa n'ọdịda anyanwụ, nke na-egbochi ịgafe ifufe na ígwé ojii site na oké ifufe Atlantic..<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Fiche descriptive sur les zones humides Ramsar (FDR)&thinsp;: Île de Rachgoun|url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1DZ050_RIS_June2011.pdf|accessdate=2022-06-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101113219/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1DZ050_RIS_June2011.pdf|archivedate=2013-11-01|language=fr}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131101113219/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1DZ050_RIS_June2011.pdf "Fiche descriptive sur les zones humides Ramsar (FDR)&#x2009;: Île de Rachgoun"] &#x5B;Descriptive record of Ramsar wetlands: Île de Rachgoun&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). </cite></ref>&nbsp; E nwere ụlọ ọkụ n'ebe ugwu nke ndị [[France|French]] wuru na 1870. == Flora na Fauna == Àgwàetiti Limacos ma ọ bụ Rachgoun enweghị ebe obibi ma ghara inwe nrụgide sitere n'aka mmadụ. Ọ dị n'okporo ụzọ nnụnụ na-agafe n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke ụsọ oké osimiri Algeria. Ọ bụ ebe mgbaba na ebe obibi maka ụdị nnụnụ ụfọdụ na-agagharị n'etiti Eurasia na Africa, dị ka Audouin's gulls na Eleonora's falcons.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Fiche descriptive sur les zones humides Ramsar (FDR)&thinsp;: Île de Rachgoun|url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1DZ050_RIS_June2011.pdf|accessdate=2022-06-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101113219/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1DZ050_RIS_June2011.pdf|archivedate=2013-11-01|language=fr}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131101113219/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1DZ050_RIS_June2011.pdf "Fiche descriptive sur les zones humides Ramsar (FDR)&#x2009;: Île de Rachgoun"] &#x5B;Descriptive record of Ramsar wetlands: Île de Rachgoun&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). </cite></ref> Ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ebe a pụrụ ịchọta akara ndị mọnk Mediterenian.<ref name=":1" /> Kemgbe afọ 2011 ọ bụ otu n'ime ebe Ramsar nke Algeria.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=The List of Wetlands of International Importance (the Ramsar List)|url=https://www.ramsar.org/document/the-list-of-wetlands-of-international-importance-the-ramsar-list|accessdate=2022-06-10|publisher=[[Ramsar Convention]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.ramsar.org/document/the-list-of-wetlands-of-international-importance-the-ramsar-list "The List of Wetlands of International Importance (the Ramsar List)"]. </cite></ref> A họpụtara agwaetiti ahụ dị ka Ebe Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa (IBA) site na BirdLife International n'ihi ógbè ya nke Audouin's gulls.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/%C3%AEle-rachgoune-iba-algeria|title=Rachgoune|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2024|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=2024-10-26}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Faịlụ:Ile_de_Rechgoun_(cropped).JPG|alt=Island view|thumb|Ebe a na-ahụ agwaetiti]] A kpọtụrụ ya aha dị ka ebe obibi Ndị Finishia na-adịgide adịgide n'agbanyeghị obere nha ya na enweghị ihe oriri. Na 931, agwaetiti ahụ ghọrọ ebe mgbaba na ebe siri ike nke Idrisi al-Hasan ben Abi-l-Ays. E zigara ụgbọ mmiri Umayyad nke onye a kpọrọ caliph nke al-Andalus Abd al-Rahman nke Atọ—karịsịa site n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Pechina—ka ha wee kpagbuo Idrisi ma gbaa agwaetiti ahụ gburugburu. Agbanyeghị, ụgbọ mmiri a enweghị ike ịga n'ihu na ọrụ ndị na-akpaghasị agwaetiti ahụ ma laghachi n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Andalusia n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 932.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Lirola Delgado|first=Jorge|url=https://digibug.ugr.es/handle/10481/14103|title=El poder naval de Al-Andalus en la época del califato omeya : (siglo IV hégira / X era cristiana)|date=1991|publisher=Granada: Universidad de Granada|isbn=978-84-338-1478-4|language=es}}</ref> A kọwara ya na {{Lang|es|Derrotero de las costas de España en el Mediterráneo: y su correponido de Africa para inteligencia y uso de las cartas esféricas}}, nke Vicente Tofiño nke San Miguel, onye nduzi nke ụlọ ọrụ ndị nche mmiri, bipụtara na 1787: <ref>{{Cite book|author=Miguel|first=Vicente Tofiño de San|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XZPgJnX780AC|title=Derrotero de las costas de España en el Mediterráneo, y su correspondiente de África para inteligencia y uso de las cartas esféricas...|date=1787|publisher=En la imprenta de la viuda de Ibarra, Hijos y compañía|language=es}}</ref>   Limacos dị otu narị kilomita n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke ógbè ndị Spain nke Oran na Mazalquivir - nke Eze Carlos nke Anọ resịrị Ndị Ottoman na 1791 - a na-ekwukwa na ọ pụkwara ịbụ ihe onwunwe nke Spain n'oge gara aga, <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Otero|first=Eugenio Javier Mariñas|date=1998|title=Las plazas menores de soberanía española en Africa|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=813436|journal=Militaria: Revista de cultura militar|issue=12 (III Jornadas de la Asociación de Amigos de los Museos Militares)|pages=141–168|issn=0214-8765}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Miguel|first=Vicente Tofiño de San|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IYkyonOU7NYC&dq=isla+limacos&pg=PA146|title=Derrotero de las costas de España en el Mediterraneo y su correspondiente de Africa|date=1787|publisher=Vda. de Ibarra|language=es}}</ref> mana ọ gbahapụrụ ya n'oge ụfọdụ n'etiti narị afọ nke 18 na nke 19. Ndị agha France weghaara agwaetiti ahụ n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 1835, n'ihe gbasara ọgụ ha megide Abd al-Qádir, megide mbata ndị France na Algeria, na ebumnuche nke ije ozi dị ka ebe a na-enyocha osimiri yana igbochi nnyefe ngwa ọgụ na mgbọ nye ndị nnupụisi na-emegide France.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Antoine)|first=Rozet (M, Claude|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aTsQAAAAYAAJ|title=Algérie|date=1856|publisher=Firmin Didot frères|language=fr}}</ref> A kpọtụrụ Limacos aha dị ka ebe a na-egbu azụ ugboro ugboro maka ụgbọ mmiri ịkụ azụ nke Spain n'ime narị afọ nke 18 na mmalite nke 20, nke ikpeazụ na-esikarị na Tarifa, Malaga na Altea.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hemeroteca Digital. Biblioteca Nacional de España|url=http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0003809462|accessdate=2022-06-11|work=hemerotecadigital.bne.es}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Hitos_de_soberanía_española_(Emilio_Pastor).png|alt=A book page with a black-and-white world map with several coastal points marked. The caption says in Spanish "Todos estos hitos de soberanía española, juntamente con los derechos que tiene España en Haifa (Palestina), islas Limacos o Caracoles y enclaves en Australia del Espíritu Santo, forman un cinturón o línea ecuatorial española alrededor del Globo"|thumb|E depụtara ikike ndị Spain n'elu Limacos na map 1950 nke "ihe ịrịba ama nke ọbụbụeze Spain" nke [[Emilio Pastor y Santos|Emilio Pastor na Santos]].]] Ọ bụ ezie na a gbahapụrụ agwaetiti ahụ, enwere nkwupụta nke ọbụbụeze Spain ruo na narị afọ nke 20, mgbe a ghọtara ya dị ka "Spanish" na Nzukọ Algeciras nke 1906, <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Otero|first=Eugenio Javier Mariñas|date=1998|title=Las plazas menores de soberanía española en Africa|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=813436|journal=Militaria: Revista de cultura militar|issue=12 (III Jornadas de la Asociación de Amigos de los Museos Militares)|pages=141–168|issn=0214-8765}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFOtero1998">Otero, Eugenio Javier Mariñas (1998). </cite></ref> yana ịpụta na akwụkwọ ikike na akwụkwọ Spanish n'oge narị afọ nke 19 na nke 20.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Cervantes|first=Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de|title=Escuela española. Año XV, núm. 765, 6 de octubre de 1955 {{!}} Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes|url=https://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra/escuela-espanola-2488/|accessdate=2022-06-11|work=www.cervantesvirtual.com|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://bibliotecavirtual.defensa.gob.es/BVMDefensa/es/consulta/registro.do?id=66660|title=Atlas de las costas de Europa y Africa en el Mediterráneo : Atlas Núm.1|chapter=Carta Esférica de la Costa de España desde la Punta de Europa hasta Vera con la parte correspondiente de Africa desde Ceuta hasta la Isla Limacos o de Caracoles|year=1833|publisher=Dirección Hidrográfica}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ugbu a, agwaetiti ahụ nọ n'okpuru ọbụbụeze Algeria na nkwupụta na ịkpọ aha "Spanishness" nke agwaetiti ahụ na akwụkwọ gọọmentị furu efu n'oge narị afọ nke 20.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-09-16|title=La españolidad de los islotes Limacos y Perejil|url=https://elfarodeceuta.es/la-espanolidad-de-los-islotes-limacos-y-perejil/|accessdate=2022-06-11|work=El Faro de Ceuta|language=es}}</ref> A na-echebe agwaetiti ahụ dị ka Ebe Ramsar kemgbe afọ 2001. == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 1r6cqq3bngaiasaeufr1wklnckh2sg2 670578 670577 2026-06-30T21:52:40Z Aluta editor 62822 670578 wikitext text/x-wiki   The '''Island of Limacos''' ("slugs") or '''Island of Caracoles''' ("snails"), known in Spanish in the 16th century as '''{{Lang|es|Risgol}}'''<ref>{{Cite book|author=Asteroide|url=http://archive.org/details/SourcesIneditesDeLhistoireDuMaroc.T.II|title=Sources Inedites De L'histoire Du Maroc. T. II|date=1956}}</ref> and in French as '''{{Lang|fr|Île de Rachgoun}}'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Carta de la Costa de España, desde Punta de Europa hasta Vera con la parte correspondiente de Africa desde Ceuta hasta Cabo Fégalo. H. 117A [Material cartográfico] / construida la costa de España con arreglo a los trabajos verificados por la Comision Hidrográfica al mando del Capitan de Fragata D. José Montojo y Salcedo, y la de Africa según las cartas francesas mas recientes; J. Riudavets la construyó; E. Perez la grabó; F. Serra gº la letra - Montojo y Salcedo, José - Material cartográfico impreso - 1877|url=http://bdh.bne.es/bnesearch/detalle/91114|accessdate=2022-06-10|work=bdh.bne.es|language=en}}</ref> (Arabic: جزيرة رشقون, romanized: Jazira Rashqūn) is an Algerian islet located near the North African coast. It has an area of about 66 hectares (160 acres)<ref name=":0" /> and it is uninhabited. It is located in front of the mouth of the [[Tafna River]], where the town of Rashgun is located. It is approximately halfway between Oran and the border between Algeria and Morocco. It was literarily described, along with other islets on the Maghreb coast, by the writer Pedro Mata as "one of those sea monsters sentinel that deflower the surface of the sea at various points" in his 1856 work {{Lang|es|Los moros del Riff o el presidiario de las Alhucemas}}.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Fontanet|first=Pedro Mata y|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pXz8UUsdE5wC&q=caracoles&pg=PA573|title=Los Moros del riff: o el presidario de las Alhucemas|date=1856|publisher=Manini Hermanos|language=es}}</ref> The island has been protected as a Ramsar site since 2001. == Nkọwa == Agwaetiti Limacos ma ọ bụ Rachgoun dị kilomita anọ site n'ụsọ oké osimiri Afrịka, n'ihu ọnụ Osimiri Tafna, nke na-emepụta ọdọ mmiri nke Cape Acra gbara n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ na Cape Bocchus gbara n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ. Agwaetiti ahụ sitere na ugwu mgbawa, ọ bụkwa nkume basaltic na ájá Pliocene dị na ndịda mejupụtara ya..<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Fiche descriptive sur les zones humides Ramsar (FDR)&thinsp;: Île de Rachgoun|url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1DZ050_RIS_June2011.pdf|accessdate=2022-06-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101113219/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1DZ050_RIS_June2011.pdf|archivedate=2013-11-01|language=fr}}</ref> O nwere ihu igwe na-adịkarị n'etiti mmiri ozuzo n'oge oyi na oge ọkọchị. Enweghị mmiri ozuzo (300–500 mm/afọ) bụ ihe si na mmetụta "onyinyo" nke ugwu ndị Morocco nke Atlas na Rif dị n'ọdịda anyanwụ na sistemụ oke ugwu nke ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Spen gaa n'ọdịda anyanwụ, nke na-egbochi ịgafe ifufe na ígwé ojii site na oké ifufe Atlantic..<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Fiche descriptive sur les zones humides Ramsar (FDR)&thinsp;: Île de Rachgoun|url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1DZ050_RIS_June2011.pdf|accessdate=2022-06-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101113219/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1DZ050_RIS_June2011.pdf|archivedate=2013-11-01|language=fr}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131101113219/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1DZ050_RIS_June2011.pdf "Fiche descriptive sur les zones humides Ramsar (FDR)&#x2009;: Île de Rachgoun"] &#x5B;Descriptive record of Ramsar wetlands: Île de Rachgoun&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). </cite></ref>&nbsp; E nwere ụlọ ọkụ n'ebe ugwu nke ndị [[France|French]] wuru na 1870. == Flora na Fauna == Àgwàetiti Limacos ma ọ bụ Rachgoun enweghị ebe obibi ma ghara inwe nrụgide sitere n'aka mmadụ. Ọ dị n'okporo ụzọ nnụnụ na-agafe n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke ụsọ oké osimiri Algeria. Ọ bụ ebe mgbaba na ebe obibi maka ụdị nnụnụ ụfọdụ na-agagharị n'etiti Eurasia na Africa, dị ka Audouin's gulls na Eleonora's falcons.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Fiche descriptive sur les zones humides Ramsar (FDR)&thinsp;: Île de Rachgoun|url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1DZ050_RIS_June2011.pdf|accessdate=2022-06-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101113219/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1DZ050_RIS_June2011.pdf|archivedate=2013-11-01|language=fr}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131101113219/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1DZ050_RIS_June2011.pdf "Fiche descriptive sur les zones humides Ramsar (FDR)&#x2009;: Île de Rachgoun"] &#x5B;Descriptive record of Ramsar wetlands: Île de Rachgoun&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). </cite></ref> Ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ebe a pụrụ ịchọta akara ndị mọnk Mediterenian.<ref name=":1" /> Kemgbe afọ 2011 ọ bụ otu n'ime ebe Ramsar nke Algeria.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=The List of Wetlands of International Importance (the Ramsar List)|url=https://www.ramsar.org/document/the-list-of-wetlands-of-international-importance-the-ramsar-list|accessdate=2022-06-10|publisher=[[Ramsar Convention]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.ramsar.org/document/the-list-of-wetlands-of-international-importance-the-ramsar-list "The List of Wetlands of International Importance (the Ramsar List)"]. </cite></ref> A họpụtara agwaetiti ahụ dị ka Ebe Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa (IBA) site na BirdLife International n'ihi ógbè ya nke Audouin's gulls.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/%C3%AEle-rachgoune-iba-algeria|title=Rachgoune|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2024|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=2024-10-26}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Faịlụ:Ile_de_Rechgoun_(cropped).JPG|alt=Island view|thumb|Ebe a na-ahụ agwaetiti]] A kpọtụrụ ya aha dị ka ebe obibi Ndị Finishia na-adịgide adịgide n'agbanyeghị obere nha ya na enweghị ihe oriri. Na 931, agwaetiti ahụ ghọrọ ebe mgbaba na ebe siri ike nke Idrisi al-Hasan ben Abi-l-Ays. E zigara ụgbọ mmiri Umayyad nke onye a kpọrọ caliph nke al-Andalus Abd al-Rahman nke Atọ—karịsịa site n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Pechina—ka ha wee kpagbuo Idrisi ma gbaa agwaetiti ahụ gburugburu. Agbanyeghị, ụgbọ mmiri a enweghị ike ịga n'ihu na ọrụ ndị na-akpaghasị agwaetiti ahụ ma laghachi n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Andalusia n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 932.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Lirola Delgado|first=Jorge|url=https://digibug.ugr.es/handle/10481/14103|title=El poder naval de Al-Andalus en la época del califato omeya : (siglo IV hégira / X era cristiana)|date=1991|publisher=Granada: Universidad de Granada|isbn=978-84-338-1478-4|language=es}}</ref> A kọwara ya na {{Lang|es|Derrotero de las costas de España en el Mediterráneo: y su correponido de Africa para inteligencia y uso de las cartas esféricas}}, nke Vicente Tofiño nke San Miguel, onye nduzi nke ụlọ ọrụ ndị nche mmiri, bipụtara na 1787: <ref>{{Cite book|author=Miguel|first=Vicente Tofiño de San|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XZPgJnX780AC|title=Derrotero de las costas de España en el Mediterráneo, y su correspondiente de África para inteligencia y uso de las cartas esféricas...|date=1787|publisher=En la imprenta de la viuda de Ibarra, Hijos y compañía|language=es}}</ref>   Limacos dị otu narị kilomita n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke ógbè ndị Spain nke Oran na Mazalquivir - nke Eze Carlos nke Anọ resịrị Ndị Ottoman na 1791 - a na-ekwukwa na ọ pụkwara ịbụ ihe onwunwe nke Spain n'oge gara aga, <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Otero|first=Eugenio Javier Mariñas|date=1998|title=Las plazas menores de soberanía española en Africa|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=813436|journal=Militaria: Revista de cultura militar|issue=12 (III Jornadas de la Asociación de Amigos de los Museos Militares)|pages=141–168|issn=0214-8765}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Miguel|first=Vicente Tofiño de San|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IYkyonOU7NYC&dq=isla+limacos&pg=PA146|title=Derrotero de las costas de España en el Mediterraneo y su correspondiente de Africa|date=1787|publisher=Vda. de Ibarra|language=es}}</ref> mana ọ gbahapụrụ ya n'oge ụfọdụ n'etiti narị afọ nke 18 na nke 19. Ndị agha France weghaara agwaetiti ahụ n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 1835, n'ihe gbasara ọgụ ha megide Abd al-Qádir, megide mbata ndị France na Algeria, na ebumnuche nke ije ozi dị ka ebe a na-enyocha osimiri yana igbochi nnyefe ngwa ọgụ na mgbọ nye ndị nnupụisi na-emegide France.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Antoine)|first=Rozet (M, Claude|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aTsQAAAAYAAJ|title=Algérie|date=1856|publisher=Firmin Didot frères|language=fr}}</ref> A kpọtụrụ Limacos aha dị ka ebe a na-egbu azụ ugboro ugboro maka ụgbọ mmiri ịkụ azụ nke Spain n'ime narị afọ nke 18 na mmalite nke 20, nke ikpeazụ na-esikarị na Tarifa, Malaga na Altea.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hemeroteca Digital. Biblioteca Nacional de España|url=http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0003809462|accessdate=2022-06-11|work=hemerotecadigital.bne.es}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Hitos_de_soberanía_española_(Emilio_Pastor).png|alt=A book page with a black-and-white world map with several coastal points marked. The caption says in Spanish "Todos estos hitos de soberanía española, juntamente con los derechos que tiene España en Haifa (Palestina), islas Limacos o Caracoles y enclaves en Australia del Espíritu Santo, forman un cinturón o línea ecuatorial española alrededor del Globo"|thumb|E depụtara ikike ndị Spain n'elu Limacos na map 1950 nke "ihe ịrịba ama nke ọbụbụeze Spain" nke [[Emilio Pastor y Santos|Emilio Pastor na Santos]].]] Ọ bụ ezie na a gbahapụrụ agwaetiti ahụ, enwere nkwupụta nke ọbụbụeze Spain ruo na narị afọ nke 20, mgbe a ghọtara ya dị ka "Spanish" na Nzukọ Algeciras nke 1906, <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Otero|first=Eugenio Javier Mariñas|date=1998|title=Las plazas menores de soberanía española en Africa|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=813436|journal=Militaria: Revista de cultura militar|issue=12 (III Jornadas de la Asociación de Amigos de los Museos Militares)|pages=141–168|issn=0214-8765}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFOtero1998">Otero, Eugenio Javier Mariñas (1998). </cite></ref> yana ịpụta na akwụkwọ ikike na akwụkwọ Spanish n'oge narị afọ nke 19 na nke 20.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Cervantes|first=Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de|title=Escuela española. Año XV, núm. 765, 6 de octubre de 1955 {{!}} Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes|url=https://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra/escuela-espanola-2488/|accessdate=2022-06-11|work=www.cervantesvirtual.com|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://bibliotecavirtual.defensa.gob.es/BVMDefensa/es/consulta/registro.do?id=66660|title=Atlas de las costas de Europa y Africa en el Mediterráneo : Atlas Núm.1|chapter=Carta Esférica de la Costa de España desde la Punta de Europa hasta Vera con la parte correspondiente de Africa desde Ceuta hasta la Isla Limacos o de Caracoles|year=1833|publisher=Dirección Hidrográfica}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ugbu a, agwaetiti ahụ nọ n'okpuru ọbụbụeze Algeria na nkwupụta na ịkpọ aha "Spanishness" nke agwaetiti ahụ na akwụkwọ gọọmentị furu efu n'oge narị afọ nke 20.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-09-16|title=La españolidad de los islotes Limacos y Perejil|url=https://elfarodeceuta.es/la-espanolidad-de-los-islotes-limacos-y-perejil/|accessdate=2022-06-11|work=El Faro de Ceuta|language=es}}</ref> A na-echebe agwaetiti ahụ dị ka Ebe Ramsar kemgbe afọ 2001. == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] laznlnuyattz7fs5ltcts8xzcxd88up 670579 670578 2026-06-30T21:53:12Z Aluta editor 62822 670579 wikitext text/x-wiki   The '''Island of Limacos''' ("slugs") or '''Island of Caracoles''' ("snails"), known in Spanish in the 16th century as '''{{Lang|es|Risgol}}'''<ref>{{Cite book|author=Asteroide|url=http://archive.org/details/SourcesIneditesDeLhistoireDuMaroc.T.II|title=Sources Inedites De L'histoire Du Maroc. T. II|date=1956}}</ref> and in French as '''{{Lang|fr|Île de Rachgoun}}'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Carta de la Costa de España, desde Punta de Europa hasta Vera con la parte correspondiente de Africa desde Ceuta hasta Cabo Fégalo. H. 117A [Material cartográfico] / construida la costa de España con arreglo a los trabajos verificados por la Comision Hidrográfica al mando del Capitan de Fragata D. José Montojo y Salcedo, y la de Africa según las cartas francesas mas recientes; J. Riudavets la construyó; E. Perez la grabó; F. Serra gº la letra - Montojo y Salcedo, José - Material cartográfico impreso - 1877|url=http://bdh.bne.es/bnesearch/detalle/91114|accessdate=2022-06-10|work=bdh.bne.es|language=en}}</ref> (Arabic: جزيرة رشقون, romanized: Jazira Rashqūn) is an Algerian islet located near the North African coast. It has an area of about 66 hectares (160 acres)<ref name=":0" /> and it is uninhabited. It is located in front of the mouth of the [[Tafna River]], where the town of Rashgun is located. It is approximately halfway between Oran and the border between Algeria and Morocco. It was literarily described, along with other islets on the Maghreb coast, by the writer Pedro Mata as "one of those sea monsters sentinel that deflower the surface of the sea at various points" in his 1856 work {{Lang|es|Los moros del Riff o el presidiario de las Alhucemas}}.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Fontanet|first=Pedro Mata y|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pXz8UUsdE5wC&q=caracoles&pg=PA573|title=Los Moros del riff: o el presidario de las Alhucemas|date=1856|publisher=Manini Hermanos|language=es}}</ref> The island has been protected as a Ramsar site since 2001. == Nkọwa == Agwaetiti Limacos ma ọ bụ Rachgoun dị kilomita anọ site n'ụsọ oké osimiri Afrịka, n'ihu ọnụ Osimiri Tafna, nke na-emepụta ọdọ mmiri nke Cape Acra gbara n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ na Cape Bocchus gbara n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ. Agwaetiti ahụ sitere na ugwu mgbawa, ọ bụkwa nkume basaltic na ájá Pliocene dị na ndịda mejupụtara ya..<ref name=":1" /> O nwere ihu igwe na-adịkarị n'etiti mmiri ozuzo n'oge oyi na oge ọkọchị. Enweghị mmiri ozuzo (300–500 mm/afọ) bụ ihe si na mmetụta "onyinyo" nke ugwu ndị Morocco nke Atlas na Rif dị n'ọdịda anyanwụ na sistemụ oke ugwu nke ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Spen gaa n'ọdịda anyanwụ, nke na-egbochi ịgafe ifufe na ígwé ojii site na oké ifufe Atlantic..<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Fiche descriptive sur les zones humides Ramsar (FDR)&thinsp;: Île de Rachgoun|url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1DZ050_RIS_June2011.pdf|accessdate=2022-06-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101113219/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1DZ050_RIS_June2011.pdf|archivedate=2013-11-01|language=fr}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131101113219/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1DZ050_RIS_June2011.pdf "Fiche descriptive sur les zones humides Ramsar (FDR)&#x2009;: Île de Rachgoun"] &#x5B;Descriptive record of Ramsar wetlands: Île de Rachgoun&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). </cite></ref>&nbsp; E nwere ụlọ ọkụ n'ebe ugwu nke ndị [[France|French]] wuru na 1870. == Flora na Fauna == Àgwàetiti Limacos ma ọ bụ Rachgoun enweghị ebe obibi ma ghara inwe nrụgide sitere n'aka mmadụ. Ọ dị n'okporo ụzọ nnụnụ na-agafe n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke ụsọ oké osimiri Algeria. Ọ bụ ebe mgbaba na ebe obibi maka ụdị nnụnụ ụfọdụ na-agagharị n'etiti Eurasia na Africa, dị ka Audouin's gulls na Eleonora's falcons.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Fiche descriptive sur les zones humides Ramsar (FDR)&thinsp;: Île de Rachgoun|url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1DZ050_RIS_June2011.pdf|accessdate=2022-06-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101113219/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1DZ050_RIS_June2011.pdf|archivedate=2013-11-01|language=fr}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131101113219/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1DZ050_RIS_June2011.pdf "Fiche descriptive sur les zones humides Ramsar (FDR)&#x2009;: Île de Rachgoun"] &#x5B;Descriptive record of Ramsar wetlands: Île de Rachgoun&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). </cite></ref> Ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ebe a pụrụ ịchọta akara ndị mọnk Mediterenian.<ref name=":1" /> Kemgbe afọ 2011 ọ bụ otu n'ime ebe Ramsar nke Algeria.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=The List of Wetlands of International Importance (the Ramsar List)|url=https://www.ramsar.org/document/the-list-of-wetlands-of-international-importance-the-ramsar-list|accessdate=2022-06-10|publisher=[[Ramsar Convention]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.ramsar.org/document/the-list-of-wetlands-of-international-importance-the-ramsar-list "The List of Wetlands of International Importance (the Ramsar List)"]. </cite></ref> A họpụtara agwaetiti ahụ dị ka Ebe Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa (IBA) site na BirdLife International n'ihi ógbè ya nke Audouin's gulls.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/%C3%AEle-rachgoune-iba-algeria|title=Rachgoune|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2024|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=2024-10-26}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Faịlụ:Ile_de_Rechgoun_(cropped).JPG|alt=Island view|thumb|Ebe a na-ahụ agwaetiti]] A kpọtụrụ ya aha dị ka ebe obibi Ndị Finishia na-adịgide adịgide n'agbanyeghị obere nha ya na enweghị ihe oriri. Na 931, agwaetiti ahụ ghọrọ ebe mgbaba na ebe siri ike nke Idrisi al-Hasan ben Abi-l-Ays. E zigara ụgbọ mmiri Umayyad nke onye a kpọrọ caliph nke al-Andalus Abd al-Rahman nke Atọ—karịsịa site n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Pechina—ka ha wee kpagbuo Idrisi ma gbaa agwaetiti ahụ gburugburu. Agbanyeghị, ụgbọ mmiri a enweghị ike ịga n'ihu na ọrụ ndị na-akpaghasị agwaetiti ahụ ma laghachi n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Andalusia n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 932.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Lirola Delgado|first=Jorge|url=https://digibug.ugr.es/handle/10481/14103|title=El poder naval de Al-Andalus en la época del califato omeya : (siglo IV hégira / X era cristiana)|date=1991|publisher=Granada: Universidad de Granada|isbn=978-84-338-1478-4|language=es}}</ref> A kọwara ya na {{Lang|es|Derrotero de las costas de España en el Mediterráneo: y su correponido de Africa para inteligencia y uso de las cartas esféricas}}, nke Vicente Tofiño nke San Miguel, onye nduzi nke ụlọ ọrụ ndị nche mmiri, bipụtara na 1787: <ref>{{Cite book|author=Miguel|first=Vicente Tofiño de San|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XZPgJnX780AC|title=Derrotero de las costas de España en el Mediterráneo, y su correspondiente de África para inteligencia y uso de las cartas esféricas...|date=1787|publisher=En la imprenta de la viuda de Ibarra, Hijos y compañía|language=es}}</ref>   Limacos dị otu narị kilomita n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke ógbè ndị Spain nke Oran na Mazalquivir - nke Eze Carlos nke Anọ resịrị Ndị Ottoman na 1791 - a na-ekwukwa na ọ pụkwara ịbụ ihe onwunwe nke Spain n'oge gara aga, <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Otero|first=Eugenio Javier Mariñas|date=1998|title=Las plazas menores de soberanía española en Africa|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=813436|journal=Militaria: Revista de cultura militar|issue=12 (III Jornadas de la Asociación de Amigos de los Museos Militares)|pages=141–168|issn=0214-8765}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Miguel|first=Vicente Tofiño de San|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IYkyonOU7NYC&dq=isla+limacos&pg=PA146|title=Derrotero de las costas de España en el Mediterraneo y su correspondiente de Africa|date=1787|publisher=Vda. de Ibarra|language=es}}</ref> mana ọ gbahapụrụ ya n'oge ụfọdụ n'etiti narị afọ nke 18 na nke 19. Ndị agha France weghaara agwaetiti ahụ n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 1835, n'ihe gbasara ọgụ ha megide Abd al-Qádir, megide mbata ndị France na Algeria, na ebumnuche nke ije ozi dị ka ebe a na-enyocha osimiri yana igbochi nnyefe ngwa ọgụ na mgbọ nye ndị nnupụisi na-emegide France.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Antoine)|first=Rozet (M, Claude|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aTsQAAAAYAAJ|title=Algérie|date=1856|publisher=Firmin Didot frères|language=fr}}</ref> A kpọtụrụ Limacos aha dị ka ebe a na-egbu azụ ugboro ugboro maka ụgbọ mmiri ịkụ azụ nke Spain n'ime narị afọ nke 18 na mmalite nke 20, nke ikpeazụ na-esikarị na Tarifa, Malaga na Altea.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hemeroteca Digital. Biblioteca Nacional de España|url=http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0003809462|accessdate=2022-06-11|work=hemerotecadigital.bne.es}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Hitos_de_soberanía_española_(Emilio_Pastor).png|alt=A book page with a black-and-white world map with several coastal points marked. The caption says in Spanish "Todos estos hitos de soberanía española, juntamente con los derechos que tiene España en Haifa (Palestina), islas Limacos o Caracoles y enclaves en Australia del Espíritu Santo, forman un cinturón o línea ecuatorial española alrededor del Globo"|thumb|E depụtara ikike ndị Spain n'elu Limacos na map 1950 nke "ihe ịrịba ama nke ọbụbụeze Spain" nke [[Emilio Pastor y Santos|Emilio Pastor na Santos]].]] Ọ bụ ezie na a gbahapụrụ agwaetiti ahụ, enwere nkwupụta nke ọbụbụeze Spain ruo na narị afọ nke 20, mgbe a ghọtara ya dị ka "Spanish" na Nzukọ Algeciras nke 1906, <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Otero|first=Eugenio Javier Mariñas|date=1998|title=Las plazas menores de soberanía española en Africa|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=813436|journal=Militaria: Revista de cultura militar|issue=12 (III Jornadas de la Asociación de Amigos de los Museos Militares)|pages=141–168|issn=0214-8765}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFOtero1998">Otero, Eugenio Javier Mariñas (1998). </cite></ref> yana ịpụta na akwụkwọ ikike na akwụkwọ Spanish n'oge narị afọ nke 19 na nke 20.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Cervantes|first=Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de|title=Escuela española. Año XV, núm. 765, 6 de octubre de 1955 {{!}} Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes|url=https://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra/escuela-espanola-2488/|accessdate=2022-06-11|work=www.cervantesvirtual.com|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://bibliotecavirtual.defensa.gob.es/BVMDefensa/es/consulta/registro.do?id=66660|title=Atlas de las costas de Europa y Africa en el Mediterráneo : Atlas Núm.1|chapter=Carta Esférica de la Costa de España desde la Punta de Europa hasta Vera con la parte correspondiente de Africa desde Ceuta hasta la Isla Limacos o de Caracoles|year=1833|publisher=Dirección Hidrográfica}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ugbu a, agwaetiti ahụ nọ n'okpuru ọbụbụeze Algeria na nkwupụta na ịkpọ aha "Spanishness" nke agwaetiti ahụ na akwụkwọ gọọmentị furu efu n'oge narị afọ nke 20.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-09-16|title=La españolidad de los islotes Limacos y Perejil|url=https://elfarodeceuta.es/la-espanolidad-de-los-islotes-limacos-y-perejil/|accessdate=2022-06-11|work=El Faro de Ceuta|language=es}}</ref> A na-echebe agwaetiti ahụ dị ka Ebe Ramsar kemgbe afọ 2001. == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 2091b5rrikxwkx0psso5xjj7h4qy59c 670581 670579 2026-06-30T21:53:48Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed refference with ref tag 670581 wikitext text/x-wiki   The '''Island of Limacos''' ("slugs") or '''Island of Caracoles''' ("snails"), known in Spanish in the 16th century as '''{{Lang|es|Risgol}}'''<ref>{{Cite book|author=Asteroide|url=http://archive.org/details/SourcesIneditesDeLhistoireDuMaroc.T.II|title=Sources Inedites De L'histoire Du Maroc. T. II|date=1956}}</ref> and in French as '''{{Lang|fr|Île de Rachgoun}}'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Carta de la Costa de España, desde Punta de Europa hasta Vera con la parte correspondiente de Africa desde Ceuta hasta Cabo Fégalo. H. 117A [Material cartográfico] / construida la costa de España con arreglo a los trabajos verificados por la Comision Hidrográfica al mando del Capitan de Fragata D. José Montojo y Salcedo, y la de Africa según las cartas francesas mas recientes; J. Riudavets la construyó; E. Perez la grabó; F. Serra gº la letra - Montojo y Salcedo, José - Material cartográfico impreso - 1877|url=http://bdh.bne.es/bnesearch/detalle/91114|accessdate=2022-06-10|work=bdh.bne.es|language=en}}</ref> (Arabic: جزيرة رشقون, romanized: Jazira Rashqūn) is an Algerian islet located near the North African coast. It has an area of about 66 hectares (160 acres)<ref name=":0" /> and it is uninhabited. It is located in front of the mouth of the [[Tafna River]], where the town of Rashgun is located. It is approximately halfway between Oran and the border between Algeria and Morocco. It was literarily described, along with other islets on the Maghreb coast, by the writer Pedro Mata as "one of those sea monsters sentinel that deflower the surface of the sea at various points" in his 1856 work {{Lang|es|Los moros del Riff o el presidiario de las Alhucemas}}.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Fontanet|first=Pedro Mata y|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pXz8UUsdE5wC&q=caracoles&pg=PA573|title=Los Moros del riff: o el presidario de las Alhucemas|date=1856|publisher=Manini Hermanos|language=es}}</ref> The island has been protected as a Ramsar site since 2001. == Nkọwa == Agwaetiti Limacos ma ọ bụ Rachgoun dị kilomita anọ site n'ụsọ oké osimiri Afrịka, n'ihu ọnụ Osimiri Tafna, nke na-emepụta ọdọ mmiri nke Cape Acra gbara n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ na Cape Bocchus gbara n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ. Agwaetiti ahụ sitere na ugwu mgbawa, ọ bụkwa nkume basaltic na ájá Pliocene dị na ndịda mejupụtara ya..<ref name=":1" /> O nwere ihu igwe na-adịkarị n'etiti mmiri ozuzo n'oge oyi na oge ọkọchị. Enweghị mmiri ozuzo (300–500 mm/afọ) bụ ihe si na mmetụta "onyinyo" nke ugwu ndị Morocco nke Atlas na Rif dị n'ọdịda anyanwụ na sistemụ oke ugwu nke ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Spen gaa n'ọdịda anyanwụ, nke na-egbochi ịgafe ifufe na ígwé ojii site na oké ifufe Atlantic..<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Fiche descriptive sur les zones humides Ramsar (FDR)&thinsp;: Île de Rachgoun|url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1DZ050_RIS_June2011.pdf|accessdate=2022-06-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101113219/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1DZ050_RIS_June2011.pdf|archivedate=2013-11-01|language=fr}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131101113219/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1DZ050_RIS_June2011.pdf "Fiche descriptive sur les zones humides Ramsar (FDR)&#x2009;: Île de Rachgoun"] &#x5B;Descriptive record of Ramsar wetlands: Île de Rachgoun&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). </cite></ref>&nbsp; E nwere ụlọ ọkụ n'ebe ugwu nke ndị [[France|French]] wuru na 1870. == Flora na Fauna == Àgwàetiti Limacos ma ọ bụ Rachgoun enweghị ebe obibi ma ghara inwe nrụgide sitere n'aka mmadụ. Ọ dị n'okporo ụzọ nnụnụ na-agafe n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke ụsọ oké osimiri Algeria. Ọ bụ ebe mgbaba na ebe obibi maka ụdị nnụnụ ụfọdụ na-agagharị n'etiti Eurasia na Africa, dị ka Audouin's gulls na Eleonora's falcons.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Fiche descriptive sur les zones humides Ramsar (FDR)&thinsp;: Île de Rachgoun|url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1DZ050_RIS_June2011.pdf|accessdate=2022-06-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101113219/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1DZ050_RIS_June2011.pdf|archivedate=2013-11-01|language=fr}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131101113219/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1DZ050_RIS_June2011.pdf "Fiche descriptive sur les zones humides Ramsar (FDR)&#x2009;: Île de Rachgoun"] &#x5B;Descriptive record of Ramsar wetlands: Île de Rachgoun&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). </cite></ref> Ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ebe a pụrụ ịchọta akara ndị mọnk Mediterenian.<ref name=":1" /> Kemgbe afọ 2011 ọ bụ otu n'ime ebe Ramsar nke Algeria.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=The List of Wetlands of International Importance (the Ramsar List)|url=https://www.ramsar.org/document/the-list-of-wetlands-of-international-importance-the-ramsar-list|accessdate=2022-06-10|publisher=[[Ramsar Convention]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.ramsar.org/document/the-list-of-wetlands-of-international-importance-the-ramsar-list "The List of Wetlands of International Importance (the Ramsar List)"]. </cite></ref> A họpụtara agwaetiti ahụ dị ka Ebe Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa (IBA) site na BirdLife International n'ihi ógbè ya nke Audouin's gulls.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/%C3%AEle-rachgoune-iba-algeria|title=Rachgoune|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2024|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=2024-10-26}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Faịlụ:Ile_de_Rechgoun_(cropped).JPG|alt=Island view|thumb|Ebe a na-ahụ agwaetiti]] A kpọtụrụ ya aha dị ka ebe obibi Ndị Finishia na-adịgide adịgide n'agbanyeghị obere nha ya na enweghị ihe oriri. Na 931, agwaetiti ahụ ghọrọ ebe mgbaba na ebe siri ike nke Idrisi al-Hasan ben Abi-l-Ays. E zigara ụgbọ mmiri Umayyad nke onye a kpọrọ caliph nke al-Andalus Abd al-Rahman nke Atọ—karịsịa site n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Pechina—ka ha wee kpagbuo Idrisi ma gbaa agwaetiti ahụ gburugburu. Agbanyeghị, ụgbọ mmiri a enweghị ike ịga n'ihu na ọrụ ndị na-akpaghasị agwaetiti ahụ ma laghachi n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Andalusia n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 932.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Lirola Delgado|first=Jorge|url=https://digibug.ugr.es/handle/10481/14103|title=El poder naval de Al-Andalus en la época del califato omeya : (siglo IV hégira / X era cristiana)|date=1991|publisher=Granada: Universidad de Granada|isbn=978-84-338-1478-4|language=es}}</ref> A kọwara ya na {{Lang|es|Derrotero de las costas de España en el Mediterráneo: y su correponido de Africa para inteligencia y uso de las cartas esféricas}}, nke Vicente Tofiño nke San Miguel, onye nduzi nke ụlọ ọrụ ndị nche mmiri, bipụtara na 1787: <ref>{{Cite book|author=Miguel|first=Vicente Tofiño de San|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XZPgJnX780AC|title=Derrotero de las costas de España en el Mediterráneo, y su correspondiente de África para inteligencia y uso de las cartas esféricas...|date=1787|publisher=En la imprenta de la viuda de Ibarra, Hijos y compañía|language=es}}</ref>   Limacos dị otu narị kilomita n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke ógbè ndị Spain nke Oran na Mazalquivir - nke Eze Carlos nke Anọ resịrị Ndị Ottoman na 1791 - a na-ekwukwa na ọ pụkwara ịbụ ihe onwunwe nke Spain n'oge gara aga, <ref name=":2" /> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Miguel|first=Vicente Tofiño de San|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IYkyonOU7NYC&dq=isla+limacos&pg=PA146|title=Derrotero de las costas de España en el Mediterraneo y su correspondiente de Africa|date=1787|publisher=Vda. de Ibarra|language=es}}</ref> mana ọ gbahapụrụ ya n'oge ụfọdụ n'etiti narị afọ nke 18 na nke 19. Ndị agha France weghaara agwaetiti ahụ n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 1835, n'ihe gbasara ọgụ ha megide Abd al-Qádir, megide mbata ndị France na Algeria, na ebumnuche nke ije ozi dị ka ebe a na-enyocha osimiri yana igbochi nnyefe ngwa ọgụ na mgbọ nye ndị nnupụisi na-emegide France.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Antoine)|first=Rozet (M, Claude|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aTsQAAAAYAAJ|title=Algérie|date=1856|publisher=Firmin Didot frères|language=fr}}</ref> A kpọtụrụ Limacos aha dị ka ebe a na-egbu azụ ugboro ugboro maka ụgbọ mmiri ịkụ azụ nke Spain n'ime narị afọ nke 18 na mmalite nke 20, nke ikpeazụ na-esikarị na Tarifa, Malaga na Altea.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hemeroteca Digital. Biblioteca Nacional de España|url=http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0003809462|accessdate=2022-06-11|work=hemerotecadigital.bne.es}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Hitos_de_soberanía_española_(Emilio_Pastor).png|alt=A book page with a black-and-white world map with several coastal points marked. The caption says in Spanish "Todos estos hitos de soberanía española, juntamente con los derechos que tiene España en Haifa (Palestina), islas Limacos o Caracoles y enclaves en Australia del Espíritu Santo, forman un cinturón o línea ecuatorial española alrededor del Globo"|thumb|E depụtara ikike ndị Spain n'elu Limacos na map 1950 nke "ihe ịrịba ama nke ọbụbụeze Spain" nke [[Emilio Pastor y Santos|Emilio Pastor na Santos]].]] Ọ bụ ezie na a gbahapụrụ agwaetiti ahụ, enwere nkwupụta nke ọbụbụeze Spain ruo na narị afọ nke 20, mgbe a ghọtara ya dị ka "Spanish" na Nzukọ Algeciras nke 1906, <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Otero|first=Eugenio Javier Mariñas|date=1998|title=Las plazas menores de soberanía española en Africa|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=813436|journal=Militaria: Revista de cultura militar|issue=12 (III Jornadas de la Asociación de Amigos de los Museos Militares)|pages=141–168|issn=0214-8765}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFOtero1998">Otero, Eugenio Javier Mariñas (1998). </cite></ref> yana ịpụta na akwụkwọ ikike na akwụkwọ Spanish n'oge narị afọ nke 19 na nke 20.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Cervantes|first=Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de|title=Escuela española. Año XV, núm. 765, 6 de octubre de 1955 {{!}} Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes|url=https://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra/escuela-espanola-2488/|accessdate=2022-06-11|work=www.cervantesvirtual.com|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://bibliotecavirtual.defensa.gob.es/BVMDefensa/es/consulta/registro.do?id=66660|title=Atlas de las costas de Europa y Africa en el Mediterráneo : Atlas Núm.1|chapter=Carta Esférica de la Costa de España desde la Punta de Europa hasta Vera con la parte correspondiente de Africa desde Ceuta hasta la Isla Limacos o de Caracoles|year=1833|publisher=Dirección Hidrográfica}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ugbu a, agwaetiti ahụ nọ n'okpuru ọbụbụeze Algeria na nkwupụta na ịkpọ aha "Spanishness" nke agwaetiti ahụ na akwụkwọ gọọmentị furu efu n'oge narị afọ nke 20.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-09-16|title=La españolidad de los islotes Limacos y Perejil|url=https://elfarodeceuta.es/la-espanolidad-de-los-islotes-limacos-y-perejil/|accessdate=2022-06-11|work=El Faro de Ceuta|language=es}}</ref> A na-echebe agwaetiti ahụ dị ka Ebe Ramsar kemgbe afọ 2001. == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 135g3hflo31anakcvf1x6mu3q3wcg5l 0 77190 670580 2026-06-30T21:53:21Z Nachi kim 20090 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1327237069|Mariko Hasegawa]]" 670580 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>  '''Mariko Hiraiwa Hasegawa''' (Japanese: 長谷川眞理子, born 1952) bụ onye Japan onye ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara anụmanụ na mmadụ , onye na-amụ ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na omume, na evolushọn. akparamàgwà mmadụ na nkà mmụta mmadụ nke anụ ahụ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Mariko Hasegawa {{!}} Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA)|url=https://carta.anthropogeny.org/users/mariko-hasegawa|accessdate=2023-04-23|work=carta.anthropogeny.org|language=en}}</ref> Hasegawa jere ozi dịka onyeisi oche nke Onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ Mahadum maka Ọmụmụ Ihe Dị Elu (Sokendai) na Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, ruo mgbe 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mariko Hasegawa, Ph.D CV 2001|url=https://www.jsps.go.jp/file/storage/general/english/e-toplevel/data/07_committee/2021/03_Hasegawa_2021.pdf}}</ref> Ọ bụ "otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị Japan dị ụkọ bụ ndị nwetara nkwanye ùgwù mba ụwa."<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Herzfeld|first=Chris|title=The great apes : a short history|date=2017|others=Kevin Frey, Jane Goodall|isbn=978-0-300-22137-4|location=New Haven|oclc=982651819}}</ref> Nne ya Satsue Mito chịkọtara data n'ọhịa banyere ìgwè ndị Japan na-amalite na 1950s, n'ikpeazụ na-edekọ afọ iri anọ nke omume. Mito dere banyere nnyefe ọdịbendị nke ịsa poteto n'ime otu ìgwè nkịta ọhịa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Herzfeld|first=Chris|title=The great apes : a short history|date=2017|others=Kevin Frey, Jane Goodall|isbn=978-0-300-22137-4|location=New Haven|oclc=982651819}}</ref> N'oge Hasegawa na-amụ akwụkwọ doctoral na Mahadum nke Tokyo, ọ mụkwara macaques nke Japan, yana chimpanzees nke Tanzania.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Mariko Hasegawa {{!}} Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA)|url=https://carta.anthropogeny.org/users/mariko-hasegawa|accessdate=2023-04-23|work=carta.anthropogeny.org|language=en}}</ref> Ọ meriri British Council Scholarship wee gaa Cambridge maka zoology.<ref name=":1" /> Ọ nọ na ngalaba nke Mahadum Senshu site na 1990 ruo 2000, n'oge ahụ ọ sonyeere ngalaba nke Machị Waseda . <ref name=":1" /> == Ntụaka == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Mariko-Hiraiwa-Hasegawa-5568783 ResearchGate: Mariko-Hiraiwa-Hasegawa] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] iqkq2n963zgzao79hbwkq8k0wd1u2xm 0 77191 670582 2026-06-30T21:57:11Z Aluta editor 62822 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341772896|Chott Melrhir]]" 670582 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #cedeff; font-size: 125%; color:black;" |Chott Melrhir |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;" |[[File:Chott_Melrhir_NASA.jpg|264x264px]]<div class="infobox-caption">Ebe a na-ele ya anya site na mbara igwe. Rịba ama na ọtụtụ n'ime ọdọ mmiri ahụ akpọnwụọla na foto a.</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:256px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:256px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:256px">[[Faịlụ:Algeria_relief_location_map.jpg|class=notpageimage noviewer|256x256px|Chott Melrhir is located in Algeria]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:17.734%;left:71.095%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Chott Melrhir]]</div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Chott Melrhir</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span title="Geographical coordinates">Njikọ</span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chott_Melrhir&params=34_20_N_6_20_E_type:waterbody_region:DZ <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°20′N</span> <span class="longitude">6°20′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.333°N 6.333°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.333; 6.333</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:11}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chott_Melrhir&params=34_20_N_6_20_E_type:waterbody_region:DZ <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°20′N</span> <span class="longitude">6°20′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.333°N 6.333°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">34.333; 6.333</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụdị | class="infobox-data category" |ọdọ mmiri nnu Endorheic |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ebe a na-ejide mmiri</div> | class="infobox-data" |68,750 km² (26,540 sq mi) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba ndị dị n'ime ala&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Algeria |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid" | |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ebe dị n'elu</div> | class="infobox-data" |6,700 km² (2,600 sq mi) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- class="mergedrow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><div style="line-height:1.5;text-align:center;border-style:solid;border-width:4px;border-color:#8DE3D2">Ala Mmiri Ramsar</div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Aha gọọmentị</div> | class="infobox-data" |Chott Melghir |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ndị a họpụtara | class="infobox-data" |4 June 2003 |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ihe odide no.&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |1296 |} '''Chott Melrhir''' (Arabic: شط ملغيغ), also known as '''Chott Melghir''' or '''Chott Melhir''' and '''Lake Tritonis''' in ancient myths, is an endorheic chott-kind of salt lake in northeastern [[Algeria]]. It is the westernmost part of a series of depressions which extend from the Gulf of Gabès into the Sahara. It was formerly known as Lake Tritonis.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Badescu|first=Viorel|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Macro_engineering_Seawater_in_Unique_Env/zjHjH93xBSsC?hl=en&gl=|title=Macro-engineering Seawater in Unique Environments: Arid Lowlands and Water Bodies Rehabilitation|date=2011-02-09|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-14779-1|pages=505|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=de)|first=BENSAAD Ali (sous la direction|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/L_eau_et_ses_enjeux_au_Sahara/vnzsmstzeIIC?hl=en&gl=|title=L'eau et ses enjeux au Sahara|date=2011-03-16|publisher=KARTHALA Editions|isbn=978-2-8111-3362-7|pages=196|language=fr}}</ref> They were created between Miocene and Early Pleistocene as a result of compression accompanying the formation of the Atlas Mountains. With the maximum area of about 6,700 km2 (2,600 sq mi), it is the largest lake in Algeria. It lies almost entirely below sea level and contains the lowest point in Algeria, −40 meters (−130 feet). Its size varies over the year and is usually larger than 130 km (81 mi) from east to west. The nearby cities are Biskra (60&nbsp;km north-west), El Oued and Touggourt (85&nbsp;km south). == Hydrology, geology na geography == N'oge mmiri ozuzo n'oge oyi, ọdọ mmiri ahụ jupụtara n'ọtụtụ wadi (osimiri na-akpọnwụ mgbe ụfọdụ), ọtụtụ n'ime ha si n'ebe ugwu na n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ. Ndị kasị ukwuu n'ime ha bụ Djedi na Arab[./Chott_Melrhir#cite_note-gov-2 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>] na-esi n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ gaa n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ gbadaa na Ndagwurugwu Ugwu Aurès . <ref>{{Cite book|language=French|author=Jean-Louis Ballais|url=http://physio-geo.revues.org/1173|title=Des oueds mythiques aux rivières artificielles: l'hydrographie du Bas-Sahara algérien|pages=107–127}}</ref> Ndị ọzọ gụnyere [[Abiod Valley|Abiod]], Beggour Mitta, Biskra, Bir Az Atrous, Cheria, Demmed, Dermoun, Derradj, Djedeida, Djemorah, Halail, Horchane, Ittel, Mechra, Melh, Mzi, Messad, Oum El Ksob, Soukies, Tadmit na Zeribet. N'oge okpomọkụ, ọdọ mmiri ahụ na ọtụtụ n'ime osimiri ndị na-enye ya mmiri na-akpọnwụ, Chott Melrhir na-aghọ ebe a na-etinye nnu. Mmiri na-agbapụta kwa afọ dị n'agbata 9.6 na 20 km3, na mmiri na-agbapụ site na ala dị nso n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere ike iru 14 km3.<ref name="gov" />&nbsp;&nbsp; Chott Melrhir kewara na Chott Meorouane dị nso, nke dị na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ, site na ala kpọrọ nkụ nke nwere ike ịdị warara dị ka kilomita 4 n'ebe ụfọdụ. Ala ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere gypsum na apịtị ma kpuchie ya na nnu n'oge ọkọchị. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-esi ísì galik. Ọ bụ ezie na ala kpọrọ nkụ dị n'ime na gburugburu ọdọ mmiri ahụ yiri ka ọ dị mma ịkọ ihe, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ ghara ịmị mkpụrụ n'ihi nnukwu nnu. N'ihi otu ihe ahụ, ala ahụ na-amịkọrọ ọtụtụ mmiri ozuzo n'otu abalị nke na-eme ka ọ ghara ịdị mmiri mmiri n'ọtụtụ ụbọchị. == Ọnọdụ ihu igwe == [[Faịlụ:Houbara035.JPG|áká_èkpè|thumb|Onye na-agba ọsọ na Houbara]] Ihu igwe dị na Chott Melrhir dị ọkụ ma kpọọ nkụ nke ukwuu, mmiri na-erukwa oke ikuku, mmiri na-ezokwa obere. Okpomọkụ kacha ala na nke kachasị elu bụ 11.4 na 34.2 °C, n'otu n'otu, okpomọkụ kacha nta dịkwa ihe dị ka 0 °C. Mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ dị n'okpuru 160 mm. Ifufe na-efe efe na-agba ọsọ n'etiti 2.7 na 5.3 m/s, a na-agakarịkwa ya na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ n'etiti June na Septemba, nakwa n'ebe ugwu-ọdịda anyanwụ n'etiti oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ na mmalite oge opupu ihe ubi. Oké ifufe ájá na-efekarị n'oge oyi na ngwụcha oge okpomọkụ, ọ na-ewekwa ụbọchị 39 kwa afọ na nkezi..&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; == Flora na anụmanụ == Mmiri na-adịghị omimi nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere ahịhịa dị ụkọ nke nwere ụdị osisi 72 nke na-eme ka mmiri nnu mara, dị ka lavender (''Limonium''), rushes (''Juncus''), glasswort (''Salicornia''), ''Sarcocornia'', bulrush (''Scirpus'') na seepweeds (Suaeda). Ụfọdụ ụdị dị iche iche maka Algeria na 14 bụ ndị a na-ahụkarị, dị ka ''Fagonia microphylla'', ''Oudneya Africa'', ''Zygophyllum cornutum'', ''Limoniastrum feii'' na ''Ammosperma cinerea''. Ha toro ruo sentimita 30 n'ịdị elu ma na-anabata ụmụ nnụnụ bara ọgaranya, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ọbọgwụ, sandgrouse, houbara bustard (''Chlamydotis undulata'') na flamingo ka ukwuu (''Phoenicopterus roseus''). Mmiri ọdọ mmiri jupụtara na nnu na njupụta ruru 0.4 kg / L <ref name="gov" /> ma na-akwado naanị ụdị anụmanụ ole na ole, dị ka saline shrimp . <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=J. Limnol.|volume=65|issue=2|pages=83–88|year=2006|title=Large branchiopods (Branchiopoda: Anostraca, Notostraca and Spinicaudata) from the salt lakes of Algeria|author=Samraoui, Boudjéma|url=http://www.iii.to.cnr.it/pubblicaz/jl65_2/02_samraoui.pdf|accessdate=2010-10-15}}</ref> A hụrụ anụ ọhịa, nkịta ọhịa, nkụ ọhịa na nkịta ọhịa gburugburu ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref name="gov" /> Na June 2003, a gụnyere Chott Melrhir na Ndepụta nke Ramsar wetlands nke mba ụwa dị mkpa. &nbsp;&nbsp; == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|2}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] klfpb2pcbe7xkjsqjnrqw4mgdfzthr8 670583 670582 2026-06-30T22:14:43Z Aluta editor 62822 670583 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref name=j1>{{cite journal|url=http://www.larhyss.net/pdf/journal/7/8_Benkhaled_et_al_Larhyss_Journal_7_Juin_2008.pdf|title=Detecting trends in annual discharge and precipitation in the Chott Melghir basin in Southeastern Algeria|author1=Benkhaled A.|author2=Bouziane M.T.|author3=Achour B.|journal=Larhyss Journal|issn=1112-3680|volume=7|date=June 2008|pages=103–119|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100614023034/http://www.larhyss.net/pdf/journal/7/8_Benkhaled_et_al_Larhyss_Journal_7_Juin_2008.pdf|archivedate=2010-06-14}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Chott Melghir|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1296|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref> <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #cedeff; font-size: 125%; color:black;" |Chott Melrhir |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;" |[[File:Chott_Melrhir_NASA.jpg|264x264px]]<div class="infobox-caption">Ebe a na-ele ya anya site na mbara igwe. Rịba ama na ọtụtụ n'ime ọdọ mmiri ahụ akpọnwụọla na foto a.</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:256px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:256px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:256px">[[Faịlụ:Algeria_relief_location_map.jpg|class=notpageimage noviewer|256x256px|Chott Melrhir is located in Algeria]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:17.734%;left:71.095%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Chott Melrhir]]</div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Chott Melrhir</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span title="Geographical coordinates">Njikọ</span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chott_Melrhir&params=34_20_N_6_20_E_type:waterbody_region:DZ <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°20′N</span> <span class="longitude">6°20′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.333°N 6.333°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.333; 6.333</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:11}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chott_Melrhir&params=34_20_N_6_20_E_type:waterbody_region:DZ <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°20′N</span> <span class="longitude">6°20′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.333°N 6.333°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">34.333; 6.333</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụdị | class="infobox-data category" |ọdọ mmiri nnu Endorheic |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ebe a na-ejide mmiri</div> | class="infobox-data" |68,750 km² (26,540 sq mi) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba ndị dị n'ime ala&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Algeria |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid" | |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ebe dị n'elu</div> | class="infobox-data" |6,700 km² (2,600 sq mi) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- class="mergedrow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><div style="line-height:1.5;text-align:center;border-style:solid;border-width:4px;border-color:#8DE3D2">Ala Mmiri Ramsar</div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Aha gọọmentị</div> | class="infobox-data" |Chott Melghir |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ndị a họpụtara | class="infobox-data" |4 June 2003 |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ihe odide no.&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |1296 |} '''Chott Melrhir''' (Arabic: شط ملغيغ), also known as '''Chott Melghir''' or '''Chott Melhir''' and '''Lake Tritonis''' in ancient myths, is an endorheic chott-kind of salt lake in northeastern [[Algeria]]. It is the westernmost part of a series of depressions which extend from the Gulf of Gabès into the Sahara. It was formerly known as Lake Tritonis. <ref name=bse>В. М. Котляков [http://slovari.yandex.ru/~%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%80/ Мельгир (Chott Melrhir)]{{Dead link|date=July 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Словарь современных географических названий (Dictionary of modern geographical names), 2003–2006</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Badescu|first=Viorel|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Macro_engineering_Seawater_in_Unique_Env/zjHjH93xBSsC?hl=en&gl=|title=Macro-engineering Seawater in Unique Environments: Arid Lowlands and Water Bodies Rehabilitation|date=2011-02-09|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-14779-1|pages=505|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=de)|first=BENSAAD Ali (sous la direction|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/L_eau_et_ses_enjeux_au_Sahara/vnzsmstzeIIC?hl=en&gl=|title=L'eau et ses enjeux au Sahara|date=2011-03-16|publisher=KARTHALA Editions|isbn=978-2-8111-3362-7|pages=196|language=fr}}</ref> They were created between Miocene and Early Pleistocene as a result of compression accompanying the formation of the Atlas Mountains. With the maximum area of about 6,700 km2 (2,600 sq mi), it is the largest lake in Algeria. It lies almost entirely below sea level and contains the lowest point in Algeria, −40 meters (−130 feet). Its size varies over the year and is usually larger than 130 km (81 mi) from east to west. The nearby cities are Biskra (60&nbsp;km north-west), El Oued and Touggourt (85&nbsp;km south). == Hydrology, geology na geography == N'oge mmiri ozuzo n'oge oyi, ọdọ mmiri ahụ jupụtara n'ọtụtụ wadi (osimiri na-akpọnwụ mgbe ụfọdụ), ọtụtụ n'ime ha si n'ebe ugwu na n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ. Ndị kasị ukwuu n'ime ha bụ Djedi na Arab[./Chott_Melrhir#cite_note-gov-2 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>] na-esi n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ gaa n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ gbadaa na Ndagwurugwu Ugwu Aurès . <ref>{{Cite book|language=French|author=Jean-Louis Ballais|url=http://physio-geo.revues.org/1173|title=Des oueds mythiques aux rivières artificielles: l'hydrographie du Bas-Sahara algérien|pages=107–127}}</ref> Ndị ọzọ gụnyere [[Abiod Valley|Abiod]], Beggour Mitta, Biskra, Bir Az Atrous, Cheria, Demmed, Dermoun, Derradj, Djedeida, Djemorah, Halail, Horchane, Ittel, Mechra, Melh, Mzi, Messad, Oum El Ksob, Soukies, Tadmit na Zeribet. N'oge okpomọkụ, ọdọ mmiri ahụ na ọtụtụ n'ime osimiri ndị na-enye ya mmiri na-akpọnwụ, Chott Melrhir na-aghọ ebe a na-etinye nnu. Mmiri na-agbapụta kwa afọ dị n'agbata 9.6 na 20 km3, na mmiri na-agbapụ site na ala dị nso n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere ike iru 14 km3.&nbsp;&nbsp; <ref>{{Cite book |last=de) |first=BENSAAD Ali (sous la direction |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/L_eau_et_ses_enjeux_au_Sahara/vnzsmstzeIIC?hl=en&gl= |title=L'eau et ses enjeux au Sahara |date=2011-03-16 |publisher=KARTHALA Editions |isbn=978-2-8111-3362-7 |pages=196 |language=fr}}</ref> Chott Melrhir kewara na Chott Meorouane dị nso, nke dị na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ, site na ala kpọrọ nkụ nke nwere ike ịdị warara dị ka kilomita 4 n'ebe ụfọdụ. Ala ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere gypsum na apịtị ma kpuchie ya na nnu n'oge ọkọchị. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-esi ísì galik. Ọ bụ ezie na ala kpọrọ nkụ dị n'ime na gburugburu ọdọ mmiri ahụ yiri ka ọ dị mma ịkọ ihe, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ ghara ịmị mkpụrụ n'ihi nnukwu nnu. N'ihi otu ihe ahụ, ala ahụ na-amịkọrọ ọtụtụ mmiri ozuzo n'otu abalị nke na-eme ka ọ ghara ịdị mmiri mmiri n'ọtụtụ ụbọchị.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=pqanFyF6nI0C&pg=PA10 ''CIA World Factbook 2010''] {{ISBN|1-60239-727-9}}, p. 10</ref> <ref name=brit>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/374156/Chott-Melrhir Chott Melrhir], Encyclopædia Britannica on-line</ref> == Ọnọdụ ihu igwe == [[Faịlụ:Houbara035.JPG|áká_èkpè|thumb|Onye na-agba ọsọ na Houbara]] Ihu igwe dị na Chott Melrhir dị ọkụ ma kpọọ nkụ nke ukwuu, mmiri na-erukwa oke ikuku, mmiri na-ezokwa obere. Okpomọkụ kacha ala na nke kachasị elu bụ 11.4 na 34.2 °C, n'otu n'otu, okpomọkụ kacha nta dịkwa ihe dị ka 0 °C. Mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ dị n'okpuru 160 mm. Ifufe na-efe efe na-agba ọsọ n'etiti 2.7 na 5.3 m/s, a na-agakarịkwa ya na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ n'etiti June na Septemba, nakwa n'ebe ugwu-ọdịda anyanwụ n'etiti oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ na mmalite oge opupu ihe ubi. Oké ifufe ájá na-efekarị n'oge oyi na ngwụcha oge okpomọkụ, ọ na-ewekwa ụbọchị 39 kwa afọ na nkezi..&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; == Flora na anụmanụ == Mmiri na-adịghị omimi nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere ahịhịa dị ụkọ nke nwere ụdị osisi 72 nke na-eme ka mmiri nnu mara, dị ka lavender (''Limonium''), rushes (''Juncus''), glasswort (''Salicornia''), ''Sarcocornia'', bulrush (''Scirpus'') na seepweeds (Suaeda). Ụfọdụ ụdị dị iche iche maka Algeria na 14 bụ ndị a na-ahụkarị, dị ka ''Fagonia microphylla'', ''Oudneya Africa'', ''Zygophyllum cornutum'', ''Limoniastrum feii'' na ''Ammosperma cinerea''. Ha toro ruo sentimita 30 n'ịdị elu ma na-anabata ụmụ nnụnụ bara ọgaranya, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ọbọgwụ, sandgrouse, houbara bustard (''Chlamydotis undulata'') na flamingo ka ukwuu (''Phoenicopterus roseus''). Mmiri ọdọ mmiri jupụtara na nnu na njupụta ruru 0.4 kg / L ma na-akwado naanị ụdị anụmanụ ole na ole, dị ka saline shrimp . <ref name=b1>Robert Mepham, R. H. Hughes, J. S. Hughes (1992) [https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA23 ''A Directory of African Wetlands''], IUCN, {{ISBN|2-88032-949-3}} pp. 23–24</ref> <ref>[http://www.abhs.dz/new_site/chottmelghir.asp Chott Melhrir] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405073204/http://www.abhs.dz/new_site/chottmelghir.asp |date=2011-04-05}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book|language=French|author=Jean-Louis Ballais|url=http://physio-geo.revues.org/1173|title=Des oueds mythiques aux rivières artificielles: l'hydrographie du Bas-Sahara algérien|pages=107–127}}</ref> <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=bxErAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA159 Annales des mines: Mémoires], Cadrilian-Gœury et Vor. Dalmont, 1880 pp. 154, 159, 172</ref> <ref>[http://www.cosmovisions.com/Algerie.htm Algérie. États et Territoires] (in French)</ref> <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uzgVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA377 ''The Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Including Zoology, Botany, and Geology''], Taylor and Francis (1871) p. 377</ref> <ref>Andrew Goudie (2002) [https://books.google.com/books?id=v911L1sq1FkC&pg=PA113 ''Great Warm Deserts of the World: Landscapes and Evolution''], Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-924515-0}}, p. 113</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=J. Limnol.|volume=65|issue=2|pages=83–88|year=2006|title=Large branchiopods (Branchiopoda: Anostraca, Notostraca and Spinicaudata) from the salt lakes of Algeria|author=Samraoui, Boudjéma|url=http://www.iii.to.cnr.it/pubblicaz/jl65_2/02_samraoui.pdf|accessdate=2010-10-15}}</ref> A hụrụ anụ ọhịa, nkịta ọhịa, nkụ ọhịa na nkịta ọhịa gburugburu ọdọ mmiri ahụ. Na June 2003, a gụnyere Chott Melrhir na Ndepụta nke Ramsar wetlands nke mba ụwa dị mkpa. &nbsp;&nbsp; == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|2}} == Njikọ mpụga == *[https://web.archive.org/web/20091123091922/http://www.dgf.org.dz/zones_humides/fdr/melghir.pdf A detailed report on the lake by the Ministry of Agriculture of Algeria with the map of the area] (in French)   [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] sekcc2hooj6ck8ecdxs5xvefwx911ap 0 77192 670584 2026-06-30T22:26:30Z Aluta editor 62822 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339963903|Mare aux Hippopotames]]" 670584 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''E wuru ogige Mare aux Hippopotames''' (Ọdọ Mmiri Hippopotamuses) n'afọ 1937 ma kpọọ ya naanị UNESCO Biosphere Reserve na mba ahụ. E wuru ogige ahụ gburugburu ọdọ mmiri dị ọhụrụ ma gụnye ọdọ mmiri na ngagharị n'ala idei mmiri nke Osimiri Black Volta, na oke ọhịa gbara ya gburugburu. Ogige ahụ bụ ebe obibi nke ihe dị ka hippo 100; ihe dị ka 1000 ndị njem nlegharị anya gburugburu ebe obibi na-eleta kwa afọ. Ọ dị ihe dị ka kilomita 60 (mile 37) n'ebe ugwu Bobo-Dioulasso, ọ dịkwa ihe dị ka square kilomita 163 (mile 63) n'obosara. Mare aux Hippopotames so n'ime ala mmiri dị mkpa nke mba ụwa dịka Nkwekọrịta Ramsar si kọwaa.<ref>{{Cite book|author=World Conservation Monitoring Centre|title=Protected areas of the world: a review of national systems, Volume 2|publisher=IUCN|year=1991|pages=10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GAtfSkr1q6sC&pg=PT10|isbn=2-8317-0092-2}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Mare_aux_hippos_MS_2068.jpg|none|thumb|Oké Osimiri nke Anụ Anụ]] == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> * Mare aux Hippopotames na Birdlife.org * Mare aux Hippopotames na UNESCO *   dzmxy913i03rbtdirkdl13zn71ol26a 670586 670584 2026-06-30T22:28:46Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed refference with ref tag 670586 wikitext text/x-wiki    <ref>{{Cite web|title=La Mare aux hippopotames|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/491|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref> '''E wuru ogige Mare aux Hippopotames''' (Ọdọ Mmiri Hippopotamuses) n'afọ 1937 ma kpọọ ya naanị UNESCO Biosphere Reserve na mba ahụ. E wuru ogige ahụ gburugburu ọdọ mmiri dị ọhụrụ ma gụnye ọdọ mmiri na ngagharị n'ala idei mmiri nke Osimiri Black Volta, na oke ọhịa gbara ya gburugburu. Ogige ahụ bụ ebe obibi nke ihe dị ka hippo 100; ihe dị ka 1000 ndị njem nlegharị anya gburugburu ebe obibi na-eleta kwa afọ. Ọ dị ihe dị ka kilomita 60 (mile 37) n'ebe ugwu Bobo-Dioulasso, ọ dịkwa ihe dị ka square kilomita 163 (mile 63) n'obosara. Mare aux Hippopotames so n'ime ala mmiri dị mkpa nke mba ụwa dịka Nkwekọrịta Ramsar si kọwaa.<ref>{{Cite book|author=World Conservation Monitoring Centre|title=Protected areas of the world: a review of national systems, Volume 2|publisher=IUCN|year=1991|pages=10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GAtfSkr1q6sC&pg=PT10|isbn=2-8317-0092-2}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Mare_aux_hippos_MS_2068.jpg|none|thumb|Oké Osimiri nke Anụ Anụ]] == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> * Mare aux Hippopotames na Birdlife.org * Mare aux Hippopotames na UNESCO *   q7wxy9wk7u49qsylfikqg2tjhtb9fb9 0 77193 670585 2026-06-30T22:28:32Z Nachi kim 20090 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340855250|Angela Busheska]]" 670585 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''Angela Busheska''' (Ангела Бушеска) bụ onye na-akwado ihu igwe na Masedonia, onye ọchụnta ego mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na onye nyocha. Ọ bụ onye nchoputa EnRoute, otu na ngwa mkpanaka nke e mere iji nyere ndị ọrụ aka ibelata akara carbon ha site na '''Njem''' na nhọrọ ejiji. A kpọrọ Busheska aha na Forbes 30 N'okpuru 30 Europe ndepụta na 2022. Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka onye otu United Nations Youth Advisory Group on Climate Change ruo afọ abụọ site na Ọgọst 2025. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Amụrụ ma zụlite Angela Busheska n'ezinụlọ nwere obere ego na Struga, North Masedonia . <ref name="Macedonia2025">{{Cite web|title=Youth Voices|url=https://macedonia2025.com/youth-voices/|work=Macedonia2025|accessdate=24 December 2025|quote=My name is Angela Busheska, I am 18 years old and I come from Struga.}}</ref><ref name="Glamour2024">{{Cite news|author=Pearlman|first=Natasha|title=Angela Busheska: Math Champ, Engineer, and Sustainable Fashion App Founder|url=https://www.glamour.com/story/stem-college-women-of-the-year-angela-busheska|work=[[Glamour (magazine)|Glamour]]|date=September 17, 2024|accessdate=December 24, 2025}}</ref> Dị ka nwatakịrị, ọ bụ onye na-eme mgbakọ na mwepụ na asọmpi.<ref name="MissionMag">{{Cite web|title=My Mission is…to invent devices that will have an exponential impact|url=https://www.missionmag.org/my-mission-is-to-invent-devices-that-will-have-an-exponential-impact/|work=Mission Magazine|date=15 December 2025|accessdate=December 24, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=The power of persistence|url=https://news.lafayette.edu/2024/10/25/the-power-of-persistence/|work=[[Lafayette College]]|date=October 25, 2024|accessdate=December 24, 2025}}</ref> N'afọ 2017, o ritere ọla nchara na Genius Olympiad na Oswego, New York, maka ọrụ ya gbasara Obodo nwere ọgụgụ isi na gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Nikoloska|first=Biljana|title=Македонските генијалци докажаа во Америка дека кантарионот ги убива бактериите|url=https://tvm.mk/news/struga/makedonskite-genijalci-dokazhaa-vo-amerika-deka-kantarionot-gi-ubiva-bakteriite/|work=TVM.mk|date=July 6, 2017|language=mk|accessdate=December 24, 2025}}</ref> Ọ nọchitere anya North Macedonia na asọmpi International Young Physicists.<ref name="Glamour2024">{{Cite news|author=Pearlman|first=Natasha|title=Angela Busheska: Math Champ, Engineer, and Sustainable Fashion App Founder|url=https://www.glamour.com/story/stem-college-women-of-the-year-angela-busheska|work=[[Glamour (magazine)|Glamour]]|date=September 17, 2024|accessdate=December 24, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=3.500 евра ги делат средношколците-физичари од Олимпијада во Полска|url=https://www.fakulteti.mk/news/05042019/3-500-evra-gi-delat-srednoshkolcite-fizichari-od-olimpijada-vo-polska|work=Fakulteti.mk|date=April 5, 2019|accessdate=December 24, 2025|language=mk}}</ref> Ọ tụgharịrị gaa n'ihu na-eme ihe ike na ihu igwe mgbe nwanne nne ya nwụrụ n'ihi nsogbu obi na ọbara nke nnukwu [[Mmetọ ikuku]] na Skopje mere ka ọ ka njọ.<ref name="Lafayette30">{{Cite news|title=Angela Busheska '25 named to Forbes 30 Under 30 list|url=https://news.lafayette.edu/2022/06/08/angela-busheska-25-named-to-forbes-30-under-30-list/|work=[[Lafayette College]]|date=June 8, 2022}}</ref> Busheska chekwara agụmakwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nkeonwe tupu ọ nata agụmakwụkwọ ịmụ na mba United States.<ref name="Glamour2024">{{Cite news|author=Pearlman|first=Natasha|title=Angela Busheska: Math Champ, Engineer, and Sustainable Fashion App Founder|url=https://www.glamour.com/story/stem-college-women-of-the-year-angela-busheska|work=[[Glamour (magazine)|Glamour]]|date=September 17, 2024|accessdate=December 24, 2025}}</ref> O tinyere afọ dị mkpirikpi na 2020, n'oge ahụ ọ kụziiri onwe ya mmemme kọmputa ma guzobe ụlọ ọrụ ya na-enweghị uru, EnRoute. O mechara banye na Lafayette College dị na Easton, Pennsylvania, ebe ọ ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ n'ime afọ 30 iji chụsoo isi abụọ na injinia eletrik na sayensị kọmputa.<ref name="Microsoft">{{Cite web|title=Intern Insights: Vaishnavi Ranganathan with Angela Busheska|format=audio (33 mins) + text|url=https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/intern-insights-vaishnavi-ranganathan-with-angela-busheska/|work=[[Microsoft Research]]|date=October 24, 2024}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye a na-abata na klas Harvard Business School nke afọ 2027. == Mgbalị na ọrụ == === EnRoute === N'afọ 2020, n'oge ọrịa COVID-19, Busheska guzobere EnRoute, otu na-enweghị uru na ngwa mkpanaka. E mere ngwa ahụ iji lụso mmetọ ikuku na ejiji ngwa ngwa ọgụ site na ịgbakọ akara carbon nke ihe omume kwa ụbọchị, dị ka ịgagharị na ịzụ ahịa. Ọ na-agba ndị ọrụ ume ịhọrọ nhọrọ njem na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ ma zere ụdị ejiji "greenwashed".<ref name="ForbesProfile">{{Cite web|title=Angela Busheska - EnRoute|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/angela-busheska/|work=[[Forbes]]|accessdate=24 December 2025}}</ref> N'okpuru idu ndú ya, EnRoute toro ịgụnye ihe karịrị ndị ọrụ 80,000 gafee mba 120 ma guzobe netwọk nke ndị nnọchi anya ụmụ akwụkwọ n'ụwa niile. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2022, a na-ekwu na ikpo okwu ahụ na-enyere ndị ọrụ aka igbochi ihe dịka kilogram 180,000 nke ikuku carbon.<ref name="ForbesProfile">{{Cite web|title=Angela Busheska - EnRoute|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/angela-busheska/|work=[[Forbes]]|accessdate=24 December 2025}}</ref> === Nnyocha === Busheska emeela nnyocha dị mkpa na njikọ nke [[Ọgụgụ isi|ọgụgụ isi aka]] mgbanwe ihu igwe. Dị ka onye nchọpụta na Microsoft Research, o mepụtara TerraTrace, usoro nke na-eji ihe oyiyi satellite, ntinye aka NDVI, na ụdị asụsụ buru ibu (LLMs) iji soro ojiji ala na mgbukpọ ọhịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Busheska|first=Angela|title=TerraTrace: Temporal Signature Land Use Mapping System|year=2025|doi=10.1145/3708468.3715679|journal=[[ArXiv]]}}</ref> E mere usoro a iji nyere gọọmentị na obere ndị ọrụ ugbo aka ịgbaso European Union Deforestation Regulation (EUDR). <ref name="TheCoolDown">{{Cite news|author=Wong|first=Margaret|title=Young people join UN effort to solve pressing global issue: 'Hold the world accountable'|url=https://www.thecooldown.com/outdoors/united-nations-youth-advisory-group-climate/|work=The Cool Down|date=September 1, 2025|accessdate=December 24, 2025}}</ref> E wezụga ọrụ ya na teknụzụ ihu igwe, Busheska enyewo aka na nyocha na nlekota ahụike, na-eji mmụta igwe na thermography ịchọpụta oghere n'ime ụlọ. Ọ chọpụtakwala njikọ nke robotics na neuroscience, na-ede akwụkwọ na njikọ ụbụrụ na kọmputa (BCI) maka igodo ngwaọrụ robotic. Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ya na-agbasa na nlele anya na ihe dị adị na itinye mmụta igwe maka amụma mmepụta ugbo. === Nkwado === Busheska nọchitere anya North Macedonia na ndị ntorobịa ụwa na nnukwu nnọkọ mba ụwa.<ref name="MissionMag">{{Cite web|title=My Mission is…to invent devices that will have an exponential impact|url=https://www.missionmag.org/my-mission-is-to-invent-devices-that-will-have-an-exponential-impact/|work=Mission Magazine|date=15 December 2025|accessdate=December 24, 2025}}</ref> Na September 2021, Busheska nọchitere anya na North Macedonia dịka onye nnọchi anya ndị ntorobịa na mmemme "Youth4Climate: Driving Ambition" na Milan, ebe o tinyere aka na idepụta Nkwupụta Ihu Igwe Ndị Ntorobịa tupu COP26. Skopje, ndị haziri UNICEF na ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ nnọchiteanya mba ofesi, ebe a tụlere nkwupụta ndị ntorobịa ọzọ..<ref>{{Cite web|title=Младинскиот самит за климатски промени ќе се одржи во МКЦ на 20 октомври|url=https://www.publikum.mk/mladinskiot-samit-za-klimatski-promeni-ke-se-odrzhi-vo-mkcz-na-20-oktomvri/|work=Publikum.mk|date=October 18, 2021|language=mk|accessdate=December 24, 2025}}</ref> N'afọ 2022, a họpụtara ya ka ọ sonye n'òtù ndụmọdụ ndị ntorobịa nke Social Enterprise World Forum (SEWF) ma kwuo okwu n'òtle ahụ dị ka ọkà okwu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Angela Busheska|url=https://sewfonline.com/speaker/angela-busheska/|work=Social Enterprise World Forum|accessdate=December 24, 2025}}</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, ya na Nurture Nature Center jikọrọ aka dị ka onye Proctor Fellow iji nyere aka mee ka Climate Action Plan maka Easton, Pennsylvania.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Abigail Schaus '24 and Angela Busheska '25|url=https://www.nurturenaturecenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Abigail-Schaus-24-and-Angela-Busheska-25_Lafayette_04_2022.pdf|work=Nurture Nature Center|date=April 2022|accessdate=December 24, 2025}}</ref> Ọ na-ejekwa ozi na Advisory Board nke agụmakwụkwọ ihu igwe na-enweghị uru Take Action Global . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Our Team|url=https://www.takeactionglobal.org/about-us/our-people/|work=Take Action Global|accessdate=December 24, 2025}}</ref> N'afọ 2023, o sonyere na ''ActNowFilm'', ọrụ gosipụtara na COP28, ebe ya na onye ọkà mmụta sayensị ihu igwe Emily Shuckburgh kwurịtara okwu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Angela Busheshka and Professor Emily Shuckburgh OBE|url=https://www.bath.ac.uk/corporate-information/angela-busheshka-and-professor-emily-shuckburgh-obe/|work=[[University of Bath]]|accessdate=December 24, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ActNowFilm Showcase and Panel|url=https://www.cop28.com/en/schedule/actnowfilm-showcase-and-panel|work=[[COP28]]|date=December 8, 2023|accessdate=December 24, 2025}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2025, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye nke atọ gbasaa nke United Nations Secretary-General's Youth Advisory Group on Climate Change, otu ndị isi 14 na-eto eto na-enye ndụmọdụ gbasara atụmatụ ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Third Youth Advisory Group on Climate Change|url=https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/youth-in-action/youth-advisory-group|work=[[United Nations]]|accessdate=December 24, 2025}}</ref> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye ndu ndị ntorobịa LLDC, na-ekwu okwu na 24th Annual Ministers of Foreign Ministers of Landlocked Developing Countries na Septemba 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Statement: Youth/Private Sector Representative – Ms. Angela Busheska|url=https://www.un.org/ohrlls/sites/www.un.org.ohrlls/files/lldc_youth_leader_angela_busheska_lldc_ministerial_2025.pdf|work=[[United Nations Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States|UN-OHRLLS]]|date=September 26, 2025|accessdate=December 24, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=24th Annual Ministerial Meeting of Foreign Ministers of Landlocked Developing Countries|url=https://www.un.org/ohrlls/events/24th-annual-ministerial-meeting-foreign-ministers-landlocked-developing-countries-2025|work=UN-OHRLLS|accessdate=December 24, 2025}}</ref> Busheska ekwuola okwu na ihe omume ndị dị elu dị ka One Young World Summit na Manchester, <ref name="LafayetteOYW">{{Cite news|title=Angela Busheska '25 attends One Young World Summit as global leader|url=https://lafayettestudentnews.com/135790/culture/angela-busheska-25-attends-one-young-world-summit-as-global-leader/|work=The Lafayette|date=September 16, 2022}}</ref> UN Digital Cooperation Day, <ref>{{Cite web|title=UN Digital Cooperation Day — Speakers|url=https://www.un.org/digital-emerging-technologies/content/un-digital-cooperation-day-speakers|work=[[United Nations]]|accessdate=December 24, 2025}}</ref> na Climate Action Day. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Speakers|url=https://climateactionday.net/speakers.html|work=Climate Action Day|accessdate=December 24, 2025}}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi mba na North Macedonia gbara ya ajụjụ ọnụ, gụnyere Sitel Television na Televizija 24. Ọ bụ ọkà okwu a ma ama na [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] Conservation Congress, na ọkà okwu na UN Goals Lounge. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Speaker Biography: Angela Busheska|url=https://iucncongress2025.org/speakers/busheska-angela|work=IUCN World Conservation Congress|accessdate=24 December 2025}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye ọkachamara ndụmọdụ site na mmekorita nke Youth To The Table n'etiti ndị otu Youth To The Table SAP, na We Are Family Foundation . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Redefining (YOU)th: Nurturing Potential to Accelerate Change|url=https://news.sap.com/2022/07/redefining-youth-nurture-potential-accelerate-change/|work=SAP News Center|date=15 July 2022|accessdate=January 7, 2026}}</ref> == Nghọta == Busheska enwetala nkwado mba ụwa maka ọrụ ya na teknụzụ ihu igwe na ọchụnta ego mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya: * 2020 Ihe nrite ntorobịa na-aga nke ọma, nke Onye isi ala nke North Macedonia, Stevo Pendarovski, nyere, na ngalaba Young Talent * 2021 Diana Award <ref>{{Cite web|author=Jordanova|first=Verica|title=Младата Aнгела Бушеска доби престижна награда во чест на англиската принцеза Диана|url=https://inovativnost.mk/2021/07/05/%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0-a%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0-%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0/|work=Inovativnost|date=July 5, 2021|accessdate=December 24, 2025|language=mk}}</ref><ref name="HashtagMk">{{Cite news|author=Misajlovska|first=Ivana|title=Македонката која доби награда во чест на принцезата Дајана: Искрено со 19 – годишната Ангела Бушеска|url=https://hashtag.faktor.mk/makedonkata-koja-dobi-nagrada-vo-chest-na-princezata-dajana-iskreno-so-19--godishnata-angela-busheska|work=Hashtag.mk|date=July 12, 2021|language=mk|accessdate=December 24, 2025}}</ref> * 2021 National Geographic Young Explorer <ref name="Lafayette30">{{Cite news|title=Angela Busheska '25 named to Forbes 30 Under 30 list|url=https://news.lafayette.edu/2022/06/08/angela-busheska-25-named-to-forbes-30-under-30-list/|work=[[Lafayette College]]|date=June 8, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Explorer Directory: Angela Busheska|url=https://explorers.nationalgeographic.org/directory/angela-busheska|work=National Geographic Society|accessdate=24 December 2025}}</ref> * 2021 Global Teen Leader, nke We Are Family Foundation nyere <ref>{{Cite web|title=Angela Busheska|url=https://www.wearefamilyfoundation.org/gtl-2021/angela-busheska|work=We Are Family Foundation|date=7 June 2021|accessdate=24 December 2025}}</ref> * 2021 Wonder Grant, nke Shawn Mendes Foundation nyere <ref name="HashtagMk" /> * 2021 WSA European Young Innovator <ref>{{Cite web|title=EnRoute|url=https://wsa-global.org/winner/enroute/|work=World Summit Awards|accessdate=December 24, 2025}}</ref> * 2022 Forbes 30 Under 30 Europe <ref name="ForbesProfile">{{Cite web|title=Angela Busheska - EnRoute|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/angela-busheska/|work=[[Forbes]]|accessdate=24 December 2025}}</ref> * 2023 Greentech Festival Youngster <ref>{{Cite web|author=Schindler|first=Julia|title="Mission to Net Zero": The Greentech Festival celebrates its 5th anniversary|url=https://www.hausvoneden.com/technology/greentech-festival-2023/|work=Haus von Eden|date=24 May 2023|accessdate=December 24, 2025}}</ref> * 2024 Glamour College Woman of the Year (2024) <ref name="Glamour2024">{{Cite news|author=Pearlman|first=Natasha|title=Angela Busheska: Math Champ, Engineer, and Sustainable Fashion App Founder|url=https://www.glamour.com/story/stem-college-women-of-the-year-angela-busheska|work=[[Glamour (magazine)|Glamour]]|date=September 17, 2024|accessdate=December 24, 2025}}</ref> * 2024 Ambition Accelerator, nke Taco Bell Foundation nyere <ref>{{Cite web|title=2024 Ambition Accelerator Winners|url=https://www.changemakers.com/en/challenge/ambitionaccelerator/2024-ambition-accelerator-winners-us|work=Ashoka Changemakers|accessdate=December 24, 2025}}</ref> * 2024 Green Carpet Fashion Awards: Young Leader Honoree <ref>{{Cite news|title=Green Carpet Fashion Awards 2024 Recap|url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/green-carpet-fashion-awards-2024-recap|work=[[Teen Vogue]]|date=March 2024|accessdate=December 24, 2025}}</ref> == Ihe odide == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 01poco1nyllfo57r9jmfca90vv3z5wr 0 77194 670587 2026-06-30T22:30:57Z Aluta editor 62822 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1302709717|Lake Kompienga]]" 670587 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #cedeff; font-size: 125%; color:black;" |Ọdọ Mmiri Kompienga |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;" |[[File:Kompiengastausee_MS1107.jpg|264x264px]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:256px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:256px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:256px">[[Faịlụ:Burkina_Faso_relief_location_map.jpg|class=notpageimage noviewer|256x256px|Location of Lake Kompienga in Burkina Faso.]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:67.094%;left:73.716%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|alt=Location of Lake Kompienga in Burkina Faso.|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Lake Kompienga]]</div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Ọdọ Mmiri Kompienga</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div> |- class="adr" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe | class="infobox-data region" |Ógbè Kompienga |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span title="Geographical coordinates">Njikọ</span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lake_Kompienga&params=11_08_20_N_0_38_04_E_region:BF-KMP_type:landmark_source:kolossus-dewiki <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">11°08′20′′N</span> <span class="longitude">0°38′04′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">11.13889°N 0.63444°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">11.13889; 0.63444</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:7}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lake_Kompienga&params=11_08_20_N_0_38_04_E_region:BF-KMP_type:landmark_source:kolossus-dewiki <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">11°08′20″N</span> <span class="longitude">0°38′04″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">11.13889°N 0.63444°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">11.13889; 0.63444</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụdị | class="infobox-data category" |ọdọ mmiri |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba ndị dị n'ime ala&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Burkina Faso |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- class="mergedrow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><div style="line-height:1.5;text-align:center;border-style:solid;border-width:4px;border-color:#8DE3D2">Ala Mmiri Ramsar</div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Aha gọọmentị</div> | class="infobox-data" |Ihe mgbochi mmiri nke Kompienga |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ndị a họpụtara | class="infobox-data" |7 Ọktoba 2009 |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ihe odide no.&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |1875 |} '''ọdọ mmiri Kompienga''' bụ ọdọ mmiri dị na Kompienga Province na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Burkina Faso. E wuru Kompienga Dam n'afọ 1980 iji mepụta ọdọ mmiri ahụ maka ebumnuche akụ na ụba. N'afọ 1985, ndị na-ahụ maka ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ buru amụma na iwu mmiri Kompienga na ọdọ mmiri ga-eweta ihe dị ka 15% mmụba na mbata na mpaghara n'etiti afọ 1985 na 1990, 15% n'etiti 1990 na 1995, na 8% n'etiti 1995 na 2000 maka ebumnuche akụ na ụba. Agbanyeghị, okike nke ọdọ mmiri na dam ahụ nwere ihe ndị metụtara ụfọdụ obodo dị n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ mebiri kpamkpam ma ọ bụ akụkụ ya. == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] t7qlblcmiqgptg1ag552zcbb5tcoc1d 670588 670587 2026-06-30T22:32:14Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed refference with error 670588 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref>{{Cite web|title=Barrage de la Kompienga|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1875|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref> {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #cedeff; font-size: 125%; color:black;" |Ọdọ Mmiri Kompienga |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;" |[[File:Kompiengastausee_MS1107.jpg|264x264px]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:256px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:256px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:256px">[[Faịlụ:Burkina_Faso_relief_location_map.jpg|class=notpageimage noviewer|256x256px|Location of Lake Kompienga in Burkina Faso.]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:67.094%;left:73.716%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|alt=Location of Lake Kompienga in Burkina Faso.|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Lake Kompienga]]</div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Ọdọ Mmiri Kompienga</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div> |- class="adr" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe | class="infobox-data region" |Ógbè Kompienga |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span title="Geographical coordinates">Njikọ</span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lake_Kompienga&params=11_08_20_N_0_38_04_E_region:BF-KMP_type:landmark_source:kolossus-dewiki <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">11°08′20′′N</span> <span class="longitude">0°38′04′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">11.13889°N 0.63444°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">11.13889; 0.63444</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:7}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lake_Kompienga&params=11_08_20_N_0_38_04_E_region:BF-KMP_type:landmark_source:kolossus-dewiki <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">11°08′20″N</span> <span class="longitude">0°38′04″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">11.13889°N 0.63444°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">11.13889; 0.63444</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụdị | class="infobox-data category" |ọdọ mmiri |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba ndị dị n'ime ala&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Burkina Faso |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- class="mergedrow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><div style="line-height:1.5;text-align:center;border-style:solid;border-width:4px;border-color:#8DE3D2">Ala Mmiri Ramsar</div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Aha gọọmentị</div> | class="infobox-data" |Ihe mgbochi mmiri nke Kompienga |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ndị a họpụtara | class="infobox-data" |7 Ọktoba 2009 |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ihe odide no.&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |1875 |} '''ọdọ mmiri Kompienga''' bụ ọdọ mmiri dị na Kompienga Province na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Burkina Faso. E wuru Kompienga Dam n'afọ 1980 iji mepụta ọdọ mmiri ahụ maka ebumnuche akụ na ụba. N'afọ 1985, ndị na-ahụ maka ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ buru amụma na iwu mmiri Kompienga na ọdọ mmiri ga-eweta ihe dị ka 15% mmụba na mbata na mpaghara n'etiti afọ 1985 na 1990, 15% n'etiti 1990 na 1995, na 8% n'etiti 1995 na 2000 maka ebumnuche akụ na ụba.<ref>[http://www.unu.edu/unupress/food2/uin08e/uin08e0g.htm Burkina Faso Case Study] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024175811/http://www.unu.edu/unupress/food2/uin08e/uin08e0g.htm |date=2010-10-24 }}, UNU, Retrieved on June 17, 2008</ref> Agbanyeghị, okike nke ọdọ mmiri na dam ahụ nwere ihe ndị metụtara ụfọdụ obodo dị n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ mebiri kpamkpam ma ọ bụ akụkụ ya. == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] 9kantdytm8pmeunghcysu3zr19wzu55 0 77195 670589 2026-06-30T22:34:37Z Aluta editor 62822 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1027658546|Lake Dem]]" 670589 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ọdọ Mmiri Bam''' bụ obere ọdọ mmiri dị n'ebe ugwu Burkina Faso, nke dị n'ebe ugwu Kaya, ndịda Sahel Reserve na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Lake Bam. Ọ na-asọba n'ime White Volta..<ref name="Mepham">{{Cite book|author=Mepham|first=Robert|title=A directory of African wetlands|publisher=[[IUCN]]|date=1992|pages=316|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA316|isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref> Ọ dị kilomita 5 n'ogologo na kilomita 2 n'obosara.<ref name="Mepham" /> Ọ dị n'ebe dị elu nke 304 m (997 ụkwụ). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Burkina Faso Lakes|publisher=Index Mundi|date=2006|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/zl/uv/20.htm|accessdate=24 February 2010}}</ref> Kemgbe afọ 2009, a họpụtara ọdọ mmiri ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ebe Ramsar.. == Hụkwa == * Ọnụ ụzọ ámá ọdọ mmiri == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Lakes of Burkina Faso}} kly4qu6rk2vmfk9zoixg6obzz8qwtsl 670590 670589 2026-06-30T22:35:39Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed refference with error 670590 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref name="RSIS">{{Cite web|title=Lac Dem|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1882|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref> '''Ọdọ Mmiri Bam''' bụ obere ọdọ mmiri dị n'ebe ugwu Burkina Faso, nke dị n'ebe ugwu Kaya, ndịda Sahel Reserve na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Lake Bam. Ọ na-asọba n'ime White Volta..<ref name="Mepham">{{Cite book|author=Mepham|first=Robert|title=A directory of African wetlands|publisher=[[IUCN]]|date=1992|pages=316|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA316|isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref> Ọ dị kilomita 5 n'ogologo na kilomita 2 n'obosara.<ref name="Mepham" /> Ọ dị n'ebe dị elu nke 304 m (997 ụkwụ). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Burkina Faso Lakes|publisher=Index Mundi|date=2006|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/zl/uv/20.htm|accessdate=24 February 2010}}</ref> Kemgbe afọ 2009, a họpụtara ọdọ mmiri ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ebe Ramsar.. == Hụkwa == * Ọnụ ụzọ ámá ọdọ mmiri == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Lakes of Burkina Faso}} 3ot8gw4d54neyxwnvk8xuv8q6eqy021 0 77196 670591 2026-06-30T22:37:31Z Nachi kim 20090 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360610431|Anammox for wastewater treatment]]" 670591 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anammox''' bụ usoro ọgwụgwọ mmiri na-adịghị mma nke na-ewepụ nitrogen site na iji Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox). Usoro a na-eme site na nje anammox nke bụ autotrophic, nke pụtara na ha anaghị achọ carbon organic maka metabolism ha iji rụọ ọrụ. Kama nke ahụ, metabolism nke anammox bacteria na-agbanwe ammonium na nitrite n'ime gas dinitrogen. Nje bacteria Anammox bụ usoro ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu, ebe a na-agwọ mmiri mkpofu na-etinye usoro teknụzụ dabere na anammox iji mee ka mwepụ amonia na nitrogen dịkwuo mma. == Ọdịdị na ahụike == Enwere ike ịchọta nje Anammox na ụlọ ọrụ na-agwọ mmiri, ọdọ mmiri, mpaghara suboxic, na ala dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=van Niftrik|first=Laura|date=August 29, 2012|title=Anaerobic Ammonium-Oxidizing Bacteria: Unique Microorganisms with Exceptional Properties|journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews|language=en|volume=76|issue=3|pages=585–596|doi=10.1128/MMBR.05025-11|issn=1092-2172|pmid=22933561}}</ref> Anammox bacteria na-adabere na okpomọkụ, na-achọ okpomọkụ dị n'etiti 30 ̊C ruo 40 ̊C <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sobotka|first=D.|date=2021-06-25|title=Generalized temperature dependence model for anammox process kinetics|journal=Science of the Total Environment|language=en|volume=775|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145760|pmid=33631594|issn=0048-9697}}</ref> iji too. Ọganihu nje bacteria Anammox na-emetụtakwa pH, na-eto nke ọma na pH nke 6.5 ruo 8.3.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Cho|first=Sunja|date=December 19, 2019|title=Performance of Anammox Processes for Wastewater Treatment: A Critical Review on Effects of Operational Conditions and Environmental Stresses|journal=Water|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|doi=10.3390/w12010020|issn=2073-4441}}</ref> Anammox bacteria nwere membrane anammoxosome, nke na-ewe ihe ruru 50% ruo 70% nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mkpụrụ ndụ, na membrane nke mkpụrụ ndụ gbara gburugburu. == Usoro kemịkalụ == Kemịkalụ abụọ bụ́ isi dị mkpa maka mgbanwe nke nje bacteria anammox iji rụọ ọrụ bụ ammonia na nitrite. Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-emepụta nitrate na nitrite site na ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu n'ihi ọgwụgwọ nsị. Ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ ammonia monooxygenase na-agbanwe ammonia dị na mmiri mkpofu ka ọ bụrụ nitrite n'oge usoro nitrification. Anaerobic ammonium oxidation bacteria (Anammox) mmeghachi omume, na-esite na chemoautotrophic bacteria nke sitere na phylum Planctomycetota. Anammoxosome bụ oghere dị n'ime nje anammox ebe mmeghachi omume anammox na-eme. N'oge usoro a, a na-emepụta gradient proton gafee membrane anammoxosome, na-amalite mmeghachi omume catabolic. A na-ebu ụzọ gbanwee nitric oxide na ọnụnọ nke nitrate reductase, nke bụ nzọụkwụ mbụ na mmeghachi omume a. Anammox na-eme ka ammonium ghọọ nitrite, nke bụ nke a na-ebelata na hydroxylamine. Hydroxylamine na ammonia na-emeghachi omume iji mepụta hydrazine, nke a na-emezi ka ọ bụrụ gas nitrogen. === Mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ maka anammox, ntụgharị nke amonia ka ọ bụrụ gas nitrogen === :   == Mmetụta na ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu == [[Faịlụ:Discharge_pipe.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|220x220px|Mmiri mkpofu]] Mmiri mkpofu na-adịkarị na ngwakọta nke ụdị siri ike na mmiri. Ihe mejupụtara mmiri na-adịghị mma dịgasị iche dabere n'otú e si mepụta ya. "Wastewater" nwere ike izo aka na mmiri nsị nke ụlọ, mmiri nsị sitere na ụlọ ọrụ, ma ọ bụ mmiri na-agbapụta n'elu.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Henze|first=Mogens|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=41JButufnm8C&q=what+is+wastewater&pg=PA33|title=Biological Wastewater Treatment|date=2008-09-01|publisher=IWA Publishing|isbn=978-1-84339-188-3|language=en}}</ref> Idozi mmiri na-adịghị mma iji melite ịdị ọcha bụ nnukwu ihe ịma aka na mba ndị na-emepe emepe, ebe mmiri na-enweghị ọgwụgwọ nwere ike imerụ mmiri ọṅụṅụ. A na-etinye ọgwụgwọ nje Anammox n'ọrụ n'ụlọ ọgwụgwọ iji nyere aka gbanwee mmiri nsị n'ime ntụ ntụ, nke a na-ejizi eme ihe dị ka isi iyi fatịlaịza maka ọrụ ugbo.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Franz|first=M.|date=2008-01-01|title=Phosphate fertilizer from sewage sludge ash (SSA)|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X07002607|journal=Waste Management|language=en|volume=28|issue=10|pages=1809–1818|doi=10.1016/j.wasman.2007.08.011|pmid=17919895|issn=0956-053X}}</ref> Enwere ike iji ntụ ntụ mee ihe dị ka fatịlaịza n'ihi oke phosphorus na ihe ndị ọzọ na-edozi ahụ dị mkpa maka uto osisi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Chrispim|first=Mariana Cardoso|date=2019-10-15|title=Phosphorus recovery from municipal wastewater treatment: Critical review of challenges and opportunities for developing countries|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479719309703|journal=Journal of Environmental Management|language=en|volume=248|doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109268|pmid=31325790|issn=0301-4797}}</ref> A pụkwara iji crystallization nke struvite (nke magnesium, ammonium, na phosphate mejupụtara) n'oge usoro ọgwụgwọ mmiri dị mkpofu mee ihe dị ka fatịlaịza. Mgbakwunye nke magnesium na mmiri nsị nke nwere ammonium na phosphate na-enye ohere maka ọnụọgụ 1: 1 nke ihe atọ ahụ na-ejikọta ibe ya, na-enye struvite ohere ịmepụta dị ka ngwaahịa dị ka ihe osise 1. Crystal struvite nwere ihe na-edozi ahụ dị mkpa maka uto osisi nke dị mfe iji na ibugharị. Usoro a na-enyekwa aka iweghachite nitrogen na phosphorus site na mmiri na-adịghị mma, na-enyere aka imeziwanye ogo mmiri dị n'elu ebe ọ bụ na ndị a bụ ihe abụọ bụ isi nwere ike ịkpata eutrophication.<ref name=":2" /> Ọ bụrụ na eutrophication emee, usoro anammox nwere ike ime na enweghị oxygen na nitrite na ammonia dị elu. A chọrọ ngwakọta abụọ a maka usoro anammox ịmalite, ma dịrị na mmiri mkpofu n'ọtụtụ. Nje anammox dịnụ nwere ike inye aka mee ka mmiri na-adịghị mma dị ọcha nke nitrite na ammonia. == Ntụaka == <references /> irguvepoaq9nlsse0h1e623u6woszfd 0 77197 670592 2026-06-30T22:38:30Z Aluta editor 62822 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1166091090|Lake Bam]]" 670592 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ọdọ Mmiri Bam''' dị nso n'obodo Kongoussi, na Burkina Faso. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-akpọnwụ nwayọ nwayọ, nke na-etinye ọrụ ugbo obodo dị nso n'ihe ize ndụ, azụ̀, na mmiri ehi n'ime obodo ahụ. A na-akpọ ọdọ mmiri ahụ ebe Ramsar dị kemgbe afọ 2009. == Hụkwa == * Ọnụ ụzọ ámá ọdọ mmiri == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} 9xvzs066o5y82mq3wc4xxwvhmsuzsin 670593 670592 2026-06-30T22:39:10Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed refference with error 670593 wikitext text/x-wiki   <ref name="RSIS">{{Cite web|title=Lac Bam|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1880|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref> '''Ọdọ Mmiri Bam''' dị nso n'obodo Kongoussi, na Burkina Faso. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-akpọnwụ nwayọ nwayọ, nke na-etinye ọrụ ugbo obodo dị nso n'ihe ize ndụ, azụ̀, na mmiri ehi n'ime obodo ahụ. A na-akpọ ọdọ mmiri ahụ ebe Ramsar dị kemgbe afọ 2009. == Hụkwa == * Ọnụ ụzọ ámá ọdọ mmiri == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} jxcpebdp754qvm1caqenajaha0zkw2h 0 77198 670594 2026-06-30T22:40:53Z Aluta editor 62822 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1301361523|Lake Higa]]" 670594 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ọdọ Mmiri Higa''' bụ obere ọdọ mmiri dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ Burkina Faso, dị nso n'ókè Niger. Ọ na-asọba n'ime Babangou, nke na-asọba na Niger.[1] O nwere obosara nke hekta 228..<ref name="Mepham">{{Cite book|author=Mepham|first=Robert|title=A directory of African wetlands|publisher=[[IUCN]]|date=1992|pages=316|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA316|isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref> O nwere mpaghara nke 228 hectare.<ref name="Mepham" /> Ọ dị n'ebe dị elu nke 271 m (889 ụkwụ). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Burkina Faso Lakes|publisher=Index Mundi|date=2006|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/zl/uv/20.htm|accessdate=13 March 2010}}</ref> N'afọ 2009, a gụnyere ebe dị gburugburu Ọdọ Mmiri Higa na Ndepụta nke ala mmiri Ramsar nke mba ụwa dị mkpa.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Kibata|first=Cynthia|authorlink=|title=Twelve new Ramsar sites in Burkina Faso|publisher=[[Ramsar Convention]]|date=1 October 2009|url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/ramsar/display/main/main.jsp?zn=ramsar&cp=1-26-45-84^24099_4000_0__|accessdate=13 March 2010}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} r55nuivkcdcgrcaj1nxz5nrvnelm3f1 670595 670594 2026-06-30T22:41:57Z Aluta editor 62822 670595 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref>{{Cite web|title=Lac Higa|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1883|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref> '''Ọdọ Mmiri Higa''' bụ obere ọdọ mmiri dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ Burkina Faso, dị nso n'ókè Niger. Ọ na-asọba n'ime Babangou, nke na-asọba na Niger.[1] O nwere obosara nke hekta 228..<ref name="Mepham">{{Cite book|author=Mepham|first=Robert|title=A directory of African wetlands|publisher=[[IUCN]]|date=1992|pages=316|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA316|isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref> O nwere mpaghara nke 228 hectare.<ref name="Mepham" /> Ọ dị n'ebe dị elu nke 271 m (889 ụkwụ). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Burkina Faso Lakes|publisher=Index Mundi|date=2006|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/zl/uv/20.htm|accessdate=13 March 2010}}</ref> N'afọ 2009, a gụnyere ebe dị gburugburu Ọdọ Mmiri Higa na Ndepụta nke ala mmiri Ramsar nke mba ụwa dị mkpa.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Kibata|first=Cynthia|authorlink=|title=Twelve new Ramsar sites in Burkina Faso|publisher=[[Ramsar Convention]]|date=1 October 2009|url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/ramsar/display/main/main.jsp?zn=ramsar&cp=1-26-45-84^24099_4000_0__|accessdate=13 March 2010}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} nt21c3pu9gt9eefu23sicvsrlpnldqg 0 77199 670596 2026-06-30T22:43:27Z Aluta editor 62822 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1263879738|Bagre Dam]]" 670596 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color:skyblue; color:inherit;" |Ihe mgbochi mmiri Bagre |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:235px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:235px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:235px">[[Faịlụ:Burkina_Faso_relief_location_map.jpg|class=notpageimage noviewer|235x235px|Bagre Dam is located in Burkina Faso]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:61.894%;left:60.592%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|8x8px|Bagre Dam]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Ihe mgbochi mmiri Bagre</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Ebe Dam Bagre dị na Burkina Faso</div></div></div></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba | class="infobox-data" |[[Burkina Faso]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe | class="infobox-data" |Obodo Bagré |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Njikọ | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bagre_Dam&params=11_28_36.78_N_0_32_48.10_W_type:landmark <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">11°28′36.78′′N</span> <span class="longitude">0°32′48.10′′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">11.4768833°N 0.5466944°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">11.4768833; -0.5466944</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:7}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bagre_Dam&params=11_28_36.78_N_0_32_48.10_W_type:landmark <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">11°28′36.78″N</span> <span class="longitude">0°32′48.10″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">11.4768833°N 0.5466944°W</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">11.4768833; -0.5466944</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebumnuche | class="infobox-data" |Ike |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọnọdụ | class="infobox-data" |Ọrụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụbọchị mmeghe&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |1992 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọnụ ego e ji wuo ya&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |CFA nde 67 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Onye na-arụ ọrụ | class="infobox-data" |Sonabel |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:skyblue; color:inherit;" |Mmiri na mmiri na-asọba |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ihe ndị a na-eme ka ha ghara ịdị mma | class="infobox-data" |White Volta |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:skyblue; color:inherit;" |Ebe a na-echekwa mmiri |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ngụkọta nke ikike&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |7,000,000 m³ (5,700,000 acre⋅ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ogologo oge kachasị&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |400 kilomita (250 mi) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:skyblue; color:inherit;" |Ụlọ Ọrụ Ike |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Turbines | class="infobox-data" |2 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ikike arụnyere<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |16 MW |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- class="mergedrow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><div style="line-height:1.5;text-align:center;border-style:solid;border-width:4px;border-color:#8DE3D2">Ala Mmiri Ramsar</div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Aha gọọmentị</div> | class="infobox-data" |Ihe mgbochi mmiri nke Bagre |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ndị a họpụtara | class="infobox-data" |7 Ọktoba 2009 |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ihe odide no.&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |1874 |} Bagre Dam bụ ọdọ mmiri nwere ọtụtụ ihe eji arụ ọrụ na White Volta nke dị nso na Bagré Village na Burkina Faso. <ref>{{Cite web|title=BOLGATANGA : More Spillage Expected From Bagre Dam|url=http://www.northernghana.com/news/i/?n=1926|work=www.northernghana.com|accessdate=2015-05-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527145934/http://www.northernghana.com/news/i/?n=1926|archivedate=2015-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana News - Six more dead in Bagre Dam spillage|url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2014/September-12th/six-more-dead-in-bagre-dam-spillage.php|work=www.myjoyonline.com|accessdate=2015-05-27|archivedate=2015-05-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527143859/http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2014/September-12th/six-more-dead-in-bagre-dam-spillage.php}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E wuru Dam ahụ na 1992 na ọnụahịa nke nde CFA 67 site na World Bank. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Two confirmed dead from Bagre Dam spillage|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/regional/artikel.php?ID=325265|work=www.ghanaweb.com|date=10 September 2014|accessdate=2015-05-27}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] s8ehp5gt1pnbs62wanxfi5qn4jkkea6 670597 670596 2026-06-30T22:44:29Z Aluta editor 62822 670597 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref>{{Cite web|title=Barrage de Bagre|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1874|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref> {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color:skyblue; color:inherit;" |Ihe mgbochi mmiri Bagre |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:235px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:235px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:235px">[[Faịlụ:Burkina_Faso_relief_location_map.jpg|class=notpageimage noviewer|235x235px|Bagre Dam is located in Burkina Faso]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:61.894%;left:60.592%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|8x8px|Bagre Dam]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Ihe mgbochi mmiri Bagre</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Ebe Dam Bagre dị na Burkina Faso</div></div></div></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba | class="infobox-data" |[[Burkina Faso]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe | class="infobox-data" |Obodo Bagré |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Njikọ | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bagre_Dam&params=11_28_36.78_N_0_32_48.10_W_type:landmark <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">11°28′36.78′′N</span> <span class="longitude">0°32′48.10′′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">11.4768833°N 0.5466944°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">11.4768833; -0.5466944</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:7}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bagre_Dam&params=11_28_36.78_N_0_32_48.10_W_type:landmark <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">11°28′36.78″N</span> <span class="longitude">0°32′48.10″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">11.4768833°N 0.5466944°W</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">11.4768833; -0.5466944</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebumnuche | class="infobox-data" |Ike |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọnọdụ | class="infobox-data" |Ọrụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụbọchị mmeghe&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |1992 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọnụ ego e ji wuo ya&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |CFA nde 67 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Onye na-arụ ọrụ | class="infobox-data" |Sonabel |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:skyblue; color:inherit;" |Mmiri na mmiri na-asọba |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ihe ndị a na-eme ka ha ghara ịdị mma | class="infobox-data" |White Volta |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:skyblue; color:inherit;" |Ebe a na-echekwa mmiri |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ngụkọta nke ikike&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |7,000,000 m³ (5,700,000 acre⋅ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ogologo oge kachasị&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |400 kilomita (250 mi) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:skyblue; color:inherit;" |Ụlọ Ọrụ Ike |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Turbines | class="infobox-data" |2 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ikike arụnyere<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |16 MW |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- class="mergedrow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><div style="line-height:1.5;text-align:center;border-style:solid;border-width:4px;border-color:#8DE3D2">Ala Mmiri Ramsar</div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Aha gọọmentị</div> | class="infobox-data" |Ihe mgbochi mmiri nke Bagre |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ndị a họpụtara | class="infobox-data" |7 Ọktoba 2009 |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ihe odide no.&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |1874 |} Bagre Dam bụ ọdọ mmiri nwere ọtụtụ ihe eji arụ ọrụ na White Volta nke dị nso na Bagré Village na Burkina Faso. <ref>{{Cite web|title=BOLGATANGA : More Spillage Expected From Bagre Dam|url=http://www.northernghana.com/news/i/?n=1926|work=www.northernghana.com|accessdate=2015-05-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527145934/http://www.northernghana.com/news/i/?n=1926|archivedate=2015-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana News - Six more dead in Bagre Dam spillage|url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2014/September-12th/six-more-dead-in-bagre-dam-spillage.php|work=www.myjoyonline.com|accessdate=2015-05-27|archivedate=2015-05-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527143859/http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2014/September-12th/six-more-dead-in-bagre-dam-spillage.php}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E wuru Dam ahụ na 1992 na ọnụahịa nke nde CFA 67 site na World Bank. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Two confirmed dead from Bagre Dam spillage|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/regional/artikel.php?ID=325265|work=www.ghanaweb.com|date=10 September 2014|accessdate=2015-05-27}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] h6cj4r21c1pe1hf52jamq9r09npwdfh 0 77200 670598 2026-06-30T22:45:58Z Aluta editor 62822 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339752993|Arli National Park]]" 670598 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Arli National Park''', often called '''Arly''',<ref name="MansonKnight2006">{{Cite book|author=Manson, K.|title=Burkina Faso|publisher=[[Bradt Travel Guides]], [[The Globe Pequot Press]] Inc.|chapter=IV: The East|isbn=1841621544|url=https://archive.org/details/burkinafaso0000mans|year=2006|accessdate=June 17, 2008}}</ref> is a national park located in Tapoa Province, southeastern [[Burkina Faso]].<ref name="Ouédraogoetal.2011">{{Cite journal|author=Ouédraogo, O.|title=Magnoliophyta, Arly National Park, Tapoa, Burkina Faso|journal=[[Check List]]|volume=7|issue=1|pages=85–100|url=https://biotaxa.org/cl/article/view/7.1.85|year=2011|doi=10.15560/7.1.85}}</ref> It adjoins [[Benin]]'s Pendjari National Park in the south and the Singou Reserve in the west. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Faịlụ:WAP-Komplex_englisch.svg|thumb|290x290px|Mpaghara IUCN na-echebe nke WAP Complex]] Ogige ntụrụndụ a dị kilomita 760 (290 sq mi) nke nwere ọtụtụ ebe obibi dị iche iche, site na oke ọhịa dị na osimiri Arli na Pendjari ruo n'ọhịa savanna na ugwu ájá nke usoro Gobnangou. Ọ bụ ebe obibi nke ihe dị ka enyí Africa 200, hippo 200 na ọdụm 100. E nwekwara buffaloes, baboons, enwe uhie na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, warthogs, na ụdị antelope dị iche iche, dị ka hartebeest nke ọdịda anyanwụ na antelope roan. E nwekwara bushbucks, duikers na waterbuck.<ref name="MansonKnight2006">{{Cite book|author=Manson, K.|title=Burkina Faso|publisher=[[Bradt Travel Guides]], [[The Globe Pequot Press]] Inc.|chapter=IV: The East|isbn=1841621544|url=https://archive.org/details/burkinafaso0000mans|year=2006|accessdate=June 17, 2008}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFManson,_K.Knight2006">Manson, K.; Knight (2006). </cite></ref><ref name="UNEPWCMC1984">{{Cite journal|title=UNEP Protected areas|url=http://www.unep-wcmc.org/protected_areas/data/sample/0113p.htm|year=1984}}</ref> Enwere ike ịbanye n'ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ site n'okporo ụzọ N19 site na Diapaga (n'oge ọkọchị site na Pama). Ogige Ntụrụndụ Arli nwere ọtụtụ ọdọ mmiri, dị ka Tounga ebe enwere olulu mmiri na ọdọ mmiri abụọ nke ihe ruru Enyí mmiri iri abụọ na-eleta. Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ bụbu ebe obibi maka [[Nkịta ọhịa nke Afrịka|Nkịta ọhịa nke West Africa]] (''Lycaon pictus manguensis''), <ref name="Hogan2009">{{Cite journal|author=Michael|first=C. Hogan|title=Painted Hunting Dog: Lycaon pictus|url=http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=35993|date=2009-01-31}}</ref> ọ bụ ezie na ọ ga-abụ na a ga-ewepụ nkịta a n'ógbè ahụ n'ihi ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-abawanye ụba, na enweghị nchebe mba. Ogige Arly bụ akụkụ nke ebe nchekwa dị mgbagwoju anya na ogige Singou, na-emepụta Ebe nnụnụ dị mkpa. Nchịkwa nke ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ ka enyere NATURAMA NGO nke Burkinabe kemgbe afọ 1993. A họpụtara ebe nchekwa ahụ dị ka Ebe Ramsar kemgbe afọ 2009 maka mkpa mba ụwa nke Ala mmiri ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Parc National d'Arly {{!}} Ramsar Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1884?language=fr|accessdate=2025-05-11|work=rsis.ramsar.org}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Arly-Singou * Ogige Ntụrụndụ W == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} m5e3qaopi42bbm4hxexn28skaypdbzm 670599 670598 2026-06-30T22:46:53Z Aluta editor 62822 670599 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Arli National Park''', often called '''Arly''',<ref name="MansonKnight2006" /> is a national park located in Tapoa Province, southeastern [[Burkina Faso]].<ref name="Ouédraogoetal.2011">{{Cite journal|author=Ouédraogo, O.|title=Magnoliophyta, Arly National Park, Tapoa, Burkina Faso|journal=[[Check List]]|volume=7|issue=1|pages=85–100|url=https://biotaxa.org/cl/article/view/7.1.85|year=2011|doi=10.15560/7.1.85}}</ref> It adjoins [[Benin]]'s Pendjari National Park in the south and the Singou Reserve in the west. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Faịlụ:WAP-Komplex_englisch.svg|thumb|290x290px|Mpaghara IUCN na-echebe nke WAP Complex]] Ogige ntụrụndụ a dị kilomita 760 (290 sq mi) nke nwere ọtụtụ ebe obibi dị iche iche, site na oke ọhịa dị na osimiri Arli na Pendjari ruo n'ọhịa savanna na ugwu ájá nke usoro Gobnangou. Ọ bụ ebe obibi nke ihe dị ka enyí Africa 200, hippo 200 na ọdụm 100. E nwekwara buffaloes, baboons, enwe uhie na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, warthogs, na ụdị antelope dị iche iche, dị ka hartebeest nke ọdịda anyanwụ na antelope roan. E nwekwara bushbucks, duikers na waterbuck.<ref name="MansonKnight2006">{{Cite book|author=Manson, K.|title=Burkina Faso|publisher=[[Bradt Travel Guides]], [[The Globe Pequot Press]] Inc.|chapter=IV: The East|isbn=1841621544|url=https://archive.org/details/burkinafaso0000mans|year=2006|accessdate=June 17, 2008}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFManson,_K.Knight2006">Manson, K.; Knight (2006). </cite></ref><ref name="UNEPWCMC1984">{{Cite journal|title=UNEP Protected areas|url=http://www.unep-wcmc.org/protected_areas/data/sample/0113p.htm|year=1984}}</ref> Enwere ike ịbanye n'ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ site n'okporo ụzọ N19 site na Diapaga (n'oge ọkọchị site na Pama). Ogige Ntụrụndụ Arli nwere ọtụtụ ọdọ mmiri, dị ka Tounga ebe enwere olulu mmiri na ọdọ mmiri abụọ nke ihe ruru Enyí mmiri iri abụọ na-eleta. Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ bụbu ebe obibi maka [[Nkịta ọhịa nke Afrịka|Nkịta ọhịa nke West Africa]] (''Lycaon pictus manguensis''), <ref name="Hogan2009">{{Cite journal|author=Michael|first=C. Hogan|title=Painted Hunting Dog: Lycaon pictus|url=http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=35993|date=2009-01-31}}</ref> ọ bụ ezie na ọ ga-abụ na a ga-ewepụ nkịta a n'ógbè ahụ n'ihi ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-abawanye ụba, na enweghị nchebe mba. Ogige Arly bụ akụkụ nke ebe nchekwa dị mgbagwoju anya na ogige Singou, na-emepụta Ebe nnụnụ dị mkpa. Nchịkwa nke ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ ka enyere NATURAMA NGO nke Burkinabe kemgbe afọ 1993. A họpụtara ebe nchekwa ahụ dị ka Ebe Ramsar kemgbe afọ 2009 maka mkpa mba ụwa nke Ala mmiri ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Parc National d'Arly {{!}} Ramsar Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1884?language=fr|accessdate=2025-05-11|work=rsis.ramsar.org}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Arly-Singou * Ogige Ntụrụndụ W == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} 1r06mxzsovckhi94mauomzic02twcuo 670600 670599 2026-06-30T22:47:06Z Aluta editor 62822 670600 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref>{{Cite web|title=Parc National d'Arly|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1884|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref> '''Arli National Park''', often called '''Arly''',<ref name="MansonKnight2006" /> is a national park located in Tapoa Province, southeastern [[Burkina Faso]].<ref name="Ouédraogoetal.2011">{{Cite journal|author=Ouédraogo, O.|title=Magnoliophyta, Arly National Park, Tapoa, Burkina Faso|journal=[[Check List]]|volume=7|issue=1|pages=85–100|url=https://biotaxa.org/cl/article/view/7.1.85|year=2011|doi=10.15560/7.1.85}}</ref> It adjoins [[Benin]]'s Pendjari National Park in the south and the Singou Reserve in the west. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Faịlụ:WAP-Komplex_englisch.svg|thumb|290x290px|Mpaghara IUCN na-echebe nke WAP Complex]] Ogige ntụrụndụ a dị kilomita 760 (290 sq mi) nke nwere ọtụtụ ebe obibi dị iche iche, site na oke ọhịa dị na osimiri Arli na Pendjari ruo n'ọhịa savanna na ugwu ájá nke usoro Gobnangou. Ọ bụ ebe obibi nke ihe dị ka enyí Africa 200, hippo 200 na ọdụm 100. E nwekwara buffaloes, baboons, enwe uhie na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, warthogs, na ụdị antelope dị iche iche, dị ka hartebeest nke ọdịda anyanwụ na antelope roan. E nwekwara bushbucks, duikers na waterbuck.<ref name="MansonKnight2006">{{Cite book|author=Manson, K.|title=Burkina Faso|publisher=[[Bradt Travel Guides]], [[The Globe Pequot Press]] Inc.|chapter=IV: The East|isbn=1841621544|url=https://archive.org/details/burkinafaso0000mans|year=2006|accessdate=June 17, 2008}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFManson,_K.Knight2006">Manson, K.; Knight (2006). </cite></ref><ref name="UNEPWCMC1984">{{Cite journal|title=UNEP Protected areas|url=http://www.unep-wcmc.org/protected_areas/data/sample/0113p.htm|year=1984}}</ref> Enwere ike ịbanye n'ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ site n'okporo ụzọ N19 site na Diapaga (n'oge ọkọchị site na Pama). Ogige Ntụrụndụ Arli nwere ọtụtụ ọdọ mmiri, dị ka Tounga ebe enwere olulu mmiri na ọdọ mmiri abụọ nke ihe ruru Enyí mmiri iri abụọ na-eleta. Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ bụbu ebe obibi maka [[Nkịta ọhịa nke Afrịka|Nkịta ọhịa nke West Africa]] (''Lycaon pictus manguensis''), <ref name="Hogan2009">{{Cite journal|author=Michael|first=C. Hogan|title=Painted Hunting Dog: Lycaon pictus|url=http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=35993|date=2009-01-31}}</ref> ọ bụ ezie na ọ ga-abụ na a ga-ewepụ nkịta a n'ógbè ahụ n'ihi ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-abawanye ụba, na enweghị nchebe mba. Ogige Arly bụ akụkụ nke ebe nchekwa dị mgbagwoju anya na ogige Singou, na-emepụta Ebe nnụnụ dị mkpa. Nchịkwa nke ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ ka enyere NATURAMA NGO nke Burkinabe kemgbe afọ 1993. A họpụtara ebe nchekwa ahụ dị ka Ebe Ramsar kemgbe afọ 2009 maka mkpa mba ụwa nke Ala mmiri ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Parc National d'Arly {{!}} Ramsar Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1884?language=fr|accessdate=2025-05-11|work=rsis.ramsar.org}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Arly-Singou * Ogige Ntụrụndụ W == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} 6arj3uv0q8f2o6w7r19rkpows06sb2v 0 77201 670601 2026-06-30T22:47:26Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357020023|W National Park]]" 670601 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Ogige Ntụrụndụ W nke Mba (French: Parc national du W) ma ọ bụ '''Ogige Mpaghara W''' (French: W du Niger) bụ nnukwu ogige mba dị na Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka gbara meander dị na Osimiri Niger nke yiri mkpụrụedemede [[W]] (French: okpukpu abụọ v). Ogige ntụrụndụ a gụnyere mpaghara mba atọ ahụ [[Niger]], [[Benin]] na [[Burkina Faso]], gọọmentị atọ ahụ na-achịkwa ya. Ruo afọ 2008, ọrụ ECOPAS nke EU kwadoro kwadoro mmejuputa njikwa mpaghara (Protected Ecosystems in Sudano-Sahelian Africa, French: Écosystèmes protégés en Afrique soudano-sahélienne). Ogige ntụrụndụ mba atọ a na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru aha '''W Transborder Park''' (French: Parc régional W). Ngalaba Ogige Ntụrụndụ W nke Mba nke dị na Benin, nke dị ihe karịrị 8,000 km² (3,100 sq mi), bịara n'okpuru nlekọta zuru oke nke African Parks na June 2020. Na Benin, Ogige Ntụrụndụ W nke Mba dị n'akụkụ Ogige Ntụrụndụ Pendjari nke bụkwa nke dị n'okpuru nlekọta nke Ogige Ntụrụndụ Afrịka.<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E kere Ogige Ntụrụndụ W nke Mba nke Niger site na iwu na 4 Ọgọst 1954, kemgbe 1996, edepụtara ya dị ka Ebe Ihe Nketa Ụwa nke UNESCO. N'ime Niger, a na-ede aha ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ dị ka Ngalaba Ogige Ntụrụndụ, IUCN Ụdị nke Abụọ, ọ bụkwa akụkụ nke nnukwu ogige nchekwa na ebe nchekwa. Ndị a gụnyere Dallol Bosso (Mmiri mmiri nke mba ụwa dị mkpa (Ramsar) dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Osimiri Niger na njiko nke obere ahụ "Parc national du W" (Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar)). Ogige ntụrụndụ atọ ahụ bụ [[Nnụnụ nke Mba Nile|BirdLife International]] Important Bird Areas (IBAs) ụdị A1 na A3 (IBA codes IBA NE001, IBA BF008, na IBA BJ001). === Ime ihe ike === Na 8 Febụwarị 2022, ụgbọala abụọ nke ndị nche nke African Parks n'akụkụ Benin nke Ogige Ntụrụndụ W nke Mba gbara ogbunigwe ala nke a na-enyo enyo na ndị omekome Islam kụrụ, gbuo mmadụ asatọ. Na 25–26 Julaị 2024, e gburu ndị nche ogige ise nke Benin na ndị agha asaa n'ime mwakpo egbe n'ime ogige ahụ. Na 17 Eprel 2025, e gburu ndị agha Benin 54 n'ime mwakpo dị n'ime ogige ahụ nke Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal-Muslimin kwuru na ọ bụ ya mere. == Ọdịdị ala == [[Faịlụ:Bends_in_the_River_Niger_which_give_W_National_Park_its_distinctive_name.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|250x250px|Bends na Osimiri Niger nke nyere W National Park aha ya pụrụ iche]] N'ime mba atọ ahụ, ogige ntụrụndụ mpaghara ahụ dị ihe dị ka 10,000 km² (3,900 sq mi) nke ọtụtụ mmadụ na-ebighị, ruo afọ 1970, ọ bụ mpaghara mmiri mmiri nke mmiri ịba nke e ji delta nke Osimiri Mékrou na Niger kpụọ, ugwu ndị dị n'okwute gbawara. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ebe a abụrụla ebe obibi mmadụ n'oge gara aga, ebe ndị dị mkpa e gwupụtara n'ala (karịsịa ili) a hụrụ n'ógbè ahụ na-ekpebi ya. == Ahịhịa ndụ == E dekọrọ ụdị osisi 454 n'ogige ahụ, gụnyere okooko osisi orchid abụọ a na-ahụ naanị na Niger. Ogige ntụrụndụ a bụkwa ókèala ndịda nke oke ọhịa tiger dị n'elu ala dị na Niger. == Anụmanụ == A maara ogige a maka nnukwu anụmanụ, gụnyere aardvark, baboon, buffalo nke Afrịka, caracal, cheetah, enyi ọhịa nke Afrịka, hippopotamus, leopard nke Afrịka, Ọdụm ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka, serval na warthog. Ogige ntụrụndụ a na-enye ebe obibi maka ụfọdụ enyí ndị Africa ikpeazụ dị n'Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka. Agbanyeghị, giraffe nke dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka, nke a na-ahụkarị n'akụkụ obere nke Niger taa, adịghị na mpaghara ahụ. A makwaara ogige W maka ihe mere eme nke nkịta ọhịa West Africa nke nọ n'ihe ize ndụ , ọ bụ ezie na canid a nwere ike ịla n'iyi ugbu a n'ógbè ahụ. Ogige ntụrụndụ a bụ otu n'ime ebe ikpeazụ e wusiri ike maka cheetah nke dị n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka. A na-eme atụmatụ na obere mmadụ iri abụọ na ise bi na mpaghara a na-echebe site na W–Arli–Pendjari. A makwaara Ogige Ntụrụndụ W nke Mba maka ọnụọgụ nnụnụ ya, ọkachasị ụdị nnụnụ ndị na-agafe agafe, yana ihe karịrị ụdị nnụnụ 350 achọpụtara n'ogige ahụ. Achọpụtala ogige ahụ site na [[Nnụnụ nke Mba Nile|BirdLife International]] dị ka Important Bird Area. == Ihe ngosi == == Hụkwa == * Ogige Ntụrụndụ Pendjari == Edensibia == {{Commons category|W National Park}}{{National Parks of Burkina Faso}} == Akwụkwọ == * Convers Arnaud, Chaibou Issa, Binot Aurélie, Dulieu Dominique (2007) La gestion de la transhumance dans la zone d'influence du parc régional du w par le program ecopas: une « usoro ọrụ » wụ l'aménagement de la périphérie du parc. Vertigo Hors Serie 4. URL : http://vertigo.revues.org/761 ; DOI : 10.4000/vertigo.761 * Benoit M (1998) Statut et usage du sol en périphérie du parc national du "W" du Niger. Tome 1 : Onyinye à l'étude du milieu naturel et des ressources végétales du canton de Tamou et du Parc du "W". ORSTOM, Niamey, Niger, 41 p. [https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_6/griseli1/010016709.pdf] * Doussa S (2004) Les impacts de la culture cotonnière sur la gestion des ressources naturelles du Parc W. Maitrise, Université de Ouagadougou. * Grégoire JM, Fournier A, Eva H & Sawadogo L (2003) Caractérisation de la dynamique des feux et de l'évolution du couvert dans le Parc du W: Burkina Faso, Bénin et Niger. 64 S. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060515160415/http://www-tem.jrc.it/PDF_publis/2003/Gregoire_EUR_ParcW_2003.pdf] * Hogan C.Michael (2009) [https://web.archive.org/web/20101209234758/http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=35993 ''Nkịta Ịchụ nta Ese: Foto Lycaon'', GlobalTwitcher.com, ed.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20101209234758/http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=35993 N. Stromberg] * Nacoulma, BMI (2012): Dynamique et stratégies de conservation de la végétation et de la phytodiversité du complexe écologique du Parc National du W du Burkina Faso. Nkà mmụta PhD, Mahadum de Ouagadougou. * Nacoulma, BMI, Schmidt, M., Hahn, K., Thiombiano, A. (2020): ''Ndepụta ihe ọkụkụ ndị dị n'ime ogige ntụrụndụ mba W dị na Burkina Faso, gụnyere mpaghara ịchụ nta dị n'akụkụ Tapoa-Djerma na Kondio'' . Akwụkwọ akụkọ data ụdịdị dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ 8: e54205. [https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.8.e54205] * Rabeil T (2003) Nkesa potentielles des grands mammifères dans le Parc du W au Niger. Thesis doctoral, Univ. Paris VII. 463 S. [http://tel.ccsd.cnrs.fr/docs/00/04/71/22/PDF/tel-00006931.pdf]  * Price et al. (2003) Ogige Mpaghara "W" nke Benin, Burkina Faso na Niger - Ịrụ ọrụ na Usoro nke Njikọta Mpaghara iji dozie ma Mmasị Obodo na Ihe Ịma Aka Ndị Gbasara Ókèala. Nzukọ Ogige Ụwa 2003, Durban, RSA. Na: Pansky, Diane (ed.). 2005. Ọchịchị nke Vth World Parks Congress. Ottawa, Canada: Parks Canada na IUCN/WCPA. ISBN R62-375/2003E-MRC 0-662-40433-5. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110706175402/http://www.earthlore.ca/clients/WPC/English/grfx/sessions/PDFs/session_1/Price.pdf] * Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba nke Niger nke W. 2009. [http://www.wwfus.org/bsp/publications/africa/108/190/chap2.htm] * Zwarg A, Schmidt M, Janßen T, Hahn K, Zizka G (2012) Ụdị dị iche iche nke osisi, àgwà ndị na-arụ ọrụ na ala nke ahịhịa savannas na lateritic crusts (bowé) na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Burkina Faso. Flora et Vegetio Sudano-Sambesica 15: 15–24. [https://doi.org/10.21248/fvss.15.18] == Njikọ mpụga == {{National Parks of Niger}}{{National Parks of Burkina Faso}}{{National Parks of Niger}} * {{National Parks of Niger}} 2wh11lpsygmees3xl71fqh1f1obwu2r 670603 670601 2026-06-30T22:50:00Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 670603 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Ogige Ntụrụndụ W nke Mba (French: Parc national du W) ma ọ bụ '''Ogige Mpaghara W''' (French: W du Niger) bụ nnukwu ogige mba dị na Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka gbara meander dị na Osimiri Niger nke yiri mkpụrụedemede [[W]] (French: okpukpu abụọ v). Ogige ntụrụndụ a gụnyere mpaghara mba atọ ahụ [[Niger]], [[Benin]] na [[Burkina Faso]], gọọmentị atọ ahụ na-achịkwa ya. Ruo afọ 2008, ọrụ ECOPAS nke EU kwadoro kwadoro mmejuputa njikwa mpaghara (Protected Ecosystems in Sudano-Sahelian Africa, French: Écosystèmes protégés en Afrique soudano-sahélienne). Ogige ntụrụndụ mba atọ a na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru aha '''W Transborder Park''' (French: Parc régional W). Ngalaba Ogige Ntụrụndụ W nke Mba nke dị na Benin, nke dị ihe karịrị 8,000 km² (3,100 sq mi), bịara n'okpuru nlekọta zuru oke nke African Parks na June 2020. Na Benin, Ogige Ntụrụndụ W nke Mba dị n'akụkụ Ogige Ntụrụndụ Pendjari nke bụkwa nke dị n'okpuru nlekọta nke Ogige Ntụrụndụ Afrịka.<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E kere Ogige Ntụrụndụ W nke Mba nke Niger site na iwu na 4 Ọgọst 1954, kemgbe 1996, edepụtara ya dị ka Ebe Ihe Nketa Ụwa nke UNESCO. N'ime Niger, a na-ede aha ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ dị ka Ngalaba Ogige Ntụrụndụ, IUCN Ụdị nke Abụọ, ọ bụkwa akụkụ nke nnukwu ogige nchekwa na ebe nchekwa. Ndị a gụnyere Dallol Bosso (Mmiri mmiri nke mba ụwa dị mkpa (Ramsar) dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Osimiri Niger na njiko nke obere ahụ "Parc national du W" (Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar)). Ogige ntụrụndụ atọ ahụ bụ [[Nnụnụ nke Mba Nile|BirdLife International]] Important Bird Areas (IBAs) ụdị A1 na A3 (IBA codes IBA NE001, IBA BF008, na IBA BJ001). === Ime ihe ike === Na 8 Febụwarị 2022, ụgbọala abụọ nke ndị nche nke African Parks n'akụkụ Benin nke Ogige Ntụrụndụ W nke Mba gbara ogbunigwe ala nke a na-enyo enyo na ndị omekome Islam kụrụ, gbuo mmadụ asatọ. Na 25–26 Julaị 2024, e gburu ndị nche ogige ise nke Benin na ndị agha asaa n'ime mwakpo egbe n'ime ogige ahụ. Na 17 Eprel 2025, e gburu ndị agha Benin 54 n'ime mwakpo dị n'ime ogige ahụ nke Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal-Muslimin kwuru na ọ bụ ya mere. == Ọdịdị ala == [[Faịlụ:Bends_in_the_River_Niger_which_give_W_National_Park_its_distinctive_name.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|250x250px|Bends na Osimiri Niger nke nyere W National Park aha ya pụrụ iche]] N'ime mba atọ ahụ, ogige ntụrụndụ mpaghara ahụ dị ihe dị ka 10,000 km² (3,900 sq mi) nke ọtụtụ mmadụ na-ebighị, ruo afọ 1970, ọ bụ mpaghara mmiri mmiri nke mmiri ịba nke e ji delta nke Osimiri Mékrou na Niger kpụọ, ugwu ndị dị n'okwute gbawara. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ebe a abụrụla ebe obibi mmadụ n'oge gara aga, ebe ndị dị mkpa e gwupụtara n'ala (karịsịa ili) a hụrụ n'ógbè ahụ na-ekpebi ya. == Ahịhịa ndụ == E dekọrọ ụdị osisi 454 n'ogige ahụ, gụnyere okooko osisi orchid abụọ a na-ahụ naanị na Niger. Ogige ntụrụndụ a bụkwa ókèala ndịda nke oke ọhịa tiger dị n'elu ala dị na Niger. == Anụmanụ == A maara ogige a maka nnukwu anụmanụ, gụnyere aardvark, baboon, buffalo nke Afrịka, caracal, cheetah, enyi ọhịa nke Afrịka, hippopotamus, leopard nke Afrịka, Ọdụm ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka, serval na warthog. Ogige ntụrụndụ a na-enye ebe obibi maka ụfọdụ enyí ndị Africa ikpeazụ dị n'Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka. Agbanyeghị, giraffe nke dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka, nke a na-ahụkarị n'akụkụ obere nke Niger taa, adịghị na mpaghara ahụ. A makwaara ogige W maka ihe mere eme nke nkịta ọhịa West Africa nke nọ n'ihe ize ndụ , ọ bụ ezie na canid a nwere ike ịla n'iyi ugbu a n'ógbè ahụ. Ogige ntụrụndụ a bụ otu n'ime ebe ikpeazụ e wusiri ike maka cheetah nke dị n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka. A na-eme atụmatụ na obere mmadụ iri abụọ na ise bi na mpaghara a na-echebe site na W–Arli–Pendjari. A makwaara Ogige Ntụrụndụ W nke Mba maka ọnụọgụ nnụnụ ya, ọkachasị ụdị nnụnụ ndị na-agafe agafe, yana ihe karịrị ụdị nnụnụ 350 achọpụtara n'ogige ahụ. Achọpụtala ogige ahụ site na [[Nnụnụ nke Mba Nile|BirdLife International]] dị ka Important Bird Area. == Ihe ngosi == <gallery> File:Elephants bath park w Niger 2006.jpg|{{center|Bush elephants}} File:Gazelle big road park w niger 2006148670716 94d943892c b.jpg|{{center|[[Roan antelope]]}} File:Gazelle clearing park w niger 2006.jpg|{{center|[[Kob]] antelope}} File:Gazelles grass park w niger 2006.jpg|{{center|[[Oribi]]s}} File:Landsacpe_dry_stream_park_w_niger_2006.jpg|{{center|Landscape}} File:Baboon niger parkw 2006.jpg|{{center|[[Tantalus monkey]]}} </gallery> == Hụkwa == * Ogige Ntụrụndụ Pendjari == Edensibia == {{Commons category|W National Park}}{{National Parks of Burkina Faso}} == Akwụkwọ == * Convers Arnaud, Chaibou Issa, Binot Aurélie, Dulieu Dominique (2007) La gestion de la transhumance dans la zone d'influence du parc régional du w par le program ecopas: une « usoro ọrụ » wụ l'aménagement de la périphérie du parc. Vertigo Hors Serie 4. URL : http://vertigo.revues.org/761 ; DOI : 10.4000/vertigo.761 * Benoit M (1998) Statut et usage du sol en périphérie du parc national du "W" du Niger. Tome 1 : Onyinye à l'étude du milieu naturel et des ressources végétales du canton de Tamou et du Parc du "W". ORSTOM, Niamey, Niger, 41 p. [https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_6/griseli1/010016709.pdf] * Doussa S (2004) Les impacts de la culture cotonnière sur la gestion des ressources naturelles du Parc W. Maitrise, Université de Ouagadougou. * Grégoire JM, Fournier A, Eva H & Sawadogo L (2003) Caractérisation de la dynamique des feux et de l'évolution du couvert dans le Parc du W: Burkina Faso, Bénin et Niger. 64 S. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060515160415/http://www-tem.jrc.it/PDF_publis/2003/Gregoire_EUR_ParcW_2003.pdf] * Hogan C.Michael (2009) [https://web.archive.org/web/20101209234758/http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=35993 ''Nkịta Ịchụ nta Ese: Foto Lycaon'', GlobalTwitcher.com, ed.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20101209234758/http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=35993 N. Stromberg] * Nacoulma, BMI (2012): Dynamique et stratégies de conservation de la végétation et de la phytodiversité du complexe écologique du Parc National du W du Burkina Faso. Nkà mmụta PhD, Mahadum de Ouagadougou. * Nacoulma, BMI, Schmidt, M., Hahn, K., Thiombiano, A. (2020): ''Ndepụta ihe ọkụkụ ndị dị n'ime ogige ntụrụndụ mba W dị na Burkina Faso, gụnyere mpaghara ịchụ nta dị n'akụkụ Tapoa-Djerma na Kondio'' . Akwụkwọ akụkọ data ụdịdị dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ 8: e54205. [https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.8.e54205] * Rabeil T (2003) Nkesa potentielles des grands mammifères dans le Parc du W au Niger. Thesis doctoral, Univ. Paris VII. 463 S. [http://tel.ccsd.cnrs.fr/docs/00/04/71/22/PDF/tel-00006931.pdf]  * Price et al. (2003) Ogige Mpaghara "W" nke Benin, Burkina Faso na Niger - Ịrụ ọrụ na Usoro nke Njikọta Mpaghara iji dozie ma Mmasị Obodo na Ihe Ịma Aka Ndị Gbasara Ókèala. Nzukọ Ogige Ụwa 2003, Durban, RSA. Na: Pansky, Diane (ed.). 2005. Ọchịchị nke Vth World Parks Congress. Ottawa, Canada: Parks Canada na IUCN/WCPA. ISBN R62-375/2003E-MRC 0-662-40433-5. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110706175402/http://www.earthlore.ca/clients/WPC/English/grfx/sessions/PDFs/session_1/Price.pdf] * Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba nke Niger nke W. 2009. [http://www.wwfus.org/bsp/publications/africa/108/190/chap2.htm] * Zwarg A, Schmidt M, Janßen T, Hahn K, Zizka G (2012) Ụdị dị iche iche nke osisi, àgwà ndị na-arụ ọrụ na ala nke ahịhịa savannas na lateritic crusts (bowé) na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Burkina Faso. Flora et Vegetio Sudano-Sambesica 15: 15–24. [https://doi.org/10.21248/fvss.15.18] == Njikọ mpụga == {{National Parks of Niger}}{{National Parks of Burkina Faso}}{{National Parks of Niger}} * {{National Parks of Niger}} 8h7cj0t9m8m6cw73sxvn6ffhl6v5n2a 0 77202 670602 2026-06-30T22:49:54Z Aluta editor 62822 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1186971206|Lake Nokoué]]" 670602 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''ọdọ mmiri Nokoué''' bụ ọdọ mmiri dị na ndịda Benin. Ọ dị kilomita iri abụọ (maịlụ iri na abụọ) n'obosara na kilomita iri na otu (maịlụ isii na ọkara) n'ogologo ma kpuchie ala nke hekta 4,900 (acres iri na abụọ). <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=ATTI – MAMA|first=CYRIAQUE|title=CO-MANAGEMENT IN CONTINENTAL FISHING IN BENIN: THE CASE OF LAKE NOKOUE|url=http://pubs.worldfishcenter.org/Pubs/Way%20Forward/12%20Atti-Mama.pdf|journal=Proceedings of the International Workshop on Fisheries Co-management|accessdate=2016-11-16}}</ref> Osimiri Ouémé na Osimiri Sô na-enye ọdọ mmiri ahụ nri nke ọma, ha abụọ na-etinye ihe ndị na-adịghị ọcha site na mpaghara ahụ dum n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gadel|first=F.|date=1986-06-01|title=Distribution and nature of organic matter in recent sediments of Lake Nokoué, Benin (West Africa)|journal=Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science|volume=22|issue=6|pages=767–784|doi=10.1016/0272-7714(86)90098-3}}</ref> Obodo Cotonou dị n'ókè ndịda nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ. Idei mmiri nke dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na ọdọ mmiri agbaala ụfọdụ ndị bi na Cotonou..<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=77Kmhw6sVOMC&dq=Lake+Nokou%C3%A9&pg=PA120|title=Adapting Cities to Climate Change: Understanding and Addressing the Development Challenges|author=Bicknell|first=Jane|date=2012-01-01|publisher=Earthscan|isbn=9781849770361|pages=120–122|language=en}}</ref> N'akụkụ ugwu nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ obodo Ganvié. == Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba == [[Faịlụ:On_The_Way_To_Jesuko_Church_(10058705354).jpg|thumb|onye ozi ala ọzọ Ndị Mennonite n'Ụgbọ mmiri, yiri nke Ndị ọkụ azụ aka-arụ ọrụ n'ógbè ahụ na-eji]] N'ihi ụdị anụ ọhịa ya dị iche iche, ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-enye ihe oriri dị mkpa na ọrụ akụ na ụba maka obodo ndị a.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=77Kmhw6sVOMC&dq=Lake+Nokou%C3%A9&pg=PA120|title=Adapting Cities to Climate Change: Understanding and Addressing the Development Challenges|author=Bicknell|first=Jane|date=2012-01-01|publisher=Earthscan|isbn=9781849770361|pages=120–122|language=en}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBicknellDodmanSatterthwaite2012">Bicknell, Jane; Dodman, David; Satterthwaite, David (2012-01-01). [https://books.google.com/books?id=77Kmhw6sVOMC&dq=Lake+Nokou%C3%A9&pg=PA120 ''Adapting Cities to Climate Change: Understanding and Addressing the Development Challenges'']. Earthscan. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">120–</span>122. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781849770361|<bdi>9781849770361</bdi>]].</cite></ref> ịkụ azụ kachasị mma mgbe mmiri dị ala n'etiti November na June. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=ATTI – MAMA|first=CYRIAQUE|title=CO-MANAGEMENT IN CONTINENTAL FISHING IN BENIN: THE CASE OF LAKE NOKOUE|url=http://pubs.worldfishcenter.org/Pubs/Way%20Forward/12%20Atti-Mama.pdf|journal=Proceedings of the International Workshop on Fisheries Co-management|accessdate=2016-11-16}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFATTI_–_MAMA">ATTI – MAMA, CYRIAQUE. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161116103059/http://pubs.worldfishcenter.org/Pubs/Way%20Forward/12%20Atti-Mama.pdf "CO-MANAGEMENT IN CONTINENTAL FISHING IN BENIN: THE CASE OF LAKE NOKOUE"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Proceedings of the International Workshop on Fisheries Co-management''. Archived from [http://pubs.worldfishcenter.org/Pubs/Way%20Forward/12%20Atti-Mama.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-11-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-16</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ịkụ azụ na-ejikarị ụdị azụ 30, na azụ sitere na ezinụlọ Cichlid, Clupeidae na Penaeidae na-eme 85% nke e jidere.<ref name=":0" /> Ịkụ azụ bịara bụrụ ihe na-echegbu onwe ya n'afọ ndị 1990, ka ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ malitere ịkụ azụ n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref name=":0" /> Ịkụ azụ na-abụkarị ọrụ aka, na obere ụgbọ mmiri na-ejide obere azụ.<ref name=":0" /> A na-eme atụmatụ na mmepụta azụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ tọn 2 kwa [[Hectare|hekta]] kwa afọ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Yehouenou A Pazou|first=Elisabeth|date=2014-01-01|title=Pesticide residues in sediments and aquatic species in Lake Nokoué and Cotonou Lagoon in the Republic of Bénin|journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment|volume=186|issue=1|pages=77–86|doi=10.1007/s10661-013-3357-2|issn=1573-2959|pmid=23942697}}</ref> A na-ejikwa ọdọ mmiri ahụ eme ihe maka [[Acadja]], ụdị ụlọ ọrụ ịzụ azụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=ATTI – MAMA|first=CYRIAQUE|title=CO-MANAGEMENT IN CONTINENTAL FISHING IN BENIN: THE CASE OF LAKE NOKOUE|url=http://pubs.worldfishcenter.org/Pubs/Way%20Forward/12%20Atti-Mama.pdf|journal=Proceedings of the International Workshop on Fisheries Co-management|accessdate=2016-11-16}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFATTI_–_MAMA">ATTI – MAMA, CYRIAQUE. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161116103059/http://pubs.worldfishcenter.org/Pubs/Way%20Forward/12%20Atti-Mama.pdf "CO-MANAGEMENT IN CONTINENTAL FISHING IN BENIN: THE CASE OF LAKE NOKOUE"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Proceedings of the International Workshop on Fisheries Co-management''. Archived from [http://pubs.worldfishcenter.org/Pubs/Way%20Forward/12%20Atti-Mama.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-11-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-16</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Mmiri na-amụ banyere mmiri == ọdọ mmiri ahụ, n'akụkụ dị ukwuu, bụ ọdọ mmiri.<sup class="mw-ref reference" ime="" span="">":"ref","attrs":{"name":":4"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-:4-5","html":"<nowiki><span typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-mw=\"{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;templatestyles&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;attrs&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;src&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;body&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;extsrc&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cite book&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Template:Cite_book&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;chapter-url&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;https://books.google.com/books?id=dZTfNfLRUL0C&amp;amp;dq=Lake+Nokou%C3%A9&amp;amp;pg=PA165&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Interactions Between Fish and Birds: Implications for Management&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;last1&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Laudelout&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;first1&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;A.&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;last2&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Libouis&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;first2&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;R.&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;2008-04-15&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;publisher&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;John Wiley &amp;amp; Sons&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;isbn&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;9780470995365&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;editor-last&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cowx&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;editor-first&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Ian G.&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;pages&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;165–177&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;language&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;en&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;chapter&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Chapter 12: On the feeding ecology of the pied kingfischer at Lake Nokoue, Benin. Is there competition with fishermen?&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mw_Q\">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt33\" class=\"citation book cs1\" id=\"CITEREFLaudeloutLibouis2008\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Laudelout, A.; Libouis, R. (2008-04-15). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=dZTfNfLRUL0C&amp;amp;dq=Lake+Nokou%C3%A9&amp;amp;pg=PA165\" id=\"mw_g\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Chapter 12: On the feeding ecology of the pied kingfischer at Lake Nokoue, Benin. Is there competition with fishermen?\"</a></nowiki>. In Cowx, Ian G. (ed.). <nowiki><i id=\"mw_w\">Interactions Between Fish and Birds: Implications for Management</i></nowiki>. John Wiley <nowiki>&</nowiki>amp; Sons. pp.<nowiki><span id=\"mwAQA\" typeof=\"mw:Entity\">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwAQE\">165–</span></nowiki>177. <nowiki><a class=\"mw-redirect cx-link\" data-linkid=\"126\" href=\"./ISBN_(identifier)\" id=\"mwAQI\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a></nowiki><nowiki><span id=\"mwAQM\" typeof=\"mw:Entity\">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><a class=\"cx-link\" data-linkid=\"127\" href=\"./Special:BookSources/9780470995365\" id=\"mwAQQ\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Special:BookSources/9780470995365\"><bdi id=\"mwAQU\">9780470995365</bdi></nowiki><nowiki></a></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}' id="cite_ref-:4_5-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Lake_Nokoué#cite_note-:4-5 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> Site na ala dị ala gbara ya gburugburu, a na-atụ anya na ọdọ mmiri ahụ ga-eji okpukpu abụọ n'ibu na idei mmiri ka mgbanwe ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ ugbu a na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-emetụta oke osimiri.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=77Kmhw6sVOMC&dq=Lake+Nokou%C3%A9&pg=PA120|title=Adapting Cities to Climate Change: Understanding and Addressing the Development Challenges|author=Bicknell|first=Jane|date=2012-01-01|publisher=Earthscan|isbn=9781849770361|pages=120–122|language=en}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBicknellDodmanSatterthwaite2012">Bicknell, Jane; Dodman, David; Satterthwaite, David (2012-01-01). [https://books.google.com/books?id=77Kmhw6sVOMC&dq=Lake+Nokou%C3%A9&pg=PA120 ''Adapting Cities to Climate Change: Understanding and Addressing the Development Challenges'']. Earthscan. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">120–</span>122. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781849770361|<bdi>9781849770361</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Mmepe a na-ebu ihe ize ndụ nke nnu n'ọdịnihu, nke ga-eme ka ọdọ mmiri ahụ dịkwuo nnu ma nwee ike ịgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi ya.<ref name=":1" /> Akụkụ dị iche iche nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-agbanwe ugbu a n'etiti mmiri dị ọcha na usoro okike na-atọ ụtọ na nkezi omimi nke 1.5 in). <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=ATTI – MAMA|first=CYRIAQUE|title=CO-MANAGEMENT IN CONTINENTAL FISHING IN BENIN: THE CASE OF LAKE NOKOUE|url=http://pubs.worldfishcenter.org/Pubs/Way%20Forward/12%20Atti-Mama.pdf|journal=Proceedings of the International Workshop on Fisheries Co-management|accessdate=2016-11-16}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFATTI_–_MAMA">ATTI – MAMA, CYRIAQUE. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161116103059/http://pubs.worldfishcenter.org/Pubs/Way%20Forward/12%20Atti-Mama.pdf "CO-MANAGEMENT IN CONTINENTAL FISHING IN BENIN: THE CASE OF LAKE NOKOUE"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Proceedings of the International Workshop on Fisheries Co-management''. Archived from [http://pubs.worldfishcenter.org/Pubs/Way%20Forward/12%20Atti-Mama.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-11-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-16</span></span>.</cite></ref> Okpomọkụ dị n'ime ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị n'etiti 27 and 29 . <ref name=":0" /> The lake is a site of deposition of both pesticides and heavy metals from upstream industry and human habitation.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Yehouenou A Pazou|first=Elisabeth|date=2014-01-01|title=Pesticide residues in sediments and aquatic species in Lake Nokoué and Cotonou Lagoon in the Republic of Bénin|journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment|volume=186|issue=1|pages=77–86|doi=10.1007/s10661-013-3357-2|issn=1573-2959|pmid=23942697}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFYehouenou_A_PazouAléodjrodoAzehounvan_Straalen2014">Yehouenou A Pazou, Elisabeth; Aléodjrodo, Patrick Edorh; Azehoun, Judicaël P.; van Straalen, Nico M.; van Hattum, Bert; Swart, Kees; van Gestel, Cornelis A. M. (2014-01-01). "Pesticide residues in sediments and aquatic species in Lake Nokoué and Cotonou Lagoon in the Republic of Bénin". ''Environmental Monitoring and Assessment''. '''186''' (1): <span class="nowrap">77–</span>86. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10661-013-3357-2|10.1007/s10661-013-3357-2]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-2959 1573-2959]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23942697 23942697]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35119898 35119898].</cite></ref> Though the pesticides are only present in fish at less than toxic levels,<ref name=":2" /> the heavy metals in the waters can reach levels in fish both unhealthy for humans and the fish. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> [[Faịlụ:Ganvie2.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Obodo ọdọ mmiri Ganvie n'akụkụ ugwu ya]] == Ọdịdị ala == Ala ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ ngwakọta nke ájá, ájá [[Uzuzu|apịtị]] na apịtị.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=ATTI – MAMA|first=CYRIAQUE|title=CO-MANAGEMENT IN CONTINENTAL FISHING IN BENIN: THE CASE OF LAKE NOKOUE|url=http://pubs.worldfishcenter.org/Pubs/Way%20Forward/12%20Atti-Mama.pdf|journal=Proceedings of the International Workshop on Fisheries Co-management|accessdate=2016-11-16}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFATTI_–_MAMA">ATTI – MAMA, CYRIAQUE. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161116103059/http://pubs.worldfishcenter.org/Pubs/Way%20Forward/12%20Atti-Mama.pdf "CO-MANAGEMENT IN CONTINENTAL FISHING IN BENIN: THE CASE OF LAKE NOKOUE"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Proceedings of the International Workshop on Fisheries Co-management''. Archived from [http://pubs.worldfishcenter.org/Pubs/Way%20Forward/12%20Atti-Mama.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-11-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-16</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi == Ọdọ Mmiri Nokoué nwere ọ dịkarịa ala ụdị azụ 78.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=dZTfNfLRUL0C&dq=Lake+Nokou%C3%A9&pg=PA165|title=Interactions Between Fish and Birds: Implications for Management|author=Laudelout|first=A.|date=2008-04-15|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9780470995365|editor=Cowx|pages=165–177|language=en|chapter=Chapter 12: On the feeding ecology of the pied kingfischer at Lake Nokoue, Benin. Is there competition with fishermen?}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ụdị nnụnụ na-eji ụdị azụ dịgasị iche iche eme ihe dị ka nri, yana ụdị otter.<ref name=":4" /> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> e0kcs8r4qbn3s9emjdnuiuygvyusave 670604 670602 2026-06-30T22:50:35Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed reference with ref tag 670604 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''ọdọ mmiri Nokoué''' bụ ọdọ mmiri dị na ndịda Benin. Ọ dị kilomita iri abụọ (maịlụ iri na abụọ) n'obosara na kilomita iri na otu (maịlụ isii na ọkara) n'ogologo ma kpuchie ala nke hekta 4,900 (acres iri na abụọ). <ref name=":0" /> Osimiri Ouémé na Osimiri Sô na-enye ọdọ mmiri ahụ nri nke ọma, ha abụọ na-etinye ihe ndị na-adịghị ọcha site na mpaghara ahụ dum n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gadel|first=F.|date=1986-06-01|title=Distribution and nature of organic matter in recent sediments of Lake Nokoué, Benin (West Africa)|journal=Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science|volume=22|issue=6|pages=767–784|doi=10.1016/0272-7714(86)90098-3}}</ref> Obodo Cotonou dị n'ókè ndịda nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ. Idei mmiri nke dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na ọdọ mmiri agbaala ụfọdụ ndị bi na Cotonou..<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=77Kmhw6sVOMC&dq=Lake+Nokou%C3%A9&pg=PA120|title=Adapting Cities to Climate Change: Understanding and Addressing the Development Challenges|author=Bicknell|first=Jane|date=2012-01-01|publisher=Earthscan|isbn=9781849770361|pages=120–122|language=en}}</ref> N'akụkụ ugwu nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ obodo Ganvié. == Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba == [[Faịlụ:On_The_Way_To_Jesuko_Church_(10058705354).jpg|thumb|onye ozi ala ọzọ Ndị Mennonite n'Ụgbọ mmiri, yiri nke Ndị ọkụ azụ aka-arụ ọrụ n'ógbè ahụ na-eji]] N'ihi ụdị anụ ọhịa ya dị iche iche, ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-enye ihe oriri dị mkpa na ọrụ akụ na ụba maka obodo ndị a.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=77Kmhw6sVOMC&dq=Lake+Nokou%C3%A9&pg=PA120|title=Adapting Cities to Climate Change: Understanding and Addressing the Development Challenges|author=Bicknell|first=Jane|date=2012-01-01|publisher=Earthscan|isbn=9781849770361|pages=120–122|language=en}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBicknellDodmanSatterthwaite2012">Bicknell, Jane; Dodman, David; Satterthwaite, David (2012-01-01). [https://books.google.com/books?id=77Kmhw6sVOMC&dq=Lake+Nokou%C3%A9&pg=PA120 ''Adapting Cities to Climate Change: Understanding and Addressing the Development Challenges'']. Earthscan. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">120–</span>122. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781849770361|<bdi>9781849770361</bdi>]].</cite></ref> ịkụ azụ kachasị mma mgbe mmiri dị ala n'etiti November na June. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=ATTI – MAMA|first=CYRIAQUE|title=CO-MANAGEMENT IN CONTINENTAL FISHING IN BENIN: THE CASE OF LAKE NOKOUE|url=http://pubs.worldfishcenter.org/Pubs/Way%20Forward/12%20Atti-Mama.pdf|journal=Proceedings of the International Workshop on Fisheries Co-management|accessdate=2016-11-16}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFATTI_–_MAMA">ATTI – MAMA, CYRIAQUE. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161116103059/http://pubs.worldfishcenter.org/Pubs/Way%20Forward/12%20Atti-Mama.pdf "CO-MANAGEMENT IN CONTINENTAL FISHING IN BENIN: THE CASE OF LAKE NOKOUE"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Proceedings of the International Workshop on Fisheries Co-management''. Archived from [http://pubs.worldfishcenter.org/Pubs/Way%20Forward/12%20Atti-Mama.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-11-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-16</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ịkụ azụ na-ejikarị ụdị azụ 30, na azụ sitere na ezinụlọ Cichlid, Clupeidae na Penaeidae na-eme 85% nke e jidere.<ref name=":0" /> Ịkụ azụ bịara bụrụ ihe na-echegbu onwe ya n'afọ ndị 1990, ka ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ malitere ịkụ azụ n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref name=":0" /> Ịkụ azụ na-abụkarị ọrụ aka, na obere ụgbọ mmiri na-ejide obere azụ.<ref name=":0" /> A na-eme atụmatụ na mmepụta azụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ tọn 2 kwa [[Hectare|hekta]] kwa afọ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Yehouenou A Pazou|first=Elisabeth|date=2014-01-01|title=Pesticide residues in sediments and aquatic species in Lake Nokoué and Cotonou Lagoon in the Republic of Bénin|journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment|volume=186|issue=1|pages=77–86|doi=10.1007/s10661-013-3357-2|issn=1573-2959|pmid=23942697}}</ref> A na-ejikwa ọdọ mmiri ahụ eme ihe maka [[Acadja]], ụdị ụlọ ọrụ ịzụ azụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=ATTI – MAMA|first=CYRIAQUE|title=CO-MANAGEMENT IN CONTINENTAL FISHING IN BENIN: THE CASE OF LAKE NOKOUE|url=http://pubs.worldfishcenter.org/Pubs/Way%20Forward/12%20Atti-Mama.pdf|journal=Proceedings of the International Workshop on Fisheries Co-management|accessdate=2016-11-16}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFATTI_–_MAMA">ATTI – MAMA, CYRIAQUE. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161116103059/http://pubs.worldfishcenter.org/Pubs/Way%20Forward/12%20Atti-Mama.pdf "CO-MANAGEMENT IN CONTINENTAL FISHING IN BENIN: THE CASE OF LAKE NOKOUE"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Proceedings of the International Workshop on Fisheries Co-management''. Archived from [http://pubs.worldfishcenter.org/Pubs/Way%20Forward/12%20Atti-Mama.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-11-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-16</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Mmiri na-amụ banyere mmiri == ọdọ mmiri ahụ, n'akụkụ dị ukwuu, bụ ọdọ mmiri.<sup class="mw-ref reference" ime="" span="">":"ref","attrs":{"name":":4"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-:4-5","html":"<nowiki><span typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-mw=\"{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;templatestyles&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;attrs&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;src&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;body&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;extsrc&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cite book&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Template:Cite_book&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;chapter-url&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;https://books.google.com/books?id=dZTfNfLRUL0C&amp;amp;dq=Lake+Nokou%C3%A9&amp;amp;pg=PA165&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Interactions Between Fish and Birds: Implications for Management&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;last1&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Laudelout&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;first1&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;A.&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;last2&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Libouis&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;first2&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;R.&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;2008-04-15&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;publisher&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;John Wiley &amp;amp; Sons&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;isbn&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;9780470995365&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;editor-last&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cowx&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;editor-first&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Ian G.&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;pages&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;165–177&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;language&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;en&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;chapter&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Chapter 12: On the feeding ecology of the pied kingfischer at Lake Nokoue, Benin. Is there competition with fishermen?&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mw_Q\">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt33\" class=\"citation book cs1\" id=\"CITEREFLaudeloutLibouis2008\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Laudelout, A.; Libouis, R. (2008-04-15). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=dZTfNfLRUL0C&amp;amp;dq=Lake+Nokou%C3%A9&amp;amp;pg=PA165\" id=\"mw_g\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Chapter 12: On the feeding ecology of the pied kingfischer at Lake Nokoue, Benin. Is there competition with fishermen?\"</a></nowiki>. In Cowx, Ian G. (ed.). <nowiki><i id=\"mw_w\">Interactions Between Fish and Birds: Implications for Management</i></nowiki>. John Wiley <nowiki>&</nowiki>amp; Sons. pp.<nowiki><span id=\"mwAQA\" typeof=\"mw:Entity\">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwAQE\">165–</span></nowiki>177. <nowiki><a class=\"mw-redirect cx-link\" data-linkid=\"126\" href=\"./ISBN_(identifier)\" id=\"mwAQI\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a></nowiki><nowiki><span id=\"mwAQM\" typeof=\"mw:Entity\">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><a class=\"cx-link\" data-linkid=\"127\" href=\"./Special:BookSources/9780470995365\" id=\"mwAQQ\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Special:BookSources/9780470995365\"><bdi id=\"mwAQU\">9780470995365</bdi></nowiki><nowiki></a></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}' id="cite_ref-:4_5-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Lake_Nokoué#cite_note-:4-5 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> Site na ala dị ala gbara ya gburugburu, a na-atụ anya na ọdọ mmiri ahụ ga-eji okpukpu abụọ n'ibu na idei mmiri ka mgbanwe ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ ugbu a na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-emetụta oke osimiri.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=77Kmhw6sVOMC&dq=Lake+Nokou%C3%A9&pg=PA120|title=Adapting Cities to Climate Change: Understanding and Addressing the Development Challenges|author=Bicknell|first=Jane|date=2012-01-01|publisher=Earthscan|isbn=9781849770361|pages=120–122|language=en}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBicknellDodmanSatterthwaite2012">Bicknell, Jane; Dodman, David; Satterthwaite, David (2012-01-01). [https://books.google.com/books?id=77Kmhw6sVOMC&dq=Lake+Nokou%C3%A9&pg=PA120 ''Adapting Cities to Climate Change: Understanding and Addressing the Development Challenges'']. Earthscan. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">120–</span>122. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781849770361|<bdi>9781849770361</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Mmepe a na-ebu ihe ize ndụ nke nnu n'ọdịnihu, nke ga-eme ka ọdọ mmiri ahụ dịkwuo nnu ma nwee ike ịgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi ya.<ref name=":1" /> Akụkụ dị iche iche nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-agbanwe ugbu a n'etiti mmiri dị ọcha na usoro okike na-atọ ụtọ na nkezi omimi nke 1.5 in). <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=ATTI – MAMA|first=CYRIAQUE|title=CO-MANAGEMENT IN CONTINENTAL FISHING IN BENIN: THE CASE OF LAKE NOKOUE|url=http://pubs.worldfishcenter.org/Pubs/Way%20Forward/12%20Atti-Mama.pdf|journal=Proceedings of the International Workshop on Fisheries Co-management|accessdate=2016-11-16}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFATTI_–_MAMA">ATTI – MAMA, CYRIAQUE. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161116103059/http://pubs.worldfishcenter.org/Pubs/Way%20Forward/12%20Atti-Mama.pdf "CO-MANAGEMENT IN CONTINENTAL FISHING IN BENIN: THE CASE OF LAKE NOKOUE"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Proceedings of the International Workshop on Fisheries Co-management''. Archived from [http://pubs.worldfishcenter.org/Pubs/Way%20Forward/12%20Atti-Mama.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-11-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-16</span></span>.</cite></ref> Okpomọkụ dị n'ime ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị n'etiti 27 and 29 . <ref name=":0" /> The lake is a site of deposition of both pesticides and heavy metals from upstream industry and human habitation.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Yehouenou A Pazou|first=Elisabeth|date=2014-01-01|title=Pesticide residues in sediments and aquatic species in Lake Nokoué and Cotonou Lagoon in the Republic of Bénin|journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment|volume=186|issue=1|pages=77–86|doi=10.1007/s10661-013-3357-2|issn=1573-2959|pmid=23942697}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFYehouenou_A_PazouAléodjrodoAzehounvan_Straalen2014">Yehouenou A Pazou, Elisabeth; Aléodjrodo, Patrick Edorh; Azehoun, Judicaël P.; van Straalen, Nico M.; van Hattum, Bert; Swart, Kees; van Gestel, Cornelis A. M. (2014-01-01). "Pesticide residues in sediments and aquatic species in Lake Nokoué and Cotonou Lagoon in the Republic of Bénin". ''Environmental Monitoring and Assessment''. '''186''' (1): <span class="nowrap">77–</span>86. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10661-013-3357-2|10.1007/s10661-013-3357-2]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-2959 1573-2959]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23942697 23942697]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35119898 35119898].</cite></ref> Though the pesticides are only present in fish at less than toxic levels,<ref name=":2" /> the heavy metals in the waters can reach levels in fish both unhealthy for humans and the fish. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> [[Faịlụ:Ganvie2.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Obodo ọdọ mmiri Ganvie n'akụkụ ugwu ya]] == Ọdịdị ala == Ala ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ ngwakọta nke ájá, ájá [[Uzuzu|apịtị]] na apịtị.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=ATTI – MAMA|first=CYRIAQUE|title=CO-MANAGEMENT IN CONTINENTAL FISHING IN BENIN: THE CASE OF LAKE NOKOUE|url=http://pubs.worldfishcenter.org/Pubs/Way%20Forward/12%20Atti-Mama.pdf|journal=Proceedings of the International Workshop on Fisheries Co-management|accessdate=2016-11-16}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFATTI_–_MAMA">ATTI – MAMA, CYRIAQUE. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161116103059/http://pubs.worldfishcenter.org/Pubs/Way%20Forward/12%20Atti-Mama.pdf "CO-MANAGEMENT IN CONTINENTAL FISHING IN BENIN: THE CASE OF LAKE NOKOUE"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Proceedings of the International Workshop on Fisheries Co-management''. Archived from [http://pubs.worldfishcenter.org/Pubs/Way%20Forward/12%20Atti-Mama.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-11-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-16</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi == Ọdọ Mmiri Nokoué nwere ọ dịkarịa ala ụdị azụ 78.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=dZTfNfLRUL0C&dq=Lake+Nokou%C3%A9&pg=PA165|title=Interactions Between Fish and Birds: Implications for Management|author=Laudelout|first=A.|date=2008-04-15|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9780470995365|editor=Cowx|pages=165–177|language=en|chapter=Chapter 12: On the feeding ecology of the pied kingfischer at Lake Nokoue, Benin. Is there competition with fishermen?}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ụdị nnụnụ na-eji ụdị azụ dịgasị iche iche eme ihe dị ka nri, yana ụdị otter.<ref name=":4" /> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> bvgq7abmbb8act1jf6w1yn8wdlu8585 670605 670604 2026-06-30T22:51:07Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed refference with ref tag 670605 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''ọdọ mmiri Nokoué''' bụ ọdọ mmiri dị na ndịda Benin. Ọ dị kilomita iri abụọ (maịlụ iri na abụọ) n'obosara na kilomita iri na otu (maịlụ isii na ọkara) n'ogologo ma kpuchie ala nke hekta 4,900 (acres iri na abụọ). <ref name=":0" /> Osimiri Ouémé na Osimiri Sô na-enye ọdọ mmiri ahụ nri nke ọma, ha abụọ na-etinye ihe ndị na-adịghị ọcha site na mpaghara ahụ dum n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gadel|first=F.|date=1986-06-01|title=Distribution and nature of organic matter in recent sediments of Lake Nokoué, Benin (West Africa)|journal=Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science|volume=22|issue=6|pages=767–784|doi=10.1016/0272-7714(86)90098-3}}</ref> Obodo Cotonou dị n'ókè ndịda nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ. Idei mmiri nke dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na ọdọ mmiri agbaala ụfọdụ ndị bi na Cotonou..<ref name=":1" /> N'akụkụ ugwu nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ obodo Ganvié. == Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba == [[Faịlụ:On_The_Way_To_Jesuko_Church_(10058705354).jpg|thumb|onye ozi ala ọzọ Ndị Mennonite n'Ụgbọ mmiri, yiri nke Ndị ọkụ azụ aka-arụ ọrụ n'ógbè ahụ na-eji]] N'ihi ụdị anụ ọhịa ya dị iche iche, ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-enye ihe oriri dị mkpa na ọrụ akụ na ụba maka obodo ndị a.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=77Kmhw6sVOMC&dq=Lake+Nokou%C3%A9&pg=PA120|title=Adapting Cities to Climate Change: Understanding and Addressing the Development Challenges|author=Bicknell|first=Jane|date=2012-01-01|publisher=Earthscan|isbn=9781849770361|pages=120–122|language=en}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBicknellDodmanSatterthwaite2012">Bicknell, Jane; Dodman, David; Satterthwaite, David (2012-01-01). [https://books.google.com/books?id=77Kmhw6sVOMC&dq=Lake+Nokou%C3%A9&pg=PA120 ''Adapting Cities to Climate Change: Understanding and Addressing the Development Challenges'']. Earthscan. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">120–</span>122. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781849770361|<bdi>9781849770361</bdi>]].</cite></ref> ịkụ azụ kachasị mma mgbe mmiri dị ala n'etiti November na June. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=ATTI – MAMA|first=CYRIAQUE|title=CO-MANAGEMENT IN CONTINENTAL FISHING IN BENIN: THE CASE OF LAKE NOKOUE|url=http://pubs.worldfishcenter.org/Pubs/Way%20Forward/12%20Atti-Mama.pdf|journal=Proceedings of the International Workshop on Fisheries Co-management|accessdate=2016-11-16}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFATTI_–_MAMA">ATTI – MAMA, CYRIAQUE. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161116103059/http://pubs.worldfishcenter.org/Pubs/Way%20Forward/12%20Atti-Mama.pdf "CO-MANAGEMENT IN CONTINENTAL FISHING IN BENIN: THE CASE OF LAKE NOKOUE"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Proceedings of the International Workshop on Fisheries Co-management''. Archived from [http://pubs.worldfishcenter.org/Pubs/Way%20Forward/12%20Atti-Mama.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-11-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-16</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ịkụ azụ na-ejikarị ụdị azụ 30, na azụ sitere na ezinụlọ Cichlid, Clupeidae na Penaeidae na-eme 85% nke e jidere.<ref name=":0" /> Ịkụ azụ bịara bụrụ ihe na-echegbu onwe ya n'afọ ndị 1990, ka ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ malitere ịkụ azụ n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref name=":0" /> Ịkụ azụ na-abụkarị ọrụ aka, na obere ụgbọ mmiri na-ejide obere azụ.<ref name=":0" /> A na-eme atụmatụ na mmepụta azụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ tọn 2 kwa [[Hectare|hekta]] kwa afọ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Yehouenou A Pazou|first=Elisabeth|date=2014-01-01|title=Pesticide residues in sediments and aquatic species in Lake Nokoué and Cotonou Lagoon in the Republic of Bénin|journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment|volume=186|issue=1|pages=77–86|doi=10.1007/s10661-013-3357-2|issn=1573-2959|pmid=23942697}}</ref> A na-ejikwa ọdọ mmiri ahụ eme ihe maka [[Acadja]], ụdị ụlọ ọrụ ịzụ azụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=ATTI – MAMA|first=CYRIAQUE|title=CO-MANAGEMENT IN CONTINENTAL FISHING IN BENIN: THE CASE OF LAKE NOKOUE|url=http://pubs.worldfishcenter.org/Pubs/Way%20Forward/12%20Atti-Mama.pdf|journal=Proceedings of the International Workshop on Fisheries Co-management|accessdate=2016-11-16}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFATTI_–_MAMA">ATTI – MAMA, CYRIAQUE. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161116103059/http://pubs.worldfishcenter.org/Pubs/Way%20Forward/12%20Atti-Mama.pdf "CO-MANAGEMENT IN CONTINENTAL FISHING IN BENIN: THE CASE OF LAKE NOKOUE"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Proceedings of the International Workshop on Fisheries Co-management''. Archived from [http://pubs.worldfishcenter.org/Pubs/Way%20Forward/12%20Atti-Mama.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-11-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-16</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Mmiri na-amụ banyere mmiri == ọdọ mmiri ahụ, n'akụkụ dị ukwuu, bụ ọdọ mmiri.<sup class="mw-ref reference" ime="" span="">":"ref","attrs":{"name":":4"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-:4-5","html":"<nowiki><span typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-mw=\"{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;templatestyles&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;attrs&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;src&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;body&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;extsrc&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cite book&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Template:Cite_book&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;chapter-url&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;https://books.google.com/books?id=dZTfNfLRUL0C&amp;amp;dq=Lake+Nokou%C3%A9&amp;amp;pg=PA165&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Interactions Between Fish and Birds: Implications for Management&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;last1&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Laudelout&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;first1&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;A.&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;last2&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Libouis&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;first2&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;R.&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;2008-04-15&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;publisher&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;John Wiley &amp;amp; Sons&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;isbn&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;9780470995365&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;editor-last&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cowx&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;editor-first&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Ian G.&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;pages&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;165–177&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;language&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;en&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;chapter&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Chapter 12: On the feeding ecology of the pied kingfischer at Lake Nokoue, Benin. Is there competition with fishermen?&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mw_Q\">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt33\" class=\"citation book cs1\" id=\"CITEREFLaudeloutLibouis2008\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Laudelout, A.; Libouis, R. (2008-04-15). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=dZTfNfLRUL0C&amp;amp;dq=Lake+Nokou%C3%A9&amp;amp;pg=PA165\" id=\"mw_g\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Chapter 12: On the feeding ecology of the pied kingfischer at Lake Nokoue, Benin. Is there competition with fishermen?\"</a></nowiki>. In Cowx, Ian G. (ed.). <nowiki><i id=\"mw_w\">Interactions Between Fish and Birds: Implications for Management</i></nowiki>. John Wiley <nowiki>&</nowiki>amp; Sons. pp.<nowiki><span id=\"mwAQA\" typeof=\"mw:Entity\">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwAQE\">165–</span></nowiki>177. <nowiki><a class=\"mw-redirect cx-link\" data-linkid=\"126\" href=\"./ISBN_(identifier)\" id=\"mwAQI\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a></nowiki><nowiki><span id=\"mwAQM\" typeof=\"mw:Entity\">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><a class=\"cx-link\" data-linkid=\"127\" href=\"./Special:BookSources/9780470995365\" id=\"mwAQQ\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Special:BookSources/9780470995365\"><bdi id=\"mwAQU\">9780470995365</bdi></nowiki><nowiki></a></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}' id="cite_ref-:4_5-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Lake_Nokoué#cite_note-:4-5 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> Site na ala dị ala gbara ya gburugburu, a na-atụ anya na ọdọ mmiri ahụ ga-eji okpukpu abụọ n'ibu na idei mmiri ka mgbanwe ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ ugbu a na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-emetụta oke osimiri.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=77Kmhw6sVOMC&dq=Lake+Nokou%C3%A9&pg=PA120|title=Adapting Cities to Climate Change: Understanding and Addressing the Development Challenges|author=Bicknell|first=Jane|date=2012-01-01|publisher=Earthscan|isbn=9781849770361|pages=120–122|language=en}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBicknellDodmanSatterthwaite2012">Bicknell, Jane; Dodman, David; Satterthwaite, David (2012-01-01). [https://books.google.com/books?id=77Kmhw6sVOMC&dq=Lake+Nokou%C3%A9&pg=PA120 ''Adapting Cities to Climate Change: Understanding and Addressing the Development Challenges'']. Earthscan. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">120–</span>122. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781849770361|<bdi>9781849770361</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Mmepe a na-ebu ihe ize ndụ nke nnu n'ọdịnihu, nke ga-eme ka ọdọ mmiri ahụ dịkwuo nnu ma nwee ike ịgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi ya.<ref name=":1" /> Akụkụ dị iche iche nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-agbanwe ugbu a n'etiti mmiri dị ọcha na usoro okike na-atọ ụtọ na nkezi omimi nke 1.5 in). <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=ATTI – MAMA|first=CYRIAQUE|title=CO-MANAGEMENT IN CONTINENTAL FISHING IN BENIN: THE CASE OF LAKE NOKOUE|url=http://pubs.worldfishcenter.org/Pubs/Way%20Forward/12%20Atti-Mama.pdf|journal=Proceedings of the International Workshop on Fisheries Co-management|accessdate=2016-11-16}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFATTI_–_MAMA">ATTI – MAMA, CYRIAQUE. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161116103059/http://pubs.worldfishcenter.org/Pubs/Way%20Forward/12%20Atti-Mama.pdf "CO-MANAGEMENT IN CONTINENTAL FISHING IN BENIN: THE CASE OF LAKE NOKOUE"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Proceedings of the International Workshop on Fisheries Co-management''. Archived from [http://pubs.worldfishcenter.org/Pubs/Way%20Forward/12%20Atti-Mama.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-11-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-16</span></span>.</cite></ref> Okpomọkụ dị n'ime ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị n'etiti 27 and 29 . <ref name=":0" /> The lake is a site of deposition of both pesticides and heavy metals from upstream industry and human habitation.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Yehouenou A Pazou|first=Elisabeth|date=2014-01-01|title=Pesticide residues in sediments and aquatic species in Lake Nokoué and Cotonou Lagoon in the Republic of Bénin|journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment|volume=186|issue=1|pages=77–86|doi=10.1007/s10661-013-3357-2|issn=1573-2959|pmid=23942697}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFYehouenou_A_PazouAléodjrodoAzehounvan_Straalen2014">Yehouenou A Pazou, Elisabeth; Aléodjrodo, Patrick Edorh; Azehoun, Judicaël P.; van Straalen, Nico M.; van Hattum, Bert; Swart, Kees; van Gestel, Cornelis A. M. (2014-01-01). "Pesticide residues in sediments and aquatic species in Lake Nokoué and Cotonou Lagoon in the Republic of Bénin". ''Environmental Monitoring and Assessment''. '''186''' (1): <span class="nowrap">77–</span>86. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10661-013-3357-2|10.1007/s10661-013-3357-2]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-2959 1573-2959]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23942697 23942697]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35119898 35119898].</cite></ref> Though the pesticides are only present in fish at less than toxic levels,<ref name=":2" /> the heavy metals in the waters can reach levels in fish both unhealthy for humans and the fish. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> [[Faịlụ:Ganvie2.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Obodo ọdọ mmiri Ganvie n'akụkụ ugwu ya]] == Ọdịdị ala == Ala ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ ngwakọta nke ájá, ájá [[Uzuzu|apịtị]] na apịtị.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=ATTI – MAMA|first=CYRIAQUE|title=CO-MANAGEMENT IN CONTINENTAL FISHING IN BENIN: THE CASE OF LAKE NOKOUE|url=http://pubs.worldfishcenter.org/Pubs/Way%20Forward/12%20Atti-Mama.pdf|journal=Proceedings of the International Workshop on Fisheries Co-management|accessdate=2016-11-16}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFATTI_–_MAMA">ATTI – MAMA, CYRIAQUE. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161116103059/http://pubs.worldfishcenter.org/Pubs/Way%20Forward/12%20Atti-Mama.pdf "CO-MANAGEMENT IN CONTINENTAL FISHING IN BENIN: THE CASE OF LAKE NOKOUE"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Proceedings of the International Workshop on Fisheries Co-management''. Archived from [http://pubs.worldfishcenter.org/Pubs/Way%20Forward/12%20Atti-Mama.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-11-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-16</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi == Ọdọ Mmiri Nokoué nwere ọ dịkarịa ala ụdị azụ 78.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=dZTfNfLRUL0C&dq=Lake+Nokou%C3%A9&pg=PA165|title=Interactions Between Fish and Birds: Implications for Management|author=Laudelout|first=A.|date=2008-04-15|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9780470995365|editor=Cowx|pages=165–177|language=en|chapter=Chapter 12: On the feeding ecology of the pied kingfischer at Lake Nokoue, Benin. Is there competition with fishermen?}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ụdị nnụnụ na-eji ụdị azụ dịgasị iche iche eme ihe dị ka nri, yana ụdị otter.<ref name=":4" /> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> 7lm2b5ryjx5r71lyc8h7l6dmeayrc5g 670606 670605 2026-06-30T22:51:51Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed refference with ref tag 670606 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''ọdọ mmiri Nokoué''' bụ ọdọ mmiri dị na ndịda Benin. Ọ dị kilomita iri abụọ (maịlụ iri na abụọ) n'obosara na kilomita iri na otu (maịlụ isii na ọkara) n'ogologo ma kpuchie ala nke hekta 4,900 (acres iri na abụọ). <ref name=":0" /> Osimiri Ouémé na Osimiri Sô na-enye ọdọ mmiri ahụ nri nke ọma, ha abụọ na-etinye ihe ndị na-adịghị ọcha site na mpaghara ahụ dum n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gadel|first=F.|date=1986-06-01|title=Distribution and nature of organic matter in recent sediments of Lake Nokoué, Benin (West Africa)|journal=Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science|volume=22|issue=6|pages=767–784|doi=10.1016/0272-7714(86)90098-3}}</ref> Obodo Cotonou dị n'ókè ndịda nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ. Idei mmiri nke dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na ọdọ mmiri agbaala ụfọdụ ndị bi na Cotonou..<ref name=":1" /> N'akụkụ ugwu nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ obodo Ganvié. == Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba == [[Faịlụ:On_The_Way_To_Jesuko_Church_(10058705354).jpg|thumb|onye ozi ala ọzọ Ndị Mennonite n'Ụgbọ mmiri, yiri nke Ndị ọkụ azụ aka-arụ ọrụ n'ógbè ahụ na-eji]] N'ihi ụdị anụ ọhịa ya dị iche iche, ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-enye ihe oriri dị mkpa na ọrụ akụ na ụba maka obodo ndị a.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=77Kmhw6sVOMC&dq=Lake+Nokou%C3%A9&pg=PA120|title=Adapting Cities to Climate Change: Understanding and Addressing the Development Challenges|author=Bicknell|first=Jane|date=2012-01-01|publisher=Earthscan|isbn=9781849770361|pages=120–122|language=en}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBicknellDodmanSatterthwaite2012">Bicknell, Jane; Dodman, David; Satterthwaite, David (2012-01-01). [https://books.google.com/books?id=77Kmhw6sVOMC&dq=Lake+Nokou%C3%A9&pg=PA120 ''Adapting Cities to Climate Change: Understanding and Addressing the Development Challenges'']. Earthscan. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">120–</span>122. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781849770361|<bdi>9781849770361</bdi>]].</cite></ref> ịkụ azụ kachasị mma mgbe mmiri dị ala n'etiti November na June. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=ATTI – MAMA|first=CYRIAQUE|title=CO-MANAGEMENT IN CONTINENTAL FISHING IN BENIN: THE CASE OF LAKE NOKOUE|url=http://pubs.worldfishcenter.org/Pubs/Way%20Forward/12%20Atti-Mama.pdf|journal=Proceedings of the International Workshop on Fisheries Co-management|accessdate=2016-11-16}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFATTI_–_MAMA">ATTI – MAMA, CYRIAQUE. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161116103059/http://pubs.worldfishcenter.org/Pubs/Way%20Forward/12%20Atti-Mama.pdf "CO-MANAGEMENT IN CONTINENTAL FISHING IN BENIN: THE CASE OF LAKE NOKOUE"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Proceedings of the International Workshop on Fisheries Co-management''. Archived from [http://pubs.worldfishcenter.org/Pubs/Way%20Forward/12%20Atti-Mama.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-11-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-16</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ịkụ azụ na-ejikarị ụdị azụ 30, na azụ sitere na ezinụlọ Cichlid, Clupeidae na Penaeidae na-eme 85% nke e jidere.<ref name=":0" /> Ịkụ azụ bịara bụrụ ihe na-echegbu onwe ya n'afọ ndị 1990, ka ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ malitere ịkụ azụ n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref name=":0" /> Ịkụ azụ na-abụkarị ọrụ aka, na obere ụgbọ mmiri na-ejide obere azụ.<ref name=":0" /> A na-eme atụmatụ na mmepụta azụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ tọn 2 kwa [[Hectare|hekta]] kwa afọ.<ref name=":2" /> A na-ejikwa ọdọ mmiri ahụ eme ihe maka [[Acadja]], ụdị ụlọ ọrụ ịzụ azụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=ATTI – MAMA|first=CYRIAQUE|title=CO-MANAGEMENT IN CONTINENTAL FISHING IN BENIN: THE CASE OF LAKE NOKOUE|url=http://pubs.worldfishcenter.org/Pubs/Way%20Forward/12%20Atti-Mama.pdf|journal=Proceedings of the International Workshop on Fisheries Co-management|accessdate=2016-11-16}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFATTI_–_MAMA">ATTI – MAMA, CYRIAQUE. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161116103059/http://pubs.worldfishcenter.org/Pubs/Way%20Forward/12%20Atti-Mama.pdf "CO-MANAGEMENT IN CONTINENTAL FISHING IN BENIN: THE CASE OF LAKE NOKOUE"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Proceedings of the International Workshop on Fisheries Co-management''. Archived from [http://pubs.worldfishcenter.org/Pubs/Way%20Forward/12%20Atti-Mama.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-11-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-16</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Mmiri na-amụ banyere mmiri == ọdọ mmiri ahụ, n'akụkụ dị ukwuu, bụ ọdọ mmiri.<sup class="mw-ref reference" ime="" span="">":"ref","attrs":{"name":":4"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-:4-5","html":"<nowiki><span typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-mw=\"{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;templatestyles&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;attrs&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;src&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;body&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;extsrc&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cite book&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Template:Cite_book&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;chapter-url&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;https://books.google.com/books?id=dZTfNfLRUL0C&amp;amp;dq=Lake+Nokou%C3%A9&amp;amp;pg=PA165&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Interactions Between Fish and Birds: Implications for Management&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;last1&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Laudelout&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;first1&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;A.&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;last2&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Libouis&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;first2&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;R.&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;2008-04-15&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;publisher&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;John Wiley &amp;amp; Sons&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;isbn&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;9780470995365&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;editor-last&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cowx&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;editor-first&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Ian G.&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;pages&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;165–177&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;language&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;en&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;chapter&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Chapter 12: On the feeding ecology of the pied kingfischer at Lake Nokoue, Benin. Is there competition with fishermen?&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mw_Q\">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt33\" class=\"citation book cs1\" id=\"CITEREFLaudeloutLibouis2008\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Laudelout, A.; Libouis, R. (2008-04-15). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=dZTfNfLRUL0C&amp;amp;dq=Lake+Nokou%C3%A9&amp;amp;pg=PA165\" id=\"mw_g\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Chapter 12: On the feeding ecology of the pied kingfischer at Lake Nokoue, Benin. Is there competition with fishermen?\"</a></nowiki>. In Cowx, Ian G. (ed.). <nowiki><i id=\"mw_w\">Interactions Between Fish and Birds: Implications for Management</i></nowiki>. John Wiley <nowiki>&</nowiki>amp; Sons. pp.<nowiki><span id=\"mwAQA\" typeof=\"mw:Entity\">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwAQE\">165–</span></nowiki>177. <nowiki><a class=\"mw-redirect cx-link\" data-linkid=\"126\" href=\"./ISBN_(identifier)\" id=\"mwAQI\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a></nowiki><nowiki><span id=\"mwAQM\" typeof=\"mw:Entity\">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><a class=\"cx-link\" data-linkid=\"127\" href=\"./Special:BookSources/9780470995365\" id=\"mwAQQ\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Special:BookSources/9780470995365\"><bdi id=\"mwAQU\">9780470995365</bdi></nowiki><nowiki></a></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}' id="cite_ref-:4_5-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Lake_Nokoué#cite_note-:4-5 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> Site na ala dị ala gbara ya gburugburu, a na-atụ anya na ọdọ mmiri ahụ ga-eji okpukpu abụọ n'ibu na idei mmiri ka mgbanwe ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ ugbu a na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-emetụta oke osimiri.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=77Kmhw6sVOMC&dq=Lake+Nokou%C3%A9&pg=PA120|title=Adapting Cities to Climate Change: Understanding and Addressing the Development Challenges|author=Bicknell|first=Jane|date=2012-01-01|publisher=Earthscan|isbn=9781849770361|pages=120–122|language=en}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBicknellDodmanSatterthwaite2012">Bicknell, Jane; Dodman, David; Satterthwaite, David (2012-01-01). [https://books.google.com/books?id=77Kmhw6sVOMC&dq=Lake+Nokou%C3%A9&pg=PA120 ''Adapting Cities to Climate Change: Understanding and Addressing the Development Challenges'']. Earthscan. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">120–</span>122. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781849770361|<bdi>9781849770361</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Mmepe a na-ebu ihe ize ndụ nke nnu n'ọdịnihu, nke ga-eme ka ọdọ mmiri ahụ dịkwuo nnu ma nwee ike ịgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi ya.<ref name=":1" /> Akụkụ dị iche iche nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-agbanwe ugbu a n'etiti mmiri dị ọcha na usoro okike na-atọ ụtọ na nkezi omimi nke 1.5 in). <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=ATTI – MAMA|first=CYRIAQUE|title=CO-MANAGEMENT IN CONTINENTAL FISHING IN BENIN: THE CASE OF LAKE NOKOUE|url=http://pubs.worldfishcenter.org/Pubs/Way%20Forward/12%20Atti-Mama.pdf|journal=Proceedings of the International Workshop on Fisheries Co-management|accessdate=2016-11-16}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFATTI_–_MAMA">ATTI – MAMA, CYRIAQUE. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161116103059/http://pubs.worldfishcenter.org/Pubs/Way%20Forward/12%20Atti-Mama.pdf "CO-MANAGEMENT IN CONTINENTAL FISHING IN BENIN: THE CASE OF LAKE NOKOUE"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Proceedings of the International Workshop on Fisheries Co-management''. Archived from [http://pubs.worldfishcenter.org/Pubs/Way%20Forward/12%20Atti-Mama.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-11-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-16</span></span>.</cite></ref> Okpomọkụ dị n'ime ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị n'etiti 27 and 29 . <ref name=":0" /> The lake is a site of deposition of both pesticides and heavy metals from upstream industry and human habitation.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Yehouenou A Pazou|first=Elisabeth|date=2014-01-01|title=Pesticide residues in sediments and aquatic species in Lake Nokoué and Cotonou Lagoon in the Republic of Bénin|journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment|volume=186|issue=1|pages=77–86|doi=10.1007/s10661-013-3357-2|issn=1573-2959|pmid=23942697}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFYehouenou_A_PazouAléodjrodoAzehounvan_Straalen2014">Yehouenou A Pazou, Elisabeth; Aléodjrodo, Patrick Edorh; Azehoun, Judicaël P.; van Straalen, Nico M.; van Hattum, Bert; Swart, Kees; van Gestel, Cornelis A. M. (2014-01-01). "Pesticide residues in sediments and aquatic species in Lake Nokoué and Cotonou Lagoon in the Republic of Bénin". ''Environmental Monitoring and Assessment''. '''186''' (1): <span class="nowrap">77–</span>86. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10661-013-3357-2|10.1007/s10661-013-3357-2]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-2959 1573-2959]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23942697 23942697]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35119898 35119898].</cite></ref> Though the pesticides are only present in fish at less than toxic levels,<ref name=":2" /> the heavy metals in the waters can reach levels in fish both unhealthy for humans and the fish. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> [[Faịlụ:Ganvie2.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Obodo ọdọ mmiri Ganvie n'akụkụ ugwu ya]] == Ọdịdị ala == Ala ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ ngwakọta nke ájá, ájá [[Uzuzu|apịtị]] na apịtị.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=ATTI – MAMA|first=CYRIAQUE|title=CO-MANAGEMENT IN CONTINENTAL FISHING IN BENIN: THE CASE OF LAKE NOKOUE|url=http://pubs.worldfishcenter.org/Pubs/Way%20Forward/12%20Atti-Mama.pdf|journal=Proceedings of the International Workshop on Fisheries Co-management|accessdate=2016-11-16}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFATTI_–_MAMA">ATTI – MAMA, CYRIAQUE. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161116103059/http://pubs.worldfishcenter.org/Pubs/Way%20Forward/12%20Atti-Mama.pdf "CO-MANAGEMENT IN CONTINENTAL FISHING IN BENIN: THE CASE OF LAKE NOKOUE"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Proceedings of the International Workshop on Fisheries Co-management''. Archived from [http://pubs.worldfishcenter.org/Pubs/Way%20Forward/12%20Atti-Mama.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-11-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-16</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi == Ọdọ Mmiri Nokoué nwere ọ dịkarịa ala ụdị azụ 78.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=dZTfNfLRUL0C&dq=Lake+Nokou%C3%A9&pg=PA165|title=Interactions Between Fish and Birds: Implications for Management|author=Laudelout|first=A.|date=2008-04-15|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9780470995365|editor=Cowx|pages=165–177|language=en|chapter=Chapter 12: On the feeding ecology of the pied kingfischer at Lake Nokoue, Benin. Is there competition with fishermen?}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ụdị nnụnụ na-eji ụdị azụ dịgasị iche iche eme ihe dị ka nri, yana ụdị otter.<ref name=":4" /> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> oz5exxpjfzo81xqq6g5s3qyw7a6cmqf 0 77203 670607 2026-06-30T23:03:46Z Aluta editor 62822 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340145416|Ruvubu National Park]]" 670607 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ruvubu National Park''' bụ ogige mba dị na Burundi nke nwere obosara 508 km2 (196 mi2) nke e guzobere na 1980. Ógbè ya dị n'ime mpaghara Karuzi, Muyinga, Cankuzo na Ruyigi. Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ na-emetụta [[Tanzania]] dị nso n'ebe ndịda, ndagwurugwu nke Osimiri Ruvubu nke ala ya na-achịkwa mpaghara a. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ogige Ntụrụndụ Ruvubu nwetara aha ya site na Osimiri Ruvubu nke na-agafe ogologo ogige ahụ.<ref name="inecn">{{Cite book|author=INECN|year=1990|title=La Preservation de Notre Patrimoine Naturel|publisher=Les Presses Lavigerie, Bujumbura}}</ref> Ogige a bụ ihe ikpeazụ dị na gburugburu ebe obibi ahịhịa nke kpuchiri ọtụtụ akụkụ ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Burundi. Ọ bụ ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ ụdị anụ ọhịa, ọkachasị hippopotamus, Nile crocodile, Cape buffalo, waterbuck, ọtụtụ ụdị duiker, ụdị primates ise, gụnyere olive baboon, vervet enwe, red colobus enwe, blue enwe, na Senegal bushbaby. Ihe dị ka ụdị nnụnụ 200 ka e dekọrọ n'ogige ahụ..<ref name="inecn" /> == Edensibịa ==  <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{National Parks of Burundi}} qd4sjxzz75p3wasynq1o4wkhgu6cz0b 670608 670607 2026-06-30T23:05:11Z Aluta editor 62822 670608 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref name=wdpa>{{Cite web |author=World Database on Protected Areas |year=2020 |title=Parc national du Ruvubu |website=Protected Planet, United Nations Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/9160}}</ref>   '''Ruvubu National Park''' bụ ogige mba dị na Burundi nke nwere obosara 508 km2 (196 mi2) nke e guzobere na 1980. Ógbè ya dị n'ime mpaghara Karuzi, Muyinga, Cankuzo na Ruyigi. Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ na-emetụta [[Tanzania]] dị nso n'ebe ndịda, ndagwurugwu nke Osimiri Ruvubu nke ala ya na-achịkwa mpaghara a. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ogige Ntụrụndụ Ruvubu nwetara aha ya site na Osimiri Ruvubu nke na-agafe ogologo ogige ahụ.<ref name="inecn">{{Cite book|author=INECN|year=1990|title=La Preservation de Notre Patrimoine Naturel|publisher=Les Presses Lavigerie, Bujumbura}}</ref> Ogige a bụ ihe ikpeazụ dị na gburugburu ebe obibi ahịhịa nke kpuchiri ọtụtụ akụkụ ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Burundi. Ọ bụ ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ ụdị anụ ọhịa, ọkachasị hippopotamus, Nile crocodile, Cape buffalo, waterbuck, ọtụtụ ụdị duiker, ụdị primates ise, gụnyere olive baboon, vervet enwe, red colobus enwe, blue enwe, na Senegal bushbaby. Ihe dị ka ụdị nnụnụ 200 ka e dekọrọ n'ogige ahụ..<ref name="inecn" /> == Edensibịa ==  <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{National Parks of Burundi}} 0emhr0ce8xatsjsolvisrr6xmsavqnq 670609 670608 2026-06-30T23:05:38Z Aluta editor 62822 670609 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref name=wdpa>{{Cite web |author=World Database on Protected Areas |year=2020 |title=Parc national du Ruvubu |website=Protected Planet, United Nations Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/9160}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Parc National de la Ruvubu|website=[[Ramsar Convention |Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2148|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref> '''Ruvubu National Park''' bụ ogige mba dị na Burundi nke nwere obosara 508 km2 (196 mi2) nke e guzobere na 1980. Ógbè ya dị n'ime mpaghara Karuzi, Muyinga, Cankuzo na Ruyigi. Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ na-emetụta [[Tanzania]] dị nso n'ebe ndịda, ndagwurugwu nke Osimiri Ruvubu nke ala ya na-achịkwa mpaghara a. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ogige Ntụrụndụ Ruvubu nwetara aha ya site na Osimiri Ruvubu nke na-agafe ogologo ogige ahụ.<ref name="inecn">{{Cite book|author=INECN|year=1990|title=La Preservation de Notre Patrimoine Naturel|publisher=Les Presses Lavigerie, Bujumbura}}</ref> Ogige a bụ ihe ikpeazụ dị na gburugburu ebe obibi ahịhịa nke kpuchiri ọtụtụ akụkụ ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Burundi. Ọ bụ ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ ụdị anụ ọhịa, ọkachasị hippopotamus, Nile crocodile, Cape buffalo, waterbuck, ọtụtụ ụdị duiker, ụdị primates ise, gụnyere olive baboon, vervet enwe, red colobus enwe, blue enwe, na Senegal bushbaby. Ihe dị ka ụdị nnụnụ 200 ka e dekọrọ n'ogige ahụ..<ref name="inecn" /> == Edensibịa ==  <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{National Parks of Burundi}} pz2j03fba94g2yjm0rtcihk1r4fz20x 0 77204 670610 2026-06-30T23:07:38Z Aluta editor 62822 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340161214|Rusizi National Park]]" 670610 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ogige Ntụrụndụ Rusizi''' bụ ogige ntụrụndụ dị na [[Burundi]], n'akụkụ Osimiri Rusizi . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|work=Protected Planet|title=Réserve naturelle du Rusizi|author=World Database of Protected Areas|url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/9162}}</ref> Ọ dị kilomita iri na ise n'ebe ugwu nke obodo Bujumbura ma nwee ebe obibi nke enyi mmiri na sitatungas.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Pitcher|first=Gemma|title=Africa|publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]|date=2007|pages=[https://archive.org/details/africaafri00pitc/page/616 616]|url=https://archive.org/details/africaafri00pitc|isbn=978-1-74104-482-9}}</ref> A na-ekwu na Gustave, Agụ iyi Naịl, gburu mmadụ 300 ebe a.&nbsp; == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Commons category|Rusizi National Park}} * {{Cite web|author=BirdLife International|year=2020|title=Important Bird Areas factsheet: Rusizi National Park|url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/rusizi-national-park-iba-burundi}} he5y79i1ubpqw4j7shqew2doxeu4xxe 670611 670610 2026-06-30T23:08:43Z Aluta editor 62822 670611 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref name = unep>UNEP-WCMC (2022). Protected Area Profile for Rusizi from the World Database of Protected Areas. Accessed 22 March 2022 [https://www.protectedplanet.net/9162]</ref> '''Ogige Ntụrụndụ Rusizi''' bụ ogige ntụrụndụ dị na [[Burundi]], n'akụkụ Osimiri Rusizi . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|work=Protected Planet|title=Réserve naturelle du Rusizi|author=World Database of Protected Areas|url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/9162}}</ref> Ọ dị kilomita iri na ise n'ebe ugwu nke obodo Bujumbura ma nwee ebe obibi nke enyi mmiri na sitatungas.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Pitcher|first=Gemma|title=Africa|publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]|date=2007|pages=[https://archive.org/details/africaafri00pitc/page/616 616]|url=https://archive.org/details/africaafri00pitc|isbn=978-1-74104-482-9}}</ref> A na-ekwu na Gustave, Agụ iyi Naịl, gburu mmadụ 300 ebe a.&nbsp; == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Commons category|Rusizi National Park}} * {{Cite web|author=BirdLife International|year=2020|title=Important Bird Areas factsheet: Rusizi National Park|url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/rusizi-national-park-iba-burundi}} 7frd1uqgnks1hq5zkj3rp6fw831ly81 670612 670611 2026-06-30T23:09:11Z Aluta editor 62822 670612 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref name = unep>UNEP-WCMC (2022). Protected Area Profile for Rusizi from the World Database of Protected Areas. Accessed 22 March 2022 [https://www.protectedplanet.net/9162]</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Parc National de la Rusizi|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1180|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref> '''Ogige Ntụrụndụ Rusizi''' bụ ogige ntụrụndụ dị na [[Burundi]], n'akụkụ Osimiri Rusizi . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|work=Protected Planet|title=Réserve naturelle du Rusizi|author=World Database of Protected Areas|url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/9162}}</ref> Ọ dị kilomita iri na ise n'ebe ugwu nke obodo Bujumbura ma nwee ebe obibi nke enyi mmiri na sitatungas.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Pitcher|first=Gemma|title=Africa|publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]|date=2007|pages=[https://archive.org/details/africaafri00pitc/page/616 616]|url=https://archive.org/details/africaafri00pitc|isbn=978-1-74104-482-9}}</ref> A na-ekwu na Gustave, Agụ iyi Naịl, gburu mmadụ 300 ebe a.&nbsp; == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Commons category|Rusizi National Park}} * {{Cite web|author=BirdLife International|year=2020|title=Important Bird Areas factsheet: Rusizi National Park|url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/rusizi-national-park-iba-burundi}} pvvlkuch204luatrf860xrmhmyt8uji 0 77205 670613 2026-06-30T23:11:19Z Aluta editor 62822 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1255471505|Rugamura Marsh]]" 670613 wikitext text/x-wiki   Rugamura marsh (French: Marais de Rugamura; 2°31′48′′S 30°07′16′′E / 2.53°S 30.121°E / -2.53; 30.121) bụ ala ahịhịa dị na Kirundo Province, Burundi. A na-eji ya eme ihe maka ịkọ osikapa na sorghum. == Ebe == Rugamura Marsh dị n'ebe ugwu nke Kirundo Commune. Ọ na-esonyere isi alaka ndịda nke Ọdọ Mmiri Cohoha. Ọ dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Rutare na ọdụ ụgbọ elu Kirundo.[1] Nchịkọta ihu igwe Köppen bụ Aw: Tropical savanna, mmiri.[2] == Ọganihu == Ndị otu Giriteka nwere mmadụ 82, nke 45 n'ime ha bụ ụmụ nwanyị. Òtù Ndị Na-emepụta Ihe Ugbo maka Mmepe (Confédération des Associations des Produceurs Agricoles pour le Developmentoppement: CAPAD) azụọla ndị otu ahụ n'ịkọsa ahịhịa na ịkụ agwa, ọka na osikapa n'ahịrị na Rugamura Marsh.[3] N'afọ 2013-2016, gọọmentị Burundi, site na ego sitere na African Development Bank, malitere Bugesera Rural Infrastructure Support Project (PAIRB). Nke a gụnyere mmepe ọrụ ugbo mmiri nke 72.5 hekta (179 acres) nke Rugamura Marsh, 232 hekta (570 acres) nke Kabuyenge Marsh na 538.5 hekta (1,331 acres) nke Nyavyamo Marsh. Ọ gụnyere ụlọ mmiri, netwọk ịgba mmiri, dike, ụzọ mbata, ụzọ mmiri na akụrụngwa ndị ọzọ.[4] N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2021, gọvanọ nke mpaghara Kurundo, Albert Hatungimana, gara leta Rugamura Marsh ebe ọ malitere ọrụ ịkọ osikapa n'oge ọkọchị. O kwuru na ịgba mmiri bụ naanị ụzọ isi mee ka ógbè ahụ bụrụ ebe a na-azụ nri na Burundi ọzọ.[5] Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2023, ala ahịhịa ahụ mepụtara tọn osikapa 1.6 kwa hekta. Ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke enwere ike inweta bụ tọn 5 ruo 6 kwa hekta. A na-akụkwa sorghum n'ọzara ahụ.[6] == Edensibia == {{Reflist|25em}} == Ebe e si nweta ya == <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />  0qkwftscnt19zltamum72d2ariohrul 670614 670613 2026-06-30T23:16:43Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed reference with ref tag 670614 wikitext text/x-wiki   Rugamura marsh (French: Marais de Rugamura; 2°31′48′′S 30°07′16′′E / 2.53°S 30.121°E / -2.53; 30.121) bụ ala ahịhịa dị na Kirundo Province, Burundi. A na-eji ya eme ihe maka ịkọ osikapa na sorghum. == Ebe == Rugamura Marsh dị n'ebe ugwu nke Kirundo Commune. Ọ na-esonyere isi alaka ndịda nke Ọdọ Mmiri Cohoha. Ọ dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Rutare na ọdụ ụgbọ elu Kirundo.{{sfn|Way: Rugamura (1262553540)}} Nchịkọta ihu igwe Köppen bụ Aw: Tropical savanna, mmiri.{{sfn|Rugamura, Kirundo Province, Burundi Mindat}} == Ọganihu == Ndị otu Giriteka nwere mmadụ 82, nke 45 n'ime ha bụ ụmụ nwanyị. Òtù Ndị Na-emepụta Ihe Ugbo maka Mmepe (Confédération des Associations des Produceurs Agricoles pour le Developmentoppement: CAPAD) azụọla ndị otu ahụ n'ịkọsa ahịhịa na ịkụ agwa, ọka na osikapa n'ahịrị na Rugamura Marsh.{{sfn|Abel Kagwira|2011}} N'afọ 2013-2016, gọọmentị Burundi, site na ego sitere na African Development Bank, malitere Bugesera Rural Infrastructure Support Project (PAIRB). Nke a gụnyere mmepe ọrụ ugbo mmiri nke 72.5 hekta (179 acres) nke Rugamura Marsh, 232 hekta (570 acres) nke Kabuyenge Marsh na 538.5 hekta (1,331 acres) nke Nyavyamo Marsh. Ọ gụnyere ụlọ mmiri, netwọk ịgba mmiri, dike, ụzọ mbata, ụzọ mmiri na akụrụngwa ndị ọzọ. {{sfn|L'ingenierie ay service du developpement|p=17}} N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2021, gọvanọ nke mpaghara Kurundo, Albert Hatungimana, gara leta Rugamura Marsh ebe ọ malitere ọrụ ịkọ osikapa n'oge ọkọchị. O kwuru na ịgba mmiri bụ naanị ụzọ isi mee ka ógbè ahụ bụrụ ebe a na-azụ nri na Burundi ọzọ.{{sfn|Bruce Habarugira|2021}} Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2023, ala ahịhịa ahụ mepụtara tọn osikapa 1.6 kwa hekta. Ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke enwere ike inweta bụ tọn 5 ruo 6 kwa hekta. A na-akụkwa sorghum n'ọzara ahụ.{{sfn|Chantal Umuhire|2023}} == Edensibia == {{reflist|25em}} == Ebe e si nweta ya == {{refbegin}} *{{citation |url=https://www.capad.info/spip.php?article248&lang=fr |accessdate=2024-06-19 |publisher=Confédération des Associations des Producteurs Agricoles pour le Développement |author=Abel Kagwira |title=Les Champs des Membres des Coopératives Servent pour l’Apprentissage de la population |year=2011}} *{{citation |url=https://burundi-eco.com/province-kirundo-irrigation-collinaire-comme-solution-face-a-secheresse-recurrente/ |accessdate=2024-06-19 |work=BurundiEco |author=Bruce Habarugira |title=Kirundo Province: Hillside irrigation as a solution to recurring drought |date=13 August 2021}} *{{citation |accessdate=2024-06-19 |title=Projet d'apui a la transformation de l'agriculture dans la region naturelle du Bugesera |language=fr |author=Chantal Umuhire |publisher=African Development Bank |date=6 December 2023 |url=https://www.afdb.org/sites/default/files/documents/projects-and-operations/burundi_-_projet_dappui_a_la_transformation_de_lagriculture_dans_la_region_naturelle_du_bugesera_-_p-bi-k00-013_-_eer_novembre_2023.pdf}} *{{citation |url=https://www.cira-sas.com/sites/default/files/documents/plaqueteCira.pdf |accessdate=2024-06-19 |ref={{harvid|L'ingenierie ay service du developpement}} |title=L'ingenierie ay service du developpement |publisher=CIRA SAS (Consulting Engineering And Applied Research)}} *{{citation |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-432398.html |accessdate=2024-06-19 |title=Rugamura, Kirundo Province, Burundi |work=Mindat |ref={{harvid|Rugamura, Kirundo Province, Burundi Mindat}} }} *{{citation |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1262553540#map=14/-2.5339/30.1288 |accessdate=2024-06-19 |title=Way: Rugamura (1262553540) |work=OpenStreetMap |ref={{harvid|Way: Rugamura (1262553540)}} }} {{refend}} 3t7x1efo6hxvb2rtf7fa7nb1t88y75g 670615 670614 2026-06-30T23:17:02Z Aluta editor 62822 670615 wikitext text/x-wiki   Rugamura marsh (French: Marais de Rugamura; 2°31′48′′S 30°07′16′′E / 2.53°S 30.121°E / -2.53; 30.121) bụ ala ahịhịa dị na Kirundo Province, Burundi. A na-eji ya eme ihe maka ịkọ osikapa na sorghum. == Ebe == Rugamura Marsh dị n'ebe ugwu nke Kirundo Commune. Ọ na-esonyere isi alaka ndịda nke Ọdọ Mmiri Cohoha. Ọ dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Rutare na ọdụ ụgbọ elu Kirundo.{{sfn|Way: Rugamura (1262553540)}} Nchịkọta ihu igwe Köppen bụ Aw: Tropical savanna, mmiri.{{sfn|Rugamura, Kirundo Province, Burundi Mindat}} == Ọganihu == Ndị otu Giriteka nwere mmadụ 82, nke 45 n'ime ha bụ ụmụ nwanyị. Òtù Ndị Na-emepụta Ihe Ugbo maka Mmepe (Confédération des Associations des Produceurs Agricoles pour le Developmentoppement: CAPAD) azụọla ndị otu ahụ n'ịkọsa ahịhịa na ịkụ agwa, ọka na osikapa n'ahịrị na Rugamura Marsh.{{sfn|Abel Kagwira|2011}} N'afọ 2013-2016, gọọmentị Burundi, site na ego sitere na African Development Bank, malitere Bugesera Rural Infrastructure Support Project (PAIRB). Nke a gụnyere mmepe ọrụ ugbo mmiri nke 72.5 hekta (179 acres) nke Rugamura Marsh, 232 hekta (570 acres) nke Kabuyenge Marsh na 538.5 hekta (1,331 acres) nke Nyavyamo Marsh. Ọ gụnyere ụlọ mmiri, netwọk ịgba mmiri, dike, ụzọ mbata, ụzọ mmiri na akụrụngwa ndị ọzọ. {{sfn|L'ingenierie ay service du developpement|p=17}} N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2021, gọvanọ nke mpaghara Kurundo, Albert Hatungimana, gara leta Rugamura Marsh ebe ọ malitere ọrụ ịkọ osikapa n'oge ọkọchị. O kwuru na ịgba mmiri bụ naanị ụzọ isi mee ka ógbè ahụ bụrụ ebe a na-azụ nri na Burundi ọzọ.{{sfn|Bruce Habarugira|2021}} Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2023, ala ahịhịa ahụ mepụtara tọn osikapa 1.6 kwa hekta. Ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke enwere ike inweta bụ tọn 5 ruo 6 kwa hekta. A na-akụkwa sorghum n'ọzara ahụ.{{sfn|Chantal Umuhire|2023}} == Edensibia == {{reflist|25em}} == Ebe e si nweta ya == {{refbegin}} *{{citation |url=https://www.capad.info/spip.php?article248&lang=fr |accessdate=2024-06-19 |publisher=Confédération des Associations des Producteurs Agricoles pour le Développement |author=Abel Kagwira |title=Les Champs des Membres des Coopératives Servent pour l’Apprentissage de la population |year=2011}} *{{citation |url=https://burundi-eco.com/province-kirundo-irrigation-collinaire-comme-solution-face-a-secheresse-recurrente/ |accessdate=2024-06-19 |work=BurundiEco |author=Bruce Habarugira |title=Kirundo Province: Hillside irrigation as a solution to recurring drought |date=13 August 2021}} *{{citation |accessdate=2024-06-19 |title=Projet d'apui a la transformation de l'agriculture dans la region naturelle du Bugesera |language=fr |author=Chantal Umuhire |publisher=African Development Bank |date=6 December 2023 |url=https://www.afdb.org/sites/default/files/documents/projects-and-operations/burundi_-_projet_dappui_a_la_transformation_de_lagriculture_dans_la_region_naturelle_du_bugesera_-_p-bi-k00-013_-_eer_novembre_2023.pdf}} *{{citation |url=https://www.cira-sas.com/sites/default/files/documents/plaqueteCira.pdf |accessdate=2024-06-19 |ref={{harvid|L'ingenierie ay service du developpement}} |title=L'ingenierie ay service du developpement |publisher=CIRA SAS (Consulting Engineering And Applied Research)}} *{{citation |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-432398.html |accessdate=2024-06-19 |title=Rugamura, Kirundo Province, Burundi |work=Mindat |ref={{harvid|Rugamura, Kirundo Province, Burundi Mindat}} }} *{{citation |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1262553540#map=14/-2.5339/30.1288 |accessdate=2024-06-19 |title=Way: Rugamura (1262553540) |work=OpenStreetMap |ref={{harvid|Way: Rugamura (1262553540)}} }} {{refend}} bnz2e6z8yyxrym3usuhkfcnl7kwy0du 0 77206 670616 2026-06-30T23:19:32Z Aluta editor 62822 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1284507757|Ruduhira Marsh]]" 670616 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Rudududjir marsh''' (French; 2°23′45′′S 30°22′45′′E / 2.39583°S 30.37917°E / -2.39583; 30.37917) bụ ala ahịhịa dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Kirundo Province, Burundi. == Ebe == Tupu ụzọ egbutu ya n'etiti, Nyamabuno Marsh dị ihe karịrị mita 400 (1,300 n'obosara na ihe karịrị kilomita 15 (9.3 mi) n'ogologo.[1] N'afọ 2005, a na-arụ ụzọ dị ihe dị ka mita 400 (ụkwụ 1,300) site na Karambo dị na Mpaghara Kirundo ruo Ruzo, Mpaghara Muyinga site na apịtị Ruduhira..[2] Okporo ụzọ ahụ na-ekewa ala ahịhịa abụọ. Akụkụ aka nri na-ejigide aha Nyamabuno, ebe akụkụ aka ekpe na-akpọ Rududududira Marsh.[1] Mmiri nke Nyamabuno na Rudukira na-agbanye mmiri nke Ọdọ Mmiri Rweru na mmiri Vumasi, Rusenyi, Karambo na Nonwe.[2] == Iji ya eme ihe == Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2005, a pụrụ ịhụ mmalite nke mkpocha ugbo nke ala mmiri abụọ a maka ịkọ osikapa n'akụkụ abụọ nke okporo ụzọ ahụ.[2] Ụzọ ahụ emeela ka mmiri daa, nke mere ka ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ malite ịkọ osikapa n'apịtị. Ụzọ ahụ ga-eme ka apịtị ndị ahụ kpọọ nkụ nke ọma ma belata ọkwa ọdọ mmiri ahụ. [1] Onye nchịkwa nke obodo Bwambarangwe kwuru na 2005 na Ọrụ Nkwado na Nkwado Ọrụ Ugbo (PRASAB) iji mebie ala mmiri Nyamabuno amalitela.[1] == Nchebe == E bipụtara atụmatụ njikwa na mmepe maka Protected Aquatic Landscape nke Bugesera na Septemba 2009. [3] A kwadoro ya na ogbako e mere na 8 Julaị 2011. [4] Atụmatụ ahụ chebere Ọdọ Mmiri Kanzigiri na Ọdọ Mmị Rweru, nke a na-ejikọta ya na ọwa nke na-agafe Rudukira Marsh.[5] Ọ kọwara Mpaghara Integral, nke bụ oghere ndị ga-anọgide na-enweghị mmetụta mmadụ. Ndị a gụnyere ọdọ mmiri Gacamarindi, ọdọ mmiri Nagitamo na Mwungere, na ala mmiri nke ndagwurugwu nke abụọ nke Osimiri Akanyaru nke na-ejikọ ya na ọdọ mmiri niile gụnyere ala mmiri Nyavyamo na Ruduhira. [6] == Edensibịa == {{Reflist|25em}} == Ebe e si nweta ya == <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />  a1i1t65t00kp5cxfxpxswf4g4187jpk 670617 670616 2026-06-30T23:23:17Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed refference with error 670617 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Rudududjir marsh''' (French; 2°23′45′′S 30°22′45′′E / 2.39583°S 30.37917°E / -2.39583; 30.37917) bụ ala ahịhịa dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Kirundo Province, Burundi. == Ebe == Tupu ụzọ egbutu ya n'etiti, Nyamabuno Marsh dị ihe karịrị mita 400 (1,300 n'obosara na ihe karịrị kilomita 15 (9.3 mi) n'ogologo.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=58}} N'afọ 2005, a na-arụ ụzọ dị ihe dị ka mita 400 (ụkwụ 1,300) site na Karambo dị na Mpaghara Kirundo ruo Ruzo, Mpaghara Muyinga site na apịtị Ruduhira..{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=43}} Okporo ụzọ ahụ na-ekewa ala ahịhịa abụọ. Akụkụ aka nri na-ejigide aha Nyamabuno, ebe akụkụ aka ekpe na-akpọ Rududududira Marsh.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=58}} Mmiri nke Nyamabuno na Rudukira na-agbanye mmiri nke Ọdọ Mmiri Rweru na mmiri Vumasi, Rusenyi, Karambo na Nonwe.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=43}} == Iji ya eme ihe == Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2005, a pụrụ ịhụ mmalite nke mkpocha ugbo nke ala mmiri abụọ a maka ịkọ osikapa n'akụkụ abụọ nke okporo ụzọ ahụ.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=43}} Ụzọ ahụ emeela ka mmiri daa, nke mere ka ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ malite ịkọ osikapa n'apịtị. Ụzọ ahụ ga-eme ka apịtị ndị ahụ kpọọ nkụ nke ọma ma belata ọkwa ọdọ mmiri ahụ. {{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=58}} Onye nchịkwa nke obodo Bwambarangwe kwuru na 2005 na Ọrụ Nkwado na Nkwado Ọrụ Ugbo (PRASAB) iji mebie ala mmiri Nyamabuno amalitela.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=58}} == Nchebe == E bipụtara atụmatụ njikwa na mmepe maka Protected Aquatic Landscape nke Bugesera na Septemba 2009. {{sfn|Nzigidahera|Nindorera|2009|p=1}} A kwadoro ya na ogbako e mere na 8 Julaị 2011. {{sfn|Kagera TAMP FAO}} Atụmatụ ahụ chebere Ọdọ Mmiri Kanzigiri na Ọdọ Mmị Rweru, nke a na-ejikọta ya na ọwa nke na-agafe Rudukira Marsh.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Nindorera|2009|p=10}} Ọ kọwara Mpaghara Integral, nke bụ oghere ndị ga-anọgide na-enweghị mmetụta mmadụ. Ndị a gụnyere ọdọ mmiri Gacamarindi, ọdọ mmiri Nagitamo na Mwungere, na ala mmiri nke ndagwurugwu nke abụọ nke Osimiri Akanyaru nke na-ejikọ ya na ọdọ mmiri niile gụnyere ala mmiri Nyavyamo na Ruduhira. {{sfn|Nzigidahera|Nindorera|2009|pp=44–45}} == Edensibịa == {{Reflist|25em}} == Ebe e si nweta ya == {{refbegin}} *{{citation |url=https://www.fao.org/nr/kagera/news-archive/news-detail/en/c/87198/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |publisher=FAO |ref={{harvid|Kagera TAMP FAO}} |title=Kagera TAMP - Bugesera aquatic landscapes endowed with a management plan |date=8 July 2011 |location=Kirundo province, Burundi}} *{{citation |url=https://bi.chm-cbd.net/sites/bi/files/2020-12/paysage-aquatique-nord-bi.pdf |access-date=9 June 2024 |language=fr |title=Paysage Aquatique Protege du Nord du Burundi – Etude D'identification |last1=Nzigidahera |first1=Benoît |last2=Fofo |first2=Alphonse |last3=Misigaro |first3=Apollinaire |date=August 2005}} *{{citation |url=https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/kagera/resource/TAMP%20Kagera%20_%20Plan_de_gestion_%20Paysages%20Aquatiques%20_Bugesera.pdf |accessdate=2024-06-17 |last1=Nzigidahera |first1= Benoît |last2=Nindorera |first2=Damien |title=Plan de gestion et d’aménagement du Paysage Aquatique Protégé de Bugesera |language=fr |date=September 2009 }} {{refend}} 10ji6vbfhwjte0u4ypb5vn0qripsvld 0 77207 670618 2026-06-30T23:24:53Z Aluta editor 62822 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1255229436|Nyamabuno Marsh]]" 670618 wikitext text/x-wiki   Nyamabuno marsh (French: Marais de la Nyavyamo; 2°23′45′′S 30°22′45′′E / 2.39583°S 30.37917°E / -2.39583; 30.37917) bụ ala ahịhịa dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Kirundo Province, Burundi. == Ebe == Nyamabuno Marsh bụ ebe oke mpaghara Busoni dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, Komune nke Bwambarangwe dị n'etiti yana Kọmpụta nke Muyinga n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ na-agbakọta. Ngwugwu ugwu ya dị n'etiti Ọdọ Mmiri Rweru n'ebe ugwu, nke si na Burindi banye Rwanda, na Ọdọ Mmiri Kanzigiri n'ebe ndịda.[1] Nchịkọta ihu igwe Köppen bụ Aw: Tropical savanna, mmiri.[2] Tupu ụzọ egbutu ya n'etiti, ala mmiri Nyamabuno karịrị mita 400 (1,300 n'obosara na ihe karịrị kilomita 15 (9.3 mi) n'ogologo.[3] == Iji ya eme ihe == N'afọ 2005, a na-arụ ụzọ dị ihe dị ka mita 400 (ụkwụ 1,300) site na Karambo dị na Mpaghara Kirundo ruo Ruzo, Mpaghara Muyinga site na apịtị Ruduhira.[4] Okporo ụzọ ahụ na-ekewa ala ahịhịa abụọ. Akụkụ aka nri na-ejigide aha Nyamabuno, ebe akụkụ aka ekpe na-akpọ Rududududira Marsh.[3] Mmiri nke Nyamabuno na Rududukira na-agbanye mmiri nke Ọdọ Mmiri Rweru na mmiri Vumasi, Rusenyi, Karambo na Nonwe.[4] Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2005, a pụrụ ịhụ mmalite nke mkpocha ugbo nke ala mmiri abụọ a maka ịkọ osikapa n'akụkụ abụọ nke okporo ụzọ ahụ.[4] Okporo ụzọ ahụ emeela ka mmiri daa, na-ahapụ ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ ka ha malite ịkọ osikapa n'ọzara ahụ. Okporo ụzọ ahụ ga-eme ka ala mmiri na-akpọnwụ ma belata ọkwa ọdọ mmiri ahụ.[3] Onye nchịkwa nke obodo Bwambarangwe kwuru na 2005 na Ọrụ Nkwado na Nkwado Ọrụ Ugbo (PRASAB) iji mebie ala mmiri Nyamabuno amalitela.[3] == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|25em}} == Ebe e si nweta ya == <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />  azqhvxh0nw4r9rd2l5rw79jb549khox 670619 670618 2026-06-30T23:27:10Z Aluta editor 62822 670619 wikitext text/x-wiki   Nyamabuno marsh (French: Marais de la Nyavyamo; 2°23′45′′S 30°22′45′′E / 2.39583°S 30.37917°E / -2.39583; 30.37917) bụ ala ahịhịa dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Kirundo Province, Burundi. == Ebe == Nyamabuno Marsh bụ ebe oke mpaghara Busoni dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, Komune nke Bwambarangwe dị n'etiti yana Kọmpụta nke Muyinga n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ na-agbakọta. Ngwugwu ugwu ya dị n'etiti Ọdọ Mmiri Rweru n'ebe ugwu, nke si na Burindi banye Rwanda, na Ọdọ Mmiri Kanzigiri n'ebe ndịda.{{sfn|Way: Nyamabuno OpenStreetMap}} Nchịkọta ihu igwe Köppen bụ Aw: Tropical savanna, mmiri.{{sfn|Nyamabuno, Burundi Mindat}} Tupu ụzọ egbutu ya n'etiti, ala mmiri Nyamabuno karịrị mita 400 (1,300 n'obosara na ihe karịrị kilomita 15 (9.3 mi) n'ogologo.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=58}} == Iji ya eme ihe == N'afọ 2005, a na-arụ ụzọ dị ihe dị ka mita 400 (ụkwụ 1,300) site na Karambo dị na Mpaghara Kirundo ruo Ruzo, Mpaghara Muyinga site na apịtị Ruduhira.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=43}} Okporo ụzọ ahụ na-ekewa ala ahịhịa abụọ. Akụkụ aka nri na-ejigide aha Nyamabuno, ebe akụkụ aka ekpe na-akpọ Rududududira Marsh.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=58}}Mmiri nke Nyamabuno na Rududukira na-agbanye mmiri nke Ọdọ Mmiri Rweru na mmiri Vumasi, Rusenyi, Karambo na Nonwe.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=43}} Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2005, a pụrụ ịhụ mmalite nke mkpocha ugbo nke ala mmiri abụọ a maka ịkọ osikapa n'akụkụ abụọ nke okporo ụzọ ahụ.[4] Okporo ụzọ ahụ emeela ka mmiri daa, na-ahapụ ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ ka ha malite ịkọ osikapa n'ọzara ahụ. Okporo ụzọ ahụ ga-eme ka ala mmiri na-akpọnwụ ma belata ọkwa ọdọ mmiri ahụ.[3] Onye nchịkwa nke obodo Bwambarangwe kwuru na 2005 na Ọrụ Nkwado na Nkwado Ọrụ Ugbo (PRASAB) iji mebie ala mmiri Nyamabuno amalitela.[3] == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|25em}} == Ebe e si nweta ya == {{refbegin}} *{{citation |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-431146.html |accessdate=2024-06-17 |title=Nyamabuno, Burundi |work=Mindat |ref={{harvid|Nyamabuno, Burundi Mindat}} }} *{{citation |url=https://bi.chm-cbd.net/sites/bi/files/2020-12/paysage-aquatique-nord-bi.pdf |access-date=9 June 2024 |language=fr |title=Paysage Aquatique Protege du Nord du Burundi – Etude D'identification |last1=Nzigidahera |first1=Benoît |last2=Fofo |first2=Alphonse |last3=Misigaro |first3=Apollinaire |date=August 2005}} *{{citation |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/749089751#map=14/-2.4081/30.3850 |accessdate=2024-06-17 |title=Way: Nyamabuno (749089751) |work=OpenStreetMap |ref={{harvid|Way: Nyamabuno OpenStreetMap}} }} {{refend}} j3wk4dki59k72918nuouf6d8pxkazse 0 77208 670620 2026-06-30T23:28:37Z Aluta editor 62822 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1255325632|Nunga Marsh]]" 670620 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Nunga marsh''' (French: Marais de Nunga; 2°31′26′′S 29°58′00′′E / 2.5238°S 29.9666°E / -2.5238; 29.9666) bụ ala ahịhịa dị na Commune nke Ntega, na Kirundo Province, Burundi. == Ebe == Nunga kpuchiri ebe dị hekta 39 (eka 96).[1] Mpaghara gbara Nunga gburugburu fọrọ nke nta ka ọ jupụta n'ubi.[2] E nwere ihe dị ka mmadụ 356 kwa square kilomita gburugburu Nunga nke nwere ọtụtụ mmadụ bi na ya.[3] Nhazi ihu igwe Köppen bụ: Aw : Savanna nke ebe okpomọkụ, mmiri mmiri.[4] Okpomọkụ nkezi bụ 20 °C (68 °F). Ọnwa kacha ekpo ọkụ bụ Septemba, na 22 °C (72 °F), oyi kacha oyi bụ Eprel, na 18 °C (64 °F).[5] Mmiri ozuzo nkezi bụ milimita 1,170 (46 in) kwa afọ. Ọnwa mmiri kacha ekpo ọkụ bụ Maachị, na milimita 178 (7.0 in), nke kacha kpọọ nkụ bụ Julaị, yana milimita 1 (0.039 in) == Edensibịa == {{Reflist|25em}} == Ebe e si nweta ya ==   trrd8k936k6nnq2iea286q58ma6ky03 670621 670620 2026-06-30T23:30:13Z Aluta editor 62822 670621 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Nunga marsh''' (French: Marais de Nunga; 2°31′26′′S 29°58′00′′E / 2.5238°S 29.9666°E / -2.5238; 29.9666) bụ ala ahịhịa dị na Commune nke Ntega, na Kirundo Province, Burundi. == Ebe == Nunga kpuchiri ebe dị hekta 39 (eka 96).{{sfn|Strategie Nationale De Developpement}} Mpaghara gbara Nunga gburugburu fọrọ nke nta ka ọ jupụta n'ubi.{{sfn|NASA Land Cover}} E nwere ihe dị ka mmadụ 356 kwa square kilomita gburugburu Nunga nke nwere ọtụtụ mmadụ bi na ya.{{sfn|NASA Population Density}} Nhazi ihu igwe Köppen bụ: Aw : Savanna nke ebe okpomọkụ, mmiri mmiri.{{sfn|Munga, Mindat}} Okpomọkụ nkezi bụ 20 °C (68 °F). Ọnwa kacha ekpo ọkụ bụ Septemba, na 22 °C (72 °F), oyi kacha oyi bụ Eprel, na 18 °C (64 °F).[5] Mmiri ozuzo nkezi bụ milimita 1,170 (46 in) kwa afọ. Ọnwa mmiri kacha ekpo ọkụ bụ Maachị, na milimita 178 (7.0 in), nke kacha kpọọ nkụ bụ Julaị, yana milimita 1 (0.039 in) == Edensibịa == {{Reflist|25em}} == Ebe e si nweta ya ==   euz3wjv9rgb2wkrv69e9dvb2b21dpqw 670622 670621 2026-06-30T23:31:36Z Aluta editor 62822 670622 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Nunga marsh''' (French: Marais de Nunga; 2°31′26′′S 29°58′00′′E / 2.5238°S 29.9666°E / -2.5238; 29.9666) bụ ala ahịhịa dị na Commune nke Ntega, na Kirundo Province, Burundi. == Ebe == Nunga kpuchiri ebe dị hekta 39 (eka 96).{{sfn|Strategie Nationale De Developpement}} Mpaghara gbara Nunga gburugburu fọrọ nke nta ka ọ jupụta n'ubi.{{sfn|NASA Land Cover}} E nwere ihe dị ka mmadụ 356 kwa square kilomita gburugburu Nunga nke nwere ọtụtụ mmadụ bi na ya.{{sfn|NASA Population Density}} Nhazi ihu igwe Köppen bụ: Aw : Savanna nke ebe okpomọkụ, mmiri mmiri.{{sfn|Munga, Mindat}} Okpomọkụ nkezi bụ 20 °C (68 °F). Ọnwa kacha ekpo ọkụ bụ Septemba, na 22 °C (72 °F), oyi kacha oyi bụ Eprel, na 18 °C (64 °F).{{sfn|NASA Data Set Index}} Mmiri ozuzo nkezi bụ milimita 1,170 (46 in) kwa afọ. Ọnwa mmiri kacha ekpo ọkụ bụ Maachị, na milimita 178 (7.0 in), nke kacha kpọọ nkụ bụ Julaị, yana milimita 1 (0.039 in).{{sfn|NASA Rainfall}} == Edensibịa == {{Reflist|25em}} == Ebe e si nweta ya ==   eq6e1a5k3ua3101mvf2u5lrtxaviplj 670623 670622 2026-06-30T23:31:53Z Aluta editor 62822 670623 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Nunga marsh''' (French: Marais de Nunga; 2°31′26′′S 29°58′00′′E / 2.5238°S 29.9666°E / -2.5238; 29.9666) bụ ala ahịhịa dị na Commune nke Ntega, na Kirundo Province, Burundi. == Ebe == Nunga kpuchiri ebe dị hekta 39 (eka 96).{{sfn|Strategie Nationale De Developpement}} Mpaghara gbara Nunga gburugburu fọrọ nke nta ka ọ jupụta n'ubi.{{sfn|NASA Land Cover}} E nwere ihe dị ka mmadụ 356 kwa square kilomita gburugburu Nunga nke nwere ọtụtụ mmadụ bi na ya.{{sfn|NASA Population Density}} Nhazi ihu igwe Köppen bụ: Aw : Savanna nke ebe okpomọkụ, mmiri mmiri.{{sfn|Munga, Mindat}} Okpomọkụ nkezi bụ 20 °C (68 °F). Ọnwa kacha ekpo ọkụ bụ Septemba, na 22 °C (72 °F), oyi kacha oyi bụ Eprel, na 18 °C (64 °F).{{sfn|NASA Data Set Index}} Mmiri ozuzo nkezi bụ milimita 1,170 (46 in) kwa afọ. Ọnwa mmiri kacha ekpo ọkụ bụ Maachị, na milimita 178 (7.0 in), nke kacha kpọọ nkụ bụ Julaị, yana milimita 1 (0.039 in).{{sfn|NASA Rainfall}} == Edensibịa == {{Reflist|25em}} == Ebe e si nweta ya ==  {{refbegin}} *{{citation |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-430207.html |accessdate=2024-06-16 |title=Nunga, Kirundo Province, Burundi |work=Mindat |ref={{harvid|Munga, Mindat}} }} *{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=SEDAC_POP |ref={{harvid|NASA Population Density}} |title= NASA Earth Observations: Population Density|access-date = 30 January 2016 |publisher= NASA/SEDAC}} *{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php |ref={{harvid|NASA Data Set Index}} |title= NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index |access-date = 30 January 2016 |publisher= NASA}} *{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M&year=2014 |ref={{harvid|NASA Rainfall}} |title= NASA Earth Observations: Rainfall (1 month - TRMM)|access-date = 30 January 2016 |publisher= NASA/Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission}}> *{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=MCD12C1_T1 |ref={{harvid|NASA Land Cover}} |title= NASA Earth Observations: Land Cover Classification|access-date = 30 January 2016 |publisher= NASA/MODIS}} *{{citation |url=https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/Bur182110.pdf |accessdate=2024-06-16 |publisher=Ministere de l’Agriculture et de l’Elevage |title=Strategie Nationale De Developpement De La Filiere Riz Au Burundi |year=2014 |ref={{harvid|Strategie Nationale De Developpement}} }} {{refend}} lu7enxjfs6g01s21h39uf8bn6djvqdt 0 77209 670624 2026-06-30T23:33:11Z Aluta editor 62822 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1328195090|Nduruma River]]" 670624 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Osimiri Nduruma''' (French: Rivière Nduruma) bụ osimiri dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Kirundo Province, Burundi, nke dị na ọdọ mmiri Kanzigiri. == Ụzọ == Osimiri Nduruma na-eto n'ebe ugwu nke ugwu Tongo na Commune nke Gitobe, ebe Osimiri Mukabagabaga na Osimiri Ntimba na-agbakọta. Ọ na-asọ n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ gafere Gitobe, n'akụkụ okporo ụzọ RP62.[3] [a] Akụkụ dị ala nke Osimiri Nduruma mejupụtara ókèala dị n'etiti Commune nke Gitobe na Commune of Busoni.[5] N'ala ala ya, n'etiti ugwu Shore na Buringa, osimiri ahụ na-akpọ Osimiri Kanzigiri, nke na-ejikọta ya na ala mmiri nke Osimiri Gacucu ma na-azụta nsọtụ ndịda nke Ọdọ Mmiri Kanzigiri. [6][7] == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta osimiri nke Burundi == Ihe edeturu == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|25em}} == Ebe e si nweta ya ==   ies5dl7jbwclx0tor71d24v5seezan8 670625 670624 2026-06-30T23:33:53Z Aluta editor 62822 670625 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Osimiri Nduruma''' (French: Rivière Nduruma) bụ osimiri dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Kirundo Province, Burundi, nke dị na ọdọ mmiri Kanzigiri. == Ụzọ == Osimiri Nduruma na-eto n'ebe ugwu nke ugwu Tongo na Commune nke Gitobe, ebe Osimiri Mukabagabaga na Osimiri Ntimba na-agbakọta. Ọ na-asọ n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ gafere Gitobe, n'akụkụ okporo ụzọ RP62.[3] [a] Akụkụ dị ala nke Osimiri Nduruma mejupụtara ókèala dị n'etiti Commune nke Gitobe na Commune of Busoni.[5] N'ala ala ya, n'etiti ugwu Shore na Buringa, osimiri ahụ na-akpọ Osimiri Kanzigiri, nke na-ejikọta ya na ala mmiri nke Osimiri Gacucu ma na-azụta nsọtụ ndịda nke Ọdọ Mmiri Kanzigiri. [6][7] == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta osimiri nke Burundi == Ihe edeturu == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|25em}} == Ebe e si nweta ya ==  {{refbegin}} *{{citation |url=https://proreds.eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Investment-opportunities-in-renewable-energy-Burundi.pdf |accessdate=2024-08-31|page=14 |title=Investment opportunities in renewable energy Burundi |publisher=Minister for Energy and Mines |date=October 2012 |ref={{harvid|Investment opportunities in renewable energy}} }} *{{citation |url=https://maps.lib.utexas.edu/maps/topo/burundi/kirundo-burundi-50k-4875iv-1981.pdf |accessdate=2024-09-03 |author=U.S. Defense Mapping Agency |title=Kirundo |publisher=University of Texas at Austin |year=1994 |ref={{harvid|Kirundo USDMA}} }} *{{citation |url=https://maps.lib.utexas.edu/maps/topo/burundi/txu-pclmaps-oclc-55852889-4876-2.jpg |accessdate=2024-09-03 |author=U.S. Defense Mapping Agency |title=Lac Rweru |publisher=University of Texas at Austin |year=1994 |ref={{harvid|Lac Rweru USDMA}} }} *{{citation |url=https://maps.lib.utexas.edu/maps/topo/burundi/rugari-burundi-50k-4875i-1981.pdf |accessdate=2024-09-03 |author=U.S. Defense Mapping Agency |title=Rugari |publisher=University of Texas at Austin |year=1994 |ref={{harvid|Rugari USDMA}} }} *{{citation |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/224724040#map=12/-2.5830/30.2570 |accessdate=2024-09-03 |title=Way: Nduruma (224724040) |work=OpenStreetMap |ref={{harvid|Way: Nduruma (224724040)}} }} {{refend}} ldw4oofb378ds0sihlsatzv1hvw90v2 670626 670625 2026-06-30T23:37:57Z Aluta editor 62822 670626 wikitext text/x-wiki  <ref name="HydroATLAS">{{Cite journal |last=Linke |first=Simon |last2=Lehner |first2=Bernhard |last3=Ouellet Dallaire |first3=Camille |last4=Ariwi |first4=Joseph |last5=Grill |first5=Günther |last6=Anand |first6=Mira |last7=Beames |first7=Penny |last8=Burchard-Levine |first8=Vicente |last9=Maxwell |first9=Sally |last10=Moidu |first10=Hana |last11=Tan |first11=Florence |last12=Thieme |first12=Michele |date=2019-12-09 |title=Global hydro-environmental sub-basin and river reach characteristics at high spatial resolution |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-019-0300-6 |journal=Scientific Data |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |doi=10.1038/s41597-019-0300-6 |issn=2052-4463 |pmc=6901482 |pmid=31819059}}</ref>  <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=Luling |last2=Cao |first2=Xin |last3=Li |first3=Shijie |last4=Jie |first4=Na |date=2024-01-24 |title=A 31-year (1990–2020) global gridded population dataset generated by cluster analysis and statistical learning |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-024-02913-0 |journal=Scientific Data |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |doi=10.1038/s41597-024-02913-0 |issn=2052-4463 |pmc=10808219 |pmid=38267476}}</ref> '''Osimiri Nduruma''' (French: Rivière Nduruma) bụ osimiri dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Kirundo Province, Burundi, nke dị na ọdọ mmiri Kanzigiri. == Ụzọ == Osimiri Nduruma na-eto n'ebe ugwu nke ugwu Tongo na Commune nke Gitobe, ebe Osimiri Mukabagabaga na Osimiri Ntimba na-agbakọta. Ọ na-asọ n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ gafere Gitobe, n'akụkụ okporo ụzọ RP62.{{sfn|Kirundo USDMA}} [a] Akụkụ dị ala nke Osimiri Nduruma mejupụtara ókèala dị n'etiti Commune nke Gitobe na Commune of Busoni.{{sfn|Investment opportunities in renewable energy|p=14}} N'ala ala ya, n'etiti ugwu Shore na Buringa, osimiri ahụ na-akpọ Osimiri Kanzigiri, nke na-ejikọta ya na ala mmiri nke Osimiri Gacucu ma na-azụta nsọtụ ndịda nke Ọdọ Mmiri Kanzigiri. {{sfn|Kirundo USDMA}} {{sfn|Lac Rweru USDMA}} == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta osimiri nke Burundi == Ihe edeturu == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|25em}} == Ebe e si nweta ya ==  {{refbegin}} *{{citation |url=https://proreds.eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Investment-opportunities-in-renewable-energy-Burundi.pdf |accessdate=2024-08-31|page=14 |title=Investment opportunities in renewable energy Burundi |publisher=Minister for Energy and Mines |date=October 2012 |ref={{harvid|Investment opportunities in renewable energy}} }} *{{citation |url=https://maps.lib.utexas.edu/maps/topo/burundi/kirundo-burundi-50k-4875iv-1981.pdf |accessdate=2024-09-03 |author=U.S. Defense Mapping Agency |title=Kirundo |publisher=University of Texas at Austin |year=1994 |ref={{harvid|Kirundo USDMA}} }} *{{citation |url=https://maps.lib.utexas.edu/maps/topo/burundi/txu-pclmaps-oclc-55852889-4876-2.jpg |accessdate=2024-09-03 |author=U.S. Defense Mapping Agency |title=Lac Rweru |publisher=University of Texas at Austin |year=1994 |ref={{harvid|Lac Rweru USDMA}} }} *{{citation |url=https://maps.lib.utexas.edu/maps/topo/burundi/rugari-burundi-50k-4875i-1981.pdf |accessdate=2024-09-03 |author=U.S. Defense Mapping Agency |title=Rugari |publisher=University of Texas at Austin |year=1994 |ref={{harvid|Rugari USDMA}} }} *{{citation |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/224724040#map=12/-2.5830/30.2570 |accessdate=2024-09-03 |title=Way: Nduruma (224724040) |work=OpenStreetMap |ref={{harvid|Way: Nduruma (224724040)}} }} {{refend}} p51z3g68uq4c9v06fmf8y853pwowahi 0 77210 670627 2026-06-30T23:39:36Z Aluta editor 62822 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1296263453|Kabuyenge River]]" 670627 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Osimiri Kabuyenge''' (French: Rivière Kabuyenge) bụ osimiri dị n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke Kirundo Province, Burundi . == Ụzọ == Isi iyi nke Osimiri Kabuyenge, '''Osimiri Kaduduri''', na-emepụta ebe '''Osimiri Rubirizi''' si n'aka ekpe jikọta ya na Osimiri Mirwa.[3] [a] Osimiri Kabuyenge na-etolite ebe Osimiri Nyabiho si n'aka ekpe (ọdịda anyanwụ) na-esonyere Osimiri Kaduduri site n'aka nri (ọwụwa anyanwụ).[3] Kabuyenge na-asọ n'akụkụ ugwu-ọwụwa anyanwụ. Mgbe Osimiri Gahahe jikọtara ya na aka ekpe, a na-akpọ iyi a na-ejikọta ọnụ Osimiri Gacucu,[b] nke bụ akụkụ aka nri nke Osimiri Kanzigiri. == Ebe obibi == Mpaghara ndị gbara Kabuyenge gburugburu bụ savannah.<sup class="mw-ref reference" ime="" span=""><nowiki>":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","":"FOOTNOTEnasalandcover"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-_note-FOOTNOTEnasalandcover-8"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"nasalandcover"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEnasalandcover_8-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref"></nowiki>[./Kabuyenge_River#cite_note-FOOTNOTEnasalandcover-8 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> Ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ jupụtara, na ndị bi na 319 kwa square kilomita.[7] Ọnọdụ ihu igwe Savannah dị n'ógbè ahụ. Nkezi okpomọkụ kwa afọ n'ógbè ahụ bụ 20 . Ọnwa kachasị ekpo ọkụ bụ August, mgbe nkezi okpomọkụ bụ 24 , na nke kachasị jụụ bụ Jenụwarị, na 18 . [8] Nkezi mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ bụ 1,170 milimita (46 in). Ọnwa mmiri kachasị bụ Machị, na nkezi nke 178 milimita (7.0 in) nke mmiri ozuzo, na nke kachasị akọrọ bụ Julaị, na 1 milimita (0.039 in) nke ruwan ozuzo. [9] == Marsh == Kabuyenge marsh dị n'ókè dị n'etiti Commune nke Busoni na Commune of Bwambarangwe, ọ dịkwa n'ebe ugwu nke obodo Mukenke.[10] Nchịkọta ihu igwe Köppen bụ Aw: Tropical savanna, wet.[11] Kabuyenge Marsh na [[Kabanga Marsh]] na-echekwa nguzozi mmiri nke Ọdọ Mmiri Kanzigiri. [[Food and Agriculture Organization|Òtù Nri na Ọrụ Ugbo]] nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu (FAO) emeela mpaghara mgbochi gburugburu nke ọ bụla n'ime ala ahịhịa ndị a.[12] Ụfọdụ ezinụlọ na-ewepụta ụrọ n'ọzara Kabuyenge iji mee brik maka iwu ụlọ.[13] Akụkọ nke afọ 2005 kwuru na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo mere ka ndị obodo jiri ebe apịtị mee ihe ubi dịka osikapa, ọka wit, unere na colocasia. E nwere ihe ubi osikapa n'elu mmiri na n'ala mmiri Kabanga na Kabuyenge. A na-ebibi mpaghara nchekwa nke ala mmiri Kabuyenge n'ogologo ihe dị ka mita 100 (ụkwụ 330) [12] == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta osimiri nke Burundi == Ihe edeturu == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|25em}}<templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />  qyfwse1lh4idlzihl8udz7boynycs90 670628 670627 2026-06-30T23:42:14Z Aluta editor 62822 670628 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Osimiri Kabuyenge''' (French: Rivière Kabuyenge) bụ osimiri dị n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke Kirundo Province, Burundi . == Ụzọ == Isi iyi nke Osimiri Kabuyenge, '''Osimiri Kaduduri''', na-emepụta ebe '''Osimiri Rubirizi''' si n'aka ekpe jikọta ya na Osimiri Mirwa.[3] [a] Osimiri Kabuyenge na-etolite ebe Osimiri Nyabiho si n'aka ekpe (ọdịda anyanwụ) na-esonyere Osimiri Kaduduri site n'aka nri (ọwụwa anyanwụ).[3] Kabuyenge na-asọ n'akụkụ ugwu-ọwụwa anyanwụ. Mgbe Osimiri Gahahe jikọtara ya na aka ekpe, a na-akpọ iyi a na-ejikọta ọnụ Osimiri Gacucu,[b] nke bụ akụkụ aka nri nke Osimiri Kanzigiri. == Ebe obibi == Mpaghara ndị gbara Kabuyenge gburugburu bụ savannah.<sup class="mw-ref reference" ime="" span=""><nowiki>":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","":"FOOTNOTEnasalandcover"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-_note-FOOTNOTEnasalandcover-8"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"nasalandcover"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEnasalandcover_8-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref"></nowiki>[./Kabuyenge_River#cite_note-FOOTNOTEnasalandcover-8 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> Ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ jupụtara, na ndị bi na 319 kwa square kilomita.[7] Ọnọdụ ihu igwe Savannah dị n'ógbè ahụ. Nkezi okpomọkụ kwa afọ n'ógbè ahụ bụ 20 . Ọnwa kachasị ekpo ọkụ bụ August, mgbe nkezi okpomọkụ bụ 24 , na nke kachasị jụụ bụ Jenụwarị, na 18 . [8] Nkezi mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ bụ 1,170 milimita (46 in). Ọnwa mmiri kachasị bụ Machị, na nkezi nke 178 milimita (7.0 in) nke mmiri ozuzo, na nke kachasị akọrọ bụ Julaị, na 1 milimita (0.039 in) nke ruwan ozuzo. [9] == Marsh == Kabuyenge marsh dị n'ókè dị n'etiti Commune nke Busoni na Commune of Bwambarangwe, ọ dịkwa n'ebe ugwu nke obodo Mukenke.[10] Nchịkọta ihu igwe Köppen bụ Aw: Tropical savanna, wet.[11] Kabuyenge Marsh na [[Kabanga Marsh]] na-echekwa nguzozi mmiri nke Ọdọ Mmiri Kanzigiri. [[Food and Agriculture Organization|Òtù Nri na Ọrụ Ugbo]] nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu (FAO) emeela mpaghara mgbochi gburugburu nke ọ bụla n'ime ala ahịhịa ndị a.[12] Ụfọdụ ezinụlọ na-ewepụta ụrọ n'ọzara Kabuyenge iji mee brik maka iwu ụlọ.[13] Akụkọ nke afọ 2005 kwuru na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo mere ka ndị obodo jiri ebe apịtị mee ihe ubi dịka osikapa, ọka wit, unere na colocasia. E nwere ihe ubi osikapa n'elu mmiri na n'ala mmiri Kabanga na Kabuyenge. A na-ebibi mpaghara nchekwa nke ala mmiri Kabuyenge n'ogologo ihe dị ka mita 100 (ụkwụ 330) [12] == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta osimiri nke Burundi == Ihe edeturu == {{notelist}} == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|25em}}<templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />  ==Isi mmalite== {{refbegin}} *{{citation |url=https://proreds.eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Investment-opportunities-in-renewable-energy-Burundi.pdf |accessdate=2024-08-31|page=14 |title=Investment opportunities in renewable energy Burundi |publisher=Minister for Energy and Mines |date=October 2012 |ref={{harvid|Investment opportunities in renewable energy}} }} *{{citation |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-443778.html |accessdate=2024-06-18 |title=Kabuyenge, Burundi |work=Mindat |ref={{harvid|Kabuyenge, Burundi Mindat}} }} *{{citation|url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=SEDAC_POP |title=NASA Earth Observations: Population Density |accessdate=30 January 2016 |ref={{harvid|nasapop}} |publisher=NASA/SEDAC |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209064446/http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=SEDAC_POP |archivedate=9 February 2016}} *{{citation|url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php |title=NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index |accessdate=30 January 2016 |ref={{harvid|nasa}} |publisher=NASA |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171128214629/https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php |archivedate=28 November 2017}} Temperature data from satellite measurements of the earth's surface temperature within a box that is 0,1×0,1 grader. *{{citation|url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M&year=2014 |title=NASA Earth Observations: Rainfall (1 month - TRMM) |ref={{harvid|nasarain}} |publisher=NASA/Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission|accessdate=30 January 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419091014/https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M&year=2014 |archivedate=19 April 2019}} Average value for the years 2012–2014 within a box that is0,1×0,1 grader. *{{citation|url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=MCD12C1_T1 |title=NASA Earth Observations: Land Cover Classification |ref={{harvid|nasalandcover}} |publisher=NASA/MODIS |accessdate=30 January 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160228161657/http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=MCD12C1_T1 |archivedate=28 February 2016}} *{{citation |url=https://bi.chm-cbd.net/sites/bi/files/2020-12/paysage-aquatique-nord-bi.pdf |access-date=9 June 2024 |language=fr |last1=Nzigidahera |title=Paysage Aquatique Protege du Nord du Burundi – Etude D'identification |first1=Benoît |last2=Fofo |first2=Alphonse |last3=Misigaro |first3=Apollinaire |date=August 2005}} *{{citation |url=https://maps.lib.utexas.edu/maps/topo/burundi/rugari-burundi-50k-4875i-1981.pdf |accessdate=2024-09-03 |title=Rugari |author=U.S. Defense Mapping Agency |publisher=University of Texas at Austin |year=1994 |ref={{harvid|Rugari USDMA}} }} *{{citation |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/224724039#map=12/-2.5679/30.3089 |accessdate=2024-06-17 |title=Way: Kabuyenge (224724039) |work=OpenStreetMap |ref={{harvid|Way: Kabuyenge (224724039)}} }} *{{citation |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/404253981#map=12/-2.5065/30.4132 |accessdate=2024-08-31 |title=Way: Runombe (404253981) |work=OpenStreetMap |ref={{harvid|Way: Runombe (404253981)}} }} {{refend}} csmgd5ts0fa7ps8a5hwh7k2ljlvr5k0 0 77211 670629 2026-06-30T23:43:09Z Aluta editor 62822 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1301361509|Lake Tengrela]]" 670629 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ọdọ mmiri Tengrela''' bụ obere ọdọ mmiri dị nso na Banfora na Burkina Faso. A maara ya maka hippopotamuse ya. Ndị obodo kwenyere na hippopotamuse ndị a anaghị awakpo mmadụ n'ihi na ha bụ hippopotamuse dị nsọ. A naghị ahụ agụ iyi n'ọdọ mmiri a. Ọ dị kilomita abụọ n'ogologo na kilomita otu na ọkara n'obosara.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Mepham|first=Robert|authorlink=|title=A directory of African wetlands|publisher=[[IUCN]]|year=1992|pages=316|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA316|isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} n09vv3yxwt9gljqjc32pdy5qlp9dch9 670630 670629 2026-06-30T23:44:09Z Aluta editor 62822 670630 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ọdọ mmiri Tengrela''' bụ obere ọdọ mmiri dị nso na Banfora na Burkina Faso. A maara ya maka hippopotamuse ya. Ndị obodo kwenyere na hippopotamuse ndị a anaghị awakpo mmadụ n'ihi na ha bụ hippopotamuse dị nsọ. A naghị ahụ agụ iyi n'ọdọ mmiri a. Ọ dị kilomita abụọ n'ogologo na kilomita otu na ọkara n'obosara. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Lac de Tingrela|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1881|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Mepham|first=Robert|authorlink=|title=A directory of African wetlands|publisher=[[IUCN]]|year=1992|pages=316|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA316|isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} 9s3b35uvarlrdeta2errdlvu93yevnf 0 77212 670631 2026-06-30T23:45:37Z Aluta editor 62822 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1020586498|Mare d'Oursi]]" 670631 wikitext text/x-wiki   Mare d'[[Oursi]] bụ obere ọdọ mmiri dị omimi na Oudalan Province na ugwu Burkina Faso, dị nso na obodo Oursi.<ref name="Mepham">{{Cite book|author=Mepham|first=Robert|authorlink=|title=A directory of African wetlands|publisher=[[IUCN]]|date=1992|pages=316|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA316|isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref>A gụnyere ya na Ndepụta nke ala mmiri Ramsar dị mkpa maka mba ụwa.<ref>{{Cite book|author=World Conservation Monitoring Centre|authorlink=|title=Protected areas of the world: a review of national systems, Volume 2|publisher=IUCN|date=1991|pages=10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GAtfSkr1q6sC&pg=PT10|isbn=2-8317-0092-2}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite book|author=Claude|first=Jacques|authorlink=|title=Un Espace Sahélien: la Mare d'Oursi, Burkina Faso|publisher=IRD Editions|date=1991|language=French|isbn=2-7099-1067-5}} 5lba5a1zz0b8mqzqql4vlhft3uj7xt9 670632 670631 2026-06-30T23:46:22Z Aluta editor 62822 670632 wikitext text/x-wiki   <ref>{{Cite web|title=La Mare d'Oursi|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/490|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref> Mare d'[[Oursi]] bụ obere ọdọ mmiri dị omimi na Oudalan Province na ugwu Burkina Faso, dị nso na obodo Oursi.<ref name="Mepham">{{Cite book|author=Mepham|first=Robert|authorlink=|title=A directory of African wetlands|publisher=[[IUCN]]|date=1992|pages=316|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA316|isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref>A gụnyere ya na Ndepụta nke ala mmiri Ramsar dị mkpa maka mba ụwa.<ref>{{Cite book|author=World Conservation Monitoring Centre|authorlink=|title=Protected areas of the world: a review of national systems, Volume 2|publisher=IUCN|date=1991|pages=10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GAtfSkr1q6sC&pg=PT10|isbn=2-8317-0092-2}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite book|author=Claude|first=Jacques|authorlink=|title=Un Espace Sahélien: la Mare d'Oursi, Burkina Faso|publisher=IRD Editions|date=1991|language=French|isbn=2-7099-1067-5}} ckrtmycvtumdjc52irg9aja0uhpw1b9 0 77213 670633 2026-07-01T05:17:02Z Aluta editor 62822 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341079211|Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park]]" 670633 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ogige Ntụrụndụ Nouabalé-Ndoki''' bụ ogige ntụrụndụ mba na Republic of the Congo. E guzobere ya na 1993, na mpaghara ugwu nke Congo, ọ bụ ebe obibi nke enyí ọhịa, nnukwu enwe, gụnyere gorillas dị ala ọdịda anyanwụ na ụdị chimpanzees na bongo dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ. Oke ọhịa ahụ nwere ọtụtụ ụdị nnụnụ 300, tinyere ụdị osisi na osisi 1,000 nke gụnyere mahoganies ndị a na-egbu egbu.. <ref name="Congo">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wcs-congo.org/projects/nouabale.htm|title=Nouabale-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=WCS Congo|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722053408/http://www.wcs-congo.org/projects/nouabale.htm|archivedate=2011-07-22}}</ref> <ref name="WCS">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wcs-congo.org/|title=Welcome to WCS-Congo|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=WCS-Congo|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202020340/http://wcs-congo.org/|archivedate=2010-12-02}}</ref> == Nchịkwa == A na-achịkwa Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba Nouabalé-Ndoki n'okpuru nkwekọrịta mmekọrịta ọha na eze (PPP), nke e bịanyere aka na ya na 2013 n'etiti Gọọmentị RoC na WCS. Nkwekọrịta ahụ mepụtara Ntọala Nouabalé-Ndoki (FNN), nke e kenyere WCS dị ka Ngalaba Njikwa Ogige ruo 2038. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Echiche nke ịmepụta ogige ntụrụndụ echekwara pụtara na 1980s site na nghọta na enyí ọhịa na-agagharị n'enweghị ihe mgbochi na mpaghara niile nke ogige ntorobịa atọ ahụ chọrọ ka a chebe ha pụọ na ndị na-achụ nta na ụlọ ọrụ na-egbutu osisi.<ref name="wwf">{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8796.pdf|title=Sangha Tri-National Landscape|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=World Wild Life Fund}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8796.pdf "Sangha Tri-National Landscape"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> Atụmatụ iji guzobe Ogige Ntụrụndụ nke Nouabale-Ndoki malitere na 1991 site na Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) na Gọọmentị Congo na nkwado nke USAID dị ka ọrụ mmekorita gafere ókèala. Ọ gụnyekwara ọganihu nke mmekọrịta ya na ndị ọchịchị mpaghara, mpaghara na mba. E mechara guzobe ogige ntụrụndụ a na Septemba 1993, nke nwere mpaghara dị 3,921.69 km2 (1,514.17 sq mi) n'etiti Ngalaba Sangha nke dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ na Ngalaba Likouala nke dị n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Congo.. N'afọ 1999, ụlọ ọrụ osisi CIB (Congolaise Industrielle du Bois) na ndị obodo ahụ sonyeere WCS na Gọọmentị Congo iji mepụta ụlọ ọrụ ga-ebelata mmetụta ọjọọ nke ịkpụ osisi na ogige ntụrụndụ. Na 2001, e gbasaara ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ, e tinyere akụkụ nke nkwekọrịta osisi dị nso a maara dị ka triangle Gouloago n'ogige ntụrụndụ a. Ụlọ ọrụ osisi German nyefere ikike ya karịa 100 km2 (39 sq mi) nke Goualougo Triangle n'okpuru nkwekọrịta ya ka e jikọta ya na ogige ntụrụndụ mba, ma kpebisiekwa ike igbochi ịchụ nta. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-eme ọrụ osisi (karịsịa ụdị osisi abụọ nke Africa maka osisi dị elu) n'ọtụtụ mpaghara ọhịa dị na ugwu Congo ruo n'ókè dị oke, ogige a enweghị ọrụ ọ bụla dị otú ahụ. Nke a emeela ka ọ baara uru n'ichekwa na mmụba nke ọnụọgụgụ anụ ọhịa na ebe obibi okike nke ọhịa dị n'ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ..<ref name="Riley">{{Cite book|author=Riley|first=Laura|title=Nature's strongholds: the world's great wildlife reserves|accessdate=2010-09-21|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_icMuBQhW4vgC|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=2005|isbn=0-691-12219-9}}</ref><ref name="file">{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.int/wcm/webdav/site/congo/shared/documents/NOUABALE-NDOKI%20NATIONAL%20PARK.pps|title=Protected areas of Congo|format=ppt|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Wild Life Conservation Society (WCS)|work=Congo BioDiversity: Description|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120213347/http://www.un.int/wcm/webdav/site/congo/shared/documents/NOUABALE-NDOKI%20NATIONAL%20PARK.pps|archivedate=2012-01-20}}</ref><ref name="Embassy">{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/congo/cache/offonce/pid/2479|title=Congo BioDiversity: Description|work=Slide 4|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Permanent Missions of the Republic of Congo|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112005658/http://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/congo/cache/offonce/pid/2479|archivedate=2012-01-12}}</ref><ref name="frontier">{{Cite web|url=http://africanadrenalin.com/WildFrontiers/congo_nouabale_ndoki_national_park_guided_tour.htm|title=Congo Nouabale-Ndoki National Park Guided Tour - 11 Day|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Wiled Frontier|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707092822/http://africanadrenalin.com/WildFrontiers/congo_nouabale_ndoki_national_park_guided_tour.htm|archivedate=2011-07-07}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110707092822/http://africanadrenalin.com/WildFrontiers/congo_nouabale_ndoki_national_park_guided_tour.htm "Congo Nouabale-Ndoki National Park Guided Tour - 11 Day"]. </cite></ref> Na nnọkọ Minista nke Ọhịa nke [[Central African Forest Commission]] (COMIFAC), e kpebiri iguzobe n'ime Congo Basin, Sangha River Tri-National Protected Area (TNS) nke nwere ngụkọta nke km2 sq mi) nke gụnyere Dzanga Sangha Special Reserve na Dzanga-Ndoki National Park na [[Central African Republic]], Nouabalé-Ndoki State Park na [[Republic of the Congo|Congo-Brazzaville]], na Lobéké National Park na [[Kameroon|Cameroon]]. <ref name="tri">{{Cite web|url=http://www.zambezi.com/location/congo_basin_tri_national_park|title=Lowland Gorilla Sangha National Park|accessdate=2010-09-18|publisher=The Zambazi Safari and Travel Co. Ltd}}</ref><ref name="Sangha">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|title=The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=Dazanga Sangha Central African Republic|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|archivedate=2010-08-11}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309 "The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)"]. </cite></ref> N'afọ 2012, e nyere ogige ntụrụndụ mba atọ ahụ ọnọdụ World Heritage Site dị ka Sangha Trinational . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1380|title=Sangha Trinational|work=UNESCO World Heritage List|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=21 March 2021}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == [[Faịlụ:Sangha_Tri_National_Landscape.jpg|thumb|Ala Ala Mba Sangha Tri. A na-akpọ ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ.]] The protected area, which is part of the Sangha River Tri-National Protected Area (STN) is drained mainly by the [[Osimiri Sangha|Sangha River]], a tributary of the Congo River. It is 3,921.61 km2 (1,514.14 sq mi) of pristine tropical rainforest with no human habitation within it and with human population densities in its periphery that are comparatively low for the sub-region. Part of the forest is still inaccessible and remains unexplored. It is a swampy tropical forest in lowlands that are part of the Congo River drainage basin. This park, along with the other two reserved parks within the larger Sangha Reserve, is secluded from all economic activity involving roads and human interference, which has resulted in its maintenance as a pristine rainforest.<ref name="Sangha">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|title=The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=Dazanga Sangha Central African Republic|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|archivedate=2010-08-11}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309 "The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)"]. </cite></ref><ref name="Riley">{{Cite book|author=Riley|first=Laura|title=Nature's strongholds: the world's great wildlife reserves|accessdate=2010-09-21|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_icMuBQhW4vgC|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=2005|isbn=0-691-12219-9}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRileyWilliam_Riley2005">Riley, Laura; William Riley (2005). </cite></ref><ref name="wild">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html|title=Congo Republic: Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Wild Life Hot Spots|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409190039/http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html|archivedate=2011-04-09}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110409190039/http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html "Congo Republic: Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park"]. </cite></ref> Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ dị n'ime ọhịa nke Congo nke mejupụtara 11% nke mpaghara niile nke mba ahụ. A na-agbakwunye ya n'ime ebe ndị a na-echebe, ebe ndị a chụpụrụ achụpụ a maara dị ka Bai na Yanga, mpaghara oge abụọ maka ndị na-akwagharị akwagharị, ebe ịchụ nta echekwara maka ndị ọrụ, mpaghara ndị a na'echebe nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ebe anụ oriri maka ịchụ nta, mpaghara ịchụ nta maka obodo, na ebe dị nsọ.<ref name="file">{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.int/wcm/webdav/site/congo/shared/documents/NOUABALE-NDOKI%20NATIONAL%20PARK.pps|title=Protected areas of Congo|format=ppt|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Wild Life Conservation Society (WCS)|work=Congo BioDiversity: Description|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120213347/http://www.un.int/wcm/webdav/site/congo/shared/documents/NOUABALE-NDOKI%20NATIONAL%20PARK.pps|archivedate=2012-01-20}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120120213347/http://www.un.int/wcm/webdav/site/congo/shared/documents/NOUABALE-NDOKI%20NATIONAL%20PARK.pps "Protected areas of Congo"]. </cite></ref> === Ọnọdụ ihu igwe === Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ nwere ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ na nkezi 125 nke Mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ. Oge mmiri ozuzo bụ August ruo November na oge ọkọchị December ruo February. == Anụ Ọhịa == === Flora === [[Faịlụ:Forest_dominated_by_Gilbertiodendron_dewevrei_01.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ọhịa ''Gilbertiodendron dewevrei'']] Ogige Ntụrụndụ Nouable-Ndoki bụ Oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo nwere ụdị ahịhịa 24 dị iche iche. [[osisi]] ndị ahụ gụnyere nchịkọta nke ụdị mahoganies dị iche iche. Otú ọ dị, [[Óshíshí|osisi]] ndị kachasị bụ ''Gilbertiodendron dewevrei'' na mpaghara ugwu na n'ebe dị anya site na mmiri na nnukwu ebe. Oké ọhịa ndị na-agwakọta agwakọta na ndị na-eme mmiri bụkwa ihe a na-ahụkarị. Oké ọhịa ahụ nwere ọtụtụ "bais", ma ọ bụ ebe ndị e kpochapụrụ. A chọpụtala ihe karịrị otu puku ụdị osisi na osisi dị iche iche.<ref name="Congo">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wcs-congo.org/projects/nouabale.htm|title=Nouabale-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=WCS Congo|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722053408/http://www.wcs-congo.org/projects/nouabale.htm|archivedate=2011-07-22}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110722053408/http://www.wcs-congo.org/projects/nouabale.htm "Nouabale-Ndoki National Park"]. </cite></ref><ref name="Brit">{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1540231/Nouabale-Ndoki-National-Park|title=Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> ''G. dewevevri'' na-amị mkpụrụ n'elu afọ ma ọ bụ "echiche na mkpụrụ osisi nwere ike ime iji lụso anụ oriri ọgụ site na afọ ojuju nke anụ na-eri ibe ya". Ụmụ ahụhụ na-ebibi mkpụrụ ndị a. Otú ọ dị, ha bụ isi ihe oriri maka ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke anụ na-enye nwa ara dị ka ụmụ oke, duikers, osimiri na-acha ọbara ọbara na Nnukwu ezì ọhịa, atụ, enyí na, karịsịa, gorillas.<ref name="Noua">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1017/S0266467400011056|title=Seed Production by Gilbertiodendron dewevevri in the Nouabale-Ndoki National Park|first=Stephen|author=Blake|journal=Journal of Tropical Ecology|volume=13|issue=6|year=1997|pages=885–891}}</ref> === Anụmanụ === [[Faịlụ:Gorilla_tool_use.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|gorilla nwanyị toro eto n'ogige ntụrụndụ]] [[Faịlụ:Loxodonta_cyclotis_29048913.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Enyí ọhịa n'ogige ntụrụndụ]] [[Faịlụ:Potamochoerus_porcus_Otomops_1.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ezì ndị na-acha ọbara ọbara n'osimiri n'ozu enyí e gburu n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị]] E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị anụ bi n'ogige ahụ. <ref name="Brit">{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1540231/Nouabale-Ndoki-National-Park|title=Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1540231/Nouabale-Ndoki-National-Park "Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park"]. </cite></ref> National Geographic Society ekwuola na ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ nwere ike ịnwe oke anụ ọhịa kachasị n'Africa. Ụdị ndị a ma ama bụ primates, gụnyere western lowland gorillas na chimpanzee. Mbeli Bai bụ mpaghara 3 km2 mi2) n'ime ogige ahụ nke bara ọgaranya na gorillas, na 180 western lowland gorillas kọrọ ebe a. O nwekwara ọtụtụ ụdị enwe, itoolu n'ime ha nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ 50 kwa 1 km2 mi2). Nnụnụ gụnyere colobus ojii na-acha ọcha na nke na-acha ọbara ọbara, guenons nwere afụ ọnụ na okpueze, mangabeys nwere agba ntụ na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. <ref name="Riley">{{Cite book|author=Riley|first=Laura|title=Nature's strongholds: the world's great wildlife reserves|accessdate=2010-09-21|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_icMuBQhW4vgC|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=2005|isbn=0-691-12219-9}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRileyWilliam_Riley2005">Riley, Laura; William Riley (2005). </cite></ref><ref name="Mbeli">{{Cite web|url=http://weber.ucsd.edu/~jmoore/apesites/MbeliBai/MbeliBai.html|title=Mbeli Bai, Nouabale-Ndoki National Park, R. P. Congo|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Dept. of Anthropology Washington University|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19991012165252/http://weber.ucsd.edu/~jmoore/apesites/MbeliBai/MbeliBai.html|archivedate=1999-10-12}}</ref> E nwekwara enyí ọhịa a na-adịghị ahụkebe, atụ ọhịa buffalo, agụ owuru, bongo, na duiker na-acha anụnụ anụnụ. Enyí ọhịa na-emepụta ohere site na iwepụ ọhịa maka anụmanụ ndị ọzọ ịkwaga. Anelopes nwere mpi na 12 kg) n'elu ọnụ ọgụgụ 100 kwa 1 km2 mi2). Dị ka akụkọ ifo African Pygmy si kwuo, anụ na-akpụ akpụ nke nwere olu ogologo nke Congo, nke a maara dị ka Mokele-mbembe ji nnukwu mpi ihu ya gbuo enyí.<ref name="Riley">{{Cite book|author=Riley|first=Laura|title=Nature's strongholds: the world's great wildlife reserves|accessdate=2010-09-21|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_icMuBQhW4vgC|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=2005|isbn=0-691-12219-9}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRileyWilliam_Riley2005">Riley, Laura; William Riley (2005). </cite></ref> Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ na-anabata ihe karịrị ụdị nnụnụ 300 dị iche iche, gụnyere ugo, Hawks, owls, nnụnụ, herons na parrots. A họpụtara ya dị ka Ebe Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa (IBA) site na BirdLife International n'ihi na ọ na-akwado ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ọtụtụ ụdị nnụnụ.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/nouabal%C3%A9-ndoki-national-park-complex-iba-congo|title=Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park complex|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2024|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=2024-12-03}}</ref> Agụ owuru na ụmụ ahụhụ na-amị ọbara bụkwa akụkụ nke anụ ọhịa.<ref name="wild">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html|title=Congo Republic: Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Wild Life Hot Spots|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409190039/http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html|archivedate=2011-04-09}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110409190039/http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html "Congo Republic: Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park"]. </cite></ref> E meela nnyocha Herpetofaunal n'ebe anọ, na-edekọ ụdị anụmanụ 20 na 14 na-akpụ akpụ n'akụkụ ndịda nke ogige ahụ; n'ime ndị a, frogs gụnyere ''Aubria masako,'' ''Amietophrynus regularis'', ''Cryptothylax greshoffii'', ''Hyperolius balfouri'', ''H. brachiofasciatus'', ''Leptopelis brevirostris'' na ''L. calcaratus meridionalis''. <ref name="Ndoki">{{Cite journal|url=http://people.whitman.edu/~jacksok/Ndoki%20herps.pdf|title=The amphibians and reptiles of Nouabale-Ndoki National Park, Republic of Congo (Brazzaville)|author=Kate Jackson & David C. Blackburn|journal=Salamandra|accessdate=2010-09-20|pages=149–|year=2007|issn=0036-3375}}</ref> == Nchekwa == Mgbalị nchedo a na-eme abụghị nanị na Ogige Ntụrụndụ nke Nouabale-Ndoki naanị kamakwa na ogige ntụrụndụ abụọ ndị ọzọ nke mpaghara tri, yana Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area dum nke gụnyere ihe karịrị 96% nke ala ahụ. Mba ndị guzobere nzukọ mba atọ n'okpuru mmemme gafere ókèala site na mbọ nke World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) bụ Central African Republic, Congo na Cameroon. Mgbalị nhazi a emeela ka a rụọ ọrụ kwesịrị ekwesị metụtara mgbochi ịchụ nta, nyocha na ịkwalite njem nleta na oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo. Akụkụ a na-eme mgbe niile bụ nzukọ ndị a na-enwe n'oge ezumike nke ndị nchịkwa ogige ntụrụndụ atọ, yana ndị isi nke mba atọ ahụ. A na-eme ngagharị nke ogige ntụrụndụ site na ndị na-eme njem nlegharị anya mgbe niile iji hụ na ịchụ nta, mbubata ọdụ́ na igbu azụ na-enweghị ikike na ngwá agha ọkụ anaghị eme n'ogige ntụrụngwa ahụ.<ref name="Sangha">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|title=The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=Dazanga Sangha Central African Republic|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|archivedate=2010-08-11}}</ref><ref name="wwf">{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8796.pdf|title=Sangha Tri-National Landscape|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=World Wild Life Fund}}</ref> Ndị nleta nwere ike ileta ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ naanị n'otu ìgwè dị ka akụkụ nke njem a haziri site na ndị ọkachamara na-ahụ maka njem nleta nke anụ ọhịa.<ref name="wild">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html|title=Congo Republic: Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Wild Life Hot Spots|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409190039/http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html|archivedate=2011-04-09}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ndị na-enye ọrụ na-agba ọsọ n'ime ogige ahụ iji kwado mbọ nchekwa ma mee ka a mara banyere anụ ọhịa. Nzọụkwụ nchekwa na-akwado site na German Cooperation of Technical Collaboration (GTC) na Central African Republic na Cameroon, na World Wildlife Fund for Nature (WWF) na Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS - New York) na Congo. E mepụtara ego ntụkwasị obi, nke jupụtara na ego, maka ebumnuche nke ichekwa ogige ntụrụndụ.<ref name="Sangha">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|title=The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=Dazanga Sangha Central African Republic|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|archivedate=2010-08-11}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309 "The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)"]. </cite></ref><ref name="wwf">{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8796.pdf|title=Sangha Tri-National Landscape|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=World Wild Life Fund}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8796.pdf "Sangha Tri-National Landscape"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> Ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ nwekwara ọtụtụ ọrụ nyocha ya nke USAID-[[Central African Regional Program for the Environment|CARPE]], U.S. Fish &amp;amp; Wildlife Service, Columbus Zoo, na MacArthur Foundation na-akwado. N'ihi nkwado zuru oke nke mba ụwa, a na-ewere ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ ugbu a ọ bụghị naanị na mba dị mkpa, kamakwa ebe nchekwa nke mba ụwa nabatara nke dị oke mkpa, nke nwere akụrụngwa guzosiri ike, ndị ọrụ nwere nkà, na nkwado akụ na ụba dị ukwuu.<ref name="frontier">{{Cite web|url=http://africanadrenalin.com/WildFrontiers/congo_nouabale_ndoki_national_park_guided_tour.htm|title=Congo Nouabale-Ndoki National Park Guided Tour - 11 Day|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Wiled Frontier|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707092822/http://africanadrenalin.com/WildFrontiers/congo_nouabale_ndoki_national_park_guided_tour.htm|archivedate=2011-07-07}}</ref> === Nchebe === N'oge gara aga, teknụzụ nchebe bụ nke a kpaara ókè Ba"Aka ndị na-elekọta anụ. Otú ọ dị, ugbu a, ha anọwo na-eji ihe nchọpụta ejide ndị omempụ na-emerụ ogige ahụ. Ndị na-elekọta Ogige Ntụrụndụ nke Nouabalé-Ndoki nwere otu a maara dị ka 'ndị na-eche gburugburu ebe obibi'. 'Ndị na-eche gburugburu ebe obibi' nọ n'okpuru nlekọta nke MFEE (Ministry of Forestry Economy and the Environment). Site na MFEE / eco-guards, e mesiri ya n'aka na ọ dịghị ihe omume mmadụ na-akwadoghị na-ewere ọnọdụ n'ogige ntụrụndụ dịka ịchụ nta.<ref name="Congo">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wcs-congo.org/projects/nouabale.htm|title=Nouabale-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=WCS Congo|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722053408/http://www.wcs-congo.org/projects/nouabale.htm|archivedate=2011-07-22}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110722053408/http://www.wcs-congo.org/projects/nouabale.htm "Nouabale-Ndoki National Park"]. </cite></ref> Ewezuga ndị na-elekọta ọhịa, ndị obodo Ba'Aka na-enyekwa ihe ọmụma ha iji kwalite nchekwa na nchekwa nke ọhịa dị n'ogige ahụ.<ref name="Congo" /><ref name="wwf">{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8796.pdf|title=Sangha Tri-National Landscape|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=World Wild Life Fund}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8796.pdf "Sangha Tri-National Landscape"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> == Hụkwa == * Anụ Ọhịa Africa * Guyvanho, onye na-achụ nta n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị nke gburu ihe karịrị enyí ọhịa Africa 500 n'ogige ntụrụndụ * Oké ọhịa == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|2}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category}}{{National Parks of the Republic of the Congo}}{{authority control}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ag1e3fr78gj6igbew15lmpym1go8x6o 670634 670633 2026-07-01T05:19:19Z Aluta editor 62822 670634 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ogige Ntụrụndụ Nouabalé-Ndoki''' bụ ogige ntụrụndụ mba na Republic of the Congo. E guzobere ya na 1993, na mpaghara ugwu nke Congo, ọ bụ ebe obibi nke enyí ọhịa, nnukwu enwe, gụnyere gorillas dị ala ọdịda anyanwụ na ụdị chimpanzees na bongo dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ. Oke ọhịa ahụ nwere ọtụtụ ụdị nnụnụ 300, tinyere ụdị osisi na osisi 1,000 nke gụnyere mahoganies ndị a na-egbu egbu.. <ref name="Congo" /> <ref name="WCS">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wcs-congo.org/|title=Welcome to WCS-Congo|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=WCS-Congo|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202020340/http://wcs-congo.org/|archivedate=2010-12-02}}</ref> == Nchịkwa == A na-achịkwa Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba Nouabalé-Ndoki n'okpuru nkwekọrịta mmekọrịta ọha na eze (PPP), nke e bịanyere aka na ya na 2013 n'etiti Gọọmentị RoC na WCS. Nkwekọrịta ahụ mepụtara Ntọala Nouabalé-Ndoki (FNN), nke e kenyere WCS dị ka Ngalaba Njikwa Ogige ruo 2038. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Echiche nke ịmepụta ogige ntụrụndụ echekwara pụtara na 1980s site na nghọta na enyí ọhịa na-agagharị n'enweghị ihe mgbochi na mpaghara niile nke ogige ntorobịa atọ ahụ chọrọ ka a chebe ha pụọ na ndị na-achụ nta na ụlọ ọrụ na-egbutu osisi.<ref name="wwf">{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8796.pdf|title=Sangha Tri-National Landscape|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=World Wild Life Fund}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8796.pdf "Sangha Tri-National Landscape"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> Atụmatụ iji guzobe Ogige Ntụrụndụ nke Nouabale-Ndoki malitere na 1991 site na Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) na Gọọmentị Congo na nkwado nke USAID dị ka ọrụ mmekorita gafere ókèala. Ọ gụnyekwara ọganihu nke mmekọrịta ya na ndị ọchịchị mpaghara, mpaghara na mba. E mechara guzobe ogige ntụrụndụ a na Septemba 1993, nke nwere mpaghara dị 3,921.69 km2 (1,514.17 sq mi) n'etiti Ngalaba Sangha nke dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ na Ngalaba Likouala nke dị n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Congo.. N'afọ 1999, ụlọ ọrụ osisi CIB (Congolaise Industrielle du Bois) na ndị obodo ahụ sonyeere WCS na Gọọmentị Congo iji mepụta ụlọ ọrụ ga-ebelata mmetụta ọjọọ nke ịkpụ osisi na ogige ntụrụndụ. Na 2001, e gbasaara ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ, e tinyere akụkụ nke nkwekọrịta osisi dị nso a maara dị ka triangle Gouloago n'ogige ntụrụndụ a. Ụlọ ọrụ osisi German nyefere ikike ya karịa 100 km2 (39 sq mi) nke Goualougo Triangle n'okpuru nkwekọrịta ya ka e jikọta ya na ogige ntụrụndụ mba, ma kpebisiekwa ike igbochi ịchụ nta. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-eme ọrụ osisi (karịsịa ụdị osisi abụọ nke Africa maka osisi dị elu) n'ọtụtụ mpaghara ọhịa dị na ugwu Congo ruo n'ókè dị oke, ogige a enweghị ọrụ ọ bụla dị otú ahụ. Nke a emeela ka ọ baara uru n'ichekwa na mmụba nke ọnụọgụgụ anụ ọhịa na ebe obibi okike nke ọhịa dị n'ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ..<ref name="Riley">{{Cite book|author=Riley|first=Laura|title=Nature's strongholds: the world's great wildlife reserves|accessdate=2010-09-21|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_icMuBQhW4vgC|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=2005|isbn=0-691-12219-9}}</ref><ref name="file">{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.int/wcm/webdav/site/congo/shared/documents/NOUABALE-NDOKI%20NATIONAL%20PARK.pps|title=Protected areas of Congo|format=ppt|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Wild Life Conservation Society (WCS)|work=Congo BioDiversity: Description|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120213347/http://www.un.int/wcm/webdav/site/congo/shared/documents/NOUABALE-NDOKI%20NATIONAL%20PARK.pps|archivedate=2012-01-20}}</ref><ref name="Embassy">{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/congo/cache/offonce/pid/2479|title=Congo BioDiversity: Description|work=Slide 4|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Permanent Missions of the Republic of Congo|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112005658/http://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/congo/cache/offonce/pid/2479|archivedate=2012-01-12}}</ref><ref name="frontier">{{Cite web|url=http://africanadrenalin.com/WildFrontiers/congo_nouabale_ndoki_national_park_guided_tour.htm|title=Congo Nouabale-Ndoki National Park Guided Tour - 11 Day|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Wiled Frontier|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707092822/http://africanadrenalin.com/WildFrontiers/congo_nouabale_ndoki_national_park_guided_tour.htm|archivedate=2011-07-07}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110707092822/http://africanadrenalin.com/WildFrontiers/congo_nouabale_ndoki_national_park_guided_tour.htm "Congo Nouabale-Ndoki National Park Guided Tour - 11 Day"]. </cite></ref> Na nnọkọ Minista nke Ọhịa nke [[Central African Forest Commission]] (COMIFAC), e kpebiri iguzobe n'ime Congo Basin, Sangha River Tri-National Protected Area (TNS) nke nwere ngụkọta nke km2 sq mi) nke gụnyere Dzanga Sangha Special Reserve na Dzanga-Ndoki National Park na [[Central African Republic]], Nouabalé-Ndoki State Park na [[Republic of the Congo|Congo-Brazzaville]], na Lobéké National Park na [[Kameroon|Cameroon]]. <ref name="tri">{{Cite web|url=http://www.zambezi.com/location/congo_basin_tri_national_park|title=Lowland Gorilla Sangha National Park|accessdate=2010-09-18|publisher=The Zambazi Safari and Travel Co. Ltd}}</ref><ref name="Sangha">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|title=The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=Dazanga Sangha Central African Republic|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|archivedate=2010-08-11}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309 "The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)"]. </cite></ref> N'afọ 2012, e nyere ogige ntụrụndụ mba atọ ahụ ọnọdụ World Heritage Site dị ka Sangha Trinational . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1380|title=Sangha Trinational|work=UNESCO World Heritage List|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=21 March 2021}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == [[Faịlụ:Sangha_Tri_National_Landscape.jpg|thumb|Ala Ala Mba Sangha Tri. A na-akpọ ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ.]] The protected area, which is part of the Sangha River Tri-National Protected Area (STN) is drained mainly by the [[Osimiri Sangha|Sangha River]], a tributary of the Congo River. It is 3,921.61 km2 (1,514.14 sq mi) of pristine tropical rainforest with no human habitation within it and with human population densities in its periphery that are comparatively low for the sub-region. Part of the forest is still inaccessible and remains unexplored. It is a swampy tropical forest in lowlands that are part of the Congo River drainage basin. This park, along with the other two reserved parks within the larger Sangha Reserve, is secluded from all economic activity involving roads and human interference, which has resulted in its maintenance as a pristine rainforest.<ref name="Sangha">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|title=The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=Dazanga Sangha Central African Republic|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|archivedate=2010-08-11}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309 "The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)"]. </cite></ref><ref name="Riley">{{Cite book|author=Riley|first=Laura|title=Nature's strongholds: the world's great wildlife reserves|accessdate=2010-09-21|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_icMuBQhW4vgC|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=2005|isbn=0-691-12219-9}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRileyWilliam_Riley2005">Riley, Laura; William Riley (2005). </cite></ref><ref name="wild">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html|title=Congo Republic: Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Wild Life Hot Spots|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409190039/http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html|archivedate=2011-04-09}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110409190039/http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html "Congo Republic: Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park"]. </cite></ref> Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ dị n'ime ọhịa nke Congo nke mejupụtara 11% nke mpaghara niile nke mba ahụ. A na-agbakwunye ya n'ime ebe ndị a na-echebe, ebe ndị a chụpụrụ achụpụ a maara dị ka Bai na Yanga, mpaghara oge abụọ maka ndị na-akwagharị akwagharị, ebe ịchụ nta echekwara maka ndị ọrụ, mpaghara ndị a na'echebe nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ebe anụ oriri maka ịchụ nta, mpaghara ịchụ nta maka obodo, na ebe dị nsọ.<ref name="file">{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.int/wcm/webdav/site/congo/shared/documents/NOUABALE-NDOKI%20NATIONAL%20PARK.pps|title=Protected areas of Congo|format=ppt|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Wild Life Conservation Society (WCS)|work=Congo BioDiversity: Description|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120213347/http://www.un.int/wcm/webdav/site/congo/shared/documents/NOUABALE-NDOKI%20NATIONAL%20PARK.pps|archivedate=2012-01-20}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120120213347/http://www.un.int/wcm/webdav/site/congo/shared/documents/NOUABALE-NDOKI%20NATIONAL%20PARK.pps "Protected areas of Congo"]. </cite></ref> === Ọnọdụ ihu igwe === Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ nwere ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ na nkezi 125 nke Mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ. Oge mmiri ozuzo bụ August ruo November na oge ọkọchị December ruo February. == Anụ Ọhịa == === Flora === [[Faịlụ:Forest_dominated_by_Gilbertiodendron_dewevrei_01.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ọhịa ''Gilbertiodendron dewevrei'']] Ogige Ntụrụndụ Nouable-Ndoki bụ Oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo nwere ụdị ahịhịa 24 dị iche iche. [[osisi]] ndị ahụ gụnyere nchịkọta nke ụdị mahoganies dị iche iche. Otú ọ dị, [[Óshíshí|osisi]] ndị kachasị bụ ''Gilbertiodendron dewevrei'' na mpaghara ugwu na n'ebe dị anya site na mmiri na nnukwu ebe. Oké ọhịa ndị na-agwakọta agwakọta na ndị na-eme mmiri bụkwa ihe a na-ahụkarị. Oké ọhịa ahụ nwere ọtụtụ "bais", ma ọ bụ ebe ndị e kpochapụrụ. A chọpụtala ihe karịrị otu puku ụdị osisi na osisi dị iche iche.<ref name="Congo">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wcs-congo.org/projects/nouabale.htm|title=Nouabale-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=WCS Congo|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722053408/http://www.wcs-congo.org/projects/nouabale.htm|archivedate=2011-07-22}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110722053408/http://www.wcs-congo.org/projects/nouabale.htm "Nouabale-Ndoki National Park"]. </cite></ref><ref name="Brit">{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1540231/Nouabale-Ndoki-National-Park|title=Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> ''G. dewevevri'' na-amị mkpụrụ n'elu afọ ma ọ bụ "echiche na mkpụrụ osisi nwere ike ime iji lụso anụ oriri ọgụ site na afọ ojuju nke anụ na-eri ibe ya". Ụmụ ahụhụ na-ebibi mkpụrụ ndị a. Otú ọ dị, ha bụ isi ihe oriri maka ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke anụ na-enye nwa ara dị ka ụmụ oke, duikers, osimiri na-acha ọbara ọbara na Nnukwu ezì ọhịa, atụ, enyí na, karịsịa, gorillas.<ref name="Noua">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1017/S0266467400011056|title=Seed Production by Gilbertiodendron dewevevri in the Nouabale-Ndoki National Park|first=Stephen|author=Blake|journal=Journal of Tropical Ecology|volume=13|issue=6|year=1997|pages=885–891}}</ref> === Anụmanụ === [[Faịlụ:Gorilla_tool_use.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|gorilla nwanyị toro eto n'ogige ntụrụndụ]] [[Faịlụ:Loxodonta_cyclotis_29048913.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Enyí ọhịa n'ogige ntụrụndụ]] [[Faịlụ:Potamochoerus_porcus_Otomops_1.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ezì ndị na-acha ọbara ọbara n'osimiri n'ozu enyí e gburu n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị]] E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị anụ bi n'ogige ahụ. <ref name="Brit">{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1540231/Nouabale-Ndoki-National-Park|title=Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1540231/Nouabale-Ndoki-National-Park "Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park"]. </cite></ref> National Geographic Society ekwuola na ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ nwere ike ịnwe oke anụ ọhịa kachasị n'Africa. Ụdị ndị a ma ama bụ primates, gụnyere western lowland gorillas na chimpanzee. Mbeli Bai bụ mpaghara 3 km2 mi2) n'ime ogige ahụ nke bara ọgaranya na gorillas, na 180 western lowland gorillas kọrọ ebe a. O nwekwara ọtụtụ ụdị enwe, itoolu n'ime ha nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ 50 kwa 1 km2 mi2). Nnụnụ gụnyere colobus ojii na-acha ọcha na nke na-acha ọbara ọbara, guenons nwere afụ ọnụ na okpueze, mangabeys nwere agba ntụ na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. <ref name="Riley">{{Cite book|author=Riley|first=Laura|title=Nature's strongholds: the world's great wildlife reserves|accessdate=2010-09-21|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_icMuBQhW4vgC|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=2005|isbn=0-691-12219-9}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRileyWilliam_Riley2005">Riley, Laura; William Riley (2005). </cite></ref><ref name="Mbeli">{{Cite web|url=http://weber.ucsd.edu/~jmoore/apesites/MbeliBai/MbeliBai.html|title=Mbeli Bai, Nouabale-Ndoki National Park, R. P. Congo|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Dept. of Anthropology Washington University|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19991012165252/http://weber.ucsd.edu/~jmoore/apesites/MbeliBai/MbeliBai.html|archivedate=1999-10-12}}</ref> E nwekwara enyí ọhịa a na-adịghị ahụkebe, atụ ọhịa buffalo, agụ owuru, bongo, na duiker na-acha anụnụ anụnụ. Enyí ọhịa na-emepụta ohere site na iwepụ ọhịa maka anụmanụ ndị ọzọ ịkwaga. Anelopes nwere mpi na 12 kg) n'elu ọnụ ọgụgụ 100 kwa 1 km2 mi2). Dị ka akụkọ ifo African Pygmy si kwuo, anụ na-akpụ akpụ nke nwere olu ogologo nke Congo, nke a maara dị ka Mokele-mbembe ji nnukwu mpi ihu ya gbuo enyí.<ref name="Riley">{{Cite book|author=Riley|first=Laura|title=Nature's strongholds: the world's great wildlife reserves|accessdate=2010-09-21|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_icMuBQhW4vgC|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=2005|isbn=0-691-12219-9}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRileyWilliam_Riley2005">Riley, Laura; William Riley (2005). </cite></ref> Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ na-anabata ihe karịrị ụdị nnụnụ 300 dị iche iche, gụnyere ugo, Hawks, owls, nnụnụ, herons na parrots. A họpụtara ya dị ka Ebe Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa (IBA) site na BirdLife International n'ihi na ọ na-akwado ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ọtụtụ ụdị nnụnụ.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/nouabal%C3%A9-ndoki-national-park-complex-iba-congo|title=Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park complex|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2024|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=2024-12-03}}</ref> Agụ owuru na ụmụ ahụhụ na-amị ọbara bụkwa akụkụ nke anụ ọhịa.<ref name="wild">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html|title=Congo Republic: Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Wild Life Hot Spots|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409190039/http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html|archivedate=2011-04-09}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110409190039/http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html "Congo Republic: Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park"]. </cite></ref> E meela nnyocha Herpetofaunal n'ebe anọ, na-edekọ ụdị anụmanụ 20 na 14 na-akpụ akpụ n'akụkụ ndịda nke ogige ahụ; n'ime ndị a, frogs gụnyere ''Aubria masako,'' ''Amietophrynus regularis'', ''Cryptothylax greshoffii'', ''Hyperolius balfouri'', ''H. brachiofasciatus'', ''Leptopelis brevirostris'' na ''L. calcaratus meridionalis''. <ref name="Ndoki">{{Cite journal|url=http://people.whitman.edu/~jacksok/Ndoki%20herps.pdf|title=The amphibians and reptiles of Nouabale-Ndoki National Park, Republic of Congo (Brazzaville)|author=Kate Jackson & David C. Blackburn|journal=Salamandra|accessdate=2010-09-20|pages=149–|year=2007|issn=0036-3375}}</ref> == Nchekwa == Mgbalị nchedo a na-eme abụghị nanị na Ogige Ntụrụndụ nke Nouabale-Ndoki naanị kamakwa na ogige ntụrụndụ abụọ ndị ọzọ nke mpaghara tri, yana Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area dum nke gụnyere ihe karịrị 96% nke ala ahụ. Mba ndị guzobere nzukọ mba atọ n'okpuru mmemme gafere ókèala site na mbọ nke World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) bụ Central African Republic, Congo na Cameroon. Mgbalị nhazi a emeela ka a rụọ ọrụ kwesịrị ekwesị metụtara mgbochi ịchụ nta, nyocha na ịkwalite njem nleta na oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo. Akụkụ a na-eme mgbe niile bụ nzukọ ndị a na-enwe n'oge ezumike nke ndị nchịkwa ogige ntụrụndụ atọ, yana ndị isi nke mba atọ ahụ. A na-eme ngagharị nke ogige ntụrụndụ site na ndị na-eme njem nlegharị anya mgbe niile iji hụ na ịchụ nta, mbubata ọdụ́ na igbu azụ na-enweghị ikike na ngwá agha ọkụ anaghị eme n'ogige ntụrụngwa ahụ.<ref name="Sangha">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|title=The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=Dazanga Sangha Central African Republic|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|archivedate=2010-08-11}}</ref><ref name="wwf">{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8796.pdf|title=Sangha Tri-National Landscape|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=World Wild Life Fund}}</ref> Ndị nleta nwere ike ileta ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ naanị n'otu ìgwè dị ka akụkụ nke njem a haziri site na ndị ọkachamara na-ahụ maka njem nleta nke anụ ọhịa.<ref name="wild">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html|title=Congo Republic: Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Wild Life Hot Spots|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409190039/http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html|archivedate=2011-04-09}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ndị na-enye ọrụ na-agba ọsọ n'ime ogige ahụ iji kwado mbọ nchekwa ma mee ka a mara banyere anụ ọhịa. Nzọụkwụ nchekwa na-akwado site na German Cooperation of Technical Collaboration (GTC) na Central African Republic na Cameroon, na World Wildlife Fund for Nature (WWF) na Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS - New York) na Congo. E mepụtara ego ntụkwasị obi, nke jupụtara na ego, maka ebumnuche nke ichekwa ogige ntụrụndụ.<ref name="Sangha">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|title=The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=Dazanga Sangha Central African Republic|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|archivedate=2010-08-11}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309 "The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)"]. </cite></ref><ref name="wwf">{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8796.pdf|title=Sangha Tri-National Landscape|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=World Wild Life Fund}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8796.pdf "Sangha Tri-National Landscape"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> Ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ nwekwara ọtụtụ ọrụ nyocha ya nke USAID-[[Central African Regional Program for the Environment|CARPE]], U.S. Fish &amp;amp; Wildlife Service, Columbus Zoo, na MacArthur Foundation na-akwado. N'ihi nkwado zuru oke nke mba ụwa, a na-ewere ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ ugbu a ọ bụghị naanị na mba dị mkpa, kamakwa ebe nchekwa nke mba ụwa nabatara nke dị oke mkpa, nke nwere akụrụngwa guzosiri ike, ndị ọrụ nwere nkà, na nkwado akụ na ụba dị ukwuu.<ref name="frontier">{{Cite web|url=http://africanadrenalin.com/WildFrontiers/congo_nouabale_ndoki_national_park_guided_tour.htm|title=Congo Nouabale-Ndoki National Park Guided Tour - 11 Day|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Wiled Frontier|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707092822/http://africanadrenalin.com/WildFrontiers/congo_nouabale_ndoki_national_park_guided_tour.htm|archivedate=2011-07-07}}</ref> === Nchebe === N'oge gara aga, teknụzụ nchebe bụ nke a kpaara ókè Ba"Aka ndị na-elekọta anụ. Otú ọ dị, ugbu a, ha anọwo na-eji ihe nchọpụta ejide ndị omempụ na-emerụ ogige ahụ. Ndị na-elekọta Ogige Ntụrụndụ nke Nouabalé-Ndoki nwere otu a maara dị ka 'ndị na-eche gburugburu ebe obibi'. 'Ndị na-eche gburugburu ebe obibi' nọ n'okpuru nlekọta nke MFEE (Ministry of Forestry Economy and the Environment). Site na MFEE / eco-guards, e mesiri ya n'aka na ọ dịghị ihe omume mmadụ na-akwadoghị na-ewere ọnọdụ n'ogige ntụrụndụ dịka ịchụ nta.<ref name="Congo">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wcs-congo.org/projects/nouabale.htm|title=Nouabale-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=WCS Congo|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722053408/http://www.wcs-congo.org/projects/nouabale.htm|archivedate=2011-07-22}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110722053408/http://www.wcs-congo.org/projects/nouabale.htm "Nouabale-Ndoki National Park"]. </cite></ref> Ewezuga ndị na-elekọta ọhịa, ndị obodo Ba'Aka na-enyekwa ihe ọmụma ha iji kwalite nchekwa na nchekwa nke ọhịa dị n'ogige ahụ.<ref name="Congo" /><ref name="wwf">{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8796.pdf|title=Sangha Tri-National Landscape|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=World Wild Life Fund}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8796.pdf "Sangha Tri-National Landscape"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> == Hụkwa == * Anụ Ọhịa Africa * Guyvanho, onye na-achụ nta n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị nke gburu ihe karịrị enyí ọhịa Africa 500 n'ogige ntụrụndụ * Oké ọhịa == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|2}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category}}{{National Parks of the Republic of the Congo}}{{authority control}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 4kmwu6z9ywglrvqrjlzqy8a1pttbnss 670635 670634 2026-07-01T05:20:59Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed refference with error 670635 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ogige Ntụrụndụ Nouabalé-Ndoki''' bụ ogige ntụrụndụ mba na Republic of the Congo. E guzobere ya na 1993, na mpaghara ugwu nke Congo, ọ bụ ebe obibi nke enyí ọhịa, nnukwu enwe, gụnyere gorillas dị ala ọdịda anyanwụ na ụdị chimpanzees na bongo dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ. Oke ọhịa ahụ nwere ọtụtụ ụdị nnụnụ 300, tinyere ụdị osisi na osisi 1,000 nke gụnyere mahoganies ndị a na-egbu egbu.. <ref name="Congo" /> <ref name="WCS">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wcs-congo.org/|title=Welcome to WCS-Congo|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=WCS-Congo|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202020340/http://wcs-congo.org/|archivedate=2010-12-02}}</ref> == Nchịkwa == A na-achịkwa Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba Nouabalé-Ndoki n'okpuru nkwekọrịta mmekọrịta ọha na eze (PPP), nke e bịanyere aka na ya na 2013 n'etiti Gọọmentị RoC na WCS. Nkwekọrịta ahụ mepụtara Ntọala Nouabalé-Ndoki (FNN), nke e kenyere WCS dị ka Ngalaba Njikwa Ogige ruo 2038. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Echiche nke ịmepụta ogige ntụrụndụ echekwara pụtara na 1980s site na nghọta na enyí ọhịa na-agagharị n'enweghị ihe mgbochi na mpaghara niile nke ogige ntorobịa atọ ahụ chọrọ ka a chebe ha pụọ na ndị na-achụ nta na ụlọ ọrụ na-egbutu osisi.<ref name="wwf">{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8796.pdf|title=Sangha Tri-National Landscape|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=World Wild Life Fund}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8796.pdf "Sangha Tri-National Landscape"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> Atụmatụ iji guzobe Ogige Ntụrụndụ nke Nouabale-Ndoki malitere na 1991 site na Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) na Gọọmentị Congo na nkwado nke USAID dị ka ọrụ mmekorita gafere ókèala. Ọ gụnyekwara ọganihu nke mmekọrịta ya na ndị ọchịchị mpaghara, mpaghara na mba. E mechara guzobe ogige ntụrụndụ a na Septemba 1993, nke nwere mpaghara dị 3,921.69 km2 (1,514.17 sq mi) n'etiti Ngalaba Sangha nke dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ na Ngalaba Likouala nke dị n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Congo.. N'afọ 1999, ụlọ ọrụ osisi CIB (Congolaise Industrielle du Bois) na ndị obodo ahụ sonyeere WCS na Gọọmentị Congo iji mepụta ụlọ ọrụ ga-ebelata mmetụta ọjọọ nke ịkpụ osisi na ogige ntụrụndụ. Na 2001, e gbasaara ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ, e tinyere akụkụ nke nkwekọrịta osisi dị nso a maara dị ka triangle Gouloago n'ogige ntụrụndụ a. Ụlọ ọrụ osisi German nyefere ikike ya karịa 100 km2 (39 sq mi) nke Goualougo Triangle n'okpuru nkwekọrịta ya ka e jikọta ya na ogige ntụrụndụ mba, ma kpebisiekwa ike igbochi ịchụ nta. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-eme ọrụ osisi (karịsịa ụdị osisi abụọ nke Africa maka osisi dị elu) n'ọtụtụ mpaghara ọhịa dị na ugwu Congo ruo n'ókè dị oke, ogige a enweghị ọrụ ọ bụla dị otú ahụ. Nke a emeela ka ọ baara uru n'ichekwa na mmụba nke ọnụọgụgụ anụ ọhịa na ebe obibi okike nke ọhịa dị n'ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ..<ref name="Riley">{{Cite book|author=Riley|first=Laura|title=Nature's strongholds: the world's great wildlife reserves|accessdate=2010-09-21|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_icMuBQhW4vgC|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=2005|isbn=0-691-12219-9}}</ref><ref name="file">{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.int/wcm/webdav/site/congo/shared/documents/NOUABALE-NDOKI%20NATIONAL%20PARK.pps|title=Protected areas of Congo|format=ppt|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Wild Life Conservation Society (WCS)|work=Congo BioDiversity: Description|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120213347/http://www.un.int/wcm/webdav/site/congo/shared/documents/NOUABALE-NDOKI%20NATIONAL%20PARK.pps|archivedate=2012-01-20}}</ref><ref name="Embassy">{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/congo/cache/offonce/pid/2479|title=Congo BioDiversity: Description|work=Slide 4|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Permanent Missions of the Republic of Congo|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112005658/http://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/congo/cache/offonce/pid/2479|archivedate=2012-01-12}}</ref><ref name="frontier">{{Cite web|url=http://africanadrenalin.com/WildFrontiers/congo_nouabale_ndoki_national_park_guided_tour.htm|title=Congo Nouabale-Ndoki National Park Guided Tour - 11 Day|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Wiled Frontier|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707092822/http://africanadrenalin.com/WildFrontiers/congo_nouabale_ndoki_national_park_guided_tour.htm|archivedate=2011-07-07}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110707092822/http://africanadrenalin.com/WildFrontiers/congo_nouabale_ndoki_national_park_guided_tour.htm "Congo Nouabale-Ndoki National Park Guided Tour - 11 Day"]. </cite></ref> Na nnọkọ Minista nke Ọhịa nke [[Central African Forest Commission]] (COMIFAC), e kpebiri iguzobe n'ime Congo Basin, Sangha River Tri-National Protected Area (TNS) nke nwere ngụkọta nke km2 sq mi) nke gụnyere Dzanga Sangha Special Reserve na Dzanga-Ndoki National Park na [[Central African Republic]], Nouabalé-Ndoki State Park na [[Republic of the Congo|Congo-Brazzaville]], na Lobéké National Park na [[Kameroon|Cameroon]]. <ref name="tri">{{Cite web|url=http://www.zambezi.com/location/congo_basin_tri_national_park|title=Lowland Gorilla Sangha National Park|accessdate=2010-09-18|publisher=The Zambazi Safari and Travel Co. Ltd}}</ref><ref name="Sangha">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|title=The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=Dazanga Sangha Central African Republic|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|archivedate=2010-08-11}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309 "The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)"]. </cite></ref> N'afọ 2012, e nyere ogige ntụrụndụ mba atọ ahụ ọnọdụ World Heritage Site dị ka Sangha Trinational . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1380|title=Sangha Trinational|work=UNESCO World Heritage List|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=21 March 2021}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == [[Faịlụ:Sangha_Tri_National_Landscape.jpg|thumb|Ala Ala Mba Sangha Tri. A na-akpọ ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ.]] The protected area, which is part of the Sangha River Tri-National Protected Area (STN) is drained mainly by the [[Osimiri Sangha|Sangha River]], a tributary of the Congo River. It is 3,921.61 km2 (1,514.14 sq mi) of pristine tropical rainforest with no human habitation within it and with human population densities in its periphery that are comparatively low for the sub-region. Part of the forest is still inaccessible and remains unexplored. It is a swampy tropical forest in lowlands that are part of the Congo River drainage basin. This park, along with the other two reserved parks within the larger Sangha Reserve, is secluded from all economic activity involving roads and human interference, which has resulted in its maintenance as a pristine rainforest.<ref name="Sangha">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|title=The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=Dazanga Sangha Central African Republic|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|archivedate=2010-08-11}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309 "The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)"]. </cite></ref><ref name="Riley">{{Cite book|author=Riley|first=Laura|title=Nature's strongholds: the world's great wildlife reserves|accessdate=2010-09-21|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_icMuBQhW4vgC|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=2005|isbn=0-691-12219-9}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRileyWilliam_Riley2005">Riley, Laura; William Riley (2005). </cite></ref><ref name="wild">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html|title=Congo Republic: Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Wild Life Hot Spots|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409190039/http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html|archivedate=2011-04-09}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110409190039/http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html "Congo Republic: Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park"]. </cite></ref> Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ dị n'ime ọhịa nke Congo nke mejupụtara 11% nke mpaghara niile nke mba ahụ. A na-agbakwunye ya n'ime ebe ndị a na-echebe, ebe ndị a chụpụrụ achụpụ a maara dị ka Bai na Yanga, mpaghara oge abụọ maka ndị na-akwagharị akwagharị, ebe ịchụ nta echekwara maka ndị ọrụ, mpaghara ndị a na'echebe nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ebe anụ oriri maka ịchụ nta, mpaghara ịchụ nta maka obodo, na ebe dị nsọ.<ref name="file">{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.int/wcm/webdav/site/congo/shared/documents/NOUABALE-NDOKI%20NATIONAL%20PARK.pps|title=Protected areas of Congo|format=ppt|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Wild Life Conservation Society (WCS)|work=Congo BioDiversity: Description|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120213347/http://www.un.int/wcm/webdav/site/congo/shared/documents/NOUABALE-NDOKI%20NATIONAL%20PARK.pps|archivedate=2012-01-20}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120120213347/http://www.un.int/wcm/webdav/site/congo/shared/documents/NOUABALE-NDOKI%20NATIONAL%20PARK.pps "Protected areas of Congo"]. </cite></ref> === Ọnọdụ ihu igwe === Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ nwere ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ na nkezi 125 nke Mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ. Oge mmiri ozuzo bụ August ruo November na oge ọkọchị December ruo February. == Anụ Ọhịa == === Flora === [[Faịlụ:Forest_dominated_by_Gilbertiodendron_dewevrei_01.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ọhịa ''Gilbertiodendron dewevrei'']] Ogige Ntụrụndụ Nouable-Ndoki bụ Oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo nwere ụdị ahịhịa 24 dị iche iche. [[osisi]] ndị ahụ gụnyere nchịkọta nke ụdị mahoganies dị iche iche. Otú ọ dị, [[Óshíshí|osisi]] ndị kachasị bụ ''Gilbertiodendron dewevrei'' na mpaghara ugwu na n'ebe dị anya site na mmiri na nnukwu ebe. Oké ọhịa ndị na-agwakọta agwakọta na ndị na-eme mmiri bụkwa ihe a na-ahụkarị. Oké ọhịa ahụ nwere ọtụtụ "bais", ma ọ bụ ebe ndị e kpochapụrụ. A chọpụtala ihe karịrị otu puku ụdị osisi na osisi dị iche iche.<ref name="Congo">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wcs-congo.org/projects/nouabale.htm|title=Nouabale-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=WCS Congo|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722053408/http://www.wcs-congo.org/projects/nouabale.htm|archivedate=2011-07-22}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110722053408/http://www.wcs-congo.org/projects/nouabale.htm "Nouabale-Ndoki National Park"]. </cite></ref><ref name="Brit">{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1540231/Nouabale-Ndoki-National-Park|title=Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> ''G. dewevevri'' na-amị mkpụrụ n'elu afọ ma ọ bụ "echiche na mkpụrụ osisi nwere ike ime iji lụso anụ oriri ọgụ site na afọ ojuju nke anụ na-eri ibe ya". Ụmụ ahụhụ na-ebibi mkpụrụ ndị a. Otú ọ dị, ha bụ isi ihe oriri maka ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke anụ na-enye nwa ara dị ka ụmụ oke, duikers, osimiri na-acha ọbara ọbara na Nnukwu ezì ọhịa, atụ, enyí na, karịsịa, gorillas.<ref name="Noua">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1017/S0266467400011056|title=Seed Production by Gilbertiodendron dewevevri in the Nouabale-Ndoki National Park|first=Stephen|author=Blake|journal=Journal of Tropical Ecology|volume=13|issue=6|year=1997|pages=885–891}}</ref> === Anụmanụ === [[Faịlụ:Gorilla_tool_use.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|gorilla nwanyị toro eto n'ogige ntụrụndụ]] [[Faịlụ:Loxodonta_cyclotis_29048913.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Enyí ọhịa n'ogige ntụrụndụ]] [[Faịlụ:Potamochoerus_porcus_Otomops_1.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ezì ndị na-acha ọbara ọbara n'osimiri n'ozu enyí e gburu n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị]] E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị anụ bi n'ogige ahụ. <ref name="Brit">{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1540231/Nouabale-Ndoki-National-Park|title=Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1540231/Nouabale-Ndoki-National-Park "Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park"]. </cite></ref> National Geographic Society ekwuola na ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ nwere ike ịnwe oke anụ ọhịa kachasị n'Africa. Ụdị ndị a ma ama bụ primates, gụnyere western lowland gorillas na chimpanzee. Mbeli Bai bụ mpaghara 3 km2 mi2) n'ime ogige ahụ nke bara ọgaranya na gorillas, na 180 western lowland gorillas kọrọ ebe a. O nwekwara ọtụtụ ụdị enwe, itoolu n'ime ha nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ 50 kwa 1 km2 mi2). Nnụnụ gụnyere colobus ojii na-acha ọcha na nke na-acha ọbara ọbara, guenons nwere afụ ọnụ na okpueze, mangabeys nwere agba ntụ na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. <ref name="Riley">{{Cite book|author=Riley|first=Laura|title=Nature's strongholds: the world's great wildlife reserves|accessdate=2010-09-21|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_icMuBQhW4vgC|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=2005|isbn=0-691-12219-9}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRileyWilliam_Riley2005">Riley, Laura; William Riley (2005). </cite></ref><ref name="Mbeli">{{Cite web|url=http://weber.ucsd.edu/~jmoore/apesites/MbeliBai/MbeliBai.html|title=Mbeli Bai, Nouabale-Ndoki National Park, R. P. Congo|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Dept. of Anthropology Washington University|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19991012165252/http://weber.ucsd.edu/~jmoore/apesites/MbeliBai/MbeliBai.html|archivedate=1999-10-12}}</ref> E nwekwara enyí ọhịa a na-adịghị ahụkebe, atụ ọhịa buffalo, agụ owuru, bongo, na duiker na-acha anụnụ anụnụ. Enyí ọhịa na-emepụta ohere site na iwepụ ọhịa maka anụmanụ ndị ọzọ ịkwaga. Anelopes nwere mpi na 12 kg) n'elu ọnụ ọgụgụ 100 kwa 1 km2 mi2). Dị ka akụkọ ifo African Pygmy si kwuo, anụ na-akpụ akpụ nke nwere olu ogologo nke Congo, nke a maara dị ka Mokele-mbembe ji nnukwu mpi ihu ya gbuo enyí.<ref name="Riley">{{Cite book|author=Riley|first=Laura|title=Nature's strongholds: the world's great wildlife reserves|accessdate=2010-09-21|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_icMuBQhW4vgC|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=2005|isbn=0-691-12219-9}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRileyWilliam_Riley2005">Riley, Laura; William Riley (2005). </cite></ref> Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ na-anabata ihe karịrị ụdị nnụnụ 300 dị iche iche, gụnyere ugo, Hawks, owls, nnụnụ, herons na parrots. A họpụtara ya dị ka Ebe Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa (IBA) site na BirdLife International n'ihi na ọ na-akwado ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ọtụtụ ụdị nnụnụ.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/nouabal%C3%A9-ndoki-national-park-complex-iba-congo|title=Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park complex|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2024|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=2024-12-03}}</ref> Agụ owuru na ụmụ ahụhụ na-amị ọbara bụkwa akụkụ nke anụ ọhịa.<ref name="wild">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html|title=Congo Republic: Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Wild Life Hot Spots|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409190039/http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html|archivedate=2011-04-09}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110409190039/http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html "Congo Republic: Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park"]. </cite></ref> E meela nnyocha Herpetofaunal n'ebe anọ, na-edekọ ụdị anụmanụ 20 na 14 na-akpụ akpụ n'akụkụ ndịda nke ogige ahụ; n'ime ndị a, frogs gụnyere ''Aubria masako,'' ''Amietophrynus regularis'', ''Cryptothylax greshoffii'', ''Hyperolius balfouri'', ''H. brachiofasciatus'', ''Leptopelis brevirostris'' na ''L. calcaratus meridionalis''. <ref name="Ndoki">{{Cite journal|url=http://people.whitman.edu/~jacksok/Ndoki%20herps.pdf|title=The amphibians and reptiles of Nouabale-Ndoki National Park, Republic of Congo (Brazzaville)|author=Kate Jackson & David C. Blackburn|journal=Salamandra|accessdate=2010-09-20|pages=149–|year=2007|issn=0036-3375}}</ref> == Nchekwa == Mgbalị nchedo a na-eme abụghị nanị na Ogige Ntụrụndụ nke Nouabale-Ndoki naanị kamakwa na ogige ntụrụndụ abụọ ndị ọzọ nke mpaghara tri, yana Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area dum nke gụnyere ihe karịrị 96% nke ala ahụ. Mba ndị guzobere nzukọ mba atọ n'okpuru mmemme gafere ókèala site na mbọ nke World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) bụ Central African Republic, Congo na Cameroon. Mgbalị nhazi a emeela ka a rụọ ọrụ kwesịrị ekwesị metụtara mgbochi ịchụ nta, nyocha na ịkwalite njem nleta na oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo. Akụkụ a na-eme mgbe niile bụ nzukọ ndị a na-enwe n'oge ezumike nke ndị nchịkwa ogige ntụrụndụ atọ, yana ndị isi nke mba atọ ahụ. A na-eme ngagharị nke ogige ntụrụndụ site na ndị na-eme njem nlegharị anya mgbe niile iji hụ na ịchụ nta, mbubata ọdụ́ na igbu azụ na-enweghị ikike na ngwá agha ọkụ anaghị eme n'ogige ntụrụngwa ahụ.<ref name="Sangha">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|title=The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=Dazanga Sangha Central African Republic|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|archivedate=2010-08-11}}</ref><ref name="wwf" /> Ndị nleta nwere ike ileta ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ naanị n'otu ìgwè dị ka akụkụ nke njem a haziri site na ndị ọkachamara na-ahụ maka njem nleta nke anụ ọhịa.<ref name="wild">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html|title=Congo Republic: Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Wild Life Hot Spots|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409190039/http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html|archivedate=2011-04-09}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ndị na-enye ọrụ na-agba ọsọ n'ime ogige ahụ iji kwado mbọ nchekwa ma mee ka a mara banyere anụ ọhịa. Nzọụkwụ nchekwa na-akwado site na German Cooperation of Technical Collaboration (GTC) na Central African Republic na Cameroon, na World Wildlife Fund for Nature (WWF) na Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS - New York) na Congo. E mepụtara ego ntụkwasị obi, nke jupụtara na ego, maka ebumnuche nke ichekwa ogige ntụrụndụ.<ref name="Sangha">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|title=The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=Dazanga Sangha Central African Republic|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|archivedate=2010-08-11}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309 "The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)"]. </cite></ref><ref name="wwf">{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8796.pdf|title=Sangha Tri-National Landscape|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=World Wild Life Fund}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8796.pdf "Sangha Tri-National Landscape"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> Ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ nwekwara ọtụtụ ọrụ nyocha ya nke USAID-[[Central African Regional Program for the Environment|CARPE]], U.S. Fish &amp;amp; Wildlife Service, Columbus Zoo, na MacArthur Foundation na-akwado. N'ihi nkwado zuru oke nke mba ụwa, a na-ewere ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ ugbu a ọ bụghị naanị na mba dị mkpa, kamakwa ebe nchekwa nke mba ụwa nabatara nke dị oke mkpa, nke nwere akụrụngwa guzosiri ike, ndị ọrụ nwere nkà, na nkwado akụ na ụba dị ukwuu.<ref name="frontier">{{Cite web|url=http://africanadrenalin.com/WildFrontiers/congo_nouabale_ndoki_national_park_guided_tour.htm|title=Congo Nouabale-Ndoki National Park Guided Tour - 11 Day|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Wiled Frontier|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707092822/http://africanadrenalin.com/WildFrontiers/congo_nouabale_ndoki_national_park_guided_tour.htm|archivedate=2011-07-07}}</ref> === Nchebe === N'oge gara aga, teknụzụ nchebe bụ nke a kpaara ókè Ba"Aka ndị na-elekọta anụ. Otú ọ dị, ugbu a, ha anọwo na-eji ihe nchọpụta ejide ndị omempụ na-emerụ ogige ahụ. Ndị na-elekọta Ogige Ntụrụndụ nke Nouabalé-Ndoki nwere otu a maara dị ka 'ndị na-eche gburugburu ebe obibi'. 'Ndị na-eche gburugburu ebe obibi' nọ n'okpuru nlekọta nke MFEE (Ministry of Forestry Economy and the Environment). Site na MFEE / eco-guards, e mesiri ya n'aka na ọ dịghị ihe omume mmadụ na-akwadoghị na-ewere ọnọdụ n'ogige ntụrụndụ dịka ịchụ nta.<ref name="Congo">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wcs-congo.org/projects/nouabale.htm|title=Nouabale-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=WCS Congo|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722053408/http://www.wcs-congo.org/projects/nouabale.htm|archivedate=2011-07-22}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110722053408/http://www.wcs-congo.org/projects/nouabale.htm "Nouabale-Ndoki National Park"]. </cite></ref> Ewezuga ndị na-elekọta ọhịa, ndị obodo Ba'Aka na-enyekwa ihe ọmụma ha iji kwalite nchekwa na nchekwa nke ọhịa dị n'ogige ahụ.<ref name="Congo" /><ref name="wwf">{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8796.pdf|title=Sangha Tri-National Landscape|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=World Wild Life Fund}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8796.pdf "Sangha Tri-National Landscape"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> == Hụkwa == * Anụ Ọhịa Africa * Guyvanho, onye na-achụ nta n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị nke gburu ihe karịrị enyí ọhịa Africa 500 n'ogige ntụrụndụ * Oké ọhịa == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|2}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category}}{{National Parks of the Republic of the Congo}}{{authority control}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 4sim0bm3m2xy88j1562o80lb8q9qy6w 670636 670635 2026-07-01T05:23:12Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed refference with ref tag 670636 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ogige Ntụrụndụ Nouabalé-Ndoki''' bụ ogige ntụrụndụ mba na Republic of the Congo. E guzobere ya na 1993, na mpaghara ugwu nke Congo, ọ bụ ebe obibi nke enyí ọhịa, nnukwu enwe, gụnyere gorillas dị ala ọdịda anyanwụ na ụdị chimpanzees na bongo dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ. Oke ọhịa ahụ nwere ọtụtụ ụdị nnụnụ 300, tinyere ụdị osisi na osisi 1,000 nke gụnyere mahoganies ndị a na-egbu egbu.. <ref name="Congo" /> <ref name="WCS">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wcs-congo.org/|title=Welcome to WCS-Congo|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=WCS-Congo|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202020340/http://wcs-congo.org/|archivedate=2010-12-02}}</ref> == Nchịkwa == A na-achịkwa Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba Nouabalé-Ndoki n'okpuru nkwekọrịta mmekọrịta ọha na eze (PPP), nke e bịanyere aka na ya na 2013 n'etiti Gọọmentị RoC na WCS. Nkwekọrịta ahụ mepụtara Ntọala Nouabalé-Ndoki (FNN), nke e kenyere WCS dị ka Ngalaba Njikwa Ogige ruo 2038. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Echiche nke ịmepụta ogige ntụrụndụ echekwara pụtara na 1980s site na nghọta na enyí ọhịa na-agagharị n'enweghị ihe mgbochi na mpaghara niile nke ogige ntorobịa atọ ahụ chọrọ ka a chebe ha pụọ na ndị na-achụ nta na ụlọ ọrụ na-egbutu osisi.<ref name="wwf">{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8796.pdf|title=Sangha Tri-National Landscape|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=World Wild Life Fund}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8796.pdf "Sangha Tri-National Landscape"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> Atụmatụ iji guzobe Ogige Ntụrụndụ nke Nouabale-Ndoki malitere na 1991 site na Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) na Gọọmentị Congo na nkwado nke USAID dị ka ọrụ mmekorita gafere ókèala. Ọ gụnyekwara ọganihu nke mmekọrịta ya na ndị ọchịchị mpaghara, mpaghara na mba. E mechara guzobe ogige ntụrụndụ a na Septemba 1993, nke nwere mpaghara dị 3,921.69 km2 (1,514.17 sq mi) n'etiti Ngalaba Sangha nke dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ na Ngalaba Likouala nke dị n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Congo.. N'afọ 1999, ụlọ ọrụ osisi CIB (Congolaise Industrielle du Bois) na ndị obodo ahụ sonyeere WCS na Gọọmentị Congo iji mepụta ụlọ ọrụ ga-ebelata mmetụta ọjọọ nke ịkpụ osisi na ogige ntụrụndụ. Na 2001, e gbasaara ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ, e tinyere akụkụ nke nkwekọrịta osisi dị nso a maara dị ka triangle Gouloago n'ogige ntụrụndụ a. Ụlọ ọrụ osisi German nyefere ikike ya karịa 100 km2 (39 sq mi) nke Goualougo Triangle n'okpuru nkwekọrịta ya ka e jikọta ya na ogige ntụrụndụ mba, ma kpebisiekwa ike igbochi ịchụ nta. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-eme ọrụ osisi (karịsịa ụdị osisi abụọ nke Africa maka osisi dị elu) n'ọtụtụ mpaghara ọhịa dị na ugwu Congo ruo n'ókè dị oke, ogige a enweghị ọrụ ọ bụla dị otú ahụ. Nke a emeela ka ọ baara uru n'ichekwa na mmụba nke ọnụọgụgụ anụ ọhịa na ebe obibi okike nke ọhịa dị n'ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ..<ref name="Riley" /><ref name="file">{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.int/wcm/webdav/site/congo/shared/documents/NOUABALE-NDOKI%20NATIONAL%20PARK.pps|title=Protected areas of Congo|format=ppt|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Wild Life Conservation Society (WCS)|work=Congo BioDiversity: Description|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120213347/http://www.un.int/wcm/webdav/site/congo/shared/documents/NOUABALE-NDOKI%20NATIONAL%20PARK.pps|archivedate=2012-01-20}}</ref><ref name="Embassy">{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/congo/cache/offonce/pid/2479|title=Congo BioDiversity: Description|work=Slide 4|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Permanent Missions of the Republic of Congo|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112005658/http://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/congo/cache/offonce/pid/2479|archivedate=2012-01-12}}</ref><ref name="frontier">{{Cite web|url=http://africanadrenalin.com/WildFrontiers/congo_nouabale_ndoki_national_park_guided_tour.htm|title=Congo Nouabale-Ndoki National Park Guided Tour - 11 Day|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Wiled Frontier|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707092822/http://africanadrenalin.com/WildFrontiers/congo_nouabale_ndoki_national_park_guided_tour.htm|archivedate=2011-07-07}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110707092822/http://africanadrenalin.com/WildFrontiers/congo_nouabale_ndoki_national_park_guided_tour.htm "Congo Nouabale-Ndoki National Park Guided Tour - 11 Day"]. </cite></ref> Na nnọkọ Minista nke Ọhịa nke [[Central African Forest Commission]] (COMIFAC), e kpebiri iguzobe n'ime Congo Basin, Sangha River Tri-National Protected Area (TNS) nke nwere ngụkọta nke km2 sq mi) nke gụnyere Dzanga Sangha Special Reserve na Dzanga-Ndoki National Park na [[Central African Republic]], Nouabalé-Ndoki State Park na [[Republic of the Congo|Congo-Brazzaville]], na Lobéké National Park na [[Kameroon|Cameroon]]. <ref name="tri">{{Cite web|url=http://www.zambezi.com/location/congo_basin_tri_national_park|title=Lowland Gorilla Sangha National Park|accessdate=2010-09-18|publisher=The Zambazi Safari and Travel Co. Ltd}}</ref><ref name="Sangha">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|title=The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=Dazanga Sangha Central African Republic|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|archivedate=2010-08-11}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309 "The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)"]. </cite></ref> N'afọ 2012, e nyere ogige ntụrụndụ mba atọ ahụ ọnọdụ World Heritage Site dị ka Sangha Trinational . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1380|title=Sangha Trinational|work=UNESCO World Heritage List|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=21 March 2021}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == [[Faịlụ:Sangha_Tri_National_Landscape.jpg|thumb|Ala Ala Mba Sangha Tri. A na-akpọ ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ.]] The protected area, which is part of the Sangha River Tri-National Protected Area (STN) is drained mainly by the [[Osimiri Sangha|Sangha River]], a tributary of the Congo River. It is 3,921.61 km2 (1,514.14 sq mi) of pristine tropical rainforest with no human habitation within it and with human population densities in its periphery that are comparatively low for the sub-region. Part of the forest is still inaccessible and remains unexplored. It is a swampy tropical forest in lowlands that are part of the Congo River drainage basin. This park, along with the other two reserved parks within the larger Sangha Reserve, is secluded from all economic activity involving roads and human interference, which has resulted in its maintenance as a pristine rainforest.<ref name="Sangha">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|title=The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=Dazanga Sangha Central African Republic|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|archivedate=2010-08-11}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309 "The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)"]. </cite></ref><ref name="Riley">{{Cite book|author=Riley|first=Laura|title=Nature's strongholds: the world's great wildlife reserves|accessdate=2010-09-21|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_icMuBQhW4vgC|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=2005|isbn=0-691-12219-9}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRileyWilliam_Riley2005">Riley, Laura; William Riley (2005). </cite></ref><ref name="wild">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html|title=Congo Republic: Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Wild Life Hot Spots|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409190039/http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html|archivedate=2011-04-09}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110409190039/http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html "Congo Republic: Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park"]. </cite></ref> Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ dị n'ime ọhịa nke Congo nke mejupụtara 11% nke mpaghara niile nke mba ahụ. A na-agbakwunye ya n'ime ebe ndị a na-echebe, ebe ndị a chụpụrụ achụpụ a maara dị ka Bai na Yanga, mpaghara oge abụọ maka ndị na-akwagharị akwagharị, ebe ịchụ nta echekwara maka ndị ọrụ, mpaghara ndị a na'echebe nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ebe anụ oriri maka ịchụ nta, mpaghara ịchụ nta maka obodo, na ebe dị nsọ.<ref name="file">{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.int/wcm/webdav/site/congo/shared/documents/NOUABALE-NDOKI%20NATIONAL%20PARK.pps|title=Protected areas of Congo|format=ppt|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Wild Life Conservation Society (WCS)|work=Congo BioDiversity: Description|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120213347/http://www.un.int/wcm/webdav/site/congo/shared/documents/NOUABALE-NDOKI%20NATIONAL%20PARK.pps|archivedate=2012-01-20}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120120213347/http://www.un.int/wcm/webdav/site/congo/shared/documents/NOUABALE-NDOKI%20NATIONAL%20PARK.pps "Protected areas of Congo"]. </cite></ref> === Ọnọdụ ihu igwe === Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ nwere ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ na nkezi 125 nke Mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ. Oge mmiri ozuzo bụ August ruo November na oge ọkọchị December ruo February. == Anụ Ọhịa == === Flora === [[Faịlụ:Forest_dominated_by_Gilbertiodendron_dewevrei_01.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ọhịa ''Gilbertiodendron dewevrei'']] Ogige Ntụrụndụ Nouable-Ndoki bụ Oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo nwere ụdị ahịhịa 24 dị iche iche. [[osisi]] ndị ahụ gụnyere nchịkọta nke ụdị mahoganies dị iche iche. Otú ọ dị, [[Óshíshí|osisi]] ndị kachasị bụ ''Gilbertiodendron dewevrei'' na mpaghara ugwu na n'ebe dị anya site na mmiri na nnukwu ebe. Oké ọhịa ndị na-agwakọta agwakọta na ndị na-eme mmiri bụkwa ihe a na-ahụkarị. Oké ọhịa ahụ nwere ọtụtụ "bais", ma ọ bụ ebe ndị e kpochapụrụ. A chọpụtala ihe karịrị otu puku ụdị osisi na osisi dị iche iche.<ref name="Congo">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wcs-congo.org/projects/nouabale.htm|title=Nouabale-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=WCS Congo|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722053408/http://www.wcs-congo.org/projects/nouabale.htm|archivedate=2011-07-22}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110722053408/http://www.wcs-congo.org/projects/nouabale.htm "Nouabale-Ndoki National Park"]. </cite></ref><ref name="Brit">{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1540231/Nouabale-Ndoki-National-Park|title=Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> ''G. dewevevri'' na-amị mkpụrụ n'elu afọ ma ọ bụ "echiche na mkpụrụ osisi nwere ike ime iji lụso anụ oriri ọgụ site na afọ ojuju nke anụ na-eri ibe ya". Ụmụ ahụhụ na-ebibi mkpụrụ ndị a. Otú ọ dị, ha bụ isi ihe oriri maka ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke anụ na-enye nwa ara dị ka ụmụ oke, duikers, osimiri na-acha ọbara ọbara na Nnukwu ezì ọhịa, atụ, enyí na, karịsịa, gorillas.<ref name="Noua">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1017/S0266467400011056|title=Seed Production by Gilbertiodendron dewevevri in the Nouabale-Ndoki National Park|first=Stephen|author=Blake|journal=Journal of Tropical Ecology|volume=13|issue=6|year=1997|pages=885–891}}</ref> === Anụmanụ === [[Faịlụ:Gorilla_tool_use.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|gorilla nwanyị toro eto n'ogige ntụrụndụ]] [[Faịlụ:Loxodonta_cyclotis_29048913.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Enyí ọhịa n'ogige ntụrụndụ]] [[Faịlụ:Potamochoerus_porcus_Otomops_1.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ezì ndị na-acha ọbara ọbara n'osimiri n'ozu enyí e gburu n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị]] E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị anụ bi n'ogige ahụ. <ref name="Brit">{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1540231/Nouabale-Ndoki-National-Park|title=Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1540231/Nouabale-Ndoki-National-Park "Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park"]. </cite></ref> National Geographic Society ekwuola na ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ nwere ike ịnwe oke anụ ọhịa kachasị n'Africa. Ụdị ndị a ma ama bụ primates, gụnyere western lowland gorillas na chimpanzee. Mbeli Bai bụ mpaghara 3 km2 mi2) n'ime ogige ahụ nke bara ọgaranya na gorillas, na 180 western lowland gorillas kọrọ ebe a. O nwekwara ọtụtụ ụdị enwe, itoolu n'ime ha nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ 50 kwa 1 km2 mi2). Nnụnụ gụnyere colobus ojii na-acha ọcha na nke na-acha ọbara ọbara, guenons nwere afụ ọnụ na okpueze, mangabeys nwere agba ntụ na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. <ref name="Riley">{{Cite book|author=Riley|first=Laura|title=Nature's strongholds: the world's great wildlife reserves|accessdate=2010-09-21|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_icMuBQhW4vgC|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=2005|isbn=0-691-12219-9}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRileyWilliam_Riley2005">Riley, Laura; William Riley (2005). </cite></ref><ref name="Mbeli">{{Cite web|url=http://weber.ucsd.edu/~jmoore/apesites/MbeliBai/MbeliBai.html|title=Mbeli Bai, Nouabale-Ndoki National Park, R. P. Congo|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Dept. of Anthropology Washington University|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19991012165252/http://weber.ucsd.edu/~jmoore/apesites/MbeliBai/MbeliBai.html|archivedate=1999-10-12}}</ref> E nwekwara enyí ọhịa a na-adịghị ahụkebe, atụ ọhịa buffalo, agụ owuru, bongo, na duiker na-acha anụnụ anụnụ. Enyí ọhịa na-emepụta ohere site na iwepụ ọhịa maka anụmanụ ndị ọzọ ịkwaga. Anelopes nwere mpi na 12 kg) n'elu ọnụ ọgụgụ 100 kwa 1 km2 mi2). Dị ka akụkọ ifo African Pygmy si kwuo, anụ na-akpụ akpụ nke nwere olu ogologo nke Congo, nke a maara dị ka Mokele-mbembe ji nnukwu mpi ihu ya gbuo enyí.<ref name="Riley">{{Cite book|author=Riley|first=Laura|title=Nature's strongholds: the world's great wildlife reserves|accessdate=2010-09-21|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_icMuBQhW4vgC|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=2005|isbn=0-691-12219-9}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRileyWilliam_Riley2005">Riley, Laura; William Riley (2005). </cite></ref> Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ na-anabata ihe karịrị ụdị nnụnụ 300 dị iche iche, gụnyere ugo, Hawks, owls, nnụnụ, herons na parrots. A họpụtara ya dị ka Ebe Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa (IBA) site na BirdLife International n'ihi na ọ na-akwado ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ọtụtụ ụdị nnụnụ.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/nouabal%C3%A9-ndoki-national-park-complex-iba-congo|title=Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park complex|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2024|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=2024-12-03}}</ref> Agụ owuru na ụmụ ahụhụ na-amị ọbara bụkwa akụkụ nke anụ ọhịa.<ref name="wild">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html|title=Congo Republic: Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Wild Life Hot Spots|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409190039/http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html|archivedate=2011-04-09}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110409190039/http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html "Congo Republic: Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park"]. </cite></ref> E meela nnyocha Herpetofaunal n'ebe anọ, na-edekọ ụdị anụmanụ 20 na 14 na-akpụ akpụ n'akụkụ ndịda nke ogige ahụ; n'ime ndị a, frogs gụnyere ''Aubria masako,'' ''Amietophrynus regularis'', ''Cryptothylax greshoffii'', ''Hyperolius balfouri'', ''H. brachiofasciatus'', ''Leptopelis brevirostris'' na ''L. calcaratus meridionalis''. <ref name="Ndoki">{{Cite journal|url=http://people.whitman.edu/~jacksok/Ndoki%20herps.pdf|title=The amphibians and reptiles of Nouabale-Ndoki National Park, Republic of Congo (Brazzaville)|author=Kate Jackson & David C. Blackburn|journal=Salamandra|accessdate=2010-09-20|pages=149–|year=2007|issn=0036-3375}}</ref> == Nchekwa == Mgbalị nchedo a na-eme abụghị nanị na Ogige Ntụrụndụ nke Nouabale-Ndoki naanị kamakwa na ogige ntụrụndụ abụọ ndị ọzọ nke mpaghara tri, yana Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area dum nke gụnyere ihe karịrị 96% nke ala ahụ. Mba ndị guzobere nzukọ mba atọ n'okpuru mmemme gafere ókèala site na mbọ nke World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) bụ Central African Republic, Congo na Cameroon. Mgbalị nhazi a emeela ka a rụọ ọrụ kwesịrị ekwesị metụtara mgbochi ịchụ nta, nyocha na ịkwalite njem nleta na oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo. Akụkụ a na-eme mgbe niile bụ nzukọ ndị a na-enwe n'oge ezumike nke ndị nchịkwa ogige ntụrụndụ atọ, yana ndị isi nke mba atọ ahụ. A na-eme ngagharị nke ogige ntụrụndụ site na ndị na-eme njem nlegharị anya mgbe niile iji hụ na ịchụ nta, mbubata ọdụ́ na igbu azụ na-enweghị ikike na ngwá agha ọkụ anaghị eme n'ogige ntụrụngwa ahụ.<ref name="Sangha">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|title=The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=Dazanga Sangha Central African Republic|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|archivedate=2010-08-11}}</ref><ref name="wwf" /> Ndị nleta nwere ike ileta ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ naanị n'otu ìgwè dị ka akụkụ nke njem a haziri site na ndị ọkachamara na-ahụ maka njem nleta nke anụ ọhịa.<ref name="wild">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html|title=Congo Republic: Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Wild Life Hot Spots|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409190039/http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html|archivedate=2011-04-09}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ndị na-enye ọrụ na-agba ọsọ n'ime ogige ahụ iji kwado mbọ nchekwa ma mee ka a mara banyere anụ ọhịa. Nzọụkwụ nchekwa na-akwado site na German Cooperation of Technical Collaboration (GTC) na Central African Republic na Cameroon, na World Wildlife Fund for Nature (WWF) na Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS - New York) na Congo. E mepụtara ego ntụkwasị obi, nke jupụtara na ego, maka ebumnuche nke ichekwa ogige ntụrụndụ.<ref name="Sangha">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|title=The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=Dazanga Sangha Central African Republic|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|archivedate=2010-08-11}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309 "The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)"]. </cite></ref><ref name="wwf">{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8796.pdf|title=Sangha Tri-National Landscape|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=World Wild Life Fund}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8796.pdf "Sangha Tri-National Landscape"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> Ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ nwekwara ọtụtụ ọrụ nyocha ya nke USAID-[[Central African Regional Program for the Environment|CARPE]], U.S. Fish &amp;amp; Wildlife Service, Columbus Zoo, na MacArthur Foundation na-akwado. N'ihi nkwado zuru oke nke mba ụwa, a na-ewere ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ ugbu a ọ bụghị naanị na mba dị mkpa, kamakwa ebe nchekwa nke mba ụwa nabatara nke dị oke mkpa, nke nwere akụrụngwa guzosiri ike, ndị ọrụ nwere nkà, na nkwado akụ na ụba dị ukwuu.<ref name="frontier">{{Cite web|url=http://africanadrenalin.com/WildFrontiers/congo_nouabale_ndoki_national_park_guided_tour.htm|title=Congo Nouabale-Ndoki National Park Guided Tour - 11 Day|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Wiled Frontier|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707092822/http://africanadrenalin.com/WildFrontiers/congo_nouabale_ndoki_national_park_guided_tour.htm|archivedate=2011-07-07}}</ref> === Nchebe === N'oge gara aga, teknụzụ nchebe bụ nke a kpaara ókè Ba"Aka ndị na-elekọta anụ. Otú ọ dị, ugbu a, ha anọwo na-eji ihe nchọpụta ejide ndị omempụ na-emerụ ogige ahụ. Ndị na-elekọta Ogige Ntụrụndụ nke Nouabalé-Ndoki nwere otu a maara dị ka 'ndị na-eche gburugburu ebe obibi'. 'Ndị na-eche gburugburu ebe obibi' nọ n'okpuru nlekọta nke MFEE (Ministry of Forestry Economy and the Environment). Site na MFEE / eco-guards, e mesiri ya n'aka na ọ dịghị ihe omume mmadụ na-akwadoghị na-ewere ọnọdụ n'ogige ntụrụndụ dịka ịchụ nta.<ref name="Congo">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wcs-congo.org/projects/nouabale.htm|title=Nouabale-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=WCS Congo|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722053408/http://www.wcs-congo.org/projects/nouabale.htm|archivedate=2011-07-22}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110722053408/http://www.wcs-congo.org/projects/nouabale.htm "Nouabale-Ndoki National Park"]. </cite></ref> Ewezuga ndị na-elekọta ọhịa, ndị obodo Ba'Aka na-enyekwa ihe ọmụma ha iji kwalite nchekwa na nchekwa nke ọhịa dị n'ogige ahụ.<ref name="Congo" /><ref name="wwf">{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8796.pdf|title=Sangha Tri-National Landscape|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=World Wild Life Fund}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8796.pdf "Sangha Tri-National Landscape"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> == Hụkwa == * Anụ Ọhịa Africa * Guyvanho, onye na-achụ nta n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị nke gburu ihe karịrị enyí ọhịa Africa 500 n'ogige ntụrụndụ * Oké ọhịa == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|2}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category}}{{National Parks of the Republic of the Congo}}{{authority control}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 89ier9cdorxkx4y1y4dfv3tovpue6wi 670637 670636 2026-07-01T05:24:48Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed refference with ref tag 670637 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ogige Ntụrụndụ Nouabalé-Ndoki''' bụ ogige ntụrụndụ mba na Republic of the Congo. E guzobere ya na 1993, na mpaghara ugwu nke Congo, ọ bụ ebe obibi nke enyí ọhịa, nnukwu enwe, gụnyere gorillas dị ala ọdịda anyanwụ na ụdị chimpanzees na bongo dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ. Oke ọhịa ahụ nwere ọtụtụ ụdị nnụnụ 300, tinyere ụdị osisi na osisi 1,000 nke gụnyere mahoganies ndị a na-egbu egbu.. <ref name="Congo" /> <ref name="WCS">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wcs-congo.org/|title=Welcome to WCS-Congo|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=WCS-Congo|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202020340/http://wcs-congo.org/|archivedate=2010-12-02}}</ref> == Nchịkwa == A na-achịkwa Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba Nouabalé-Ndoki n'okpuru nkwekọrịta mmekọrịta ọha na eze (PPP), nke e bịanyere aka na ya na 2013 n'etiti Gọọmentị RoC na WCS. Nkwekọrịta ahụ mepụtara Ntọala Nouabalé-Ndoki (FNN), nke e kenyere WCS dị ka Ngalaba Njikwa Ogige ruo 2038. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Echiche nke ịmepụta ogige ntụrụndụ echekwara pụtara na 1980s site na nghọta na enyí ọhịa na-agagharị n'enweghị ihe mgbochi na mpaghara niile nke ogige ntorobịa atọ ahụ chọrọ ka a chebe ha pụọ na ndị na-achụ nta na ụlọ ọrụ na-egbutu osisi.<ref name="wwf">{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8796.pdf|title=Sangha Tri-National Landscape|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=World Wild Life Fund}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8796.pdf "Sangha Tri-National Landscape"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> Atụmatụ iji guzobe Ogige Ntụrụndụ nke Nouabale-Ndoki malitere na 1991 site na Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) na Gọọmentị Congo na nkwado nke USAID dị ka ọrụ mmekorita gafere ókèala. Ọ gụnyekwara ọganihu nke mmekọrịta ya na ndị ọchịchị mpaghara, mpaghara na mba. E mechara guzobe ogige ntụrụndụ a na Septemba 1993, nke nwere mpaghara dị 3,921.69 km2 (1,514.17 sq mi) n'etiti Ngalaba Sangha nke dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ na Ngalaba Likouala nke dị n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Congo.. N'afọ 1999, ụlọ ọrụ osisi CIB (Congolaise Industrielle du Bois) na ndị obodo ahụ sonyeere WCS na Gọọmentị Congo iji mepụta ụlọ ọrụ ga-ebelata mmetụta ọjọọ nke ịkpụ osisi na ogige ntụrụndụ. Na 2001, e gbasaara ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ, e tinyere akụkụ nke nkwekọrịta osisi dị nso a maara dị ka triangle Gouloago n'ogige ntụrụndụ a. Ụlọ ọrụ osisi German nyefere ikike ya karịa 100 km2 (39 sq mi) nke Goualougo Triangle n'okpuru nkwekọrịta ya ka e jikọta ya na ogige ntụrụndụ mba, ma kpebisiekwa ike igbochi ịchụ nta. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-eme ọrụ osisi (karịsịa ụdị osisi abụọ nke Africa maka osisi dị elu) n'ọtụtụ mpaghara ọhịa dị na ugwu Congo ruo n'ókè dị oke, ogige a enweghị ọrụ ọ bụla dị otú ahụ. Nke a emeela ka ọ baara uru n'ichekwa na mmụba nke ọnụọgụgụ anụ ọhịa na ebe obibi okike nke ọhịa dị n'ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ..<ref name="Riley" /><ref name="file" /><ref name="Embassy">{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/congo/cache/offonce/pid/2479|title=Congo BioDiversity: Description|work=Slide 4|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Permanent Missions of the Republic of Congo|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112005658/http://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/congo/cache/offonce/pid/2479|archivedate=2012-01-12}}</ref><ref name="frontier">{{Cite web|url=http://africanadrenalin.com/WildFrontiers/congo_nouabale_ndoki_national_park_guided_tour.htm|title=Congo Nouabale-Ndoki National Park Guided Tour - 11 Day|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Wiled Frontier|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707092822/http://africanadrenalin.com/WildFrontiers/congo_nouabale_ndoki_national_park_guided_tour.htm|archivedate=2011-07-07}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110707092822/http://africanadrenalin.com/WildFrontiers/congo_nouabale_ndoki_national_park_guided_tour.htm "Congo Nouabale-Ndoki National Park Guided Tour - 11 Day"]. </cite></ref> Na nnọkọ Minista nke Ọhịa nke [[Central African Forest Commission]] (COMIFAC), e kpebiri iguzobe n'ime Congo Basin, Sangha River Tri-National Protected Area (TNS) nke nwere ngụkọta nke km2 sq mi) nke gụnyere Dzanga Sangha Special Reserve na Dzanga-Ndoki National Park na [[Central African Republic]], Nouabalé-Ndoki State Park na [[Republic of the Congo|Congo-Brazzaville]], na Lobéké National Park na [[Kameroon|Cameroon]]. <ref name="tri">{{Cite web|url=http://www.zambezi.com/location/congo_basin_tri_national_park|title=Lowland Gorilla Sangha National Park|accessdate=2010-09-18|publisher=The Zambazi Safari and Travel Co. Ltd}}</ref><ref name="Sangha">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|title=The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=Dazanga Sangha Central African Republic|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|archivedate=2010-08-11}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309 "The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)"]. </cite></ref> N'afọ 2012, e nyere ogige ntụrụndụ mba atọ ahụ ọnọdụ World Heritage Site dị ka Sangha Trinational . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1380|title=Sangha Trinational|work=UNESCO World Heritage List|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=21 March 2021}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == [[Faịlụ:Sangha_Tri_National_Landscape.jpg|thumb|Ala Ala Mba Sangha Tri. A na-akpọ ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ.]] The protected area, which is part of the Sangha River Tri-National Protected Area (STN) is drained mainly by the [[Osimiri Sangha|Sangha River]], a tributary of the Congo River. It is 3,921.61 km2 (1,514.14 sq mi) of pristine tropical rainforest with no human habitation within it and with human population densities in its periphery that are comparatively low for the sub-region. Part of the forest is still inaccessible and remains unexplored. It is a swampy tropical forest in lowlands that are part of the Congo River drainage basin. This park, along with the other two reserved parks within the larger Sangha Reserve, is secluded from all economic activity involving roads and human interference, which has resulted in its maintenance as a pristine rainforest.<ref name="Sangha">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|title=The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=Dazanga Sangha Central African Republic|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|archivedate=2010-08-11}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309 "The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)"]. </cite></ref><ref name="Riley">{{Cite book|author=Riley|first=Laura|title=Nature's strongholds: the world's great wildlife reserves|accessdate=2010-09-21|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_icMuBQhW4vgC|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=2005|isbn=0-691-12219-9}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRileyWilliam_Riley2005">Riley, Laura; William Riley (2005). </cite></ref><ref name="wild">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html|title=Congo Republic: Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Wild Life Hot Spots|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409190039/http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html|archivedate=2011-04-09}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110409190039/http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html "Congo Republic: Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park"]. </cite></ref> Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ dị n'ime ọhịa nke Congo nke mejupụtara 11% nke mpaghara niile nke mba ahụ. A na-agbakwunye ya n'ime ebe ndị a na-echebe, ebe ndị a chụpụrụ achụpụ a maara dị ka Bai na Yanga, mpaghara oge abụọ maka ndị na-akwagharị akwagharị, ebe ịchụ nta echekwara maka ndị ọrụ, mpaghara ndị a na'echebe nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ebe anụ oriri maka ịchụ nta, mpaghara ịchụ nta maka obodo, na ebe dị nsọ.<ref name="file">{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.int/wcm/webdav/site/congo/shared/documents/NOUABALE-NDOKI%20NATIONAL%20PARK.pps|title=Protected areas of Congo|format=ppt|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Wild Life Conservation Society (WCS)|work=Congo BioDiversity: Description|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120213347/http://www.un.int/wcm/webdav/site/congo/shared/documents/NOUABALE-NDOKI%20NATIONAL%20PARK.pps|archivedate=2012-01-20}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120120213347/http://www.un.int/wcm/webdav/site/congo/shared/documents/NOUABALE-NDOKI%20NATIONAL%20PARK.pps "Protected areas of Congo"]. </cite></ref> === Ọnọdụ ihu igwe === Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ nwere ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ na nkezi 125 nke Mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ. Oge mmiri ozuzo bụ August ruo November na oge ọkọchị December ruo February. == Anụ Ọhịa == === Flora === [[Faịlụ:Forest_dominated_by_Gilbertiodendron_dewevrei_01.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ọhịa ''Gilbertiodendron dewevrei'']] Ogige Ntụrụndụ Nouable-Ndoki bụ Oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo nwere ụdị ahịhịa 24 dị iche iche. [[osisi]] ndị ahụ gụnyere nchịkọta nke ụdị mahoganies dị iche iche. Otú ọ dị, [[Óshíshí|osisi]] ndị kachasị bụ ''Gilbertiodendron dewevrei'' na mpaghara ugwu na n'ebe dị anya site na mmiri na nnukwu ebe. Oké ọhịa ndị na-agwakọta agwakọta na ndị na-eme mmiri bụkwa ihe a na-ahụkarị. Oké ọhịa ahụ nwere ọtụtụ "bais", ma ọ bụ ebe ndị e kpochapụrụ. A chọpụtala ihe karịrị otu puku ụdị osisi na osisi dị iche iche.<ref name="Congo">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wcs-congo.org/projects/nouabale.htm|title=Nouabale-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=WCS Congo|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722053408/http://www.wcs-congo.org/projects/nouabale.htm|archivedate=2011-07-22}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110722053408/http://www.wcs-congo.org/projects/nouabale.htm "Nouabale-Ndoki National Park"]. </cite></ref><ref name="Brit">{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1540231/Nouabale-Ndoki-National-Park|title=Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> ''G. dewevevri'' na-amị mkpụrụ n'elu afọ ma ọ bụ "echiche na mkpụrụ osisi nwere ike ime iji lụso anụ oriri ọgụ site na afọ ojuju nke anụ na-eri ibe ya". Ụmụ ahụhụ na-ebibi mkpụrụ ndị a. Otú ọ dị, ha bụ isi ihe oriri maka ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke anụ na-enye nwa ara dị ka ụmụ oke, duikers, osimiri na-acha ọbara ọbara na Nnukwu ezì ọhịa, atụ, enyí na, karịsịa, gorillas.<ref name="Noua">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1017/S0266467400011056|title=Seed Production by Gilbertiodendron dewevevri in the Nouabale-Ndoki National Park|first=Stephen|author=Blake|journal=Journal of Tropical Ecology|volume=13|issue=6|year=1997|pages=885–891}}</ref> === Anụmanụ === [[Faịlụ:Gorilla_tool_use.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|gorilla nwanyị toro eto n'ogige ntụrụndụ]] [[Faịlụ:Loxodonta_cyclotis_29048913.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Enyí ọhịa n'ogige ntụrụndụ]] [[Faịlụ:Potamochoerus_porcus_Otomops_1.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ezì ndị na-acha ọbara ọbara n'osimiri n'ozu enyí e gburu n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị]] E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị anụ bi n'ogige ahụ. <ref name="Brit">{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1540231/Nouabale-Ndoki-National-Park|title=Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1540231/Nouabale-Ndoki-National-Park "Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park"]. </cite></ref> National Geographic Society ekwuola na ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ nwere ike ịnwe oke anụ ọhịa kachasị n'Africa. Ụdị ndị a ma ama bụ primates, gụnyere western lowland gorillas na chimpanzee. Mbeli Bai bụ mpaghara 3 km2 mi2) n'ime ogige ahụ nke bara ọgaranya na gorillas, na 180 western lowland gorillas kọrọ ebe a. O nwekwara ọtụtụ ụdị enwe, itoolu n'ime ha nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ 50 kwa 1 km2 mi2). Nnụnụ gụnyere colobus ojii na-acha ọcha na nke na-acha ọbara ọbara, guenons nwere afụ ọnụ na okpueze, mangabeys nwere agba ntụ na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. <ref name="Riley">{{Cite book|author=Riley|first=Laura|title=Nature's strongholds: the world's great wildlife reserves|accessdate=2010-09-21|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_icMuBQhW4vgC|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=2005|isbn=0-691-12219-9}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRileyWilliam_Riley2005">Riley, Laura; William Riley (2005). </cite></ref><ref name="Mbeli">{{Cite web|url=http://weber.ucsd.edu/~jmoore/apesites/MbeliBai/MbeliBai.html|title=Mbeli Bai, Nouabale-Ndoki National Park, R. P. Congo|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Dept. of Anthropology Washington University|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19991012165252/http://weber.ucsd.edu/~jmoore/apesites/MbeliBai/MbeliBai.html|archivedate=1999-10-12}}</ref> E nwekwara enyí ọhịa a na-adịghị ahụkebe, atụ ọhịa buffalo, agụ owuru, bongo, na duiker na-acha anụnụ anụnụ. Enyí ọhịa na-emepụta ohere site na iwepụ ọhịa maka anụmanụ ndị ọzọ ịkwaga. Anelopes nwere mpi na 12 kg) n'elu ọnụ ọgụgụ 100 kwa 1 km2 mi2). Dị ka akụkọ ifo African Pygmy si kwuo, anụ na-akpụ akpụ nke nwere olu ogologo nke Congo, nke a maara dị ka Mokele-mbembe ji nnukwu mpi ihu ya gbuo enyí.<ref name="Riley">{{Cite book|author=Riley|first=Laura|title=Nature's strongholds: the world's great wildlife reserves|accessdate=2010-09-21|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_icMuBQhW4vgC|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=2005|isbn=0-691-12219-9}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRileyWilliam_Riley2005">Riley, Laura; William Riley (2005). </cite></ref> Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ na-anabata ihe karịrị ụdị nnụnụ 300 dị iche iche, gụnyere ugo, Hawks, owls, nnụnụ, herons na parrots. A họpụtara ya dị ka Ebe Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa (IBA) site na BirdLife International n'ihi na ọ na-akwado ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ọtụtụ ụdị nnụnụ.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/nouabal%C3%A9-ndoki-national-park-complex-iba-congo|title=Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park complex|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2024|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=2024-12-03}}</ref> Agụ owuru na ụmụ ahụhụ na-amị ọbara bụkwa akụkụ nke anụ ọhịa.<ref name="wild">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html|title=Congo Republic: Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Wild Life Hot Spots|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409190039/http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html|archivedate=2011-04-09}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110409190039/http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html "Congo Republic: Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park"]. </cite></ref> E meela nnyocha Herpetofaunal n'ebe anọ, na-edekọ ụdị anụmanụ 20 na 14 na-akpụ akpụ n'akụkụ ndịda nke ogige ahụ; n'ime ndị a, frogs gụnyere ''Aubria masako,'' ''Amietophrynus regularis'', ''Cryptothylax greshoffii'', ''Hyperolius balfouri'', ''H. brachiofasciatus'', ''Leptopelis brevirostris'' na ''L. calcaratus meridionalis''. <ref name="Ndoki">{{Cite journal|url=http://people.whitman.edu/~jacksok/Ndoki%20herps.pdf|title=The amphibians and reptiles of Nouabale-Ndoki National Park, Republic of Congo (Brazzaville)|author=Kate Jackson & David C. Blackburn|journal=Salamandra|accessdate=2010-09-20|pages=149–|year=2007|issn=0036-3375}}</ref> == Nchekwa == Mgbalị nchedo a na-eme abụghị nanị na Ogige Ntụrụndụ nke Nouabale-Ndoki naanị kamakwa na ogige ntụrụndụ abụọ ndị ọzọ nke mpaghara tri, yana Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area dum nke gụnyere ihe karịrị 96% nke ala ahụ. Mba ndị guzobere nzukọ mba atọ n'okpuru mmemme gafere ókèala site na mbọ nke World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) bụ Central African Republic, Congo na Cameroon. Mgbalị nhazi a emeela ka a rụọ ọrụ kwesịrị ekwesị metụtara mgbochi ịchụ nta, nyocha na ịkwalite njem nleta na oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo. Akụkụ a na-eme mgbe niile bụ nzukọ ndị a na-enwe n'oge ezumike nke ndị nchịkwa ogige ntụrụndụ atọ, yana ndị isi nke mba atọ ahụ. A na-eme ngagharị nke ogige ntụrụndụ site na ndị na-eme njem nlegharị anya mgbe niile iji hụ na ịchụ nta, mbubata ọdụ́ na igbu azụ na-enweghị ikike na ngwá agha ọkụ anaghị eme n'ogige ntụrụngwa ahụ.<ref name="Sangha">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|title=The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=Dazanga Sangha Central African Republic|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|archivedate=2010-08-11}}</ref><ref name="wwf" /> Ndị nleta nwere ike ileta ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ naanị n'otu ìgwè dị ka akụkụ nke njem a haziri site na ndị ọkachamara na-ahụ maka njem nleta nke anụ ọhịa.<ref name="wild">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html|title=Congo Republic: Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Wild Life Hot Spots|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409190039/http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html|archivedate=2011-04-09}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ndị na-enye ọrụ na-agba ọsọ n'ime ogige ahụ iji kwado mbọ nchekwa ma mee ka a mara banyere anụ ọhịa. Nzọụkwụ nchekwa na-akwado site na German Cooperation of Technical Collaboration (GTC) na Central African Republic na Cameroon, na World Wildlife Fund for Nature (WWF) na Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS - New York) na Congo. E mepụtara ego ntụkwasị obi, nke jupụtara na ego, maka ebumnuche nke ichekwa ogige ntụrụndụ.<ref name="Sangha">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|title=The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=Dazanga Sangha Central African Republic|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|archivedate=2010-08-11}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309 "The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)"]. </cite></ref><ref name="wwf">{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8796.pdf|title=Sangha Tri-National Landscape|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=World Wild Life Fund}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8796.pdf "Sangha Tri-National Landscape"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> Ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ nwekwara ọtụtụ ọrụ nyocha ya nke USAID-[[Central African Regional Program for the Environment|CARPE]], U.S. Fish &amp;amp; Wildlife Service, Columbus Zoo, na MacArthur Foundation na-akwado. N'ihi nkwado zuru oke nke mba ụwa, a na-ewere ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ ugbu a ọ bụghị naanị na mba dị mkpa, kamakwa ebe nchekwa nke mba ụwa nabatara nke dị oke mkpa, nke nwere akụrụngwa guzosiri ike, ndị ọrụ nwere nkà, na nkwado akụ na ụba dị ukwuu.<ref name="frontier">{{Cite web|url=http://africanadrenalin.com/WildFrontiers/congo_nouabale_ndoki_national_park_guided_tour.htm|title=Congo Nouabale-Ndoki National Park Guided Tour - 11 Day|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Wiled Frontier|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707092822/http://africanadrenalin.com/WildFrontiers/congo_nouabale_ndoki_national_park_guided_tour.htm|archivedate=2011-07-07}}</ref> === Nchebe === N'oge gara aga, teknụzụ nchebe bụ nke a kpaara ókè Ba"Aka ndị na-elekọta anụ. Otú ọ dị, ugbu a, ha anọwo na-eji ihe nchọpụta ejide ndị omempụ na-emerụ ogige ahụ. Ndị na-elekọta Ogige Ntụrụndụ nke Nouabalé-Ndoki nwere otu a maara dị ka 'ndị na-eche gburugburu ebe obibi'. 'Ndị na-eche gburugburu ebe obibi' nọ n'okpuru nlekọta nke MFEE (Ministry of Forestry Economy and the Environment). Site na MFEE / eco-guards, e mesiri ya n'aka na ọ dịghị ihe omume mmadụ na-akwadoghị na-ewere ọnọdụ n'ogige ntụrụndụ dịka ịchụ nta.<ref name="Congo">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wcs-congo.org/projects/nouabale.htm|title=Nouabale-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=WCS Congo|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722053408/http://www.wcs-congo.org/projects/nouabale.htm|archivedate=2011-07-22}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110722053408/http://www.wcs-congo.org/projects/nouabale.htm "Nouabale-Ndoki National Park"]. </cite></ref> Ewezuga ndị na-elekọta ọhịa, ndị obodo Ba'Aka na-enyekwa ihe ọmụma ha iji kwalite nchekwa na nchekwa nke ọhịa dị n'ogige ahụ.<ref name="Congo" /><ref name="wwf">{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8796.pdf|title=Sangha Tri-National Landscape|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=World Wild Life Fund}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8796.pdf "Sangha Tri-National Landscape"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> == Hụkwa == * Anụ Ọhịa Africa * Guyvanho, onye na-achụ nta n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị nke gburu ihe karịrị enyí ọhịa Africa 500 n'ogige ntụrụndụ * Oké ọhịa == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|2}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category}}{{National Parks of the Republic of the Congo}}{{authority control}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 21rmt6i4aex1q6juhbo8epk1tdhqm23 670638 670637 2026-07-01T05:26:17Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed refference with ref tag 670638 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ogige Ntụrụndụ Nouabalé-Ndoki''' bụ ogige ntụrụndụ mba na Republic of the Congo. E guzobere ya na 1993, na mpaghara ugwu nke Congo, ọ bụ ebe obibi nke enyí ọhịa, nnukwu enwe, gụnyere gorillas dị ala ọdịda anyanwụ na ụdị chimpanzees na bongo dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ. Oke ọhịa ahụ nwere ọtụtụ ụdị nnụnụ 300, tinyere ụdị osisi na osisi 1,000 nke gụnyere mahoganies ndị a na-egbu egbu.. <ref name="Congo" /> <ref name="WCS">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wcs-congo.org/|title=Welcome to WCS-Congo|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=WCS-Congo|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202020340/http://wcs-congo.org/|archivedate=2010-12-02}}</ref> == Nchịkwa == A na-achịkwa Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba Nouabalé-Ndoki n'okpuru nkwekọrịta mmekọrịta ọha na eze (PPP), nke e bịanyere aka na ya na 2013 n'etiti Gọọmentị RoC na WCS. Nkwekọrịta ahụ mepụtara Ntọala Nouabalé-Ndoki (FNN), nke e kenyere WCS dị ka Ngalaba Njikwa Ogige ruo 2038. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Echiche nke ịmepụta ogige ntụrụndụ echekwara pụtara na 1980s site na nghọta na enyí ọhịa na-agagharị n'enweghị ihe mgbochi na mpaghara niile nke ogige ntorobịa atọ ahụ chọrọ ka a chebe ha pụọ na ndị na-achụ nta na ụlọ ọrụ na-egbutu osisi.<ref name="wwf">{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8796.pdf|title=Sangha Tri-National Landscape|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=World Wild Life Fund}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8796.pdf "Sangha Tri-National Landscape"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> Atụmatụ iji guzobe Ogige Ntụrụndụ nke Nouabale-Ndoki malitere na 1991 site na Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) na Gọọmentị Congo na nkwado nke USAID dị ka ọrụ mmekorita gafere ókèala. Ọ gụnyekwara ọganihu nke mmekọrịta ya na ndị ọchịchị mpaghara, mpaghara na mba. E mechara guzobe ogige ntụrụndụ a na Septemba 1993, nke nwere mpaghara dị 3,921.69 km2 (1,514.17 sq mi) n'etiti Ngalaba Sangha nke dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ na Ngalaba Likouala nke dị n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Congo.. N'afọ 1999, ụlọ ọrụ osisi CIB (Congolaise Industrielle du Bois) na ndị obodo ahụ sonyeere WCS na Gọọmentị Congo iji mepụta ụlọ ọrụ ga-ebelata mmetụta ọjọọ nke ịkpụ osisi na ogige ntụrụndụ. Na 2001, e gbasaara ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ, e tinyere akụkụ nke nkwekọrịta osisi dị nso a maara dị ka triangle Gouloago n'ogige ntụrụndụ a. Ụlọ ọrụ osisi German nyefere ikike ya karịa 100 km2 (39 sq mi) nke Goualougo Triangle n'okpuru nkwekọrịta ya ka e jikọta ya na ogige ntụrụndụ mba, ma kpebisiekwa ike igbochi ịchụ nta. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-eme ọrụ osisi (karịsịa ụdị osisi abụọ nke Africa maka osisi dị elu) n'ọtụtụ mpaghara ọhịa dị na ugwu Congo ruo n'ókè dị oke, ogige a enweghị ọrụ ọ bụla dị otú ahụ. Nke a emeela ka ọ baara uru n'ichekwa na mmụba nke ọnụọgụgụ anụ ọhịa na ebe obibi okike nke ọhịa dị n'ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ..<ref name="Riley" /><ref name="file" /><ref name="Embassy">{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/congo/cache/offonce/pid/2479|title=Congo BioDiversity: Description|work=Slide 4|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Permanent Missions of the Republic of Congo|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112005658/http://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/congo/cache/offonce/pid/2479|archivedate=2012-01-12}}</ref><ref name="frontier" /> Na nnọkọ Minista nke Ọhịa nke [[Central African Forest Commission]] (COMIFAC), e kpebiri iguzobe n'ime Congo Basin, Sangha River Tri-National Protected Area (TNS) nke nwere ngụkọta nke km2 sq mi) nke gụnyere Dzanga Sangha Special Reserve na Dzanga-Ndoki National Park na [[Central African Republic]], Nouabalé-Ndoki State Park na [[Republic of the Congo|Congo-Brazzaville]], na Lobéké National Park na [[Kameroon|Cameroon]]. <ref name="tri">{{Cite web|url=http://www.zambezi.com/location/congo_basin_tri_national_park|title=Lowland Gorilla Sangha National Park|accessdate=2010-09-18|publisher=The Zambazi Safari and Travel Co. Ltd}}</ref><ref name="Sangha">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|title=The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=Dazanga Sangha Central African Republic|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|archivedate=2010-08-11}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309 "The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)"]. </cite></ref> N'afọ 2012, e nyere ogige ntụrụndụ mba atọ ahụ ọnọdụ World Heritage Site dị ka Sangha Trinational . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1380|title=Sangha Trinational|work=UNESCO World Heritage List|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=21 March 2021}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == [[Faịlụ:Sangha_Tri_National_Landscape.jpg|thumb|Ala Ala Mba Sangha Tri. A na-akpọ ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ.]] The protected area, which is part of the Sangha River Tri-National Protected Area (STN) is drained mainly by the [[Osimiri Sangha|Sangha River]], a tributary of the Congo River. It is 3,921.61 km2 (1,514.14 sq mi) of pristine tropical rainforest with no human habitation within it and with human population densities in its periphery that are comparatively low for the sub-region. Part of the forest is still inaccessible and remains unexplored. It is a swampy tropical forest in lowlands that are part of the Congo River drainage basin. This park, along with the other two reserved parks within the larger Sangha Reserve, is secluded from all economic activity involving roads and human interference, which has resulted in its maintenance as a pristine rainforest.<ref name="Sangha">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|title=The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=Dazanga Sangha Central African Republic|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|archivedate=2010-08-11}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309 "The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)"]. </cite></ref><ref name="Riley">{{Cite book|author=Riley|first=Laura|title=Nature's strongholds: the world's great wildlife reserves|accessdate=2010-09-21|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_icMuBQhW4vgC|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=2005|isbn=0-691-12219-9}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRileyWilliam_Riley2005">Riley, Laura; William Riley (2005). </cite></ref><ref name="wild">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html|title=Congo Republic: Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Wild Life Hot Spots|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409190039/http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html|archivedate=2011-04-09}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110409190039/http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html "Congo Republic: Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park"]. </cite></ref> Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ dị n'ime ọhịa nke Congo nke mejupụtara 11% nke mpaghara niile nke mba ahụ. A na-agbakwunye ya n'ime ebe ndị a na-echebe, ebe ndị a chụpụrụ achụpụ a maara dị ka Bai na Yanga, mpaghara oge abụọ maka ndị na-akwagharị akwagharị, ebe ịchụ nta echekwara maka ndị ọrụ, mpaghara ndị a na'echebe nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ebe anụ oriri maka ịchụ nta, mpaghara ịchụ nta maka obodo, na ebe dị nsọ.<ref name="file">{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.int/wcm/webdav/site/congo/shared/documents/NOUABALE-NDOKI%20NATIONAL%20PARK.pps|title=Protected areas of Congo|format=ppt|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Wild Life Conservation Society (WCS)|work=Congo BioDiversity: Description|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120213347/http://www.un.int/wcm/webdav/site/congo/shared/documents/NOUABALE-NDOKI%20NATIONAL%20PARK.pps|archivedate=2012-01-20}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120120213347/http://www.un.int/wcm/webdav/site/congo/shared/documents/NOUABALE-NDOKI%20NATIONAL%20PARK.pps "Protected areas of Congo"]. </cite></ref> === Ọnọdụ ihu igwe === Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ nwere ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ na nkezi 125 nke Mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ. Oge mmiri ozuzo bụ August ruo November na oge ọkọchị December ruo February. == Anụ Ọhịa == === Flora === [[Faịlụ:Forest_dominated_by_Gilbertiodendron_dewevrei_01.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ọhịa ''Gilbertiodendron dewevrei'']] Ogige Ntụrụndụ Nouable-Ndoki bụ Oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo nwere ụdị ahịhịa 24 dị iche iche. [[osisi]] ndị ahụ gụnyere nchịkọta nke ụdị mahoganies dị iche iche. Otú ọ dị, [[Óshíshí|osisi]] ndị kachasị bụ ''Gilbertiodendron dewevrei'' na mpaghara ugwu na n'ebe dị anya site na mmiri na nnukwu ebe. Oké ọhịa ndị na-agwakọta agwakọta na ndị na-eme mmiri bụkwa ihe a na-ahụkarị. Oké ọhịa ahụ nwere ọtụtụ "bais", ma ọ bụ ebe ndị e kpochapụrụ. A chọpụtala ihe karịrị otu puku ụdị osisi na osisi dị iche iche.<ref name="Congo">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wcs-congo.org/projects/nouabale.htm|title=Nouabale-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=WCS Congo|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722053408/http://www.wcs-congo.org/projects/nouabale.htm|archivedate=2011-07-22}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110722053408/http://www.wcs-congo.org/projects/nouabale.htm "Nouabale-Ndoki National Park"]. </cite></ref><ref name="Brit">{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1540231/Nouabale-Ndoki-National-Park|title=Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> ''G. dewevevri'' na-amị mkpụrụ n'elu afọ ma ọ bụ "echiche na mkpụrụ osisi nwere ike ime iji lụso anụ oriri ọgụ site na afọ ojuju nke anụ na-eri ibe ya". Ụmụ ahụhụ na-ebibi mkpụrụ ndị a. Otú ọ dị, ha bụ isi ihe oriri maka ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke anụ na-enye nwa ara dị ka ụmụ oke, duikers, osimiri na-acha ọbara ọbara na Nnukwu ezì ọhịa, atụ, enyí na, karịsịa, gorillas.<ref name="Noua">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1017/S0266467400011056|title=Seed Production by Gilbertiodendron dewevevri in the Nouabale-Ndoki National Park|first=Stephen|author=Blake|journal=Journal of Tropical Ecology|volume=13|issue=6|year=1997|pages=885–891}}</ref> === Anụmanụ === [[Faịlụ:Gorilla_tool_use.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|gorilla nwanyị toro eto n'ogige ntụrụndụ]] [[Faịlụ:Loxodonta_cyclotis_29048913.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Enyí ọhịa n'ogige ntụrụndụ]] [[Faịlụ:Potamochoerus_porcus_Otomops_1.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ezì ndị na-acha ọbara ọbara n'osimiri n'ozu enyí e gburu n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị]] E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị anụ bi n'ogige ahụ. <ref name="Brit">{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1540231/Nouabale-Ndoki-National-Park|title=Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1540231/Nouabale-Ndoki-National-Park "Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park"]. </cite></ref> National Geographic Society ekwuola na ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ nwere ike ịnwe oke anụ ọhịa kachasị n'Africa. Ụdị ndị a ma ama bụ primates, gụnyere western lowland gorillas na chimpanzee. Mbeli Bai bụ mpaghara 3 km2 mi2) n'ime ogige ahụ nke bara ọgaranya na gorillas, na 180 western lowland gorillas kọrọ ebe a. O nwekwara ọtụtụ ụdị enwe, itoolu n'ime ha nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ 50 kwa 1 km2 mi2). Nnụnụ gụnyere colobus ojii na-acha ọcha na nke na-acha ọbara ọbara, guenons nwere afụ ọnụ na okpueze, mangabeys nwere agba ntụ na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. <ref name="Riley">{{Cite book|author=Riley|first=Laura|title=Nature's strongholds: the world's great wildlife reserves|accessdate=2010-09-21|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_icMuBQhW4vgC|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=2005|isbn=0-691-12219-9}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRileyWilliam_Riley2005">Riley, Laura; William Riley (2005). </cite></ref><ref name="Mbeli">{{Cite web|url=http://weber.ucsd.edu/~jmoore/apesites/MbeliBai/MbeliBai.html|title=Mbeli Bai, Nouabale-Ndoki National Park, R. P. Congo|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Dept. of Anthropology Washington University|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19991012165252/http://weber.ucsd.edu/~jmoore/apesites/MbeliBai/MbeliBai.html|archivedate=1999-10-12}}</ref> E nwekwara enyí ọhịa a na-adịghị ahụkebe, atụ ọhịa buffalo, agụ owuru, bongo, na duiker na-acha anụnụ anụnụ. Enyí ọhịa na-emepụta ohere site na iwepụ ọhịa maka anụmanụ ndị ọzọ ịkwaga. Anelopes nwere mpi na 12 kg) n'elu ọnụ ọgụgụ 100 kwa 1 km2 mi2). Dị ka akụkọ ifo African Pygmy si kwuo, anụ na-akpụ akpụ nke nwere olu ogologo nke Congo, nke a maara dị ka Mokele-mbembe ji nnukwu mpi ihu ya gbuo enyí.<ref name="Riley">{{Cite book|author=Riley|first=Laura|title=Nature's strongholds: the world's great wildlife reserves|accessdate=2010-09-21|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_icMuBQhW4vgC|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=2005|isbn=0-691-12219-9}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRileyWilliam_Riley2005">Riley, Laura; William Riley (2005). </cite></ref> Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ na-anabata ihe karịrị ụdị nnụnụ 300 dị iche iche, gụnyere ugo, Hawks, owls, nnụnụ, herons na parrots. A họpụtara ya dị ka Ebe Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa (IBA) site na BirdLife International n'ihi na ọ na-akwado ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ọtụtụ ụdị nnụnụ.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/nouabal%C3%A9-ndoki-national-park-complex-iba-congo|title=Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park complex|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2024|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=2024-12-03}}</ref> Agụ owuru na ụmụ ahụhụ na-amị ọbara bụkwa akụkụ nke anụ ọhịa.<ref name="wild">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html|title=Congo Republic: Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Wild Life Hot Spots|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409190039/http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html|archivedate=2011-04-09}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110409190039/http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html "Congo Republic: Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park"]. </cite></ref> E meela nnyocha Herpetofaunal n'ebe anọ, na-edekọ ụdị anụmanụ 20 na 14 na-akpụ akpụ n'akụkụ ndịda nke ogige ahụ; n'ime ndị a, frogs gụnyere ''Aubria masako,'' ''Amietophrynus regularis'', ''Cryptothylax greshoffii'', ''Hyperolius balfouri'', ''H. brachiofasciatus'', ''Leptopelis brevirostris'' na ''L. calcaratus meridionalis''. <ref name="Ndoki">{{Cite journal|url=http://people.whitman.edu/~jacksok/Ndoki%20herps.pdf|title=The amphibians and reptiles of Nouabale-Ndoki National Park, Republic of Congo (Brazzaville)|author=Kate Jackson & David C. Blackburn|journal=Salamandra|accessdate=2010-09-20|pages=149–|year=2007|issn=0036-3375}}</ref> == Nchekwa == Mgbalị nchedo a na-eme abụghị nanị na Ogige Ntụrụndụ nke Nouabale-Ndoki naanị kamakwa na ogige ntụrụndụ abụọ ndị ọzọ nke mpaghara tri, yana Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area dum nke gụnyere ihe karịrị 96% nke ala ahụ. Mba ndị guzobere nzukọ mba atọ n'okpuru mmemme gafere ókèala site na mbọ nke World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) bụ Central African Republic, Congo na Cameroon. Mgbalị nhazi a emeela ka a rụọ ọrụ kwesịrị ekwesị metụtara mgbochi ịchụ nta, nyocha na ịkwalite njem nleta na oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo. Akụkụ a na-eme mgbe niile bụ nzukọ ndị a na-enwe n'oge ezumike nke ndị nchịkwa ogige ntụrụndụ atọ, yana ndị isi nke mba atọ ahụ. A na-eme ngagharị nke ogige ntụrụndụ site na ndị na-eme njem nlegharị anya mgbe niile iji hụ na ịchụ nta, mbubata ọdụ́ na igbu azụ na-enweghị ikike na ngwá agha ọkụ anaghị eme n'ogige ntụrụngwa ahụ.<ref name="Sangha">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|title=The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=Dazanga Sangha Central African Republic|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|archivedate=2010-08-11}}</ref><ref name="wwf" /> Ndị nleta nwere ike ileta ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ naanị n'otu ìgwè dị ka akụkụ nke njem a haziri site na ndị ọkachamara na-ahụ maka njem nleta nke anụ ọhịa.<ref name="wild">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html|title=Congo Republic: Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Wild Life Hot Spots|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409190039/http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html|archivedate=2011-04-09}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ndị na-enye ọrụ na-agba ọsọ n'ime ogige ahụ iji kwado mbọ nchekwa ma mee ka a mara banyere anụ ọhịa. Nzọụkwụ nchekwa na-akwado site na German Cooperation of Technical Collaboration (GTC) na Central African Republic na Cameroon, na World Wildlife Fund for Nature (WWF) na Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS - New York) na Congo. E mepụtara ego ntụkwasị obi, nke jupụtara na ego, maka ebumnuche nke ichekwa ogige ntụrụndụ.<ref name="Sangha">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|title=The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=Dazanga Sangha Central African Republic|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|archivedate=2010-08-11}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309 "The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)"]. </cite></ref><ref name="wwf">{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8796.pdf|title=Sangha Tri-National Landscape|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=World Wild Life Fund}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8796.pdf "Sangha Tri-National Landscape"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> Ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ nwekwara ọtụtụ ọrụ nyocha ya nke USAID-[[Central African Regional Program for the Environment|CARPE]], U.S. Fish &amp;amp; Wildlife Service, Columbus Zoo, na MacArthur Foundation na-akwado. N'ihi nkwado zuru oke nke mba ụwa, a na-ewere ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ ugbu a ọ bụghị naanị na mba dị mkpa, kamakwa ebe nchekwa nke mba ụwa nabatara nke dị oke mkpa, nke nwere akụrụngwa guzosiri ike, ndị ọrụ nwere nkà, na nkwado akụ na ụba dị ukwuu.<ref name="frontier">{{Cite web|url=http://africanadrenalin.com/WildFrontiers/congo_nouabale_ndoki_national_park_guided_tour.htm|title=Congo Nouabale-Ndoki National Park Guided Tour - 11 Day|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Wiled Frontier|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707092822/http://africanadrenalin.com/WildFrontiers/congo_nouabale_ndoki_national_park_guided_tour.htm|archivedate=2011-07-07}}</ref> === Nchebe === N'oge gara aga, teknụzụ nchebe bụ nke a kpaara ókè Ba"Aka ndị na-elekọta anụ. Otú ọ dị, ugbu a, ha anọwo na-eji ihe nchọpụta ejide ndị omempụ na-emerụ ogige ahụ. Ndị na-elekọta Ogige Ntụrụndụ nke Nouabalé-Ndoki nwere otu a maara dị ka 'ndị na-eche gburugburu ebe obibi'. 'Ndị na-eche gburugburu ebe obibi' nọ n'okpuru nlekọta nke MFEE (Ministry of Forestry Economy and the Environment). Site na MFEE / eco-guards, e mesiri ya n'aka na ọ dịghị ihe omume mmadụ na-akwadoghị na-ewere ọnọdụ n'ogige ntụrụndụ dịka ịchụ nta.<ref name="Congo">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wcs-congo.org/projects/nouabale.htm|title=Nouabale-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=WCS Congo|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722053408/http://www.wcs-congo.org/projects/nouabale.htm|archivedate=2011-07-22}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110722053408/http://www.wcs-congo.org/projects/nouabale.htm "Nouabale-Ndoki National Park"]. </cite></ref> Ewezuga ndị na-elekọta ọhịa, ndị obodo Ba'Aka na-enyekwa ihe ọmụma ha iji kwalite nchekwa na nchekwa nke ọhịa dị n'ogige ahụ.<ref name="Congo" /><ref name="wwf">{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8796.pdf|title=Sangha Tri-National Landscape|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=World Wild Life Fund}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8796.pdf "Sangha Tri-National Landscape"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> == Hụkwa == * Anụ Ọhịa Africa * Guyvanho, onye na-achụ nta n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị nke gburu ihe karịrị enyí ọhịa Africa 500 n'ogige ntụrụndụ * Oké ọhịa == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|2}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category}}{{National Parks of the Republic of the Congo}}{{authority control}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 6gjr0eib8f3ksrwdxdpsyhqaui5d233 670639 670638 2026-07-01T05:27:37Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed refference with ref tag 670639 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ogige Ntụrụndụ Nouabalé-Ndoki''' bụ ogige ntụrụndụ mba na Republic of the Congo. E guzobere ya na 1993, na mpaghara ugwu nke Congo, ọ bụ ebe obibi nke enyí ọhịa, nnukwu enwe, gụnyere gorillas dị ala ọdịda anyanwụ na ụdị chimpanzees na bongo dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ. Oke ọhịa ahụ nwere ọtụtụ ụdị nnụnụ 300, tinyere ụdị osisi na osisi 1,000 nke gụnyere mahoganies ndị a na-egbu egbu.. <ref name="Congo" /> <ref name="WCS">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wcs-congo.org/|title=Welcome to WCS-Congo|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=WCS-Congo|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202020340/http://wcs-congo.org/|archivedate=2010-12-02}}</ref> == Nchịkwa == A na-achịkwa Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba Nouabalé-Ndoki n'okpuru nkwekọrịta mmekọrịta ọha na eze (PPP), nke e bịanyere aka na ya na 2013 n'etiti Gọọmentị RoC na WCS. Nkwekọrịta ahụ mepụtara Ntọala Nouabalé-Ndoki (FNN), nke e kenyere WCS dị ka Ngalaba Njikwa Ogige ruo 2038. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Echiche nke ịmepụta ogige ntụrụndụ echekwara pụtara na 1980s site na nghọta na enyí ọhịa na-agagharị n'enweghị ihe mgbochi na mpaghara niile nke ogige ntorobịa atọ ahụ chọrọ ka a chebe ha pụọ na ndị na-achụ nta na ụlọ ọrụ na-egbutu osisi.<ref name="wwf">{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8796.pdf|title=Sangha Tri-National Landscape|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=World Wild Life Fund}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8796.pdf "Sangha Tri-National Landscape"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> Atụmatụ iji guzobe Ogige Ntụrụndụ nke Nouabale-Ndoki malitere na 1991 site na Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) na Gọọmentị Congo na nkwado nke USAID dị ka ọrụ mmekorita gafere ókèala. Ọ gụnyekwara ọganihu nke mmekọrịta ya na ndị ọchịchị mpaghara, mpaghara na mba. E mechara guzobe ogige ntụrụndụ a na Septemba 1993, nke nwere mpaghara dị 3,921.69 km2 (1,514.17 sq mi) n'etiti Ngalaba Sangha nke dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ na Ngalaba Likouala nke dị n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Congo.. N'afọ 1999, ụlọ ọrụ osisi CIB (Congolaise Industrielle du Bois) na ndị obodo ahụ sonyeere WCS na Gọọmentị Congo iji mepụta ụlọ ọrụ ga-ebelata mmetụta ọjọọ nke ịkpụ osisi na ogige ntụrụndụ. Na 2001, e gbasaara ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ, e tinyere akụkụ nke nkwekọrịta osisi dị nso a maara dị ka triangle Gouloago n'ogige ntụrụndụ a. Ụlọ ọrụ osisi German nyefere ikike ya karịa 100 km2 (39 sq mi) nke Goualougo Triangle n'okpuru nkwekọrịta ya ka e jikọta ya na ogige ntụrụndụ mba, ma kpebisiekwa ike igbochi ịchụ nta. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-eme ọrụ osisi (karịsịa ụdị osisi abụọ nke Africa maka osisi dị elu) n'ọtụtụ mpaghara ọhịa dị na ugwu Congo ruo n'ókè dị oke, ogige a enweghị ọrụ ọ bụla dị otú ahụ. Nke a emeela ka ọ baara uru n'ichekwa na mmụba nke ọnụọgụgụ anụ ọhịa na ebe obibi okike nke ọhịa dị n'ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ..<ref name="Riley" /><ref name="file" /><ref name="Embassy">{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/congo/cache/offonce/pid/2479|title=Congo BioDiversity: Description|work=Slide 4|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Permanent Missions of the Republic of Congo|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112005658/http://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/congo/cache/offonce/pid/2479|archivedate=2012-01-12}}</ref><ref name="frontier" /> Na nnọkọ Minista nke Ọhịa nke [[Central African Forest Commission]] (COMIFAC), e kpebiri iguzobe n'ime Congo Basin, Sangha River Tri-National Protected Area (TNS) nke nwere ngụkọta nke km2 sq mi) nke gụnyere Dzanga Sangha Special Reserve na Dzanga-Ndoki National Park na [[Central African Republic]], Nouabalé-Ndoki State Park na [[Republic of the Congo|Congo-Brazzaville]], na Lobéké National Park na [[Kameroon|Cameroon]]. <ref name="tri">{{Cite web|url=http://www.zambezi.com/location/congo_basin_tri_national_park|title=Lowland Gorilla Sangha National Park|accessdate=2010-09-18|publisher=The Zambazi Safari and Travel Co. Ltd}}</ref><ref name="Sangha">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|title=The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=Dazanga Sangha Central African Republic|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|archivedate=2010-08-11}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309 "The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)"]. </cite></ref> N'afọ 2012, e nyere ogige ntụrụndụ mba atọ ahụ ọnọdụ World Heritage Site dị ka Sangha Trinational . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1380|title=Sangha Trinational|work=UNESCO World Heritage List|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=21 March 2021}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == [[Faịlụ:Sangha_Tri_National_Landscape.jpg|thumb|Ala Ala Mba Sangha Tri. A na-akpọ ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ.]] The protected area, which is part of the Sangha River Tri-National Protected Area (STN) is drained mainly by the [[Osimiri Sangha|Sangha River]], a tributary of the Congo River. It is 3,921.61 km2 (1,514.14 sq mi) of pristine tropical rainforest with no human habitation within it and with human population densities in its periphery that are comparatively low for the sub-region. Part of the forest is still inaccessible and remains unexplored. It is a swampy tropical forest in lowlands that are part of the Congo River drainage basin. This park, along with the other two reserved parks within the larger Sangha Reserve, is secluded from all economic activity involving roads and human interference, which has resulted in its maintenance as a pristine rainforest.<ref name="Sangha">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|title=The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=Dazanga Sangha Central African Republic|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|archivedate=2010-08-11}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309 "The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)"]. </cite></ref><ref name="Riley">{{Cite book|author=Riley|first=Laura|title=Nature's strongholds: the world's great wildlife reserves|accessdate=2010-09-21|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_icMuBQhW4vgC|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=2005|isbn=0-691-12219-9}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRileyWilliam_Riley2005">Riley, Laura; William Riley (2005). </cite></ref><ref name="wild">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html|title=Congo Republic: Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Wild Life Hot Spots|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409190039/http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html|archivedate=2011-04-09}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110409190039/http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html "Congo Republic: Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park"]. </cite></ref> Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ dị n'ime ọhịa nke Congo nke mejupụtara 11% nke mpaghara niile nke mba ahụ. A na-agbakwunye ya n'ime ebe ndị a na-echebe, ebe ndị a chụpụrụ achụpụ a maara dị ka Bai na Yanga, mpaghara oge abụọ maka ndị na-akwagharị akwagharị, ebe ịchụ nta echekwara maka ndị ọrụ, mpaghara ndị a na'echebe nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ebe anụ oriri maka ịchụ nta, mpaghara ịchụ nta maka obodo, na ebe dị nsọ.<ref name="file">{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.int/wcm/webdav/site/congo/shared/documents/NOUABALE-NDOKI%20NATIONAL%20PARK.pps|title=Protected areas of Congo|format=ppt|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Wild Life Conservation Society (WCS)|work=Congo BioDiversity: Description|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120213347/http://www.un.int/wcm/webdav/site/congo/shared/documents/NOUABALE-NDOKI%20NATIONAL%20PARK.pps|archivedate=2012-01-20}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120120213347/http://www.un.int/wcm/webdav/site/congo/shared/documents/NOUABALE-NDOKI%20NATIONAL%20PARK.pps "Protected areas of Congo"]. </cite></ref> === Ọnọdụ ihu igwe === Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ nwere ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ na nkezi 125 nke Mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ. Oge mmiri ozuzo bụ August ruo November na oge ọkọchị December ruo February. == Anụ Ọhịa == === Flora === [[Faịlụ:Forest_dominated_by_Gilbertiodendron_dewevrei_01.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ọhịa ''Gilbertiodendron dewevrei'']] Ogige Ntụrụndụ Nouable-Ndoki bụ Oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo nwere ụdị ahịhịa 24 dị iche iche. [[osisi]] ndị ahụ gụnyere nchịkọta nke ụdị mahoganies dị iche iche. Otú ọ dị, [[Óshíshí|osisi]] ndị kachasị bụ ''Gilbertiodendron dewevrei'' na mpaghara ugwu na n'ebe dị anya site na mmiri na nnukwu ebe. Oké ọhịa ndị na-agwakọta agwakọta na ndị na-eme mmiri bụkwa ihe a na-ahụkarị. Oké ọhịa ahụ nwere ọtụtụ "bais", ma ọ bụ ebe ndị e kpochapụrụ. A chọpụtala ihe karịrị otu puku ụdị osisi na osisi dị iche iche.<ref name="Congo">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wcs-congo.org/projects/nouabale.htm|title=Nouabale-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=WCS Congo|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722053408/http://www.wcs-congo.org/projects/nouabale.htm|archivedate=2011-07-22}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110722053408/http://www.wcs-congo.org/projects/nouabale.htm "Nouabale-Ndoki National Park"]. </cite></ref><ref name="Brit">{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1540231/Nouabale-Ndoki-National-Park|title=Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> ''G. dewevevri'' na-amị mkpụrụ n'elu afọ ma ọ bụ "echiche na mkpụrụ osisi nwere ike ime iji lụso anụ oriri ọgụ site na afọ ojuju nke anụ na-eri ibe ya". Ụmụ ahụhụ na-ebibi mkpụrụ ndị a. Otú ọ dị, ha bụ isi ihe oriri maka ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke anụ na-enye nwa ara dị ka ụmụ oke, duikers, osimiri na-acha ọbara ọbara na Nnukwu ezì ọhịa, atụ, enyí na, karịsịa, gorillas.<ref name="Noua">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1017/S0266467400011056|title=Seed Production by Gilbertiodendron dewevevri in the Nouabale-Ndoki National Park|first=Stephen|author=Blake|journal=Journal of Tropical Ecology|volume=13|issue=6|year=1997|pages=885–891}}</ref> === Anụmanụ === [[Faịlụ:Gorilla_tool_use.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|gorilla nwanyị toro eto n'ogige ntụrụndụ]] [[Faịlụ:Loxodonta_cyclotis_29048913.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Enyí ọhịa n'ogige ntụrụndụ]] [[Faịlụ:Potamochoerus_porcus_Otomops_1.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ezì ndị na-acha ọbara ọbara n'osimiri n'ozu enyí e gburu n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị]] E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị anụ bi n'ogige ahụ. <ref name="Brit">{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1540231/Nouabale-Ndoki-National-Park|title=Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1540231/Nouabale-Ndoki-National-Park "Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park"]. </cite></ref> National Geographic Society ekwuola na ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ nwere ike ịnwe oke anụ ọhịa kachasị n'Africa. Ụdị ndị a ma ama bụ primates, gụnyere western lowland gorillas na chimpanzee. Mbeli Bai bụ mpaghara 3 km2 mi2) n'ime ogige ahụ nke bara ọgaranya na gorillas, na 180 western lowland gorillas kọrọ ebe a. O nwekwara ọtụtụ ụdị enwe, itoolu n'ime ha nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ 50 kwa 1 km2 mi2). Nnụnụ gụnyere colobus ojii na-acha ọcha na nke na-acha ọbara ọbara, guenons nwere afụ ọnụ na okpueze, mangabeys nwere agba ntụ na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. <ref name="Riley">{{Cite book|author=Riley|first=Laura|title=Nature's strongholds: the world's great wildlife reserves|accessdate=2010-09-21|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_icMuBQhW4vgC|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=2005|isbn=0-691-12219-9}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRileyWilliam_Riley2005">Riley, Laura; William Riley (2005). </cite></ref><ref name="Mbeli">{{Cite web|url=http://weber.ucsd.edu/~jmoore/apesites/MbeliBai/MbeliBai.html|title=Mbeli Bai, Nouabale-Ndoki National Park, R. P. Congo|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Dept. of Anthropology Washington University|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19991012165252/http://weber.ucsd.edu/~jmoore/apesites/MbeliBai/MbeliBai.html|archivedate=1999-10-12}}</ref> E nwekwara enyí ọhịa a na-adịghị ahụkebe, atụ ọhịa buffalo, agụ owuru, bongo, na duiker na-acha anụnụ anụnụ. Enyí ọhịa na-emepụta ohere site na iwepụ ọhịa maka anụmanụ ndị ọzọ ịkwaga. Anelopes nwere mpi na 12 kg) n'elu ọnụ ọgụgụ 100 kwa 1 km2 mi2). Dị ka akụkọ ifo African Pygmy si kwuo, anụ na-akpụ akpụ nke nwere olu ogologo nke Congo, nke a maara dị ka Mokele-mbembe ji nnukwu mpi ihu ya gbuo enyí.<ref name="Riley">{{Cite book|author=Riley|first=Laura|title=Nature's strongholds: the world's great wildlife reserves|accessdate=2010-09-21|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_icMuBQhW4vgC|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=2005|isbn=0-691-12219-9}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRileyWilliam_Riley2005">Riley, Laura; William Riley (2005). </cite></ref> Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ na-anabata ihe karịrị ụdị nnụnụ 300 dị iche iche, gụnyere ugo, Hawks, owls, nnụnụ, herons na parrots. A họpụtara ya dị ka Ebe Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa (IBA) site na BirdLife International n'ihi na ọ na-akwado ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ọtụtụ ụdị nnụnụ.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/nouabal%C3%A9-ndoki-national-park-complex-iba-congo|title=Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park complex|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2024|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=2024-12-03}}</ref> Agụ owuru na ụmụ ahụhụ na-amị ọbara bụkwa akụkụ nke anụ ọhịa.<ref name="wild">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html|title=Congo Republic: Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Wild Life Hot Spots|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409190039/http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html|archivedate=2011-04-09}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110409190039/http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html "Congo Republic: Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park"]. </cite></ref> E meela nnyocha Herpetofaunal n'ebe anọ, na-edekọ ụdị anụmanụ 20 na 14 na-akpụ akpụ n'akụkụ ndịda nke ogige ahụ; n'ime ndị a, frogs gụnyere ''Aubria masako,'' ''Amietophrynus regularis'', ''Cryptothylax greshoffii'', ''Hyperolius balfouri'', ''H. brachiofasciatus'', ''Leptopelis brevirostris'' na ''L. calcaratus meridionalis''. <ref name="Ndoki">{{Cite journal|url=http://people.whitman.edu/~jacksok/Ndoki%20herps.pdf|title=The amphibians and reptiles of Nouabale-Ndoki National Park, Republic of Congo (Brazzaville)|author=Kate Jackson & David C. Blackburn|journal=Salamandra|accessdate=2010-09-20|pages=149–|year=2007|issn=0036-3375}}</ref> == Nchekwa == Mgbalị nchedo a na-eme abụghị nanị na Ogige Ntụrụndụ nke Nouabale-Ndoki naanị kamakwa na ogige ntụrụndụ abụọ ndị ọzọ nke mpaghara tri, yana Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area dum nke gụnyere ihe karịrị 96% nke ala ahụ. Mba ndị guzobere nzukọ mba atọ n'okpuru mmemme gafere ókèala site na mbọ nke World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) bụ Central African Republic, Congo na Cameroon. Mgbalị nhazi a emeela ka a rụọ ọrụ kwesịrị ekwesị metụtara mgbochi ịchụ nta, nyocha na ịkwalite njem nleta na oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo. Akụkụ a na-eme mgbe niile bụ nzukọ ndị a na-enwe n'oge ezumike nke ndị nchịkwa ogige ntụrụndụ atọ, yana ndị isi nke mba atọ ahụ. A na-eme ngagharị nke ogige ntụrụndụ site na ndị na-eme njem nlegharị anya mgbe niile iji hụ na ịchụ nta, mbubata ọdụ́ na igbu azụ na-enweghị ikike na ngwá agha ọkụ anaghị eme n'ogige ntụrụngwa ahụ.<ref name="Sangha">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|title=The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=Dazanga Sangha Central African Republic|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|archivedate=2010-08-11}}</ref><ref name="wwf" /> Ndị nleta nwere ike ileta ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ naanị n'otu ìgwè dị ka akụkụ nke njem a haziri site na ndị ọkachamara na-ahụ maka njem nleta nke anụ ọhịa.<ref name="wild" /> Ọtụtụ ndị na-enye ọrụ na-agba ọsọ n'ime ogige ahụ iji kwado mbọ nchekwa ma mee ka a mara banyere anụ ọhịa. Nzọụkwụ nchekwa na-akwado site na German Cooperation of Technical Collaboration (GTC) na Central African Republic na Cameroon, na World Wildlife Fund for Nature (WWF) na Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS - New York) na Congo. E mepụtara ego ntụkwasị obi, nke jupụtara na ego, maka ebumnuche nke ichekwa ogige ntụrụndụ.<ref name="Sangha">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|title=The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=Dazanga Sangha Central African Republic|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|archivedate=2010-08-11}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309 "The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)"]. </cite></ref><ref name="wwf">{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8796.pdf|title=Sangha Tri-National Landscape|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=World Wild Life Fund}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8796.pdf "Sangha Tri-National Landscape"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> Ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ nwekwara ọtụtụ ọrụ nyocha ya nke USAID-[[Central African Regional Program for the Environment|CARPE]], U.S. Fish &amp;amp; Wildlife Service, Columbus Zoo, na MacArthur Foundation na-akwado. N'ihi nkwado zuru oke nke mba ụwa, a na-ewere ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ ugbu a ọ bụghị naanị na mba dị mkpa, kamakwa ebe nchekwa nke mba ụwa nabatara nke dị oke mkpa, nke nwere akụrụngwa guzosiri ike, ndị ọrụ nwere nkà, na nkwado akụ na ụba dị ukwuu.<ref name="frontier">{{Cite web|url=http://africanadrenalin.com/WildFrontiers/congo_nouabale_ndoki_national_park_guided_tour.htm|title=Congo Nouabale-Ndoki National Park Guided Tour - 11 Day|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Wiled Frontier|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707092822/http://africanadrenalin.com/WildFrontiers/congo_nouabale_ndoki_national_park_guided_tour.htm|archivedate=2011-07-07}}</ref> === Nchebe === N'oge gara aga, teknụzụ nchebe bụ nke a kpaara ókè Ba"Aka ndị na-elekọta anụ. Otú ọ dị, ugbu a, ha anọwo na-eji ihe nchọpụta ejide ndị omempụ na-emerụ ogige ahụ. Ndị na-elekọta Ogige Ntụrụndụ nke Nouabalé-Ndoki nwere otu a maara dị ka 'ndị na-eche gburugburu ebe obibi'. 'Ndị na-eche gburugburu ebe obibi' nọ n'okpuru nlekọta nke MFEE (Ministry of Forestry Economy and the Environment). Site na MFEE / eco-guards, e mesiri ya n'aka na ọ dịghị ihe omume mmadụ na-akwadoghị na-ewere ọnọdụ n'ogige ntụrụndụ dịka ịchụ nta.<ref name="Congo">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wcs-congo.org/projects/nouabale.htm|title=Nouabale-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=WCS Congo|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722053408/http://www.wcs-congo.org/projects/nouabale.htm|archivedate=2011-07-22}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110722053408/http://www.wcs-congo.org/projects/nouabale.htm "Nouabale-Ndoki National Park"]. </cite></ref> Ewezuga ndị na-elekọta ọhịa, ndị obodo Ba'Aka na-enyekwa ihe ọmụma ha iji kwalite nchekwa na nchekwa nke ọhịa dị n'ogige ahụ.<ref name="Congo" /><ref name="wwf">{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8796.pdf|title=Sangha Tri-National Landscape|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=World Wild Life Fund}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8796.pdf "Sangha Tri-National Landscape"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> == Hụkwa == * Anụ Ọhịa Africa * Guyvanho, onye na-achụ nta n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị nke gburu ihe karịrị enyí ọhịa Africa 500 n'ogige ntụrụndụ * Oké ọhịa == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|2}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category}}{{National Parks of the Republic of the Congo}}{{authority control}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] lohhf2xevv176dzcb9hmmknuxceh97g 670640 670639 2026-07-01T05:28:45Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed refference with ref tag 670640 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ogige Ntụrụndụ Nouabalé-Ndoki''' bụ ogige ntụrụndụ mba na Republic of the Congo. E guzobere ya na 1993, na mpaghara ugwu nke Congo, ọ bụ ebe obibi nke enyí ọhịa, nnukwu enwe, gụnyere gorillas dị ala ọdịda anyanwụ na ụdị chimpanzees na bongo dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ. Oke ọhịa ahụ nwere ọtụtụ ụdị nnụnụ 300, tinyere ụdị osisi na osisi 1,000 nke gụnyere mahoganies ndị a na-egbu egbu.. <ref name="Congo" /> <ref name="WCS">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wcs-congo.org/|title=Welcome to WCS-Congo|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=WCS-Congo|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202020340/http://wcs-congo.org/|archivedate=2010-12-02}}</ref> == Nchịkwa == A na-achịkwa Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba Nouabalé-Ndoki n'okpuru nkwekọrịta mmekọrịta ọha na eze (PPP), nke e bịanyere aka na ya na 2013 n'etiti Gọọmentị RoC na WCS. Nkwekọrịta ahụ mepụtara Ntọala Nouabalé-Ndoki (FNN), nke e kenyere WCS dị ka Ngalaba Njikwa Ogige ruo 2038. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Echiche nke ịmepụta ogige ntụrụndụ echekwara pụtara na 1980s site na nghọta na enyí ọhịa na-agagharị n'enweghị ihe mgbochi na mpaghara niile nke ogige ntorobịa atọ ahụ chọrọ ka a chebe ha pụọ na ndị na-achụ nta na ụlọ ọrụ na-egbutu osisi.<ref name="wwf">{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8796.pdf|title=Sangha Tri-National Landscape|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=World Wild Life Fund}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8796.pdf "Sangha Tri-National Landscape"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> Atụmatụ iji guzobe Ogige Ntụrụndụ nke Nouabale-Ndoki malitere na 1991 site na Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) na Gọọmentị Congo na nkwado nke USAID dị ka ọrụ mmekorita gafere ókèala. Ọ gụnyekwara ọganihu nke mmekọrịta ya na ndị ọchịchị mpaghara, mpaghara na mba. E mechara guzobe ogige ntụrụndụ a na Septemba 1993, nke nwere mpaghara dị 3,921.69 km2 (1,514.17 sq mi) n'etiti Ngalaba Sangha nke dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ na Ngalaba Likouala nke dị n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Congo.. N'afọ 1999, ụlọ ọrụ osisi CIB (Congolaise Industrielle du Bois) na ndị obodo ahụ sonyeere WCS na Gọọmentị Congo iji mepụta ụlọ ọrụ ga-ebelata mmetụta ọjọọ nke ịkpụ osisi na ogige ntụrụndụ. Na 2001, e gbasaara ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ, e tinyere akụkụ nke nkwekọrịta osisi dị nso a maara dị ka triangle Gouloago n'ogige ntụrụndụ a. Ụlọ ọrụ osisi German nyefere ikike ya karịa 100 km2 (39 sq mi) nke Goualougo Triangle n'okpuru nkwekọrịta ya ka e jikọta ya na ogige ntụrụndụ mba, ma kpebisiekwa ike igbochi ịchụ nta. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-eme ọrụ osisi (karịsịa ụdị osisi abụọ nke Africa maka osisi dị elu) n'ọtụtụ mpaghara ọhịa dị na ugwu Congo ruo n'ókè dị oke, ogige a enweghị ọrụ ọ bụla dị otú ahụ. Nke a emeela ka ọ baara uru n'ichekwa na mmụba nke ọnụọgụgụ anụ ọhịa na ebe obibi okike nke ọhịa dị n'ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ..<ref name="Riley" /><ref name="file" /><ref name="Embassy">{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/congo/cache/offonce/pid/2479|title=Congo BioDiversity: Description|work=Slide 4|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Permanent Missions of the Republic of Congo|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112005658/http://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/congo/cache/offonce/pid/2479|archivedate=2012-01-12}}</ref><ref name="frontier" /> Na nnọkọ Minista nke Ọhịa nke [[Central African Forest Commission]] (COMIFAC), e kpebiri iguzobe n'ime Congo Basin, Sangha River Tri-National Protected Area (TNS) nke nwere ngụkọta nke km2 sq mi) nke gụnyere Dzanga Sangha Special Reserve na Dzanga-Ndoki National Park na [[Central African Republic]], Nouabalé-Ndoki State Park na [[Republic of the Congo|Congo-Brazzaville]], na Lobéké National Park na [[Kameroon|Cameroon]]. <ref name="tri">{{Cite web|url=http://www.zambezi.com/location/congo_basin_tri_national_park|title=Lowland Gorilla Sangha National Park|accessdate=2010-09-18|publisher=The Zambazi Safari and Travel Co. Ltd}}</ref><ref name="Sangha">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|title=The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=Dazanga Sangha Central African Republic|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|archivedate=2010-08-11}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309 "The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)"]. </cite></ref> N'afọ 2012, e nyere ogige ntụrụndụ mba atọ ahụ ọnọdụ World Heritage Site dị ka Sangha Trinational . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1380|title=Sangha Trinational|work=UNESCO World Heritage List|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=21 March 2021}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == [[Faịlụ:Sangha_Tri_National_Landscape.jpg|thumb|Ala Ala Mba Sangha Tri. A na-akpọ ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ.]] The protected area, which is part of the Sangha River Tri-National Protected Area (STN) is drained mainly by the [[Osimiri Sangha|Sangha River]], a tributary of the Congo River. It is 3,921.61 km2 (1,514.14 sq mi) of pristine tropical rainforest with no human habitation within it and with human population densities in its periphery that are comparatively low for the sub-region. Part of the forest is still inaccessible and remains unexplored. It is a swampy tropical forest in lowlands that are part of the Congo River drainage basin. This park, along with the other two reserved parks within the larger Sangha Reserve, is secluded from all economic activity involving roads and human interference, which has resulted in its maintenance as a pristine rainforest.<ref name="Sangha" ?>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|title=The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=Dazanga Sangha Central African Republic|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|archivedate=2010-08-11}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309 "The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)"]. </cite></ref><ref name="Riley">{{Cite book|author=Riley|first=Laura|title=Nature's strongholds: the world's great wildlife reserves|accessdate=2010-09-21|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_icMuBQhW4vgC|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=2005|isbn=0-691-12219-9}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRileyWilliam_Riley2005">Riley, Laura; William Riley (2005). </cite></ref><ref name="wild">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html|title=Congo Republic: Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Wild Life Hot Spots|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409190039/http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html|archivedate=2011-04-09}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110409190039/http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html "Congo Republic: Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park"]. </cite></ref> Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ dị n'ime ọhịa nke Congo nke mejupụtara 11% nke mpaghara niile nke mba ahụ. A na-agbakwunye ya n'ime ebe ndị a na-echebe, ebe ndị a chụpụrụ achụpụ a maara dị ka Bai na Yanga, mpaghara oge abụọ maka ndị na-akwagharị akwagharị, ebe ịchụ nta echekwara maka ndị ọrụ, mpaghara ndị a na'echebe nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ebe anụ oriri maka ịchụ nta, mpaghara ịchụ nta maka obodo, na ebe dị nsọ.<ref name="file">{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.int/wcm/webdav/site/congo/shared/documents/NOUABALE-NDOKI%20NATIONAL%20PARK.pps|title=Protected areas of Congo|format=ppt|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Wild Life Conservation Society (WCS)|work=Congo BioDiversity: Description|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120213347/http://www.un.int/wcm/webdav/site/congo/shared/documents/NOUABALE-NDOKI%20NATIONAL%20PARK.pps|archivedate=2012-01-20}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120120213347/http://www.un.int/wcm/webdav/site/congo/shared/documents/NOUABALE-NDOKI%20NATIONAL%20PARK.pps "Protected areas of Congo"]. </cite></ref> === Ọnọdụ ihu igwe === Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ nwere ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ na nkezi 125 nke Mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ. Oge mmiri ozuzo bụ August ruo November na oge ọkọchị December ruo February. == Anụ Ọhịa == === Flora === [[Faịlụ:Forest_dominated_by_Gilbertiodendron_dewevrei_01.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ọhịa ''Gilbertiodendron dewevrei'']] Ogige Ntụrụndụ Nouable-Ndoki bụ Oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo nwere ụdị ahịhịa 24 dị iche iche. [[osisi]] ndị ahụ gụnyere nchịkọta nke ụdị mahoganies dị iche iche. Otú ọ dị, [[Óshíshí|osisi]] ndị kachasị bụ ''Gilbertiodendron dewevrei'' na mpaghara ugwu na n'ebe dị anya site na mmiri na nnukwu ebe. Oké ọhịa ndị na-agwakọta agwakọta na ndị na-eme mmiri bụkwa ihe a na-ahụkarị. Oké ọhịa ahụ nwere ọtụtụ "bais", ma ọ bụ ebe ndị e kpochapụrụ. A chọpụtala ihe karịrị otu puku ụdị osisi na osisi dị iche iche.<ref name="Congo">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wcs-congo.org/projects/nouabale.htm|title=Nouabale-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=WCS Congo|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722053408/http://www.wcs-congo.org/projects/nouabale.htm|archivedate=2011-07-22}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110722053408/http://www.wcs-congo.org/projects/nouabale.htm "Nouabale-Ndoki National Park"]. </cite></ref><ref name="Brit">{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1540231/Nouabale-Ndoki-National-Park|title=Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> ''G. dewevevri'' na-amị mkpụrụ n'elu afọ ma ọ bụ "echiche na mkpụrụ osisi nwere ike ime iji lụso anụ oriri ọgụ site na afọ ojuju nke anụ na-eri ibe ya". Ụmụ ahụhụ na-ebibi mkpụrụ ndị a. Otú ọ dị, ha bụ isi ihe oriri maka ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke anụ na-enye nwa ara dị ka ụmụ oke, duikers, osimiri na-acha ọbara ọbara na Nnukwu ezì ọhịa, atụ, enyí na, karịsịa, gorillas.<ref name="Noua">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1017/S0266467400011056|title=Seed Production by Gilbertiodendron dewevevri in the Nouabale-Ndoki National Park|first=Stephen|author=Blake|journal=Journal of Tropical Ecology|volume=13|issue=6|year=1997|pages=885–891}}</ref> === Anụmanụ === [[Faịlụ:Gorilla_tool_use.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|gorilla nwanyị toro eto n'ogige ntụrụndụ]] [[Faịlụ:Loxodonta_cyclotis_29048913.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Enyí ọhịa n'ogige ntụrụndụ]] [[Faịlụ:Potamochoerus_porcus_Otomops_1.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ezì ndị na-acha ọbara ọbara n'osimiri n'ozu enyí e gburu n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị]] E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị anụ bi n'ogige ahụ. <ref name="Brit">{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1540231/Nouabale-Ndoki-National-Park|title=Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1540231/Nouabale-Ndoki-National-Park "Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park"]. </cite></ref> National Geographic Society ekwuola na ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ nwere ike ịnwe oke anụ ọhịa kachasị n'Africa. Ụdị ndị a ma ama bụ primates, gụnyere western lowland gorillas na chimpanzee. Mbeli Bai bụ mpaghara 3 km2 mi2) n'ime ogige ahụ nke bara ọgaranya na gorillas, na 180 western lowland gorillas kọrọ ebe a. O nwekwara ọtụtụ ụdị enwe, itoolu n'ime ha nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ 50 kwa 1 km2 mi2). Nnụnụ gụnyere colobus ojii na-acha ọcha na nke na-acha ọbara ọbara, guenons nwere afụ ọnụ na okpueze, mangabeys nwere agba ntụ na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. <ref name="Riley">{{Cite book|author=Riley|first=Laura|title=Nature's strongholds: the world's great wildlife reserves|accessdate=2010-09-21|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_icMuBQhW4vgC|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=2005|isbn=0-691-12219-9}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRileyWilliam_Riley2005">Riley, Laura; William Riley (2005). </cite></ref><ref name="Mbeli">{{Cite web|url=http://weber.ucsd.edu/~jmoore/apesites/MbeliBai/MbeliBai.html|title=Mbeli Bai, Nouabale-Ndoki National Park, R. P. Congo|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Dept. of Anthropology Washington University|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19991012165252/http://weber.ucsd.edu/~jmoore/apesites/MbeliBai/MbeliBai.html|archivedate=1999-10-12}}</ref> E nwekwara enyí ọhịa a na-adịghị ahụkebe, atụ ọhịa buffalo, agụ owuru, bongo, na duiker na-acha anụnụ anụnụ. Enyí ọhịa na-emepụta ohere site na iwepụ ọhịa maka anụmanụ ndị ọzọ ịkwaga. Anelopes nwere mpi na 12 kg) n'elu ọnụ ọgụgụ 100 kwa 1 km2 mi2). Dị ka akụkọ ifo African Pygmy si kwuo, anụ na-akpụ akpụ nke nwere olu ogologo nke Congo, nke a maara dị ka Mokele-mbembe ji nnukwu mpi ihu ya gbuo enyí.<ref name="Riley">{{Cite book|author=Riley|first=Laura|title=Nature's strongholds: the world's great wildlife reserves|accessdate=2010-09-21|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_icMuBQhW4vgC|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=2005|isbn=0-691-12219-9}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRileyWilliam_Riley2005">Riley, Laura; William Riley (2005). </cite></ref> Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ na-anabata ihe karịrị ụdị nnụnụ 300 dị iche iche, gụnyere ugo, Hawks, owls, nnụnụ, herons na parrots. A họpụtara ya dị ka Ebe Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa (IBA) site na BirdLife International n'ihi na ọ na-akwado ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ọtụtụ ụdị nnụnụ.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/nouabal%C3%A9-ndoki-national-park-complex-iba-congo|title=Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park complex|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2024|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=2024-12-03}}</ref> Agụ owuru na ụmụ ahụhụ na-amị ọbara bụkwa akụkụ nke anụ ọhịa.<ref name="wild">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html|title=Congo Republic: Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Wild Life Hot Spots|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409190039/http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html|archivedate=2011-04-09}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110409190039/http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html "Congo Republic: Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park"]. </cite></ref> E meela nnyocha Herpetofaunal n'ebe anọ, na-edekọ ụdị anụmanụ 20 na 14 na-akpụ akpụ n'akụkụ ndịda nke ogige ahụ; n'ime ndị a, frogs gụnyere ''Aubria masako,'' ''Amietophrynus regularis'', ''Cryptothylax greshoffii'', ''Hyperolius balfouri'', ''H. brachiofasciatus'', ''Leptopelis brevirostris'' na ''L. calcaratus meridionalis''. <ref name="Ndoki">{{Cite journal|url=http://people.whitman.edu/~jacksok/Ndoki%20herps.pdf|title=The amphibians and reptiles of Nouabale-Ndoki National Park, Republic of Congo (Brazzaville)|author=Kate Jackson & David C. Blackburn|journal=Salamandra|accessdate=2010-09-20|pages=149–|year=2007|issn=0036-3375}}</ref> == Nchekwa == Mgbalị nchedo a na-eme abụghị nanị na Ogige Ntụrụndụ nke Nouabale-Ndoki naanị kamakwa na ogige ntụrụndụ abụọ ndị ọzọ nke mpaghara tri, yana Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area dum nke gụnyere ihe karịrị 96% nke ala ahụ. Mba ndị guzobere nzukọ mba atọ n'okpuru mmemme gafere ókèala site na mbọ nke World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) bụ Central African Republic, Congo na Cameroon. Mgbalị nhazi a emeela ka a rụọ ọrụ kwesịrị ekwesị metụtara mgbochi ịchụ nta, nyocha na ịkwalite njem nleta na oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo. Akụkụ a na-eme mgbe niile bụ nzukọ ndị a na-enwe n'oge ezumike nke ndị nchịkwa ogige ntụrụndụ atọ, yana ndị isi nke mba atọ ahụ. A na-eme ngagharị nke ogige ntụrụndụ site na ndị na-eme njem nlegharị anya mgbe niile iji hụ na ịchụ nta, mbubata ọdụ́ na igbu azụ na-enweghị ikike na ngwá agha ọkụ anaghị eme n'ogige ntụrụngwa ahụ.<ref name="Sangha" /><ref name="wwf" /> Ndị nleta nwere ike ileta ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ naanị n'otu ìgwè dị ka akụkụ nke njem a haziri site na ndị ọkachamara na-ahụ maka njem nleta nke anụ ọhịa.<ref name="wild" /> Ọtụtụ ndị na-enye ọrụ na-agba ọsọ n'ime ogige ahụ iji kwado mbọ nchekwa ma mee ka a mara banyere anụ ọhịa. Nzọụkwụ nchekwa na-akwado site na German Cooperation of Technical Collaboration (GTC) na Central African Republic na Cameroon, na World Wildlife Fund for Nature (WWF) na Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS - New York) na Congo. E mepụtara ego ntụkwasị obi, nke jupụtara na ego, maka ebumnuche nke ichekwa ogige ntụrụndụ.<ref name="Sangha">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|title=The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=Dazanga Sangha Central African Republic|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|archivedate=2010-08-11}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309 "The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)"]. </cite></ref><ref name="wwf">{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8796.pdf|title=Sangha Tri-National Landscape|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=World Wild Life Fund}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8796.pdf "Sangha Tri-National Landscape"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> Ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ nwekwara ọtụtụ ọrụ nyocha ya nke USAID-[[Central African Regional Program for the Environment|CARPE]], U.S. Fish &amp;amp; Wildlife Service, Columbus Zoo, na MacArthur Foundation na-akwado. N'ihi nkwado zuru oke nke mba ụwa, a na-ewere ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ ugbu a ọ bụghị naanị na mba dị mkpa, kamakwa ebe nchekwa nke mba ụwa nabatara nke dị oke mkpa, nke nwere akụrụngwa guzosiri ike, ndị ọrụ nwere nkà, na nkwado akụ na ụba dị ukwuu.<ref name="frontier">{{Cite web|url=http://africanadrenalin.com/WildFrontiers/congo_nouabale_ndoki_national_park_guided_tour.htm|title=Congo Nouabale-Ndoki National Park Guided Tour - 11 Day|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Wiled Frontier|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707092822/http://africanadrenalin.com/WildFrontiers/congo_nouabale_ndoki_national_park_guided_tour.htm|archivedate=2011-07-07}}</ref> === Nchebe === N'oge gara aga, teknụzụ nchebe bụ nke a kpaara ókè Ba"Aka ndị na-elekọta anụ. Otú ọ dị, ugbu a, ha anọwo na-eji ihe nchọpụta ejide ndị omempụ na-emerụ ogige ahụ. Ndị na-elekọta Ogige Ntụrụndụ nke Nouabalé-Ndoki nwere otu a maara dị ka 'ndị na-eche gburugburu ebe obibi'. 'Ndị na-eche gburugburu ebe obibi' nọ n'okpuru nlekọta nke MFEE (Ministry of Forestry Economy and the Environment). Site na MFEE / eco-guards, e mesiri ya n'aka na ọ dịghị ihe omume mmadụ na-akwadoghị na-ewere ọnọdụ n'ogige ntụrụndụ dịka ịchụ nta.<ref name="Congo">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wcs-congo.org/projects/nouabale.htm|title=Nouabale-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=WCS Congo|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722053408/http://www.wcs-congo.org/projects/nouabale.htm|archivedate=2011-07-22}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110722053408/http://www.wcs-congo.org/projects/nouabale.htm "Nouabale-Ndoki National Park"]. </cite></ref> Ewezuga ndị na-elekọta ọhịa, ndị obodo Ba'Aka na-enyekwa ihe ọmụma ha iji kwalite nchekwa na nchekwa nke ọhịa dị n'ogige ahụ.<ref name="Congo" /><ref name="wwf">{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8796.pdf|title=Sangha Tri-National Landscape|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=World Wild Life Fund}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8796.pdf "Sangha Tri-National Landscape"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> == Hụkwa == * Anụ Ọhịa Africa * Guyvanho, onye na-achụ nta n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị nke gburu ihe karịrị enyí ọhịa Africa 500 n'ogige ntụrụndụ * Oké ọhịa == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|2}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category}}{{National Parks of the Republic of the Congo}}{{authority control}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] euqlvrks5tueux35qx8jhi4uyhp1k2w 670641 670640 2026-07-01T05:29:33Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed refference with ref tag 670641 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ogige Ntụrụndụ Nouabalé-Ndoki''' bụ ogige ntụrụndụ mba na Republic of the Congo. E guzobere ya na 1993, na mpaghara ugwu nke Congo, ọ bụ ebe obibi nke enyí ọhịa, nnukwu enwe, gụnyere gorillas dị ala ọdịda anyanwụ na ụdị chimpanzees na bongo dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ. Oke ọhịa ahụ nwere ọtụtụ ụdị nnụnụ 300, tinyere ụdị osisi na osisi 1,000 nke gụnyere mahoganies ndị a na-egbu egbu.. <ref name="Congo" /> <ref name="WCS">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wcs-congo.org/|title=Welcome to WCS-Congo|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=WCS-Congo|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202020340/http://wcs-congo.org/|archivedate=2010-12-02}}</ref> == Nchịkwa == A na-achịkwa Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba Nouabalé-Ndoki n'okpuru nkwekọrịta mmekọrịta ọha na eze (PPP), nke e bịanyere aka na ya na 2013 n'etiti Gọọmentị RoC na WCS. Nkwekọrịta ahụ mepụtara Ntọala Nouabalé-Ndoki (FNN), nke e kenyere WCS dị ka Ngalaba Njikwa Ogige ruo 2038. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Echiche nke ịmepụta ogige ntụrụndụ echekwara pụtara na 1980s site na nghọta na enyí ọhịa na-agagharị n'enweghị ihe mgbochi na mpaghara niile nke ogige ntorobịa atọ ahụ chọrọ ka a chebe ha pụọ na ndị na-achụ nta na ụlọ ọrụ na-egbutu osisi.<ref name="wwf">{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8796.pdf|title=Sangha Tri-National Landscape|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=World Wild Life Fund}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8796.pdf "Sangha Tri-National Landscape"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> Atụmatụ iji guzobe Ogige Ntụrụndụ nke Nouabale-Ndoki malitere na 1991 site na Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) na Gọọmentị Congo na nkwado nke USAID dị ka ọrụ mmekorita gafere ókèala. Ọ gụnyekwara ọganihu nke mmekọrịta ya na ndị ọchịchị mpaghara, mpaghara na mba. E mechara guzobe ogige ntụrụndụ a na Septemba 1993, nke nwere mpaghara dị 3,921.69 km2 (1,514.17 sq mi) n'etiti Ngalaba Sangha nke dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ na Ngalaba Likouala nke dị n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Congo.. N'afọ 1999, ụlọ ọrụ osisi CIB (Congolaise Industrielle du Bois) na ndị obodo ahụ sonyeere WCS na Gọọmentị Congo iji mepụta ụlọ ọrụ ga-ebelata mmetụta ọjọọ nke ịkpụ osisi na ogige ntụrụndụ. Na 2001, e gbasaara ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ, e tinyere akụkụ nke nkwekọrịta osisi dị nso a maara dị ka triangle Gouloago n'ogige ntụrụndụ a. Ụlọ ọrụ osisi German nyefere ikike ya karịa 100 km2 (39 sq mi) nke Goualougo Triangle n'okpuru nkwekọrịta ya ka e jikọta ya na ogige ntụrụndụ mba, ma kpebisiekwa ike igbochi ịchụ nta. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-eme ọrụ osisi (karịsịa ụdị osisi abụọ nke Africa maka osisi dị elu) n'ọtụtụ mpaghara ọhịa dị na ugwu Congo ruo n'ókè dị oke, ogige a enweghị ọrụ ọ bụla dị otú ahụ. Nke a emeela ka ọ baara uru n'ichekwa na mmụba nke ọnụọgụgụ anụ ọhịa na ebe obibi okike nke ọhịa dị n'ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ..<ref name="Riley" /><ref name="file" /><ref name="Embassy">{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/congo/cache/offonce/pid/2479|title=Congo BioDiversity: Description|work=Slide 4|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Permanent Missions of the Republic of Congo|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112005658/http://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/congo/cache/offonce/pid/2479|archivedate=2012-01-12}}</ref><ref name="frontier" /> Na nnọkọ Minista nke Ọhịa nke [[Central African Forest Commission]] (COMIFAC), e kpebiri iguzobe n'ime Congo Basin, Sangha River Tri-National Protected Area (TNS) nke nwere ngụkọta nke km2 sq mi) nke gụnyere Dzanga Sangha Special Reserve na Dzanga-Ndoki National Park na [[Central African Republic]], Nouabalé-Ndoki State Park na [[Republic of the Congo|Congo-Brazzaville]], na Lobéké National Park na [[Kameroon|Cameroon]]. <ref name="tri">{{Cite web|url=http://www.zambezi.com/location/congo_basin_tri_national_park|title=Lowland Gorilla Sangha National Park|accessdate=2010-09-18|publisher=The Zambazi Safari and Travel Co. Ltd}}</ref><ref name="Sangha">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|title=The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=Dazanga Sangha Central African Republic|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|archivedate=2010-08-11}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309 "The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)"]. </cite></ref> N'afọ 2012, e nyere ogige ntụrụndụ mba atọ ahụ ọnọdụ World Heritage Site dị ka Sangha Trinational . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1380|title=Sangha Trinational|work=UNESCO World Heritage List|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=21 March 2021}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == [[Faịlụ:Sangha_Tri_National_Landscape.jpg|thumb|Ala Ala Mba Sangha Tri. A na-akpọ ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ.]] The protected area, which is part of the Sangha River Tri-National Protected Area (STN) is drained mainly by the [[Osimiri Sangha|Sangha River]], a tributary of the Congo River. It is 3,921.61 km2 (1,514.14 sq mi) of pristine tropical rainforest with no human habitation within it and with human population densities in its periphery that are comparatively low for the sub-region. Part of the forest is still inaccessible and remains unexplored. It is a swampy tropical forest in lowlands that are part of the Congo River drainage basin. This park, along with the other two reserved parks within the larger Sangha Reserve, is secluded from all economic activity involving roads and human interference, which has resulted in its maintenance as a pristine rainforest.<ref name="Sangha" ?>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|title=The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=Dazanga Sangha Central African Republic|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|archivedate=2010-08-11}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309 "The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)"]. </cite></ref><ref name="Riley">{{Cite book|author=Riley|first=Laura|title=Nature's strongholds: the world's great wildlife reserves|accessdate=2010-09-21|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_icMuBQhW4vgC|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=2005|isbn=0-691-12219-9}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRileyWilliam_Riley2005">Riley, Laura; William Riley (2005). </cite></ref><ref name="wild">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html|title=Congo Republic: Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Wild Life Hot Spots|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409190039/http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html|archivedate=2011-04-09}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110409190039/http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html "Congo Republic: Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park"]. </cite></ref> Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ dị n'ime ọhịa nke Congo nke mejupụtara 11% nke mpaghara niile nke mba ahụ. A na-agbakwunye ya n'ime ebe ndị a na-echebe, ebe ndị a chụpụrụ achụpụ a maara dị ka Bai na Yanga, mpaghara oge abụọ maka ndị na-akwagharị akwagharị, ebe ịchụ nta echekwara maka ndị ọrụ, mpaghara ndị a na'echebe nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ebe anụ oriri maka ịchụ nta, mpaghara ịchụ nta maka obodo, na ebe dị nsọ.<ref name="file">{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.int/wcm/webdav/site/congo/shared/documents/NOUABALE-NDOKI%20NATIONAL%20PARK.pps|title=Protected areas of Congo|format=ppt|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Wild Life Conservation Society (WCS)|work=Congo BioDiversity: Description|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120213347/http://www.un.int/wcm/webdav/site/congo/shared/documents/NOUABALE-NDOKI%20NATIONAL%20PARK.pps|archivedate=2012-01-20}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120120213347/http://www.un.int/wcm/webdav/site/congo/shared/documents/NOUABALE-NDOKI%20NATIONAL%20PARK.pps "Protected areas of Congo"]. </cite></ref> === Ọnọdụ ihu igwe === Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ nwere ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ na nkezi 125 nke Mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ. Oge mmiri ozuzo bụ August ruo November na oge ọkọchị December ruo February. == Anụ Ọhịa == === Flora === [[Faịlụ:Forest_dominated_by_Gilbertiodendron_dewevrei_01.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ọhịa ''Gilbertiodendron dewevrei'']] Ogige Ntụrụndụ Nouable-Ndoki bụ Oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo nwere ụdị ahịhịa 24 dị iche iche. [[osisi]] ndị ahụ gụnyere nchịkọta nke ụdị mahoganies dị iche iche. Otú ọ dị, [[Óshíshí|osisi]] ndị kachasị bụ ''Gilbertiodendron dewevrei'' na mpaghara ugwu na n'ebe dị anya site na mmiri na nnukwu ebe. Oké ọhịa ndị na-agwakọta agwakọta na ndị na-eme mmiri bụkwa ihe a na-ahụkarị. Oké ọhịa ahụ nwere ọtụtụ "bais", ma ọ bụ ebe ndị e kpochapụrụ. A chọpụtala ihe karịrị otu puku ụdị osisi na osisi dị iche iche.<ref name="Congo">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wcs-congo.org/projects/nouabale.htm|title=Nouabale-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=WCS Congo|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722053408/http://www.wcs-congo.org/projects/nouabale.htm|archivedate=2011-07-22}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110722053408/http://www.wcs-congo.org/projects/nouabale.htm "Nouabale-Ndoki National Park"]. </cite></ref><ref name="Brit" /> ''G. dewevevri'' na-amị mkpụrụ n'elu afọ ma ọ bụ "echiche na mkpụrụ osisi nwere ike ime iji lụso anụ oriri ọgụ site na afọ ojuju nke anụ na-eri ibe ya". Ụmụ ahụhụ na-ebibi mkpụrụ ndị a. Otú ọ dị, ha bụ isi ihe oriri maka ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke anụ na-enye nwa ara dị ka ụmụ oke, duikers, osimiri na-acha ọbara ọbara na Nnukwu ezì ọhịa, atụ, enyí na, karịsịa, gorillas.<ref name="Noua">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1017/S0266467400011056|title=Seed Production by Gilbertiodendron dewevevri in the Nouabale-Ndoki National Park|first=Stephen|author=Blake|journal=Journal of Tropical Ecology|volume=13|issue=6|year=1997|pages=885–891}}</ref> === Anụmanụ === [[Faịlụ:Gorilla_tool_use.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|gorilla nwanyị toro eto n'ogige ntụrụndụ]] [[Faịlụ:Loxodonta_cyclotis_29048913.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Enyí ọhịa n'ogige ntụrụndụ]] [[Faịlụ:Potamochoerus_porcus_Otomops_1.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ezì ndị na-acha ọbara ọbara n'osimiri n'ozu enyí e gburu n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị]] E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị anụ bi n'ogige ahụ. <ref name="Brit">{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1540231/Nouabale-Ndoki-National-Park|title=Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1540231/Nouabale-Ndoki-National-Park "Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park"]. </cite></ref> National Geographic Society ekwuola na ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ nwere ike ịnwe oke anụ ọhịa kachasị n'Africa. Ụdị ndị a ma ama bụ primates, gụnyere western lowland gorillas na chimpanzee. Mbeli Bai bụ mpaghara 3 km2 mi2) n'ime ogige ahụ nke bara ọgaranya na gorillas, na 180 western lowland gorillas kọrọ ebe a. O nwekwara ọtụtụ ụdị enwe, itoolu n'ime ha nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ 50 kwa 1 km2 mi2). Nnụnụ gụnyere colobus ojii na-acha ọcha na nke na-acha ọbara ọbara, guenons nwere afụ ọnụ na okpueze, mangabeys nwere agba ntụ na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. <ref name="Riley">{{Cite book|author=Riley|first=Laura|title=Nature's strongholds: the world's great wildlife reserves|accessdate=2010-09-21|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_icMuBQhW4vgC|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=2005|isbn=0-691-12219-9}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRileyWilliam_Riley2005">Riley, Laura; William Riley (2005). </cite></ref><ref name="Mbeli">{{Cite web|url=http://weber.ucsd.edu/~jmoore/apesites/MbeliBai/MbeliBai.html|title=Mbeli Bai, Nouabale-Ndoki National Park, R. P. Congo|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Dept. of Anthropology Washington University|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19991012165252/http://weber.ucsd.edu/~jmoore/apesites/MbeliBai/MbeliBai.html|archivedate=1999-10-12}}</ref> E nwekwara enyí ọhịa a na-adịghị ahụkebe, atụ ọhịa buffalo, agụ owuru, bongo, na duiker na-acha anụnụ anụnụ. Enyí ọhịa na-emepụta ohere site na iwepụ ọhịa maka anụmanụ ndị ọzọ ịkwaga. Anelopes nwere mpi na 12 kg) n'elu ọnụ ọgụgụ 100 kwa 1 km2 mi2). Dị ka akụkọ ifo African Pygmy si kwuo, anụ na-akpụ akpụ nke nwere olu ogologo nke Congo, nke a maara dị ka Mokele-mbembe ji nnukwu mpi ihu ya gbuo enyí.<ref name="Riley">{{Cite book|author=Riley|first=Laura|title=Nature's strongholds: the world's great wildlife reserves|accessdate=2010-09-21|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_icMuBQhW4vgC|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=2005|isbn=0-691-12219-9}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRileyWilliam_Riley2005">Riley, Laura; William Riley (2005). </cite></ref> Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ na-anabata ihe karịrị ụdị nnụnụ 300 dị iche iche, gụnyere ugo, Hawks, owls, nnụnụ, herons na parrots. A họpụtara ya dị ka Ebe Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa (IBA) site na BirdLife International n'ihi na ọ na-akwado ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ọtụtụ ụdị nnụnụ.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/nouabal%C3%A9-ndoki-national-park-complex-iba-congo|title=Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park complex|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2024|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=2024-12-03}}</ref> Agụ owuru na ụmụ ahụhụ na-amị ọbara bụkwa akụkụ nke anụ ọhịa.<ref name="wild">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html|title=Congo Republic: Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Wild Life Hot Spots|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409190039/http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html|archivedate=2011-04-09}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110409190039/http://www.wildlifehotspots.com/nouabalendokinp.html "Congo Republic: Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park"]. </cite></ref> E meela nnyocha Herpetofaunal n'ebe anọ, na-edekọ ụdị anụmanụ 20 na 14 na-akpụ akpụ n'akụkụ ndịda nke ogige ahụ; n'ime ndị a, frogs gụnyere ''Aubria masako,'' ''Amietophrynus regularis'', ''Cryptothylax greshoffii'', ''Hyperolius balfouri'', ''H. brachiofasciatus'', ''Leptopelis brevirostris'' na ''L. calcaratus meridionalis''. <ref name="Ndoki">{{Cite journal|url=http://people.whitman.edu/~jacksok/Ndoki%20herps.pdf|title=The amphibians and reptiles of Nouabale-Ndoki National Park, Republic of Congo (Brazzaville)|author=Kate Jackson & David C. Blackburn|journal=Salamandra|accessdate=2010-09-20|pages=149–|year=2007|issn=0036-3375}}</ref> == Nchekwa == Mgbalị nchedo a na-eme abụghị nanị na Ogige Ntụrụndụ nke Nouabale-Ndoki naanị kamakwa na ogige ntụrụndụ abụọ ndị ọzọ nke mpaghara tri, yana Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area dum nke gụnyere ihe karịrị 96% nke ala ahụ. Mba ndị guzobere nzukọ mba atọ n'okpuru mmemme gafere ókèala site na mbọ nke World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) bụ Central African Republic, Congo na Cameroon. Mgbalị nhazi a emeela ka a rụọ ọrụ kwesịrị ekwesị metụtara mgbochi ịchụ nta, nyocha na ịkwalite njem nleta na oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo. Akụkụ a na-eme mgbe niile bụ nzukọ ndị a na-enwe n'oge ezumike nke ndị nchịkwa ogige ntụrụndụ atọ, yana ndị isi nke mba atọ ahụ. A na-eme ngagharị nke ogige ntụrụndụ site na ndị na-eme njem nlegharị anya mgbe niile iji hụ na ịchụ nta, mbubata ọdụ́ na igbu azụ na-enweghị ikike na ngwá agha ọkụ anaghị eme n'ogige ntụrụngwa ahụ.<ref name="Sangha" /><ref name="wwf" /> Ndị nleta nwere ike ileta ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ naanị n'otu ìgwè dị ka akụkụ nke njem a haziri site na ndị ọkachamara na-ahụ maka njem nleta nke anụ ọhịa.<ref name="wild" /> Ọtụtụ ndị na-enye ọrụ na-agba ọsọ n'ime ogige ahụ iji kwado mbọ nchekwa ma mee ka a mara banyere anụ ọhịa. Nzọụkwụ nchekwa na-akwado site na German Cooperation of Technical Collaboration (GTC) na Central African Republic na Cameroon, na World Wildlife Fund for Nature (WWF) na Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS - New York) na Congo. E mepụtara ego ntụkwasị obi, nke jupụtara na ego, maka ebumnuche nke ichekwa ogige ntụrụndụ.<ref name="Sangha">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|title=The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=Dazanga Sangha Central African Republic|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309|archivedate=2010-08-11}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100811075016/http://dzanga-sangha.org/drupal/node/309 "The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN)"]. </cite></ref><ref name="wwf">{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8796.pdf|title=Sangha Tri-National Landscape|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=World Wild Life Fund}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8796.pdf "Sangha Tri-National Landscape"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> Ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ nwekwara ọtụtụ ọrụ nyocha ya nke USAID-[[Central African Regional Program for the Environment|CARPE]], U.S. Fish &amp;amp; Wildlife Service, Columbus Zoo, na MacArthur Foundation na-akwado. N'ihi nkwado zuru oke nke mba ụwa, a na-ewere ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ ugbu a ọ bụghị naanị na mba dị mkpa, kamakwa ebe nchekwa nke mba ụwa nabatara nke dị oke mkpa, nke nwere akụrụngwa guzosiri ike, ndị ọrụ nwere nkà, na nkwado akụ na ụba dị ukwuu.<ref name="frontier">{{Cite web|url=http://africanadrenalin.com/WildFrontiers/congo_nouabale_ndoki_national_park_guided_tour.htm|title=Congo Nouabale-Ndoki National Park Guided Tour - 11 Day|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=Wiled Frontier|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707092822/http://africanadrenalin.com/WildFrontiers/congo_nouabale_ndoki_national_park_guided_tour.htm|archivedate=2011-07-07}}</ref> === Nchebe === N'oge gara aga, teknụzụ nchebe bụ nke a kpaara ókè Ba"Aka ndị na-elekọta anụ. Otú ọ dị, ugbu a, ha anọwo na-eji ihe nchọpụta ejide ndị omempụ na-emerụ ogige ahụ. Ndị na-elekọta Ogige Ntụrụndụ nke Nouabalé-Ndoki nwere otu a maara dị ka 'ndị na-eche gburugburu ebe obibi'. 'Ndị na-eche gburugburu ebe obibi' nọ n'okpuru nlekọta nke MFEE (Ministry of Forestry Economy and the Environment). Site na MFEE / eco-guards, e mesiri ya n'aka na ọ dịghị ihe omume mmadụ na-akwadoghị na-ewere ọnọdụ n'ogige ntụrụndụ dịka ịchụ nta.<ref name="Congo">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wcs-congo.org/projects/nouabale.htm|title=Nouabale-Ndoki National Park|accessdate=2010-09-20|publisher=WCS Congo|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722053408/http://www.wcs-congo.org/projects/nouabale.htm|archivedate=2011-07-22}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110722053408/http://www.wcs-congo.org/projects/nouabale.htm "Nouabale-Ndoki National Park"]. </cite></ref> Ewezuga ndị na-elekọta ọhịa, ndị obodo Ba'Aka na-enyekwa ihe ọmụma ha iji kwalite nchekwa na nchekwa nke ọhịa dị n'ogige ahụ.<ref name="Congo" /><ref name="wwf">{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8796.pdf|title=Sangha Tri-National Landscape|accessdate=2010-09-19|publisher=World Wild Life Fund}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8796.pdf "Sangha Tri-National Landscape"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> == Hụkwa == * Anụ Ọhịa Africa * Guyvanho, onye na-achụ nta n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị nke gburu ihe karịrị enyí ọhịa Africa 500 n'ogige ntụrụndụ * Oké ọhịa == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|2}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category}}{{National Parks of the Republic of the Congo}}{{authority control}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] hlr5c4663hteejd85wfg2qv76i4q7hl 0 77214 670642 2026-07-01T05:36:54Z Aluta editor 62822 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360701162|Lake Moeris]]" 670642 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Lake Moeris''' (Ancient Greek: Μοῖρις, genitive Μοίριδος) was an ancient endorheic freshwater lake located in the Faiyum Oasis, 80 km (50 mi) southwest of Cairo, [[Ịjịpt|Egypt]], which persists today at a fraction of its former size as the hypersaline '''Lake Qarun''' ([[Arabic]]: بركة قارون). In prehistory it was fed intermittently by the Nile via the ancient Hawara Channel, fluctuating in level throughout the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods.<ref name="Hayes-1964">{{Cite journal|author=Hayes|first=William C.|date=1964|title=Most Ancient Egypt: Chapter I. The Formation of the Land|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/543676|journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies|volume=23|issue=2|pages=73–114|doi=10.1086/371762|issn=0022-2968}}</ref> Ọdọ Mmiri Moeris nke oge ochie gbasaara akụkụ dị ukwuu nke Faiyum Oasis nke oge a, ebe a na-eme atụmatụ na ọ dị n'etiti 1,270 km2 (490 sq mi) na 1,700 km2 (660 sq mi). N'oge ọchịchị etiti, igwu olulu mmiri Hawara iji mepụta ọwa mmiri a maara ugbu a dị ka Bahr Yussef mere ka olu mmiri na-abanye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Moeris mụbaa, ọrụ mmiri na ọrụ mkpochapụ ala n'otu oge ahụ ga-emekwa ka ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụrụ ihe eji arụ ọrụ ugbo..<ref name="Van de Mieroop-2011">{{Cite book|author=Van de Mieroop|first=Marc|title=A history of ancient Egypt|date=2011|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4051-6070-4|edition=1. publ|series=Blackwell history of the ancient world|location=Chichester}}</ref> Mmiri mmiri na mweghachi ọzọ n'oge Alaeze Ptolemaic mbụ mebiri njikọ kpọmkwem nke Lake Moeris na Naịl nke ọma ma malite usoro mbelata akụ na ụba nke gara n'ihu n'oge ndị Rom, oge ochie na oge mbụ nke oge a, nke butere Ọdọ Mmiri Qarun nke oge a.<ref name="Brown University">{{Cite web|title=Lake Moeris|publisher=[[Brown University]]|url=https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Joukowsky_Institute/courses/afterpharaohs2010/13390.html|accessdate=2018-08-14}}</ref> The modern lake's surface is 43 m (141 ft) below sea-level, and covers about 202 km2 (78 sq mi). Ọtụtụ ụdị nnụnụ mmiri Eurasia na-esi n'ebe ugwu na-eji Ọdọ Mmiri Qarun dị ka ebe oyi, n'ihi ya, ọdọ mmiri ahụ na gburugburu ya bụ ebe a na-echebe n'okpuru iwu Ijipt. Nnu ya dị elu emeela ka ọtụtụ ụdị azụ̀ Nilotic dị mmiri mmiri pụọ n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na e tinyela ọtụtụ ụdị azụ̀ nnu ma ọ bụ ụdị ndị ọzọ na-anabata nnu n'ime mmiri ya iji kwalite akụ na ụba ịkụ azụ n'ógbè ahụ; ebe a na-akụ azụ̀ ndị bụ́ isi n'ógbè ahụ gụnyere tilapia, mullet na sole.<ref name="El-Serafy-2014">{{Cite journal|author=El-Serafy|first=Sabry S.|date=April 2014|title=Qarun Lake Fisheries : Fishing Gears, Species Composition and Catch per Unit Effort|url=http://platform.almanhal.com/CrossRef/Preview/?ID=2-63429|journal=Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries|volume=18|issue=2|pages=39–49|doi=10.12816/0011075}}</ref> A họpụtara Ọdọ Mmiri Qarun dị ka Ebe Ramsar na 2012. Ọdọ Mmiri Moeris nyere aha ya na anụmAnụ na-enye nwa ara nke proboscidean ''Moeritherium'', onye ikwu dị anya nke enyí nke oge a kọwara na mbụ site na Qasr el Sagha Formation dị nso. == Okwu mmalite == {{Hiero|''mer-wer'' (Moeris)|<hiero>N36:wr-n:n:n</hiero>|align=right|era=egypt}}The name "Lake Moeris" is derived from the Greek translation (''[[wiktionary:Μοῖρῐς|Μοῖρῐς]] [[wiktionary:λίμνη|λίμνη]]'' ''Limne Moeris'') of the Egyptian place-name ''[[wiktionary:mr-wr|mr-wr]]'' (lit. "Great Canal").<ref name="ucla-book">{{Cite book|author=Wendrich|first=Willeke|year=2017|chapter=Landscape archaeology of the desert Fayum|editor=Holdaway|title=The Desert Fayum Reinvestigated: The early to mid-Holocene landscape archaeology of the Fayum north shore, Egypt|publisher=The Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press|location=Los Angeles, CA|isbn=9781938770500|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/49t6s1b9|accessdate=April 20, 2023}}</ref> This name is likely a reference to the Bahr Yussef, and as the pharaoh responsible for its construction Amenemhat&nbsp;III was referred to by the Greeks as "King Moeris".<ref name="ucla-book" /><ref>{{Cite book|editor=Negm|year=2018|title=Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Versus Aswan High Dam: A view from Egypt|publisher=[[Springer Nature|Springer]]|location=[[Cham, Switzerland]]}}</ref> In Late Egyptian, the lake was referred to as the ''Piôm'', a name derived from the Egyptian phrase ''[[wiktionary:pꜣ|pꜣ]]-[[wiktionary:ym#Egyptian|ym]]'' (lit. "the Sea");<ref>{{Cite book|editor=Lesko, L. H.|title=A Dictionary of Late Egyptian|pages=28, 145|publisher=B.C. Scribe Publications|location=[[Providence, RI]]|date=2002|edition=2nd}}</ref> ''Piôm'' would later be transliterated into Coptic as [[wiktionary:ⲫⲓⲟⲙ|Ⲫⲓⲟⲙ]]/[[wiktionary:ⲡⲉⲓⲟⲙ|Ⲡⲉⲓⲟⲙ]] (''epʰiom''/''peiom''), from which the modern [[Arabic]] name الفيوم (''el-Fayyūm'') (and by extension the romanized ''Faiyum'') is derived. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == === Tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme === N'oge Messinian Salinity Crisis nke ngwụcha Miocene, Osimiri Naịl na-agafe ọdọ mmiri Faiyum na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla na ala nke nnukwu ndagwurugwu nke ruru ihe dị ka kilomita 2.4 (1.5 mi) miri emi ebe obodo Cairo dị ugbu a.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=El Mahmoudi|first=Ahmed|date=February 2009|title=Geophysical surveys to investigate the relation between the Quaternary Nile channels and the Messinian Nile canyon at East Nile Delta, Egypt|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12517-008-0018-9|journal=Arabian Journal of Geosciences|language=en|volume=2|issue=1|pages=53–67|doi=10.1007/s12517-008-0018-9|issn=1866-7511}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na usoro nke okike nke ọdọ mmiri Faiyum bụ ihe ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta na-arụrịta ụka n'etiti ndị ọkà mmụta ala na mmalite narị afọ , nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta ahụ ka bụ na ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'onwe ya pụtara n'ụzọ bụ isi dị ka nsonaazụ nke ikuku.<ref name="Hayes-1964">{{Cite journal|author=Hayes|first=William C.|date=1964|title=Most Ancient Egypt: Chapter I. The Formation of the Land|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/543676|journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies|volume=23|issue=2|pages=73–114|doi=10.1086/371762|issn=0022-2968}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHayes1964">Hayes, William C. (1964). </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gardner|first=Elinor W.|date=1929|title=The Origin of the Faiyum Depression: A Critical Commentary on a New View of Its Origin|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1784253|journal=The Geographical Journal|volume=74|issue=4|pages=371–383|doi=10.2307/1784253|issn=0016-7398}}</ref> Mgbe mmiri rikpuru Mediterenian na njedebe nke Miocene, Ndagwurugwu Naịl ghọrọ ọwara mmiri nke gbasaa n'ime ala ruo ebe Kom Ombo nke oge a.<ref name="Cambridge Univ. Press-2005">{{Cite book|title=The Cambridge ancient history. Volume 1, pt. 1: Prolegomena and prehistory|date=2005|publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-521-07051-5|edition=3. ed., repr|location=Cambridge}}</ref> Ka oge na-aga, ọnụ mmiri a nke Mediterenian ji nwayọọ nwayọọ jupụta na silt wee ghọọ ndagwurugwu Naịl. N'oge ụfọdụ tupu Middle Paleolithic, mmiri nke ndagwurugwu Naịl gbakọtara nke ọma maka idei mmiri Naịl iji jupụta n'ime ọdọ mmiri Faiyum site na Hawara Channel, na-emepụta ọdọ mmiri Moeris oge ochie; a na-enye ọdọ mmiri ahụ naanị mmiri na-aga n'ihu, nke na-agafe agafe nke Naịl, a na-eche na ọ kpọrọ nkụ kpamkpam na njedebe nke Paleolithian tupu ọ pụta ọzọ na mmalite nke Neolithic.<ref name="Hayes-1964">{{Cite journal|author=Hayes|first=William C.|date=1964|title=Most Ancient Egypt: Chapter I. The Formation of the Land|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/543676|journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies|volume=23|issue=2|pages=73–114|doi=10.1086/371762|issn=0022-2968}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHayes1964">Hayes, William C. (1964). </cite></ref> Nkume ndị a chọtara n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri Faiyum nke kwekọrọ na ndị nke usoro Levallois mepụtara na-egosi na ụmụ mmadụ bi n'ikperé mmiri nke Ọdọ Mmiri Moeris laa azụ na Middle Paleolithic.<ref name="Hayes-1964" /><ref name="Cambridge Univ. Press-2005">{{Cite book|title=The Cambridge ancient history. Volume 1, pt. 1: Prolegomena and prehistory|date=2005|publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-521-07051-5|edition=3. ed., repr|location=Cambridge}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="">''The Cambridge ancient history. ''</cite></ref> Ọrụ nchọpụta ihe ochie ndị ọzọ na ọdọ mmiri Faiyum, ọkachasị nke Gertrude Caton-Thompson na Elinor Wight Gardner, enwetala ihe akaebe nke ọtụtụ ebe obibi Epipaleolithic na Neolithic.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Caton-Thompson|first=Gertrude|title=The Desert Fayum|date=1934|publisher=Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|location=London}}</ref> === Ọganihu mbụ: Alaeze Ochie na nke etiti === A na-edekọ Ọdọ Mmiri Moeris na mbụ site na ihe dị ka 3000 BCE, n'oge Narmer (Menes). Ka ọ na-erule mmalite nke Alaeze Ochie, e wuru ebe obibi na-adịgide adịgide, Shedet, n'elu ala dị elu nke osimiri ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ; Shedet ga-aga n'ihu ịghọ nnukwu ebe ofufe nke Chi ndị Ijipt Sobek, njikọ nke ga-eduga n'inweta aha Grik nke ''Krokodeilópolis'' (Κροκοδειλόπολις, lit. "Crocodile City"), nke e mesịrị sụgharịa na Latịn dị ka Crocodīlopolis. Obodo Faiyum nke oge a bi n'ebe ahụ ugbu a.&nbsp;  Nnukwu mgbanwe mbụ nke mmadụ mere na Lake Moeris mere n'oge Middle Kingdom n'okpuru ndị eze nke Dynasty nke Iri na Abụọ, bụ ndị chịrị site na mpaghara Faiyum mgbe ha kwagara n'isi obodo ọhụrụ nke Itjtawy. Senusret nke Abụọ malitere ọrụ ịgba mmiri na ime ka ala dịghachi mma iji wepụta akụkụ dị n'ime ọdọ mmiri ahụ maka ọrụ ugbo, na-ebugharị ọnụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'èzí site na Shedet.<ref name="Van de Mieroop-2011">{{Cite book|author=Van de Mieroop|first=Marc|title=A history of ancient Egypt|date=2011|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4051-6070-4|edition=1. publ|series=Blackwell history of the ancient world|location=Chichester}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFVan_de_Mieroop2011">Van de Mieroop, Marc (2011). </cite></ref> Nwa nwa ya Amenemhat nke Atọ gara n'ihu na-enye iwu ka e gwupụta ọwa mmiri Hawara, na-emepụta ọwa mmiri a maara taa dị ka Bahr Yussef. Ọwa mmiri a mụbara mmiri na-asọba n'Ọdọ Mmiri Moeris site na Naịl iji gbaa ọdọ mmiri Faiyum mmiri nke ọma, na-agbanwe ya ka ọ bụrụ nnukwu ebe ọrụ ugbo, n'ihi ya, Amenemhat nke Atọ mechara mara na Grik dị ka "King Moeris".<ref>{{Cite book|author=Viollet|first=Pierre-Louis|title=Water engineering in ancient civilizations: 5.000 years of history|date=2007|publisher=IAHR International Association of Hydraulic Engineering and Research|isbn=978-90-78046-05-9|series=IAHR monograph series|location=Madrid}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ ya dị ka ebe nchekwa mmiri dị ọcha, a na-ejikwa ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị ka akụkụ nke usoro njem ibu; a na-ebute blọk basalt ndị e gwupụtara site na ebe a na-egwupụta ihe dị nso na ọdọ mmiri ahụ site na Lake Moeris Quarry Road, ụzọ kachasị ochie a maara n'ụwa. Site n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ, enwere ike ibuga blọk ndị ahụ na [[Ihe mgbagwoju pyramid nke mmadu|Giza Necropolis]] iji jiri ha rụọ ụlọ nsọ na ihe ncheta. ASCE abanyewo n'okporo ụzọ Quarry n'ime Ndepụta nke Ihe Omume Injinia Civil . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Lake Moeris Quarry Road|work=asce.org|publisher=[[American Society of Civil Engineers]]|url=https://www.asce.org/about-civil-engineering/history-and-heritage/historic-landmarks/lake-moeris-quarry-road|accessdate=2022-01-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Wilford|first=John Noble|date=8 May 1994|title=World's oldest paved road found in Egypt|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/08/world/world-s-oldest-paved-road-found-in-egypt.html|accessdate=2018-08-29}}</ref><imagemap> File:Lake Moeris.jpg|thumb|500px|right|An [[image map]] of notable monuments in the vicinity of the former Lake Moeris. The hatched area denotes land reclaimed by the kings of the Twelfth Dynasty. rect 718 628 871 711 [[Abgig obelisk]] rect 936 453 1207 509 [[Pedestals of Biahmu]] rect 858 548 1148 607 [[Faiyum#Ancient history|Crocodilopolis]] rect 999 699 1260 744 [[Amenemhat_III#Hawara|Pyramid of Amenemhat III at Hawara]] rect 1108 755 1397 833 [[Pyramid of Senusret II]] rect 1398 476 1620 1122 [[Nile River]] desc none </imagemap> [[Faịlụ:Biahmu_05.JPG|áká_èkpè|thumb|Mkpọmkpọ ebe nke otu n'ime Pedestals nke BiahmuIhe ndị e ji akpụkpọ ụkwụ mee na Biahmu]] N'akwụkwọ ya bụ Histories, onye Gris na-akọ ''[[Herodotus]])" id="mwAQs" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Histories (Herodotus)">Akụkọ ihe mere eme'' Herodotus na-azọrọ na ọ gara Lake Moeris, na-etinye ya n'okpuru Labyrinth nke Ijipt ma na-eche ihu n'obodo oge ochie nke Crocodilopolis (ya bụ, obodo Faiyum nke oge a). <ref>{{Cite book|author=[[Herodotus]]|title=[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]}}</ref> Herodotus kwukwara na "pyramids" abụọ (nke a kọwara dị ka Pedestals nke Biahmu) guzo n'etiti ọdọ mmiri ahụ, nkwupụta nke mere ka onye Britain na-amụ banyere Ijipt bụ Flinders Petrie kwuo na mmiri jupụtara n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ mgbe Herodotus gara ebe ahụ. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Lloyd|first=Alan B.|year=1975|title=Herodotus: Book&nbsp;II Commentary 99–182|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=978-90-04-07737-9|location=[[Leiden]], NL}}</ref><ref name="petrie">{{Cite book|author=Petrie|first=W.M.F.|authorlink=Flinders Petrie|year=1889|title=Hawara, Biahmu, and Arsinoe|publisher=[[Leadenhall Press|Field & Tuer]]|location=London, UK|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0kXAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=October 4, 2022}}</ref> Nnukwu ọrụ mmiri nke ndị eze nke Dynasty nke iri na abụọ mere iji gbanwee ọdọ mmiri ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ebe a na-echekwa mmiri dị ọcha hapụrụ ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịdị ala dị ka Herodotus na-eche na ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'onwe ya bụ ihe e gwupụtara n'onwe ha - nkọwa nke ihe akaebe nke oge a na-akwadoghị. === Ọganihu mgbe e mesịrị: Alaeze Ptolemaic na Rom Ijipt === Mgbe Alexander Onye Ukwu nwụsịrị, Ijipt bịara n'okpuru ọchịchị nke onye bụbu ọchịagha ya bụ́ Ptolemy, onye ga-aghọ eze mbụ nke usoro ndị eze Ptolemaic. Site n'ọchịchị ọhụrụ a na nbata nke ndị Gris na ndị Macedonia n'otu oge na Ijipt, e mepụtara mpaghara Faiyum na Ọdọ Mmiri Moeris iji mee ka ikike ya dịkwuo elu dị ka ebe ọrụ ugbo. Ndị injinia eze nke Ptolemy nke Abụọ Philadelphus wuru ọwa mmiri na oghere ndị ọzọ, tinyere mgbochi mmiri na Bahr Yussef iji chịkwaa mmiri Naịl na-abata, na-enye ohere maka mmezi ọzọ nke ala ahụ ma mụbaa mmepụta ọka ka mmiri ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-ebelata ma na-ekpughe ala ọhụrụ na-eme nri. <ref name="Van de Mieroop-2011">{{Cite book|author=Van de Mieroop|first=Marc|title=A history of ancient Egypt|date=2011|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4051-6070-4|edition=1. publ|series=Blackwell history of the ancient world|location=Chichester}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFVan_de_Mieroop2011">Van de Mieroop, Marc (2011). </cite></ref><ref name="Brown University">{{Cite web|title=Lake Moeris|publisher=[[Brown University]]|url=https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Joukowsky_Institute/courses/afterpharaohs2010/13390.html|accessdate=2018-08-14}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Joukowsky_Institute/courses/afterpharaohs2010/13390.html "Lake Moeris"]. </cite></ref> Ọtụtụ papyri e nwetara n'oge Ptolemaic na Faiyum (nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe na papyrus) na-echekwa akwụkwọ ozi n'etiti ndị injinia na ndị nchịkwa n'oge mmepe a, gụnyere ebe nchekwa nke Zenon nke Kaunos.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Thompson|first=Dorothy|title=Agriculture in Egypt: from pharaonic to modern times|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0-19-726183-5|editor=Bowman|series=Proceedings of the British Academy|location=Oxford|pages=107–122}}</ref> Mmiri Naịl na-egbochi mmiri ịbanye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Moeris mgbe e wuru ihe mgbochi ahụ gosipụtara mmalite nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ebelata, usoro nke ga-emecha mee ka Ọdọ Mmiri Qarun nke oge a belata. Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha Alaeze Ptolemaic, a leghaara usoro ịgba mmiri a anya n'ihi esemokwu dị n'ime, na-eme ka ala a na-akọ ihe ubi n'ime Faiyum kpọọ nkụ ma ọ bụ jupụta kpamkpam. Ntinye nke Ijipt dị ka mpaghara Rom hụrụ mmezigharị nke ọrụ mmiri Lake Moeris site n'aka ndị agha Rom n'okpuru Ọgọstọs, si otú a na-enye aka na ọnọdụ Ijipt dị Ka oghere achịcha nke Alaeze Ukwu Rom mbụ. Nweghachi nke ọrụ ugbo n'ime Faiyum zutere oke obibi ọzọ na mpaghara ahụ hụrụ mmepụta ihe na-aga n'ihu ruo mgbe Nsogbu nke Narị Afọ nke Atọ, mgbe agha obodo ọzọ mebiri mpaghara ahụ na usoro ịgba mmiri ọzọ dara n'ime mmebi. Mgbe oge a nke ọgba aghara gasịrị, eze ukwu Probus, dị ka Ọgọstọs, were ndị agha Rom n'ọrụ iji mezigharịa ọwa mmiri na dike ma mpaghara ahụ wee mepụta ihe ọzọ, ọ bụ ezie na ka oge na-aga, a na-eleghara usoro ahụ anya ọzọ ma mee ka ebe obibi ndị Rom kwụsị; a na-eche na a gbahapụrụ mpaghara ahụ na narị afọ nke ise, naanị obere ebe dị n'ime ọdọ mmiri Faiyum fọdụrụ ma biri na ya site na oge ndị fọdụrụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Boak|first=A. E. R.|date=1926|title=Irrigation and Population in the Faiyum, the Garden of Egypt|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/208706|journal=Geographical Review|volume=16|issue=3|pages=353–364|doi=10.2307/208706|issn=0016-7428}}</ref> == Ecology na ịkụ azụ == [[Faịlụ:Egretta_garzetta_at_Fayoum_by_Hatem_Moushir_6.JPG|áká_èkpè|thumb|Obere egret na ọtụtụ nnụnụ mmiri Eurasian ndị ọzọ na-akwaga Lake Qarun maka oge oyi.]] N'oge a, Ọdọ Mmiri Qarun na-eje ozi dị ka ebe obibi ma ọ bụ ebe obibi maka ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụdị Nnụnụ mmiri iri asatọ na asatọ. Collared pratincoles, Kentish na Kittlitz's plovers na obere terns niile na-ezukọta n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ iji mụọ, ebe ndị Eurasian na-akwaga n'oge oyi gụnyere black-necked na nnukwu crested grebes, nnukwu na obere egret, na ụdị ọbọgwụ dị iche iche dị ka shelducks nkịtị, Eurasian teals, Eurasian wigeons, northern pintails, northern shovelers na tufted ducks.<ref name="Fouda-2012">{{Cite web|author=Fouda|first=Mostafa|date=March 26, 2012|title=Lake Qarun Protected Area|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/EG2040RIS.pdf|accessdate=March 18, 2024|work=Ramsar Sites Information Service}}</ref> Ọnọdụ ọdọ mmiri Qarun dị ka ebe obibi nnụnụ dị mkpa emeela ka a họpụta ya dị ka onye Nchebe Ijipt na Ebe Ramsar.<ref name="Fouda-2012" /> [[Faịlụ:Lake_qarun_protected_area_by_Hatem_Moushir_1.JPG|thumb|Ọdọ Mmiri Qarun dị ka a na-ahụ ya site na Ebe Nchedo Ọdọ Mmị Qarun]] A na-etinye nnu na ụfụfụ na ọdọ mmiri Qarun na mkpochapụ nke ọtụtụ ụdị azụ Nilotic dị na ọdọ mmiri ahụ, dị ka Nile perch na Nile tilapia; ụdị ole na ole dị ka redbelly tilapia yiri ka ha emeela nke a. Iji gbochie ọdịda nke akụ na ụba ịkụ azụ n'ógbè ahụ n'ihi mgbanwe ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi, a na-etinye ụdị azụ dịgasị iche iche na-anabata nnu na ụdị anụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ kemgbe mmalite narị afọ nke 20, gụnyere nnukwu ájá, Egyptian sole, European seabass na gold-head bream, yana ọtụtụ ụdị nke Mullet na prawn. Ntinye mullets na sole, tinyere tilapia, ka bụ nnukwu azụ ahịa na Lake Qarun, mana ihe ndị dị ka ịga n'ihu na-eme ka ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-apụ n'anya, mmụba mmetọ sitere na mmiri na-agbasa na cymothoid isopods na-awakpo emeela ka azụ na-agbada n'ụzọ dị egwu n'ime afọ iri gara aga.<ref name="El-Serafy-2014">{{Cite journal|author=El-Serafy|first=Sabry S.|date=April 2014|title=Qarun Lake Fisheries : Fishing Gears, Species Composition and Catch per Unit Effort|url=http://platform.almanhal.com/CrossRef/Preview/?ID=2-63429|journal=Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries|volume=18|issue=2|pages=39–49|doi=10.12816/0011075}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEl-SerafyEl-HaweetEl-GaninyEl-Far2014">El-Serafy, Sabry S.; El-Haweet, Alaa El-Din A.; El-Ganiny, Azza A.; El-Far, Alaa M. (April 2014). </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Abdelmageed|first=Adel Ali.|date=December 2022|title=Lake Qarun between entangled history and blurred future: Retrospectives and prospective|journal=The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research|volume=48|issue=4|pages=299–306|doi=10.1016/j.ejar.2022.11.001|issn=1687-4285}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|25em}} == Ebe e si nweta ya == * {{Cite web|title=Fayum Project|work=trismegistos.org|publisher=[[KU Leuven|University of Leuven]]|url=http://www.trismegistos.org/fayum/}} * {{Cite book|first=Hubert|author=Chanson|year=1999|chapter=Study of the Moeris reservoir, the Ha-Uar Dam and the canal connecting the Nile River and Lake Moeris|title=The Hydraulics of Open Channel Flow: An introduction|edition=1st|id=Major Problem&nbsp;2|publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann / Elsevier Science, Technology, & Business}} == Njikọ mpụga == *   *   {{National Parks of Egypt}}{{authority control}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] auvxzokc6b5nbao3iitjt5bxae3i6vf 670643 670642 2026-07-01T05:39:51Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed refference with error 670643 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Lake Moeris''' (Ancient Greek: Μοῖρις, genitive Μοίριδος) was an ancient endorheic freshwater lake located in the Faiyum Oasis, 80 km (50 mi) southwest of Cairo, [[Ịjịpt|Egypt]], which persists today at a fraction of its former size as the hypersaline '''Lake Qarun''' ([[Arabic]]: بركة قارون). In prehistory it was fed intermittently by the Nile via the ancient Hawara Channel, fluctuating in level throughout the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods.<ref name="Hayes-1964" /> Ọdọ Mmiri Moeris nke oge ochie gbasaara akụkụ dị ukwuu nke Faiyum Oasis nke oge a, ebe a na-eme atụmatụ na ọ dị n'etiti 1,270 km2 (490 sq mi) na 1,700 km2 (660 sq mi). N'oge ọchịchị etiti, igwu olulu mmiri Hawara iji mepụta ọwa mmiri a maara ugbu a dị ka Bahr Yussef mere ka olu mmiri na-abanye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Moeris mụbaa, ọrụ mmiri na ọrụ mkpochapụ ala n'otu oge ahụ ga-emekwa ka ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụrụ ihe eji arụ ọrụ ugbo..<ref name="Van de Mieroop-2011" /> Mmiri mmiri na mweghachi ọzọ n'oge Alaeze Ptolemaic mbụ mebiri njikọ kpọmkwem nke Lake Moeris na Naịl nke ọma ma malite usoro mbelata akụ na ụba nke gara n'ihu n'oge ndị Rom, oge ochie na oge mbụ nke oge a, nke butere Ọdọ Mmiri Qarun nke oge a.<ref name="Brown University" /> The modern lake's surface is 43 m (141 ft) below sea-level, and covers about 202 km2 (78 sq mi). Ọtụtụ ụdị nnụnụ mmiri Eurasia na-esi n'ebe ugwu na-eji Ọdọ Mmiri Qarun dị ka ebe oyi, n'ihi ya, ọdọ mmiri ahụ na gburugburu ya bụ ebe a na-echebe n'okpuru iwu Ijipt. Nnu ya dị elu emeela ka ọtụtụ ụdị azụ̀ Nilotic dị mmiri mmiri pụọ n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na e tinyela ọtụtụ ụdị azụ̀ nnu ma ọ bụ ụdị ndị ọzọ na-anabata nnu n'ime mmiri ya iji kwalite akụ na ụba ịkụ azụ n'ógbè ahụ; ebe a na-akụ azụ̀ ndị bụ́ isi n'ógbè ahụ gụnyere tilapia, mullet na sole.<ref name="El-Serafy-2014">{{Cite journal|author=El-Serafy|first=Sabry S.|date=April 2014|title=Qarun Lake Fisheries : Fishing Gears, Species Composition and Catch per Unit Effort|url=http://platform.almanhal.com/CrossRef/Preview/?ID=2-63429|journal=Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries|volume=18|issue=2|pages=39–49|doi=10.12816/0011075}}</ref> A họpụtara Ọdọ Mmiri Qarun dị ka Ebe Ramsar na 2012. Ọdọ Mmiri Moeris nyere aha ya na anụmAnụ na-enye nwa ara nke proboscidean ''Moeritherium'', onye ikwu dị anya nke enyí nke oge a kọwara na mbụ site na Qasr el Sagha Formation dị nso. == Okwu mmalite == {{Hiero|''mer-wer'' (Moeris)|<hiero>N36:wr-n:n:n</hiero>|align=right|era=egypt}}The name "Lake Moeris" is derived from the Greek translation (''[[wiktionary:Μοῖρῐς|Μοῖρῐς]] [[wiktionary:λίμνη|λίμνη]]'' ''Limne Moeris'') of the Egyptian place-name ''[[wiktionary:mr-wr|mr-wr]]'' (lit. "Great Canal").<ref name="ucla-book">{{Cite book|author=Wendrich|first=Willeke|year=2017|chapter=Landscape archaeology of the desert Fayum|editor=Holdaway|title=The Desert Fayum Reinvestigated: The early to mid-Holocene landscape archaeology of the Fayum north shore, Egypt|publisher=The Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press|location=Los Angeles, CA|isbn=9781938770500|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/49t6s1b9|accessdate=April 20, 2023}}</ref> This name is likely a reference to the Bahr Yussef, and as the pharaoh responsible for its construction Amenemhat&nbsp;III was referred to by the Greeks as "King Moeris".<ref name="ucla-book" /><ref>{{Cite book|editor=Negm|year=2018|title=Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Versus Aswan High Dam: A view from Egypt|publisher=[[Springer Nature|Springer]]|location=[[Cham, Switzerland]]}}</ref> In Late Egyptian, the lake was referred to as the ''Piôm'', a name derived from the Egyptian phrase ''[[wiktionary:pꜣ|pꜣ]]-[[wiktionary:ym#Egyptian|ym]]'' (lit. "the Sea");<ref>{{Cite book|editor=Lesko, L. H.|title=A Dictionary of Late Egyptian|pages=28, 145|publisher=B.C. Scribe Publications|location=[[Providence, RI]]|date=2002|edition=2nd}}</ref> ''Piôm'' would later be transliterated into Coptic as [[wiktionary:ⲫⲓⲟⲙ|Ⲫⲓⲟⲙ]]/[[wiktionary:ⲡⲉⲓⲟⲙ|Ⲡⲉⲓⲟⲙ]] (''epʰiom''/''peiom''), from which the modern [[Arabic]] name الفيوم (''el-Fayyūm'') (and by extension the romanized ''Faiyum'') is derived. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == === Tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme === N'oge Messinian Salinity Crisis nke ngwụcha Miocene, Osimiri Naịl na-agafe ọdọ mmiri Faiyum na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla na ala nke nnukwu ndagwurugwu nke ruru ihe dị ka kilomita 2.4 (1.5 mi) miri emi ebe obodo Cairo dị ugbu a.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=El Mahmoudi|first=Ahmed|date=February 2009|title=Geophysical surveys to investigate the relation between the Quaternary Nile channels and the Messinian Nile canyon at East Nile Delta, Egypt|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12517-008-0018-9|journal=Arabian Journal of Geosciences|language=en|volume=2|issue=1|pages=53–67|doi=10.1007/s12517-008-0018-9|issn=1866-7511}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na usoro nke okike nke ọdọ mmiri Faiyum bụ ihe ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta na-arụrịta ụka n'etiti ndị ọkà mmụta ala na mmalite narị afọ , nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta ahụ ka bụ na ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'onwe ya pụtara n'ụzọ bụ isi dị ka nsonaazụ nke ikuku.<ref name="Hayes-1964">{{Cite journal|author=Hayes|first=William C.|date=1964|title=Most Ancient Egypt: Chapter I. The Formation of the Land|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/543676|journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies|volume=23|issue=2|pages=73–114|doi=10.1086/371762|issn=0022-2968}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHayes1964">Hayes, William C. (1964). </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gardner|first=Elinor W.|date=1929|title=The Origin of the Faiyum Depression: A Critical Commentary on a New View of Its Origin|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1784253|journal=The Geographical Journal|volume=74|issue=4|pages=371–383|doi=10.2307/1784253|issn=0016-7398}}</ref> Mgbe mmiri rikpuru Mediterenian na njedebe nke Miocene, Ndagwurugwu Naịl ghọrọ ọwara mmiri nke gbasaa n'ime ala ruo ebe Kom Ombo nke oge a.<ref name="Cambridge Univ. Press-2005">{{Cite book|title=The Cambridge ancient history. Volume 1, pt. 1: Prolegomena and prehistory|date=2005|publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-521-07051-5|edition=3. ed., repr|location=Cambridge}}</ref> Ka oge na-aga, ọnụ mmiri a nke Mediterenian ji nwayọọ nwayọọ jupụta na silt wee ghọọ ndagwurugwu Naịl. N'oge ụfọdụ tupu Middle Paleolithic, mmiri nke ndagwurugwu Naịl gbakọtara nke ọma maka idei mmiri Naịl iji jupụta n'ime ọdọ mmiri Faiyum site na Hawara Channel, na-emepụta ọdọ mmiri Moeris oge ochie; a na-enye ọdọ mmiri ahụ naanị mmiri na-aga n'ihu, nke na-agafe agafe nke Naịl, a na-eche na ọ kpọrọ nkụ kpamkpam na njedebe nke Paleolithian tupu ọ pụta ọzọ na mmalite nke Neolithic.<ref name="Hayes-1964">{{Cite journal|author=Hayes|first=William C.|date=1964|title=Most Ancient Egypt: Chapter I. The Formation of the Land|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/543676|journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies|volume=23|issue=2|pages=73–114|doi=10.1086/371762|issn=0022-2968}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHayes1964">Hayes, William C. (1964). </cite></ref> Nkume ndị a chọtara n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri Faiyum nke kwekọrọ na ndị nke usoro Levallois mepụtara na-egosi na ụmụ mmadụ bi n'ikperé mmiri nke Ọdọ Mmiri Moeris laa azụ na Middle Paleolithic.<ref name="Hayes-1964" /><ref name="Cambridge Univ. Press-2005">{{Cite book|title=The Cambridge ancient history. Volume 1, pt. 1: Prolegomena and prehistory|date=2005|publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-521-07051-5|edition=3. ed., repr|location=Cambridge}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="">''The Cambridge ancient history. ''</cite></ref> Ọrụ nchọpụta ihe ochie ndị ọzọ na ọdọ mmiri Faiyum, ọkachasị nke Gertrude Caton-Thompson na Elinor Wight Gardner, enwetala ihe akaebe nke ọtụtụ ebe obibi Epipaleolithic na Neolithic.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Caton-Thompson|first=Gertrude|title=The Desert Fayum|date=1934|publisher=Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|location=London}}</ref> === Ọganihu mbụ: Alaeze Ochie na nke etiti === A na-edekọ Ọdọ Mmiri Moeris na mbụ site na ihe dị ka 3000 BCE, n'oge Narmer (Menes). Ka ọ na-erule mmalite nke Alaeze Ochie, e wuru ebe obibi na-adịgide adịgide, Shedet, n'elu ala dị elu nke osimiri ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ; Shedet ga-aga n'ihu ịghọ nnukwu ebe ofufe nke Chi ndị Ijipt Sobek, njikọ nke ga-eduga n'inweta aha Grik nke ''Krokodeilópolis'' (Κροκοδειλόπολις, lit. "Crocodile City"), nke e mesịrị sụgharịa na Latịn dị ka Crocodīlopolis. Obodo Faiyum nke oge a bi n'ebe ahụ ugbu a.&nbsp;  Nnukwu mgbanwe mbụ nke mmadụ mere na Lake Moeris mere n'oge Middle Kingdom n'okpuru ndị eze nke Dynasty nke Iri na Abụọ, bụ ndị chịrị site na mpaghara Faiyum mgbe ha kwagara n'isi obodo ọhụrụ nke Itjtawy. Senusret nke Abụọ malitere ọrụ ịgba mmiri na ime ka ala dịghachi mma iji wepụta akụkụ dị n'ime ọdọ mmiri ahụ maka ọrụ ugbo, na-ebugharị ọnụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'èzí site na Shedet.<ref name="Van de Mieroop-2011">{{Cite book|author=Van de Mieroop|first=Marc|title=A history of ancient Egypt|date=2011|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4051-6070-4|edition=1. publ|series=Blackwell history of the ancient world|location=Chichester}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFVan_de_Mieroop2011">Van de Mieroop, Marc (2011). </cite></ref> Nwa nwa ya Amenemhat nke Atọ gara n'ihu na-enye iwu ka e gwupụta ọwa mmiri Hawara, na-emepụta ọwa mmiri a maara taa dị ka Bahr Yussef. Ọwa mmiri a mụbara mmiri na-asọba n'Ọdọ Mmiri Moeris site na Naịl iji gbaa ọdọ mmiri Faiyum mmiri nke ọma, na-agbanwe ya ka ọ bụrụ nnukwu ebe ọrụ ugbo, n'ihi ya, Amenemhat nke Atọ mechara mara na Grik dị ka "King Moeris".<ref>{{Cite book|author=Viollet|first=Pierre-Louis|title=Water engineering in ancient civilizations: 5.000 years of history|date=2007|publisher=IAHR International Association of Hydraulic Engineering and Research|isbn=978-90-78046-05-9|series=IAHR monograph series|location=Madrid}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ ya dị ka ebe nchekwa mmiri dị ọcha, a na-ejikwa ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị ka akụkụ nke usoro njem ibu; a na-ebute blọk basalt ndị e gwupụtara site na ebe a na-egwupụta ihe dị nso na ọdọ mmiri ahụ site na Lake Moeris Quarry Road, ụzọ kachasị ochie a maara n'ụwa. Site n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ, enwere ike ibuga blọk ndị ahụ na [[Ihe mgbagwoju pyramid nke mmadu|Giza Necropolis]] iji jiri ha rụọ ụlọ nsọ na ihe ncheta. ASCE abanyewo n'okporo ụzọ Quarry n'ime Ndepụta nke Ihe Omume Injinia Civil . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Lake Moeris Quarry Road|work=asce.org|publisher=[[American Society of Civil Engineers]]|url=https://www.asce.org/about-civil-engineering/history-and-heritage/historic-landmarks/lake-moeris-quarry-road|accessdate=2022-01-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Wilford|first=John Noble|date=8 May 1994|title=World's oldest paved road found in Egypt|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/08/world/world-s-oldest-paved-road-found-in-egypt.html|accessdate=2018-08-29}}</ref><imagemap> File:Lake Moeris.jpg|thumb|500px|right|An [[image map]] of notable monuments in the vicinity of the former Lake Moeris. The hatched area denotes land reclaimed by the kings of the Twelfth Dynasty. rect 718 628 871 711 [[Abgig obelisk]] rect 936 453 1207 509 [[Pedestals of Biahmu]] rect 858 548 1148 607 [[Faiyum#Ancient history|Crocodilopolis]] rect 999 699 1260 744 [[Amenemhat_III#Hawara|Pyramid of Amenemhat III at Hawara]] rect 1108 755 1397 833 [[Pyramid of Senusret II]] rect 1398 476 1620 1122 [[Nile River]] desc none </imagemap> [[Faịlụ:Biahmu_05.JPG|áká_èkpè|thumb|Mkpọmkpọ ebe nke otu n'ime Pedestals nke BiahmuIhe ndị e ji akpụkpọ ụkwụ mee na Biahmu]] N'akwụkwọ ya bụ Histories, onye Gris na-akọ ''[[Herodotus]])" id="mwAQs" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Histories (Herodotus)">Akụkọ ihe mere eme'' Herodotus na-azọrọ na ọ gara Lake Moeris, na-etinye ya n'okpuru Labyrinth nke Ijipt ma na-eche ihu n'obodo oge ochie nke Crocodilopolis (ya bụ, obodo Faiyum nke oge a). <ref>{{Cite book|author=[[Herodotus]]|title=[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]}}</ref> Herodotus kwukwara na "pyramids" abụọ (nke a kọwara dị ka Pedestals nke Biahmu) guzo n'etiti ọdọ mmiri ahụ, nkwupụta nke mere ka onye Britain na-amụ banyere Ijipt bụ Flinders Petrie kwuo na mmiri jupụtara n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ mgbe Herodotus gara ebe ahụ. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Lloyd|first=Alan B.|year=1975|title=Herodotus: Book&nbsp;II Commentary 99–182|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=978-90-04-07737-9|location=[[Leiden]], NL}}</ref><ref name="petrie">{{Cite book|author=Petrie|first=W.M.F.|authorlink=Flinders Petrie|year=1889|title=Hawara, Biahmu, and Arsinoe|publisher=[[Leadenhall Press|Field & Tuer]]|location=London, UK|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0kXAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=October 4, 2022}}</ref> Nnukwu ọrụ mmiri nke ndị eze nke Dynasty nke iri na abụọ mere iji gbanwee ọdọ mmiri ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ebe a na-echekwa mmiri dị ọcha hapụrụ ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịdị ala dị ka Herodotus na-eche na ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'onwe ya bụ ihe e gwupụtara n'onwe ha - nkọwa nke ihe akaebe nke oge a na-akwadoghị. === Ọganihu mgbe e mesịrị: Alaeze Ptolemaic na Rom Ijipt === Mgbe Alexander Onye Ukwu nwụsịrị, Ijipt bịara n'okpuru ọchịchị nke onye bụbu ọchịagha ya bụ́ Ptolemy, onye ga-aghọ eze mbụ nke usoro ndị eze Ptolemaic. Site n'ọchịchị ọhụrụ a na nbata nke ndị Gris na ndị Macedonia n'otu oge na Ijipt, e mepụtara mpaghara Faiyum na Ọdọ Mmiri Moeris iji mee ka ikike ya dịkwuo elu dị ka ebe ọrụ ugbo. Ndị injinia eze nke Ptolemy nke Abụọ Philadelphus wuru ọwa mmiri na oghere ndị ọzọ, tinyere mgbochi mmiri na Bahr Yussef iji chịkwaa mmiri Naịl na-abata, na-enye ohere maka mmezi ọzọ nke ala ahụ ma mụbaa mmepụta ọka ka mmiri ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-ebelata ma na-ekpughe ala ọhụrụ na-eme nri. <ref name="Van de Mieroop-2011">{{Cite book|author=Van de Mieroop|first=Marc|title=A history of ancient Egypt|date=2011|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4051-6070-4|edition=1. publ|series=Blackwell history of the ancient world|location=Chichester}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFVan_de_Mieroop2011">Van de Mieroop, Marc (2011). </cite></ref><ref name="Brown University">{{Cite web|title=Lake Moeris|publisher=[[Brown University]]|url=https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Joukowsky_Institute/courses/afterpharaohs2010/13390.html|accessdate=2018-08-14}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Joukowsky_Institute/courses/afterpharaohs2010/13390.html "Lake Moeris"]. </cite></ref> Ọtụtụ papyri e nwetara n'oge Ptolemaic na Faiyum (nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe na papyrus) na-echekwa akwụkwọ ozi n'etiti ndị injinia na ndị nchịkwa n'oge mmepe a, gụnyere ebe nchekwa nke Zenon nke Kaunos.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Thompson|first=Dorothy|title=Agriculture in Egypt: from pharaonic to modern times|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0-19-726183-5|editor=Bowman|series=Proceedings of the British Academy|location=Oxford|pages=107–122}}</ref> Mmiri Naịl na-egbochi mmiri ịbanye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Moeris mgbe e wuru ihe mgbochi ahụ gosipụtara mmalite nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ebelata, usoro nke ga-emecha mee ka Ọdọ Mmiri Qarun nke oge a belata. Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha Alaeze Ptolemaic, a leghaara usoro ịgba mmiri a anya n'ihi esemokwu dị n'ime, na-eme ka ala a na-akọ ihe ubi n'ime Faiyum kpọọ nkụ ma ọ bụ jupụta kpamkpam. Ntinye nke Ijipt dị ka mpaghara Rom hụrụ mmezigharị nke ọrụ mmiri Lake Moeris site n'aka ndị agha Rom n'okpuru Ọgọstọs, si otú a na-enye aka na ọnọdụ Ijipt dị Ka oghere achịcha nke Alaeze Ukwu Rom mbụ. Nweghachi nke ọrụ ugbo n'ime Faiyum zutere oke obibi ọzọ na mpaghara ahụ hụrụ mmepụta ihe na-aga n'ihu ruo mgbe Nsogbu nke Narị Afọ nke Atọ, mgbe agha obodo ọzọ mebiri mpaghara ahụ na usoro ịgba mmiri ọzọ dara n'ime mmebi. Mgbe oge a nke ọgba aghara gasịrị, eze ukwu Probus, dị ka Ọgọstọs, were ndị agha Rom n'ọrụ iji mezigharịa ọwa mmiri na dike ma mpaghara ahụ wee mepụta ihe ọzọ, ọ bụ ezie na ka oge na-aga, a na-eleghara usoro ahụ anya ọzọ ma mee ka ebe obibi ndị Rom kwụsị; a na-eche na a gbahapụrụ mpaghara ahụ na narị afọ nke ise, naanị obere ebe dị n'ime ọdọ mmiri Faiyum fọdụrụ ma biri na ya site na oge ndị fọdụrụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Boak|first=A. E. R.|date=1926|title=Irrigation and Population in the Faiyum, the Garden of Egypt|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/208706|journal=Geographical Review|volume=16|issue=3|pages=353–364|doi=10.2307/208706|issn=0016-7428}}</ref> == Ecology na ịkụ azụ == [[Faịlụ:Egretta_garzetta_at_Fayoum_by_Hatem_Moushir_6.JPG|áká_èkpè|thumb|Obere egret na ọtụtụ nnụnụ mmiri Eurasian ndị ọzọ na-akwaga Lake Qarun maka oge oyi.]] N'oge a, Ọdọ Mmiri Qarun na-eje ozi dị ka ebe obibi ma ọ bụ ebe obibi maka ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụdị Nnụnụ mmiri iri asatọ na asatọ. Collared pratincoles, Kentish na Kittlitz's plovers na obere terns niile na-ezukọta n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ iji mụọ, ebe ndị Eurasian na-akwaga n'oge oyi gụnyere black-necked na nnukwu crested grebes, nnukwu na obere egret, na ụdị ọbọgwụ dị iche iche dị ka shelducks nkịtị, Eurasian teals, Eurasian wigeons, northern pintails, northern shovelers na tufted ducks.<ref name="Fouda-2012">{{Cite web|author=Fouda|first=Mostafa|date=March 26, 2012|title=Lake Qarun Protected Area|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/EG2040RIS.pdf|accessdate=March 18, 2024|work=Ramsar Sites Information Service}}</ref> Ọnọdụ ọdọ mmiri Qarun dị ka ebe obibi nnụnụ dị mkpa emeela ka a họpụta ya dị ka onye Nchebe Ijipt na Ebe Ramsar.<ref name="Fouda-2012" /> [[Faịlụ:Lake_qarun_protected_area_by_Hatem_Moushir_1.JPG|thumb|Ọdọ Mmiri Qarun dị ka a na-ahụ ya site na Ebe Nchedo Ọdọ Mmị Qarun]] A na-etinye nnu na ụfụfụ na ọdọ mmiri Qarun na mkpochapụ nke ọtụtụ ụdị azụ Nilotic dị na ọdọ mmiri ahụ, dị ka Nile perch na Nile tilapia; ụdị ole na ole dị ka redbelly tilapia yiri ka ha emeela nke a. Iji gbochie ọdịda nke akụ na ụba ịkụ azụ n'ógbè ahụ n'ihi mgbanwe ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi, a na-etinye ụdị azụ dịgasị iche iche na-anabata nnu na ụdị anụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ kemgbe mmalite narị afọ nke 20, gụnyere nnukwu ájá, Egyptian sole, European seabass na gold-head bream, yana ọtụtụ ụdị nke Mullet na prawn. Ntinye mullets na sole, tinyere tilapia, ka bụ nnukwu azụ ahịa na Lake Qarun, mana ihe ndị dị ka ịga n'ihu na-eme ka ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-apụ n'anya, mmụba mmetọ sitere na mmiri na-agbasa na cymothoid isopods na-awakpo emeela ka azụ na-agbada n'ụzọ dị egwu n'ime afọ iri gara aga.<ref name="El-Serafy-2014">{{Cite journal|author=El-Serafy|first=Sabry S.|date=April 2014|title=Qarun Lake Fisheries : Fishing Gears, Species Composition and Catch per Unit Effort|url=http://platform.almanhal.com/CrossRef/Preview/?ID=2-63429|journal=Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries|volume=18|issue=2|pages=39–49|doi=10.12816/0011075}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEl-SerafyEl-HaweetEl-GaninyEl-Far2014">El-Serafy, Sabry S.; El-Haweet, Alaa El-Din A.; El-Ganiny, Azza A.; El-Far, Alaa M. (April 2014). </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Abdelmageed|first=Adel Ali.|date=December 2022|title=Lake Qarun between entangled history and blurred future: Retrospectives and prospective|journal=The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research|volume=48|issue=4|pages=299–306|doi=10.1016/j.ejar.2022.11.001|issn=1687-4285}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|25em}} == Ebe e si nweta ya == * {{Cite web|title=Fayum Project|work=trismegistos.org|publisher=[[KU Leuven|University of Leuven]]|url=http://www.trismegistos.org/fayum/}} * {{Cite book|first=Hubert|author=Chanson|year=1999|chapter=Study of the Moeris reservoir, the Ha-Uar Dam and the canal connecting the Nile River and Lake Moeris|title=The Hydraulics of Open Channel Flow: An introduction|edition=1st|id=Major Problem&nbsp;2|publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann / Elsevier Science, Technology, & Business}} == Njikọ mpụga == *   *   {{National Parks of Egypt}}{{authority control}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] sn6mr7ico9w5kjludjvf4ggmaic9rjs 670644 670643 2026-07-01T05:41:43Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed refference with ref tag 670644 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Lake Moeris''' (Ancient Greek: Μοῖρις, genitive Μοίριδος) was an ancient endorheic freshwater lake located in the Faiyum Oasis, 80 km (50 mi) southwest of Cairo, [[Ịjịpt|Egypt]], which persists today at a fraction of its former size as the hypersaline '''Lake Qarun''' ([[Arabic]]: بركة قارون). In prehistory it was fed intermittently by the Nile via the ancient Hawara Channel, fluctuating in level throughout the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods.<ref name="Hayes-1964" /> Ọdọ Mmiri Moeris nke oge ochie gbasaara akụkụ dị ukwuu nke Faiyum Oasis nke oge a, ebe a na-eme atụmatụ na ọ dị n'etiti 1,270 km2 (490 sq mi) na 1,700 km2 (660 sq mi). N'oge ọchịchị etiti, igwu olulu mmiri Hawara iji mepụta ọwa mmiri a maara ugbu a dị ka Bahr Yussef mere ka olu mmiri na-abanye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Moeris mụbaa, ọrụ mmiri na ọrụ mkpochapụ ala n'otu oge ahụ ga-emekwa ka ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụrụ ihe eji arụ ọrụ ugbo..<ref name="Van de Mieroop-2011" /> Mmiri mmiri na mweghachi ọzọ n'oge Alaeze Ptolemaic mbụ mebiri njikọ kpọmkwem nke Lake Moeris na Naịl nke ọma ma malite usoro mbelata akụ na ụba nke gara n'ihu n'oge ndị Rom, oge ochie na oge mbụ nke oge a, nke butere Ọdọ Mmiri Qarun nke oge a.<ref name="Brown University" /> The modern lake's surface is 43 m (141 ft) below sea-level, and covers about 202 km2 (78 sq mi). Ọtụtụ ụdị nnụnụ mmiri Eurasia na-esi n'ebe ugwu na-eji Ọdọ Mmiri Qarun dị ka ebe oyi, n'ihi ya, ọdọ mmiri ahụ na gburugburu ya bụ ebe a na-echebe n'okpuru iwu Ijipt. Nnu ya dị elu emeela ka ọtụtụ ụdị azụ̀ Nilotic dị mmiri mmiri pụọ n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na e tinyela ọtụtụ ụdị azụ̀ nnu ma ọ bụ ụdị ndị ọzọ na-anabata nnu n'ime mmiri ya iji kwalite akụ na ụba ịkụ azụ n'ógbè ahụ; ebe a na-akụ azụ̀ ndị bụ́ isi n'ógbè ahụ gụnyere tilapia, mullet na sole.<ref name="El-Serafy-2014" /> A họpụtara Ọdọ Mmiri Qarun dị ka Ebe Ramsar na 2012. Ọdọ Mmiri Moeris nyere aha ya na anụmAnụ na-enye nwa ara nke proboscidean ''Moeritherium'', onye ikwu dị anya nke enyí nke oge a kọwara na mbụ site na Qasr el Sagha Formation dị nso. == Okwu mmalite == {{Hiero|''mer-wer'' (Moeris)|<hiero>N36:wr-n:n:n</hiero>|align=right|era=egypt}}The name "Lake Moeris" is derived from the Greek translation (''[[wiktionary:Μοῖρῐς|Μοῖρῐς]] [[wiktionary:λίμνη|λίμνη]]'' ''Limne Moeris'') of the Egyptian place-name ''[[wiktionary:mr-wr|mr-wr]]'' (lit. "Great Canal").<ref name="ucla-book">{{Cite book|author=Wendrich|first=Willeke|year=2017|chapter=Landscape archaeology of the desert Fayum|editor=Holdaway|title=The Desert Fayum Reinvestigated: The early to mid-Holocene landscape archaeology of the Fayum north shore, Egypt|publisher=The Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press|location=Los Angeles, CA|isbn=9781938770500|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/49t6s1b9|accessdate=April 20, 2023}}</ref> This name is likely a reference to the Bahr Yussef, and as the pharaoh responsible for its construction Amenemhat&nbsp;III was referred to by the Greeks as "King Moeris".<ref name="ucla-book" /><ref>{{Cite book|editor=Negm|year=2018|title=Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Versus Aswan High Dam: A view from Egypt|publisher=[[Springer Nature|Springer]]|location=[[Cham, Switzerland]]}}</ref> In Late Egyptian, the lake was referred to as the ''Piôm'', a name derived from the Egyptian phrase ''[[wiktionary:pꜣ|pꜣ]]-[[wiktionary:ym#Egyptian|ym]]'' (lit. "the Sea");<ref>{{Cite book|editor=Lesko, L. H.|title=A Dictionary of Late Egyptian|pages=28, 145|publisher=B.C. Scribe Publications|location=[[Providence, RI]]|date=2002|edition=2nd}}</ref> ''Piôm'' would later be transliterated into Coptic as [[wiktionary:ⲫⲓⲟⲙ|Ⲫⲓⲟⲙ]]/[[wiktionary:ⲡⲉⲓⲟⲙ|Ⲡⲉⲓⲟⲙ]] (''epʰiom''/''peiom''), from which the modern [[Arabic]] name الفيوم (''el-Fayyūm'') (and by extension the romanized ''Faiyum'') is derived. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == === Tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme === N'oge Messinian Salinity Crisis nke ngwụcha Miocene, Osimiri Naịl na-agafe ọdọ mmiri Faiyum na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla na ala nke nnukwu ndagwurugwu nke ruru ihe dị ka kilomita 2.4 (1.5 mi) miri emi ebe obodo Cairo dị ugbu a.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=El Mahmoudi|first=Ahmed|date=February 2009|title=Geophysical surveys to investigate the relation between the Quaternary Nile channels and the Messinian Nile canyon at East Nile Delta, Egypt|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12517-008-0018-9|journal=Arabian Journal of Geosciences|language=en|volume=2|issue=1|pages=53–67|doi=10.1007/s12517-008-0018-9|issn=1866-7511}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na usoro nke okike nke ọdọ mmiri Faiyum bụ ihe ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta na-arụrịta ụka n'etiti ndị ọkà mmụta ala na mmalite narị afọ , nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta ahụ ka bụ na ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'onwe ya pụtara n'ụzọ bụ isi dị ka nsonaazụ nke ikuku.<ref name="Hayes-1964">{{Cite journal|author=Hayes|first=William C.|date=1964|title=Most Ancient Egypt: Chapter I. The Formation of the Land|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/543676|journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies|volume=23|issue=2|pages=73–114|doi=10.1086/371762|issn=0022-2968}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHayes1964">Hayes, William C. (1964). </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gardner|first=Elinor W.|date=1929|title=The Origin of the Faiyum Depression: A Critical Commentary on a New View of Its Origin|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1784253|journal=The Geographical Journal|volume=74|issue=4|pages=371–383|doi=10.2307/1784253|issn=0016-7398}}</ref> Mgbe mmiri rikpuru Mediterenian na njedebe nke Miocene, Ndagwurugwu Naịl ghọrọ ọwara mmiri nke gbasaa n'ime ala ruo ebe Kom Ombo nke oge a.<ref name="Cambridge Univ. Press-2005" /> Ka oge na-aga, ọnụ mmiri a nke Mediterenian ji nwayọọ nwayọọ jupụta na silt wee ghọọ ndagwurugwu Naịl. N'oge ụfọdụ tupu Middle Paleolithic, mmiri nke ndagwurugwu Naịl gbakọtara nke ọma maka idei mmiri Naịl iji jupụta n'ime ọdọ mmiri Faiyum site na Hawara Channel, na-emepụta ọdọ mmiri Moeris oge ochie; a na-enye ọdọ mmiri ahụ naanị mmiri na-aga n'ihu, nke na-agafe agafe nke Naịl, a na-eche na ọ kpọrọ nkụ kpamkpam na njedebe nke Paleolithian tupu ọ pụta ọzọ na mmalite nke Neolithic.<ref name="Hayes-1964">{{Cite journal|author=Hayes|first=William C.|date=1964|title=Most Ancient Egypt: Chapter I. The Formation of the Land|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/543676|journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies|volume=23|issue=2|pages=73–114|doi=10.1086/371762|issn=0022-2968}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHayes1964">Hayes, William C. (1964). </cite></ref> Nkume ndị a chọtara n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri Faiyum nke kwekọrọ na ndị nke usoro Levallois mepụtara na-egosi na ụmụ mmadụ bi n'ikperé mmiri nke Ọdọ Mmiri Moeris laa azụ na Middle Paleolithic.<ref name="Hayes-1964" /><ref name="Cambridge Univ. Press-2005">{{Cite book|title=The Cambridge ancient history. Volume 1, pt. 1: Prolegomena and prehistory|date=2005|publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-521-07051-5|edition=3. ed., repr|location=Cambridge}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="">''The Cambridge ancient history. ''</cite></ref> Ọrụ nchọpụta ihe ochie ndị ọzọ na ọdọ mmiri Faiyum, ọkachasị nke Gertrude Caton-Thompson na Elinor Wight Gardner, enwetala ihe akaebe nke ọtụtụ ebe obibi Epipaleolithic na Neolithic.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Caton-Thompson|first=Gertrude|title=The Desert Fayum|date=1934|publisher=Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|location=London}}</ref> === Ọganihu mbụ: Alaeze Ochie na nke etiti === A na-edekọ Ọdọ Mmiri Moeris na mbụ site na ihe dị ka 3000 BCE, n'oge Narmer (Menes). Ka ọ na-erule mmalite nke Alaeze Ochie, e wuru ebe obibi na-adịgide adịgide, Shedet, n'elu ala dị elu nke osimiri ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ; Shedet ga-aga n'ihu ịghọ nnukwu ebe ofufe nke Chi ndị Ijipt Sobek, njikọ nke ga-eduga n'inweta aha Grik nke ''Krokodeilópolis'' (Κροκοδειλόπολις, lit. "Crocodile City"), nke e mesịrị sụgharịa na Latịn dị ka Crocodīlopolis. Obodo Faiyum nke oge a bi n'ebe ahụ ugbu a.&nbsp;  Nnukwu mgbanwe mbụ nke mmadụ mere na Lake Moeris mere n'oge Middle Kingdom n'okpuru ndị eze nke Dynasty nke Iri na Abụọ, bụ ndị chịrị site na mpaghara Faiyum mgbe ha kwagara n'isi obodo ọhụrụ nke Itjtawy. Senusret nke Abụọ malitere ọrụ ịgba mmiri na ime ka ala dịghachi mma iji wepụta akụkụ dị n'ime ọdọ mmiri ahụ maka ọrụ ugbo, na-ebugharị ọnụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'èzí site na Shedet.<ref name="Van de Mieroop-2011">{{Cite book|author=Van de Mieroop|first=Marc|title=A history of ancient Egypt|date=2011|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4051-6070-4|edition=1. publ|series=Blackwell history of the ancient world|location=Chichester}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFVan_de_Mieroop2011">Van de Mieroop, Marc (2011). </cite></ref> Nwa nwa ya Amenemhat nke Atọ gara n'ihu na-enye iwu ka e gwupụta ọwa mmiri Hawara, na-emepụta ọwa mmiri a maara taa dị ka Bahr Yussef. Ọwa mmiri a mụbara mmiri na-asọba n'Ọdọ Mmiri Moeris site na Naịl iji gbaa ọdọ mmiri Faiyum mmiri nke ọma, na-agbanwe ya ka ọ bụrụ nnukwu ebe ọrụ ugbo, n'ihi ya, Amenemhat nke Atọ mechara mara na Grik dị ka "King Moeris".<ref>{{Cite book|author=Viollet|first=Pierre-Louis|title=Water engineering in ancient civilizations: 5.000 years of history|date=2007|publisher=IAHR International Association of Hydraulic Engineering and Research|isbn=978-90-78046-05-9|series=IAHR monograph series|location=Madrid}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ ya dị ka ebe nchekwa mmiri dị ọcha, a na-ejikwa ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị ka akụkụ nke usoro njem ibu; a na-ebute blọk basalt ndị e gwupụtara site na ebe a na-egwupụta ihe dị nso na ọdọ mmiri ahụ site na Lake Moeris Quarry Road, ụzọ kachasị ochie a maara n'ụwa. Site n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ, enwere ike ibuga blọk ndị ahụ na [[Ihe mgbagwoju pyramid nke mmadu|Giza Necropolis]] iji jiri ha rụọ ụlọ nsọ na ihe ncheta. ASCE abanyewo n'okporo ụzọ Quarry n'ime Ndepụta nke Ihe Omume Injinia Civil . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Lake Moeris Quarry Road|work=asce.org|publisher=[[American Society of Civil Engineers]]|url=https://www.asce.org/about-civil-engineering/history-and-heritage/historic-landmarks/lake-moeris-quarry-road|accessdate=2022-01-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Wilford|first=John Noble|date=8 May 1994|title=World's oldest paved road found in Egypt|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/08/world/world-s-oldest-paved-road-found-in-egypt.html|accessdate=2018-08-29}}</ref><imagemap> File:Lake Moeris.jpg|thumb|500px|right|An [[image map]] of notable monuments in the vicinity of the former Lake Moeris. The hatched area denotes land reclaimed by the kings of the Twelfth Dynasty. rect 718 628 871 711 [[Abgig obelisk]] rect 936 453 1207 509 [[Pedestals of Biahmu]] rect 858 548 1148 607 [[Faiyum#Ancient history|Crocodilopolis]] rect 999 699 1260 744 [[Amenemhat_III#Hawara|Pyramid of Amenemhat III at Hawara]] rect 1108 755 1397 833 [[Pyramid of Senusret II]] rect 1398 476 1620 1122 [[Nile River]] desc none </imagemap> [[Faịlụ:Biahmu_05.JPG|áká_èkpè|thumb|Mkpọmkpọ ebe nke otu n'ime Pedestals nke BiahmuIhe ndị e ji akpụkpọ ụkwụ mee na Biahmu]] N'akwụkwọ ya bụ Histories, onye Gris na-akọ ''[[Herodotus]])" id="mwAQs" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Histories (Herodotus)">Akụkọ ihe mere eme'' Herodotus na-azọrọ na ọ gara Lake Moeris, na-etinye ya n'okpuru Labyrinth nke Ijipt ma na-eche ihu n'obodo oge ochie nke Crocodilopolis (ya bụ, obodo Faiyum nke oge a). <ref>{{Cite book|author=[[Herodotus]]|title=[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]}}</ref> Herodotus kwukwara na "pyramids" abụọ (nke a kọwara dị ka Pedestals nke Biahmu) guzo n'etiti ọdọ mmiri ahụ, nkwupụta nke mere ka onye Britain na-amụ banyere Ijipt bụ Flinders Petrie kwuo na mmiri jupụtara n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ mgbe Herodotus gara ebe ahụ. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Lloyd|first=Alan B.|year=1975|title=Herodotus: Book&nbsp;II Commentary 99–182|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=978-90-04-07737-9|location=[[Leiden]], NL}}</ref><ref name="petrie">{{Cite book|author=Petrie|first=W.M.F.|authorlink=Flinders Petrie|year=1889|title=Hawara, Biahmu, and Arsinoe|publisher=[[Leadenhall Press|Field & Tuer]]|location=London, UK|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0kXAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=October 4, 2022}}</ref> Nnukwu ọrụ mmiri nke ndị eze nke Dynasty nke iri na abụọ mere iji gbanwee ọdọ mmiri ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ebe a na-echekwa mmiri dị ọcha hapụrụ ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịdị ala dị ka Herodotus na-eche na ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'onwe ya bụ ihe e gwupụtara n'onwe ha - nkọwa nke ihe akaebe nke oge a na-akwadoghị. === Ọganihu mgbe e mesịrị: Alaeze Ptolemaic na Rom Ijipt === Mgbe Alexander Onye Ukwu nwụsịrị, Ijipt bịara n'okpuru ọchịchị nke onye bụbu ọchịagha ya bụ́ Ptolemy, onye ga-aghọ eze mbụ nke usoro ndị eze Ptolemaic. Site n'ọchịchị ọhụrụ a na nbata nke ndị Gris na ndị Macedonia n'otu oge na Ijipt, e mepụtara mpaghara Faiyum na Ọdọ Mmiri Moeris iji mee ka ikike ya dịkwuo elu dị ka ebe ọrụ ugbo. Ndị injinia eze nke Ptolemy nke Abụọ Philadelphus wuru ọwa mmiri na oghere ndị ọzọ, tinyere mgbochi mmiri na Bahr Yussef iji chịkwaa mmiri Naịl na-abata, na-enye ohere maka mmezi ọzọ nke ala ahụ ma mụbaa mmepụta ọka ka mmiri ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-ebelata ma na-ekpughe ala ọhụrụ na-eme nri. <ref name="Van de Mieroop-2011">{{Cite book|author=Van de Mieroop|first=Marc|title=A history of ancient Egypt|date=2011|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4051-6070-4|edition=1. publ|series=Blackwell history of the ancient world|location=Chichester}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFVan_de_Mieroop2011">Van de Mieroop, Marc (2011). </cite></ref><ref name="Brown University">{{Cite web|title=Lake Moeris|publisher=[[Brown University]]|url=https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Joukowsky_Institute/courses/afterpharaohs2010/13390.html|accessdate=2018-08-14}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Joukowsky_Institute/courses/afterpharaohs2010/13390.html "Lake Moeris"]. </cite></ref> Ọtụtụ papyri e nwetara n'oge Ptolemaic na Faiyum (nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe na papyrus) na-echekwa akwụkwọ ozi n'etiti ndị injinia na ndị nchịkwa n'oge mmepe a, gụnyere ebe nchekwa nke Zenon nke Kaunos.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Thompson|first=Dorothy|title=Agriculture in Egypt: from pharaonic to modern times|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0-19-726183-5|editor=Bowman|series=Proceedings of the British Academy|location=Oxford|pages=107–122}}</ref> Mmiri Naịl na-egbochi mmiri ịbanye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Moeris mgbe e wuru ihe mgbochi ahụ gosipụtara mmalite nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ebelata, usoro nke ga-emecha mee ka Ọdọ Mmiri Qarun nke oge a belata. Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha Alaeze Ptolemaic, a leghaara usoro ịgba mmiri a anya n'ihi esemokwu dị n'ime, na-eme ka ala a na-akọ ihe ubi n'ime Faiyum kpọọ nkụ ma ọ bụ jupụta kpamkpam. Ntinye nke Ijipt dị ka mpaghara Rom hụrụ mmezigharị nke ọrụ mmiri Lake Moeris site n'aka ndị agha Rom n'okpuru Ọgọstọs, si otú a na-enye aka na ọnọdụ Ijipt dị Ka oghere achịcha nke Alaeze Ukwu Rom mbụ. Nweghachi nke ọrụ ugbo n'ime Faiyum zutere oke obibi ọzọ na mpaghara ahụ hụrụ mmepụta ihe na-aga n'ihu ruo mgbe Nsogbu nke Narị Afọ nke Atọ, mgbe agha obodo ọzọ mebiri mpaghara ahụ na usoro ịgba mmiri ọzọ dara n'ime mmebi. Mgbe oge a nke ọgba aghara gasịrị, eze ukwu Probus, dị ka Ọgọstọs, were ndị agha Rom n'ọrụ iji mezigharịa ọwa mmiri na dike ma mpaghara ahụ wee mepụta ihe ọzọ, ọ bụ ezie na ka oge na-aga, a na-eleghara usoro ahụ anya ọzọ ma mee ka ebe obibi ndị Rom kwụsị; a na-eche na a gbahapụrụ mpaghara ahụ na narị afọ nke ise, naanị obere ebe dị n'ime ọdọ mmiri Faiyum fọdụrụ ma biri na ya site na oge ndị fọdụrụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Boak|first=A. E. R.|date=1926|title=Irrigation and Population in the Faiyum, the Garden of Egypt|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/208706|journal=Geographical Review|volume=16|issue=3|pages=353–364|doi=10.2307/208706|issn=0016-7428}}</ref> == Ecology na ịkụ azụ == [[Faịlụ:Egretta_garzetta_at_Fayoum_by_Hatem_Moushir_6.JPG|áká_èkpè|thumb|Obere egret na ọtụtụ nnụnụ mmiri Eurasian ndị ọzọ na-akwaga Lake Qarun maka oge oyi.]] N'oge a, Ọdọ Mmiri Qarun na-eje ozi dị ka ebe obibi ma ọ bụ ebe obibi maka ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụdị Nnụnụ mmiri iri asatọ na asatọ. Collared pratincoles, Kentish na Kittlitz's plovers na obere terns niile na-ezukọta n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ iji mụọ, ebe ndị Eurasian na-akwaga n'oge oyi gụnyere black-necked na nnukwu crested grebes, nnukwu na obere egret, na ụdị ọbọgwụ dị iche iche dị ka shelducks nkịtị, Eurasian teals, Eurasian wigeons, northern pintails, northern shovelers na tufted ducks.<ref name="Fouda-2012">{{Cite web|author=Fouda|first=Mostafa|date=March 26, 2012|title=Lake Qarun Protected Area|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/EG2040RIS.pdf|accessdate=March 18, 2024|work=Ramsar Sites Information Service}}</ref> Ọnọdụ ọdọ mmiri Qarun dị ka ebe obibi nnụnụ dị mkpa emeela ka a họpụta ya dị ka onye Nchebe Ijipt na Ebe Ramsar.<ref name="Fouda-2012" /> [[Faịlụ:Lake_qarun_protected_area_by_Hatem_Moushir_1.JPG|thumb|Ọdọ Mmiri Qarun dị ka a na-ahụ ya site na Ebe Nchedo Ọdọ Mmị Qarun]] A na-etinye nnu na ụfụfụ na ọdọ mmiri Qarun na mkpochapụ nke ọtụtụ ụdị azụ Nilotic dị na ọdọ mmiri ahụ, dị ka Nile perch na Nile tilapia; ụdị ole na ole dị ka redbelly tilapia yiri ka ha emeela nke a. Iji gbochie ọdịda nke akụ na ụba ịkụ azụ n'ógbè ahụ n'ihi mgbanwe ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi, a na-etinye ụdị azụ dịgasị iche iche na-anabata nnu na ụdị anụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ kemgbe mmalite narị afọ nke 20, gụnyere nnukwu ájá, Egyptian sole, European seabass na gold-head bream, yana ọtụtụ ụdị nke Mullet na prawn. Ntinye mullets na sole, tinyere tilapia, ka bụ nnukwu azụ ahịa na Lake Qarun, mana ihe ndị dị ka ịga n'ihu na-eme ka ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-apụ n'anya, mmụba mmetọ sitere na mmiri na-agbasa na cymothoid isopods na-awakpo emeela ka azụ na-agbada n'ụzọ dị egwu n'ime afọ iri gara aga.<ref name="El-Serafy-2014">{{Cite journal|author=El-Serafy|first=Sabry S.|date=April 2014|title=Qarun Lake Fisheries : Fishing Gears, Species Composition and Catch per Unit Effort|url=http://platform.almanhal.com/CrossRef/Preview/?ID=2-63429|journal=Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries|volume=18|issue=2|pages=39–49|doi=10.12816/0011075}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEl-SerafyEl-HaweetEl-GaninyEl-Far2014">El-Serafy, Sabry S.; El-Haweet, Alaa El-Din A.; El-Ganiny, Azza A.; El-Far, Alaa M. (April 2014). </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Abdelmageed|first=Adel Ali.|date=December 2022|title=Lake Qarun between entangled history and blurred future: Retrospectives and prospective|journal=The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research|volume=48|issue=4|pages=299–306|doi=10.1016/j.ejar.2022.11.001|issn=1687-4285}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|25em}} == Ebe e si nweta ya == * {{Cite web|title=Fayum Project|work=trismegistos.org|publisher=[[KU Leuven|University of Leuven]]|url=http://www.trismegistos.org/fayum/}} * {{Cite book|first=Hubert|author=Chanson|year=1999|chapter=Study of the Moeris reservoir, the Ha-Uar Dam and the canal connecting the Nile River and Lake Moeris|title=The Hydraulics of Open Channel Flow: An introduction|edition=1st|id=Major Problem&nbsp;2|publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann / Elsevier Science, Technology, & Business}} == Njikọ mpụga == *   *   {{National Parks of Egypt}}{{authority control}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] of3i5unoj3v8y36a01hw881mr6pwk1z 0 77215 670645 2026-07-01T05:52:50Z Aluta editor 62822 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356997642|Annobón]]" 670645 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Annobón</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="category">[[Provinces of Equatorial Guinea|Ógbè]]</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[File:Annobón_in_Equatorial_Guinea_2020.svg|250x250px|Annobón circled in red, within Equatorial Guinea<br />(far southwestern corner of the map)]]<div class="ib-settlement-caption">Annobón gbara gburugburu na-acha ọbara ọbara, n'ime Equatorial Guinea (n'akụkụ ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke map) <br /></div> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba | class="infobox-data" |<span class="nowrap">[[Equatorial Guinea]]<span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]</span></span> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Capital city|Isi obodo]] | class="infobox-data" |[[San Antonio de Palé]] |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Mpaghara<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="white-space:nowrap;">• Ngụkọta&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |17 km² (6.6 sq mi) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ugwu kachasị elu <div class="ib-settlement-fn"> ([[Quioveo]]) &#x20;</div>   | class="infobox-data" |598 m (1,962 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Ndị bi na ya (2015) [1]<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2015)<ref name="census2015"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="345">[https://web.archive.org/web/20171008232028/http://www.inege.gq/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Censo2015_Folleto_R_Preliminares.pdf "Censo de población 2015–República de Guinea Ecuatorial"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish). </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="346">INEGE. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="347">p.&nbsp;7. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="348">Archived from [http://www.inege.gq/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Censo2015_Folleto_R_Preliminares.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="349"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2017</span>.</span></cite></ref><span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="white-space:nowrap;">• Ngụkọta&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |5,323 |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |310/km² (810/sq mi) &nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[ISO 3166|Koodu ISO 3166]] | class="infobox-data nickname" |GQ-AN |} {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Annobón</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="category">[[Provinces of Equatorial Guinea|Ógbè]]</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[File:Annobón_in_Equatorial_Guinea_2020.svg|250x250px|Annobón circled in red, within Equatorial Guinea<br />(far southwestern corner of the map)]]<div class="ib-settlement-caption">Annobón gbara gburugburu na-acha ọbara ọbara, n'ime Equatorial Guinea (n'akụkụ ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke map) <br /></div> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba | class="infobox-data" |<span class="nowrap">[[Equatorial Guinea]]<span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]</span></span> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Capital city|Isi obodo]] | class="infobox-data" |[[San Antonio de Palé]] |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Mpaghara<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="white-space:nowrap;">• Ngụkọta&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |17 km² (6.6 sq mi) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ugwu kachasị elu <div class="ib-settlement-fn"> ([[Quioveo]]) &#x20;</div>   | class="infobox-data" |598 m (1,962 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Ndị bi na ya (2015) [1]<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2015)<ref name="census2015"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="345">[https://web.archive.org/web/20171008232028/http://www.inege.gq/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Censo2015_Folleto_R_Preliminares.pdf "Censo de población 2015–República de Guinea Ecuatorial"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish). </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="346">INEGE. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="347">p.&nbsp;7. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="348">Archived from [http://www.inege.gq/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Censo2015_Folleto_R_Preliminares.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="349"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2017</span>.</span></cite></ref><span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="white-space:nowrap;">• Ngụkọta&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |5,323 |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |310/km² (810/sq mi) &nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[ISO 3166|Koodu ISO 3166]] | class="infobox-data nickname" |GQ-AN |} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Annobón''' ( [] i;<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Ogunu|first=Oseni|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FtMRAQAAIAAJ&q=Provincia+de+Annob%C3%B3n|title=1994–2003|date=2005|publisher=EMI|isbn=978-88-307-1718-3|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NzYV4zDLZjsC&q=Provincia+de+Annob%C3%B3n|title=II censo de población y II de viviendas 1.994: Análisis demográfico. tema 01. Evaluación y ajuste de datos. tema 02. Estado de población. tema [03]. La fecundidad. tema 04. Análisis de la mortalidad. tema 05. Estudio de la migración. tema 06. Alfabetización, escolarización e instrucción. tema 07. Situación matrimonial y nupcialidad. tema 08. Caracteristicas económicas. tema 09. Análisis de las viviendas. tema 10. Hogares. tema 11. La mujer guineo-ecuatoriana. tema 12. Proyecciones demográficas (12 v.)|date=1997|publisher=La Oficina|language=es}}</ref> Portuguese: Ano-Bom) bụ mpaghara nke [[Equatorial Guinea]]. ógbè ahụ nwere agwaetiti Annobón na agwaetiti ndị metụtara ya na Gulf of Guinea. Annobón bụ mpaghara kachasị nta nke Equatorial Guinea na mpaghara na ndị bi na ya. Dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ nke afọ 2015 si kwuo, Annobón nwere mmadụ 5,323, obere mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ site na 5,008 edebanyere aha site na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ 2001. Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ pere mpe amụbaala site na mmadụ 5,008 e debara aha ha site na ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ nke afọ 2001. Asụsụ gọọmentị bụ Spanish mana ọtụtụ ndị bi na ya na-asụ ụdị asụsụ Portuguese nke Creole. Isi ụlọ ọrụ dị na agwaetiti ahụ bụ ịkụ azụ na ịkpa oke ọhịa. Annobón is the only island of the country located in the Southern Hemisphere of the [[Òrìmìlì Atlantic|Atlantic Ocean]]. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2025)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> The provincial capital is San Antonio de Palé on the north side of the island. There are three other small settlements; Mabana, San Pedro and Aual. As of 1911, some passing ships visited for water and fresh provisions, of which Annobón offered an abundant supply.[5] However, there was no regular shipping service to the rest of Equatorial Guinea, and ships called as infrequently as every few months. == Aha ya == Annobón nwetara aha ya site na Portuguese ''{{Lang|pt|ano bom}}'' <nowiki>''. A gụrụ agwaetiti ahụ aha n'ihi ụbọchị ndị Portugal chọpụtara ya n'Ụbọchị Afọ Ọhụrụ n'afọ 1473. A maara mpaghara ahụ n'</nowiki>oge gara aga dị ka ''Anno Bom'' ma ọ bụ ''Annabona'' . [6] N'ime afọ ndị ikpeazụ nke ọchịchị Francisco Macías Nguema, a na-akpọ agwaetiti ahụ ''Pigalu'' ma ọ bụ ''Pagalu'', site na ''{{Lang|pt|papagaio}}'' <nowiki>''</nowiki> Portuguese. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Ndị Portugal chọpụtara agwaetiti ahụ na 1 Jenụwarị 1473; ọ nwetara aha ya site na ụbọchị ahụ ("Afọ Ọhụrụ"). [5] Otú ọ dị, onye Spain na-eme nchọpụta Diego Ramirez de la Diaz hụrụ agwaetiti ahụ na 1470 wee kpọọ ya San Antonio.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|publisher=Routledge|year=2005|isbn=1-57958-468-3|editor=Skutsch|location=New York|pages=107}}</ref> O doro anya na ọ dịghị onye bi na ya ruo mgbe ndị Portugal chịrị ya site na 1474, karịsịa site n'aka ndị Afrịka si [[Angola]] site na São Tomé Island. A na-ewere ndị ohu a (ndị Portuguese kpọrọ {{Lang|pt|escravos de regate}}) dị ka ndị mbụ so na ọha mmadụ Annobonese.<ref name=":0" /> Malite na mmalite narị afọ nke 16, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ohu a bụ ndị lụrụ ndị Yuropu ugbu a mụrụ ọgbọ ndị ọzọ nke ndị Anbonese bụ ndị a na-akpọ forros (ndị ohu ga-enwere onwe ha). Forros malitere ịzụlite njirimara pụrụ iche na ike mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba. Oge a hụkwara ka asụsụ Creole nke Anbonese pụtara ìhè. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|publisher=Routledge|year=2005|isbn=1-57958-468-3|editor=Skutsch|location=New York|pages=107}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSkutsch2005">Skutsch, Carl, ed. </cite></ref> Nkwekọrịta El Pardo nke afọ 1778 nyere mba Spen agwaetiti ahụ. Nkwekọrịta ahụ nyere mba Spen ikike ịchịkwa agwaetiti Annobón na Fernando Po (nke bụ Bioko ugbu a) nke mba Pọtugal na ụsọ oké osimiri Guinea dị n'etiti Naịja na Ogooué, n'ọnọdụ nke ndị Spen nabatara ndị Pọtugal n'ókèala dị na Brazil n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke ókèala nke Nkwekọrịta Tordesillas guzobere. A ga-emesịa mara mpaghara Spen nke e guzobere dịka Spanish Guinea. Ndị bi n'àgwàetiti ahụ megidere ndokwa ahụ ma na-emegide ndị Spain. Mgbe e nyefere ya na mgbe e welitere ọkọlọtọ Spain iji kwado ọbụbụeze Spain, ndị bi n'àgwàetiti ahụ nupụụrụ ndị bịara ọhụrụ ahụ isi, n'otu akụkụ n'ihi na a na-ewere ha dị ka ndị jụrụ okwukwe maka itinye nkịta na ọkọlọtọ ha (ihe osise ahụ na-anọchite anya ọdụm). Ha chụpụrụ ha dịka omenala nke ịtụba ndị amoosu n'oké osimiri si dị.<ref name="Anobom">{{Cite web|url=https://rcl.com.sapo.pt/anobom.html|title=Ano Bom – A Ilha Esquecida no Meio do Atlântico|accessdate=29 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042249/http://rcl.com.sapo.pt/anobom.html|archivedate=4 March 2016}}</ref> Ọnọdụ nke ọgba aghara sochiri, na-eduga na ndokwa nke otu ụmụ amaala ise na-achịkwa agwaetiti ahụ, onye ọ bụla n'ime ha nwere ọfịs gọvanọ n'oge ahụ gafere ruo mgbe ụgbọ mmiri iri rutere n'àgwàetiti ahụ.[6] Gọọmentị na-achị onwe ya gara n'ihu, na agwaetiti ahụ nke Spain na Portugal kwuru, ruo mgbe e guzobeghachiri ikike nke Spain na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19. [6][5] Àgwàetiti ahụ ghọrọ akụkụ nke Elobey, Annobón na Corisco ruo n'oge na-adịghị anya ruo 1909. The [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|British]] erected a fort at St&nbsp;Antony in 1801, eventually legalized through a lease from the Spanish government in 1827. The base was used by the British to suppress the Atlantic slave trade. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> N'afọ ikpeazụ nke ọchịchị Francisco Macías Nguema, onyeisi oche mbụ nke Equatorial Guinea, a kpọrọ agwaetiti ahụ Pigalu ma ọ bụ Pagalu. Ndị bi na ya nwere ajọ mbunobi megide ha na Equatorial Guinea, ụfọdụ malitekwara ịkwado mmegharị nkewa. Na 1993, gọọmentị etiti kewapụrụ agwaetiti ahụ, chụpụ ndị mba ọzọ gụnyere ndị otu enyemaka mmadụ. Ndị mmadụ nupụrụ isi ma wakpoo ebe obibi gọvanọ. Gọọmentị zara site n'igbu mmadụ abụọ n'enweghị ikpe. Nrụgide mba ụwa mere ka esemokwu belata, a tọhapụkwara ndị mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị..<ref name="Anobom">{{Cite web|url=https://rcl.com.sapo.pt/anobom.html|title=Ano Bom – A Ilha Esquecida no Meio do Atlântico|accessdate=29 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042249/http://rcl.com.sapo.pt/anobom.html|archivedate=4 March 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042249/http://rcl.com.sapo.pt/anobom.html "Ano Bom – A Ilha Esquecida no Meio do Atlântico"]. </cite></ref> Ọ bụ n'ihi obere agwaetiti a ka Equatorial Guinea rịọrọ maka ọkwa onye na-ekiri ihe na-emenụ obere oge e guzobere Community of Portuguese Language Country na 1996, nke dugara na nleta nke minista mba ofesi nke Portugal, Jaime Gama na Equatorial Guinea, na 1998.<ref name="Anobom">{{Cite web|url=https://rcl.com.sapo.pt/anobom.html|title=Ano Bom – A Ilha Esquecida no Meio do Atlântico|accessdate=29 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042249/http://rcl.com.sapo.pt/anobom.html|archivedate=4 March 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042249/http://rcl.com.sapo.pt/anobom.html "Ano Bom – A Ilha Esquecida no Meio do Atlântico"]. </cite></ref> A na-egosipụta njirimara ya nke akụkọ ihe mere eme, omenala na okpukperechi n'ọkwa ya n'ọkwa mpaghara ya. Na 2006, Equatorial Guinea nwetara ọkwa onye na-ekiri ihe na-emenụ site n'aka São Tomé na Príncipe. Ọ nọgidere na-agba mbọ ịghọ onye otu zuru oke, n'ụzọ megidere nrụgide mba ụwa nke chọrọ ikewapụ mba ahụ n'ihi mmebi ikike mmadụ, wee bụrụ onye otu zuru oke na 2014 site na nkwado siri ike nke Africa na-asụ Portuguese, ebe eweghachiri asụsụ Portuguese dị ka asụsụ gọọmentị.<ref name="dw">{{Cite web|title=Ilha de Ano-Bom estabelece ligação da Guiné Equatorial à lusofonia – DW – 05/08/2014|url=https://www.dw.com/pt-002/ilha-de-ano-bom-estabelece-liga%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o-da-guin%25C3%25A9-equatorial-%25C3%25A0-lusofonia/a-17832432|accessdate=14 January 2023|work=dw.com|language=pt|archivedate=27 December 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227183903/https://www.dw.com/pt-002/ilha-de-ano-bom-estabelece-liga%C3%A7%C3%A3o-da-guin%C3%A9-equatorial-%C3%A0-lusofonia/a-17832432}}</ref><ref name="IILP_Blog2012-02-07">{{Cite web|url=http://iilp.wordpress.com/2012/02/07/assinado-termo-de-cooperacao-entre-iilp-e-guine-equatorial/|title=Assinado termo de cooperação entre IILP e Guiné Equatorial|language=pt|publisher=Instituto Internacional de Língua Portuguesa|date=7 February 2012|accessdate=27 March 2012|archivedate=22 December 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222061328/http://iilp.wordpress.com/2012/02/07/assinado-termo-de-cooperacao-entre-iilp-e-guine-equatorial/}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala na ọdịdị ala == [[Faịlụ:Annobón_Bioko.PNG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px|Map zuru ezu nke Annobón (n'aka ekpe) ]] [[Faịlụ:Gulf_of_Guinea_(English).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px|Ebe Annobón dị na Ọwara Oké Osimiri Guinea]] Annobón is an extinct volcano, part of the Cameroon line, about 220 miles (350 km) west of Cape Lopez in [[Gabon]]  and 110 miles (180 km) southwest of São Tomé Island.[5] The main island measures about 4 miles (6.4 km) long by 2 miles (3.2 km) wide,[6] with an area of about  ,[5] but a number of small rocky islets surround it, including Santarém to the south. Its central crater lake is named Lago A Pot and its highest peak is Quioveo, which rises 598 meters (1,962 ft). The island is characterized by a succession of lush valleys and steep mountains, covered with rich woods and luxuriant vegetation.[6] A na-akọwakarị Annobón dị ka "na Gulf of Guinea",[a] dị ka agwaetiti ndị gbara ya gburugburu nke [[São Tomé and Príncipe|São Tomé na Príncipe]], mana akara ókèala maka Gulf of Guinea nke International Hydrographic Organization guzobere na-aga n'ebe ugwu ya. [b] == Flora na anụmanụ == [[Faịlụ:Annobon_Island_Equatorial_Guinea.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Annobón na 2011]] Na mbụ, obere agwaetiti a dị kilomita 335 (208 mi) site n'ụsọ oké osimiri [[Gabon|Ndị Gabon]] enweghị ebe obibi ma nwee nnukwu ụdị dị iche iche. Site na colonization, ndị bi n'àgwàetiti jiri rafts ma ọ bụ "cayucos" (ụgbọ mmiri yiri ụgbọ mmiri) na-achụ nta humpback whales na ụmụ ha, na cetaceans ndị ọzọ, na harpoons dị nso n'àll ahụ. Annobón white-eye na Annobón paradise flycatcher bụ Nnụnụ na-abụ abụ, dị ka nduru na-acha nchara nchara nke Sao Tome. E nwekwara ndị na-azụ anụ ojii. E nwere ụdị nnụnụ iri abụọ na itoolu (dịka Annobón scops owl) n'àgwàetiti ahụ, nke BirdLife International họpụtara dị ka Ebe Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa (IBA).<ref name="bli">{{Cite web|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/annob%C3%B3n-iba-equatorial-guinea|title=Annobón|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2024|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=28 November 2024|archivedate=3 February 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250203115311/https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/annob%C3%B3n-iba-equatorial-guinea}}</ref> E nwekwara ụdị ụkpara abụọ (otu nke dị n'ógbè ahụ); anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ (ndị ise): otu agwọ, agụ owuru atọ, agụ owụ abụọ, mbe mmiri atọ; azụ osimiri: ụdị 18 (otu nke a na-ahụkarị); anwụnta, akpị, na nnukwu ụgbala. Ụmụ anụmanụ ndị e webatara gụnyere azụ, nnụnụ guinea, òké, nkịta, na nwamba. Àgwàetiti ahụ enweghị anụ ndị na-eri anụ. A na-ahụ Sharks n'oké osimiri gbara ya gburugburu. == Nchịkwa == {{Provinces of Equatorial Guinea Image Map}}isi obodo nke mpaghara ahụ bụ San Antonio de Palé (nke bụbu St Antony). Àgwàetiti ahụ nwere kansụl obodo atọ ({{Lang|pt|Consejos de Poblados}}): Anganchi, Aual, na Mabana. == Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ == A na-eme atụmatụ na agwaetiti ahụ nwere mmadụ 3,000 site na ọtụtụ narị afọ nke 19. [6][5] N'afọ 2013, Annobón nwere mmadụ 5,323. === Asụsụ === Asụsụ bụ isi n'àgwàetiti ahụ bụ Portuguese Creole a maara dị ka Annobonese, {{Lang|pt|Fa d'Ambu}}, ma ọ bụ Falar de Ano Bom <nowiki>''</nowiki>). A na-eji Asụsụ Portuguese Creole eme ihe nke ọma na Annobón. Ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na ngalaba niile ma e wezụga gọọmentị na agụmakwụkwọ ebe a na-eji Spanish eme ihe. A naghị asụkarị Spanish na Annobón. Ndị Katọlik nọ n'ógbè ahụ na-eji asụsụ Portuguese na-abụghị nke Creole eme ihe dị ka asụsụ liturgical.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/fab|title=Fa d'Ambu|publisher=Ethnologue|accessdate=15 November 2010|archivedate=7 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407195306/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/fab}}</ref> N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2012, minista mba ọzọ nke Equatorial Guinea bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ya na International Portuguese Language Institute (IPLI) maka ịkwalite Asụsụ Portuguese na Equatorial Guinea.<ref name="IILP_Blog2012-02-07">{{Cite web|url=http://iilp.wordpress.com/2012/02/07/assinado-termo-de-cooperacao-entre-iilp-e-guine-equatorial/|title=Assinado termo de cooperação entre IILP e Guiné Equatorial|language=pt|publisher=Instituto Internacional de Língua Portuguesa|date=7 February 2012|accessdate=27 March 2012|archivedate=22 December 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222061328/http://iilp.wordpress.com/2012/02/07/assinado-termo-de-cooperacao-entre-iilp-e-guine-equatorial/}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[http://iilp.wordpress.com/2012/02/07/assinado-termo-de-cooperacao-entre-iilp-e-guine-equatorial/ "Assinado termo de cooperação entre IILP e Guiné Equatorial"] &#x5B;Protocol signed on cooperation between IILP and Guinea Equatorial&#x5D; (in Portuguese). </cite></ref><ref name="CPLP_News1875">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cplp.org/Default.aspx?ID=316&M=News&PID=304&NewsID=1875#.pdf|title=Protocolo de Cooperação entre a Guiné-Equatorial e o IILP|language=pt|publisher=CPLP|date=7 February 2012|accessdate=27 March 2012|archivedate=13 July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713062429/http://www.cplp.org/Default.aspx?ID=316&M=News&PID=304&NewsID=1875}}</ref> Ntinye asụsụ Portuguese sochiri ọkwa nke onye isi ala Equatorial Guinea na 13 Julaị 2007 na iwu iwu iwu nke 2010 nke guzobere Portuguese dị ka asụsụ gọọmentị nke mba ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/equatorial-guinea-adds-portuguese-as-the-countrys-third-official-language-131882808.html|title=Equatorial Guinea Adds Portuguese as the Country's Third Official Language|publisher=PRNewsWire|date=14 October 2011|accessdate=15 November 2010|archivedate=12 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612163747/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/equatorial-guinea-adds-portuguese-as-the-countrys-third-official-language-131882808.html}}</ref><ref name="GuineEqGov">{{Cite web|url=http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=703l|title=El portugués será el tercer idioma oficial de la República de Guinea Ecuatorial|publisher=Gobierno de la Republica de Guinea Ecuatoria|accessdate=15 November 2010|language=es|archivedate=3 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903222205/http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=703l}}</ref><ref name="GuineEqGovPDF">{{Cite web|url=http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/imgdb/2010/20-7-2010Decretosobreelportuguescomoidiomaoficial.pdf|title=Proyecto de Ley Constitucional|publisher=Gobierno de la Republica de Guinea Ecuatorial|date=14 October 2011|accessdate=15 November 2010|archivedate=3 January 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103202646/http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/imgdb/2010/20-7-2010Decretosobreelportuguescomoidiomaoficial.pdf}}</ref> Nnyocha mmekọrịta na asụsụ nke IPLI na Annobón kpughere njikọ siri ike na obodo ndị na-asụ asụsụ Portuguese na [[São Tomé and Príncipe|São Tomé na Príncipe]], [[Cape Verde]], na [[Guinea-Bissau]].<ref name="sol">{{Cite web|date=5 February 2014|title=Formação de professores e programas televisivos introduzem português na Guiné-Equatorial|url=http://www.sol.pt/noticia/99354|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101000230/http://www.sol.pt/noticia/99354|archivedate=1 January 2016|accessdate=27 November 2014|publisher=Sol|language=pt}}</ref> === Agbụrụ === Ndị bi n'àgwàetiti ahụ bụ ndị Portuguese na ndị Angola, na ụfọdụ Spanish. Mmetụta mbụ ndị Spain, jikọtara ya na ikewapụ onwe ya na mpaghara Equatorial Guinea na ịdị nso nke [[São Tomé and Príncipe|São Tomé na Príncipe]] - nke dị naanị kilomita 175 (109 mi) site na agwaetiti ahụ - enyerela aka ichekwa njikọ ọdịbendị agwaetiti ahụ na [[Portugal]]. Ọdịbendị ya yiri nke São Tomé na ndị Afro-Portuguese n'Africa niile.<ref name="Anobom">{{Cite web|url=https://rcl.com.sapo.pt/anobom.html|title=Ano Bom – A Ilha Esquecida no Meio do Atlântico|accessdate=29 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042249/http://rcl.com.sapo.pt/anobom.html|archivedate=4 March 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042249/http://rcl.com.sapo.pt/anobom.html "Ano Bom – A Ilha Esquecida no Meio do Atlântico"]. </cite></ref> Ndị bi ebe ahụ bụ ndị Katọlik, ọ bụ ezie na ha nwere ụdị syncretism, okpukpe ka bụ ihe dị mkpa n'ụdị ndụ obodo.<ref name="dw">{{Cite web|title=Ilha de Ano-Bom estabelece ligação da Guiné Equatorial à lusofonia – DW – 05/08/2014|url=https://www.dw.com/pt-002/ilha-de-ano-bom-estabelece-liga%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o-da-guin%25C3%25A9-equatorial-%25C3%25A0-lusofonia/a-17832432|accessdate=14 January 2023|work=dw.com|language=pt|archivedate=27 December 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227183903/https://www.dw.com/pt-002/ilha-de-ano-bom-estabelece-liga%C3%A7%C3%A3o-da-guin%C3%A9-equatorial-%C3%A0-lusofonia/a-17832432}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.dw.com/pt-002/ilha-de-ano-bom-estabelece-liga%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o-da-guin%25C3%25A9-equatorial-%25C3%25A0-lusofonia/a-17832432 "Ilha de Ano-Bom estabelece ligação da Guiné Equatorial à lusofonia – DW – 05/08/2014"]. </cite></ref> === Okpukpe === Dị ka Equatorial Guinea n'ozuzu ya, Annobón nwere ọtụtụ ndị na-agbaso [[Efefe Kraịst|Iso Ụzọ Kraịst]], ọkachasị ndị Roman Katọlik bụ ndị ọdịbendị Portuguese nwere mmetụta siri ike. [6][5] Ebe ofufe dị n'àgwàetiti ahụ gụnyere ozi Roman Katọlik, na ụlọ ụka Assemblies of God. == Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba == Annobón dị maka Equatorial Guinea dịka site na onye nwe ya gọọmentị Equatorial Guinean na-azọrọ nnukwu ala mmiri na ndịda nke onye agbata obi ya, (nke n'onwe ya dị na ndịda isi ala EquatorialGuinea). Mmanụ dị na Gulf of Guinea na-anọchite anya ihe karịrị 80% nke akụ na ụba Equatorial Guinea, ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ isi mmalite buru amụma na ihe ndị sitere na ebe nchekwa ugbu a ga-agwụ tupu 2020 . Ọ bụ ezie na ọ dịghị oghere a na-egwu ugbu a na São Tomé, a na-eme atụmatụ na e nwere ijeri barel 34 (5.4 m3) nke mmanụ n'ime ókèala mmiri ya. Equatorial Guinea na-azọrọ ikike ịchọpụta ma mepụta hydrocarbons na nnukwu mpaghara oké osimiri gbara Annobón gburugburu nke sitere na 1°N ruo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 5°S, na site na 2°E ruo 7°E, mpaghara buru ibu karịa ala na ókèala oké osimiri nke Equatorial Guinée ndị ọzọ.  Àgwàetiti ahụ nwere họtel nwere ọnụ ụlọ 55 maka ndị njem nleta na-esi n'ala Equatorial Guinea.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hotel Annobon|url=http://hotelannobon.com/home_es.php|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219141626/http://hotelannobon.com/home_es.php|archivedate=19 December 2014|accessdate=28 December 2024|work=Hotel Annobon}}</ref> == Ihe owuwu == Àgwàetiti ahụ nwere naanị otu ụlọ akwụkwọ, ọrụ ndị dị mkpa dị ka ọkụ eletrik na mmiri ọṅụṅụ dị ọcha dị ụkọ ma ọ bụ na-agbanwe agbanwe. Ọtụtụ ndị bi n'àgwàetiti ahụ nwere ike ịhapụ naanị site na ịnya ụgbọ mmiri kwa izu ma ọ bụ ịchọta ebe a na-anọ n'ụgbọ mmiri na-eleta otu ugboro ma ọ bụ ugboro abụọ n'ọnwa.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Egbejule|first=Eromo|date=14 October 2024|title=Dozens of islanders locked up as grim history continues for Annobón|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/oct/14/dozens-of-islanders-locked-up-as-grim-history-continues-for-annobon?utm|accessdate=18 February 2025|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB}}</ref> E meghere ọdụ ụgbọ elu Annobón na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Annobón n'akụkụ ugwu nke agwaetiti ahụ na 2010. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Karantzavelou|first=Vicky|date=21 October 2010|title=New airport and port facilities in Annobon|url=https://www.traveldailynews.com/pages/show_page/39536-New-airport-and-port-facilities-in-Annobon|accessdate=28 December 2024|work=TravelDailyNews}}</ref> N'afọ 2015, otu ìgwè ụlọ ọrụ tinyere panel anyanwụ n'àgwàetiti ahụ iji nye obodo na ọdụ ụgbọ elu ọkụ eletrik dị ka akụkụ nke ọrụ mmepe nke Equatorial Guinea 'Horizon 2020'. A na-enye mkpa eletrik nke agwaetiti ahụ site na ndị na-emepụta diesel na-ebubata. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Market|first=Guinea|date=7 June 2014|title=Equatorial Guinea to Install Solar Microgrid System on Annobon Province|url=https://www.guineainfomarket.com/economy/2014/06/07/equatorial-guinea-install-solar-microgrid-system-annobon-province/|accessdate=28 December 2024|work=guineainfomarket.com|language=|archivedate=30 December 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241230000020/https://www.guineainfomarket.com/economy/2014/06/07/equatorial-guinea-install-solar-microgrid-system-annobon-province/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Goss|first=Scott|title=Wilmington businesses bringing power to African island|url=https://www.delawareonline.com/story/money/business/2015/02/28/wilmington-businesses-bringing-power-african-island/24117535/|accessdate=28 December 2024|work=The News Journal|language=en-US|archivedate=29 December 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241229234517/https://www.delawareonline.com/story/money/business/2015/02/28/wilmington-businesses-bringing-power-african-island/24117535/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Post|first=Guest|date=20 August 2015|title=Supplying Power Where Power is Due: Annobon Island Microgrid|url=https://www.microgridknowledge.com/google-news-feed/article/11432865/supplying-power-where-power-is-due-annobon-island-microgrid|accessdate=28 December 2024|work=Microgrid Knowledge|language=en|archivedate=29 December 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241229234518/https://www.microgridknowledge.com/google-news-feed/article/11432865/supplying-power-where-power-is-due-annobon-island-microgrid}}</ref> A na-eji Annobón eme ihe dị ka ebe a na-atụfu Ihe mkpofu na-egbu egbu, ọkachasị n'afọ ndị 1980 na 1990. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wood|first=Geoffrey|date=2004|title=Business and Politics in a Criminal State: The Case of Equatorial Guinea|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3518490|journal=African Affairs|volume=103|issue=413|pages=554–556|doi=10.1093/afraf/adh084}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Stehrenberger|first=Cécile Stephanie|date=2 April 2020|title=Annobón 1988. Slow Disaster, Colonialism, and the Franco Dictatorship|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/17561310.2020.1791451|journal=Art in Translation|volume=12|issue=2|pages=263–287|doi=10.1080/17561310.2020.1791451}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Anyinam|first=Charles A.|date=1991|title=Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes: The Case of Toxic Waste Dumping in Africa|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45130934|journal=International Journal of Health Services|volume=21|issue=4|pages=759–777|doi=10.2190/XQVC-1HD5-8LN7-MH3D|pmid=1769761|issn=0020-7314}}</ref> N'afọ 1988, Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, onye isi ala Equatorial Guinea, sooro ụlọ ọrụ Britain mee nkwekọrịta iji kwado nde drums iri nke ihe mkpofu na-egbu egbu na Annobón. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Brooke|first=James|date=17 July 1988|title=Waste Dumpers Turning to West Africa|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/17/world/waste-dumpers-turning-to-west-africa.html|accessdate=29 May 2025|work=The New York Times|language=en-US}}</ref> ''Der Spiegel'' kọrọ na 28 Ọgọstụ 2006 na a na-akwụ Equatorial Guinea ụgwọ iji lie Ihe mkpofu nuklia n'ebe ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Smoltczyk|first=Alexander|date=28 August 2006|title=Rich in Oil, Poor in Human Rights: Torture and Poverty in Equatorial Guinea|url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/rich-in-oil-poor-in-human-rights-torture-and-poverty-in-equatorial-guinea-a-434691.html|accessdate=29 May 2025|work=Der Spiegel|language=en}}</ref> == Nkewa == [[Faịlụ:Bandera_Annobon.png|thumb|Flag nke Republic of Annobón]] N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2022, mmadụ abụọ bi na Annobón na Spain guzobere otu ndị na-ekewapụ onwe ha kpọrọ [[Ambô Legadu]]. Ha abụọ sonyere na ngagharị iwe nke afọ 1993. Otu n'ime ha, Orlando Cartagena Lagar, kpọrọ onwe ya praịm minista agwaetiti ahụ.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Egbejule|first=Eromo|date=14 October 2024|title=Dozens of islanders locked up as grim history continues for Annobón|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/oct/14/dozens-of-islanders-locked-up-as-grim-history-continues-for-annobon?utm|accessdate=18 February 2025|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEgbejule2024">Egbejule, Eromo (14 October 2024). </cite></ref> Mgbe e guzobere Ambô Legadu, njide aka ike nke gọọmentị Equatorial Guinea mụbara. Dịka akwụkwọ akụkọ The Guardian si kwuo, ọtụtụ ndị obodo lere njide ọtụtụ mmadụ na Julaị 2024 anya dị ka akụkụ nke mkpọsa sara mbara iji gbochie ndị na-emegiderịta onwe ha..<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Egbejule|first=Eromo|date=14 October 2024|title=Dozens of islanders locked up as grim history continues for Annobón|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/oct/14/dozens-of-islanders-locked-up-as-grim-history-continues-for-annobon?utm|accessdate=18 February 2025|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEgbejule2024">Egbejule, Eromo (14 October 2024). </cite></ref> Na 14 Mee 2024, a nabatara Republic of Annobón dị ka onye otu Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO). <ref>{{Cite web|date=12 May 2024|title=The Government of the Republic of Annobon Becomes a New Member of the UNPO –|url=https://unpo.org/the-government-of-the-republic-of-annobon-becomes-a-new-member-of-the-unpo/?utm|accessdate=18 February 2025|language=en-GB|archivedate=23 February 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223063047/https://unpo.org/the-government-of-the-republic-of-annobon-becomes-a-new-member-of-the-unpo/?utm}}</ref> N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2025, otu ahụ rịọrọ ka agwaetiti ahụ bụrụ steeti ma ọ bụ mpaghara nke [[Argentina]]. <ref>{{Cite news|date=28 May 2025|title=Insólito pedido a la Argentina desde Annobón, un territorio en conflicto en África: "Queremos ser un Estado asociado o quizás una provincia"|url=https://www.clarin.com/internacional/insolito-pedido-argentina-territorio-conflicto-africa-queremos-estado-asociado-provincia_0_6eNufeux7f.html|accessdate=29 May 2025|work=[[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]]|language=es-AR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=28 May 2025|title=Una isla africana pidió unirse a Argentina por su vinculo con el Virreinato de la Plata|url=https://diarioelnorte.com.ar/una-isla-africana-pidio-unirse-a-argentina-por-su-vinculo-con-el-virreinato-de-la-plata/|accessdate=29 May 2025|work=Diario El Norte – San Nicolás|language=es-AR}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ógbè ndị dị na Equatorial Guinea == Ihe edeturu == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} == Ebe e si nweta ya == *   *   == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Commons category|Annobón}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928224511/http://www.ggcg.st/images/Image11.gif Òtù Nchekwa Ọwara Oké Osimiri Guinea] * Otu Eziokwu nke NATURAL: BOSQUE NEBLINOSO nke ANNOBON (n'asụsụ Spanish) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110711092054/http://www.ghutymamae.com/ Ghuty Mamae: Isi nke Annobón] (n'asụsụ Spanish) * [https://www.navegar-es-preciso.com/news/la-isla-de-pagalu-o-pagalu/ Àgwàetiti Pagalu ma ọ bụ Pagalú] (n'asụsụ Spanish) {{Portuguese overseas empire}}{{Provinces of Equatorial Guinea}}<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|01|26|06|S|05|38|15|E|type:isle_region:GQ}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] rmgzthorjwox1c8rn0d7c6s1azhklva 670646 670645 2026-07-01T05:55:22Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed refference with ref tag 670646 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Annobón</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="category">[[Provinces of Equatorial Guinea|Ógbè]]</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[File:Annobón_in_Equatorial_Guinea_2020.svg|250x250px|Annobón circled in red, within Equatorial Guinea<br />(far southwestern corner of the map)]]<div class="ib-settlement-caption">Annobón gbara gburugburu na-acha ọbara ọbara, n'ime Equatorial Guinea (n'akụkụ ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke map) <br /></div> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba | class="infobox-data" |<span class="nowrap">[[Equatorial Guinea]]<span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]</span></span> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Capital city|Isi obodo]] | class="infobox-data" |[[San Antonio de Palé]] |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Mpaghara<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="white-space:nowrap;">• Ngụkọta&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |17 km² (6.6 sq mi) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ugwu kachasị elu <div class="ib-settlement-fn"> ([[Quioveo]]) &#x20;</div>   | class="infobox-data" |598 m (1,962 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Ndị bi na ya (2015) [1]<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2015)<ref name="census2015"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="345">[https://web.archive.org/web/20171008232028/http://www.inege.gq/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Censo2015_Folleto_R_Preliminares.pdf "Censo de población 2015–República de Guinea Ecuatorial"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish). </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="346">INEGE. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="347">p.&nbsp;7. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="348">Archived from [http://www.inege.gq/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Censo2015_Folleto_R_Preliminares.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="349"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2017</span>.</span></cite></ref><span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="white-space:nowrap;">• Ngụkọta&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |5,323 |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |310/km² (810/sq mi) &nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[ISO 3166|Koodu ISO 3166]] | class="infobox-data nickname" |GQ-AN |} {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Annobón</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="category">[[Provinces of Equatorial Guinea|Ógbè]]</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[File:Annobón_in_Equatorial_Guinea_2020.svg|250x250px|Annobón circled in red, within Equatorial Guinea<br />(far southwestern corner of the map)]]<div class="ib-settlement-caption">Annobón gbara gburugburu na-acha ọbara ọbara, n'ime Equatorial Guinea (n'akụkụ ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke map) <br /></div> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba | class="infobox-data" |<span class="nowrap">[[Equatorial Guinea]]<span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]</span></span> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Capital city|Isi obodo]] | class="infobox-data" |[[San Antonio de Palé]] |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Mpaghara<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="white-space:nowrap;">• Ngụkọta&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |17 km² (6.6 sq mi) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ugwu kachasị elu <div class="ib-settlement-fn"> ([[Quioveo]]) &#x20;</div>   | class="infobox-data" |598 m (1,962 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Ndị bi na ya (2015) [1]<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2015)<ref name="census2015"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="345">[https://web.archive.org/web/20171008232028/http://www.inege.gq/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Censo2015_Folleto_R_Preliminares.pdf "Censo de población 2015–República de Guinea Ecuatorial"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish). </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="346">INEGE. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="347">p.&nbsp;7. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="348">Archived from [http://www.inege.gq/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Censo2015_Folleto_R_Preliminares.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="349"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2017</span>.</span></cite></ref><span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="white-space:nowrap;">• Ngụkọta&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |5,323 |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |310/km² (810/sq mi) &nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[ISO 3166|Koodu ISO 3166]] | class="infobox-data nickname" |GQ-AN |} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Annobón''' ( [] i;<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Ogunu|first=Oseni|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FtMRAQAAIAAJ&q=Provincia+de+Annob%C3%B3n|title=1994–2003|date=2005|publisher=EMI|isbn=978-88-307-1718-3|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NzYV4zDLZjsC&q=Provincia+de+Annob%C3%B3n|title=II censo de población y II de viviendas 1.994: Análisis demográfico. tema 01. Evaluación y ajuste de datos. tema 02. Estado de población. tema [03]. La fecundidad. tema 04. Análisis de la mortalidad. tema 05. Estudio de la migración. tema 06. Alfabetización, escolarización e instrucción. tema 07. Situación matrimonial y nupcialidad. tema 08. Caracteristicas económicas. tema 09. Análisis de las viviendas. tema 10. Hogares. tema 11. La mujer guineo-ecuatoriana. tema 12. Proyecciones demográficas (12 v.)|date=1997|publisher=La Oficina|language=es}}</ref> Portuguese: Ano-Bom) bụ mpaghara nke [[Equatorial Guinea]]. ógbè ahụ nwere agwaetiti Annobón na agwaetiti ndị metụtara ya na Gulf of Guinea. Annobón bụ mpaghara kachasị nta nke Equatorial Guinea na mpaghara na ndị bi na ya. Dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ nke afọ 2015 si kwuo, Annobón nwere mmadụ 5,323, obere mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ site na 5,008 edebanyere aha site na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ 2001. Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ pere mpe amụbaala site na mmadụ 5,008 e debara aha ha site na ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ nke afọ 2001. Asụsụ gọọmentị bụ Spanish mana ọtụtụ ndị bi na ya na-asụ ụdị asụsụ Portuguese nke Creole. Isi ụlọ ọrụ dị na agwaetiti ahụ bụ ịkụ azụ na ịkpa oke ọhịa. Annobón is the only island of the country located in the Southern Hemisphere of the [[Òrìmìlì Atlantic|Atlantic Ocean]]. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2025)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> The provincial capital is San Antonio de Palé on the north side of the island. There are three other small settlements; Mabana, San Pedro and Aual. As of 1911, some passing ships visited for water and fresh provisions, of which Annobón offered an abundant supply.[5] However, there was no regular shipping service to the rest of Equatorial Guinea, and ships called as infrequently as every few months. == Aha ya == Annobón nwetara aha ya site na Portuguese ''{{Lang|pt|ano bom}}'' <nowiki>''. A gụrụ agwaetiti ahụ aha n'ihi ụbọchị ndị Portugal chọpụtara ya n'Ụbọchị Afọ Ọhụrụ n'afọ 1473. A maara mpaghara ahụ n'</nowiki>oge gara aga dị ka ''Anno Bom'' ma ọ bụ ''Annabona'' . [6] N'ime afọ ndị ikpeazụ nke ọchịchị Francisco Macías Nguema, a na-akpọ agwaetiti ahụ ''Pigalu'' ma ọ bụ ''Pagalu'', site na ''{{Lang|pt|papagaio}}'' <nowiki>''</nowiki> Portuguese. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Ndị Portugal chọpụtara agwaetiti ahụ na 1 Jenụwarị 1473; ọ nwetara aha ya site na ụbọchị ahụ ("Afọ Ọhụrụ"). [5] Otú ọ dị, onye Spain na-eme nchọpụta Diego Ramirez de la Diaz hụrụ agwaetiti ahụ na 1470 wee kpọọ ya San Antonio.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|publisher=Routledge|year=2005|isbn=1-57958-468-3|editor=Skutsch|location=New York|pages=107}}</ref> O doro anya na ọ dịghị onye bi na ya ruo mgbe ndị Portugal chịrị ya site na 1474, karịsịa site n'aka ndị Afrịka si [[Angola]] site na São Tomé Island. A na-ewere ndị ohu a (ndị Portuguese kpọrọ {{Lang|pt|escravos de regate}}) dị ka ndị mbụ so na ọha mmadụ Annobonese.<ref name=":0" /> Malite na mmalite narị afọ nke 16, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ohu a bụ ndị lụrụ ndị Yuropu ugbu a mụrụ ọgbọ ndị ọzọ nke ndị Anbonese bụ ndị a na-akpọ forros (ndị ohu ga-enwere onwe ha). Forros malitere ịzụlite njirimara pụrụ iche na ike mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba. Oge a hụkwara ka asụsụ Creole nke Anbonese pụtara ìhè. <ref name=":0" /> Nkwekọrịta El Pardo nke afọ 1778 nyere mba Spen agwaetiti ahụ. Nkwekọrịta ahụ nyere mba Spen ikike ịchịkwa agwaetiti Annobón na Fernando Po (nke bụ Bioko ugbu a) nke mba Pọtugal na ụsọ oké osimiri Guinea dị n'etiti Naịja na Ogooué, n'ọnọdụ nke ndị Spen nabatara ndị Pọtugal n'ókèala dị na Brazil n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke ókèala nke Nkwekọrịta Tordesillas guzobere. A ga-emesịa mara mpaghara Spen nke e guzobere dịka Spanish Guinea. Ndị bi n'àgwàetiti ahụ megidere ndokwa ahụ ma na-emegide ndị Spain. Mgbe e nyefere ya na mgbe e welitere ọkọlọtọ Spain iji kwado ọbụbụeze Spain, ndị bi n'àgwàetiti ahụ nupụụrụ ndị bịara ọhụrụ ahụ isi, n'otu akụkụ n'ihi na a na-ewere ha dị ka ndị jụrụ okwukwe maka itinye nkịta na ọkọlọtọ ha (ihe osise ahụ na-anọchite anya ọdụm). Ha chụpụrụ ha dịka omenala nke ịtụba ndị amoosu n'oké osimiri si dị.<ref name="Anobom">{{Cite web|url=https://rcl.com.sapo.pt/anobom.html|title=Ano Bom – A Ilha Esquecida no Meio do Atlântico|accessdate=29 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042249/http://rcl.com.sapo.pt/anobom.html|archivedate=4 March 2016}}</ref> Ọnọdụ nke ọgba aghara sochiri, na-eduga na ndokwa nke otu ụmụ amaala ise na-achịkwa agwaetiti ahụ, onye ọ bụla n'ime ha nwere ọfịs gọvanọ n'oge ahụ gafere ruo mgbe ụgbọ mmiri iri rutere n'àgwàetiti ahụ.[6] Gọọmentị na-achị onwe ya gara n'ihu, na agwaetiti ahụ nke Spain na Portugal kwuru, ruo mgbe e guzobeghachiri ikike nke Spain na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19. [6][5] Àgwàetiti ahụ ghọrọ akụkụ nke Elobey, Annobón na Corisco ruo n'oge na-adịghị anya ruo 1909. The [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|British]] erected a fort at St&nbsp;Antony in 1801, eventually legalized through a lease from the Spanish government in 1827. The base was used by the British to suppress the Atlantic slave trade. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> N'afọ ikpeazụ nke ọchịchị Francisco Macías Nguema, onyeisi oche mbụ nke Equatorial Guinea, a kpọrọ agwaetiti ahụ Pigalu ma ọ bụ Pagalu. Ndị bi na ya nwere ajọ mbunobi megide ha na Equatorial Guinea, ụfọdụ malitekwara ịkwado mmegharị nkewa. Na 1993, gọọmentị etiti kewapụrụ agwaetiti ahụ, chụpụ ndị mba ọzọ gụnyere ndị otu enyemaka mmadụ. Ndị mmadụ nupụrụ isi ma wakpoo ebe obibi gọvanọ. Gọọmentị zara site n'igbu mmadụ abụọ n'enweghị ikpe. Nrụgide mba ụwa mere ka esemokwu belata, a tọhapụkwara ndị mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị..<ref name="Anobom">{{Cite web|url=https://rcl.com.sapo.pt/anobom.html|title=Ano Bom – A Ilha Esquecida no Meio do Atlântico|accessdate=29 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042249/http://rcl.com.sapo.pt/anobom.html|archivedate=4 March 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042249/http://rcl.com.sapo.pt/anobom.html "Ano Bom – A Ilha Esquecida no Meio do Atlântico"]. </cite></ref> Ọ bụ n'ihi obere agwaetiti a ka Equatorial Guinea rịọrọ maka ọkwa onye na-ekiri ihe na-emenụ obere oge e guzobere Community of Portuguese Language Country na 1996, nke dugara na nleta nke minista mba ofesi nke Portugal, Jaime Gama na Equatorial Guinea, na 1998.<ref name="Anobom">{{Cite web|url=https://rcl.com.sapo.pt/anobom.html|title=Ano Bom – A Ilha Esquecida no Meio do Atlântico|accessdate=29 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042249/http://rcl.com.sapo.pt/anobom.html|archivedate=4 March 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042249/http://rcl.com.sapo.pt/anobom.html "Ano Bom – A Ilha Esquecida no Meio do Atlântico"]. </cite></ref> A na-egosipụta njirimara ya nke akụkọ ihe mere eme, omenala na okpukperechi n'ọkwa ya n'ọkwa mpaghara ya. Na 2006, Equatorial Guinea nwetara ọkwa onye na-ekiri ihe na-emenụ site n'aka São Tomé na Príncipe. Ọ nọgidere na-agba mbọ ịghọ onye otu zuru oke, n'ụzọ megidere nrụgide mba ụwa nke chọrọ ikewapụ mba ahụ n'ihi mmebi ikike mmadụ, wee bụrụ onye otu zuru oke na 2014 site na nkwado siri ike nke Africa na-asụ Portuguese, ebe eweghachiri asụsụ Portuguese dị ka asụsụ gọọmentị.<ref name="dw">{{Cite web|title=Ilha de Ano-Bom estabelece ligação da Guiné Equatorial à lusofonia – DW – 05/08/2014|url=https://www.dw.com/pt-002/ilha-de-ano-bom-estabelece-liga%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o-da-guin%25C3%25A9-equatorial-%25C3%25A0-lusofonia/a-17832432|accessdate=14 January 2023|work=dw.com|language=pt|archivedate=27 December 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227183903/https://www.dw.com/pt-002/ilha-de-ano-bom-estabelece-liga%C3%A7%C3%A3o-da-guin%C3%A9-equatorial-%C3%A0-lusofonia/a-17832432}}</ref><ref name="IILP_Blog2012-02-07">{{Cite web|url=http://iilp.wordpress.com/2012/02/07/assinado-termo-de-cooperacao-entre-iilp-e-guine-equatorial/|title=Assinado termo de cooperação entre IILP e Guiné Equatorial|language=pt|publisher=Instituto Internacional de Língua Portuguesa|date=7 February 2012|accessdate=27 March 2012|archivedate=22 December 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222061328/http://iilp.wordpress.com/2012/02/07/assinado-termo-de-cooperacao-entre-iilp-e-guine-equatorial/}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala na ọdịdị ala == [[Faịlụ:Annobón_Bioko.PNG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px|Map zuru ezu nke Annobón (n'aka ekpe) ]] [[Faịlụ:Gulf_of_Guinea_(English).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px|Ebe Annobón dị na Ọwara Oké Osimiri Guinea]] Annobón is an extinct volcano, part of the Cameroon line, about 220 miles (350 km) west of Cape Lopez in [[Gabon]]  and 110 miles (180 km) southwest of São Tomé Island.[5] The main island measures about 4 miles (6.4 km) long by 2 miles (3.2 km) wide,[6] with an area of about  ,[5] but a number of small rocky islets surround it, including Santarém to the south. Its central crater lake is named Lago A Pot and its highest peak is Quioveo, which rises 598 meters (1,962 ft). The island is characterized by a succession of lush valleys and steep mountains, covered with rich woods and luxuriant vegetation.[6] A na-akọwakarị Annobón dị ka "na Gulf of Guinea",[a] dị ka agwaetiti ndị gbara ya gburugburu nke [[São Tomé and Príncipe|São Tomé na Príncipe]], mana akara ókèala maka Gulf of Guinea nke International Hydrographic Organization guzobere na-aga n'ebe ugwu ya. [b] == Flora na anụmanụ == [[Faịlụ:Annobon_Island_Equatorial_Guinea.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Annobón na 2011]] Na mbụ, obere agwaetiti a dị kilomita 335 (208 mi) site n'ụsọ oké osimiri [[Gabon|Ndị Gabon]] enweghị ebe obibi ma nwee nnukwu ụdị dị iche iche. Site na colonization, ndị bi n'àgwàetiti jiri rafts ma ọ bụ "cayucos" (ụgbọ mmiri yiri ụgbọ mmiri) na-achụ nta humpback whales na ụmụ ha, na cetaceans ndị ọzọ, na harpoons dị nso n'àll ahụ. Annobón white-eye na Annobón paradise flycatcher bụ Nnụnụ na-abụ abụ, dị ka nduru na-acha nchara nchara nke Sao Tome. E nwekwara ndị na-azụ anụ ojii. E nwere ụdị nnụnụ iri abụọ na itoolu (dịka Annobón scops owl) n'àgwàetiti ahụ, nke BirdLife International họpụtara dị ka Ebe Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa (IBA).<ref name="bli">{{Cite web|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/annob%C3%B3n-iba-equatorial-guinea|title=Annobón|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2024|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=28 November 2024|archivedate=3 February 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250203115311/https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/annob%C3%B3n-iba-equatorial-guinea}}</ref> E nwekwara ụdị ụkpara abụọ (otu nke dị n'ógbè ahụ); anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ (ndị ise): otu agwọ, agụ owuru atọ, agụ owụ abụọ, mbe mmiri atọ; azụ osimiri: ụdị 18 (otu nke a na-ahụkarị); anwụnta, akpị, na nnukwu ụgbala. Ụmụ anụmanụ ndị e webatara gụnyere azụ, nnụnụ guinea, òké, nkịta, na nwamba. Àgwàetiti ahụ enweghị anụ ndị na-eri anụ. A na-ahụ Sharks n'oké osimiri gbara ya gburugburu. == Nchịkwa == {{Provinces of Equatorial Guinea Image Map}}isi obodo nke mpaghara ahụ bụ San Antonio de Palé (nke bụbu St Antony). Àgwàetiti ahụ nwere kansụl obodo atọ ({{Lang|pt|Consejos de Poblados}}): Anganchi, Aual, na Mabana. == Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ == A na-eme atụmatụ na agwaetiti ahụ nwere mmadụ 3,000 site na ọtụtụ narị afọ nke 19. [6][5] N'afọ 2013, Annobón nwere mmadụ 5,323. === Asụsụ === Asụsụ bụ isi n'àgwàetiti ahụ bụ Portuguese Creole a maara dị ka Annobonese, {{Lang|pt|Fa d'Ambu}}, ma ọ bụ Falar de Ano Bom <nowiki>''</nowiki>). A na-eji Asụsụ Portuguese Creole eme ihe nke ọma na Annobón. Ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na ngalaba niile ma e wezụga gọọmentị na agụmakwụkwọ ebe a na-eji Spanish eme ihe. A naghị asụkarị Spanish na Annobón. Ndị Katọlik nọ n'ógbè ahụ na-eji asụsụ Portuguese na-abụghị nke Creole eme ihe dị ka asụsụ liturgical.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/fab|title=Fa d'Ambu|publisher=Ethnologue|accessdate=15 November 2010|archivedate=7 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407195306/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/fab}}</ref> N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2012, minista mba ọzọ nke Equatorial Guinea bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ya na International Portuguese Language Institute (IPLI) maka ịkwalite Asụsụ Portuguese na Equatorial Guinea.<ref name="IILP_Blog2012-02-07">{{Cite web|url=http://iilp.wordpress.com/2012/02/07/assinado-termo-de-cooperacao-entre-iilp-e-guine-equatorial/|title=Assinado termo de cooperação entre IILP e Guiné Equatorial|language=pt|publisher=Instituto Internacional de Língua Portuguesa|date=7 February 2012|accessdate=27 March 2012|archivedate=22 December 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222061328/http://iilp.wordpress.com/2012/02/07/assinado-termo-de-cooperacao-entre-iilp-e-guine-equatorial/}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[http://iilp.wordpress.com/2012/02/07/assinado-termo-de-cooperacao-entre-iilp-e-guine-equatorial/ "Assinado termo de cooperação entre IILP e Guiné Equatorial"] &#x5B;Protocol signed on cooperation between IILP and Guinea Equatorial&#x5D; (in Portuguese). </cite></ref><ref name="CPLP_News1875">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cplp.org/Default.aspx?ID=316&M=News&PID=304&NewsID=1875#.pdf|title=Protocolo de Cooperação entre a Guiné-Equatorial e o IILP|language=pt|publisher=CPLP|date=7 February 2012|accessdate=27 March 2012|archivedate=13 July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713062429/http://www.cplp.org/Default.aspx?ID=316&M=News&PID=304&NewsID=1875}}</ref> Ntinye asụsụ Portuguese sochiri ọkwa nke onye isi ala Equatorial Guinea na 13 Julaị 2007 na iwu iwu iwu nke 2010 nke guzobere Portuguese dị ka asụsụ gọọmentị nke mba ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/equatorial-guinea-adds-portuguese-as-the-countrys-third-official-language-131882808.html|title=Equatorial Guinea Adds Portuguese as the Country's Third Official Language|publisher=PRNewsWire|date=14 October 2011|accessdate=15 November 2010|archivedate=12 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612163747/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/equatorial-guinea-adds-portuguese-as-the-countrys-third-official-language-131882808.html}}</ref><ref name="GuineEqGov">{{Cite web|url=http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=703l|title=El portugués será el tercer idioma oficial de la República de Guinea Ecuatorial|publisher=Gobierno de la Republica de Guinea Ecuatoria|accessdate=15 November 2010|language=es|archivedate=3 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903222205/http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=703l}}</ref><ref name="GuineEqGovPDF">{{Cite web|url=http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/imgdb/2010/20-7-2010Decretosobreelportuguescomoidiomaoficial.pdf|title=Proyecto de Ley Constitucional|publisher=Gobierno de la Republica de Guinea Ecuatorial|date=14 October 2011|accessdate=15 November 2010|archivedate=3 January 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103202646/http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/imgdb/2010/20-7-2010Decretosobreelportuguescomoidiomaoficial.pdf}}</ref> Nnyocha mmekọrịta na asụsụ nke IPLI na Annobón kpughere njikọ siri ike na obodo ndị na-asụ asụsụ Portuguese na [[São Tomé and Príncipe|São Tomé na Príncipe]], [[Cape Verde]], na [[Guinea-Bissau]].<ref name="sol">{{Cite web|date=5 February 2014|title=Formação de professores e programas televisivos introduzem português na Guiné-Equatorial|url=http://www.sol.pt/noticia/99354|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101000230/http://www.sol.pt/noticia/99354|archivedate=1 January 2016|accessdate=27 November 2014|publisher=Sol|language=pt}}</ref> === Agbụrụ === Ndị bi n'àgwàetiti ahụ bụ ndị Portuguese na ndị Angola, na ụfọdụ Spanish. Mmetụta mbụ ndị Spain, jikọtara ya na ikewapụ onwe ya na mpaghara Equatorial Guinea na ịdị nso nke [[São Tomé and Príncipe|São Tomé na Príncipe]] - nke dị naanị kilomita 175 (109 mi) site na agwaetiti ahụ - enyerela aka ichekwa njikọ ọdịbendị agwaetiti ahụ na [[Portugal]]. Ọdịbendị ya yiri nke São Tomé na ndị Afro-Portuguese n'Africa niile.<ref name="Anobom">{{Cite web|url=https://rcl.com.sapo.pt/anobom.html|title=Ano Bom – A Ilha Esquecida no Meio do Atlântico|accessdate=29 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042249/http://rcl.com.sapo.pt/anobom.html|archivedate=4 March 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042249/http://rcl.com.sapo.pt/anobom.html "Ano Bom – A Ilha Esquecida no Meio do Atlântico"]. </cite></ref> Ndị bi ebe ahụ bụ ndị Katọlik, ọ bụ ezie na ha nwere ụdị syncretism, okpukpe ka bụ ihe dị mkpa n'ụdị ndụ obodo.<ref name="dw">{{Cite web|title=Ilha de Ano-Bom estabelece ligação da Guiné Equatorial à lusofonia – DW – 05/08/2014|url=https://www.dw.com/pt-002/ilha-de-ano-bom-estabelece-liga%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o-da-guin%25C3%25A9-equatorial-%25C3%25A0-lusofonia/a-17832432|accessdate=14 January 2023|work=dw.com|language=pt|archivedate=27 December 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227183903/https://www.dw.com/pt-002/ilha-de-ano-bom-estabelece-liga%C3%A7%C3%A3o-da-guin%C3%A9-equatorial-%C3%A0-lusofonia/a-17832432}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.dw.com/pt-002/ilha-de-ano-bom-estabelece-liga%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o-da-guin%25C3%25A9-equatorial-%25C3%25A0-lusofonia/a-17832432 "Ilha de Ano-Bom estabelece ligação da Guiné Equatorial à lusofonia – DW – 05/08/2014"]. </cite></ref> === Okpukpe === Dị ka Equatorial Guinea n'ozuzu ya, Annobón nwere ọtụtụ ndị na-agbaso [[Efefe Kraịst|Iso Ụzọ Kraịst]], ọkachasị ndị Roman Katọlik bụ ndị ọdịbendị Portuguese nwere mmetụta siri ike. [6][5] Ebe ofufe dị n'àgwàetiti ahụ gụnyere ozi Roman Katọlik, na ụlọ ụka Assemblies of God. == Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba == Annobón dị maka Equatorial Guinea dịka site na onye nwe ya gọọmentị Equatorial Guinean na-azọrọ nnukwu ala mmiri na ndịda nke onye agbata obi ya, (nke n'onwe ya dị na ndịda isi ala EquatorialGuinea). Mmanụ dị na Gulf of Guinea na-anọchite anya ihe karịrị 80% nke akụ na ụba Equatorial Guinea, ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ isi mmalite buru amụma na ihe ndị sitere na ebe nchekwa ugbu a ga-agwụ tupu 2020 . Ọ bụ ezie na ọ dịghị oghere a na-egwu ugbu a na São Tomé, a na-eme atụmatụ na e nwere ijeri barel 34 (5.4 m3) nke mmanụ n'ime ókèala mmiri ya. Equatorial Guinea na-azọrọ ikike ịchọpụta ma mepụta hydrocarbons na nnukwu mpaghara oké osimiri gbara Annobón gburugburu nke sitere na 1°N ruo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 5°S, na site na 2°E ruo 7°E, mpaghara buru ibu karịa ala na ókèala oké osimiri nke Equatorial Guinée ndị ọzọ.  Àgwàetiti ahụ nwere họtel nwere ọnụ ụlọ 55 maka ndị njem nleta na-esi n'ala Equatorial Guinea.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hotel Annobon|url=http://hotelannobon.com/home_es.php|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219141626/http://hotelannobon.com/home_es.php|archivedate=19 December 2014|accessdate=28 December 2024|work=Hotel Annobon}}</ref> == Ihe owuwu == Àgwàetiti ahụ nwere naanị otu ụlọ akwụkwọ, ọrụ ndị dị mkpa dị ka ọkụ eletrik na mmiri ọṅụṅụ dị ọcha dị ụkọ ma ọ bụ na-agbanwe agbanwe. Ọtụtụ ndị bi n'àgwàetiti ahụ nwere ike ịhapụ naanị site na ịnya ụgbọ mmiri kwa izu ma ọ bụ ịchọta ebe a na-anọ n'ụgbọ mmiri na-eleta otu ugboro ma ọ bụ ugboro abụọ n'ọnwa.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Egbejule|first=Eromo|date=14 October 2024|title=Dozens of islanders locked up as grim history continues for Annobón|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/oct/14/dozens-of-islanders-locked-up-as-grim-history-continues-for-annobon?utm|accessdate=18 February 2025|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB}}</ref> E meghere ọdụ ụgbọ elu Annobón na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Annobón n'akụkụ ugwu nke agwaetiti ahụ na 2010. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Karantzavelou|first=Vicky|date=21 October 2010|title=New airport and port facilities in Annobon|url=https://www.traveldailynews.com/pages/show_page/39536-New-airport-and-port-facilities-in-Annobon|accessdate=28 December 2024|work=TravelDailyNews}}</ref> N'afọ 2015, otu ìgwè ụlọ ọrụ tinyere panel anyanwụ n'àgwàetiti ahụ iji nye obodo na ọdụ ụgbọ elu ọkụ eletrik dị ka akụkụ nke ọrụ mmepe nke Equatorial Guinea 'Horizon 2020'. A na-enye mkpa eletrik nke agwaetiti ahụ site na ndị na-emepụta diesel na-ebubata. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Market|first=Guinea|date=7 June 2014|title=Equatorial Guinea to Install Solar Microgrid System on Annobon Province|url=https://www.guineainfomarket.com/economy/2014/06/07/equatorial-guinea-install-solar-microgrid-system-annobon-province/|accessdate=28 December 2024|work=guineainfomarket.com|language=|archivedate=30 December 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241230000020/https://www.guineainfomarket.com/economy/2014/06/07/equatorial-guinea-install-solar-microgrid-system-annobon-province/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Goss|first=Scott|title=Wilmington businesses bringing power to African island|url=https://www.delawareonline.com/story/money/business/2015/02/28/wilmington-businesses-bringing-power-african-island/24117535/|accessdate=28 December 2024|work=The News Journal|language=en-US|archivedate=29 December 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241229234517/https://www.delawareonline.com/story/money/business/2015/02/28/wilmington-businesses-bringing-power-african-island/24117535/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Post|first=Guest|date=20 August 2015|title=Supplying Power Where Power is Due: Annobon Island Microgrid|url=https://www.microgridknowledge.com/google-news-feed/article/11432865/supplying-power-where-power-is-due-annobon-island-microgrid|accessdate=28 December 2024|work=Microgrid Knowledge|language=en|archivedate=29 December 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241229234518/https://www.microgridknowledge.com/google-news-feed/article/11432865/supplying-power-where-power-is-due-annobon-island-microgrid}}</ref> A na-eji Annobón eme ihe dị ka ebe a na-atụfu Ihe mkpofu na-egbu egbu, ọkachasị n'afọ ndị 1980 na 1990. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wood|first=Geoffrey|date=2004|title=Business and Politics in a Criminal State: The Case of Equatorial Guinea|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3518490|journal=African Affairs|volume=103|issue=413|pages=554–556|doi=10.1093/afraf/adh084}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Stehrenberger|first=Cécile Stephanie|date=2 April 2020|title=Annobón 1988. Slow Disaster, Colonialism, and the Franco Dictatorship|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/17561310.2020.1791451|journal=Art in Translation|volume=12|issue=2|pages=263–287|doi=10.1080/17561310.2020.1791451}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Anyinam|first=Charles A.|date=1991|title=Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes: The Case of Toxic Waste Dumping in Africa|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45130934|journal=International Journal of Health Services|volume=21|issue=4|pages=759–777|doi=10.2190/XQVC-1HD5-8LN7-MH3D|pmid=1769761|issn=0020-7314}}</ref> N'afọ 1988, Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, onye isi ala Equatorial Guinea, sooro ụlọ ọrụ Britain mee nkwekọrịta iji kwado nde drums iri nke ihe mkpofu na-egbu egbu na Annobón. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Brooke|first=James|date=17 July 1988|title=Waste Dumpers Turning to West Africa|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/17/world/waste-dumpers-turning-to-west-africa.html|accessdate=29 May 2025|work=The New York Times|language=en-US}}</ref> ''Der Spiegel'' kọrọ na 28 Ọgọstụ 2006 na a na-akwụ Equatorial Guinea ụgwọ iji lie Ihe mkpofu nuklia n'ebe ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Smoltczyk|first=Alexander|date=28 August 2006|title=Rich in Oil, Poor in Human Rights: Torture and Poverty in Equatorial Guinea|url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/rich-in-oil-poor-in-human-rights-torture-and-poverty-in-equatorial-guinea-a-434691.html|accessdate=29 May 2025|work=Der Spiegel|language=en}}</ref> == Nkewa == [[Faịlụ:Bandera_Annobon.png|thumb|Flag nke Republic of Annobón]] N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2022, mmadụ abụọ bi na Annobón na Spain guzobere otu ndị na-ekewapụ onwe ha kpọrọ [[Ambô Legadu]]. Ha abụọ sonyere na ngagharị iwe nke afọ 1993. Otu n'ime ha, Orlando Cartagena Lagar, kpọrọ onwe ya praịm minista agwaetiti ahụ.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Egbejule|first=Eromo|date=14 October 2024|title=Dozens of islanders locked up as grim history continues for Annobón|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/oct/14/dozens-of-islanders-locked-up-as-grim-history-continues-for-annobon?utm|accessdate=18 February 2025|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEgbejule2024">Egbejule, Eromo (14 October 2024). </cite></ref> Mgbe e guzobere Ambô Legadu, njide aka ike nke gọọmentị Equatorial Guinea mụbara. Dịka akwụkwọ akụkọ The Guardian si kwuo, ọtụtụ ndị obodo lere njide ọtụtụ mmadụ na Julaị 2024 anya dị ka akụkụ nke mkpọsa sara mbara iji gbochie ndị na-emegiderịta onwe ha..<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Egbejule|first=Eromo|date=14 October 2024|title=Dozens of islanders locked up as grim history continues for Annobón|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/oct/14/dozens-of-islanders-locked-up-as-grim-history-continues-for-annobon?utm|accessdate=18 February 2025|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEgbejule2024">Egbejule, Eromo (14 October 2024). </cite></ref> Na 14 Mee 2024, a nabatara Republic of Annobón dị ka onye otu Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO). <ref>{{Cite web|date=12 May 2024|title=The Government of the Republic of Annobon Becomes a New Member of the UNPO –|url=https://unpo.org/the-government-of-the-republic-of-annobon-becomes-a-new-member-of-the-unpo/?utm|accessdate=18 February 2025|language=en-GB|archivedate=23 February 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223063047/https://unpo.org/the-government-of-the-republic-of-annobon-becomes-a-new-member-of-the-unpo/?utm}}</ref> N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2025, otu ahụ rịọrọ ka agwaetiti ahụ bụrụ steeti ma ọ bụ mpaghara nke [[Argentina]]. <ref>{{Cite news|date=28 May 2025|title=Insólito pedido a la Argentina desde Annobón, un territorio en conflicto en África: "Queremos ser un Estado asociado o quizás una provincia"|url=https://www.clarin.com/internacional/insolito-pedido-argentina-territorio-conflicto-africa-queremos-estado-asociado-provincia_0_6eNufeux7f.html|accessdate=29 May 2025|work=[[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]]|language=es-AR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=28 May 2025|title=Una isla africana pidió unirse a Argentina por su vinculo con el Virreinato de la Plata|url=https://diarioelnorte.com.ar/una-isla-africana-pidio-unirse-a-argentina-por-su-vinculo-con-el-virreinato-de-la-plata/|accessdate=29 May 2025|work=Diario El Norte – San Nicolás|language=es-AR}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ógbè ndị dị na Equatorial Guinea == Ihe edeturu == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} == Ebe e si nweta ya == *   *   == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Commons category|Annobón}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928224511/http://www.ggcg.st/images/Image11.gif Òtù Nchekwa Ọwara Oké Osimiri Guinea] * Otu Eziokwu nke NATURAL: BOSQUE NEBLINOSO nke ANNOBON (n'asụsụ Spanish) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110711092054/http://www.ghutymamae.com/ Ghuty Mamae: Isi nke Annobón] (n'asụsụ Spanish) * [https://www.navegar-es-preciso.com/news/la-isla-de-pagalu-o-pagalu/ Àgwàetiti Pagalu ma ọ bụ Pagalú] (n'asụsụ Spanish) {{Portuguese overseas empire}}{{Provinces of Equatorial Guinea}}<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|01|26|06|S|05|38|15|E|type:isle_region:GQ}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] rsc777h5ttdysbo81r0o0vofzw1gbhm 670647 670646 2026-07-01T05:59:23Z Aluta editor 62822 670647 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Annobón</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="category">[[Provinces of Equatorial Guinea|Ógbè]]</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[File:Annobón_in_Equatorial_Guinea_2020.svg|250x250px|Annobón circled in red, within Equatorial Guinea<br />(far southwestern corner of the map)]]<div class="ib-settlement-caption">Annobón gbara gburugburu na-acha ọbara ọbara, n'ime Equatorial Guinea (n'akụkụ ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke map) <br /></div> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba | class="infobox-data" |<span class="nowrap">[[Equatorial Guinea]]<span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]</span></span> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Capital city|Isi obodo]] | class="infobox-data" |[[San Antonio de Palé]] |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Mpaghara<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="white-space:nowrap;">• Ngụkọta&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |17 km² (6.6 sq mi) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ugwu kachasị elu <div class="ib-settlement-fn"> ([[Quioveo]]) &#x20;</div>   | class="infobox-data" |598 m (1,962 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Ndị bi na ya (2015) [1]<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2015)<ref name="census2015"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="345">[https://web.archive.org/web/20171008232028/http://www.inege.gq/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Censo2015_Folleto_R_Preliminares.pdf "Censo de población 2015–República de Guinea Ecuatorial"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish). </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="346">INEGE. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="347">p.&nbsp;7. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="348">Archived from [http://www.inege.gq/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Censo2015_Folleto_R_Preliminares.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="349"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2017</span>.</span></cite></ref><span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="white-space:nowrap;">• Ngụkọta&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |5,323 |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |310/km² (810/sq mi) &nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[ISO 3166|Koodu ISO 3166]] | class="infobox-data nickname" |GQ-AN |} {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Annobón</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="category">[[Provinces of Equatorial Guinea|Ógbè]]</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[File:Annobón_in_Equatorial_Guinea_2020.svg|250x250px|Annobón circled in red, within Equatorial Guinea<br />(far southwestern corner of the map)]]<div class="ib-settlement-caption">Annobón gbara gburugburu na-acha ọbara ọbara, n'ime Equatorial Guinea (n'akụkụ ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke map) <br /></div> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba | class="infobox-data" |<span class="nowrap">[[Equatorial Guinea]]<span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]</span></span> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Capital city|Isi obodo]] | class="infobox-data" |[[San Antonio de Palé]] |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Mpaghara<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="white-space:nowrap;">• Ngụkọta&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |17 km² (6.6 sq mi) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ugwu kachasị elu <div class="ib-settlement-fn"> ([[Quioveo]]) &#x20;</div>   | class="infobox-data" |598 m (1,962 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Ndị bi na ya (2015) [1]<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2015)<ref name="census2015"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="345">[https://web.archive.org/web/20171008232028/http://www.inege.gq/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Censo2015_Folleto_R_Preliminares.pdf "Censo de población 2015–República de Guinea Ecuatorial"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish). </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="346">INEGE. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="347">p.&nbsp;7. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="348">Archived from [http://www.inege.gq/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Censo2015_Folleto_R_Preliminares.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="349"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2017</span>.</span></cite></ref><span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="white-space:nowrap;">• Ngụkọta&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |5,323 |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |310/km² (810/sq mi) &nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[ISO 3166|Koodu ISO 3166]] | class="infobox-data nickname" |GQ-AN |} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Annobón''' ( [] i;<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Ogunu|first=Oseni|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FtMRAQAAIAAJ&q=Provincia+de+Annob%C3%B3n|title=1994–2003|date=2005|publisher=EMI|isbn=978-88-307-1718-3|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NzYV4zDLZjsC&q=Provincia+de+Annob%C3%B3n|title=II censo de población y II de viviendas 1.994: Análisis demográfico. tema 01. Evaluación y ajuste de datos. tema 02. Estado de población. tema [03]. La fecundidad. tema 04. Análisis de la mortalidad. tema 05. Estudio de la migración. tema 06. Alfabetización, escolarización e instrucción. tema 07. Situación matrimonial y nupcialidad. tema 08. Caracteristicas económicas. tema 09. Análisis de las viviendas. tema 10. Hogares. tema 11. La mujer guineo-ecuatoriana. tema 12. Proyecciones demográficas (12 v.)|date=1997|publisher=La Oficina|language=es}}</ref> Portuguese: Ano-Bom) bụ mpaghara nke [[Equatorial Guinea]]. ógbè ahụ nwere agwaetiti Annobón na agwaetiti ndị metụtara ya na Gulf of Guinea. Annobón bụ mpaghara kachasị nta nke Equatorial Guinea na mpaghara na ndị bi na ya. Dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ nke afọ 2015 si kwuo, Annobón nwere mmadụ 5,323, obere mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ site na 5,008 edebanyere aha site na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ 2001. Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ pere mpe amụbaala site na mmadụ 5,008 e debara aha ha site na ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ nke afọ 2001. Asụsụ gọọmentị bụ Spanish mana ọtụtụ ndị bi na ya na-asụ ụdị asụsụ Portuguese nke Creole. Isi ụlọ ọrụ dị na agwaetiti ahụ bụ ịkụ azụ na ịkpa oke ọhịa. Annobón is the only island of the country located in the Southern Hemisphere of the [[Òrìmìlì Atlantic|Atlantic Ocean]]. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2025)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> The provincial capital is San Antonio de Palé on the north side of the island. There are three other small settlements; Mabana, San Pedro and Aual. As of 1911, some passing ships visited for water and fresh provisions, of which Annobón offered an abundant supply.[5] However, there was no regular shipping service to the rest of Equatorial Guinea, and ships called as infrequently as every few months. == Aha ya == Annobón nwetara aha ya site na Portuguese ''{{Lang|pt|ano bom}}'' <nowiki>''. A gụrụ agwaetiti ahụ aha n'ihi ụbọchị ndị Portugal chọpụtara ya n'Ụbọchị Afọ Ọhụrụ n'afọ 1473. A maara mpaghara ahụ n'</nowiki>oge gara aga dị ka ''Anno Bom'' ma ọ bụ ''Annabona'' . [6] N'ime afọ ndị ikpeazụ nke ọchịchị Francisco Macías Nguema, a na-akpọ agwaetiti ahụ ''Pigalu'' ma ọ bụ ''Pagalu'', site na ''{{Lang|pt|papagaio}}'' <nowiki>''</nowiki> Portuguese. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Ndị Portugal chọpụtara agwaetiti ahụ na 1 Jenụwarị 1473; ọ nwetara aha ya site na ụbọchị ahụ ("Afọ Ọhụrụ"). [5] Otú ọ dị, onye Spain na-eme nchọpụta Diego Ramirez de la Diaz hụrụ agwaetiti ahụ na 1470 wee kpọọ ya San Antonio.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|publisher=Routledge|year=2005|isbn=1-57958-468-3|editor=Skutsch|location=New York|pages=107}}</ref> O doro anya na ọ dịghị onye bi na ya ruo mgbe ndị Portugal chịrị ya site na 1474, karịsịa site n'aka ndị Afrịka si [[Angola]] site na São Tomé Island. A na-ewere ndị ohu a (ndị Portuguese kpọrọ {{Lang|pt|escravos de regate}}) dị ka ndị mbụ so na ọha mmadụ Annobonese.<ref name=":0" /> Malite na mmalite narị afọ nke 16, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ohu a bụ ndị lụrụ ndị Yuropu ugbu a mụrụ ọgbọ ndị ọzọ nke ndị Anbonese bụ ndị a na-akpọ forros (ndị ohu ga-enwere onwe ha). Forros malitere ịzụlite njirimara pụrụ iche na ike mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba. Oge a hụkwara ka asụsụ Creole nke Anbonese pụtara ìhè. <ref name=":0" /> Nkwekọrịta El Pardo nke afọ 1778 nyere mba Spen agwaetiti ahụ. Nkwekọrịta ahụ nyere mba Spen ikike ịchịkwa agwaetiti Annobón na Fernando Po (nke bụ Bioko ugbu a) nke mba Pọtugal na ụsọ oké osimiri Guinea dị n'etiti Naịja na Ogooué, n'ọnọdụ nke ndị Spen nabatara ndị Pọtugal n'ókèala dị na Brazil n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke ókèala nke Nkwekọrịta Tordesillas guzobere. A ga-emesịa mara mpaghara Spen nke e guzobere dịka Spanish Guinea. Ndị bi n'àgwàetiti ahụ megidere ndokwa ahụ ma na-emegide ndị Spain. Mgbe e nyefere ya na mgbe e welitere ọkọlọtọ Spain iji kwado ọbụbụeze Spain, ndị bi n'àgwàetiti ahụ nupụụrụ ndị bịara ọhụrụ ahụ isi, n'otu akụkụ n'ihi na a na-ewere ha dị ka ndị jụrụ okwukwe maka itinye nkịta na ọkọlọtọ ha (ihe osise ahụ na-anọchite anya ọdụm). Ha chụpụrụ ha dịka omenala nke ịtụba ndị amoosu n'oké osimiri si dị.<ref name="Anobom">{{Cite web|url=https://rcl.com.sapo.pt/anobom.html|title=Ano Bom – A Ilha Esquecida no Meio do Atlântico|accessdate=29 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042249/http://rcl.com.sapo.pt/anobom.html|archivedate=4 March 2016}}</ref> Ọnọdụ nke ọgba aghara sochiri, na-eduga na ndokwa nke otu ụmụ amaala ise na-achịkwa agwaetiti ahụ, onye ọ bụla n'ime ha nwere ọfịs gọvanọ n'oge ahụ gafere ruo mgbe ụgbọ mmiri iri rutere n'àgwàetiti ahụ.[6] Gọọmentị na-achị onwe ya gara n'ihu, na agwaetiti ahụ nke Spain na Portugal kwuru, ruo mgbe e guzobeghachiri ikike nke Spain na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19. [6][5] Àgwàetiti ahụ ghọrọ akụkụ nke Elobey, Annobón na Corisco ruo n'oge na-adịghị anya ruo 1909. The [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|British]] erected a fort at St&nbsp;Antony in 1801, eventually legalized through a lease from the Spanish government in 1827. The base was used by the British to suppress the Atlantic slave trade. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> N'afọ ikpeazụ nke ọchịchị Francisco Macías Nguema, onyeisi oche mbụ nke Equatorial Guinea, a kpọrọ agwaetiti ahụ Pigalu ma ọ bụ Pagalu. Ndị bi na ya nwere ajọ mbunobi megide ha na Equatorial Guinea, ụfọdụ malitekwara ịkwado mmegharị nkewa. Na 1993, gọọmentị etiti kewapụrụ agwaetiti ahụ, chụpụ ndị mba ọzọ gụnyere ndị otu enyemaka mmadụ. Ndị mmadụ nupụrụ isi ma wakpoo ebe obibi gọvanọ. Gọọmentị zara site n'igbu mmadụ abụọ n'enweghị ikpe. Nrụgide mba ụwa mere ka esemokwu belata, a tọhapụkwara ndị mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị..<ref name="Anobom">{{Cite web|url=https://rcl.com.sapo.pt/anobom.html|title=Ano Bom – A Ilha Esquecida no Meio do Atlântico|accessdate=29 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042249/http://rcl.com.sapo.pt/anobom.html|archivedate=4 March 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042249/http://rcl.com.sapo.pt/anobom.html "Ano Bom – A Ilha Esquecida no Meio do Atlântico"]. </cite></ref> Ọ bụ n'ihi obere agwaetiti a ka Equatorial Guinea rịọrọ maka ọkwa onye na-ekiri ihe na-emenụ obere oge e guzobere Community of Portuguese Language Country na 1996, nke dugara na nleta nke minista mba ofesi nke Portugal, Jaime Gama na Equatorial Guinea, na 1998.<ref name="Anobom">{{Cite web|url=https://rcl.com.sapo.pt/anobom.html|title=Ano Bom – A Ilha Esquecida no Meio do Atlântico|accessdate=29 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042249/http://rcl.com.sapo.pt/anobom.html|archivedate=4 March 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042249/http://rcl.com.sapo.pt/anobom.html "Ano Bom – A Ilha Esquecida no Meio do Atlântico"]. </cite></ref> A na-egosipụta njirimara ya nke akụkọ ihe mere eme, omenala na okpukperechi n'ọkwa ya n'ọkwa mpaghara ya. Na 2006, Equatorial Guinea nwetara ọkwa onye na-ekiri ihe na-emenụ site n'aka São Tomé na Príncipe. Ọ nọgidere na-agba mbọ ịghọ onye otu zuru oke, n'ụzọ megidere nrụgide mba ụwa nke chọrọ ikewapụ mba ahụ n'ihi mmebi ikike mmadụ, wee bụrụ onye otu zuru oke na 2014 site na nkwado siri ike nke Africa na-asụ Portuguese, ebe eweghachiri asụsụ Portuguese dị ka asụsụ gọọmentị.<ref name="dw" /><ref name="IILP_Blog2012-02-07" /> == Ọdịdị ala na ọdịdị ala == [[Faịlụ:Annobón_Bioko.PNG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px|Map zuru ezu nke Annobón (n'aka ekpe) ]] [[Faịlụ:Gulf_of_Guinea_(English).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px|Ebe Annobón dị na Ọwara Oké Osimiri Guinea]] Annobón is an extinct volcano, part of the Cameroon line, about 220 miles (350 km) west of Cape Lopez in [[Gabon]]  and 110 miles (180 km) southwest of São Tomé Island.[5] The main island measures about 4 miles (6.4 km) long by 2 miles (3.2 km) wide,[6] with an area of about  ,[5] but a number of small rocky islets surround it, including Santarém to the south. Its central crater lake is named Lago A Pot and its highest peak is Quioveo, which rises 598 meters (1,962 ft). The island is characterized by a succession of lush valleys and steep mountains, covered with rich woods and luxuriant vegetation.[6] A na-akọwakarị Annobón dị ka "na Gulf of Guinea",[a] dị ka agwaetiti ndị gbara ya gburugburu nke [[São Tomé and Príncipe|São Tomé na Príncipe]], mana akara ókèala maka Gulf of Guinea nke International Hydrographic Organization guzobere na-aga n'ebe ugwu ya. [b] == Flora na anụmanụ == [[Faịlụ:Annobon_Island_Equatorial_Guinea.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Annobón na 2011]] Na mbụ, obere agwaetiti a dị kilomita 335 (208 mi) site n'ụsọ oké osimiri [[Gabon|Ndị Gabon]] enweghị ebe obibi ma nwee nnukwu ụdị dị iche iche. Site na colonization, ndị bi n'àgwàetiti jiri rafts ma ọ bụ "cayucos" (ụgbọ mmiri yiri ụgbọ mmiri) na-achụ nta humpback whales na ụmụ ha, na cetaceans ndị ọzọ, na harpoons dị nso n'àll ahụ. Annobón white-eye na Annobón paradise flycatcher bụ Nnụnụ na-abụ abụ, dị ka nduru na-acha nchara nchara nke Sao Tome. E nwekwara ndị na-azụ anụ ojii. E nwere ụdị nnụnụ iri abụọ na itoolu (dịka Annobón scops owl) n'àgwàetiti ahụ, nke BirdLife International họpụtara dị ka Ebe Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa (IBA).<ref name="bli">{{Cite web|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/annob%C3%B3n-iba-equatorial-guinea|title=Annobón|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2024|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=28 November 2024|archivedate=3 February 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250203115311/https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/annob%C3%B3n-iba-equatorial-guinea}}</ref> E nwekwara ụdị ụkpara abụọ (otu nke dị n'ógbè ahụ); anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ (ndị ise): otu agwọ, agụ owuru atọ, agụ owụ abụọ, mbe mmiri atọ; azụ osimiri: ụdị 18 (otu nke a na-ahụkarị); anwụnta, akpị, na nnukwu ụgbala. Ụmụ anụmanụ ndị e webatara gụnyere azụ, nnụnụ guinea, òké, nkịta, na nwamba. Àgwàetiti ahụ enweghị anụ ndị na-eri anụ. A na-ahụ Sharks n'oké osimiri gbara ya gburugburu. == Nchịkwa == {{Provinces of Equatorial Guinea Image Map}}isi obodo nke mpaghara ahụ bụ San Antonio de Palé (nke bụbu St Antony). Àgwàetiti ahụ nwere kansụl obodo atọ ({{Lang|pt|Consejos de Poblados}}): Anganchi, Aual, na Mabana. == Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ == A na-eme atụmatụ na agwaetiti ahụ nwere mmadụ 3,000 site na ọtụtụ narị afọ nke 19. [6][5] N'afọ 2013, Annobón nwere mmadụ 5,323. === Asụsụ === Asụsụ bụ isi n'àgwàetiti ahụ bụ Portuguese Creole a maara dị ka Annobonese, {{Lang|pt|Fa d'Ambu}}, ma ọ bụ Falar de Ano Bom <nowiki>''</nowiki>). A na-eji Asụsụ Portuguese Creole eme ihe nke ọma na Annobón. Ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na ngalaba niile ma e wezụga gọọmentị na agụmakwụkwọ ebe a na-eji Spanish eme ihe. A naghị asụkarị Spanish na Annobón. Ndị Katọlik nọ n'ógbè ahụ na-eji asụsụ Portuguese na-abụghị nke Creole eme ihe dị ka asụsụ liturgical.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/fab|title=Fa d'Ambu|publisher=Ethnologue|accessdate=15 November 2010|archivedate=7 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407195306/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/fab}}</ref> N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2012, minista mba ọzọ nke Equatorial Guinea bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ya na International Portuguese Language Institute (IPLI) maka ịkwalite Asụsụ Portuguese na Equatorial Guinea.<ref name="IILP_Blog2012-02-07">{{Cite web|url=http://iilp.wordpress.com/2012/02/07/assinado-termo-de-cooperacao-entre-iilp-e-guine-equatorial/|title=Assinado termo de cooperação entre IILP e Guiné Equatorial|language=pt|publisher=Instituto Internacional de Língua Portuguesa|date=7 February 2012|accessdate=27 March 2012|archivedate=22 December 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222061328/http://iilp.wordpress.com/2012/02/07/assinado-termo-de-cooperacao-entre-iilp-e-guine-equatorial/}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[http://iilp.wordpress.com/2012/02/07/assinado-termo-de-cooperacao-entre-iilp-e-guine-equatorial/ "Assinado termo de cooperação entre IILP e Guiné Equatorial"] &#x5B;Protocol signed on cooperation between IILP and Guinea Equatorial&#x5D; (in Portuguese). </cite></ref><ref name="CPLP_News1875">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cplp.org/Default.aspx?ID=316&M=News&PID=304&NewsID=1875#.pdf|title=Protocolo de Cooperação entre a Guiné-Equatorial e o IILP|language=pt|publisher=CPLP|date=7 February 2012|accessdate=27 March 2012|archivedate=13 July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713062429/http://www.cplp.org/Default.aspx?ID=316&M=News&PID=304&NewsID=1875}}</ref> Ntinye asụsụ Portuguese sochiri ọkwa nke onye isi ala Equatorial Guinea na 13 Julaị 2007 na iwu iwu iwu nke 2010 nke guzobere Portuguese dị ka asụsụ gọọmentị nke mba ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/equatorial-guinea-adds-portuguese-as-the-countrys-third-official-language-131882808.html|title=Equatorial Guinea Adds Portuguese as the Country's Third Official Language|publisher=PRNewsWire|date=14 October 2011|accessdate=15 November 2010|archivedate=12 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612163747/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/equatorial-guinea-adds-portuguese-as-the-countrys-third-official-language-131882808.html}}</ref><ref name="GuineEqGov">{{Cite web|url=http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=703l|title=El portugués será el tercer idioma oficial de la República de Guinea Ecuatorial|publisher=Gobierno de la Republica de Guinea Ecuatoria|accessdate=15 November 2010|language=es|archivedate=3 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903222205/http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=703l}}</ref><ref name="GuineEqGovPDF">{{Cite web|url=http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/imgdb/2010/20-7-2010Decretosobreelportuguescomoidiomaoficial.pdf|title=Proyecto de Ley Constitucional|publisher=Gobierno de la Republica de Guinea Ecuatorial|date=14 October 2011|accessdate=15 November 2010|archivedate=3 January 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103202646/http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/imgdb/2010/20-7-2010Decretosobreelportuguescomoidiomaoficial.pdf}}</ref> Nnyocha mmekọrịta na asụsụ nke IPLI na Annobón kpughere njikọ siri ike na obodo ndị na-asụ asụsụ Portuguese na [[São Tomé and Príncipe|São Tomé na Príncipe]], [[Cape Verde]], na [[Guinea-Bissau]].<ref name="sol">{{Cite web|date=5 February 2014|title=Formação de professores e programas televisivos introduzem português na Guiné-Equatorial|url=http://www.sol.pt/noticia/99354|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101000230/http://www.sol.pt/noticia/99354|archivedate=1 January 2016|accessdate=27 November 2014|publisher=Sol|language=pt}}</ref> === Agbụrụ === Ndị bi n'àgwàetiti ahụ bụ ndị Portuguese na ndị Angola, na ụfọdụ Spanish. Mmetụta mbụ ndị Spain, jikọtara ya na ikewapụ onwe ya na mpaghara Equatorial Guinea na ịdị nso nke [[São Tomé and Príncipe|São Tomé na Príncipe]] - nke dị naanị kilomita 175 (109 mi) site na agwaetiti ahụ - enyerela aka ichekwa njikọ ọdịbendị agwaetiti ahụ na [[Portugal]]. Ọdịbendị ya yiri nke São Tomé na ndị Afro-Portuguese n'Africa niile.<ref name="Anobom">{{Cite web|url=https://rcl.com.sapo.pt/anobom.html|title=Ano Bom – A Ilha Esquecida no Meio do Atlântico|accessdate=29 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042249/http://rcl.com.sapo.pt/anobom.html|archivedate=4 March 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042249/http://rcl.com.sapo.pt/anobom.html "Ano Bom – A Ilha Esquecida no Meio do Atlântico"]. </cite></ref> Ndị bi ebe ahụ bụ ndị Katọlik, ọ bụ ezie na ha nwere ụdị syncretism, okpukpe ka bụ ihe dị mkpa n'ụdị ndụ obodo.<ref name="dw">{{Cite web|title=Ilha de Ano-Bom estabelece ligação da Guiné Equatorial à lusofonia – DW – 05/08/2014|url=https://www.dw.com/pt-002/ilha-de-ano-bom-estabelece-liga%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o-da-guin%25C3%25A9-equatorial-%25C3%25A0-lusofonia/a-17832432|accessdate=14 January 2023|work=dw.com|language=pt|archivedate=27 December 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227183903/https://www.dw.com/pt-002/ilha-de-ano-bom-estabelece-liga%C3%A7%C3%A3o-da-guin%C3%A9-equatorial-%C3%A0-lusofonia/a-17832432}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.dw.com/pt-002/ilha-de-ano-bom-estabelece-liga%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o-da-guin%25C3%25A9-equatorial-%25C3%25A0-lusofonia/a-17832432 "Ilha de Ano-Bom estabelece ligação da Guiné Equatorial à lusofonia – DW – 05/08/2014"]. </cite></ref> === Okpukpe === Dị ka Equatorial Guinea n'ozuzu ya, Annobón nwere ọtụtụ ndị na-agbaso [[Efefe Kraịst|Iso Ụzọ Kraịst]], ọkachasị ndị Roman Katọlik bụ ndị ọdịbendị Portuguese nwere mmetụta siri ike. [6][5] Ebe ofufe dị n'àgwàetiti ahụ gụnyere ozi Roman Katọlik, na ụlọ ụka Assemblies of God. == Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba == Annobón dị maka Equatorial Guinea dịka site na onye nwe ya gọọmentị Equatorial Guinean na-azọrọ nnukwu ala mmiri na ndịda nke onye agbata obi ya, (nke n'onwe ya dị na ndịda isi ala EquatorialGuinea). Mmanụ dị na Gulf of Guinea na-anọchite anya ihe karịrị 80% nke akụ na ụba Equatorial Guinea, ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ isi mmalite buru amụma na ihe ndị sitere na ebe nchekwa ugbu a ga-agwụ tupu 2020 . Ọ bụ ezie na ọ dịghị oghere a na-egwu ugbu a na São Tomé, a na-eme atụmatụ na e nwere ijeri barel 34 (5.4 m3) nke mmanụ n'ime ókèala mmiri ya. Equatorial Guinea na-azọrọ ikike ịchọpụta ma mepụta hydrocarbons na nnukwu mpaghara oké osimiri gbara Annobón gburugburu nke sitere na 1°N ruo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 5°S, na site na 2°E ruo 7°E, mpaghara buru ibu karịa ala na ókèala oké osimiri nke Equatorial Guinée ndị ọzọ.  Àgwàetiti ahụ nwere họtel nwere ọnụ ụlọ 55 maka ndị njem nleta na-esi n'ala Equatorial Guinea.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hotel Annobon|url=http://hotelannobon.com/home_es.php|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219141626/http://hotelannobon.com/home_es.php|archivedate=19 December 2014|accessdate=28 December 2024|work=Hotel Annobon}}</ref> == Ihe owuwu == Àgwàetiti ahụ nwere naanị otu ụlọ akwụkwọ, ọrụ ndị dị mkpa dị ka ọkụ eletrik na mmiri ọṅụṅụ dị ọcha dị ụkọ ma ọ bụ na-agbanwe agbanwe. Ọtụtụ ndị bi n'àgwàetiti ahụ nwere ike ịhapụ naanị site na ịnya ụgbọ mmiri kwa izu ma ọ bụ ịchọta ebe a na-anọ n'ụgbọ mmiri na-eleta otu ugboro ma ọ bụ ugboro abụọ n'ọnwa.<ref name=":3" /> E meghere ọdụ ụgbọ elu Annobón na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Annobón n'akụkụ ugwu nke agwaetiti ahụ na 2010. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Karantzavelou|first=Vicky|date=21 October 2010|title=New airport and port facilities in Annobon|url=https://www.traveldailynews.com/pages/show_page/39536-New-airport-and-port-facilities-in-Annobon|accessdate=28 December 2024|work=TravelDailyNews}}</ref> N'afọ 2015, otu ìgwè ụlọ ọrụ tinyere panel anyanwụ n'àgwàetiti ahụ iji nye obodo na ọdụ ụgbọ elu ọkụ eletrik dị ka akụkụ nke ọrụ mmepe nke Equatorial Guinea 'Horizon 2020'. A na-enye mkpa eletrik nke agwaetiti ahụ site na ndị na-emepụta diesel na-ebubata. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Market|first=Guinea|date=7 June 2014|title=Equatorial Guinea to Install Solar Microgrid System on Annobon Province|url=https://www.guineainfomarket.com/economy/2014/06/07/equatorial-guinea-install-solar-microgrid-system-annobon-province/|accessdate=28 December 2024|work=guineainfomarket.com|language=|archivedate=30 December 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241230000020/https://www.guineainfomarket.com/economy/2014/06/07/equatorial-guinea-install-solar-microgrid-system-annobon-province/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Goss|first=Scott|title=Wilmington businesses bringing power to African island|url=https://www.delawareonline.com/story/money/business/2015/02/28/wilmington-businesses-bringing-power-african-island/24117535/|accessdate=28 December 2024|work=The News Journal|language=en-US|archivedate=29 December 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241229234517/https://www.delawareonline.com/story/money/business/2015/02/28/wilmington-businesses-bringing-power-african-island/24117535/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Post|first=Guest|date=20 August 2015|title=Supplying Power Where Power is Due: Annobon Island Microgrid|url=https://www.microgridknowledge.com/google-news-feed/article/11432865/supplying-power-where-power-is-due-annobon-island-microgrid|accessdate=28 December 2024|work=Microgrid Knowledge|language=en|archivedate=29 December 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241229234518/https://www.microgridknowledge.com/google-news-feed/article/11432865/supplying-power-where-power-is-due-annobon-island-microgrid}}</ref> A na-eji Annobón eme ihe dị ka ebe a na-atụfu Ihe mkpofu na-egbu egbu, ọkachasị n'afọ ndị 1980 na 1990. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wood|first=Geoffrey|date=2004|title=Business and Politics in a Criminal State: The Case of Equatorial Guinea|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3518490|journal=African Affairs|volume=103|issue=413|pages=554–556|doi=10.1093/afraf/adh084}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Stehrenberger|first=Cécile Stephanie|date=2 April 2020|title=Annobón 1988. Slow Disaster, Colonialism, and the Franco Dictatorship|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/17561310.2020.1791451|journal=Art in Translation|volume=12|issue=2|pages=263–287|doi=10.1080/17561310.2020.1791451}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Anyinam|first=Charles A.|date=1991|title=Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes: The Case of Toxic Waste Dumping in Africa|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45130934|journal=International Journal of Health Services|volume=21|issue=4|pages=759–777|doi=10.2190/XQVC-1HD5-8LN7-MH3D|pmid=1769761|issn=0020-7314}}</ref> N'afọ 1988, Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, onye isi ala Equatorial Guinea, sooro ụlọ ọrụ Britain mee nkwekọrịta iji kwado nde drums iri nke ihe mkpofu na-egbu egbu na Annobón. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Brooke|first=James|date=17 July 1988|title=Waste Dumpers Turning to West Africa|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/17/world/waste-dumpers-turning-to-west-africa.html|accessdate=29 May 2025|work=The New York Times|language=en-US}}</ref> ''Der Spiegel'' kọrọ na 28 Ọgọstụ 2006 na a na-akwụ Equatorial Guinea ụgwọ iji lie Ihe mkpofu nuklia n'ebe ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Smoltczyk|first=Alexander|date=28 August 2006|title=Rich in Oil, Poor in Human Rights: Torture and Poverty in Equatorial Guinea|url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/rich-in-oil-poor-in-human-rights-torture-and-poverty-in-equatorial-guinea-a-434691.html|accessdate=29 May 2025|work=Der Spiegel|language=en}}</ref> == Nkewa == [[Faịlụ:Bandera_Annobon.png|thumb|Flag nke Republic of Annobón]] N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2022, mmadụ abụọ bi na Annobón na Spain guzobere otu ndị na-ekewapụ onwe ha kpọrọ [[Ambô Legadu]]. Ha abụọ sonyere na ngagharị iwe nke afọ 1993. Otu n'ime ha, Orlando Cartagena Lagar, kpọrọ onwe ya praịm minista agwaetiti ahụ.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Egbejule|first=Eromo|date=14 October 2024|title=Dozens of islanders locked up as grim history continues for Annobón|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/oct/14/dozens-of-islanders-locked-up-as-grim-history-continues-for-annobon?utm|accessdate=18 February 2025|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEgbejule2024">Egbejule, Eromo (14 October 2024). </cite></ref> Mgbe e guzobere Ambô Legadu, njide aka ike nke gọọmentị Equatorial Guinea mụbara. Dịka akwụkwọ akụkọ The Guardian si kwuo, ọtụtụ ndị obodo lere njide ọtụtụ mmadụ na Julaị 2024 anya dị ka akụkụ nke mkpọsa sara mbara iji gbochie ndị na-emegiderịta onwe ha..<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Egbejule|first=Eromo|date=14 October 2024|title=Dozens of islanders locked up as grim history continues for Annobón|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/oct/14/dozens-of-islanders-locked-up-as-grim-history-continues-for-annobon?utm|accessdate=18 February 2025|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEgbejule2024">Egbejule, Eromo (14 October 2024). </cite></ref> Na 14 Mee 2024, a nabatara Republic of Annobón dị ka onye otu Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO). <ref>{{Cite web|date=12 May 2024|title=The Government of the Republic of Annobon Becomes a New Member of the UNPO –|url=https://unpo.org/the-government-of-the-republic-of-annobon-becomes-a-new-member-of-the-unpo/?utm|accessdate=18 February 2025|language=en-GB|archivedate=23 February 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223063047/https://unpo.org/the-government-of-the-republic-of-annobon-becomes-a-new-member-of-the-unpo/?utm}}</ref> N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2025, otu ahụ rịọrọ ka agwaetiti ahụ bụrụ steeti ma ọ bụ mpaghara nke [[Argentina]]. <ref>{{Cite news|date=28 May 2025|title=Insólito pedido a la Argentina desde Annobón, un territorio en conflicto en África: "Queremos ser un Estado asociado o quizás una provincia"|url=https://www.clarin.com/internacional/insolito-pedido-argentina-territorio-conflicto-africa-queremos-estado-asociado-provincia_0_6eNufeux7f.html|accessdate=29 May 2025|work=[[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]]|language=es-AR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=28 May 2025|title=Una isla africana pidió unirse a Argentina por su vinculo con el Virreinato de la Plata|url=https://diarioelnorte.com.ar/una-isla-africana-pidio-unirse-a-argentina-por-su-vinculo-con-el-virreinato-de-la-plata/|accessdate=29 May 2025|work=Diario El Norte – San Nicolás|language=es-AR}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ógbè ndị dị na Equatorial Guinea == Ihe edeturu == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} == Ebe e si nweta ya == *   *   == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Commons category|Annobón}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928224511/http://www.ggcg.st/images/Image11.gif Òtù Nchekwa Ọwara Oké Osimiri Guinea] * Otu Eziokwu nke NATURAL: BOSQUE NEBLINOSO nke ANNOBON (n'asụsụ Spanish) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110711092054/http://www.ghutymamae.com/ Ghuty Mamae: Isi nke Annobón] (n'asụsụ Spanish) * [https://www.navegar-es-preciso.com/news/la-isla-de-pagalu-o-pagalu/ Àgwàetiti Pagalu ma ọ bụ Pagalú] (n'asụsụ Spanish) {{Portuguese overseas empire}}{{Provinces of Equatorial Guinea}}<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|01|26|06|S|05|38|15|E|type:isle_region:GQ}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] pj5ijcsr8c91xpdbl8k9jbd5rh6i3rt 0 77216 670648 2026-07-01T06:04:36Z Chigozirim2005 19722 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344851894|First Lady of Kaduna State]]" 670648 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Nwanyị mbụ nke Kaduna Steeti''' bụ onye ndụmọdụ nke Gọvanọ Kaduna Steeti, ma na-arụkarị ọrụ n'ịkwalite mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Ọ bụ nwunye gọvanọ nke steeti na-ejide ọkwa a. Steeti Kaduna na-ejikarị, n'otu oge ahụ ọ nọ n'ọkwa, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x77r0ee|title=Hadiza El-Rufai (First Lady, Kaduna State) speak on her husband winning second term|work=Vanguard Nigeria|accessdate=12 June 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/|title=Kaduna First Lady, Hadiza El-Rufai's inspiring words|accessdate=13 June 2015|work=[[This Day]]}}</ref> ọ bụ ezie na [[Iwu Naịjirịa]] anaghị anabata ọfịs nke nwanyị mbụ. <ref> {{Cite news|url=http://www.punchng.com/feature/who-becomes-nigerias-first-lady-extrovert-patience-or-introvert-aisha/|title=Who becomes Nigeria's first lady: extrovert patience or introvert Aisha?|accessdate=19 April 2015|work=[[The Punch]]}} </ref> Nwaanyị mbụ nke ugbu a bụ [[Hafsat Uba Sani]]. == Ụmụ nwaanyị mbụ == Nwaanyị mbụ nke Kaduna steeti ugbu a bụ nwunye gọvanọ ahụ nọ n'ọkwa kemgbe 29 Mee 2023 ọ bụkwa [[Hafsat Uba Sani]]. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, e nwere ụmụ nwanyị ise mbụ dị ndụ kemgbe 1999 mgbe e weghachiri ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na Nigeria: Hajiya Asma'u Muhammad Makarfi (1999–2007), Hajiya Amina Namadi Sambo (2007–2010), Oriakụ Patrick Yakowa (2010–2012), Hajiya Fatima Ramalan Yero (2012–2015), Hajiya [[Hadiza Isma El-Rufai]] (2015-2023). == Edensibịa == [[Otú:Ȯra Kaduna]] 3ff8ogrssela5p6441d07c4j0k8k63b 0 77217 670649 2026-07-01T06:09:20Z Anastesia chi 23720 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347007234|Bello Muhammad Goronyo]]" 670649 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | name = Bello Muhammad Goronyo | office = State Representative | constituency = [[Goronyo]] | occupation = Politician, Lawyer | birth_date = January 1, 1966 }} Bello Muhammad Goronyo(amụrụ na ọnwa Jenụwarị n'ụbọchi mbụ, afọ puku iri na itoolu iri isii na isii) bụ onye ọka iwu na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka onye na ahụ maka Ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Tokunbo2|date=2024-12-18|title=Works Minister Goronyo lauds progress on Sokoto-Funtua-Zaria road project|url=https://thesun.ng/works-minister-goronyo-lauds-progress-on-sokoto-funtua-zaria-road-project/|accessdate=2025-02-08|work=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Reporter|first=Our|date=2024-12-05|title=Minister: partner Fed Govt in infrastructure|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/minister-partner-fed-govt-in-infrastructure/|accessdate=2025-02-08|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye otu ụlọ Nzukọ nke Sokoto Steeti ,na-anọchite anya mpaghara Goronyo site n'afọ puku abụọ na asaa ruo n'afọ puku abụọ na iri na ise , ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị Ka onye ndú na osote ọkà okwu.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Benjamin|first=Isaiah|date=2023-07-30|title=Bello Muhammad Goronyo: A ministerial nominee, hardworking party loyalist with proven track records|url=https://blueprint.ng/bello-muhammad-goronyo-a-ministerial-nominee-with-proven-track-records/#google_vignette|accessdate=2025-02-08|work=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Goronyo na mpaghara ọchịchị ime obodo Goronyo, na steeti Sokoto.Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị Kofar Marke, Sokoto site n'afọ 1975 ruo n'afọ 1981 na Kọleji Gọọmentị, Sokoto sitena n'afọ 1981 ruo 1986 , O nwetara diplọma na iwu site na College of Arts and Science ,Sokoto, na 1990, na LLB sitere na Mahadum Usmanu Danfodiyo, Sokoto na 1997, a kpọkwara ya na Bar nke Naijiria na 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-23|title=The Honourable Minister of State - Africa Development Bank Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project|url=https://afdb-rwssp.ng/the-honourable-minister/|accessdate=2025-02-08|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Goronyo bụ onye otu ụlọ omeiwu steeti Sokoto ugboro abụọ site na 2007 ruo 2015. E mechara họpụta ya dịka kọmishọna na gọọmentị steeti Sokoto (2015–2018), na-eje ozi na Ministri nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ala siri ike, mmepe ike, na ozi.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Bankole|first=Idowu|date=2024-07-28|title=Protest: FG'II take comprehensive measures to address issues- Minister Goronyo|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/07/protest-fgii-take-comprehensive-measures-to-address-issues-minister-goronyo/|accessdate=2025-02-08|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Goronyo Reaffirms FG Commitment to Boost Food Production|url=https://nta.ng/2024/06/22/goronyo-reaffirms-fg-commitment-to-boost-food-production/|accessdate=2025-02-08|work=Nigerian Television Authority - Africa's Largest TV Network|language=en-US}}</ref>N'afọ 2023, onyeisiala [[Bola Tinubu|Bola Ahmed Tinubu]]<ref>{{Cite news|author=Olafusi|first=Ebunoluwa|date=2024-12-02|title=Era of abandoned projects is over, says minister|url=https://www.thecable.ng/era-of-abandoned-projects-is-over-says-minister/|accessdate=2025-02-08|work=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Support fight against corruption, Minister of State for Works tasks lawyers – Trending News|url=https://www.tvcnews.tv/2024/11/support-fight-against-corruption-minister-of-state-for-works-tasks-lawyers/|accessdate=2025-02-08|language=en-US|archivedate=2025-01-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125155933/https://www.tvcnews.tv/2024/11/support-fight-against-corruption-minister-of-state-for-works-tasks-lawyers/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-10-23|title=New ministers list: Bianca Ojukwu, Jumoke Oduwole nominated as Tinubu reshuffle cabinet|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c937p4ge1xgo|accessdate=2025-02-08|work=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> họpụtara ya dịka onye nlekọta na ahụ maka ọrụ Steeti. == Edensibịa == <references /> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria]] [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1966]] jcyc2h86b4vrw13ae72yid1gcqz0hub 670650 670649 2026-07-01T06:10:21Z Anastesia chi 23720 670650 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | name = Bello Muhammad Goronyo | office = State Representative | constituency = [[Goronyo]] | occupation = Politician, Lawyer | birth_date = January 1, 1966 }} '''Bello Muhammad Goronyo'''(amụrụ na ọnwa Jenụwarị n'ụbọchi mbụ, afọ puku iri na itoolu iri isii na isii) bụ onye ọka iwu na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka onye na ahụ maka Ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Tokunbo2|date=2024-12-18|title=Works Minister Goronyo lauds progress on Sokoto-Funtua-Zaria road project|url=https://thesun.ng/works-minister-goronyo-lauds-progress-on-sokoto-funtua-zaria-road-project/|accessdate=2025-02-08|work=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Reporter|first=Our|date=2024-12-05|title=Minister: partner Fed Govt in infrastructure|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/minister-partner-fed-govt-in-infrastructure/|accessdate=2025-02-08|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye otu ụlọ Nzukọ nke Sokoto Steeti ,na-anọchite anya mpaghara Goronyo site n'afọ puku abụọ na asaa ruo n'afọ puku abụọ na iri na ise , ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị Ka onye ndú na osote ọkà okwu.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Benjamin|first=Isaiah|date=2023-07-30|title=Bello Muhammad Goronyo: A ministerial nominee, hardworking party loyalist with proven track records|url=https://blueprint.ng/bello-muhammad-goronyo-a-ministerial-nominee-with-proven-track-records/#google_vignette|accessdate=2025-02-08|work=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Goronyo na mpaghara ọchịchị ime obodo Goronyo, na steeti Sokoto.Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị Kofar Marke, Sokoto site n'afọ 1975 ruo n'afọ 1981 na Kọleji Gọọmentị, Sokoto sitena n'afọ 1981 ruo 1986 , O nwetara diplọma na iwu site na College of Arts and Science ,Sokoto, na 1990, na LLB sitere na Mahadum Usmanu Danfodiyo, Sokoto na 1997, a kpọkwara ya na Bar nke Naijiria na 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-23|title=The Honourable Minister of State - Africa Development Bank Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project|url=https://afdb-rwssp.ng/the-honourable-minister/|accessdate=2025-02-08|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Goronyo bụ onye otu ụlọ omeiwu steeti Sokoto ugboro abụọ site na 2007 ruo 2015. E mechara họpụta ya dịka kọmishọna na gọọmentị steeti Sokoto (2015–2018), na-eje ozi na Ministri nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ala siri ike, mmepe ike, na ozi.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Bankole|first=Idowu|date=2024-07-28|title=Protest: FG'II take comprehensive measures to address issues- Minister Goronyo|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/07/protest-fgii-take-comprehensive-measures-to-address-issues-minister-goronyo/|accessdate=2025-02-08|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Goronyo Reaffirms FG Commitment to Boost Food Production|url=https://nta.ng/2024/06/22/goronyo-reaffirms-fg-commitment-to-boost-food-production/|accessdate=2025-02-08|work=Nigerian Television Authority - Africa's Largest TV Network|language=en-US}}</ref>N'afọ 2023, onyeisiala [[Bola Tinubu|Bola Ahmed Tinubu]]<ref>{{Cite news|author=Olafusi|first=Ebunoluwa|date=2024-12-02|title=Era of abandoned projects is over, says minister|url=https://www.thecable.ng/era-of-abandoned-projects-is-over-says-minister/|accessdate=2025-02-08|work=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Support fight against corruption, Minister of State for Works tasks lawyers – Trending News|url=https://www.tvcnews.tv/2024/11/support-fight-against-corruption-minister-of-state-for-works-tasks-lawyers/|accessdate=2025-02-08|language=en-US|archivedate=2025-01-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125155933/https://www.tvcnews.tv/2024/11/support-fight-against-corruption-minister-of-state-for-works-tasks-lawyers/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-10-23|title=New ministers list: Bianca Ojukwu, Jumoke Oduwole nominated as Tinubu reshuffle cabinet|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c937p4ge1xgo|accessdate=2025-02-08|work=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> họpụtara ya dịka onye nlekọta na ahụ maka ọrụ Steeti. == Edensibịa == <references /> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria]] [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1966]] stogmeh9rlebevtjr5lr82l14qd8vcz 0 77218 670651 2026-07-01T06:24:17Z Anastesia chi 23720 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360681210|Bashir Gwandu]]" 670651 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = [[Doctor (title)|Dr]] | name = Bashir Gwandu | image = Bashir Gwandu at ITU PP14.jpg | width = | caption = Gwandu in 2014 | office = Former EVC NASENI | term_end = | predecessor = [[Mohammed Sani Haruna]] | successor = [[Khalil Halilu]] | birth_name = Bashir Gwandu | birth_place = [[Kebbi State|Kebbi]] | education = | alma_mater = }} '''Bashir Gwandu''' bụ onye injinia Naijiria, onye na-ahụ maka teknụzụ, na onye bụbu osote '''Onye isi oche (EVC) ''' nke National Agency for Science and Engineering Infrastructure (NASENI) . Gwandu malitere ọrụ dị ka EVC nke NASENI na ọnwa Mee n'afọ puku abụọ na iri abụọ na atọ, mgbe onye bụbu onye isi ala [[Muhammadu Buhari]] họpụtara ya n'ọkwa ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Isaac|first=Nkechi|date=2023-05-23|title=Gwandu Assumes Office As NASENI EVC/CEO|url=https://sciencenigeria.com/gwandu-assumes-office-as-naseni-evc-ceo/|accessdate=2025-01-23|work=Science Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-05-24|title=Gwandu resumes as NASENI boss|url=https://dailytrust.com/gwandu-resumes-as-naseni-boss/|accessdate=2025-01-23|work=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Bashir Gwandu na steeti Kebbi, Naịjirịa. Ọ gụchara agụmakwụkwọ ka elu na ngalaba injinia, ebe o nwetara ahụmịhe nke mechara mee ka ọrụ ya na nyocha sayensị na teknụzụ doo anya. Gwandu nwere asambodo agụmakwụkwọ dị iche iche na njikwa injinịa na teknụzụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. Bashir Gwandu|url=https://commonwealthitugroup.org/index.php/dr-bashir-gwandu.html|accessdate=2025-01-23|work=commonwealthitugroup.org}}</ref> == Ọrụ == === Nduzi na NASENI === Ọrụ Gwandu na NASENI dị ogologo oge, nke mechara bụrụ osote onyeisi oche (EVC) na ọnwa Mee n'afọ puku abụọ na iri abụọ na atọ .N'oge a, o tinyere aka n'ịkwalite ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ iji kwalite nnyocha sayensị, ihe ọhụrụ teknụzụ, na akụrụngwa injinia na Naịjirịa.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Nwafor|date=2023-05-23|title=Gwandu resumes office as NASENI substantive CEO|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/05/gwandu-resumes-office-as-naseni-substantive-ceo/|accessdate=2025-01-23|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Ayoola|first=Olaolu|date=2023-08-22|title=NASENI boss, Bashir Gwandu, visits Czech Embassy for business collaboration, fact-finding mission - Business Hallmark|url=https://hallmarknews.com/naseni-boss-bashir-gwandu-visits-czech-embassy-for-business-collaboration-fact-finding-mission/|accessdate=2025-01-23|work=hallmarknews.com|language=en-US}}</ref> Dị ka onye isi NASENI, Gwandu arụwo ọrụ na atụmatụ ndị e mere iji melite ọnọdụ teknụzụ nke Naịjirịa.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Akintaro|first=Samson|date=2023-08-21|title=FG to partner Nasarawa State on local processing of lithium|url=https://nairametrics.com/2023/08/21/fg-to-partner-nasarawa-state-on-local-processing-of-lithium/|accessdate=2025-01-23|work=Nairametrics|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọchịchị ya lekwasịrị anya n'ibelata ịdabere na Naịjirịa na teknụzụ mba ọzọ ma hụ na mba ahụ ga-enwe afọ ojuju n'ebe ndị dị oke egwu dịka ike na-agbanwe agbanwe, injinia, na mmepụta.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Isaac|first=Nkechi|date=2023-05-23|title=Haruna Calls For Support For Gwandu, New NASENI EVC|url=https://sciencenigeria.com/haruna-calls-for-support-for-gwandu-new-naseni-evc/|accessdate=2025-01-23|work=Science Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Isaac|first=Nkechi|date=2023-08-21|title=Gwandu Visits Czech Embassy For Collaboration, Delta2 Project Fact-finding|url=https://sciencenigeria.com/gwandu-visits-czech-embassy-for-collaboration-delta2-project-fact-finding/|accessdate=2025-01-23|work=Science Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> Khalil Halilu nọchiri ya. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Gbadeyanka|first=Modupe|date=2023-09-01|title=Tinubu Sacks Bashir Gwandu as NASENI CEO, Khalil Suleiman Takes Over|url=https://businesspost.ng/jobs/tinubu-sacks-bashir-gwandu-as-naseni-ceo-khalil-suleiman-takes-over/|accessdate=2025-01-23|work=Business Post|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Okogba|first=Emmanuel|date=2023-09-01|title=Tinubu sacks Gwandu as CEO NASENI, appoints Halilu|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/09/tinubu-sacks-gwandu-as-evc-ceo-naseni-appoints-halilu/|accessdate=2025-01-23|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Elumoye|first=Deji|date=2023-09-01|title=Tinubu Sacks Gwandu As CEO of Nigeria's Science Agency, Names 32-Year-Old Halilu as Replacement|url=https://www.arise.tv/tinubu-sacks-gwandu-as-ceo-of-nigerias-science-agency-names-32-year-old-halilu-as-replacement/|accessdate=2025-01-23|work=Arise News|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Nkọwa gbasara ndụ onwe onye Gwandu ka bụ nke onwe ya, mana a maara ya dị ka onye nwere oke mmasị na mmepe sayensị na ihe ọhụrụ teknụzụ. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-11-11|title=WRC-27: Gwandu seeks unity among African countries to secure vital mobile spectrum|url=https://dailytrust.com/wrc-27-gwandu-seeks-unity-among-african-countries-to-secure-vital-mobile-spectrum/|accessdate=2025-01-23|work=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Okogba|first=Emmanuel|date=2024-11-10|title=Gwandu urges African countries to unite for 600MHz spectrum allocations|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/11/gwandu-urges-african-countries-to-unite-for-600mhz-spectrum-allocations/|accessdate=2025-01-23|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Agbo|first=Juliana|date=2024-11-11|title=Gwandu seeks African unity in securing mobile spectrum at WRC-27|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/gwandu-seeks-african-unity-in-securing-mobile-spectrum-at-wrc-27/|accessdate=2025-01-23|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria]] m9h3q7q7o8fjbrtf9k6klrtg4ug9067 0 77219 670652 2026-07-01T06:30:48Z Anastesia chi 23720 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359835047|Aruwa Gyunka]]" 670652 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | name = Aruwa Gyunka | office = Senator 8th National Assembly | constituency = [[Nasarawa North Senatorial District]] | succeeded = [[Godiya Akwashiki]] | occupation = Politician }} '''Philip Aruwa Gyunka''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Naijirịa. Ọ bụ Sinetọ nke nọchitere anya Nasarawa North Senatorial District na Nzukọ Mba nke asatọ . [[Godiya Akwashiki]] nọchiri ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Senator Gyunka Runs Two Weeks Vocational Training In Nasarawa North|url=https://nta.ng/2017/02/15/gyunka-40277/|accessdate=2025-01-20|work=Nigerian Television Authority - Africa's Largest TV Network|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Wande|first=S.-Davies|date=2018-08-15|title=PDP halts Saraki's impeachment threat — Sen. Gyunka|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/pdp-halts-sarakis-impeachment-threat-sen-gyunka/|accessdate=2025-01-20|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndị omeiwu Naijiria nke 8th National Assembly == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 9fjof1rmrosou96lmwk9s28ie9f85li 0 77220 670653 2026-07-01T06:50:06Z Anastesia chi 23720 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360894127|Ahmed Saidu Baba]]" 670653 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = [[The Honourable]] | name = Ahmed Saidu Baba | honorific_suffix = | image = | width = | alt = | caption = | office1 = Member of the [[Kwara State House of Assembly]] | termstart1 = 18 March 2019 | termend1 = | deputy1 = | predecessor1 = | successor1 = | office2 = Member of the [[Kwara State House of Assembly]]<br>from [[Bani,|Kaiama Local Government]] | termstart2 = 18 March 2019 | termend2 = | predecessor2 = | successor2 = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1973|12|27|df=y}} | birth_place = Bani, Kaiama Local Government [[Kwara State]] [[Nigeria]] | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[All Progressive Congress]] | spouse = | children = | relations = | alma_mater = {{plainlist| * }} | occupation = {{hlist|Politician|Project Manager|Administrator|}} | education = [[Justice Fati Lami Abubakar College of Art and Islamic Legal Studies]] | profession = | awards = | website = }} '''Ahmed Saidu Baba''' (amụrụ na 27 Disemba 1973) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria na-anọchite anya Gwanabe / Gweria / Bani / Adena, mpaghara gọọmentị ime obodo [[Kaiama]] na Kwara State House of Assembly . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=HON. AHMED SAIDU BABA|url=https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-ahmed-saidu-baba/|accessdate=2024-12-03|work=Kwara State House of Assembly|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/744018-kwara-governor-calls-for-enforcement-of-life-jackets-use-by-boat-travellers.html?tztc=1|title=Kwara governor calls for enforcement of life jackets use by boat travellers|accessdate=2025-01-08|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Adebayo|first=Abdulrazaq|date=2024-10-09|title=Niger boat mishap: 92 rescued, 191 corpses recovered|url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/10/09/niger-boat-mishap-92-rescued-191-corpses-recovered/|accessdate=2025-01-08|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Oyekola|first=Tunde|date=2024-06-28|title=Five Kwara coastal communities get AbdulRazaq's boats|url=https://punchng.com/five-kwara-coastal-communities-get-abdulrazaqs-boats/|accessdate=2025-01-08|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Ahmed na ọnwa Disemba n'ụbọchi iri abụọ na asaa , n'afọ 1973 na Bani, Mpaghara Ọchịchị Obodo Kaiama nke Kwara Steeti Naịjirịa. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Nigerian Army Day Secondary School, Sanni Abacha Barrack, [[Asokoro]] , maka agụmakwụkwọ ya mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ praịmarị iji nweta asambodo SSCE .<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=HON. AHMED SAIDU BABA|url=https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-ahmed-saidu-baba/|accessdate=2024-12-03|work=Kwara State House of Assembly|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Tupu ntuli aka ya dị ka Kwara State House of Assembly onye ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nlekọta ahụike na ọrụ ugbo na ihe ndị sitere n'okike site na 1996 ruo 1997.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=HON. AHMED SAIDU BABA|url=https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-ahmed-saidu-baba/|accessdate=2024-12-03|work=Kwara State House of Assembly|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Kwara]] 4r1amjfzckvpo4yteu40ivc7bck4sor 670654 670653 2026-07-01T06:50:38Z Anastesia chi 23720 670654 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = [[The Honourable]] | name = Ahmed Saidu Baba | honorific_suffix = | image = | width = | alt = | caption = | office1 = Member of the [[Kwara State House of Assembly]] | termstart1 = 18 March 2019 | termend1 = | deputy1 = | predecessor1 = | successor1 = | office2 = Member of the [[Kwara State House of Assembly]]<br>from [[Bani,|Kaiama Local Government]] | termstart2 = 18 March 2019 | termend2 = | predecessor2 = | successor2 = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1973|12|27|df=y}} | birth_place = Bani, Kaiama Local Government [[Kwara State]] [[Nigeria]] | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[All Progressive Congress]] | spouse = | children = | relations = | alma_mater = {{plainlist| * }} | occupation = {{hlist|Politician|Project Manager|Administrator|}} | education = [[Justice Fati Lami Abubakar College of Art and Islamic Legal Studies]] | profession = | awards = | website = }} '''Ahmed Saidu Baba''' (amụrụ na 27 Disemba 1973) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria na-anọchite anya Gwanabe / Gweria / Bani / Adena, mpaghara gọọmentị ime obodo [[Kaiama]] na Kwara State House of Assembly . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=HON. AHMED SAIDU BABA|url=https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-ahmed-saidu-baba/|accessdate=2024-12-03|work=Kwara State House of Assembly|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/744018-kwara-governor-calls-for-enforcement-of-life-jackets-use-by-boat-travellers.html?tztc=1|title=Kwara governor calls for enforcement of life jackets use by boat travellers|accessdate=2025-01-08|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Adebayo|first=Abdulrazaq|date=2024-10-09|title=Niger boat mishap: 92 rescued, 191 corpses recovered|url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/10/09/niger-boat-mishap-92-rescued-191-corpses-recovered/|accessdate=2025-01-08|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Oyekola|first=Tunde|date=2024-06-28|title=Five Kwara coastal communities get AbdulRazaq's boats|url=https://punchng.com/five-kwara-coastal-communities-get-abdulrazaqs-boats/|accessdate=2025-01-08|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Ahmed na ọnwa Disemba n'ụbọchi iri abụọ na asaa , n'afọ 1973 na Bani, Mpaghara Ọchịchị Obodo Kaiama nke Kwara Steeti Naịjirịa. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Nigerian Army Day Secondary School, Sanni Abacha Barrack, [[Asokoro]] , maka agụmakwụkwọ ya mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ praịmarị iji nweta asambodo SSCE .<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=HON. AHMED SAIDU BABA|url=https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-ahmed-saidu-baba/|accessdate=2024-12-03|work=Kwara State House of Assembly|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Tupu ntuli aka ya dị ka Kwara State House of Assembly onye ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nlekọta ahụike na ọrụ ugbo na ihe ndị sitere n'okike site na 1996 ruo 1997.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=HON. AHMED SAIDU BABA|url=https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-ahmed-saidu-baba/|accessdate=2024-12-03|work=Kwara State House of Assembly|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] kf21t3x96fx12pk08xbasybncleipr1 0 77221 670655 2026-07-01T07:32:25Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314602391|Lake Barombi Mbo]]" 670655 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #cedeff; font-size: 125%; color:black;" |Ọdọ Mmiri Barombi Mbo |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;" |[[File:Manengouba-Tombel.jpg|264x264px]]<div class="infobox-caption">Foto Satellite sitere na [[NASA]]. Barombi Mbo bụ ọdọ mmiri dị gburugburu kachasị ukwuu, n'elu etiti.</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;" |<div class="switcher-container"><templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:256px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:256px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:256px">[[Faịlụ:Cameroon_physical_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|368x368px|Location of Lake Barombi Mbo in Cameroon.]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:73.046%;left:14.315%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|alt=Location of Lake Barombi Mbo in Cameroon.|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Lake Barombi Mbo]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Ọdọ Mmiri Barombi Mbo</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Ihe ngosi map nke Cameroon</span></div></div></div><templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:256px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:256px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:256px">[[Faịlụ:Africa_relief_location_map.jpg|class=notpageimage noviewer|256x256px|Location of Lake Barombi Mbo in Cameroon.]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:45.049%;left:41.926%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|alt=Location of Lake Barombi Mbo in Cameroon.|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Lake Barombi Mbo]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Ọdọ Mmiri Barombi Mbo</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Ihe ngosi map nke Africa</span></div></div></div></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span title="Geographical coordinates">Njikọ</span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lake_Barombi_Mbo&params=4_39_41_N_9_24_9_E_type:waterbody <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">4°39′41′′N</span> <span class="longitude">9°24′9′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">4.66139°N 9.40250°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">4.66139; 9.40250</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lake_Barombi_Mbo&params=4_39_41_N_9_24_9_E_type:waterbody <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">4°39′41″N</span> <span class="longitude">9°24′9″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">4.66139°N 9.40250°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">4.66139; 9.40250</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụdị | class="infobox-data category" |Ọdọ mmiri na-agbọpụta ọkụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><nowiki><span title="Primary outflows: rivers, streams, evaporation">Mmiri na-esi na ya apụta</span></nowiki></div> | class="infobox-data" |Osimiri Mungo |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba ndị dị n'ime ala&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Cameroon |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid" | |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Max ogologo oge&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |2.15 km (1.34 mi) (diameter) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ebe dị n'elu</div> | class="infobox-data" |5 km² (1.9 mi²) ''ma ọ bụ'' km2 (2.7 mi2) &nbsp;&nbsp;<br /><br />&nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Nkezi omimi</div> | class="infobox-data" |69 m (226 ft) <ref name="FEW" />&nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Max omimi&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |111 m (364 ft) <ref name="FEW" />&nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Elu ala</div> | class="infobox-data" |300 m (980 ft) <ref name="FEW" />&nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- class="mergedrow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><div style="line-height:1.5;text-align:center;border-style:solid;border-width:4px;border-color:#8DE3D2">Ala Mmiri Ramsar</div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Aha gọọmentị</div> | class="infobox-data" |Ọdọ Mmiri Barombi Mbo |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ndị a họpụtara | class="infobox-data" |8 Ọktoba 2006 |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ihe odide no.&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |1643 |} [[Faịlụ:Bakundu_Forest_Reserve,_Lake_Barombi.jpg|thumb|Ogige Ọhịa Bakundu, Ọdọ Mmiri Barombi]] '''ọwa mmiri Barombi Mbo''' ma ọ bụ '''Barombi-ma-Mbu''' bụ ọdọ mmiri dị nso na [[Cameroon]]" id="mwPA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kumba, Cameroon">Kumba na mpaghara Southwest nke Cameroon . Ọ dị na usoro Ugwu mgbawa nke Cameroon, ọ bụkwa ọdọ mmiri mgbawa ugwu kachasị ukwuu na mpaghara a. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ọdọ mmiri radiocarbon kachasị ochie n'Africa, ebe ọ bụ na ọkpụkpụ kacha nta n'ime ya dị ihe dị ka otu nde afọ. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HCeFQoNnUe0C&dq=Barombi+Mbo&pg=PA182|title=Past climate variability through Europe and Africa|isbn=978-1-4020-2121-3|accessdate=2023-03-17|author=Battarbee|first=Richard W.|date=6 November 2007|publisher=Springer}}</ref> Na map ochie nke ndị na-achị ala ahụ, a maara ebe ahụ dị ka Elefanten Sea (Elephant Lake), mana e wepụrụ yaenyí ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ n'ihi ahịa ọdụ́.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/dspace/bitstream/1887/8060/1/11_530_026.pdf|title=Elephants and Their Interactions with People and Vegetation in the Waza-Logone Region, Cameroon, Part I Introduction and General Background, 1.1 The Problem, pg 3.|accessdate=2010-05-30|archivedate=2016-03-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175133/https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/dspace/bitstream/1887/8060/1/11_530_026.pdf}}</ref> == Ihe ndị dị ndụ == <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>  Ruo ugbu a, e dekọrọ ụdị azụ̀ iri na ise site n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ.[1] N'ime ndị ọzọ, nke a gụnyere Labeobarbus batesii, onye otu Funulopanchax mirabilis, na azụ̀ catfish Clarias maclareni. Ikekwe ihe kacha pụta ìhè bụ ụdị cichlids iri na otu ndị a na-ahụkarị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ (Konia spp., Stomatepia spp., Myaka myaka, Pungu maclareni, Sarotherodon caroli, S. linnellii, S. lohbergeri, na S. steinbachi).[2] A na-amata cichlids ndị a dị ka ihe atụ kachasị mma nke ụdị sympatric,[2] mana ọmụmụ ihe na-egosi na ha abụghị ihe sitere na otu ihe mere e ji guzobe ha.[3] A na-ekewa ọdọ mmiri ahụ nke ọma na enweghị oxygen dị omimi karịa mita 40 (130 ft), nke pụtara na azụ̀ dị n'akụkụ elu dị nso n'elu.[4] Agbanyeghị, otu n'ime ụdị cichlid, Konia dikume, nwere oke hemoglobin dị elu nke ukwuu n'ọbara ya, nke na-enye ya ohere ịbanye na mmiri oxygen dị ala nwa oge iji rie ikpuru glass (Chaoborus). Ụdị cichlid ndị ọzọ dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ gụnyere ma ndị na-enye nri izugbe na ndị ọkachamara. Ọkachamara pụrụ iche bụ Pungu maclareni, nke na-erikarị sponge Corvospongilla thysi.[4][5] Cichlids Barombi Mbo niile bụ ndị na-azụ ọnụ.[5] Na mgbakwunye na sponge ahụ, ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ ebe obibi nke ụdị oporo Caridina a ma ama.[1] Azụ niile dị n'ógbè ahụ na-eyi egwu nke ukwuu site na [[mmetọ]] na sedimentation site na ọrụ mmadụ. Ha nwekwara ike ịbụ ndị nnukwu ikuku carbon dioxide (CO₂) si n'ala ọdọ mmiri ahụ (iji Lake Nyos tụnyere), ọ bụ ezie na ọmụmụ ihe na-egosi na Barombo Mbo enweghị oke gas a. A machibidoro ịkụ azụ ahịa n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ. <ref name="IUCN1" /> <ref name="IUCN2" /><ref name="IUCN3" /> Ka o sina dị, ịkụ azụ dị ukwuu emeela ka Barombi Mbo cichlids belata, mana ọ na-agbanwe ka ọ bụrụ omume na-adịgide adịgide. == Ihe ngosi == <gallery mode="packed" perrow="3"> Faịlụ:Lake_Barombi,_Crater_Lake.jpg|Lake Barombi, Crater Lake Faịlụ:Full_extent,_Lake_Barombi.jpg|Full extent, Lake Barombi Faịlụ:Lake_Barombi,_Kumba.jpg|Side view of Lake Barombi, Kumba </gallery> == Hụkwa == * Ọdọ Mmiri Barombi Koto * Ọdọ Mmiri Bermin * Ọdọ Mmiri Dissoni * Ọdọ Mmiri Ejagham * Ọdọ Mmiri Oku == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} * [http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=3956958 CNRS] E debere ya na Wayback Machine [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] ru5nowdsq6gb8eyez59q07x3ogpl6zf 670656 670655 2026-07-01T08:22:08Z Adimora chidinma 15845 670656 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #cedeff; font-size: 125%; color:black;" |Ọdọ Mmiri Barombi Mbo |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;" |[[File:Manengouba-Tombel.jpg|264x264px]]<div class="infobox-caption">Foto Satellite sitere na [[NASA]]. Barombi Mbo bụ ọdọ mmiri dị gburugburu kachasị ukwuu, n'elu etiti.</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;" |<div class="switcher-container"><templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:256px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:256px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:256px">[[Faịlụ:Cameroon_physical_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|368x368px|Location of Lake Barombi Mbo in Cameroon.]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:73.046%;left:14.315%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|alt=Location of Lake Barombi Mbo in Cameroon.|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Lake Barombi Mbo]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Ọdọ Mmiri Barombi Mbo</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Ihe ngosi map nke Cameroon</span></div></div></div><templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:256px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:256px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:256px">[[Faịlụ:Africa_relief_location_map.jpg|class=notpageimage noviewer|256x256px|Location of Lake Barombi Mbo in Cameroon.]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:45.049%;left:41.926%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|alt=Location of Lake Barombi Mbo in Cameroon.|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Lake Barombi Mbo]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Ọdọ Mmiri Barombi Mbo</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Ihe ngosi map nke Africa</span></div></div></div></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span title="Geographical coordinates">Njikọ</span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lake_Barombi_Mbo&params=4_39_41_N_9_24_9_E_type:waterbody <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">4°39′41′′N</span> <span class="longitude">9°24′9′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">4.66139°N 9.40250°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">4.66139; 9.40250</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lake_Barombi_Mbo&params=4_39_41_N_9_24_9_E_type:waterbody <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">4°39′41″N</span> <span class="longitude">9°24′9″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">4.66139°N 9.40250°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">4.66139; 9.40250</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụdị | class="infobox-data category" |Ọdọ mmiri na-agbọpụta ọkụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><nowiki><span title="Primary outflows: rivers, streams, evaporation">Mmiri na-esi na ya apụta</span></nowiki></div> | class="infobox-data" |Osimiri Mungo |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba ndị dị n'ime ala&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Cameroon |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid" | |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Max ogologo oge&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |2.15 km (1.34 mi) (diameter) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ebe dị n'elu</div> | class="infobox-data" |5 km² (1.9 mi²) ''ma ọ bụ'' km2 (2.7 mi2) &nbsp;&nbsp;<br /><br />&nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Nkezi omimi</div> | class="infobox-data" |69 m (226 ft) <ref name="FEW" />&nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Max omimi&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |111 m (364 ft) <ref name="FEW" />&nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Elu ala</div> | class="infobox-data" |300 m (980 ft) <ref name="FEW" />&nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- class="mergedrow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><div style="line-height:1.5;text-align:center;border-style:solid;border-width:4px;border-color:#8DE3D2">Ala Mmiri Ramsar</div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Aha gọọmentị</div> | class="infobox-data" |Ọdọ Mmiri Barombi Mbo |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ndị a họpụtara | class="infobox-data" |8 Ọktoba 2006 |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ihe odide no.&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |1643 |} [[Faịlụ:Bakundu_Forest_Reserve,_Lake_Barombi.jpg|thumb|Ogige Ọhịa Bakundu, Ọdọ Mmiri Barombi]] '''ọwa mmiri Barombi Mbo''' ma ọ bụ '''Barombi-ma-Mbu''' bụ ọdọ mmiri dị nso Kumba na Southwest Region nke [[Cameroon]]. Ọ dị na Cameroon volcanic yinye, ọ bụkwa ọdọ mmiri volcanic kachasị ukwuu na mpaghara a.<ref name=FEW/> Ọ bụ otu n'ime ọdọ mmiri kacha ochie e ji redio carbon mee n'Africa,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HCeFQoNnUe0C&dq=Barombi+Mbo&pg=PA182 |title=Past climate variability through Europe and Africa |isbn=978-1-4020-2121-3 |access-date=2023-03-17 |archive-date=2023-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209071436/https://books.google.com/books?id=HCeFQoNnUe0C&dq=Barombi+Mbo&pg=PA182 |url-status=live |last1=Battarbee |first1=Richard W. |last2=Gasse |first2=Françoise |last3=Stickley |first3=Catherine E. |date=6 November 2007 |publisher=Springer }}</ref> ebe ọ bụ na ọ dị ihe dị ka otu nde afọ, nke kacha nta lava flow dị n'ime ya.<ref name=Thieme2005/> Na maapụ ndị ọchịchị ochie, a maara mpaghara ahụ dị ka Oké Osimiri Elefanten (Ọdọ Mmiri Elephant), mana Enyi bi na mpaghara ahụ bụ e kpochapụrụ n'ihi Azụmaahịa nnụnụ.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/dspace/bitstream/1887/8060/1/11_530_026.pdf |title=Elephants and Their Interactions with People and Vegetation in the Waza-Logone Region, Cameroon, Part I Introduction and General Background, 1.1 The Problem, pg 3. |access-date=2010-05-30 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175133/https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/dspace/bitstream/1887/8060/1/11_530_026.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> == Ihe ndị dị ndụ == Ruo ugbu a, e dekọrọ ụdị azụ iri na ise n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref name=FEW>Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). ''[http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=519 Western Equatorial Crater Lakes.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005204252/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=519 |date=5 October 2011 }}''</ref> N'etiti ndị ọzọ, nke a gụnyere ''Labeobarbus batesii'', onye otu nke ''Fundulopanchax mirabilis'' otu, na azụ̀ catfish endemic ''Clarias maclareni''. Ikekwe ihe kacha pụta ìhè bụ ụdị cichlid iri na otu a na-ahụkarị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ. (''Konia spp.'', ''Stomatepia spp.'', ''Myaka myaka'', ''Pungu maclareni'', ''Sarotherodon caroli'', '' linnellii'', '' lohbergeri'', na '' steinbachi'').<ref name =Sympatric>Schliewen, U.K., Tautz, D., and Pääbo, S. (1994). ''Sympatric speciation suggested by monophyly of crater lake cichlids.'' [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] 368(6472): 629–632.</ref> A na-amatakarị cichlid ndị a dị ka ihe atụ kachasị mma nke sympatric speciation,<ref name="Sympatric"/> mana ọmụmụ ihe na-egosi na ha abụghị ihe si n'otu ihe omume ntọala pụta.<ref name=Martin2015>Martin; Cutler; Friel; Touokong; Coop; and Wainwright (2015). Complex histories of repeated gene flow in Cameroon crater lake cichlids cast doubt on one of the clearest examples of sympatric speciation. Evolution 69-6: 1406–1422. {{doi|10.1111/evo.12674}}</ref> Ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị n'usoro nke ukwuu n'ụzọ doro anya, enweghị oxygen miri emi karịa {{cvt|40|m|ft }}, nke pụtara na azụ̀ dị naanị n'akụkụ elu dị nso n'elu ya.<ref name=Thieme2005>Thieme, M.L.; R. Abell; N. Burgess; B. Lehner; E. Dinerstein; and D. Olson (2005). Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment, pp. 58–60. Island Press. {{isbn|1-55963-365-4}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, otu n'ime ụdị cichlid, ''Konia dikume'', nwere oke hemoglobin dị elu nke ukwuu n'ọbara ya, nke na-enye ya ohere ịbanye na mmiri oxygen dị ala nwa oge iji rie glassworms (''Chaoborus''). Ụdị cichlid ndị ọzọ dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ gụnyere ma generalist na specialist feeders. Ọkachamara pụrụ iche bụ ''Pungu maclareni'', nke na-erikarị ihe ndị a na-ahụ anya.sponge ''Corvospongilla thysi''.<ref name=Thieme2005/><ref name=Steeves2010>Steeves, G. (2010). [http://www.cichlid-forum.com/articles/Barombi-Mbo.php Insight on Barombi Mbo, Cameroon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131182842/http://www.cichlid-forum.com/articles/Barombi-Mbo.php |date=2018-01-31 }}. Cichlid-forum Retrieved 3 June 2018.</ref> Anụ ọhịa Barombi Mbo niile bụ ọnụ na-agbawa agbawas.<ref name=Steeves2010/> E wezụga ogbo ahụ, ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ ebe obibi nke ụdị oporo ''Caridina'' a na-ahụkarị.<ref name=FEW/> Azụ̀ niile a na-ahụkarị na-eyi egwu nke ukwuu site na mmetọ na sedimentation sitere na ọrụ mmadụ. Ha nwekwara ike ịbụ ndị nwere nnukwu mwepụta nke carbon dioxide (CO₂) site na ala ọdọ mmiri ahụ (tụnyere Lake Nyos),<ref name=IUCN1>{{Cite iucn |author=Moelants, T. |title=''Stomatepia mongo'' |volume=2010 |article-number=e.T20865A9233664 |date=2010 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T20865A9233664.en |access-date=25 December 2017}}</ref><ref name=IUCN2>{{Cite iucn |author=Moelants, T. |title=''Konia dikume'' |volume=2010 |article-number=e.T11054A3248087 |date=2010 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T11054A3248087.en |access-date=25 December 2017}}</ref><ref name=IUCN3>{{Cite iucn |author=Moelants, T. |title=''Konia eisentrauti'' |volume=2010 |article-number=e.T11055A3248338 |date=2010 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T11055A3248338.en |access-date=25 December 2017}}</ref> ọ bụ ezie na nnyocha na-egosi na Barombo Mbo enweghị oke gas a.<ref>Freeth, S.J.; C.O. Ofoegbu; and K.M. Onuoha (1992). Natural Hazards in West and Central Africa, pp. 50–51. {{ISBN|978-3-663-05239-5}}</ref> A machibidoro ịkụ azụ azụ n'ahịa n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref name=IUCN1/><ref name=IUCN2/><ref name=IUCN3/> Agbanyeghị, ịkụ azụ̀ ndụ dị ukwuu emeela ka azụ̀ Barombi Mbo daa, mana ọ na-agbanwe gaa n'omume ndị na-adịgide adịgide.<ref name=Steeves2010/> == Ihe ngosi == <gallery mode="packed" perrow="3"> Faịlụ:Lake_Barombi,_Crater_Lake.jpg|Lake Barombi, Crater Lake Faịlụ:Full_extent,_Lake_Barombi.jpg|Full extent, Lake Barombi Faịlụ:Lake_Barombi,_Kumba.jpg|Side view of Lake Barombi, Kumba </gallery> == Hụkwa == * Ọdọ Mmiri Barombi Koto * Ọdọ Mmiri Bermin * Ọdọ Mmiri Dissoni * Ọdọ Mmiri Ejagham * Ọdọ Mmiri Oku == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} * [http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=3956958 CNRS] E debere ya na Wayback Machine [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] cvsirid5pwj8fb261dl0941nsdj1qjw 0 77222 670657 2026-07-01T09:12:21Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1290227033|Mven River]]" 670657 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mven''' bụ osimiri nke ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ ala [[Equatorial Guinea]]. Ọ bụ akụkụ nke Muni Estuary yana osimiri Mitong, Mandyani, Mitimele, Utamboni na Congue.<ref name="HughesHughes1992">{{Cite book|author=Hughes|first=R. H.|title=A Directory of African Wetlands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA501|accessdate=30 March 2012|year=1992|publisher=IUCN|isbn=978-2-88032-949-5}}</ref><ref name="Sundiata1990">{{Cite book|author=Sundiata|first=I. K.|title=Equatorial Guinea: colonialism, state terror, and the search for stability|url=https://archive.org/details/equatorialguinea0000sund|accessdate=30 March 2012|year=1990|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=978-0-8133-0429-8}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} 49sf8rnpyx3sgw7z6rbkvl0z1feloh8 0 77223 670658 2026-07-01T09:14:14Z Elizabeth chee 62456 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360275049|Agom Jarigbe]]" 670658 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | name = Jarigbe Agom Jarigbe | image = Senjarigbe.jpg | office = Member of the Senate of Nigeria | term_start = September 15, 2021 | predecessor = [[Rose Okoji Oko]] | constituency = Cross River North | birth_name = Jarigbe Agom Jarigbe | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1970|12|9}} | birth_place = Ogoja, Cross River State, Nigeria | party = [[All Progressives Congress (Nigeria)|All Progressives Congress]] (since 2025) | otherparty = [[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)|Peoples Democratic Party]] (until 2025) | spouse = Offiong Jarigbe | children = 4 | alma_mater = [[University of Calabar]], [[Baze University]] | occupation = Politician | website = {{URL|https://www.senatorjarigbe.com}} }} '''Jarigbe Agom Jarigbe''' (amụrụ na Disemba 9, 1970) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa na-eje ozi dịka Senator na-anọchite anya Cross River North Senatorial District. Ọ rụburu ọrụ na House of Representatives na-anọchite anya Ogoja / Yala Federal Constituency . <ref>{{Cite news|title=PDP wins Ogoja/Yala federal constituency|url=https://punchng.com/pdp-wins-ogoja-yala-seat/|accessdate=13 February 2026|work=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == A họpụtara Jarigbe ka ọ bụrụ onye nnọchi anya n'afọ 2015 n'okpuru Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) ma jee ozi ugboro abụọ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Reps members scorecard in Cross River|url=https://guardian.ng/politics/reps-scorecard-cross-river/|accessdate=13 February 2026|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref> N'afọ 2020, ọ meriri na ntuli aka nke Cross River North Senatorial. <ref>{{Cite news|title=PDP wins Cross River North senatorial by-election|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/12/06/pdp-wins-cross-river-north-by-election/|accessdate=13 February 2026|work=[[This Day]]}}</ref> A na-arụrịta ụka banyere nsonaazụ ahụ na mbụ, mana na Julaị 2021, Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Naịjirịa kwupụtara na ọ bụ onye omeiwu a họpụtara n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Supreme Court declares Jarigbe winner of Cross River North election|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/472764-supreme-court-declares-jarigbe-winner.html|accessdate=13 February 2026|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> A ṅụrụ ya iyi na Septemba 15, 2021. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Jarigbe sworn in as Cross River North senator|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2021/09/28/jarigbe-sworn-in/|work=Channels Television|accessdate=13 February 2026}}</ref> A họpụtara ya ọzọ na ntuli aka nke 2023 n'okpuru PDP.<ref>{{Cite news|title=INEC declares Jarigbe winner of Cross River North senatorial election|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/587121-inec-declares-jarigbe-winner.html|accessdate=13 February 2026|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọktoba 2025, Jarigbe hapụrụ PDP gaa na All Progressives Congress (APC). <ref>{{Cite news|title=Cross River senator Agom Jarigbe defects from PDP to APC|url=https://www.thecable.ng/cross-river-senator-agom-jarigbe-defects-from-pdp-to-apc-says-tinubu-is-doing-well/|date=22 October 2025|accessdate=13 February 2026|work=[[TheCable]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=APC chieftain hails Cross River senator's defection|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/south-south-regional/831586-apc-chieftain-hails-cross-river-senators-defection-to-ruling-party.html|date=29 October 2025|accessdate=13 February 2026|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> == Ọrụ na atụmatụ ndị e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya == N'afọ 2025, Jarigbe kwadoro ọtụtụ ọrụ mmepe mpaghara gafee Cross River North, gụnyere ntinye nke oghere mmiri na-eji anyanwụ eme ihe na atụmatụ inye mmiri n'ime ime obodo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cross River Senator delivers solar-powered boreholes to communities|url=https://crossriverwatch.com/tag/senator-jarigbe-agom/|work=CrossRiverWatch|accessdate=13 February 2026}}</ref> Ọ malitekwara mmemme nkwado agụmakwụkwọ, gụnyere onyinye bursary nye ụmụ akwụkwọ gafee ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ dị elu na distrikti ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Senator Jarigbe to disburse bursary to students|url=https://crossriverwatch.com/tag/senator-jarigbe-agom/|work=CrossRiverWatch|accessdate=13 February 2026}}</ref> N'afọ 2026, o gosipụtara mmasị n'ịchọ ka a họpụta ya ọzọ tupu ntuli aka ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jarigbe signals reelection bid|url=https://calitown.com/jarigbe-fires-first-shot-ayade-legor-should-meet-me-back-at-home/|work=Calitown|date=26 March 2026|accessdate=27 March 2026}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Jarigbe lụrụ Offiong Jarigbe ma nwee ụmụ anọ. == Oge ọ malitere == Jarigbe si Ibil na [[Ogoja]] Local Government Area nke Cross River State. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ nke ọmụmụ ihe dị na PortHarcourt, Rivers State, ebe ọ gafere West African Senior Secondary Certificate Examination (WASSCE) n'afọ 1990. O nwetara nzere bachelọ na kemịkalụ na Mahadum Calabar, Cross River State na 2004. Jarigbe nwetara nzere bachelọ na [[Baze University|Mahadum Baze]] na Nọvemba 2022. == Onyinye na nkwanye ùgwù == N'afọ 2024, e nyere Senator Jarigbe onyinye dịka onye omeiwu kacha pụta ìhè n'afọ site n'aka Yala Achievers Summit & Award. E nyere ya onyinye a na National Assembly Complex, Abuja. Na mbụ, o nwetara onyinye ICON of Humanitarian Service Award (2019), Legislator of the Year (2020) site n'aka onye nlekọta Africa, ICON of Nation Building Award (2021), na Global Peace and Humanitarian Award (2022) site n'aka United Nations.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The Jarigbe Phenomenon: From Political Threat to Strategic Asset|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2026/04/27/the-jarigbe-phenomenon-from-political-threat-to-strategic-asset/|accessdate=2026-06-13|language=en-US|work=[[This Day]]}}</ref> == Edensịbịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Jarigbe, Agom}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] o9v3ay24v0ht8ync0ahnr6ehat4wv15 0 77224 670659 2026-07-01T09:21:59Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1290226901|Mitong River (Equatorial Guinea)]]" 670659 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Mbini.PNG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Enwere ike ịhụ osimiri ahụ na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ, Pịa iji hụ]] '''Mitong''' bụ osimiri nke dị na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ ala Equatorial Guinea. Ọ bụ akụkụ nke Muni Estuary.. Na mgbakwunye na Mitong, osimiri Congue, Mandyani, Mitimele, Utamboni na [[Osimiri Mven|Mven]] na-enyekwa miri ahụ.<ref name="HughesHughes1992">{{Cite book|author=Hughes|first=R. H.|title=A Directory of African Wetlands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA501|accessdate=30 March 2012|year=1992|publisher=IUCN|isbn=978-2-88032-949-5}}</ref><ref name="Sundiata1990">{{Cite book|author=Sundiata|first=I. K.|title=Equatorial Guinea: colonialism, state terror, and the search for stability|url=https://archive.org/details/equatorialguinea0000sund|accessdate=30 March 2012|year=1990|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=978-0-8133-0429-8}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} pklswsijtxf45we7e0hd1mikotfi3ng 0 77225 670660 2026-07-01T10:29:48Z Anastesia chi 23720 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359943056|Ibrahim Mohammed Baba]]" 670660 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | name = Ibrahim Mohammed Baba | office = Federal Representative | constituency = [[Katagum]] | occupation = Politician | term_start = 2015 | term_end = 2019 }} '''Ibrahim Mohammed Baba''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye otu ụlọ ndị Nnọchiteanya na-anọchite anya [[Katagum]] Federal Constituency nke Bauchi State na Nzukọ mba nke asatọ n'etiti afọ 2015 na 2019. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Abdulhamid|first=Hafsat|date=2023-05-15|title=Bauchi North SDP senatorial candidate, IMBA defects to APC|url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/05/15/bauchi-north-sdp-senatorial-candidate-imba-defects-to-apc/|accessdate=2025-01-27|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Michael|first=Ishola|date=2023-05-14|title=Bauchi: SDP Senatorial candidate, Ibrahim Baba, returns to APC|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/bauchi-sdp-senatorial-candidate-ibrahim-baba-returns-to-apc/|accessdate=2025-01-27|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] g5kxnuewzvoh0qk3mghq1decwuqhfe9 0 77226 670661 2026-07-01T10:41:38Z Elizabeth chee 62456 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359888435|Ibrahim Usman Jibril]]" 670661 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | image = Ibrahim Jibril - 2018 (cropped).jpg | caption = Ibrahim Jibril in 2018 | office = Nigeria Minister of State for Environment | successor = [[Sharon Ikeazor]] | office1 = Emir of [[Nasarawa State|Nasarawa]] Emirate | predecessor1 = Alhaji [[Hassan Ahmad II]] | alma_mater = [[Bayero University Kano]] | term_start = November 11, 2015 | term_end = December 2018 | termstart1 = December 7, 2018 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1958|1|27}} | birth_place = [[Nasarawa State|Nasarawa]] | occupation = {{hlist|Teacher|administrator}} }} '''Ibrahim Usman Jibril''' CON (amụrụ na Jenụwarị 27, 1958) bụ onye ọchịchị ọdịnala na onye nchịkwa Naijiria. Ọ bụ eze nke iri na abụọ nke Nasarawa Emirate <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/buhari-congratulates-new-emir-nasarawa-jibrin/|title=Buhari congratulates new Emir of Nasarawa, Jibrin|date=2018-12-07|accessdate=2019-04-04|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> ma bụrụ minista nke gburugburu ebe obibi n'etiti afọ 2015 na 2018 na ọchịchị onye isi ala [[Muhammadu Buhari]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/10/ministerial-nominee-ibrahim-usman-jibril/|title=Ministerial nominee, Ibrahim Usman Jibril's CV|date=2015-10-12|accessdate=2019-04-04|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> A mụrụ Ibrahim Jibril na Jenụwarị 27, 1958, na obodo Nasarawa site na Alhaji Usman Maikwato Jibril na Hajiya Fatima Ibrahim.  Nna nna ya, Malan Jibril, bụ ọkpara nke Emir 8th nke Nasarawa, Umaru Maje Haji.  Ọ bụ nwa nwa Sarki Umaru Maje Haji wee si otú a bụrụ nwa Umaru Makama Dogo bụ onye tọrọ ntọala Nasarawa Emirate.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/behold-jibril-the-new-emir-of-nasarawa.html|title=Behold, Jibril, the new Emir of Nasarawa|author=Muhammad|first=Ibraheem Hamza|date=2018-12-30|work=[[Daily Trust]]|accessdate=2024-02-04}}</ref> == Mmụta == Agụmakwụkwọ ya gbasoro usoro ọmụmụ Koran nke ndị Alakụba nke ọ malitere n'ụlọ akwụkwọ Koran dị n'obí eze n'okpuru nlekọta nke Mallam Baba na onye mechara bụrụ Mallam Jibril Jatau nke Bakin Kogi. Ọ gụchara akwụkwọ praịmarị na ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị etiti Nasarawa tupu ọ gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị gọọmentị na Nasarawa. Site na 1976 ruo 1978, ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ nke ọmụmụ ihe mbụ na Yola na [[Ȯra Adamawa|Steeti Adamawa]]. N'agbata afọ 1980 na afọ 1983, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Bayero Kano ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere Bachelor of Science na agụmakwụkwọ na ọdịdị ala. Ọkaibe ya na ọchịchọ na-enweghị afọ ojuju maka agụmakwụkwọ kpaliri ya inweta nzere masta na ala na nchịkwa na Mahadum Bayero Kano na 1990. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/10/ministerial-nominee-ibrahim-usman-jibril/|title=Ministerial nominee, Ibrahim Usman Jibril's CV|date=2015-10-12|accessdate=2019-04-04|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/10/ministerial-nominee-ibrahim-usman-jibril/ "Ministerial nominee, Ibrahim Usman Jibril's CV"]. ''[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]''. Lagos, Nigeria. October 12, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref>  == Ọrụ == Mgbe o nwetachara asambodo ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya, a kpọrọ ya ka ọ kụzie ihe na Nasarawa Central Primary School, mgbe o mechara akara ugo mmụta BSc ya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ ntorobịa ya na Nigerian Army School of Artillery dị na Kachia, Kaduna State, dịka onye nkuzi na ịgụ map. Na 1984, ọ bụụrụ onye nkuzi nwa oge na Nasarawa Central Primary School. Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa ma mesịa sonye na Plateau State Ministry of Education ebe e zigara ya na New Karshi dị ka onye nkuzi. N'afọ 1985, ọ wegara ọrụ ya na Federal Capital Territory (FCT), [[Abuja]], ebe ọ gara n'ihu na ọrụ nkuzi ya na Government Secondary School, Kuje, ruo afọ abụọ. Mgbe ọ nwetasịrị nzere masta ya na 1990, Jibril hapụrụ ọrụ nkuzi wee sonye na Ngalaba Ala, Atụmatụ na Nnyocha nke FCT dị ka onye ọrụ ala. Amamihe ya, ike na ọgụgụ isi ya <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-10-13|title=Ibrahim Usman Jibril: A profile of selfless administrator|url=https://universalreportersng.com/ibrahim-usman-jibril-a-profile-of-selfless-administrator/|accessdate=2024-04-20}}</ref> mere ka ọ bụrụ nwoke dị mkpa ka e mere ya odeakwụkwọ na Kọmitii na Abuja Plan, kọmitii na-ahụ maka ịhazi data na ozi niile gbasara ala ma kenye ya na FCT, Abuja. N'ozuzu, ọ nọrọ afọ 25 dị ka onye ọrụ ala na FCT. Dị ka ọkachamara na mgbanwe ala, ọ bụ osote onye nduzi nke Abuja Development Control na onye nduzi ngalaba nchịkwa ala nke FCT. Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ gara Nasarawa State Geographic Information System (NAGIS) ebe o nwere ọkwa dị iche iche.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2018/12/06/environment-minister-becomes-new-emir-of-nasarawa/|title=Environment Minister becomes new Emir of Nasarawa|date=2018-12-06|accessdate=2019-04-04|work=[[P.M. News]]}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2015, ọ nọ na ndepụta nke ndị minista a họpụtara ka ha rụọ ọrụ n'ọchịchị Buhari na, mgbe National Assembly nyochachara ya, a họpụtara ya dị ka minista steeti maka gburugburu ebe obibi na Nọvemba 11, 2015, ọkwá ọ nọrọ ruo n'ọnwa Disemba 2018. Mgbe ọnwụ nke Emir Hassan Ahmad nke Abụọ gasịrị, Wambai (Prince) Ibrahim Jibril bụ onye kansụl ọdịnala nke Nasarawa State Traditional Council of Chiefs họpụtara dị ka eze ọhụrụ nke Nasarawa ma, na Disemba 7, 2018, gọvanọ steeti, Alhaji Umaru Tanko Al-Makura họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ eze Nasarawa na mpaghara gọọmentị Nasarawa nke Nasarawa . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2018/12/13/buharis-minister-resigns-becomes-emir-of-nasarawa/|title=Buhari's Minister Resigns, Becomes Emir of Nasarawa|author=Oyeyipo|first=Shola|date=2018-12-13|accessdate=2024-08-08|work=[[This Day]]}}</ref> N'abalị iri na otu nke ọnwa Ọktoba, afọ 2022, Onyeisiala Muhammadu Buhari nyere ya ọkwa dịka Onyeisiala. Onye isi nke Order of the Niger (CON). <ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-10-11|title=List of Nigerian national honours award recipients 2022 plus dia categories|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c10mn70vd64o|accessdate=2023-03-06|work=[[BBC News Pidgin]]}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Jibril lụrụ nwunye abụọ, Hajiya Hauwa Kulu na Hajiya Mairo, nwere ụmụ asaa aha ya bụ Mohammad, Abdullahi, Mashkoor, Jabir, Mubarak, Salman na Fatima.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/10/ministerial-nominee-ibrahim-usman-jibril/|title=Ministerial nominee, Ibrahim Usman Jibril's CV|date=2015-10-12|accessdate=2019-04-04|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/10/ministerial-nominee-ibrahim-usman-jibril/ "Ministerial nominee, Ibrahim Usman Jibril's CV"]. ''[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]''. Lagos, Nigeria. October 12, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/behold-jibril-the-new-emir-of-nasarawa.html|title=Behold, Jibril, the new Emir of Nasarawa|author=Muhammad|first=Ibraheem Hamza|date=2018-12-30|work=[[Daily Trust]]|accessdate=2024-02-04}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMuhammad2018">Muhammad, Ibraheem Hamza (December 30, 2018). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190102050529/https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/behold-jibril-the-new-emir-of-nasarawa.html "Behold, Jibril, the new Emir of Nasarawa"]. ''[[Daily Trust]]''. Archived from [https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/behold-jibril-the-new-emir-of-nasarawa.html the original] on January 2, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 4,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> == Edensịbịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Jibril, Ibrahim}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 2pzh2cd2pjjuoe536fxuv1epmz8jaz1 0 77227 670662 2026-07-01T10:47:36Z Anastesia chi 23720 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350966454|Jibrin Ndagi Baba]]" 670662 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = Honorable | name = Jibrin Ndagi Baba | image = | caption = | birth_date = {{birth-date and age|1979|}} | birth_place = [[Niger State]], Nigeria | death_date = | office = Deputy speaker of the [[Niger State House of Assembly]] | constituency = [[Lavun|Lavun constituency]] | office1 = | term_start = 23 July 2020 | predecessor = [[Bako Kassim Alfa]] | successor = | education = | occupation = [[legislature]] }} '''Jibrin Ndagi Baba''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1979) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye otu Nzukọ nke steeti Niger na-anọchite anya mpaghara Lavun na ọkwa iwu steeti.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ShineYourEye|url=https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/jibrin-ndagi-baba|accessdate=2020-09-06|work=www.shineyoureye.org}}</ref> Ọ nọchiri [[Bako Kassim Alfa|Bako Kasim Alfa]] dị ka osote ọkà okwu nke Nzukọ nke steeti Niger mgbe ọ kwupụtara na ọ chọghịzị ịrụ ọrụ ya dị ka osota ọkà okwu n'ihi ihe ndị a na-akọwaghị.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Nwachukwu|first=John Owen|date=2020-07-23|title=Niger Assembly Deputy Speaker resigns|url=https://dailypost.ng/2020/07/23/breaking-niger-assembly-deputy-speaker-resigns/|accessdate=2020-09-06|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Gambo Sulaiman Rabiu nke Paiko họpụtara ya dịka onye ga-anọchi Bako Kasim Alfa, Saleh Ibrahim Alhaji nke Kontagora nke Abụọ sokwa ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Niger State House of Assembly elects new Deputy Speaker|url=https://ait.live/niger-state-house-of-assembly-elects-new-deputy-speaker/|accessdate=2020-09-06|work=AIT LIVE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Lawal|first=Nurudeen|date=2020-07-23|title=Niger House of Assembly elects new deputy speaker after Alfa's resignation|url=https://www.legit.ng/1350275-niger-assembly-deputy-speaker-resigns-elected.html|accessdate=2020-09-06|work=[[Legit.ng]]|language=en}}</ref> == Nzukọ nnọkọ zuru ezu nke July 23, 2020 == Jibrin Baba nọ na nzukọ ọgbakọ nke ụbọchị Tọzde n'abalị iri abụọ na atọ nke ọnwa Julaị afọ 2020, wee kpọlite arịrịọ ka ewepụ onyeisi ndị otu abụọ a họpụtara ọhụrụ na osote ya n'ọkwa ahụ n'ihi enweghị obi ike dịka onye otu nwere ọkwa isi abụọ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=freshadmin3|date=2020-07-17|title=Niger assembly sacks 2 principal officers|url=https://freshfmnigeria.com/niger-assembly-sacks-2-principal-officers/|accessdate=2020-09-06|work=Fresh FM Nigeria{{!}} Keeping you fresh all day|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-01-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115073705/https://freshfmnigeria.com/niger-assembly-sacks-2-principal-officers/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=23 July 2020|title=Niger Assembly sacks 2 principal officers|work=Fresh1069fm|url=https://fresh1069fm.com/niger-assembly-sacks-2-principal-officers/|accessdate=6 September 2020}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria]] [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1979]] pcwqn2i0kgkq27p4ky5hlxuxjqkra8e 0 77228 670663 2026-07-01T11:00:22Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341098223|Tassili n'Ajjer]]" 670663 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Saharan rock art}}<gallery mode="packed" heights="110"> Faịlụ:Fadnounplateau_vers_Illizi.jpg|alt=The barren Hamada of the External Tassili south of Illizi Faịlụ:Oued_Imihrou_photo_by_Hocine_Djouder.jpg|alt=The three formations of the Intra-Tassilian Group from Oued Imihrou Faịlụ:DJANET_8.jpg|alt=Outpost of the Tassili n'Ajjer in the Oued Essendilène: two formations of the Inner Tassili Group </gallery><gallery mode="heights=&quot;120&quot;" caption=""> Faịlụ:Rock_columns_at_Tassili_n'Ajjer.jpg|alt=Very high rock columnsphotograph taken from 30 000 ft Faịlụ:Tassili_mushroom_man_Matalem-Amazar.png|alt=Anonymous reproduction of the Tassili Mushroom Figure Matalem-Amazar found in Tassili. Faịlụ:Femme-gravure.jpg|alt=Depiction of a dancing or seated human Faịlụ:Dunes_at_Tassili_n'Ajjer_-_detail.jpg|alt=Dunes at Tassili n'Ajjer Faịlụ:Tassili_Sahara_74.jpg|alt=Sand and rock landscape on the southern edge of the Tassili n'Ajjer Faịlụ:Cupressus_dupreziana1.jpg|alt=Local cypresses Faịlụ:Tassili_Desert_Algeria.jpg|alt=Sandstone rocks and cliffs Faịlụ:Great_god_of_Sefar.jpg|alt=Ritual figure or shaman Faịlụ:Tassili_-_catapulte%3F.jpg|alt=Human figures Faịlụ:African_cave_paintings.jpg|alt=Human figures Faịlụ:Tassili_-_whites_and_blacks_leaving_in_harmony%3F.jpg|alt=Human figures Faịlụ:Algerien_Desert.jpg|alt=Human figures with bows </gallery>'''Tassili n'Ajjer''' ([[Amazigh languages|Berber]]: ''Tassili n Ajjer'', Arabic: طاسيلي ناجر, romanized: ṭāssīlī naʾjir; "Plateau of rivers") bụ ugwu dị n'ọzara Sahara, nke dị na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Algeria]]. O nwere otu n'ime otu kachasị mkpa nke nka ọgba tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme n'ụwa<ref name="Unesco">{{Cite web|author=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|title=Tassili n'Ajjer|work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|date=11 Oct 2017|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179/|accessdate=26 December 2019|archivedate=4 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404032753/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179/}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf|title=Rock Art of the Tassili n Ajjer, Algeria|publisher=Africanrockart.org|accessdate=February 7, 2017|archivedate=September 30, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930123103/https://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf}}</ref> ma kpuchiri ebe karịrị 72,000 km2 (28,000 sq mi).<ref name="brit">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tassili-n-Ajjer|title=Tassili-n-Ajjer|publisher=britannica|accessdate=February 7, 2017|archivedate=May 29, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529043147/https://www.britannica.com/place/Tassili-n-Ajjer}}</ref> A kpọpụtala ebe a ka ọ bụrụ ogige mba na ebe nchekwa Biosphere, e wee tinye ya na ndepụta UNESCO nke Ebe Ihe Nketa Ụwa na 1982.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.algeria.com/national-parks/tassili-n-ajjer/|title=Tassili n'Ajjer National Park, Djanet|publisher=Algeria.com|accessdate=February 7, 2017|archivedate=February 8, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208032911/http://www.algeria.com/national-parks/tassili-n-ajjer/}}</ref> Nsụgharị Bekee nke Tassili n'Ajjer bụ 'ala dị larịị nke osimiri'.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Pan-African Congress on Prehistory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m9W0AAAAIAAJ|year=1977|publisher=Kraus Reprint|language=fr|quote=Les eaux de pluie ont raviné les crêtes et ont progressivement entaillé les plateaux, creusant des canyons étroits et profonds aux parois à pic, dont la direction générale est Sud-Nord. C'est d'ailleurs ce qui lui a valu le nom de Tassili-n-Ajjer, nom qui vient des mots touaregs : Tasilé = plateau et gir = rivières, ce qui veut dire : le plateau des rivières. == rainwater gutted the ridges and progressively slashed the plateaus, digging narrow, deep canyons with steep walls, whose general direction is South-North. This is what earned it the name of Tassili-n-Ajjer, name that comes from the Tuareg words: Tasilé = plateau and gir= rivers, which means: the plateau of rivers.|accessdate=2019-08-01}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == [[Faịlụ:Dunes_at_Tassili_n'Ajjer.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Foto si n'elu nke Tassili n'Ajjer]] Tassili n'Ajjer is a plateau in south-eastern [[Algeria]] at the borders of [[Libya]] and [[Niger]], covering an area of 72,000&nbsp;km².<ref name="Unesco">{{Cite web|author=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|title=Tassili n'Ajjer|work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|date=11 Oct 2017|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179/|accessdate=26 December 2019|archivedate=4 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404032753/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179/}}</ref> Ọ na-eru 26°20'N 5°00'E site n'ọwụwa anyanwụ-ndịda-ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo 24°00'N 10°00'E. Ebe kachasị elu ya bụ Adrar Afao nke dị elu na 2,158 m (7,080 ft), dị na 25°10'N 8°11'E. Obodo ndị kacha nso bụ Djanet dị na nsọtụ ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ na Illizi dị na nsọtụ ugwu. Ala dị larịị ahụ nwere mmasị dị ukwuu na ihe gbasara ala na ịma mma. Ọdịdị ya nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ala nke nwere oke ọhịa nkume, nke e ji ájá ájá gbajiri agbaji mee, yiri ala ọnwa ma nwee ọtụtụ ụdị nka nkume.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.archmillennium.net/tassili_national_park.htm|title=Tassili National Park, Sahara Algeria|publisher=Archmillennium.net|accessdate=2012-12-16|archivedate=2020-09-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920102632/http://www.archmillennium.net/tassili_national_park.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Willcox|first=A. R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qilKDwAAQBAJ&q=san+bushmen+Tassili+n%E2%80%99Ajjer&pg=PP16|title=The Rock Art of Africa|date=2018-01-29|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-315-51535-9|language=en|accessdate=2020-12-09}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == Ihe mejupụtara ihe owuwu a bụ aja okwute.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor=Scheffel|location=United States of America|pages=371–372}}</ref> Desert varnish tere aja okwute ahụ, obere mpụta nke metallic oxides nke na-agba agba dị iche iche site na oji ruo na ọbara ọbara na-adịghị mma, agba nkume ndị ahụ.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Mbuze n'ógbè ahụ emeela ka e nwee ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ narị nkume 300 e ji aka mee n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ, tinyere nnukwu olulu mmiri na ọdọ mmiri na-adịgide adịgide n'ebe ugwu. [[Faịlụ:West_African_Craton.svg|áká_èkpè|thumb|West African Craton, Tuareg Shield na East Sahara Metacraton]] Ihe mkpuchi Tuareg, mkpokọta nke terranes nke mepụtara n'oge Neoproterozoic n'etiti afọ 750 na 550 nde gara aga, gụnyere mpaghara Ugwu Ahaggar nke oge a na Algeria, Ugwu Aïr na Niger, na Adrar des Ifoghas na Mali. N'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ dị Craton nke ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka, n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ bụ Saharan Metacraton. Ọ gbasaa site na accretion n'ebe ugwu na ndịda, nke mere na ọ gụnyekwara mpaghara Tassili n'Ajjer nke oge a. N'oge a, nnukwu kọntinent ahụ Gondwana pụtara, nke gụnyekwara craton na ọta niile nke ihe ga-emesịa ghọọ Afrịka. N'oge Cambrian nke sochirinụ (afọ 541 ruo nde 485 gara aga), e guzobere nkwụnye mbụ nke sediment ka dị taa na mpaghara Tassili n'Ajjer. N'oge a, Gondwana si n'ógbè Equatorial gaa na ndịda hemisphere, nke mere na mpaghara Sahara dị na mpaghara South Pole n'oge Upper Ordovician (afọ 458 ruo 443 nde gara aga). Ná ngwụcha oge a, oge ice 'Hirnantian' jupụtara ruo otu nde afọ. E nwere mpempe akwụkwọ ice, nke gbasara ọtụtụ akụkụ ugwu Afrịka.[a] Na mbido oge Silurian (malite na nde afọ 443 gara aga), ihu igwe ụwa gbanwere, mee ka ice nke Tuareg Shield gbazee. Nke a hapụrụ ọwa mmiri gbazere agbaze nke kpụrụ n'okpuru ice. Nke a mechara guzobe usoro mmụta ala nke Inner Tassili Group. Ihe mejupụtara ya bụ ájá na ụfọdụ oyi akwa nke ụrọ. [[Faịlụ:Diagrams_geology_Tassili_n'Ajjer.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise abụọ na-egosi ọdịdị ala nke Tassili n'Ajjer]] N'oge Silurian na Devonian, mmebi iwu (mmalite nke oké osimiri) site n'ebe ugwu na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ kpuchiri nnukwu ebe dị na Sahara site na iji akwa ájá ndị ọzọ. N'oge ahụ, Tassili n'Ajjer bụ ala mmiri dị nso n'ụsọ oké osimiri, wee mechaa ghọọ ala mmiri mmiri. N'oge Silurian, E guzobere usoro nhazi nke Intra Tassili Group, nke nwere ọtụtụ ụrọ  nke e ji ihe ndị dị ndụ mee na ụfọdụ nkume ájá. N'oge Devonian, e guzobere otu Tassili nke dị n'èzí, nke nwere ọtụtụ nkume ájá tinyere ụrọ nwere macrofauna na ụfọdụ nkume limestone. Ọ bụ site na usoro abụọ a nke oge Silurian na Devonian ka mmanụ ala si dị a na-ewepụtakwa ma na-aga n'ihu na-emepụta gas sitere n'okike na Illizi Basin, n'ebe ugwu Illizi. N'ime afọ nde 200 sochirinụ, mpaghara a nọgidere na-abụ ala dị jụụ, dịkwa larịị nke na-enweghị nnukwu mgbanwe ma ọ bụ sedimentation. - Ikekwe n'oge Cretaceous, mana karịsịa kemgbe Miocene (afọ 23 ruo 5,3 nde gara aga), Tuareg Shield malitere ịgbapụta n'ihi magmatic mmụba. Elu elu dị na mpaghara Ahaggar mechara ruo mita 4,000 ruo 5,000. Ó metụtakwara mpaghara Tassili n'Ajjer, ebe elu ya mere ka oyi akwa ya gbadaa n'ebe ugwu. N'akụkụ elu ugwu ahụ, ọtụtụ basin guzobere n'ebe ugwu na ndịda nke Tuareg Shield, nke jere ozi ugbu a dị ka ebe a na-edebe ihe mkpofu maka ihe mkpofu ndị mebiri emebi, dịka ọmụmaatụ Illizi Basin. Karịsịa na Miocene, akwa sedimentary nke Mpụga Tassili (usoro oyi akwa kachasị elu) gbawara kpamkpam n'akụkụ ndịda na ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Tassili n'Ajjer. N'akụkụ ugwu, n'elu ala nke otu oyi akwa a, usoro osimiri ahụ gwuru ruo mita 400 n'ime ájá na ájá ájá n'ihi oke mgbanwe ugbu a.<ref name="Busche" /> Nnukwu mgbanwe ikpeazụ nke ala mere n'oge Pliocene (5,3 ruo 2,58 nde afọ gara aga). Ugwu na-agbọpụta ọkụ kpuchiri mpaghara Adrar dị na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Tassili n'Ajjer na oghere, cones volcanic, na ọwara na-asọ. Ọganihu a gara n'ihu n'oge Quaternary. {{Saharan rock art}} === Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi === Tassili n'Ajjer dị n'ime oke ọhịa ugwu nke dị na ọdịda anyanwụ Saharan nke dị n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ. N'ihi elu dị elu nke mpaghara ahụ, tinyere ihe ndị na-ejide mmiri nke nkume ájá ya, Ahịhịa dị n'ebe a dị ntakịrị ka ahịhịa ma nwee akwụkwọ ndụ karịa na mpaghara ala nke ọzara; nke a na-emepụta ebe obibi mara mma maka ọtụtụ anụmanụ, site na obere invertebrates, ruo nri ruo anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara. Ogige ntụrụndụ a nwere oke ọhịa mepere emepe, nke gụnyere Saịprọs Sahara na myrtle Saharan nọ n'ihe ize ndụ ma dịkwa ize ndụ, n'ọkara ọwụwa anyanwụ ya dị elu.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor=Scheffel|location=United States of America|pages=371–372}}</ref> Osisi cypress Tassili bụ otu n'ime osisi na ihe ndị dị ndụ kacha ogologo n'ụwa, mgbe osisi pine bristlecone nke Western US gasịrị.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf|title=Rock Art of the Tassili n Ajjer, Algeria|publisher=Africanrockart.org|accessdate=February 7, 2017|archivedate=September 30, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930123103/https://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf}}</ref> Ndị bi n'ebe dị iche iche nke agụ iyi ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka dị ndụ na Tassili n'Ajjer ruo narị afọ nke iri abụọ; Taa, a na-ahụkarị ụdị ihe a n'ebe okpomọkụ na ndịda Sahara nke Ọdịda Anyanwụ na Etiti Afrịka, site na Senegal ruo [[Chad]]. Aoudad, ma ọ bụ Barbary sheep, bụ naanị ụdị anụmanụ dị ugbu a nke e sere n'ihe osise nkume ochie nke mpaghara ahụ.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor=Scheffel|location=United States of America|pages=371–372}}</ref> A kpọrọ ogige ntụrụndụ a Mkpa Nnụnụ (IBA) site n'aka BirdLife International n'ihi na ọ na-akwado ọtụtụ ndị bi na ahụrụ a chara acha na Ahịa Lichtenstein, Fero ugo - ikwiikwii, nnukwu hoopoe - larks, bar-tailed na desert larks, pale rock martins, fullyous babblers, okpueze ọcha na witi na-eru uju, nza desert na trumpeter finches.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/parc-national-du-tassili-najjer-iba-algeria|title=Parc National du Tassili N'Ajjer|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2024|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=2024-10-26}}</ref> == Nkà mmụta ihe ochie == === Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga === Kemgbe afọ 1863, ndị Yuropu na-eme nnyocha banyere ihe osise nkume nke ndị Algeria, ebe ndị mere nyocha ahụ bụ "A. Pomel (1893–1898), Stéphane Gsell (1901–1927), G. B. M. Flamand (1892–1921), Leo Frobenius and Hugo Obermaier (1925), Henri Breuil (1931–1957), L. Joleaud (1918–1938), na Raymond Vaufrey (1935–1955)."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Algeria|url=https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/|accessdate=2021-04-10|work=africanrockart.britishmuseum.org|archivedate=2021-07-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719001741/https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/}}</ref> A mara Tassili nke ọma na mmalite narị afọ nke 20, mana e jiri usoro eserese nke ndị agha France, ọkachasị Lieutenant Charles Brenans, mee ka ndị ọdịda anyanwụ mata ya nke ọma n'afọ 1930<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Algeria|url=https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/|accessdate=2021-04-10|work=africanrockart.britishmuseum.org|archivedate=2021-07-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719001741/https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/}}</ref> O wetara onye France bụ ọkà mmụta ihe ochie Henri Lhote, onye mechara lọta n'etiti afọ 1956–1957, 1959, 1962, na 1970.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Henri.|first=Lhote|title=The search for the Tassili frescoes: the story of the prehistoric rock-paintings of the Sahara|date=1973|publisher=Hutchinson|isbn=0-09-112380-1|oclc=667687}}</ref> A katọrọ njem Lhote nke ukwuu, ebe ndị otu ya boro ebubo na ha na-ese foto adịgboroja ma na-emebi ihe osise n'ime ka ha maa mma maka ịchọta na ịse foto, nke mere ka agba ndị mbụ ghara ịrụzi nke ọma.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Jean-Dominique.|first=Lajoux|title=Merveilles du Tassili N'Ajjer|date=1962|publisher=Ed. du Chêne|oclc=604199955}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Keenan|first=Jeremy|title=The lesser gods of the Sahara : social change and contested terrain amongst the Tuareg of Algeria|date=2004|publisher=Frank Cass|isbn=0-203-32762-4|location=London|oclc=62269179}}</ref> === Nkọwa nke ihe mgbe ochie ugbu a === Ebe Tassili dị bụ isi n'oge Neolithic nke ndị otu ndị na-azụ anụ ụlọ transhumant bụ ndị ụdị ndụ ha baara ma ụmụ mmadụ ma anụ ụlọ uru. Ọdịdị ala obodo, ịdị elu, na akụrụngwa sitere n'okike bụ ọnọdụ kacha mma maka ịma ụlọikwuu n'oge ọkọchị nke obere ìgwè. Osimiri dị n'ime ugwu ahụ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ụzọ dị n'etiti ugwu ndị dị n'okwute na ala ndị dị larịị nke ájá. Ugwu ndị dị n'elu nwere ihe akaebe ihe ochie nke na-egosi na e bibiri ha site na 5500 ruo 1500 Tupu Oge Anyị, ebe ala ndị dị larịị nwere nkume tumuli na ebe ọkụ dị n'agbata 6000 na 4000 Tupu Oge Anyị. O yiri ka e jirila ebe ndị dị n'ala dị larịị mee ebe obibi, karịsịa n'oge mmiri ozuzo.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=December 2005|title=Saharan Rock Art: Archaeology of Tassilian Pastoralist Iconography. Augustin F. C. Holl|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/jar.61.4.3631543|journal=Journal of Anthropological Research|volume=61|issue=4|pages=541–542|doi=10.1086/jar.61.4.3631543|issn=0091-7710|accessdate=2021-04-10}}</ref> E nwere ọtụtụ ebe obibi nkume n'ime ọhịa ájá ájá, nke jupụtara na ihe ochie Neolithic gụnyere ite seramiiki na ite ite, isi akụ lithic, efere na igwe nri, bidịị, na ọla.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf|title=Rock Art of the Tassili n Ajjer, Algeria|publisher=Africanrockart.org|accessdate=February 7, 2017|archivedate=September 30, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930123103/https://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf}}</ref> Mgbanwe gaa n'ịzụ anụmanụ mgbe oge Omimi Afrịka n'oge mbụ Holocene pụtara ìhè na ndekọ ihe ochie nke Tassili n'Ajjer, nka nkume, na nkà mmụta ihe ochie nke anụmanụ. Ọzọkwa, nnweta Tassili bụ akụkụ nke mmegharị buru ibu na mgbanwe ihu igwe n'ime Central Sahara. Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na gburugburu ebe obibi malitere na Central Sahara ihe dị ka 14,000 BP wee gaa n'ihu n'oge ọkọchị nke butere obere ebe obibi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Soukopova|first=Jitka|date=January 2011|title=The Earliest Rock Paintings of the Central Sahara: Approaching Interpretation|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/175169711x12961583765333|journal=Time and Mind|volume=4|issue=2|pages=193–216|doi=10.2752/175169711x12961583765333|issn=1751-696X|accessdate=2021-04-10}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, ihu igwe adịghị otu ebe, e kewara Sahara n'etiti ala kpọrọ nkụ na ugwu ndị dị mmiri mmiri. Ihe ndị e gwupụtara n'ala na-egosi na ndị mmadụ bi n'ime ha, n'ụdị ìgwè ndị na-achụ nta, dị n'agbata 10,000 na 7500 BP; mgbe 7500 BP gasịrị, ụmụ mmadụ malitere ịhazi onwe ha n'ìgwè ndị na-azụ atụrụ iji zaa ajụjụ maka ọnọdụ ihu igwe na-akawanye njọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fagan|first=Brian M.|date=1967|title=Radiocarbon Dates for Sub-Saharan Africa: V|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/179834|journal=The Journal of African History|volume=8|issue=3|pages=513–527|doi=10.1017/S0021853700007994|issn=0021-8537|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> E nwere oge ọkọchị site na 7900 na 7200 BP na Tassili<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Messili|first=Lamia|date=2013|title=Direct 14C Dating of Early and Mid-Holocene Saharan Pottery|url=https://hal.science/hal-02351870|journal=Radiocarbon|language=en|volume=55|issue=3|pages=1391–1402|doi=10.1017/S0033822200048323|issn=0033-8222|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> nke mere tupu e nwee ìgwè ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ mbụ, nke kwekọrọ n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke mpaghara Sahara-Sahelian.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Garcea|first=Elena A.A.|date=2016|title=High-Precision Radiocarbon Dating Application to Multi-proxy Organic Materials From Late Foraging To Early Pastoral Sites In Upper Nubia, Sudan|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44296870|journal=[[Journal of African Archaeology]]|volume=14|issue=1|pages=83–98|doi=10.3213/2191-5784-10282|issn=1612-1651|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> E gwupụtara ite tupu e jiri Pastoral rụọ ọrụ na Tassili ihe dị ka 9,000–8,500 BP, ebe ite Pastoral sitere na 7100–6000 BP.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Messili|first=Lamia|date=2013|title=Direct 14 C Dating of Early and Mid-Holocene Saharan Pottery|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02351870|journal=Radiocarbon|volume=55|issue=3|pages=1391–1402|doi=10.1017/S0033822200048323|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> A na-eji ihe osise nkume dị na Tassili eme ihe na ebe ndị ọzọ, gụnyere Dhar Tichitt na Mauritania,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Holl|first=Augustin F. C.|date=2002|title=Time, Space, and Image Making: Rock Art from the Dhar Tichitt (Mauritania)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25130740|journal=The African Archaeological Review|volume=19|issue=2|pages=75–118|doi=10.1023/A:1015479826570|issn=0263-0338|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> iji mụọ mmepe nke ịzụ anụmanụ na njem ndị si mba ọzọ gaa mba ndị dị n'ebe ugwu Afrịka. A na-azụ ehi n'ebe dị iche iche n'oge dị ka afọ 3000 ruo 2000 Tupu Oge Anyị, nke na-egosi mmalite na mgbasa nke ọrụ nlekọta anụmanụ n'ógbè ahụ. Nke a sochiri ịnyịnya (tupu afọ 1000 Tupu Oge Anyị) wee soro kamel n'ime puku afọ na-esote.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=LAMP|first=FREDERICK JOHN|date=2011|title=Ancient Terracotta Figures from Northern Nigeria|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41421509|journal=Yale University Art Gallery Bulletin|pages=48–57|issn=0084-3539|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> Mbịarute nke kamel na-egosi mmụba nke azụmaahịa trans-Saharan, ebe ọ bụ na a na-ejikarị kamel eme njem n'ụgbọ okporo ígwè azụmaahịa. === Ihe osise tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme === Nha nkume a bụ ebe e ji ihe ochie rụọ, nke a maara maka ọtụtụ ọrụ nka nkume nke e ji nkume rụọ tupu oge ochie, nke e dere na mbụ n'afọ 1910,<ref name="brit">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tassili-n-Ajjer|title=Tassili-n-Ajjer|publisher=britannica|accessdate=February 7, 2017|archivedate=May 29, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529043147/https://www.britannica.com/place/Tassili-n-Ajjer}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/place/Tassili-n-Ajjer "Tassili-n-Ajjer"]. </cite></ref> nke ahụ malitere na mmalite oge Neolithic na njedebe nke oge oyi ikpeazụ nke Sahara bụ ebe obibi nke ọma karịa ọzara dị ugbu a. Ọ bụ ezie na isi mmalite dị iche iche, a na-eche na ihe osise mbụ dị afọ 12,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.africanworldheritagesites.org/cultural-places/rock-art-pre-history/tassili-najjer.html|title=Tassili N'Ajjer (Algeria)|publisher=Africanworldheritagesites.org|accessdate=February 7, 2017|archivedate=October 17, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017081659/http://africanworldheritagesites.org/cultural-places/rock-art-pre-history/tassili-najjer.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf|title=Rock Art of the Tassili n Ajjer, Algeria|author=David Coulson|publisher=Africanrockart.org|accessdate=2021-08-18|archivedate=2019-09-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930123103/https://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf}}</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime ha malitere n'afọ nke itoolu na nke iri nke narị afọ iri na itoolu nke afọ iri na itoolu nke afọ iri na itoolu nke afọ iri na itoolu nke afọ iri na itoolu ma ọ bụ karịa, dịka OSL si kwuo.<ref name="Mercier_OSLdating">{{Cite journal|title=OSL dating of quaternary deposits associated with the parietal art of the Tassili-n-Ajjer plateau (Central Sahara)|journal=Quaternary Geochronology|date=July 2012|volume=10|pages=367–373|doi=10.1016/j.quageo.2011.11.010|author=Mercier|first=Norbert}}</ref> E ji ihe osise ahụ mee ihe ochie site n'ịchịkọta obere iberibe nke ihe osise ndị kpọrọ nkụ ma gbajie agbawa tupu e lie ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Smith|first=Andrew B.|date=1992|title=Origins and Spread of Pastoralism in Africa|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2155983|journal=Annual Review of Anthropology|volume=21|pages=125–141|doi=10.1146/annurev.an.21.100192.001013|issn=0084-6570|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> N'ime ihe osise puku iri na ise e dekọrọ ruo ugbu a, ndị a na-egosi bụ nnukwu anụ ọhịa dịka ele na agụ iyi, ehi, na ụmụ mmadụ ndị na-eme ihe omume dịka ịchụ nta na ịgba egwu.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor=Scheffel|location=United States of America|pages=371–372}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFScheffelWernet1980">Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. </cite></ref> Ihe osise ndị a bụ ụfọdụ n'ime ihe osise mbụ nke ndị omenkà Central Sahara mere, ha na-emekwa n'ebe kachasị na Tassili.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Soukopova|first=Jitka|date=January 2011|title=The Earliest Rock Paintings of the Central Sahara: Approaching Interpretation|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/175169711x12961583765333|journal=Time and Mind|volume=4|issue=2|pages=193–216|doi=10.2752/175169711x12961583765333|issn=1751-696X|accessdate=2021-04-10}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSoukopova2011">Soukopova, Jitka (January 2011). </cite></ref> Ọ bụ ezie na Algeria dị nso na Iberian Peninsula, ihe osise nkume nke Tassili n'Ajjer gbanwere iche na nke omenala ndị Europe.<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 2000|title=African Rock Art: Tassili-n-Ajjer (?8000 B.C.-?)|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/tass/hd_tass.htm|accessdate=2021-03-05|work=www.metmuseum.org|archivedate=2021-03-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305212257/https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/tass/hd_tass.htm}}</ref> Dịka UNESCO si kwuo, "Ọtụtụ ihe osise na ihe osise dị iche iche... emeela ka Tassili bụrụ ihe a ma ama n'ụwa niile."<ref name="UNESCO">{{Cite web|title=Tassili n'Ajer|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|accessdate=7 March 2013|archivedate=22 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522030003/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179}}</ref> Dịka ebe ndị Sahara ndị ọzọ nwere ihe osise nkume, enwere ike kewaa Tassili n'ime omenala ise dị iche iche: Archaic (10,000 ruo 7500 Tupu Oge Anyị) Isi Gburugburu (7550 ruo 5050 Tupu Oge Anyị), Bovidian ma ọ bụ Pastoral (4500 ruo 4000 Tupu Oge Anyị), Ịnyịnya (site na 2000 Tupu Oge Anyị na 50 Tupu Oge Anyị), na Kamel (1000 Tupu Oge Anyị na 1000 Tupu Oge Anyị na 1000 Tupu Oge Anyị). Oge ochie bụ nke anụ ọhịa bi na Sahara n'oge Holocene mbụ. A na-akpọ ọrụ ndị a ndị dinta na-achịkọta ihe, nke nwere naanị ihe e ji kpụọ ihe. Ihe onyonyo bụ nke anụmanụ buru ibu, nke e sere n'ụzọ okike, ya na usoro geometric mgbe ụfọdụ na ọdịdị mmadụ. A na-ahụkarị ụmụ mmadụ na anụmanụ n'ime ebe ịchụ nta. A na-ejikọta Oge Round Head na nhọrọ ejiji ụfọdụ na-egosi ụdị mmadụ ma kewapụ ya nke ọma na ọdịnala Archaic ọ bụ ezie na ndị na-achụ nta na ndị na'achịkọta ihe bụ ndị na-ese ihe maka ha abụọ. Ihe osise ahụ nwere ihe osise, na ụfọdụ n'ime ihe osise nkume kachasị ochie na nke kachasị ukwuu n'Africa; otu onye guzo karịa mita ise na nke ọzọ na mita atọ na ọkara. Ihe ngosi pụrụ iche nke ndị na-ese n'elu mmiri nwere isi dị gburugburu, isi na-enweghị ihe ngosi na ahụ na-enweghị ọdịdị yiri ka ha na-ese na nkume, ya mere akara "Round Head". Ihe osise na ihe osise ndị a na-elekwasị anya n'ebe ụfọdụ dị na mbara ala ahụ, na-egosi na ebe ndị a bụ etiti ememe, ememe, na ememe.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Algeria|url=https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/|accessdate=2021-04-10|work=africanrockart.britishmuseum.org|archivedate=2021-07-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719001741/https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/ "Algeria"]. </cite></ref> Ọtụtụ anụmanụ ndị a na-egosi bụ mouflon na antelope, na-anọkarị n'ọnọdụ kwụ otu ebe nke na-adịghị egosi na ọ bụ akụkụ nke ebe ịchụ nta. Oge ndị Bovidian/Ọrụ Ndị Nkịtị na-ejikọta na mbata nke ehi ndị a na-azụ n'ụlọ na Sahara na mgbanwe nwayọọ nwayọọ gaa na ịzụ anụ ụlọ na-agagharị agagharị. E nwere ihe dị iche n'etiti oge ọzụzụ atụrụ na oge abụọ gara aga, nke dabara na mbibi nke Sahara. E nwere mmụba nke ụdị ejiji, nke na-egosi mmegharị nke otu omenala dị iche iche n'ime mpaghara ahụ. A na-egosi anụmanụ ndị a na-azụ n'ụlọ dịka ehi, atụrụ, ewu, na nkịta, nke yiri ihe ndekọ ihe ochie nke ebe ahụ. Ihe ndị a na-egosi obodo dị iche iche nke ndị na-azụ anụ, ndị dinta ji ụta, tinyere ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka, ma na-egosi mmụba nke ọha mmadụ dabere na ihe onwunwe. Omenala Ịnyịnya ndị a kwekọrọ na mbibi zuru oke nke Sahara na ihe achọrọ maka ụzọ njem ọhụrụ. A na-egosi ọbịbịa nke ịnyịnya, ụgbọ ịnyịnya na-adọkpụ, na ndị na-agba ịnyịnya, ọtụtụ mgbe n'etiti ịgba ọsọ, a na-ejikọtakwa ya na ịchụ nta karịa agha.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Algeria|url=https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/|accessdate=2021-04-10|work=africanrockart.britishmuseum.org|archivedate=2021-07-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719001741/https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/}}</ref> Ihe odide nke mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Libya-Berber, nke ndị nna ochie Berber ji mee ihe, dị n'akụkụ ihe oyiyi ndị ahụ, agbanyeghị, ederede ahụ enweghị ike nkọwa kpamkpam. A na-akọwa oge ikpeazụ site na ọdịdị nke kamel, nke nọchiri ịnyịnya ibu na ehi dị ka ụzọ isi ebuga ndị mmadụ n'ofe Sahara. Mbido nke kamel na-adaba na mmepe nke ụzọ azụmaahịa dị anya nke ndị njem na-eji ebuga nnu, ngwongwo, na ndị ohu gafee Sahara. Ndị ikom, ma ndị nọ n'elu ịnyịnya ma ndị a na-ebupụ, nwere ọta, ube, na mma agha. A gụnyere anụmanụ dịka ehi na ewu, mana e ji anụ ọhịa mee ihe n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma. Ọ bụ ezie na oge ndị a na-esochi onwe ha, oge ndị a na-agbanwe agbanwe ma ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie na-ewughachi ha mgbe niile ka teknụzụ na nkọwa na-etolite. Ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie na-akọpụta ihe osise ahụ kemgbe ụwa, ha na-anakọta iberibe na ihe ndị dara ada n'elu nkume ahụ. [[Faịlụ:Running_Horned_Woman,_6,000–4,000_B.C.E.,_pigment_on_rock,_Tassili_n’Ajjer,_Algeria.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise nkume nke North Africa na-anọchite anya 'chi nwanyị nwere mpi', Aouanrhet, Tassili N' Ajjer, Algeria, oge Round Head.]] Ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ide ihe n'ụlọ akwụkwọ bụ "Nwanyị Na-agba Ọsọ", nke a makwaara dịka "Chi nwanyị nwere mpi", nke sitere na oge isi gburugburu.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Razak|first=Arisika|date=2016-01-01|title=Sacred Women of Africa and the African Diaspora: A Womanist Vision of Black Women 's Bodies and the African Sacred Feminine|journal=International Journal of Transpersonal Studies|volume=35|issue=1|pages=129–147|doi=10.24972/ijts.2016.35.1.129|issn=1321-0122}}</ref> Ihe onyonyo a na-egosi otu nwanyị nwere mpi n'etiti; ntụpọ na-achọ ahụ ya na aka ya mma, o yikwara uwe aka ya dị warara, uwe mwụda, eriri ụkwụ, na nkwonkwo ụkwụ. Dịka Arisika Razak si kwuo, Chi nwanyị nwere mpi nke Tassili bụ ihe atụ mbụ nke "Nwanyị dị nsọ nke Afrịka."<ref name=":3" /> A na-emesi ike na ọ bụ nwanyị, ọmụmụ nwa, na njikọ ya na okike, ebe onye omenkà Neolithic na-etinye onyinyo ahụ n'elu obere ndị ochie. Ojiji nke mpi ehi bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ihe osise isi gbara gburugburu, nke na-egosi njikọta nke ehi ndị a na-azụ n'ụlọ na ndụ kwa ụbọchị nke Sahara. Foto ehi, ọkachasị nke oké ehi,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=JELÍNEK|first=JAN|title=Afarrh and the Origin of the Saharan Cattle Domestication|date=1982|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26293061|journal=Anthropologie (1962-)|volume=20|issue=1|pages=71–75|issn=0323-1119|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> ghọrọ isi okwu na ọ bụghị naanị na Tassili, kamakwa na ebe ndị ọzọ dị nso na Libya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=di Lernia|first=Savino|date=2011|title=Working in a UNESCO WH Site. Problems and Practices on the Rock Art of Tadrart Akakus (SW Libya, Central Sahara)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43135548|journal=Journal of African Archaeology|volume=9|issue=2|pages=159–175|doi=10.3213/2191-5784-10198|issn=1612-1651|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> === Ihe osise nkume Fungoid === Na 1989, onye na-eme nchọpụta banyere ihe ndị na-akpata ọrịa uche Giorgio Samorini tụrụ aro na eserese ndị dị ka fungoid n'ọgba Tassili bụ ihe akaebe nke mmekọrịta ahụ n'etiti ụmụ mmadụ na ndị nwere ọrịa uche n'ime ndị bi na Sahara oge ochie, mgbe ọ ka bụ ala ahịhịa ndụ: Terence McKenna ji echiche a mee ihe ọzọ n'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 1992 bụ́ Food of the Gods, na-ekwu na omenala Neolithic nke bi ebe ahụ jiri ero psilocybin mee ihe dịka akụkụ nke usoro ndụ okpukperechi, na-ekwu maka ihe osise nkume nke na-egosi ndị mmadụ ji ihe ndị dị ka ero n'aka ha, yana ero ndị na-eto site n'ahụ ha.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Food of the Gods|author=McKenna|first=Terence|publisher=Bantam Books|year=1992|isbn=978-0-553-07868-8|location=United States and Canada|pages=72, 73}}</ref> Maka Henri Lhote, onye chọpụtara ọgba Tassili na ngwụcha afọ 1950, o doro anya na ha bụ ebe nsọ nzuzo. Ihe osise kacha akwado echiche ero bụ ihe osise ero Tassili bụ Matalem-Amazar ebe e ji ero kpuchie ahụ onye shaman a na-anọchite anya ya. Dịka Earl Lee si kwuo n'akwụkwọ ya bụ́ ''From the Bodies of the Gods: Psychoactive Plants and the Cults of the Dead'' (2012), Ihe osise a na-ezo aka n'ihe mere n'oge ochie ebe e liri "onye ogbu ero" mgbe o yi uwe ya niile, mgbe e gwupụtara ya n'ala mgbe e mesịrị, obere ero ga-eto n'elu uwe. Earl Lee lere eserese ero na Tassili anya dị ka ihe ezi uche dị na ya. Dịka Brian Akers, onye dere akwụkwọ akụkọ Mushroom si kwuo, ihe osise nkume fungoid dị na Tassili adịghị ka ihe nnọchianya nke Psilocybe hispanica dị na Selva Pascuala caves (2015), ọ naghịkwa ele ya anya dị ka ihe ga-eme eme. == N'omenala a ma ama == * Tassili bụ ebe e dekọrọ egwu na aha abọm Tuareg nke afọ 2011 nke otu egwu Tinariwen. * Egwu Tassili Plain bụ egwu dị na abọm Natural Wonders of the World nke afọ 1994 na Dub nke otu Zion Train dere. * Na Fate/Extella: The Umbral Star, agwa Altera bụ n'ezie ụdị chi a maara dị ka Sefar, nke dabere na otu n'ime eserese e sere n'ọgba ahụ ma a makwaara ya n'akụkọ ahụ dịka The White Titan nke Tassili n'Ajjer == Ihe ngosi == === Ihe osise ndị dị na nkume nke Tin-Taghirt === Ebe Tin-Taghirt dị na Tassili n'Ajjer n'etiti obodo Dider na Iherir.<templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> == Hụkwa == == Ihe edeturu == <gallery mode="heights=&quot;130&quot;"> Faịlụ:TinTaghirtOstrich.jpg|An ostrich Faịlụ:Sleeping_Antelope_Tin_Taghirt.jpg|Sleeping antelope - also found on the reverse of the 1000 Algerian dinar banknote Faịlụ:Bubalus_Tin_Taghirt.jpg|''Bubalus antiquus'' Faịlụ:TinTaghirtFootprints.jpg|Footprints Faịlụ:TinTaghirtHumanBeings.jpg|Human beings </gallery><templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> * [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179/video Vidio] * [http://naturalarches.org/tassili/ Ogidi ndị sitere n'okike nke Tassili n'Ajjer] * Flore et faune du Tassili n'Ajjer, 2023, French, illustrated. Akụkụ 1: Ihe ngosi, ala, anụmanụ [https://s2hnh.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Flore-et-faune-du-Tassili-nAjjer_part1.pdf], * Flora na fauna nke Tassili n'Ajjer, Akụkụ 2: Flora [https://s2hnh.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Flore-et-faune-du-Tassili-nAjjer_part2.pdf] * Foto nke osisi cypress nke Sahara (''Cupressus dupreziana'') iNaturalist[https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/136175-Cupressus-dupreziana/browse_photos/ Onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị e kere eke] * Foto nke Saharan myrtle (''Myrtus nivellei'') iNaturalist[https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/1082910-Myrtus-nivellei/browse_photos/ Onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị e kere eke] == Edensibia == == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Bahn, Paul G. (1998) The ''Cambridge Illustrated History of Prehistoric Art'' Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. * Bradley, R (2000) Ihe mgbe ochie nke ebe okike London, Routledge. * Bruce-Lockhart, J na Wright, J (2000) Okporo ụzọ siri ike na nke dị ize ndụ: Njem Hugh Clapperton na Sahara na Fezzan 1822-1825''Okporo ụzọ siri ike ma dị ize ndụ: Njem Hugh Clapperton na Sahara na Fezzan 1822-1825'' * Chippindale, Chris na Tacon, S-C (eds) (1998) The Archaeology of Rock Art Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. * Clottes, J. (2002): World Rock Art Los Angeles: Getty Publications. * Coulson, D, na Campbell, Alec (2001) African Rock Art: Paintings and Engravings on Stone New York, Harry N Abrams. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * Holl, Augustin F.C. (2004) Saharan Rock Art, Archaeology of Tassilian Pastoralist Icongraphy''Ihe osise nkume nke Sahara, Archaeology nke Tassilian Pastoralist Icongraphy'' * Lajoux, Jean-Dominique (1977) Tassili n'Ajjer: Nkà nkume nke Sahara Prehistoric Paris, Le Chêne. * Lajoux, Jean-Dominique (1962), Merveilles du Tassili n'Ajjer (''Ihe osise nkume nke Tassili'' na nsụgharị), Le Chêne, Paris. * Le Quellec, J-L (1998) Nkà na Nkà nke nkume na Prehistory nke Sahara. Le Messak Libyen Paris: Editions Payot et Rivages, Bibliothèque Scientifique Payot. * Lhote, Henri (1959, bipụtara ọzọ 1973) ''The Search for the Tassili Frescoes: Akụkọ banyere ihe osise nkume nke Sahara'' London. * Lhote, Henri (1958, 1973, 1992, 2006) À la découverte des fresques du Tassili, Arthaud, Paris. * Mattingly, D (ed) (na-abịa) The archaeology of the Fezzan. * Muzzolini, A (1997) "Saharan Rock Art", na Vogel, J O (ed) Encyclopedia of Precolonial Africa Walnut Creek: 347-353. * Van Albada, A. na Van Albada. (2000): Ugwu nke Ụmụ Nkịta: Nkà Nkume nke Messak Lybien Paris, Seuil. * Whitley, D S (ed) (2001) Handbook of Rock Art Research New York: Altamira Press. [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] poauyu9fq33xabs7tqg7psmpjsr9l6a 670664 670663 2026-07-01T11:01:40Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 670664 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tassili n'Ajjer''' ([[Amazigh languages|Berber]]: ''Tassili n Ajjer'', Arabic: طاسيلي ناجر, romanized: ṭāssīlī naʾjir; "Plateau of rivers") bụ ugwu dị n'ọzara Sahara, nke dị na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Algeria]]. O nwere otu n'ime otu kachasị mkpa nke nka ọgba tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme n'ụwa<ref name="Unesco">{{Cite web|author=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|title=Tassili n'Ajjer|work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|date=11 Oct 2017|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179/|accessdate=26 December 2019|archivedate=4 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404032753/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179/}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf|title=Rock Art of the Tassili n Ajjer, Algeria|publisher=Africanrockart.org|accessdate=February 7, 2017|archivedate=September 30, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930123103/https://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf}}</ref> ma kpuchiri ebe karịrị 72,000 km2 (28,000 sq mi).<ref name="brit">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tassili-n-Ajjer|title=Tassili-n-Ajjer|publisher=britannica|accessdate=February 7, 2017|archivedate=May 29, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529043147/https://www.britannica.com/place/Tassili-n-Ajjer}}</ref> A kpọpụtala ebe a ka ọ bụrụ ogige mba na ebe nchekwa Biosphere, e wee tinye ya na ndepụta UNESCO nke Ebe Ihe Nketa Ụwa na 1982.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.algeria.com/national-parks/tassili-n-ajjer/|title=Tassili n'Ajjer National Park, Djanet|publisher=Algeria.com|accessdate=February 7, 2017|archivedate=February 8, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208032911/http://www.algeria.com/national-parks/tassili-n-ajjer/}}</ref> Nsụgharị Bekee nke Tassili n'Ajjer bụ 'ala dị larịị nke osimiri'.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Pan-African Congress on Prehistory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m9W0AAAAIAAJ|year=1977|publisher=Kraus Reprint|language=fr|quote=Les eaux de pluie ont raviné les crêtes et ont progressivement entaillé les plateaux, creusant des canyons étroits et profonds aux parois à pic, dont la direction générale est Sud-Nord. C'est d'ailleurs ce qui lui a valu le nom de Tassili-n-Ajjer, nom qui vient des mots touaregs : Tasilé = plateau et gir = rivières, ce qui veut dire : le plateau des rivières. == rainwater gutted the ridges and progressively slashed the plateaus, digging narrow, deep canyons with steep walls, whose general direction is South-North. This is what earned it the name of Tassili-n-Ajjer, name that comes from the Tuareg words: Tasilé = plateau and gir= rivers, which means: the plateau of rivers.|accessdate=2019-08-01}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == [[Faịlụ:Dunes_at_Tassili_n'Ajjer.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Foto si n'elu nke Tassili n'Ajjer]] Tassili n'Ajjer is a plateau in south-eastern [[Algeria]] at the borders of [[Libya]] and [[Niger]], covering an area of 72,000&nbsp;km².<ref name="Unesco">{{Cite web|author=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|title=Tassili n'Ajjer|work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|date=11 Oct 2017|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179/|accessdate=26 December 2019|archivedate=4 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404032753/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179/}}</ref> Ọ na-eru 26°20'N 5°00'E site n'ọwụwa anyanwụ-ndịda-ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo 24°00'N 10°00'E. Ebe kachasị elu ya bụ Adrar Afao nke dị elu na 2,158 m (7,080 ft), dị na 25°10'N 8°11'E. Obodo ndị kacha nso bụ Djanet dị na nsọtụ ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ na Illizi dị na nsọtụ ugwu. Ala dị larịị ahụ nwere mmasị dị ukwuu na ihe gbasara ala na ịma mma. Ọdịdị ya nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ala nke nwere oke ọhịa nkume, nke e ji ájá ájá gbajiri agbaji mee, yiri ala ọnwa ma nwee ọtụtụ ụdị nka nkume.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.archmillennium.net/tassili_national_park.htm|title=Tassili National Park, Sahara Algeria|publisher=Archmillennium.net|accessdate=2012-12-16|archivedate=2020-09-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920102632/http://www.archmillennium.net/tassili_national_park.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Willcox|first=A. R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qilKDwAAQBAJ&q=san+bushmen+Tassili+n%E2%80%99Ajjer&pg=PP16|title=The Rock Art of Africa|date=2018-01-29|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-315-51535-9|language=en|accessdate=2020-12-09}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == Ihe mejupụtara ihe owuwu a bụ aja okwute.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor=Scheffel|location=United States of America|pages=371–372}}</ref> Desert varnish tere aja okwute ahụ, obere mpụta nke metallic oxides nke na-agba agba dị iche iche site na oji ruo na ọbara ọbara na-adịghị mma, agba nkume ndị ahụ.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Mbuze n'ógbè ahụ emeela ka e nwee ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ narị nkume 300 e ji aka mee n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ, tinyere nnukwu olulu mmiri na ọdọ mmiri na-adịgide adịgide n'ebe ugwu. [[Faịlụ:West_African_Craton.svg|áká_èkpè|thumb|West African Craton, Tuareg Shield na East Sahara Metacraton]] Ihe mkpuchi Tuareg, mkpokọta nke terranes nke mepụtara n'oge Neoproterozoic n'etiti afọ 750 na 550 nde gara aga, gụnyere mpaghara Ugwu Ahaggar nke oge a na Algeria, Ugwu Aïr na Niger, na Adrar des Ifoghas na Mali. N'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ dị Craton nke ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka, n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ bụ Saharan Metacraton. Ọ gbasaa site na accretion n'ebe ugwu na ndịda, nke mere na ọ gụnyekwara mpaghara Tassili n'Ajjer nke oge a. N'oge a, nnukwu kọntinent ahụ Gondwana pụtara, nke gụnyekwara craton na ọta niile nke ihe ga-emesịa ghọọ Afrịka. N'oge Cambrian nke sochirinụ (afọ 541 ruo nde 485 gara aga), e guzobere nkwụnye mbụ nke sediment ka dị taa na mpaghara Tassili n'Ajjer. N'oge a, Gondwana si n'ógbè Equatorial gaa na ndịda hemisphere, nke mere na mpaghara Sahara dị na mpaghara South Pole n'oge Upper Ordovician (afọ 458 ruo 443 nde gara aga). Ná ngwụcha oge a, oge ice 'Hirnantian' jupụtara ruo otu nde afọ. E nwere mpempe akwụkwọ ice, nke gbasara ọtụtụ akụkụ ugwu Afrịka.[a] Na mbido oge Silurian (malite na nde afọ 443 gara aga), ihu igwe ụwa gbanwere, mee ka ice nke Tuareg Shield gbazee. Nke a hapụrụ ọwa mmiri gbazere agbaze nke kpụrụ n'okpuru ice. Nke a mechara guzobe usoro mmụta ala nke Inner Tassili Group. Ihe mejupụtara ya bụ ájá na ụfọdụ oyi akwa nke ụrọ. [[Faịlụ:Diagrams_geology_Tassili_n'Ajjer.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise abụọ na-egosi ọdịdị ala nke Tassili n'Ajjer]] N'oge Silurian na Devonian, mmebi iwu (mmalite nke oké osimiri) site n'ebe ugwu na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ kpuchiri nnukwu ebe dị na Sahara site na iji akwa ájá ndị ọzọ. N'oge ahụ, Tassili n'Ajjer bụ ala mmiri dị nso n'ụsọ oké osimiri, wee mechaa ghọọ ala mmiri mmiri. N'oge Silurian, E guzobere usoro nhazi nke Intra Tassili Group, nke nwere ọtụtụ ụrọ  nke e ji ihe ndị dị ndụ mee na ụfọdụ nkume ájá. N'oge Devonian, e guzobere otu Tassili nke dị n'èzí, nke nwere ọtụtụ nkume ájá tinyere ụrọ nwere macrofauna na ụfọdụ nkume limestone. Ọ bụ site na usoro abụọ a nke oge Silurian na Devonian ka mmanụ ala si dị a na-ewepụtakwa ma na-aga n'ihu na-emepụta gas sitere n'okike na Illizi Basin, n'ebe ugwu Illizi. N'ime afọ nde 200 sochirinụ, mpaghara a nọgidere na-abụ ala dị jụụ, dịkwa larịị nke na-enweghị nnukwu mgbanwe ma ọ bụ sedimentation. - Ikekwe n'oge Cretaceous, mana karịsịa kemgbe Miocene (afọ 23 ruo 5,3 nde gara aga), Tuareg Shield malitere ịgbapụta n'ihi magmatic mmụba. Elu elu dị na mpaghara Ahaggar mechara ruo mita 4,000 ruo 5,000. Ó metụtakwara mpaghara Tassili n'Ajjer, ebe elu ya mere ka oyi akwa ya gbadaa n'ebe ugwu. N'akụkụ elu ugwu ahụ, ọtụtụ basin guzobere n'ebe ugwu na ndịda nke Tuareg Shield, nke jere ozi ugbu a dị ka ebe a na-edebe ihe mkpofu maka ihe mkpofu ndị mebiri emebi, dịka ọmụmaatụ Illizi Basin. Karịsịa na Miocene, akwa sedimentary nke Mpụga Tassili (usoro oyi akwa kachasị elu) gbawara kpamkpam n'akụkụ ndịda na ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Tassili n'Ajjer. N'akụkụ ugwu, n'elu ala nke otu oyi akwa a, usoro osimiri ahụ gwuru ruo mita 400 n'ime ájá na ájá ájá n'ihi oke mgbanwe ugbu a.<ref name="Busche" /> Nnukwu mgbanwe ikpeazụ nke ala mere n'oge Pliocene (5,3 ruo 2,58 nde afọ gara aga). Ugwu na-agbọpụta ọkụ kpuchiri mpaghara Adrar dị na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Tassili n'Ajjer na oghere, cones volcanic, na ọwara na-asọ. Ọganihu a gara n'ihu n'oge Quaternary. {{Saharan rock art}} === Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi === Tassili n'Ajjer dị n'ime oke ọhịa ugwu nke dị na ọdịda anyanwụ Saharan nke dị n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ. N'ihi elu dị elu nke mpaghara ahụ, tinyere ihe ndị na-ejide mmiri nke nkume ájá ya, Ahịhịa dị n'ebe a dị ntakịrị ka ahịhịa ma nwee akwụkwọ ndụ karịa na mpaghara ala nke ọzara; nke a na-emepụta ebe obibi mara mma maka ọtụtụ anụmanụ, site na obere invertebrates, ruo nri ruo anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara. Ogige ntụrụndụ a nwere oke ọhịa mepere emepe, nke gụnyere Saịprọs Sahara na myrtle Saharan nọ n'ihe ize ndụ ma dịkwa ize ndụ, n'ọkara ọwụwa anyanwụ ya dị elu.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor=Scheffel|location=United States of America|pages=371–372}}</ref> Osisi cypress Tassili bụ otu n'ime osisi na ihe ndị dị ndụ kacha ogologo n'ụwa, mgbe osisi pine bristlecone nke Western US gasịrị.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf|title=Rock Art of the Tassili n Ajjer, Algeria|publisher=Africanrockart.org|accessdate=February 7, 2017|archivedate=September 30, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930123103/https://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf}}</ref> Ndị bi n'ebe dị iche iche nke agụ iyi ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka dị ndụ na Tassili n'Ajjer ruo narị afọ nke iri abụọ; Taa, a na-ahụkarị ụdị ihe a n'ebe okpomọkụ na ndịda Sahara nke Ọdịda Anyanwụ na Etiti Afrịka, site na Senegal ruo [[Chad]]. Aoudad, ma ọ bụ Barbary sheep, bụ naanị ụdị anụmanụ dị ugbu a nke e sere n'ihe osise nkume ochie nke mpaghara ahụ.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor=Scheffel|location=United States of America|pages=371–372}}</ref> A kpọrọ ogige ntụrụndụ a Mkpa Nnụnụ (IBA) site n'aka BirdLife International n'ihi na ọ na-akwado ọtụtụ ndị bi na ahụrụ a chara acha na Ahịa Lichtenstein, Fero ugo - ikwiikwii, nnukwu hoopoe - larks, bar-tailed na desert larks, pale rock martins, fullyous babblers, okpueze ọcha na witi na-eru uju, nza desert na trumpeter finches.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/parc-national-du-tassili-najjer-iba-algeria|title=Parc National du Tassili N'Ajjer|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2024|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=2024-10-26}}</ref> == Nkà mmụta ihe ochie == === Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga === Kemgbe afọ 1863, ndị Yuropu na-eme nnyocha banyere ihe osise nkume nke ndị Algeria, ebe ndị mere nyocha ahụ bụ "A. Pomel (1893–1898), Stéphane Gsell (1901–1927), G. B. M. Flamand (1892–1921), Leo Frobenius and Hugo Obermaier (1925), Henri Breuil (1931–1957), L. Joleaud (1918–1938), na Raymond Vaufrey (1935–1955)."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Algeria|url=https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/|accessdate=2021-04-10|work=africanrockart.britishmuseum.org|archivedate=2021-07-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719001741/https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/}}</ref> A mara Tassili nke ọma na mmalite narị afọ nke 20, mana e jiri usoro eserese nke ndị agha France, ọkachasị Lieutenant Charles Brenans, mee ka ndị ọdịda anyanwụ mata ya nke ọma n'afọ 1930<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Algeria|url=https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/|accessdate=2021-04-10|work=africanrockart.britishmuseum.org|archivedate=2021-07-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719001741/https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/}}</ref> O wetara onye France bụ ọkà mmụta ihe ochie Henri Lhote, onye mechara lọta n'etiti afọ 1956–1957, 1959, 1962, na 1970.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Henri.|first=Lhote|title=The search for the Tassili frescoes: the story of the prehistoric rock-paintings of the Sahara|date=1973|publisher=Hutchinson|isbn=0-09-112380-1|oclc=667687}}</ref> A katọrọ njem Lhote nke ukwuu, ebe ndị otu ya boro ebubo na ha na-ese foto adịgboroja ma na-emebi ihe osise n'ime ka ha maa mma maka ịchọta na ịse foto, nke mere ka agba ndị mbụ ghara ịrụzi nke ọma.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Jean-Dominique.|first=Lajoux|title=Merveilles du Tassili N'Ajjer|date=1962|publisher=Ed. du Chêne|oclc=604199955}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Keenan|first=Jeremy|title=The lesser gods of the Sahara : social change and contested terrain amongst the Tuareg of Algeria|date=2004|publisher=Frank Cass|isbn=0-203-32762-4|location=London|oclc=62269179}}</ref> === Nkọwa nke ihe mgbe ochie ugbu a === Ebe Tassili dị bụ isi n'oge Neolithic nke ndị otu ndị na-azụ anụ ụlọ transhumant bụ ndị ụdị ndụ ha baara ma ụmụ mmadụ ma anụ ụlọ uru. Ọdịdị ala obodo, ịdị elu, na akụrụngwa sitere n'okike bụ ọnọdụ kacha mma maka ịma ụlọikwuu n'oge ọkọchị nke obere ìgwè. Osimiri dị n'ime ugwu ahụ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ụzọ dị n'etiti ugwu ndị dị n'okwute na ala ndị dị larịị nke ájá. Ugwu ndị dị n'elu nwere ihe akaebe ihe ochie nke na-egosi na e bibiri ha site na 5500 ruo 1500 Tupu Oge Anyị, ebe ala ndị dị larịị nwere nkume tumuli na ebe ọkụ dị n'agbata 6000 na 4000 Tupu Oge Anyị. O yiri ka e jirila ebe ndị dị n'ala dị larịị mee ebe obibi, karịsịa n'oge mmiri ozuzo.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=December 2005|title=Saharan Rock Art: Archaeology of Tassilian Pastoralist Iconography. Augustin F. C. Holl|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/jar.61.4.3631543|journal=Journal of Anthropological Research|volume=61|issue=4|pages=541–542|doi=10.1086/jar.61.4.3631543|issn=0091-7710|accessdate=2021-04-10}}</ref> E nwere ọtụtụ ebe obibi nkume n'ime ọhịa ájá ájá, nke jupụtara na ihe ochie Neolithic gụnyere ite seramiiki na ite ite, isi akụ lithic, efere na igwe nri, bidịị, na ọla.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf|title=Rock Art of the Tassili n Ajjer, Algeria|publisher=Africanrockart.org|accessdate=February 7, 2017|archivedate=September 30, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930123103/https://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf}}</ref> Mgbanwe gaa n'ịzụ anụmanụ mgbe oge Omimi Afrịka n'oge mbụ Holocene pụtara ìhè na ndekọ ihe ochie nke Tassili n'Ajjer, nka nkume, na nkà mmụta ihe ochie nke anụmanụ. Ọzọkwa, nnweta Tassili bụ akụkụ nke mmegharị buru ibu na mgbanwe ihu igwe n'ime Central Sahara. Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na gburugburu ebe obibi malitere na Central Sahara ihe dị ka 14,000 BP wee gaa n'ihu n'oge ọkọchị nke butere obere ebe obibi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Soukopova|first=Jitka|date=January 2011|title=The Earliest Rock Paintings of the Central Sahara: Approaching Interpretation|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/175169711x12961583765333|journal=Time and Mind|volume=4|issue=2|pages=193–216|doi=10.2752/175169711x12961583765333|issn=1751-696X|accessdate=2021-04-10}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, ihu igwe adịghị otu ebe, e kewara Sahara n'etiti ala kpọrọ nkụ na ugwu ndị dị mmiri mmiri. Ihe ndị e gwupụtara n'ala na-egosi na ndị mmadụ bi n'ime ha, n'ụdị ìgwè ndị na-achụ nta, dị n'agbata 10,000 na 7500 BP; mgbe 7500 BP gasịrị, ụmụ mmadụ malitere ịhazi onwe ha n'ìgwè ndị na-azụ atụrụ iji zaa ajụjụ maka ọnọdụ ihu igwe na-akawanye njọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fagan|first=Brian M.|date=1967|title=Radiocarbon Dates for Sub-Saharan Africa: V|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/179834|journal=The Journal of African History|volume=8|issue=3|pages=513–527|doi=10.1017/S0021853700007994|issn=0021-8537|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> E nwere oge ọkọchị site na 7900 na 7200 BP na Tassili<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Messili|first=Lamia|date=2013|title=Direct 14C Dating of Early and Mid-Holocene Saharan Pottery|url=https://hal.science/hal-02351870|journal=Radiocarbon|language=en|volume=55|issue=3|pages=1391–1402|doi=10.1017/S0033822200048323|issn=0033-8222|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> nke mere tupu e nwee ìgwè ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ mbụ, nke kwekọrọ n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke mpaghara Sahara-Sahelian.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Garcea|first=Elena A.A.|date=2016|title=High-Precision Radiocarbon Dating Application to Multi-proxy Organic Materials From Late Foraging To Early Pastoral Sites In Upper Nubia, Sudan|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44296870|journal=[[Journal of African Archaeology]]|volume=14|issue=1|pages=83–98|doi=10.3213/2191-5784-10282|issn=1612-1651|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> E gwupụtara ite tupu e jiri Pastoral rụọ ọrụ na Tassili ihe dị ka 9,000–8,500 BP, ebe ite Pastoral sitere na 7100–6000 BP.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Messili|first=Lamia|date=2013|title=Direct 14 C Dating of Early and Mid-Holocene Saharan Pottery|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02351870|journal=Radiocarbon|volume=55|issue=3|pages=1391–1402|doi=10.1017/S0033822200048323|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> A na-eji ihe osise nkume dị na Tassili eme ihe na ebe ndị ọzọ, gụnyere Dhar Tichitt na Mauritania,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Holl|first=Augustin F. C.|date=2002|title=Time, Space, and Image Making: Rock Art from the Dhar Tichitt (Mauritania)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25130740|journal=The African Archaeological Review|volume=19|issue=2|pages=75–118|doi=10.1023/A:1015479826570|issn=0263-0338|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> iji mụọ mmepe nke ịzụ anụmanụ na njem ndị si mba ọzọ gaa mba ndị dị n'ebe ugwu Afrịka. A na-azụ ehi n'ebe dị iche iche n'oge dị ka afọ 3000 ruo 2000 Tupu Oge Anyị, nke na-egosi mmalite na mgbasa nke ọrụ nlekọta anụmanụ n'ógbè ahụ. Nke a sochiri ịnyịnya (tupu afọ 1000 Tupu Oge Anyị) wee soro kamel n'ime puku afọ na-esote.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=LAMP|first=FREDERICK JOHN|date=2011|title=Ancient Terracotta Figures from Northern Nigeria|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41421509|journal=Yale University Art Gallery Bulletin|pages=48–57|issn=0084-3539|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> Mbịarute nke kamel na-egosi mmụba nke azụmaahịa trans-Saharan, ebe ọ bụ na a na-ejikarị kamel eme njem n'ụgbọ okporo ígwè azụmaahịa. === Ihe osise tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme === Nha nkume a bụ ebe e ji ihe ochie rụọ, nke a maara maka ọtụtụ ọrụ nka nkume nke e ji nkume rụọ tupu oge ochie, nke e dere na mbụ n'afọ 1910,<ref name="brit">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tassili-n-Ajjer|title=Tassili-n-Ajjer|publisher=britannica|accessdate=February 7, 2017|archivedate=May 29, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529043147/https://www.britannica.com/place/Tassili-n-Ajjer}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/place/Tassili-n-Ajjer "Tassili-n-Ajjer"]. </cite></ref> nke ahụ malitere na mmalite oge Neolithic na njedebe nke oge oyi ikpeazụ nke Sahara bụ ebe obibi nke ọma karịa ọzara dị ugbu a. Ọ bụ ezie na isi mmalite dị iche iche, a na-eche na ihe osise mbụ dị afọ 12,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.africanworldheritagesites.org/cultural-places/rock-art-pre-history/tassili-najjer.html|title=Tassili N'Ajjer (Algeria)|publisher=Africanworldheritagesites.org|accessdate=February 7, 2017|archivedate=October 17, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017081659/http://africanworldheritagesites.org/cultural-places/rock-art-pre-history/tassili-najjer.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf|title=Rock Art of the Tassili n Ajjer, Algeria|author=David Coulson|publisher=Africanrockart.org|accessdate=2021-08-18|archivedate=2019-09-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930123103/https://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf}}</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime ha malitere n'afọ nke itoolu na nke iri nke narị afọ iri na itoolu nke afọ iri na itoolu nke afọ iri na itoolu nke afọ iri na itoolu nke afọ iri na itoolu ma ọ bụ karịa, dịka OSL si kwuo.<ref name="Mercier_OSLdating">{{Cite journal|title=OSL dating of quaternary deposits associated with the parietal art of the Tassili-n-Ajjer plateau (Central Sahara)|journal=Quaternary Geochronology|date=July 2012|volume=10|pages=367–373|doi=10.1016/j.quageo.2011.11.010|author=Mercier|first=Norbert}}</ref> E ji ihe osise ahụ mee ihe ochie site n'ịchịkọta obere iberibe nke ihe osise ndị kpọrọ nkụ ma gbajie agbawa tupu e lie ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Smith|first=Andrew B.|date=1992|title=Origins and Spread of Pastoralism in Africa|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2155983|journal=Annual Review of Anthropology|volume=21|pages=125–141|doi=10.1146/annurev.an.21.100192.001013|issn=0084-6570|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> N'ime ihe osise puku iri na ise e dekọrọ ruo ugbu a, ndị a na-egosi bụ nnukwu anụ ọhịa dịka ele na agụ iyi, ehi, na ụmụ mmadụ ndị na-eme ihe omume dịka ịchụ nta na ịgba egwu.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor=Scheffel|location=United States of America|pages=371–372}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFScheffelWernet1980">Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. </cite></ref> Ihe osise ndị a bụ ụfọdụ n'ime ihe osise mbụ nke ndị omenkà Central Sahara mere, ha na-emekwa n'ebe kachasị na Tassili.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Soukopova|first=Jitka|date=January 2011|title=The Earliest Rock Paintings of the Central Sahara: Approaching Interpretation|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/175169711x12961583765333|journal=Time and Mind|volume=4|issue=2|pages=193–216|doi=10.2752/175169711x12961583765333|issn=1751-696X|accessdate=2021-04-10}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSoukopova2011">Soukopova, Jitka (January 2011). </cite></ref> Ọ bụ ezie na Algeria dị nso na Iberian Peninsula, ihe osise nkume nke Tassili n'Ajjer gbanwere iche na nke omenala ndị Europe.<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 2000|title=African Rock Art: Tassili-n-Ajjer (?8000 B.C.-?)|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/tass/hd_tass.htm|accessdate=2021-03-05|work=www.metmuseum.org|archivedate=2021-03-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305212257/https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/tass/hd_tass.htm}}</ref> Dịka UNESCO si kwuo, "Ọtụtụ ihe osise na ihe osise dị iche iche... emeela ka Tassili bụrụ ihe a ma ama n'ụwa niile."<ref name="UNESCO">{{Cite web|title=Tassili n'Ajer|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|accessdate=7 March 2013|archivedate=22 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522030003/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179}}</ref> Dịka ebe ndị Sahara ndị ọzọ nwere ihe osise nkume, enwere ike kewaa Tassili n'ime omenala ise dị iche iche: Archaic (10,000 ruo 7500 Tupu Oge Anyị) Isi Gburugburu (7550 ruo 5050 Tupu Oge Anyị), Bovidian ma ọ bụ Pastoral (4500 ruo 4000 Tupu Oge Anyị), Ịnyịnya (site na 2000 Tupu Oge Anyị na 50 Tupu Oge Anyị), na Kamel (1000 Tupu Oge Anyị na 1000 Tupu Oge Anyị na 1000 Tupu Oge Anyị). Oge ochie bụ nke anụ ọhịa bi na Sahara n'oge Holocene mbụ. A na-akpọ ọrụ ndị a ndị dinta na-achịkọta ihe, nke nwere naanị ihe e ji kpụọ ihe. Ihe onyonyo bụ nke anụmanụ buru ibu, nke e sere n'ụzọ okike, ya na usoro geometric mgbe ụfọdụ na ọdịdị mmadụ. A na-ahụkarị ụmụ mmadụ na anụmanụ n'ime ebe ịchụ nta. A na-ejikọta Oge Round Head na nhọrọ ejiji ụfọdụ na-egosi ụdị mmadụ ma kewapụ ya nke ọma na ọdịnala Archaic ọ bụ ezie na ndị na-achụ nta na ndị na'achịkọta ihe bụ ndị na-ese ihe maka ha abụọ. Ihe osise ahụ nwere ihe osise, na ụfọdụ n'ime ihe osise nkume kachasị ochie na nke kachasị ukwuu n'Africa; otu onye guzo karịa mita ise na nke ọzọ na mita atọ na ọkara. Ihe ngosi pụrụ iche nke ndị na-ese n'elu mmiri nwere isi dị gburugburu, isi na-enweghị ihe ngosi na ahụ na-enweghị ọdịdị yiri ka ha na-ese na nkume, ya mere akara "Round Head". Ihe osise na ihe osise ndị a na-elekwasị anya n'ebe ụfọdụ dị na mbara ala ahụ, na-egosi na ebe ndị a bụ etiti ememe, ememe, na ememe.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Algeria|url=https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/|accessdate=2021-04-10|work=africanrockart.britishmuseum.org|archivedate=2021-07-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719001741/https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/ "Algeria"]. </cite></ref> Ọtụtụ anụmanụ ndị a na-egosi bụ mouflon na antelope, na-anọkarị n'ọnọdụ kwụ otu ebe nke na-adịghị egosi na ọ bụ akụkụ nke ebe ịchụ nta. Oge ndị Bovidian/Ọrụ Ndị Nkịtị na-ejikọta na mbata nke ehi ndị a na-azụ n'ụlọ na Sahara na mgbanwe nwayọọ nwayọọ gaa na ịzụ anụ ụlọ na-agagharị agagharị. E nwere ihe dị iche n'etiti oge ọzụzụ atụrụ na oge abụọ gara aga, nke dabara na mbibi nke Sahara. E nwere mmụba nke ụdị ejiji, nke na-egosi mmegharị nke otu omenala dị iche iche n'ime mpaghara ahụ. A na-egosi anụmanụ ndị a na-azụ n'ụlọ dịka ehi, atụrụ, ewu, na nkịta, nke yiri ihe ndekọ ihe ochie nke ebe ahụ. Ihe ndị a na-egosi obodo dị iche iche nke ndị na-azụ anụ, ndị dinta ji ụta, tinyere ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka, ma na-egosi mmụba nke ọha mmadụ dabere na ihe onwunwe. Omenala Ịnyịnya ndị a kwekọrọ na mbibi zuru oke nke Sahara na ihe achọrọ maka ụzọ njem ọhụrụ. A na-egosi ọbịbịa nke ịnyịnya, ụgbọ ịnyịnya na-adọkpụ, na ndị na-agba ịnyịnya, ọtụtụ mgbe n'etiti ịgba ọsọ, a na-ejikọtakwa ya na ịchụ nta karịa agha.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Algeria|url=https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/|accessdate=2021-04-10|work=africanrockart.britishmuseum.org|archivedate=2021-07-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719001741/https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/}}</ref> Ihe odide nke mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Libya-Berber, nke ndị nna ochie Berber ji mee ihe, dị n'akụkụ ihe oyiyi ndị ahụ, agbanyeghị, ederede ahụ enweghị ike nkọwa kpamkpam. A na-akọwa oge ikpeazụ site na ọdịdị nke kamel, nke nọchiri ịnyịnya ibu na ehi dị ka ụzọ isi ebuga ndị mmadụ n'ofe Sahara. Mbido nke kamel na-adaba na mmepe nke ụzọ azụmaahịa dị anya nke ndị njem na-eji ebuga nnu, ngwongwo, na ndị ohu gafee Sahara. Ndị ikom, ma ndị nọ n'elu ịnyịnya ma ndị a na-ebupụ, nwere ọta, ube, na mma agha. A gụnyere anụmanụ dịka ehi na ewu, mana e ji anụ ọhịa mee ihe n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma. Ọ bụ ezie na oge ndị a na-esochi onwe ha, oge ndị a na-agbanwe agbanwe ma ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie na-ewughachi ha mgbe niile ka teknụzụ na nkọwa na-etolite. Ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie na-akọpụta ihe osise ahụ kemgbe ụwa, ha na-anakọta iberibe na ihe ndị dara ada n'elu nkume ahụ. [[Faịlụ:Running_Horned_Woman,_6,000–4,000_B.C.E.,_pigment_on_rock,_Tassili_n’Ajjer,_Algeria.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise nkume nke North Africa na-anọchite anya 'chi nwanyị nwere mpi', Aouanrhet, Tassili N' Ajjer, Algeria, oge Round Head.]] Ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ide ihe n'ụlọ akwụkwọ bụ "Nwanyị Na-agba Ọsọ", nke a makwaara dịka "Chi nwanyị nwere mpi", nke sitere na oge isi gburugburu.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Razak|first=Arisika|date=2016-01-01|title=Sacred Women of Africa and the African Diaspora: A Womanist Vision of Black Women 's Bodies and the African Sacred Feminine|journal=International Journal of Transpersonal Studies|volume=35|issue=1|pages=129–147|doi=10.24972/ijts.2016.35.1.129|issn=1321-0122}}</ref> Ihe onyonyo a na-egosi otu nwanyị nwere mpi n'etiti; ntụpọ na-achọ ahụ ya na aka ya mma, o yikwara uwe aka ya dị warara, uwe mwụda, eriri ụkwụ, na nkwonkwo ụkwụ. Dịka Arisika Razak si kwuo, Chi nwanyị nwere mpi nke Tassili bụ ihe atụ mbụ nke "Nwanyị dị nsọ nke Afrịka."<ref name=":3" /> A na-emesi ike na ọ bụ nwanyị, ọmụmụ nwa, na njikọ ya na okike, ebe onye omenkà Neolithic na-etinye onyinyo ahụ n'elu obere ndị ochie. Ojiji nke mpi ehi bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ihe osise isi gbara gburugburu, nke na-egosi njikọta nke ehi ndị a na-azụ n'ụlọ na ndụ kwa ụbọchị nke Sahara. Foto ehi, ọkachasị nke oké ehi,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=JELÍNEK|first=JAN|title=Afarrh and the Origin of the Saharan Cattle Domestication|date=1982|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26293061|journal=Anthropologie (1962-)|volume=20|issue=1|pages=71–75|issn=0323-1119|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> ghọrọ isi okwu na ọ bụghị naanị na Tassili, kamakwa na ebe ndị ọzọ dị nso na Libya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=di Lernia|first=Savino|date=2011|title=Working in a UNESCO WH Site. Problems and Practices on the Rock Art of Tadrart Akakus (SW Libya, Central Sahara)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43135548|journal=Journal of African Archaeology|volume=9|issue=2|pages=159–175|doi=10.3213/2191-5784-10198|issn=1612-1651|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> === Ihe osise nkume Fungoid === Na 1989, onye na-eme nchọpụta banyere ihe ndị na-akpata ọrịa uche Giorgio Samorini tụrụ aro na eserese ndị dị ka fungoid n'ọgba Tassili bụ ihe akaebe nke mmekọrịta ahụ n'etiti ụmụ mmadụ na ndị nwere ọrịa uche n'ime ndị bi na Sahara oge ochie, mgbe ọ ka bụ ala ahịhịa ndụ: Terence McKenna ji echiche a mee ihe ọzọ n'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 1992 bụ́ Food of the Gods, na-ekwu na omenala Neolithic nke bi ebe ahụ jiri ero psilocybin mee ihe dịka akụkụ nke usoro ndụ okpukperechi, na-ekwu maka ihe osise nkume nke na-egosi ndị mmadụ ji ihe ndị dị ka ero n'aka ha, yana ero ndị na-eto site n'ahụ ha.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Food of the Gods|author=McKenna|first=Terence|publisher=Bantam Books|year=1992|isbn=978-0-553-07868-8|location=United States and Canada|pages=72, 73}}</ref> Maka Henri Lhote, onye chọpụtara ọgba Tassili na ngwụcha afọ 1950, o doro anya na ha bụ ebe nsọ nzuzo. Ihe osise kacha akwado echiche ero bụ ihe osise ero Tassili bụ Matalem-Amazar ebe e ji ero kpuchie ahụ onye shaman a na-anọchite anya ya. Dịka Earl Lee si kwuo n'akwụkwọ ya bụ́ ''From the Bodies of the Gods: Psychoactive Plants and the Cults of the Dead'' (2012), Ihe osise a na-ezo aka n'ihe mere n'oge ochie ebe e liri "onye ogbu ero" mgbe o yi uwe ya niile, mgbe e gwupụtara ya n'ala mgbe e mesịrị, obere ero ga-eto n'elu uwe. Earl Lee lere eserese ero na Tassili anya dị ka ihe ezi uche dị na ya. Dịka Brian Akers, onye dere akwụkwọ akụkọ Mushroom si kwuo, ihe osise nkume fungoid dị na Tassili adịghị ka ihe nnọchianya nke Psilocybe hispanica dị na Selva Pascuala caves (2015), ọ naghịkwa ele ya anya dị ka ihe ga-eme eme. == N'omenala a ma ama == * Tassili bụ ebe e dekọrọ egwu na aha abọm Tuareg nke afọ 2011 nke otu egwu Tinariwen. * Egwu Tassili Plain bụ egwu dị na abọm Natural Wonders of the World nke afọ 1994 na Dub nke otu Zion Train dere. * Na Fate/Extella: The Umbral Star, agwa Altera bụ n'ezie ụdị chi a maara dị ka Sefar, nke dabere na otu n'ime eserese e sere n'ọgba ahụ ma a makwaara ya n'akụkọ ahụ dịka The White Titan nke Tassili n'Ajjer == Ihe ngosi == === Ihe osise ndị dị na nkume nke Tin-Taghirt === Ebe Tin-Taghirt dị na Tassili n'Ajjer n'etiti obodo Dider na Iherir.<templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> == Hụkwa == == Ihe edeturu == <gallery mode="heights=&quot;130&quot;"> Faịlụ:TinTaghirtOstrich.jpg|An ostrich Faịlụ:Sleeping_Antelope_Tin_Taghirt.jpg|Sleeping antelope - also found on the reverse of the 1000 Algerian dinar banknote Faịlụ:Bubalus_Tin_Taghirt.jpg|''Bubalus antiquus'' Faịlụ:TinTaghirtFootprints.jpg|Footprints Faịlụ:TinTaghirtHumanBeings.jpg|Human beings </gallery><templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> * [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179/video Vidio] * [http://naturalarches.org/tassili/ Ogidi ndị sitere n'okike nke Tassili n'Ajjer] * Flore et faune du Tassili n'Ajjer, 2023, French, illustrated. Akụkụ 1: Ihe ngosi, ala, anụmanụ [https://s2hnh.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Flore-et-faune-du-Tassili-nAjjer_part1.pdf], * Flora na fauna nke Tassili n'Ajjer, Akụkụ 2: Flora [https://s2hnh.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Flore-et-faune-du-Tassili-nAjjer_part2.pdf] * Foto nke osisi cypress nke Sahara (''Cupressus dupreziana'') iNaturalist[https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/136175-Cupressus-dupreziana/browse_photos/ Onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị e kere eke] * Foto nke Saharan myrtle (''Myrtus nivellei'') iNaturalist[https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/1082910-Myrtus-nivellei/browse_photos/ Onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị e kere eke] == Edensibia == == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Bahn, Paul G. (1998) The ''Cambridge Illustrated History of Prehistoric Art'' Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. * Bradley, R (2000) Ihe mgbe ochie nke ebe okike London, Routledge. * Bruce-Lockhart, J na Wright, J (2000) Okporo ụzọ siri ike na nke dị ize ndụ: Njem Hugh Clapperton na Sahara na Fezzan 1822-1825''Okporo ụzọ siri ike ma dị ize ndụ: Njem Hugh Clapperton na Sahara na Fezzan 1822-1825'' * Chippindale, Chris na Tacon, S-C (eds) (1998) The Archaeology of Rock Art Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. * Clottes, J. (2002): World Rock Art Los Angeles: Getty Publications. * Coulson, D, na Campbell, Alec (2001) African Rock Art: Paintings and Engravings on Stone New York, Harry N Abrams. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * Holl, Augustin F.C. (2004) Saharan Rock Art, Archaeology of Tassilian Pastoralist Icongraphy''Ihe osise nkume nke Sahara, Archaeology nke Tassilian Pastoralist Icongraphy'' * Lajoux, Jean-Dominique (1977) Tassili n'Ajjer: Nkà nkume nke Sahara Prehistoric Paris, Le Chêne. * Lajoux, Jean-Dominique (1962), Merveilles du Tassili n'Ajjer (''Ihe osise nkume nke Tassili'' na nsụgharị), Le Chêne, Paris. * Le Quellec, J-L (1998) Nkà na Nkà nke nkume na Prehistory nke Sahara. Le Messak Libyen Paris: Editions Payot et Rivages, Bibliothèque Scientifique Payot. * Lhote, Henri (1959, bipụtara ọzọ 1973) ''The Search for the Tassili Frescoes: Akụkọ banyere ihe osise nkume nke Sahara'' London. * Lhote, Henri (1958, 1973, 1992, 2006) À la découverte des fresques du Tassili, Arthaud, Paris. * Mattingly, D (ed) (na-abịa) The archaeology of the Fezzan. * Muzzolini, A (1997) "Saharan Rock Art", na Vogel, J O (ed) Encyclopedia of Precolonial Africa Walnut Creek: 347-353. * Van Albada, A. na Van Albada. (2000): Ugwu nke Ụmụ Nkịta: Nkà Nkume nke Messak Lybien Paris, Seuil. * Whitley, D S (ed) (2001) Handbook of Rock Art Research New York: Altamira Press. [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] djva8ny0f4ejvfbw769d06qrvcey4mc 670666 670664 2026-07-01T11:07:06Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 670666 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tassili n'Ajjer''' ([[Amazigh languages|Berber]]: ''Tassili n Ajjer'', Arabic: طاسيلي ناجر, romanized: ṭāssīlī naʾjir; "Plateau of rivers") bụ ugwu dị n'ọzara Sahara, nke dị na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Algeria]]. O nwere otu n'ime otu kachasị mkpa nke nka ọgba tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme n'ụwa<ref name="Unesco">{{Cite web|author=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|title=Tassili n'Ajjer|work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|date=11 Oct 2017|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179/|accessdate=26 December 2019|archivedate=4 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404032753/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179/}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf|title=Rock Art of the Tassili n Ajjer, Algeria|publisher=Africanrockart.org|accessdate=February 7, 2017|archivedate=September 30, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930123103/https://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf}}</ref> ma kpuchiri ebe karịrị 72,000 km2 (28,000 sq mi).<ref name="brit">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tassili-n-Ajjer|title=Tassili-n-Ajjer|publisher=britannica|accessdate=February 7, 2017|archivedate=May 29, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529043147/https://www.britannica.com/place/Tassili-n-Ajjer}}</ref> A kpọpụtala ebe a ka ọ bụrụ ogige mba na ebe nchekwa Biosphere, e wee tinye ya na ndepụta UNESCO nke Ebe Ihe Nketa Ụwa na 1982.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.algeria.com/national-parks/tassili-n-ajjer/|title=Tassili n'Ajjer National Park, Djanet|publisher=Algeria.com|accessdate=February 7, 2017|archivedate=February 8, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208032911/http://www.algeria.com/national-parks/tassili-n-ajjer/}}</ref> Nsụgharị Bekee nke Tassili n'Ajjer bụ 'ala dị larịị nke osimiri'.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Pan-African Congress on Prehistory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m9W0AAAAIAAJ|year=1977|publisher=Kraus Reprint|language=fr|quote=Les eaux de pluie ont raviné les crêtes et ont progressivement entaillé les plateaux, creusant des canyons étroits et profonds aux parois à pic, dont la direction générale est Sud-Nord. C'est d'ailleurs ce qui lui a valu le nom de Tassili-n-Ajjer, nom qui vient des mots touaregs : Tasilé = plateau et gir = rivières, ce qui veut dire : le plateau des rivières. == rainwater gutted the ridges and progressively slashed the plateaus, digging narrow, deep canyons with steep walls, whose general direction is South-North. This is what earned it the name of Tassili-n-Ajjer, name that comes from the Tuareg words: Tasilé = plateau and gir= rivers, which means: the plateau of rivers.|accessdate=2019-08-01}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == [[Faịlụ:Dunes_at_Tassili_n'Ajjer.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Foto si n'elu nke Tassili n'Ajjer]] Tassili n'Ajjer is a plateau in south-eastern [[Algeria]] at the borders of [[Libya]] and [[Niger]], covering an area of 72,000&nbsp;km².<ref name="Unesco">{{Cite web|author=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|title=Tassili n'Ajjer|work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|date=11 Oct 2017|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179/|accessdate=26 December 2019|archivedate=4 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404032753/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179/}}</ref> Ọ na-eru 26°20'N 5°00'E site n'ọwụwa anyanwụ-ndịda-ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo 24°00'N 10°00'E. Ebe kachasị elu ya bụ Adrar Afao nke dị elu na 2,158 m (7,080 ft), dị na 25°10'N 8°11'E. Obodo ndị kacha nso bụ Djanet dị na nsọtụ ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ na Illizi dị na nsọtụ ugwu. Ala dị larịị ahụ nwere mmasị dị ukwuu na ihe gbasara ala na ịma mma. Ọdịdị ya nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ala nke nwere oke ọhịa nkume, nke e ji ájá ájá gbajiri agbaji mee, yiri ala ọnwa ma nwee ọtụtụ ụdị nka nkume.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.archmillennium.net/tassili_national_park.htm|title=Tassili National Park, Sahara Algeria|publisher=Archmillennium.net|accessdate=2012-12-16|archivedate=2020-09-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920102632/http://www.archmillennium.net/tassili_national_park.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Willcox|first=A. R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qilKDwAAQBAJ&q=san+bushmen+Tassili+n%E2%80%99Ajjer&pg=PP16|title=The Rock Art of Africa|date=2018-01-29|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-315-51535-9|language=en|accessdate=2020-12-09}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == Ihe mejupụtara ihe owuwu a bụ aja okwute.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor=Scheffel|location=United States of America|pages=371–372}}</ref> Desert varnish tere aja okwute ahụ, obere mpụta nke metallic oxides nke na-agba agba dị iche iche site na oji ruo na ọbara ọbara na-adịghị mma, agba nkume ndị ahụ.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Mbuze n'ógbè ahụ emeela ka e nwee ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ narị nkume 300 e ji aka mee n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ, tinyere nnukwu olulu mmiri na ọdọ mmiri na-adịgide adịgide n'ebe ugwu. [[Faịlụ:West_African_Craton.svg|áká_èkpè|thumb|West African Craton, Tuareg Shield na East Sahara Metacraton]] Ihe mkpuchi Tuareg, mkpokọta nke terranes nke mepụtara n'oge Neoproterozoic n'etiti afọ 750 na 550 nde gara aga, gụnyere mpaghara Ugwu Ahaggar nke oge a na Algeria, Ugwu Aïr na Niger, na Adrar des Ifoghas na Mali. N'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ dị Craton nke ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka, n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ bụ Saharan Metacraton. Ọ gbasaa site na accretion n'ebe ugwu na ndịda, nke mere na ọ gụnyekwara mpaghara Tassili n'Ajjer nke oge a. N'oge a, nnukwu kọntinent ahụ Gondwana pụtara, nke gụnyekwara craton na ọta niile nke ihe ga-emesịa ghọọ Afrịka. N'oge Cambrian nke sochirinụ (afọ 541 ruo nde 485 gara aga), e guzobere nkwụnye mbụ nke sediment ka dị taa na mpaghara Tassili n'Ajjer. N'oge a, Gondwana si n'ógbè Equatorial gaa na ndịda hemisphere, nke mere na mpaghara Sahara dị na mpaghara South Pole n'oge Upper Ordovician (afọ 458 ruo 443 nde gara aga). Ná ngwụcha oge a, oge ice 'Hirnantian' jupụtara ruo otu nde afọ. E nwere mpempe akwụkwọ ice, nke gbasara ọtụtụ akụkụ ugwu Afrịka.[a] Na mbido oge Silurian (malite na nde afọ 443 gara aga), ihu igwe ụwa gbanwere, mee ka ice nke Tuareg Shield gbazee. Nke a hapụrụ ọwa mmiri gbazere agbaze nke kpụrụ n'okpuru ice. Nke a mechara guzobe usoro mmụta ala nke Inner Tassili Group. Ihe mejupụtara ya bụ ájá na ụfọdụ oyi akwa nke ụrọ. [[Faịlụ:Diagrams_geology_Tassili_n'Ajjer.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise abụọ na-egosi ọdịdị ala nke Tassili n'Ajjer]] N'oge Silurian na Devonian, mmebi iwu (mmalite nke oké osimiri) site n'ebe ugwu na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ kpuchiri nnukwu ebe dị na Sahara site na iji akwa ájá ndị ọzọ. N'oge ahụ, Tassili n'Ajjer bụ ala mmiri dị nso n'ụsọ oké osimiri, wee mechaa ghọọ ala mmiri mmiri. N'oge Silurian, E guzobere usoro nhazi nke Intra Tassili Group, nke nwere ọtụtụ ụrọ  nke e ji ihe ndị dị ndụ mee na ụfọdụ nkume ájá. N'oge Devonian, e guzobere otu Tassili nke dị n'èzí, nke nwere ọtụtụ nkume ájá tinyere ụrọ nwere macrofauna na ụfọdụ nkume limestone. Ọ bụ site na usoro abụọ a nke oge Silurian na Devonian ka mmanụ ala si dị a na-ewepụtakwa ma na-aga n'ihu na-emepụta gas sitere n'okike na Illizi Basin, n'ebe ugwu Illizi. N'ime afọ nde 200 sochirinụ, mpaghara a nọgidere na-abụ ala dị jụụ, dịkwa larịị nke na-enweghị nnukwu mgbanwe ma ọ bụ sedimentation. - Ikekwe n'oge Cretaceous, mana karịsịa kemgbe Miocene (afọ 23 ruo 5,3 nde gara aga), Tuareg Shield malitere ịgbapụta n'ihi magmatic mmụba. Elu elu dị na mpaghara Ahaggar mechara ruo mita 4,000 ruo 5,000. Ó metụtakwara mpaghara Tassili n'Ajjer, ebe elu ya mere ka oyi akwa ya gbadaa n'ebe ugwu. N'akụkụ elu ugwu ahụ, ọtụtụ basin guzobere n'ebe ugwu na ndịda nke Tuareg Shield, nke jere ozi ugbu a dị ka ebe a na-edebe ihe mkpofu maka ihe mkpofu ndị mebiri emebi, dịka ọmụmaatụ Illizi Basin. Karịsịa na Miocene, akwa sedimentary nke Mpụga Tassili (usoro oyi akwa kachasị elu) gbawara kpamkpam n'akụkụ ndịda na ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Tassili n'Ajjer. N'akụkụ ugwu, n'elu ala nke otu oyi akwa a, usoro osimiri ahụ gwuru ruo mita 400 n'ime ájá na ájá ájá n'ihi oke mgbanwe ugbu a.<ref name="Busche" /> Nnukwu mgbanwe ikpeazụ nke ala mere n'oge Pliocene (5,3 ruo 2,58 nde afọ gara aga). Ugwu na-agbọpụta ọkụ kpuchiri mpaghara Adrar dị na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Tassili n'Ajjer na oghere, cones volcanic, na ọwara na-asọ. Ọganihu a gara n'ihu n'oge Quaternary. <<gallery mode="packed" heights=110> Fadnounplateau_vers_Illizi.jpg|Ebe obibi [[Hamada]] nke ''Tassili Mpụga'' dị n'ebe ndịda Illizi Oued Imihrou photo by Hocine Djouder.jpg|Nhazi atọ nke ''Intra-Tassilian Group'' sitere na Oued Imihrou DJANET 8.jpg|Mpụta Tassili n'Ajjer na Oued Essendilène: nhazi abụọ nke ''Inner Tassili Group'' </gallery> === Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi === Tassili n'Ajjer dị n'ime oke ọhịa ugwu nke dị na ọdịda anyanwụ Saharan nke dị n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ. N'ihi elu dị elu nke mpaghara ahụ, tinyere ihe ndị na-ejide mmiri nke nkume ájá ya, Ahịhịa dị n'ebe a dị ntakịrị ka ahịhịa ma nwee akwụkwọ ndụ karịa na mpaghara ala nke ọzara; nke a na-emepụta ebe obibi mara mma maka ọtụtụ anụmanụ, site na obere invertebrates, ruo nri ruo anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara. Ogige ntụrụndụ a nwere oke ọhịa mepere emepe, nke gụnyere Saịprọs Sahara na myrtle Saharan nọ n'ihe ize ndụ ma dịkwa ize ndụ, n'ọkara ọwụwa anyanwụ ya dị elu.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor=Scheffel|location=United States of America|pages=371–372}}</ref> Osisi cypress Tassili bụ otu n'ime osisi na ihe ndị dị ndụ kacha ogologo n'ụwa, mgbe osisi pine bristlecone nke Western US gasịrị.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf|title=Rock Art of the Tassili n Ajjer, Algeria|publisher=Africanrockart.org|accessdate=February 7, 2017|archivedate=September 30, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930123103/https://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf}}</ref> Ndị bi n'ebe dị iche iche nke agụ iyi ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka dị ndụ na Tassili n'Ajjer ruo narị afọ nke iri abụọ; Taa, a na-ahụkarị ụdị ihe a n'ebe okpomọkụ na ndịda Sahara nke Ọdịda Anyanwụ na Etiti Afrịka, site na Senegal ruo [[Chad]]. Aoudad, ma ọ bụ Barbary sheep, bụ naanị ụdị anụmanụ dị ugbu a nke e sere n'ihe osise nkume ochie nke mpaghara ahụ.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor=Scheffel|location=United States of America|pages=371–372}}</ref> A kpọrọ ogige ntụrụndụ a Mkpa Nnụnụ (IBA) site n'aka BirdLife International n'ihi na ọ na-akwado ọtụtụ ndị bi na ahụrụ a chara acha na Ahịa Lichtenstein, Fero ugo - ikwiikwii, nnukwu hoopoe - larks, bar-tailed na desert larks, pale rock martins, fullyous babblers, okpueze ọcha na witi na-eru uju, nza desert na trumpeter finches.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/parc-national-du-tassili-najjer-iba-algeria|title=Parc National du Tassili N'Ajjer|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2024|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=2024-10-26}}</ref> == Nkà mmụta ihe ochie == === Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga === Kemgbe afọ 1863, ndị Yuropu na-eme nnyocha banyere ihe osise nkume nke ndị Algeria, ebe ndị mere nyocha ahụ bụ "A. Pomel (1893–1898), Stéphane Gsell (1901–1927), G. B. M. Flamand (1892–1921), Leo Frobenius and Hugo Obermaier (1925), Henri Breuil (1931–1957), L. Joleaud (1918–1938), na Raymond Vaufrey (1935–1955)."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Algeria|url=https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/|accessdate=2021-04-10|work=africanrockart.britishmuseum.org|archivedate=2021-07-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719001741/https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/}}</ref> A mara Tassili nke ọma na mmalite narị afọ nke 20, mana e jiri usoro eserese nke ndị agha France, ọkachasị Lieutenant Charles Brenans, mee ka ndị ọdịda anyanwụ mata ya nke ọma n'afọ 1930<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Algeria|url=https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/|accessdate=2021-04-10|work=africanrockart.britishmuseum.org|archivedate=2021-07-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719001741/https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/}}</ref> O wetara onye France bụ ọkà mmụta ihe ochie Henri Lhote, onye mechara lọta n'etiti afọ 1956–1957, 1959, 1962, na 1970.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Henri.|first=Lhote|title=The search for the Tassili frescoes: the story of the prehistoric rock-paintings of the Sahara|date=1973|publisher=Hutchinson|isbn=0-09-112380-1|oclc=667687}}</ref> A katọrọ njem Lhote nke ukwuu, ebe ndị otu ya boro ebubo na ha na-ese foto adịgboroja ma na-emebi ihe osise n'ime ka ha maa mma maka ịchọta na ịse foto, nke mere ka agba ndị mbụ ghara ịrụzi nke ọma.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Jean-Dominique.|first=Lajoux|title=Merveilles du Tassili N'Ajjer|date=1962|publisher=Ed. du Chêne|oclc=604199955}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Keenan|first=Jeremy|title=The lesser gods of the Sahara : social change and contested terrain amongst the Tuareg of Algeria|date=2004|publisher=Frank Cass|isbn=0-203-32762-4|location=London|oclc=62269179}}</ref> === Nkọwa nke ihe mgbe ochie ugbu a === Ebe Tassili dị bụ isi n'oge Neolithic nke ndị otu ndị na-azụ anụ ụlọ transhumant bụ ndị ụdị ndụ ha baara ma ụmụ mmadụ ma anụ ụlọ uru. Ọdịdị ala obodo, ịdị elu, na akụrụngwa sitere n'okike bụ ọnọdụ kacha mma maka ịma ụlọikwuu n'oge ọkọchị nke obere ìgwè. Osimiri dị n'ime ugwu ahụ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ụzọ dị n'etiti ugwu ndị dị n'okwute na ala ndị dị larịị nke ájá. Ugwu ndị dị n'elu nwere ihe akaebe ihe ochie nke na-egosi na e bibiri ha site na 5500 ruo 1500 Tupu Oge Anyị, ebe ala ndị dị larịị nwere nkume tumuli na ebe ọkụ dị n'agbata 6000 na 4000 Tupu Oge Anyị. O yiri ka e jirila ebe ndị dị n'ala dị larịị mee ebe obibi, karịsịa n'oge mmiri ozuzo.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=December 2005|title=Saharan Rock Art: Archaeology of Tassilian Pastoralist Iconography. Augustin F. C. Holl|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/jar.61.4.3631543|journal=Journal of Anthropological Research|volume=61|issue=4|pages=541–542|doi=10.1086/jar.61.4.3631543|issn=0091-7710|accessdate=2021-04-10}}</ref> E nwere ọtụtụ ebe obibi nkume n'ime ọhịa ájá ájá, nke jupụtara na ihe ochie Neolithic gụnyere ite seramiiki na ite ite, isi akụ lithic, efere na igwe nri, bidịị, na ọla.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf|title=Rock Art of the Tassili n Ajjer, Algeria|publisher=Africanrockart.org|accessdate=February 7, 2017|archivedate=September 30, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930123103/https://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf}}</ref> Mgbanwe gaa n'ịzụ anụmanụ mgbe oge Omimi Afrịka n'oge mbụ Holocene pụtara ìhè na ndekọ ihe ochie nke Tassili n'Ajjer, nka nkume, na nkà mmụta ihe ochie nke anụmanụ. Ọzọkwa, nnweta Tassili bụ akụkụ nke mmegharị buru ibu na mgbanwe ihu igwe n'ime Central Sahara. Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na gburugburu ebe obibi malitere na Central Sahara ihe dị ka 14,000 BP wee gaa n'ihu n'oge ọkọchị nke butere obere ebe obibi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Soukopova|first=Jitka|date=January 2011|title=The Earliest Rock Paintings of the Central Sahara: Approaching Interpretation|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/175169711x12961583765333|journal=Time and Mind|volume=4|issue=2|pages=193–216|doi=10.2752/175169711x12961583765333|issn=1751-696X|accessdate=2021-04-10}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, ihu igwe adịghị otu ebe, e kewara Sahara n'etiti ala kpọrọ nkụ na ugwu ndị dị mmiri mmiri. Ihe ndị e gwupụtara n'ala na-egosi na ndị mmadụ bi n'ime ha, n'ụdị ìgwè ndị na-achụ nta, dị n'agbata 10,000 na 7500 BP; mgbe 7500 BP gasịrị, ụmụ mmadụ malitere ịhazi onwe ha n'ìgwè ndị na-azụ atụrụ iji zaa ajụjụ maka ọnọdụ ihu igwe na-akawanye njọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fagan|first=Brian M.|date=1967|title=Radiocarbon Dates for Sub-Saharan Africa: V|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/179834|journal=The Journal of African History|volume=8|issue=3|pages=513–527|doi=10.1017/S0021853700007994|issn=0021-8537|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> E nwere oge ọkọchị site na 7900 na 7200 BP na Tassili<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Messili|first=Lamia|date=2013|title=Direct 14C Dating of Early and Mid-Holocene Saharan Pottery|url=https://hal.science/hal-02351870|journal=Radiocarbon|language=en|volume=55|issue=3|pages=1391–1402|doi=10.1017/S0033822200048323|issn=0033-8222|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> nke mere tupu e nwee ìgwè ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ mbụ, nke kwekọrọ n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke mpaghara Sahara-Sahelian.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Garcea|first=Elena A.A.|date=2016|title=High-Precision Radiocarbon Dating Application to Multi-proxy Organic Materials From Late Foraging To Early Pastoral Sites In Upper Nubia, Sudan|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44296870|journal=[[Journal of African Archaeology]]|volume=14|issue=1|pages=83–98|doi=10.3213/2191-5784-10282|issn=1612-1651|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> E gwupụtara ite tupu e jiri Pastoral rụọ ọrụ na Tassili ihe dị ka 9,000–8,500 BP, ebe ite Pastoral sitere na 7100–6000 BP.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Messili|first=Lamia|date=2013|title=Direct 14 C Dating of Early and Mid-Holocene Saharan Pottery|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02351870|journal=Radiocarbon|volume=55|issue=3|pages=1391–1402|doi=10.1017/S0033822200048323|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> A na-eji ihe osise nkume dị na Tassili eme ihe na ebe ndị ọzọ, gụnyere Dhar Tichitt na Mauritania,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Holl|first=Augustin F. C.|date=2002|title=Time, Space, and Image Making: Rock Art from the Dhar Tichitt (Mauritania)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25130740|journal=The African Archaeological Review|volume=19|issue=2|pages=75–118|doi=10.1023/A:1015479826570|issn=0263-0338|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> iji mụọ mmepe nke ịzụ anụmanụ na njem ndị si mba ọzọ gaa mba ndị dị n'ebe ugwu Afrịka. A na-azụ ehi n'ebe dị iche iche n'oge dị ka afọ 3000 ruo 2000 Tupu Oge Anyị, nke na-egosi mmalite na mgbasa nke ọrụ nlekọta anụmanụ n'ógbè ahụ. Nke a sochiri ịnyịnya (tupu afọ 1000 Tupu Oge Anyị) wee soro kamel n'ime puku afọ na-esote.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=LAMP|first=FREDERICK JOHN|date=2011|title=Ancient Terracotta Figures from Northern Nigeria|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41421509|journal=Yale University Art Gallery Bulletin|pages=48–57|issn=0084-3539|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> Mbịarute nke kamel na-egosi mmụba nke azụmaahịa trans-Saharan, ebe ọ bụ na a na-ejikarị kamel eme njem n'ụgbọ okporo ígwè azụmaahịa. === Ihe osise tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme === Nha nkume a bụ ebe e ji ihe ochie rụọ, nke a maara maka ọtụtụ ọrụ nka nkume nke e ji nkume rụọ tupu oge ochie, nke e dere na mbụ n'afọ 1910,<ref name="brit">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tassili-n-Ajjer|title=Tassili-n-Ajjer|publisher=britannica|accessdate=February 7, 2017|archivedate=May 29, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529043147/https://www.britannica.com/place/Tassili-n-Ajjer}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/place/Tassili-n-Ajjer "Tassili-n-Ajjer"]. </cite></ref> nke ahụ malitere na mmalite oge Neolithic na njedebe nke oge oyi ikpeazụ nke Sahara bụ ebe obibi nke ọma karịa ọzara dị ugbu a. Ọ bụ ezie na isi mmalite dị iche iche, a na-eche na ihe osise mbụ dị afọ 12,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.africanworldheritagesites.org/cultural-places/rock-art-pre-history/tassili-najjer.html|title=Tassili N'Ajjer (Algeria)|publisher=Africanworldheritagesites.org|accessdate=February 7, 2017|archivedate=October 17, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017081659/http://africanworldheritagesites.org/cultural-places/rock-art-pre-history/tassili-najjer.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf|title=Rock Art of the Tassili n Ajjer, Algeria|author=David Coulson|publisher=Africanrockart.org|accessdate=2021-08-18|archivedate=2019-09-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930123103/https://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf}}</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime ha malitere n'afọ nke itoolu na nke iri nke narị afọ iri na itoolu nke afọ iri na itoolu nke afọ iri na itoolu nke afọ iri na itoolu nke afọ iri na itoolu ma ọ bụ karịa, dịka OSL si kwuo.<ref name="Mercier_OSLdating">{{Cite journal|title=OSL dating of quaternary deposits associated with the parietal art of the Tassili-n-Ajjer plateau (Central Sahara)|journal=Quaternary Geochronology|date=July 2012|volume=10|pages=367–373|doi=10.1016/j.quageo.2011.11.010|author=Mercier|first=Norbert}}</ref> E ji ihe osise ahụ mee ihe ochie site n'ịchịkọta obere iberibe nke ihe osise ndị kpọrọ nkụ ma gbajie agbawa tupu e lie ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Smith|first=Andrew B.|date=1992|title=Origins and Spread of Pastoralism in Africa|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2155983|journal=Annual Review of Anthropology|volume=21|pages=125–141|doi=10.1146/annurev.an.21.100192.001013|issn=0084-6570|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> N'ime ihe osise puku iri na ise e dekọrọ ruo ugbu a, ndị a na-egosi bụ nnukwu anụ ọhịa dịka ele na agụ iyi, ehi, na ụmụ mmadụ ndị na-eme ihe omume dịka ịchụ nta na ịgba egwu.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor=Scheffel|location=United States of America|pages=371–372}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFScheffelWernet1980">Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. </cite></ref> Ihe osise ndị a bụ ụfọdụ n'ime ihe osise mbụ nke ndị omenkà Central Sahara mere, ha na-emekwa n'ebe kachasị na Tassili.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Soukopova|first=Jitka|date=January 2011|title=The Earliest Rock Paintings of the Central Sahara: Approaching Interpretation|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/175169711x12961583765333|journal=Time and Mind|volume=4|issue=2|pages=193–216|doi=10.2752/175169711x12961583765333|issn=1751-696X|accessdate=2021-04-10}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSoukopova2011">Soukopova, Jitka (January 2011). </cite></ref> Ọ bụ ezie na Algeria dị nso na Iberian Peninsula, ihe osise nkume nke Tassili n'Ajjer gbanwere iche na nke omenala ndị Europe.<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 2000|title=African Rock Art: Tassili-n-Ajjer (?8000 B.C.-?)|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/tass/hd_tass.htm|accessdate=2021-03-05|work=www.metmuseum.org|archivedate=2021-03-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305212257/https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/tass/hd_tass.htm}}</ref> Dịka UNESCO si kwuo, "Ọtụtụ ihe osise na ihe osise dị iche iche... emeela ka Tassili bụrụ ihe a ma ama n'ụwa niile."<ref name="UNESCO">{{Cite web|title=Tassili n'Ajer|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|accessdate=7 March 2013|archivedate=22 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522030003/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179}}</ref> Dịka ebe ndị Sahara ndị ọzọ nwere ihe osise nkume, enwere ike kewaa Tassili n'ime omenala ise dị iche iche: Archaic (10,000 ruo 7500 Tupu Oge Anyị) Isi Gburugburu (7550 ruo 5050 Tupu Oge Anyị), Bovidian ma ọ bụ Pastoral (4500 ruo 4000 Tupu Oge Anyị), Ịnyịnya (site na 2000 Tupu Oge Anyị na 50 Tupu Oge Anyị), na Kamel (1000 Tupu Oge Anyị na 1000 Tupu Oge Anyị na 1000 Tupu Oge Anyị). Oge ochie bụ nke anụ ọhịa bi na Sahara n'oge Holocene mbụ. A na-akpọ ọrụ ndị a ndị dinta na-achịkọta ihe, nke nwere naanị ihe e ji kpụọ ihe. Ihe onyonyo bụ nke anụmanụ buru ibu, nke e sere n'ụzọ okike, ya na usoro geometric mgbe ụfọdụ na ọdịdị mmadụ. A na-ahụkarị ụmụ mmadụ na anụmanụ n'ime ebe ịchụ nta. A na-ejikọta Oge Round Head na nhọrọ ejiji ụfọdụ na-egosi ụdị mmadụ ma kewapụ ya nke ọma na ọdịnala Archaic ọ bụ ezie na ndị na-achụ nta na ndị na'achịkọta ihe bụ ndị na-ese ihe maka ha abụọ. Ihe osise ahụ nwere ihe osise, na ụfọdụ n'ime ihe osise nkume kachasị ochie na nke kachasị ukwuu n'Africa; otu onye guzo karịa mita ise na nke ọzọ na mita atọ na ọkara. Ihe ngosi pụrụ iche nke ndị na-ese n'elu mmiri nwere isi dị gburugburu, isi na-enweghị ihe ngosi na ahụ na-enweghị ọdịdị yiri ka ha na-ese na nkume, ya mere akara "Round Head". Ihe osise na ihe osise ndị a na-elekwasị anya n'ebe ụfọdụ dị na mbara ala ahụ, na-egosi na ebe ndị a bụ etiti ememe, ememe, na ememe.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Algeria|url=https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/|accessdate=2021-04-10|work=africanrockart.britishmuseum.org|archivedate=2021-07-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719001741/https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/ "Algeria"]. </cite></ref> Ọtụtụ anụmanụ ndị a na-egosi bụ mouflon na antelope, na-anọkarị n'ọnọdụ kwụ otu ebe nke na-adịghị egosi na ọ bụ akụkụ nke ebe ịchụ nta. Oge ndị Bovidian/Ọrụ Ndị Nkịtị na-ejikọta na mbata nke ehi ndị a na-azụ n'ụlọ na Sahara na mgbanwe nwayọọ nwayọọ gaa na ịzụ anụ ụlọ na-agagharị agagharị. E nwere ihe dị iche n'etiti oge ọzụzụ atụrụ na oge abụọ gara aga, nke dabara na mbibi nke Sahara. E nwere mmụba nke ụdị ejiji, nke na-egosi mmegharị nke otu omenala dị iche iche n'ime mpaghara ahụ. A na-egosi anụmanụ ndị a na-azụ n'ụlọ dịka ehi, atụrụ, ewu, na nkịta, nke yiri ihe ndekọ ihe ochie nke ebe ahụ. Ihe ndị a na-egosi obodo dị iche iche nke ndị na-azụ anụ, ndị dinta ji ụta, tinyere ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka, ma na-egosi mmụba nke ọha mmadụ dabere na ihe onwunwe. Omenala Ịnyịnya ndị a kwekọrọ na mbibi zuru oke nke Sahara na ihe achọrọ maka ụzọ njem ọhụrụ. A na-egosi ọbịbịa nke ịnyịnya, ụgbọ ịnyịnya na-adọkpụ, na ndị na-agba ịnyịnya, ọtụtụ mgbe n'etiti ịgba ọsọ, a na-ejikọtakwa ya na ịchụ nta karịa agha.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Algeria|url=https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/|accessdate=2021-04-10|work=africanrockart.britishmuseum.org|archivedate=2021-07-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719001741/https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/}}</ref> Ihe odide nke mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Libya-Berber, nke ndị nna ochie Berber ji mee ihe, dị n'akụkụ ihe oyiyi ndị ahụ, agbanyeghị, ederede ahụ enweghị ike nkọwa kpamkpam. A na-akọwa oge ikpeazụ site na ọdịdị nke kamel, nke nọchiri ịnyịnya ibu na ehi dị ka ụzọ isi ebuga ndị mmadụ n'ofe Sahara. Mbido nke kamel na-adaba na mmepe nke ụzọ azụmaahịa dị anya nke ndị njem na-eji ebuga nnu, ngwongwo, na ndị ohu gafee Sahara. Ndị ikom, ma ndị nọ n'elu ịnyịnya ma ndị a na-ebupụ, nwere ọta, ube, na mma agha. A gụnyere anụmanụ dịka ehi na ewu, mana e ji anụ ọhịa mee ihe n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma. Ọ bụ ezie na oge ndị a na-esochi onwe ha, oge ndị a na-agbanwe agbanwe ma ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie na-ewughachi ha mgbe niile ka teknụzụ na nkọwa na-etolite. Ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie na-akọpụta ihe osise ahụ kemgbe ụwa, ha na-anakọta iberibe na ihe ndị dara ada n'elu nkume ahụ. [[Faịlụ:Running_Horned_Woman,_6,000–4,000_B.C.E.,_pigment_on_rock,_Tassili_n’Ajjer,_Algeria.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise nkume nke North Africa na-anọchite anya 'chi nwanyị nwere mpi', Aouanrhet, Tassili N' Ajjer, Algeria, oge Round Head.]] Ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ide ihe n'ụlọ akwụkwọ bụ "Nwanyị Na-agba Ọsọ", nke a makwaara dịka "Chi nwanyị nwere mpi", nke sitere na oge isi gburugburu.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Razak|first=Arisika|date=2016-01-01|title=Sacred Women of Africa and the African Diaspora: A Womanist Vision of Black Women 's Bodies and the African Sacred Feminine|journal=International Journal of Transpersonal Studies|volume=35|issue=1|pages=129–147|doi=10.24972/ijts.2016.35.1.129|issn=1321-0122}}</ref> Ihe onyonyo a na-egosi otu nwanyị nwere mpi n'etiti; ntụpọ na-achọ ahụ ya na aka ya mma, o yikwara uwe aka ya dị warara, uwe mwụda, eriri ụkwụ, na nkwonkwo ụkwụ. Dịka Arisika Razak si kwuo, Chi nwanyị nwere mpi nke Tassili bụ ihe atụ mbụ nke "Nwanyị dị nsọ nke Afrịka."<ref name=":3" /> A na-emesi ike na ọ bụ nwanyị, ọmụmụ nwa, na njikọ ya na okike, ebe onye omenkà Neolithic na-etinye onyinyo ahụ n'elu obere ndị ochie. Ojiji nke mpi ehi bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ihe osise isi gbara gburugburu, nke na-egosi njikọta nke ehi ndị a na-azụ n'ụlọ na ndụ kwa ụbọchị nke Sahara. Foto ehi, ọkachasị nke oké ehi,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=JELÍNEK|first=JAN|title=Afarrh and the Origin of the Saharan Cattle Domestication|date=1982|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26293061|journal=Anthropologie (1962-)|volume=20|issue=1|pages=71–75|issn=0323-1119|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> ghọrọ isi okwu na ọ bụghị naanị na Tassili, kamakwa na ebe ndị ọzọ dị nso na Libya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=di Lernia|first=Savino|date=2011|title=Working in a UNESCO WH Site. Problems and Practices on the Rock Art of Tadrart Akakus (SW Libya, Central Sahara)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43135548|journal=Journal of African Archaeology|volume=9|issue=2|pages=159–175|doi=10.3213/2191-5784-10198|issn=1612-1651|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> === Ihe osise nkume Fungoid === Na 1989, onye na-eme nchọpụta banyere ihe ndị na-akpata ọrịa uche Giorgio Samorini tụrụ aro na eserese ndị dị ka fungoid n'ọgba Tassili bụ ihe akaebe nke mmekọrịta ahụ n'etiti ụmụ mmadụ na ndị nwere ọrịa uche n'ime ndị bi na Sahara oge ochie, mgbe ọ ka bụ ala ahịhịa ndụ: Terence McKenna ji echiche a mee ihe ọzọ n'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 1992 bụ́ Food of the Gods, na-ekwu na omenala Neolithic nke bi ebe ahụ jiri ero psilocybin mee ihe dịka akụkụ nke usoro ndụ okpukperechi, na-ekwu maka ihe osise nkume nke na-egosi ndị mmadụ ji ihe ndị dị ka ero n'aka ha, yana ero ndị na-eto site n'ahụ ha.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Food of the Gods|author=McKenna|first=Terence|publisher=Bantam Books|year=1992|isbn=978-0-553-07868-8|location=United States and Canada|pages=72, 73}}</ref> Maka Henri Lhote, onye chọpụtara ọgba Tassili na ngwụcha afọ 1950, o doro anya na ha bụ ebe nsọ nzuzo. Ihe osise kacha akwado echiche ero bụ ihe osise ero Tassili bụ Matalem-Amazar ebe e ji ero kpuchie ahụ onye shaman a na-anọchite anya ya. Dịka Earl Lee si kwuo n'akwụkwọ ya bụ́ ''From the Bodies of the Gods: Psychoactive Plants and the Cults of the Dead'' (2012), Ihe osise a na-ezo aka n'ihe mere n'oge ochie ebe e liri "onye ogbu ero" mgbe o yi uwe ya niile, mgbe e gwupụtara ya n'ala mgbe e mesịrị, obere ero ga-eto n'elu uwe. Earl Lee lere eserese ero na Tassili anya dị ka ihe ezi uche dị na ya. Dịka Brian Akers, onye dere akwụkwọ akụkọ Mushroom si kwuo, ihe osise nkume fungoid dị na Tassili adịghị ka ihe nnọchianya nke Psilocybe hispanica dị na Selva Pascuala caves (2015), ọ naghịkwa ele ya anya dị ka ihe ga-eme eme. == N'omenala a ma ama == * Tassili bụ ebe e dekọrọ egwu na aha abọm Tuareg nke afọ 2011 nke otu egwu Tinariwen. * Egwu Tassili Plain bụ egwu dị na abọm Natural Wonders of the World nke afọ 1994 na Dub nke otu Zion Train dere. * Na Fate/Extella: The Umbral Star, agwa Altera bụ n'ezie ụdị chi a maara dị ka Sefar, nke dabere na otu n'ime eserese e sere n'ọgba ahụ ma a makwaara ya n'akụkọ ahụ dịka The White Titan nke Tassili n'Ajjer == Ihe ngosi == === Ihe osise ndị dị na nkume nke Tin-Taghirt === Ebe Tin-Taghirt dị na Tassili n'Ajjer n'etiti obodo Dider na Iherir.<templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> == Hụkwa == == Ihe edeturu == <gallery mode="heights=&quot;130&quot;"> Faịlụ:TinTaghirtOstrich.jpg|An ostrich Faịlụ:Sleeping_Antelope_Tin_Taghirt.jpg|Sleeping antelope - also found on the reverse of the 1000 Algerian dinar banknote Faịlụ:Bubalus_Tin_Taghirt.jpg|''Bubalus antiquus'' Faịlụ:TinTaghirtFootprints.jpg|Footprints Faịlụ:TinTaghirtHumanBeings.jpg|Human beings </gallery><templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> * [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179/video Vidio] * [http://naturalarches.org/tassili/ Ogidi ndị sitere n'okike nke Tassili n'Ajjer] * Flore et faune du Tassili n'Ajjer, 2023, French, illustrated. Akụkụ 1: Ihe ngosi, ala, anụmanụ [https://s2hnh.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Flore-et-faune-du-Tassili-nAjjer_part1.pdf], * Flora na fauna nke Tassili n'Ajjer, Akụkụ 2: Flora [https://s2hnh.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Flore-et-faune-du-Tassili-nAjjer_part2.pdf] * Foto nke osisi cypress nke Sahara (''Cupressus dupreziana'') iNaturalist[https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/136175-Cupressus-dupreziana/browse_photos/ Onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị e kere eke] * Foto nke Saharan myrtle (''Myrtus nivellei'') iNaturalist[https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/1082910-Myrtus-nivellei/browse_photos/ Onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị e kere eke] == Edensibia == == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Bahn, Paul G. (1998) The ''Cambridge Illustrated History of Prehistoric Art'' Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. * Bradley, R (2000) Ihe mgbe ochie nke ebe okike London, Routledge. * Bruce-Lockhart, J na Wright, J (2000) Okporo ụzọ siri ike na nke dị ize ndụ: Njem Hugh Clapperton na Sahara na Fezzan 1822-1825''Okporo ụzọ siri ike ma dị ize ndụ: Njem Hugh Clapperton na Sahara na Fezzan 1822-1825'' * Chippindale, Chris na Tacon, S-C (eds) (1998) The Archaeology of Rock Art Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. * Clottes, J. (2002): World Rock Art Los Angeles: Getty Publications. * Coulson, D, na Campbell, Alec (2001) African Rock Art: Paintings and Engravings on Stone New York, Harry N Abrams. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * Holl, Augustin F.C. (2004) Saharan Rock Art, Archaeology of Tassilian Pastoralist Icongraphy''Ihe osise nkume nke Sahara, Archaeology nke Tassilian Pastoralist Icongraphy'' * Lajoux, Jean-Dominique (1977) Tassili n'Ajjer: Nkà nkume nke Sahara Prehistoric Paris, Le Chêne. * Lajoux, Jean-Dominique (1962), Merveilles du Tassili n'Ajjer (''Ihe osise nkume nke Tassili'' na nsụgharị), Le Chêne, Paris. * Le Quellec, J-L (1998) Nkà na Nkà nke nkume na Prehistory nke Sahara. Le Messak Libyen Paris: Editions Payot et Rivages, Bibliothèque Scientifique Payot. * Lhote, Henri (1959, bipụtara ọzọ 1973) ''The Search for the Tassili Frescoes: Akụkọ banyere ihe osise nkume nke Sahara'' London. * Lhote, Henri (1958, 1973, 1992, 2006) À la découverte des fresques du Tassili, Arthaud, Paris. * Mattingly, D (ed) (na-abịa) The archaeology of the Fezzan. * Muzzolini, A (1997) "Saharan Rock Art", na Vogel, J O (ed) Encyclopedia of Precolonial Africa Walnut Creek: 347-353. * Van Albada, A. na Van Albada. (2000): Ugwu nke Ụmụ Nkịta: Nkà Nkume nke Messak Lybien Paris, Seuil. * Whitley, D S (ed) (2001) Handbook of Rock Art Research New York: Altamira Press. [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 7ru3ooztatuwqc13oytyae1gb4l5zuh 670667 670666 2026-07-01T11:08:43Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 670667 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tassili n'Ajjer''' ([[Amazigh languages|Berber]]: ''Tassili n Ajjer'', Arabic: طاسيلي ناجر, romanized: ṭāssīlī naʾjir; "Plateau of rivers") bụ ugwu dị n'ọzara Sahara, nke dị na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Algeria]]. O nwere otu n'ime otu kachasị mkpa nke nka ọgba tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme n'ụwa<ref name="Unesco">{{Cite web|author=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|title=Tassili n'Ajjer|work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|date=11 Oct 2017|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179/|accessdate=26 December 2019|archivedate=4 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404032753/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179/}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf|title=Rock Art of the Tassili n Ajjer, Algeria|publisher=Africanrockart.org|accessdate=February 7, 2017|archivedate=September 30, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930123103/https://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf}}</ref> ma kpuchiri ebe karịrị 72,000 km2 (28,000 sq mi).<ref name="brit">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tassili-n-Ajjer|title=Tassili-n-Ajjer|publisher=britannica|accessdate=February 7, 2017|archivedate=May 29, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529043147/https://www.britannica.com/place/Tassili-n-Ajjer}}</ref> A kpọpụtala ebe a ka ọ bụrụ ogige mba na ebe nchekwa Biosphere, e wee tinye ya na ndepụta UNESCO nke Ebe Ihe Nketa Ụwa na 1982.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.algeria.com/national-parks/tassili-n-ajjer/|title=Tassili n'Ajjer National Park, Djanet|publisher=Algeria.com|accessdate=February 7, 2017|archivedate=February 8, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208032911/http://www.algeria.com/national-parks/tassili-n-ajjer/}}</ref> Nsụgharị Bekee nke Tassili n'Ajjer bụ 'ala dị larịị nke osimiri'.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Pan-African Congress on Prehistory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m9W0AAAAIAAJ|year=1977|publisher=Kraus Reprint|language=fr|quote=Les eaux de pluie ont raviné les crêtes et ont progressivement entaillé les plateaux, creusant des canyons étroits et profonds aux parois à pic, dont la direction générale est Sud-Nord. C'est d'ailleurs ce qui lui a valu le nom de Tassili-n-Ajjer, nom qui vient des mots touaregs : Tasilé = plateau et gir = rivières, ce qui veut dire : le plateau des rivières. == rainwater gutted the ridges and progressively slashed the plateaus, digging narrow, deep canyons with steep walls, whose general direction is South-North. This is what earned it the name of Tassili-n-Ajjer, name that comes from the Tuareg words: Tasilé = plateau and gir= rivers, which means: the plateau of rivers.|accessdate=2019-08-01}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == [[Faịlụ:Dunes_at_Tassili_n'Ajjer.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Foto si n'elu nke Tassili n'Ajjer]] Tassili n'Ajjer is a plateau in south-eastern [[Algeria]] at the borders of [[Libya]] and [[Niger]], covering an area of 72,000&nbsp;km².<ref name="Unesco">{{Cite web|author=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|title=Tassili n'Ajjer|work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|date=11 Oct 2017|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179/|accessdate=26 December 2019|archivedate=4 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404032753/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179/}}</ref> Ọ na-eru 26°20'N 5°00'E site n'ọwụwa anyanwụ-ndịda-ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo 24°00'N 10°00'E. Ebe kachasị elu ya bụ Adrar Afao nke dị elu na 2,158 m (7,080 ft), dị na 25°10'N 8°11'E. Obodo ndị kacha nso bụ Djanet dị na nsọtụ ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ na Illizi dị na nsọtụ ugwu. Ala dị larịị ahụ nwere mmasị dị ukwuu na ihe gbasara ala na ịma mma. Ọdịdị ya nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ala nke nwere oke ọhịa nkume, nke e ji ájá ájá gbajiri agbaji mee, yiri ala ọnwa ma nwee ọtụtụ ụdị nka nkume.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.archmillennium.net/tassili_national_park.htm|title=Tassili National Park, Sahara Algeria|publisher=Archmillennium.net|accessdate=2012-12-16|archivedate=2020-09-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920102632/http://www.archmillennium.net/tassili_national_park.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Willcox|first=A. R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qilKDwAAQBAJ&q=san+bushmen+Tassili+n%E2%80%99Ajjer&pg=PP16|title=The Rock Art of Africa|date=2018-01-29|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-315-51535-9|language=en|accessdate=2020-12-09}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == Ihe mejupụtara ihe owuwu a bụ aja okwute.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor=Scheffel|location=United States of America|pages=371–372}}</ref> Desert varnish tere aja okwute ahụ, obere mpụta nke metallic oxides nke na-agba agba dị iche iche site na oji ruo na ọbara ọbara na-adịghị mma, agba nkume ndị ahụ.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Mbuze n'ógbè ahụ emeela ka e nwee ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ narị nkume 300 e ji aka mee n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ, tinyere nnukwu olulu mmiri na ọdọ mmiri na-adịgide adịgide n'ebe ugwu. [[Faịlụ:West_African_Craton.svg|áká_èkpè|thumb|West African Craton, Tuareg Shield na East Sahara Metacraton]] Ihe mkpuchi Tuareg, mkpokọta nke terranes nke mepụtara n'oge Neoproterozoic n'etiti afọ 750 na 550 nde gara aga, gụnyere mpaghara Ugwu Ahaggar nke oge a na Algeria, Ugwu Aïr na Niger, na Adrar des Ifoghas na Mali. N'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ dị Craton nke ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka, n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ bụ Saharan Metacraton. Ọ gbasaa site na accretion n'ebe ugwu na ndịda, nke mere na ọ gụnyekwara mpaghara Tassili n'Ajjer nke oge a. N'oge a, nnukwu kọntinent ahụ Gondwana pụtara, nke gụnyekwara craton na ọta niile nke ihe ga-emesịa ghọọ Afrịka. N'oge Cambrian nke sochirinụ (afọ 541 ruo nde 485 gara aga), e guzobere nkwụnye mbụ nke sediment ka dị taa na mpaghara Tassili n'Ajjer. N'oge a, Gondwana si n'ógbè Equatorial gaa na ndịda hemisphere, nke mere na mpaghara Sahara dị na mpaghara South Pole n'oge Upper Ordovician (afọ 458 ruo 443 nde gara aga). Ná ngwụcha oge a, oge ice 'Hirnantian' jupụtara ruo otu nde afọ. E nwere mpempe akwụkwọ ice, nke gbasara ọtụtụ akụkụ ugwu Afrịka.[a] Na mbido oge Silurian (malite na nde afọ 443 gara aga), ihu igwe ụwa gbanwere, mee ka ice nke Tuareg Shield gbazee. Nke a hapụrụ ọwa mmiri gbazere agbaze nke kpụrụ n'okpuru ice. Nke a mechara guzobe usoro mmụta ala nke Inner Tassili Group. Ihe mejupụtara ya bụ ájá na ụfọdụ oyi akwa nke ụrọ. [[Faịlụ:Diagrams_geology_Tassili_n'Ajjer.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise abụọ na-egosi ọdịdị ala nke Tassili n'Ajjer]] N'oge Silurian na Devonian, mmebi iwu (mmalite nke oké osimiri) site n'ebe ugwu na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ kpuchiri nnukwu ebe dị na Sahara site na iji akwa ájá ndị ọzọ. N'oge ahụ, Tassili n'Ajjer bụ ala mmiri dị nso n'ụsọ oké osimiri, wee mechaa ghọọ ala mmiri mmiri. N'oge Silurian, E guzobere usoro nhazi nke Intra Tassili Group, nke nwere ọtụtụ ụrọ  nke e ji ihe ndị dị ndụ mee na ụfọdụ nkume ájá. N'oge Devonian, e guzobere otu Tassili nke dị n'èzí, nke nwere ọtụtụ nkume ájá tinyere ụrọ nwere macrofauna na ụfọdụ nkume limestone. Ọ bụ site na usoro abụọ a nke oge Silurian na Devonian ka mmanụ ala si dị a na-ewepụtakwa ma na-aga n'ihu na-emepụta gas sitere n'okike na Illizi Basin, n'ebe ugwu Illizi. N'ime afọ nde 200 sochirinụ, mpaghara a nọgidere na-abụ ala dị jụụ, dịkwa larịị nke na-enweghị nnukwu mgbanwe ma ọ bụ sedimentation. - Ikekwe n'oge Cretaceous, mana karịsịa kemgbe Miocene (afọ 23 ruo 5,3 nde gara aga), Tuareg Shield malitere ịgbapụta n'ihi magmatic mmụba. Elu elu dị na mpaghara Ahaggar mechara ruo mita 4,000 ruo 5,000. Ó metụtakwara mpaghara Tassili n'Ajjer, ebe elu ya mere ka oyi akwa ya gbadaa n'ebe ugwu. N'akụkụ elu ugwu ahụ, ọtụtụ basin guzobere n'ebe ugwu na ndịda nke Tuareg Shield, nke jere ozi ugbu a dị ka ebe a na-edebe ihe mkpofu maka ihe mkpofu ndị mebiri emebi, dịka ọmụmaatụ Illizi Basin. Karịsịa na Miocene, akwa sedimentary nke Mpụga Tassili (usoro oyi akwa kachasị elu) gbawara kpamkpam n'akụkụ ndịda na ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Tassili n'Ajjer. N'akụkụ ugwu, n'elu ala nke otu oyi akwa a, usoro osimiri ahụ gwuru ruo mita 400 n'ime ájá na ájá ájá n'ihi oke mgbanwe ugbu a.<ref name="Busche" /> Nnukwu mgbanwe ikpeazụ nke ala mere n'oge Pliocene (5,3 ruo 2,58 nde afọ gara aga). Ugwu na-agbọpụta ọkụ kpuchiri mpaghara Adrar dị na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Tassili n'Ajjer na oghere, cones volcanic, na ọwara na-asọ. Ọganihu a gara n'ihu n'oge Quaternary. <<gallery mode="packed" heights=110> Fadnounplateau_vers_Illizi.jpg|Ebe obibi [[Hamada]] nke ''Tassili Mpụga'' dị n'ebe ndịda Illizi Oued Imihrou photo by Hocine Djouder.jpg|Nhazi atọ nke ''Intra-Tassilian Group'' sitere na Oued Imihrou DJANET 8.jpg|Mpụta Tassili n'Ajjer na Oued Essendilène: nhazi abụọ nke ''Inner Tassili Group'' </gallery> === Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi === Tassili n'Ajjer dị n'ime oke ọhịa ugwu nke dị na ọdịda anyanwụ Saharan nke dị n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ. N'ihi elu dị elu nke mpaghara ahụ, tinyere ihe ndị na-ejide mmiri nke nkume ájá ya, Ahịhịa dị n'ebe a dị ntakịrị ka ahịhịa ma nwee akwụkwọ ndụ karịa na mpaghara ala nke ọzara; nke a na-emepụta ebe obibi mara mma maka ọtụtụ anụmanụ, site na obere invertebrates, ruo nri ruo anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara. Ogige ntụrụndụ a nwere oke ọhịa mepere emepe, nke gụnyere Saịprọs Sahara na myrtle Saharan nọ n'ihe ize ndụ ma dịkwa ize ndụ, n'ọkara ọwụwa anyanwụ ya dị elu.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor=Scheffel|location=United States of America|pages=371–372}}</ref> Osisi cypress Tassili bụ otu n'ime osisi na ihe ndị dị ndụ kacha ogologo n'ụwa, mgbe osisi pine bristlecone nke Western US gasịrị.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf|title=Rock Art of the Tassili n Ajjer, Algeria|publisher=Africanrockart.org|accessdate=February 7, 2017|archivedate=September 30, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930123103/https://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf}}</ref> Ndị bi n'ebe dị iche iche nke agụ iyi ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka dị ndụ na Tassili n'Ajjer ruo narị afọ nke iri abụọ; Taa, a na-ahụkarị ụdị ihe a n'ebe okpomọkụ na ndịda Sahara nke Ọdịda Anyanwụ na Etiti Afrịka, site na Senegal ruo [[Chad]]. Aoudad, ma ọ bụ Barbary sheep, bụ naanị ụdị anụmanụ dị ugbu a nke e sere n'ihe osise nkume ochie nke mpaghara ahụ.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor=Scheffel|location=United States of America|pages=371–372}}</ref> A kpọrọ ogige ntụrụndụ a Mkpa Nnụnụ (IBA) site n'aka BirdLife International n'ihi na ọ na-akwado ọtụtụ ndị bi na ahụrụ a chara acha na Ahịa Lichtenstein, Fero ugo - ikwiikwii, nnukwu hoopoe - larks, bar-tailed na desert larks, pale rock martins, fullyous babblers, okpueze ọcha na witi na-eru uju, nza desert na trumpeter finches.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/parc-national-du-tassili-najjer-iba-algeria|title=Parc National du Tassili N'Ajjer|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2024|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=2024-10-26}}</ref> == Nkà mmụta ihe ochie == === Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga === Kemgbe afọ 1863, ndị Yuropu na-eme nnyocha banyere ihe osise nkume nke ndị Algeria, ebe ndị mere nyocha ahụ bụ "A. Pomel (1893–1898), Stéphane Gsell (1901–1927), G. B. M. Flamand (1892–1921), Leo Frobenius and Hugo Obermaier (1925), Henri Breuil (1931–1957), L. Joleaud (1918–1938), na Raymond Vaufrey (1935–1955)."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Algeria|url=https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/|accessdate=2021-04-10|work=africanrockart.britishmuseum.org|archivedate=2021-07-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719001741/https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/}}</ref> A mara Tassili nke ọma na mmalite narị afọ nke 20, mana e jiri usoro eserese nke ndị agha France, ọkachasị Lieutenant Charles Brenans, mee ka ndị ọdịda anyanwụ mata ya nke ọma n'afọ 1930<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Algeria|url=https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/|accessdate=2021-04-10|work=africanrockart.britishmuseum.org|archivedate=2021-07-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719001741/https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/}}</ref> O wetara onye France bụ ọkà mmụta ihe ochie Henri Lhote, onye mechara lọta n'etiti afọ 1956–1957, 1959, 1962, na 1970.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Henri.|first=Lhote|title=The search for the Tassili frescoes: the story of the prehistoric rock-paintings of the Sahara|date=1973|publisher=Hutchinson|isbn=0-09-112380-1|oclc=667687}}</ref> A katọrọ njem Lhote nke ukwuu, ebe ndị otu ya boro ebubo na ha na-ese foto adịgboroja ma na-emebi ihe osise n'ime ka ha maa mma maka ịchọta na ịse foto, nke mere ka agba ndị mbụ ghara ịrụzi nke ọma.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Jean-Dominique.|first=Lajoux|title=Merveilles du Tassili N'Ajjer|date=1962|publisher=Ed. du Chêne|oclc=604199955}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Keenan|first=Jeremy|title=The lesser gods of the Sahara : social change and contested terrain amongst the Tuareg of Algeria|date=2004|publisher=Frank Cass|isbn=0-203-32762-4|location=London|oclc=62269179}}</ref> === Nkọwa nke ihe mgbe ochie ugbu a === Ebe Tassili dị bụ isi n'oge Neolithic nke ndị otu ndị na-azụ anụ ụlọ transhumant bụ ndị ụdị ndụ ha baara ma ụmụ mmadụ ma anụ ụlọ uru. Ọdịdị ala obodo, ịdị elu, na akụrụngwa sitere n'okike bụ ọnọdụ kacha mma maka ịma ụlọikwuu n'oge ọkọchị nke obere ìgwè. Osimiri dị n'ime ugwu ahụ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ụzọ dị n'etiti ugwu ndị dị n'okwute na ala ndị dị larịị nke ájá. Ugwu ndị dị n'elu nwere ihe akaebe ihe ochie nke na-egosi na e bibiri ha site na 5500 ruo 1500 Tupu Oge Anyị, ebe ala ndị dị larịị nwere nkume tumuli na ebe ọkụ dị n'agbata 6000 na 4000 Tupu Oge Anyị. O yiri ka e jirila ebe ndị dị n'ala dị larịị mee ebe obibi, karịsịa n'oge mmiri ozuzo.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=December 2005|title=Saharan Rock Art: Archaeology of Tassilian Pastoralist Iconography. Augustin F. C. Holl|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/jar.61.4.3631543|journal=Journal of Anthropological Research|volume=61|issue=4|pages=541–542|doi=10.1086/jar.61.4.3631543|issn=0091-7710|accessdate=2021-04-10}}</ref> E nwere ọtụtụ ebe obibi nkume n'ime ọhịa ájá ájá, nke jupụtara na ihe ochie Neolithic gụnyere ite seramiiki na ite ite, isi akụ lithic, efere na igwe nri, bidịị, na ọla.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf|title=Rock Art of the Tassili n Ajjer, Algeria|publisher=Africanrockart.org|accessdate=February 7, 2017|archivedate=September 30, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930123103/https://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf}}</ref> Mgbanwe gaa n'ịzụ anụmanụ mgbe oge Omimi Afrịka n'oge mbụ Holocene pụtara ìhè na ndekọ ihe ochie nke Tassili n'Ajjer, nka nkume, na nkà mmụta ihe ochie nke anụmanụ. Ọzọkwa, nnweta Tassili bụ akụkụ nke mmegharị buru ibu na mgbanwe ihu igwe n'ime Central Sahara. Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na gburugburu ebe obibi malitere na Central Sahara ihe dị ka 14,000 BP wee gaa n'ihu n'oge ọkọchị nke butere obere ebe obibi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Soukopova|first=Jitka|date=January 2011|title=The Earliest Rock Paintings of the Central Sahara: Approaching Interpretation|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/175169711x12961583765333|journal=Time and Mind|volume=4|issue=2|pages=193–216|doi=10.2752/175169711x12961583765333|issn=1751-696X|accessdate=2021-04-10}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, ihu igwe adịghị otu ebe, e kewara Sahara n'etiti ala kpọrọ nkụ na ugwu ndị dị mmiri mmiri. Ihe ndị e gwupụtara n'ala na-egosi na ndị mmadụ bi n'ime ha, n'ụdị ìgwè ndị na-achụ nta, dị n'agbata 10,000 na 7500 BP; mgbe 7500 BP gasịrị, ụmụ mmadụ malitere ịhazi onwe ha n'ìgwè ndị na-azụ atụrụ iji zaa ajụjụ maka ọnọdụ ihu igwe na-akawanye njọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fagan|first=Brian M.|date=1967|title=Radiocarbon Dates for Sub-Saharan Africa: V|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/179834|journal=The Journal of African History|volume=8|issue=3|pages=513–527|doi=10.1017/S0021853700007994|issn=0021-8537|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> E nwere oge ọkọchị site na 7900 na 7200 BP na Tassili<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Messili|first=Lamia|date=2013|title=Direct 14C Dating of Early and Mid-Holocene Saharan Pottery|url=https://hal.science/hal-02351870|journal=Radiocarbon|language=en|volume=55|issue=3|pages=1391–1402|doi=10.1017/S0033822200048323|issn=0033-8222|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> nke mere tupu e nwee ìgwè ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ mbụ, nke kwekọrọ n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke mpaghara Sahara-Sahelian.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Garcea|first=Elena A.A.|date=2016|title=High-Precision Radiocarbon Dating Application to Multi-proxy Organic Materials From Late Foraging To Early Pastoral Sites In Upper Nubia, Sudan|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44296870|journal=[[Journal of African Archaeology]]|volume=14|issue=1|pages=83–98|doi=10.3213/2191-5784-10282|issn=1612-1651|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> E gwupụtara ite tupu e jiri Pastoral rụọ ọrụ na Tassili ihe dị ka 9,000–8,500 BP, ebe ite Pastoral sitere na 7100–6000 BP.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Messili|first=Lamia|date=2013|title=Direct 14 C Dating of Early and Mid-Holocene Saharan Pottery|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02351870|journal=Radiocarbon|volume=55|issue=3|pages=1391–1402|doi=10.1017/S0033822200048323|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> A na-eji ihe osise nkume dị na Tassili eme ihe na ebe ndị ọzọ, gụnyere Dhar Tichitt na Mauritania,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Holl|first=Augustin F. C.|date=2002|title=Time, Space, and Image Making: Rock Art from the Dhar Tichitt (Mauritania)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25130740|journal=The African Archaeological Review|volume=19|issue=2|pages=75–118|doi=10.1023/A:1015479826570|issn=0263-0338|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> iji mụọ mmepe nke ịzụ anụmanụ na njem ndị si mba ọzọ gaa mba ndị dị n'ebe ugwu Afrịka. A na-azụ ehi n'ebe dị iche iche n'oge dị ka afọ 3000 ruo 2000 Tupu Oge Anyị, nke na-egosi mmalite na mgbasa nke ọrụ nlekọta anụmanụ n'ógbè ahụ. Nke a sochiri ịnyịnya (tupu afọ 1000 Tupu Oge Anyị) wee soro kamel n'ime puku afọ na-esote.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=LAMP|first=FREDERICK JOHN|date=2011|title=Ancient Terracotta Figures from Northern Nigeria|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41421509|journal=Yale University Art Gallery Bulletin|pages=48–57|issn=0084-3539|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> Mbịarute nke kamel na-egosi mmụba nke azụmaahịa trans-Saharan, ebe ọ bụ na a na-ejikarị kamel eme njem n'ụgbọ okporo ígwè azụmaahịa. === Ihe osise tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme === Nha nkume a bụ ebe e ji ihe ochie rụọ, nke a maara maka ọtụtụ ọrụ nka nkume nke e ji nkume rụọ tupu oge ochie, nke e dere na mbụ n'afọ 1910,<ref name="brit">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tassili-n-Ajjer|title=Tassili-n-Ajjer|publisher=britannica|accessdate=February 7, 2017|archivedate=May 29, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529043147/https://www.britannica.com/place/Tassili-n-Ajjer}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/place/Tassili-n-Ajjer "Tassili-n-Ajjer"]. </cite></ref> nke ahụ malitere na mmalite oge Neolithic na njedebe nke oge oyi ikpeazụ nke Sahara bụ ebe obibi nke ọma karịa ọzara dị ugbu a. Ọ bụ ezie na isi mmalite dị iche iche, a na-eche na ihe osise mbụ dị afọ 12,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.africanworldheritagesites.org/cultural-places/rock-art-pre-history/tassili-najjer.html|title=Tassili N'Ajjer (Algeria)|publisher=Africanworldheritagesites.org|accessdate=February 7, 2017|archivedate=October 17, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017081659/http://africanworldheritagesites.org/cultural-places/rock-art-pre-history/tassili-najjer.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf|title=Rock Art of the Tassili n Ajjer, Algeria|author=David Coulson|publisher=Africanrockart.org|accessdate=2021-08-18|archivedate=2019-09-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930123103/https://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf}}</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime ha malitere n'afọ nke itoolu na nke iri nke narị afọ iri na itoolu nke afọ iri na itoolu nke afọ iri na itoolu nke afọ iri na itoolu nke afọ iri na itoolu ma ọ bụ karịa, dịka OSL si kwuo.<ref name="Mercier_OSLdating">{{Cite journal|title=OSL dating of quaternary deposits associated with the parietal art of the Tassili-n-Ajjer plateau (Central Sahara)|journal=Quaternary Geochronology|date=July 2012|volume=10|pages=367–373|doi=10.1016/j.quageo.2011.11.010|author=Mercier|first=Norbert}}</ref> E ji ihe osise ahụ mee ihe ochie site n'ịchịkọta obere iberibe nke ihe osise ndị kpọrọ nkụ ma gbajie agbawa tupu e lie ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Smith|first=Andrew B.|date=1992|title=Origins and Spread of Pastoralism in Africa|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2155983|journal=Annual Review of Anthropology|volume=21|pages=125–141|doi=10.1146/annurev.an.21.100192.001013|issn=0084-6570|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> N'ime ihe osise puku iri na ise e dekọrọ ruo ugbu a, ndị a na-egosi bụ nnukwu anụ ọhịa dịka ele na agụ iyi, ehi, na ụmụ mmadụ ndị na-eme ihe omume dịka ịchụ nta na ịgba egwu.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor=Scheffel|location=United States of America|pages=371–372}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFScheffelWernet1980">Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. </cite></ref> Ihe osise ndị a bụ ụfọdụ n'ime ihe osise mbụ nke ndị omenkà Central Sahara mere, ha na-emekwa n'ebe kachasị na Tassili.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Soukopova|first=Jitka|date=January 2011|title=The Earliest Rock Paintings of the Central Sahara: Approaching Interpretation|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/175169711x12961583765333|journal=Time and Mind|volume=4|issue=2|pages=193–216|doi=10.2752/175169711x12961583765333|issn=1751-696X|accessdate=2021-04-10}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSoukopova2011">Soukopova, Jitka (January 2011). </cite></ref> Ọ bụ ezie na Algeria dị nso na Iberian Peninsula, ihe osise nkume nke Tassili n'Ajjer gbanwere iche na nke omenala ndị Europe.<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 2000|title=African Rock Art: Tassili-n-Ajjer (?8000 B.C.-?)|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/tass/hd_tass.htm|accessdate=2021-03-05|work=www.metmuseum.org|archivedate=2021-03-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305212257/https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/tass/hd_tass.htm}}</ref> Dịka UNESCO si kwuo, "Ọtụtụ ihe osise na ihe osise dị iche iche... emeela ka Tassili bụrụ ihe a ma ama n'ụwa niile."<ref name="UNESCO">{{Cite web|title=Tassili n'Ajer|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|accessdate=7 March 2013|archivedate=22 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522030003/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179}}</ref> Dịka ebe ndị Sahara ndị ọzọ nwere ihe osise nkume, enwere ike kewaa Tassili n'ime omenala ise dị iche iche: Archaic (10,000 ruo 7500 Tupu Oge Anyị) Isi Gburugburu (7550 ruo 5050 Tupu Oge Anyị), Bovidian ma ọ bụ Pastoral (4500 ruo 4000 Tupu Oge Anyị), Ịnyịnya (site na 2000 Tupu Oge Anyị na 50 Tupu Oge Anyị), na Kamel (1000 Tupu Oge Anyị na 1000 Tupu Oge Anyị na 1000 Tupu Oge Anyị). Oge ochie bụ nke anụ ọhịa bi na Sahara n'oge Holocene mbụ. A na-akpọ ọrụ ndị a ndị dinta na-achịkọta ihe, nke nwere naanị ihe e ji kpụọ ihe. Ihe onyonyo bụ nke anụmanụ buru ibu, nke e sere n'ụzọ okike, ya na usoro geometric mgbe ụfọdụ na ọdịdị mmadụ. A na-ahụkarị ụmụ mmadụ na anụmanụ n'ime ebe ịchụ nta. A na-ejikọta Oge Round Head na nhọrọ ejiji ụfọdụ na-egosi ụdị mmadụ ma kewapụ ya nke ọma na ọdịnala Archaic ọ bụ ezie na ndị na-achụ nta na ndị na'achịkọta ihe bụ ndị na-ese ihe maka ha abụọ. Ihe osise ahụ nwere ihe osise, na ụfọdụ n'ime ihe osise nkume kachasị ochie na nke kachasị ukwuu n'Africa; otu onye guzo karịa mita ise na nke ọzọ na mita atọ na ọkara. Ihe ngosi pụrụ iche nke ndị na-ese n'elu mmiri nwere isi dị gburugburu, isi na-enweghị ihe ngosi na ahụ na-enweghị ọdịdị yiri ka ha na-ese na nkume, ya mere akara "Round Head". Ihe osise na ihe osise ndị a na-elekwasị anya n'ebe ụfọdụ dị na mbara ala ahụ, na-egosi na ebe ndị a bụ etiti ememe, ememe, na ememe.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Algeria|url=https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/|accessdate=2021-04-10|work=africanrockart.britishmuseum.org|archivedate=2021-07-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719001741/https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/ "Algeria"]. </cite></ref> Ọtụtụ anụmanụ ndị a na-egosi bụ mouflon na antelope, na-anọkarị n'ọnọdụ kwụ otu ebe nke na-adịghị egosi na ọ bụ akụkụ nke ebe ịchụ nta. Oge ndị Bovidian/Ọrụ Ndị Nkịtị na-ejikọta na mbata nke ehi ndị a na-azụ n'ụlọ na Sahara na mgbanwe nwayọọ nwayọọ gaa na ịzụ anụ ụlọ na-agagharị agagharị. E nwere ihe dị iche n'etiti oge ọzụzụ atụrụ na oge abụọ gara aga, nke dabara na mbibi nke Sahara. E nwere mmụba nke ụdị ejiji, nke na-egosi mmegharị nke otu omenala dị iche iche n'ime mpaghara ahụ. A na-egosi anụmanụ ndị a na-azụ n'ụlọ dịka ehi, atụrụ, ewu, na nkịta, nke yiri ihe ndekọ ihe ochie nke ebe ahụ. Ihe ndị a na-egosi obodo dị iche iche nke ndị na-azụ anụ, ndị dinta ji ụta, tinyere ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka, ma na-egosi mmụba nke ọha mmadụ dabere na ihe onwunwe. Omenala Ịnyịnya ndị a kwekọrọ na mbibi zuru oke nke Sahara na ihe achọrọ maka ụzọ njem ọhụrụ. A na-egosi ọbịbịa nke ịnyịnya, ụgbọ ịnyịnya na-adọkpụ, na ndị na-agba ịnyịnya, ọtụtụ mgbe n'etiti ịgba ọsọ, a na-ejikọtakwa ya na ịchụ nta karịa agha.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Algeria|url=https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/|accessdate=2021-04-10|work=africanrockart.britishmuseum.org|archivedate=2021-07-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719001741/https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/}}</ref> Ihe odide nke mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Libya-Berber, nke ndị nna ochie Berber ji mee ihe, dị n'akụkụ ihe oyiyi ndị ahụ, agbanyeghị, ederede ahụ enweghị ike nkọwa kpamkpam. A na-akọwa oge ikpeazụ site na ọdịdị nke kamel, nke nọchiri ịnyịnya ibu na ehi dị ka ụzọ isi ebuga ndị mmadụ n'ofe Sahara. Mbido nke kamel na-adaba na mmepe nke ụzọ azụmaahịa dị anya nke ndị njem na-eji ebuga nnu, ngwongwo, na ndị ohu gafee Sahara. Ndị ikom, ma ndị nọ n'elu ịnyịnya ma ndị a na-ebupụ, nwere ọta, ube, na mma agha. A gụnyere anụmanụ dịka ehi na ewu, mana e ji anụ ọhịa mee ihe n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma. Ọ bụ ezie na oge ndị a na-esochi onwe ha, oge ndị a na-agbanwe agbanwe ma ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie na-ewughachi ha mgbe niile ka teknụzụ na nkọwa na-etolite. Ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie na-akọpụta ihe osise ahụ kemgbe ụwa, ha na-anakọta iberibe na ihe ndị dara ada n'elu nkume ahụ. [[Faịlụ:Running_Horned_Woman,_6,000–4,000_B.C.E.,_pigment_on_rock,_Tassili_n’Ajjer,_Algeria.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise nkume nke North Africa na-anọchite anya 'chi nwanyị nwere mpi', Aouanrhet, Tassili N' Ajjer, Algeria, oge Round Head.]] Ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ide ihe n'ụlọ akwụkwọ bụ "Nwanyị Na-agba Ọsọ", nke a makwaara dịka "Chi nwanyị nwere mpi", nke sitere na oge isi gburugburu.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Razak|first=Arisika|date=2016-01-01|title=Sacred Women of Africa and the African Diaspora: A Womanist Vision of Black Women 's Bodies and the African Sacred Feminine|journal=International Journal of Transpersonal Studies|volume=35|issue=1|pages=129–147|doi=10.24972/ijts.2016.35.1.129|issn=1321-0122}}</ref> Ihe onyonyo a na-egosi otu nwanyị nwere mpi n'etiti; ntụpọ na-achọ ahụ ya na aka ya mma, o yikwara uwe aka ya dị warara, uwe mwụda, eriri ụkwụ, na nkwonkwo ụkwụ. Dịka Arisika Razak si kwuo, Chi nwanyị nwere mpi nke Tassili bụ ihe atụ mbụ nke "Nwanyị dị nsọ nke Afrịka."<ref name=":3" /> A na-emesi ike na ọ bụ nwanyị, ọmụmụ nwa, na njikọ ya na okike, ebe onye omenkà Neolithic na-etinye onyinyo ahụ n'elu obere ndị ochie. Ojiji nke mpi ehi bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ihe osise isi gbara gburugburu, nke na-egosi njikọta nke ehi ndị a na-azụ n'ụlọ na ndụ kwa ụbọchị nke Sahara. Foto ehi, ọkachasị nke oké ehi,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=JELÍNEK|first=JAN|title=Afarrh and the Origin of the Saharan Cattle Domestication|date=1982|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26293061|journal=Anthropologie (1962-)|volume=20|issue=1|pages=71–75|issn=0323-1119|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> ghọrọ isi okwu na ọ bụghị naanị na Tassili, kamakwa na ebe ndị ọzọ dị nso na Libya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=di Lernia|first=Savino|date=2011|title=Working in a UNESCO WH Site. Problems and Practices on the Rock Art of Tadrart Akakus (SW Libya, Central Sahara)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43135548|journal=Journal of African Archaeology|volume=9|issue=2|pages=159–175|doi=10.3213/2191-5784-10198|issn=1612-1651|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> === Ihe osise nkume Fungoid === Na 1989, onye na-eme nchọpụta banyere ihe ndị na-akpata ọrịa uche Giorgio Samorini tụrụ aro na eserese ndị dị ka fungoid n'ọgba Tassili bụ ihe akaebe nke mmekọrịta ahụ n'etiti ụmụ mmadụ na ndị nwere ọrịa uche n'ime ndị bi na Sahara oge ochie, mgbe ọ ka bụ ala ahịhịa ndụ: Terence McKenna ji echiche a mee ihe ọzọ n'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 1992 bụ́ Food of the Gods, na-ekwu na omenala Neolithic nke bi ebe ahụ jiri ero psilocybin mee ihe dịka akụkụ nke usoro ndụ okpukperechi, na-ekwu maka ihe osise nkume nke na-egosi ndị mmadụ ji ihe ndị dị ka ero n'aka ha, yana ero ndị na-eto site n'ahụ ha.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Food of the Gods|author=McKenna|first=Terence|publisher=Bantam Books|year=1992|isbn=978-0-553-07868-8|location=United States and Canada|pages=72, 73}}</ref> Maka Henri Lhote, onye chọpụtara ọgba Tassili na ngwụcha afọ 1950, o doro anya na ha bụ ebe nsọ nzuzo. Ihe osise kacha akwado echiche ero bụ ihe osise ero Tassili bụ Matalem-Amazar ebe e ji ero kpuchie ahụ onye shaman a na-anọchite anya ya. Dịka Earl Lee si kwuo n'akwụkwọ ya bụ́ ''From the Bodies of the Gods: Psychoactive Plants and the Cults of the Dead'' (2012), Ihe osise a na-ezo aka n'ihe mere n'oge ochie ebe e liri "onye ogbu ero" mgbe o yi uwe ya niile, mgbe e gwupụtara ya n'ala mgbe e mesịrị, obere ero ga-eto n'elu uwe. Earl Lee lere eserese ero na Tassili anya dị ka ihe ezi uche dị na ya. Dịka Brian Akers, onye dere akwụkwọ akụkọ Mushroom si kwuo, ihe osise nkume fungoid dị na Tassili adịghị ka ihe nnọchianya nke Psilocybe hispanica dị na Selva Pascuala caves (2015), ọ naghịkwa ele ya anya dị ka ihe ga-eme eme. == N'omenala a ma ama == * Tassili bụ ebe e dekọrọ egwu na aha abọm Tuareg nke afọ 2011 nke otu egwu Tinariwen. * Egwu Tassili Plain bụ egwu dị na abọm Natural Wonders of the World nke afọ 1994 na Dub nke otu Zion Train dere. * Na Fate/Extella: The Umbral Star, agwa Altera bụ n'ezie ụdị chi a maara dị ka Sefar, nke dabere na otu n'ime eserese e sere n'ọgba ahụ ma a makwaara ya n'akụkọ ahụ dịka The White Titan nke Tassili n'Ajjer == Ihe ngosi == === Ihe osise ndị dị na nkume nke Tin-Taghirt === Ebe Tin-Taghirt dị na Tassili n'Ajjer n'etiti obodo Dider na Iherir.<templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> == Hụkwa == == Ihe edeturu == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> * [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179/video Vidio] * [http://naturalarches.org/tassili/ Ogidi ndị sitere n'okike nke Tassili n'Ajjer] * Flore et faune du Tassili n'Ajjer, 2023, French, illustrated. Akụkụ 1: Ihe ngosi, ala, anụmanụ [https://s2hnh.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Flore-et-faune-du-Tassili-nAjjer_part1.pdf], * Flora na fauna nke Tassili n'Ajjer, Akụkụ 2: Flora [https://s2hnh.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Flore-et-faune-du-Tassili-nAjjer_part2.pdf] * Foto nke osisi cypress nke Sahara (''Cupressus dupreziana'') iNaturalist[https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/136175-Cupressus-dupreziana/browse_photos/ Onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị e kere eke] * Foto nke Saharan myrtle (''Myrtus nivellei'') iNaturalist[https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/1082910-Myrtus-nivellei/browse_photos/ Onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị e kere eke] == Edensibia == == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Bahn, Paul G. (1998) The ''Cambridge Illustrated History of Prehistoric Art'' Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. * Bradley, R (2000) Ihe mgbe ochie nke ebe okike London, Routledge. * Bruce-Lockhart, J na Wright, J (2000) Okporo ụzọ siri ike na nke dị ize ndụ: Njem Hugh Clapperton na Sahara na Fezzan 1822-1825''Okporo ụzọ siri ike ma dị ize ndụ: Njem Hugh Clapperton na Sahara na Fezzan 1822-1825'' * Chippindale, Chris na Tacon, S-C (eds) (1998) The Archaeology of Rock Art Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. * Clottes, J. (2002): World Rock Art Los Angeles: Getty Publications. * Coulson, D, na Campbell, Alec (2001) African Rock Art: Paintings and Engravings on Stone New York, Harry N Abrams. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * Holl, Augustin F.C. (2004) Saharan Rock Art, Archaeology of Tassilian Pastoralist Icongraphy''Ihe osise nkume nke Sahara, Archaeology nke Tassilian Pastoralist Icongraphy'' * Lajoux, Jean-Dominique (1977) Tassili n'Ajjer: Nkà nkume nke Sahara Prehistoric Paris, Le Chêne. * Lajoux, Jean-Dominique (1962), Merveilles du Tassili n'Ajjer (''Ihe osise nkume nke Tassili'' na nsụgharị), Le Chêne, Paris. * Le Quellec, J-L (1998) Nkà na Nkà nke nkume na Prehistory nke Sahara. Le Messak Libyen Paris: Editions Payot et Rivages, Bibliothèque Scientifique Payot. * Lhote, Henri (1959, bipụtara ọzọ 1973) ''The Search for the Tassili Frescoes: Akụkọ banyere ihe osise nkume nke Sahara'' London. * Lhote, Henri (1958, 1973, 1992, 2006) À la découverte des fresques du Tassili, Arthaud, Paris. * Mattingly, D (ed) (na-abịa) The archaeology of the Fezzan. * Muzzolini, A (1997) "Saharan Rock Art", na Vogel, J O (ed) Encyclopedia of Precolonial Africa Walnut Creek: 347-353. * Van Albada, A. na Van Albada. (2000): Ugwu nke Ụmụ Nkịta: Nkà Nkume nke Messak Lybien Paris, Seuil. * Whitley, D S (ed) (2001) Handbook of Rock Art Research New York: Altamira Press. [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 3bm487x82omijego0oy70qwk891pcic 670669 670667 2026-07-01T11:12:12Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 670669 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tassili n'Ajjer''' ([[Amazigh languages|Berber]]: ''Tassili n Ajjer'', Arabic: طاسيلي ناجر, romanized: ṭāssīlī naʾjir; "Plateau of rivers") bụ ugwu dị n'ọzara Sahara, nke dị na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Algeria]]. O nwere otu n'ime otu kachasị mkpa nke nka ọgba tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme n'ụwa<ref name="Unesco">{{Cite web|author=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|title=Tassili n'Ajjer|work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|date=11 Oct 2017|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179/|accessdate=26 December 2019|archivedate=4 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404032753/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179/}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf|title=Rock Art of the Tassili n Ajjer, Algeria|publisher=Africanrockart.org|accessdate=February 7, 2017|archivedate=September 30, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930123103/https://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf}}</ref> ma kpuchiri ebe karịrị 72,000 km2 (28,000 sq mi).<ref name="brit">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tassili-n-Ajjer|title=Tassili-n-Ajjer|publisher=britannica|accessdate=February 7, 2017|archivedate=May 29, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529043147/https://www.britannica.com/place/Tassili-n-Ajjer}}</ref> A kpọpụtala ebe a ka ọ bụrụ ogige mba na ebe nchekwa Biosphere, e wee tinye ya na ndepụta UNESCO nke Ebe Ihe Nketa Ụwa na 1982.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.algeria.com/national-parks/tassili-n-ajjer/|title=Tassili n'Ajjer National Park, Djanet|publisher=Algeria.com|accessdate=February 7, 2017|archivedate=February 8, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208032911/http://www.algeria.com/national-parks/tassili-n-ajjer/}}</ref> Nsụgharị Bekee nke Tassili n'Ajjer bụ 'ala dị larịị nke osimiri'.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Pan-African Congress on Prehistory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m9W0AAAAIAAJ|year=1977|publisher=Kraus Reprint|language=fr|quote=Les eaux de pluie ont raviné les crêtes et ont progressivement entaillé les plateaux, creusant des canyons étroits et profonds aux parois à pic, dont la direction générale est Sud-Nord. C'est d'ailleurs ce qui lui a valu le nom de Tassili-n-Ajjer, nom qui vient des mots touaregs : Tasilé = plateau et gir = rivières, ce qui veut dire : le plateau des rivières. == rainwater gutted the ridges and progressively slashed the plateaus, digging narrow, deep canyons with steep walls, whose general direction is South-North. This is what earned it the name of Tassili-n-Ajjer, name that comes from the Tuareg words: Tasilé = plateau and gir= rivers, which means: the plateau of rivers.|accessdate=2019-08-01}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == [[Faịlụ:Dunes_at_Tassili_n'Ajjer.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Foto si n'elu nke Tassili n'Ajjer]] Tassili n'Ajjer is a plateau in south-eastern [[Algeria]] at the borders of [[Libya]] and [[Niger]], covering an area of 72,000&nbsp;km².<ref name="Unesco">{{Cite web|author=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|title=Tassili n'Ajjer|work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|date=11 Oct 2017|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179/|accessdate=26 December 2019|archivedate=4 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404032753/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179/}}</ref> Ọ na-eru 26°20'N 5°00'E site n'ọwụwa anyanwụ-ndịda-ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo 24°00'N 10°00'E. Ebe kachasị elu ya bụ Adrar Afao nke dị elu na 2,158 m (7,080 ft), dị na 25°10'N 8°11'E. Obodo ndị kacha nso bụ Djanet dị na nsọtụ ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ na Illizi dị na nsọtụ ugwu. Ala dị larịị ahụ nwere mmasị dị ukwuu na ihe gbasara ala na ịma mma. Ọdịdị ya nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ala nke nwere oke ọhịa nkume, nke e ji ájá ájá gbajiri agbaji mee, yiri ala ọnwa ma nwee ọtụtụ ụdị nka nkume.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.archmillennium.net/tassili_national_park.htm|title=Tassili National Park, Sahara Algeria|publisher=Archmillennium.net|accessdate=2012-12-16|archivedate=2020-09-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920102632/http://www.archmillennium.net/tassili_national_park.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Willcox|first=A. R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qilKDwAAQBAJ&q=san+bushmen+Tassili+n%E2%80%99Ajjer&pg=PP16|title=The Rock Art of Africa|date=2018-01-29|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-315-51535-9|language=en|accessdate=2020-12-09}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == Ihe mejupụtara ihe owuwu a bụ aja okwute.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor=Scheffel|location=United States of America|pages=371–372}}</ref> Desert varnish tere aja okwute ahụ, obere mpụta nke metallic oxides nke na-agba agba dị iche iche site na oji ruo na ọbara ọbara na-adịghị mma, agba nkume ndị ahụ.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Mbuze n'ógbè ahụ emeela ka e nwee ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ narị nkume 300 e ji aka mee n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ, tinyere nnukwu olulu mmiri na ọdọ mmiri na-adịgide adịgide n'ebe ugwu. [[Faịlụ:West_African_Craton.svg|áká_èkpè|thumb|West African Craton, Tuareg Shield na East Sahara Metacraton]] Ihe mkpuchi Tuareg, mkpokọta nke terranes nke mepụtara n'oge Neoproterozoic n'etiti afọ 750 na 550 nde gara aga, gụnyere mpaghara Ugwu Ahaggar nke oge a na Algeria, Ugwu Aïr na Niger, na Adrar des Ifoghas na Mali. N'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ dị Craton nke ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka, n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ bụ Saharan Metacraton. Ọ gbasaa site na accretion n'ebe ugwu na ndịda, nke mere na ọ gụnyekwara mpaghara Tassili n'Ajjer nke oge a. N'oge a, nnukwu kọntinent ahụ Gondwana pụtara, nke gụnyekwara craton na ọta niile nke ihe ga-emesịa ghọọ Afrịka. N'oge Cambrian nke sochirinụ (afọ 541 ruo nde 485 gara aga), e guzobere nkwụnye mbụ nke sediment ka dị taa na mpaghara Tassili n'Ajjer. N'oge a, Gondwana si n'ógbè Equatorial gaa na ndịda hemisphere, nke mere na mpaghara Sahara dị na mpaghara South Pole n'oge Upper Ordovician (afọ 458 ruo 443 nde gara aga). Ná ngwụcha oge a, oge ice 'Hirnantian' jupụtara ruo otu nde afọ. E nwere mpempe akwụkwọ ice, nke gbasara ọtụtụ akụkụ ugwu Afrịka.[a] Na mbido oge Silurian (malite na nde afọ 443 gara aga), ihu igwe ụwa gbanwere, mee ka ice nke Tuareg Shield gbazee. Nke a hapụrụ ọwa mmiri gbazere agbaze nke kpụrụ n'okpuru ice. Nke a mechara guzobe usoro mmụta ala nke Inner Tassili Group. Ihe mejupụtara ya bụ ájá na ụfọdụ oyi akwa nke ụrọ. [[Faịlụ:Diagrams_geology_Tassili_n'Ajjer.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise abụọ na-egosi ọdịdị ala nke Tassili n'Ajjer]] N'oge Silurian na Devonian, mmebi iwu (mmalite nke oké osimiri) site n'ebe ugwu na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ kpuchiri nnukwu ebe dị na Sahara site na iji akwa ájá ndị ọzọ. N'oge ahụ, Tassili n'Ajjer bụ ala mmiri dị nso n'ụsọ oké osimiri, wee mechaa ghọọ ala mmiri mmiri. N'oge Silurian, E guzobere usoro nhazi nke Intra Tassili Group, nke nwere ọtụtụ ụrọ  nke e ji ihe ndị dị ndụ mee na ụfọdụ nkume ájá. N'oge Devonian, e guzobere otu Tassili nke dị n'èzí, nke nwere ọtụtụ nkume ájá tinyere ụrọ nwere macrofauna na ụfọdụ nkume limestone. Ọ bụ site na usoro abụọ a nke oge Silurian na Devonian ka mmanụ ala si dị a na-ewepụtakwa ma na-aga n'ihu na-emepụta gas sitere n'okike na Illizi Basin, n'ebe ugwu Illizi. N'ime afọ nde 200 sochirinụ, mpaghara a nọgidere na-abụ ala dị jụụ, dịkwa larịị nke na-enweghị nnukwu mgbanwe ma ọ bụ sedimentation. - Ikekwe n'oge Cretaceous, mana karịsịa kemgbe Miocene (afọ 23 ruo 5,3 nde gara aga), Tuareg Shield malitere ịgbapụta n'ihi magmatic mmụba. Elu elu dị na mpaghara Ahaggar mechara ruo mita 4,000 ruo 5,000. Ó metụtakwara mpaghara Tassili n'Ajjer, ebe elu ya mere ka oyi akwa ya gbadaa n'ebe ugwu. N'akụkụ elu ugwu ahụ, ọtụtụ basin guzobere n'ebe ugwu na ndịda nke Tuareg Shield, nke jere ozi ugbu a dị ka ebe a na-edebe ihe mkpofu maka ihe mkpofu ndị mebiri emebi, dịka ọmụmaatụ Illizi Basin. Karịsịa na Miocene, akwa sedimentary nke Mpụga Tassili (usoro oyi akwa kachasị elu) gbawara kpamkpam n'akụkụ ndịda na ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Tassili n'Ajjer. N'akụkụ ugwu, n'elu ala nke otu oyi akwa a, usoro osimiri ahụ gwuru ruo mita 400 n'ime ájá na ájá ájá n'ihi oke mgbanwe ugbu a.<ref name="Busche" /> Nnukwu mgbanwe ikpeazụ nke ala mere n'oge Pliocene (5,3 ruo 2,58 nde afọ gara aga). Ugwu na-agbọpụta ọkụ kpuchiri mpaghara Adrar dị na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Tassili n'Ajjer na oghere, cones volcanic, na ọwara na-asọ. Ọganihu a gara n'ihu n'oge Quaternary. <<gallery mode="packed" heights=110> Fadnounplateau_vers_Illizi.jpg|Ebe obibi [[Hamada]] nke ''Tassili Mpụga'' dị n'ebe ndịda Illizi Oued Imihrou photo by Hocine Djouder.jpg|Nhazi atọ nke ''Intra-Tassilian Group'' sitere na Oued Imihrou DJANET 8.jpg|Mpụta Tassili n'Ajjer na Oued Essendilène: nhazi abụọ nke ''Inner Tassili Group'' </gallery> === Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi === Tassili n'Ajjer dị n'ime oke ọhịa ugwu nke dị na ọdịda anyanwụ Saharan nke dị n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ. N'ihi elu dị elu nke mpaghara ahụ, tinyere ihe ndị na-ejide mmiri nke nkume ájá ya, Ahịhịa dị n'ebe a dị ntakịrị ka ahịhịa ma nwee akwụkwọ ndụ karịa na mpaghara ala nke ọzara; nke a na-emepụta ebe obibi mara mma maka ọtụtụ anụmanụ, site na obere invertebrates, ruo nri ruo anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara. Ogige ntụrụndụ a nwere oke ọhịa mepere emepe, nke gụnyere Saịprọs Sahara na myrtle Saharan nọ n'ihe ize ndụ ma dịkwa ize ndụ, n'ọkara ọwụwa anyanwụ ya dị elu.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor=Scheffel|location=United States of America|pages=371–372}}</ref> Osisi cypress Tassili bụ otu n'ime osisi na ihe ndị dị ndụ kacha ogologo n'ụwa, mgbe osisi pine bristlecone nke Western US gasịrị.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf|title=Rock Art of the Tassili n Ajjer, Algeria|publisher=Africanrockart.org|accessdate=February 7, 2017|archivedate=September 30, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930123103/https://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf}}</ref> Ndị bi n'ebe dị iche iche nke agụ iyi ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka dị ndụ na Tassili n'Ajjer ruo narị afọ nke iri abụọ; Taa, a na-ahụkarị ụdị ihe a n'ebe okpomọkụ na ndịda Sahara nke Ọdịda Anyanwụ na Etiti Afrịka, site na Senegal ruo [[Chad]]. Aoudad, ma ọ bụ Barbary sheep, bụ naanị ụdị anụmanụ dị ugbu a nke e sere n'ihe osise nkume ochie nke mpaghara ahụ.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor=Scheffel|location=United States of America|pages=371–372}}</ref> A kpọrọ ogige ntụrụndụ a Mkpa Nnụnụ (IBA) site n'aka BirdLife International n'ihi na ọ na-akwado ọtụtụ ndị bi na ahụrụ a chara acha na Ahịa Lichtenstein, Fero ugo - ikwiikwii, nnukwu hoopoe - larks, bar-tailed na desert larks, pale rock martins, fullyous babblers, okpueze ọcha na witi na-eru uju, nza desert na trumpeter finches.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/parc-national-du-tassili-najjer-iba-algeria|title=Parc National du Tassili N'Ajjer|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2024|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=2024-10-26}}</ref> == Nkà mmụta ihe ochie == === Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga === Kemgbe afọ 1863, ndị Yuropu na-eme nnyocha banyere ihe osise nkume nke ndị Algeria, ebe ndị mere nyocha ahụ bụ "A. Pomel (1893–1898), Stéphane Gsell (1901–1927), G. B. M. Flamand (1892–1921), Leo Frobenius and Hugo Obermaier (1925), Henri Breuil (1931–1957), L. Joleaud (1918–1938), na Raymond Vaufrey (1935–1955)."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Algeria|url=https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/|accessdate=2021-04-10|work=africanrockart.britishmuseum.org|archivedate=2021-07-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719001741/https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/}}</ref> A mara Tassili nke ọma na mmalite narị afọ nke 20, mana e jiri usoro eserese nke ndị agha France, ọkachasị Lieutenant Charles Brenans, mee ka ndị ọdịda anyanwụ mata ya nke ọma n'afọ 1930<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Algeria|url=https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/|accessdate=2021-04-10|work=africanrockart.britishmuseum.org|archivedate=2021-07-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719001741/https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/}}</ref> O wetara onye France bụ ọkà mmụta ihe ochie Henri Lhote, onye mechara lọta n'etiti afọ 1956–1957, 1959, 1962, na 1970.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Henri.|first=Lhote|title=The search for the Tassili frescoes: the story of the prehistoric rock-paintings of the Sahara|date=1973|publisher=Hutchinson|isbn=0-09-112380-1|oclc=667687}}</ref> A katọrọ njem Lhote nke ukwuu, ebe ndị otu ya boro ebubo na ha na-ese foto adịgboroja ma na-emebi ihe osise n'ime ka ha maa mma maka ịchọta na ịse foto, nke mere ka agba ndị mbụ ghara ịrụzi nke ọma.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Jean-Dominique.|first=Lajoux|title=Merveilles du Tassili N'Ajjer|date=1962|publisher=Ed. du Chêne|oclc=604199955}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Keenan|first=Jeremy|title=The lesser gods of the Sahara : social change and contested terrain amongst the Tuareg of Algeria|date=2004|publisher=Frank Cass|isbn=0-203-32762-4|location=London|oclc=62269179}}</ref> === Nkọwa nke ihe mgbe ochie ugbu a === Ebe Tassili dị bụ isi n'oge Neolithic nke ndị otu ndị na-azụ anụ ụlọ transhumant bụ ndị ụdị ndụ ha baara ma ụmụ mmadụ ma anụ ụlọ uru. Ọdịdị ala obodo, ịdị elu, na akụrụngwa sitere n'okike bụ ọnọdụ kacha mma maka ịma ụlọikwuu n'oge ọkọchị nke obere ìgwè. Osimiri dị n'ime ugwu ahụ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ụzọ dị n'etiti ugwu ndị dị n'okwute na ala ndị dị larịị nke ájá. Ugwu ndị dị n'elu nwere ihe akaebe ihe ochie nke na-egosi na e bibiri ha site na 5500 ruo 1500 Tupu Oge Anyị, ebe ala ndị dị larịị nwere nkume tumuli na ebe ọkụ dị n'agbata 6000 na 4000 Tupu Oge Anyị. O yiri ka e jirila ebe ndị dị n'ala dị larịị mee ebe obibi, karịsịa n'oge mmiri ozuzo.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=December 2005|title=Saharan Rock Art: Archaeology of Tassilian Pastoralist Iconography. Augustin F. C. Holl|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/jar.61.4.3631543|journal=Journal of Anthropological Research|volume=61|issue=4|pages=541–542|doi=10.1086/jar.61.4.3631543|issn=0091-7710|accessdate=2021-04-10}}</ref> E nwere ọtụtụ ebe obibi nkume n'ime ọhịa ájá ájá, nke jupụtara na ihe ochie Neolithic gụnyere ite seramiiki na ite ite, isi akụ lithic, efere na igwe nri, bidịị, na ọla.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf|title=Rock Art of the Tassili n Ajjer, Algeria|publisher=Africanrockart.org|accessdate=February 7, 2017|archivedate=September 30, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930123103/https://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf}}</ref> Mgbanwe gaa n'ịzụ anụmanụ mgbe oge Omimi Afrịka n'oge mbụ Holocene pụtara ìhè na ndekọ ihe ochie nke Tassili n'Ajjer, nka nkume, na nkà mmụta ihe ochie nke anụmanụ. Ọzọkwa, nnweta Tassili bụ akụkụ nke mmegharị buru ibu na mgbanwe ihu igwe n'ime Central Sahara. Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na gburugburu ebe obibi malitere na Central Sahara ihe dị ka 14,000 BP wee gaa n'ihu n'oge ọkọchị nke butere obere ebe obibi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Soukopova|first=Jitka|date=January 2011|title=The Earliest Rock Paintings of the Central Sahara: Approaching Interpretation|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/175169711x12961583765333|journal=Time and Mind|volume=4|issue=2|pages=193–216|doi=10.2752/175169711x12961583765333|issn=1751-696X|accessdate=2021-04-10}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, ihu igwe adịghị otu ebe, e kewara Sahara n'etiti ala kpọrọ nkụ na ugwu ndị dị mmiri mmiri. Ihe ndị e gwupụtara n'ala na-egosi na ndị mmadụ bi n'ime ha, n'ụdị ìgwè ndị na-achụ nta, dị n'agbata 10,000 na 7500 BP; mgbe 7500 BP gasịrị, ụmụ mmadụ malitere ịhazi onwe ha n'ìgwè ndị na-azụ atụrụ iji zaa ajụjụ maka ọnọdụ ihu igwe na-akawanye njọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fagan|first=Brian M.|date=1967|title=Radiocarbon Dates for Sub-Saharan Africa: V|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/179834|journal=The Journal of African History|volume=8|issue=3|pages=513–527|doi=10.1017/S0021853700007994|issn=0021-8537|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> E nwere oge ọkọchị site na 7900 na 7200 BP na Tassili<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Messili|first=Lamia|date=2013|title=Direct 14C Dating of Early and Mid-Holocene Saharan Pottery|url=https://hal.science/hal-02351870|journal=Radiocarbon|language=en|volume=55|issue=3|pages=1391–1402|doi=10.1017/S0033822200048323|issn=0033-8222|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> nke mere tupu e nwee ìgwè ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ mbụ, nke kwekọrọ n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke mpaghara Sahara-Sahelian.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Garcea|first=Elena A.A.|date=2016|title=High-Precision Radiocarbon Dating Application to Multi-proxy Organic Materials From Late Foraging To Early Pastoral Sites In Upper Nubia, Sudan|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44296870|journal=[[Journal of African Archaeology]]|volume=14|issue=1|pages=83–98|doi=10.3213/2191-5784-10282|issn=1612-1651|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> E gwupụtara ite tupu e jiri Pastoral rụọ ọrụ na Tassili ihe dị ka 9,000–8,500 BP, ebe ite Pastoral sitere na 7100–6000 BP.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Messili|first=Lamia|date=2013|title=Direct 14 C Dating of Early and Mid-Holocene Saharan Pottery|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02351870|journal=Radiocarbon|volume=55|issue=3|pages=1391–1402|doi=10.1017/S0033822200048323|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> A na-eji ihe osise nkume dị na Tassili eme ihe na ebe ndị ọzọ, gụnyere Dhar Tichitt na Mauritania,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Holl|first=Augustin F. C.|date=2002|title=Time, Space, and Image Making: Rock Art from the Dhar Tichitt (Mauritania)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25130740|journal=The African Archaeological Review|volume=19|issue=2|pages=75–118|doi=10.1023/A:1015479826570|issn=0263-0338|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> iji mụọ mmepe nke ịzụ anụmanụ na njem ndị si mba ọzọ gaa mba ndị dị n'ebe ugwu Afrịka. A na-azụ ehi n'ebe dị iche iche n'oge dị ka afọ 3000 ruo 2000 Tupu Oge Anyị, nke na-egosi mmalite na mgbasa nke ọrụ nlekọta anụmanụ n'ógbè ahụ. Nke a sochiri ịnyịnya (tupu afọ 1000 Tupu Oge Anyị) wee soro kamel n'ime puku afọ na-esote.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=LAMP|first=FREDERICK JOHN|date=2011|title=Ancient Terracotta Figures from Northern Nigeria|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41421509|journal=Yale University Art Gallery Bulletin|pages=48–57|issn=0084-3539|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> Mbịarute nke kamel na-egosi mmụba nke azụmaahịa trans-Saharan, ebe ọ bụ na a na-ejikarị kamel eme njem n'ụgbọ okporo ígwè azụmaahịa. === Ihe osise tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme === Nha nkume a bụ ebe e ji ihe ochie rụọ, nke a maara maka ọtụtụ ọrụ nka nkume nke e ji nkume rụọ tupu oge ochie, nke e dere na mbụ n'afọ 1910,<ref name="brit">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tassili-n-Ajjer|title=Tassili-n-Ajjer|publisher=britannica|accessdate=February 7, 2017|archivedate=May 29, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529043147/https://www.britannica.com/place/Tassili-n-Ajjer}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/place/Tassili-n-Ajjer "Tassili-n-Ajjer"]. </cite></ref> nke ahụ malitere na mmalite oge Neolithic na njedebe nke oge oyi ikpeazụ nke Sahara bụ ebe obibi nke ọma karịa ọzara dị ugbu a. Ọ bụ ezie na isi mmalite dị iche iche, a na-eche na ihe osise mbụ dị afọ 12,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.africanworldheritagesites.org/cultural-places/rock-art-pre-history/tassili-najjer.html|title=Tassili N'Ajjer (Algeria)|publisher=Africanworldheritagesites.org|accessdate=February 7, 2017|archivedate=October 17, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017081659/http://africanworldheritagesites.org/cultural-places/rock-art-pre-history/tassili-najjer.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf|title=Rock Art of the Tassili n Ajjer, Algeria|author=David Coulson|publisher=Africanrockart.org|accessdate=2021-08-18|archivedate=2019-09-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930123103/https://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf}}</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime ha malitere n'afọ nke itoolu na nke iri nke narị afọ iri na itoolu nke afọ iri na itoolu nke afọ iri na itoolu nke afọ iri na itoolu nke afọ iri na itoolu ma ọ bụ karịa, dịka OSL si kwuo.<ref name="Mercier_OSLdating">{{Cite journal|title=OSL dating of quaternary deposits associated with the parietal art of the Tassili-n-Ajjer plateau (Central Sahara)|journal=Quaternary Geochronology|date=July 2012|volume=10|pages=367–373|doi=10.1016/j.quageo.2011.11.010|author=Mercier|first=Norbert}}</ref> E ji ihe osise ahụ mee ihe ochie site n'ịchịkọta obere iberibe nke ihe osise ndị kpọrọ nkụ ma gbajie agbawa tupu e lie ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Smith|first=Andrew B.|date=1992|title=Origins and Spread of Pastoralism in Africa|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2155983|journal=Annual Review of Anthropology|volume=21|pages=125–141|doi=10.1146/annurev.an.21.100192.001013|issn=0084-6570|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> N'ime ihe osise puku iri na ise e dekọrọ ruo ugbu a, ndị a na-egosi bụ nnukwu anụ ọhịa dịka ele na agụ iyi, ehi, na ụmụ mmadụ ndị na-eme ihe omume dịka ịchụ nta na ịgba egwu.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor=Scheffel|location=United States of America|pages=371–372}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFScheffelWernet1980">Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. </cite></ref> Ihe osise ndị a bụ ụfọdụ n'ime ihe osise mbụ nke ndị omenkà Central Sahara mere, ha na-emekwa n'ebe kachasị na Tassili.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Soukopova|first=Jitka|date=January 2011|title=The Earliest Rock Paintings of the Central Sahara: Approaching Interpretation|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/175169711x12961583765333|journal=Time and Mind|volume=4|issue=2|pages=193–216|doi=10.2752/175169711x12961583765333|issn=1751-696X|accessdate=2021-04-10}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSoukopova2011">Soukopova, Jitka (January 2011). </cite></ref> Ọ bụ ezie na Algeria dị nso na Iberian Peninsula, ihe osise nkume nke Tassili n'Ajjer gbanwere iche na nke omenala ndị Europe.<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 2000|title=African Rock Art: Tassili-n-Ajjer (?8000 B.C.-?)|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/tass/hd_tass.htm|accessdate=2021-03-05|work=www.metmuseum.org|archivedate=2021-03-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305212257/https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/tass/hd_tass.htm}}</ref> Dịka UNESCO si kwuo, "Ọtụtụ ihe osise na ihe osise dị iche iche... emeela ka Tassili bụrụ ihe a ma ama n'ụwa niile."<ref name="UNESCO">{{Cite web|title=Tassili n'Ajer|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|accessdate=7 March 2013|archivedate=22 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522030003/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179}}</ref> Dịka ebe ndị Sahara ndị ọzọ nwere ihe osise nkume, enwere ike kewaa Tassili n'ime omenala ise dị iche iche: Archaic (10,000 ruo 7500 Tupu Oge Anyị) Isi Gburugburu (7550 ruo 5050 Tupu Oge Anyị), Bovidian ma ọ bụ Pastoral (4500 ruo 4000 Tupu Oge Anyị), Ịnyịnya (site na 2000 Tupu Oge Anyị na 50 Tupu Oge Anyị), na Kamel (1000 Tupu Oge Anyị na 1000 Tupu Oge Anyị na 1000 Tupu Oge Anyị). Oge ochie bụ nke anụ ọhịa bi na Sahara n'oge Holocene mbụ. A na-akpọ ọrụ ndị a ndị dinta na-achịkọta ihe, nke nwere naanị ihe e ji kpụọ ihe. Ihe onyonyo bụ nke anụmanụ buru ibu, nke e sere n'ụzọ okike, ya na usoro geometric mgbe ụfọdụ na ọdịdị mmadụ. A na-ahụkarị ụmụ mmadụ na anụmanụ n'ime ebe ịchụ nta. A na-ejikọta Oge Round Head na nhọrọ ejiji ụfọdụ na-egosi ụdị mmadụ ma kewapụ ya nke ọma na ọdịnala Archaic ọ bụ ezie na ndị na-achụ nta na ndị na'achịkọta ihe bụ ndị na-ese ihe maka ha abụọ. Ihe osise ahụ nwere ihe osise, na ụfọdụ n'ime ihe osise nkume kachasị ochie na nke kachasị ukwuu n'Africa; otu onye guzo karịa mita ise na nke ọzọ na mita atọ na ọkara. Ihe ngosi pụrụ iche nke ndị na-ese n'elu mmiri nwere isi dị gburugburu, isi na-enweghị ihe ngosi na ahụ na-enweghị ọdịdị yiri ka ha na-ese na nkume, ya mere akara "Round Head". Ihe osise na ihe osise ndị a na-elekwasị anya n'ebe ụfọdụ dị na mbara ala ahụ, na-egosi na ebe ndị a bụ etiti ememe, ememe, na ememe.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Algeria|url=https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/|accessdate=2021-04-10|work=africanrockart.britishmuseum.org|archivedate=2021-07-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719001741/https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/ "Algeria"]. </cite></ref> Ọtụtụ anụmanụ ndị a na-egosi bụ mouflon na antelope, na-anọkarị n'ọnọdụ kwụ otu ebe nke na-adịghị egosi na ọ bụ akụkụ nke ebe ịchụ nta. Oge ndị Bovidian/Ọrụ Ndị Nkịtị na-ejikọta na mbata nke ehi ndị a na-azụ n'ụlọ na Sahara na mgbanwe nwayọọ nwayọọ gaa na ịzụ anụ ụlọ na-agagharị agagharị. E nwere ihe dị iche n'etiti oge ọzụzụ atụrụ na oge abụọ gara aga, nke dabara na mbibi nke Sahara. E nwere mmụba nke ụdị ejiji, nke na-egosi mmegharị nke otu omenala dị iche iche n'ime mpaghara ahụ. A na-egosi anụmanụ ndị a na-azụ n'ụlọ dịka ehi, atụrụ, ewu, na nkịta, nke yiri ihe ndekọ ihe ochie nke ebe ahụ. Ihe ndị a na-egosi obodo dị iche iche nke ndị na-azụ anụ, ndị dinta ji ụta, tinyere ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka, ma na-egosi mmụba nke ọha mmadụ dabere na ihe onwunwe. Omenala Ịnyịnya ndị a kwekọrọ na mbibi zuru oke nke Sahara na ihe achọrọ maka ụzọ njem ọhụrụ. A na-egosi ọbịbịa nke ịnyịnya, ụgbọ ịnyịnya na-adọkpụ, na ndị na-agba ịnyịnya, ọtụtụ mgbe n'etiti ịgba ọsọ, a na-ejikọtakwa ya na ịchụ nta karịa agha.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Algeria|url=https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/|accessdate=2021-04-10|work=africanrockart.britishmuseum.org|archivedate=2021-07-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719001741/https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/}}</ref> Ihe odide nke mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Libya-Berber, nke ndị nna ochie Berber ji mee ihe, dị n'akụkụ ihe oyiyi ndị ahụ, agbanyeghị, ederede ahụ enweghị ike nkọwa kpamkpam. A na-akọwa oge ikpeazụ site na ọdịdị nke kamel, nke nọchiri ịnyịnya ibu na ehi dị ka ụzọ isi ebuga ndị mmadụ n'ofe Sahara. Mbido nke kamel na-adaba na mmepe nke ụzọ azụmaahịa dị anya nke ndị njem na-eji ebuga nnu, ngwongwo, na ndị ohu gafee Sahara. Ndị ikom, ma ndị nọ n'elu ịnyịnya ma ndị a na-ebupụ, nwere ọta, ube, na mma agha. A gụnyere anụmanụ dịka ehi na ewu, mana e ji anụ ọhịa mee ihe n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma. Ọ bụ ezie na oge ndị a na-esochi onwe ha, oge ndị a na-agbanwe agbanwe ma ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie na-ewughachi ha mgbe niile ka teknụzụ na nkọwa na-etolite. Ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie na-akọpụta ihe osise ahụ kemgbe ụwa, ha na-anakọta iberibe na ihe ndị dara ada n'elu nkume ahụ. [[Faịlụ:Running_Horned_Woman,_6,000–4,000_B.C.E.,_pigment_on_rock,_Tassili_n’Ajjer,_Algeria.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise nkume nke North Africa na-anọchite anya 'chi nwanyị nwere mpi', Aouanrhet, Tassili N' Ajjer, Algeria, oge Round Head.]] Ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ide ihe n'ụlọ akwụkwọ bụ "Nwanyị Na-agba Ọsọ", nke a makwaara dịka "Chi nwanyị nwere mpi", nke sitere na oge isi gburugburu.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Razak|first=Arisika|date=2016-01-01|title=Sacred Women of Africa and the African Diaspora: A Womanist Vision of Black Women 's Bodies and the African Sacred Feminine|journal=International Journal of Transpersonal Studies|volume=35|issue=1|pages=129–147|doi=10.24972/ijts.2016.35.1.129|issn=1321-0122}}</ref> Ihe onyonyo a na-egosi otu nwanyị nwere mpi n'etiti; ntụpọ na-achọ ahụ ya na aka ya mma, o yikwara uwe aka ya dị warara, uwe mwụda, eriri ụkwụ, na nkwonkwo ụkwụ. Dịka Arisika Razak si kwuo, Chi nwanyị nwere mpi nke Tassili bụ ihe atụ mbụ nke "Nwanyị dị nsọ nke Afrịka."<ref name=":3" /> A na-emesi ike na ọ bụ nwanyị, ọmụmụ nwa, na njikọ ya na okike, ebe onye omenkà Neolithic na-etinye onyinyo ahụ n'elu obere ndị ochie. Ojiji nke mpi ehi bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ihe osise isi gbara gburugburu, nke na-egosi njikọta nke ehi ndị a na-azụ n'ụlọ na ndụ kwa ụbọchị nke Sahara. Foto ehi, ọkachasị nke oké ehi,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=JELÍNEK|first=JAN|title=Afarrh and the Origin of the Saharan Cattle Domestication|date=1982|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26293061|journal=Anthropologie (1962-)|volume=20|issue=1|pages=71–75|issn=0323-1119|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> ghọrọ isi okwu na ọ bụghị naanị na Tassili, kamakwa na ebe ndị ọzọ dị nso na Libya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=di Lernia|first=Savino|date=2011|title=Working in a UNESCO WH Site. Problems and Practices on the Rock Art of Tadrart Akakus (SW Libya, Central Sahara)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43135548|journal=Journal of African Archaeology|volume=9|issue=2|pages=159–175|doi=10.3213/2191-5784-10198|issn=1612-1651|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> === Ihe osise nkume Fungoid === Na 1989, onye na-eme nchọpụta banyere ihe ndị na-akpata ọrịa uche Giorgio Samorini tụrụ aro na eserese ndị dị ka fungoid n'ọgba Tassili bụ ihe akaebe nke mmekọrịta ahụ n'etiti ụmụ mmadụ na ndị nwere ọrịa uche n'ime ndị bi na Sahara oge ochie, mgbe ọ ka bụ ala ahịhịa ndụ: Terence McKenna ji echiche a mee ihe ọzọ n'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 1992 bụ́ Food of the Gods, na-ekwu na omenala Neolithic nke bi ebe ahụ jiri ero psilocybin mee ihe dịka akụkụ nke usoro ndụ okpukperechi, na-ekwu maka ihe osise nkume nke na-egosi ndị mmadụ ji ihe ndị dị ka ero n'aka ha, yana ero ndị na-eto site n'ahụ ha.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Food of the Gods|author=McKenna|first=Terence|publisher=Bantam Books|year=1992|isbn=978-0-553-07868-8|location=United States and Canada|pages=72, 73}}</ref> Maka Henri Lhote, onye chọpụtara ọgba Tassili na ngwụcha afọ 1950, o doro anya na ha bụ ebe nsọ nzuzo. Ihe osise kacha akwado echiche ero bụ ihe osise ero Tassili bụ Matalem-Amazar ebe e ji ero kpuchie ahụ onye shaman a na-anọchite anya ya. Dịka Earl Lee si kwuo n'akwụkwọ ya bụ́ ''From the Bodies of the Gods: Psychoactive Plants and the Cults of the Dead'' (2012), Ihe osise a na-ezo aka n'ihe mere n'oge ochie ebe e liri "onye ogbu ero" mgbe o yi uwe ya niile, mgbe e gwupụtara ya n'ala mgbe e mesịrị, obere ero ga-eto n'elu uwe. Earl Lee lere eserese ero na Tassili anya dị ka ihe ezi uche dị na ya. Dịka Brian Akers, onye dere akwụkwọ akụkọ Mushroom si kwuo, ihe osise nkume fungoid dị na Tassili adịghị ka ihe nnọchianya nke Psilocybe hispanica dị na Selva Pascuala caves (2015), ọ naghịkwa ele ya anya dị ka ihe ga-eme eme. == N'omenala a ma ama == * Tassili bụ ebe e dekọrọ egwu na aha abọm Tuareg nke afọ 2011 nke otu egwu Tinariwen. * Egwu Tassili Plain bụ egwu dị na abọm Natural Wonders of the World nke afọ 1994 na Dub nke otu Zion Train dere. * Na Fate/Extella: The Umbral Star, agwa Altera bụ n'ezie ụdị chi a maara dị ka Sefar, nke dabere na otu n'ime eserese e sere n'ọgba ahụ ma a makwaara ya n'akụkọ ahụ dịka The White Titan nke Tassili n'Ajjer == Ihe ngosi == <gallery mode= heights="120" caption="Rock-Art, [[Saharan Cypress]] and Landscapes of the Tassili"> File:Rock_columns_at_Tassili_n%27Ajjer.jpg|Very high rock columns<br>photograph taken from 30 000&nbsp;ft Tassili mushroom man Matalem-Amazar.png|Anonymous reproduction of the [[Tassili Mushroom Figure]] Matalem-Amazar found in Tassili.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Guzmán |first1=Gastón |title=New taxonomical and ethnomycological observations on Psilocybe s.s. (Fungi, Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetidae, Agaricales, Strophariaceae) from Mexico, Africa and Spain |journal=Acta Botánica Mexicana |date=July 2012 |issue=100 |pages=79–106 |doi=10.21829/abm100.2012.32 |url=http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0187-71512012000300004 |access-date=2020-12-09 |archive-date=2020-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127062704/http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?pid=S0187-71512012000300004&script=sci_arttext |url-status=live }}</ref> File:Femme-gravure.jpg|Depiction of a dancing or seated human File:Dunes at Tassili n'Ajjer - detail.jpg|Dunes at Tassili n'Ajjer File:Tassili Sahara 74.jpg|Sand and rock landscape on the southern edge of the Tassili n'Ajjer File:Cupressus dupreziana1.jpg|Local cypresses File:Tassili Desert Algeria.jpg|Sandstone rocks and cliffs File:Great_god_of_Sefar.jpg |Ritual figure or shaman File:Tassili - catapulte?.jpg|Human figures File:African cave paintings.jpg|Human figures File:Tassili - whites and blacks leaving in harmony?.jpg|Human figures File:Algerien_Desert.jpg|Human figures with bows </gallery> === Ihe osise ndị dị na nkume nke Tin-Taghirt === Ebe Tin-Taghirt dị na Tassili n'Ajjer n'etiti obodo Dider na Iherir. <gallery mode="heights=&quot;130&quot;"> Faịlụ:TinTaghirtOstrich.jpg|Enyi nnụnụ Faịlụ:Sleeping_Antelope_Tin_Taghirt.jpg|Antelope na-ehi ụra - a hụkwara ya n'azụ akwụkwọ ego dinar 1000 nke Algeria Faịlụ:Bubalus_Tin_Taghirt.jpg|''Bubalus antiquus'' Faịlụ:TinTaghirtFootprints.jpg|Akara ụkwụ Faịlụ:TinTaghirtHumanBeings.jpg|Ụmụ mmadụ </gallery> <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> == Hụkwa == == Ihe edeturu == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> * [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179/video Vidio] * [http://naturalarches.org/tassili/ Ogidi ndị sitere n'okike nke Tassili n'Ajjer] * Flore et faune du Tassili n'Ajjer, 2023, French, illustrated. Akụkụ 1: Ihe ngosi, ala, anụmanụ [https://s2hnh.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Flore-et-faune-du-Tassili-nAjjer_part1.pdf], * Flora na fauna nke Tassili n'Ajjer, Akụkụ 2: Flora [https://s2hnh.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Flore-et-faune-du-Tassili-nAjjer_part2.pdf] * Foto nke osisi cypress nke Sahara (''Cupressus dupreziana'') iNaturalist[https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/136175-Cupressus-dupreziana/browse_photos/ Onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị e kere eke] * Foto nke Saharan myrtle (''Myrtus nivellei'') iNaturalist[https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/1082910-Myrtus-nivellei/browse_photos/ Onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị e kere eke] == Edensibia == == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Bahn, Paul G. (1998) The ''Cambridge Illustrated History of Prehistoric Art'' Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. * Bradley, R (2000) Ihe mgbe ochie nke ebe okike London, Routledge. * Bruce-Lockhart, J na Wright, J (2000) Okporo ụzọ siri ike na nke dị ize ndụ: Njem Hugh Clapperton na Sahara na Fezzan 1822-1825''Okporo ụzọ siri ike ma dị ize ndụ: Njem Hugh Clapperton na Sahara na Fezzan 1822-1825'' * Chippindale, Chris na Tacon, S-C (eds) (1998) The Archaeology of Rock Art Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. * Clottes, J. (2002): World Rock Art Los Angeles: Getty Publications. * Coulson, D, na Campbell, Alec (2001) African Rock Art: Paintings and Engravings on Stone New York, Harry N Abrams. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * Holl, Augustin F.C. (2004) Saharan Rock Art, Archaeology of Tassilian Pastoralist Icongraphy''Ihe osise nkume nke Sahara, Archaeology nke Tassilian Pastoralist Icongraphy'' * Lajoux, Jean-Dominique (1977) Tassili n'Ajjer: Nkà nkume nke Sahara Prehistoric Paris, Le Chêne. * Lajoux, Jean-Dominique (1962), Merveilles du Tassili n'Ajjer (''Ihe osise nkume nke Tassili'' na nsụgharị), Le Chêne, Paris. * Le Quellec, J-L (1998) Nkà na Nkà nke nkume na Prehistory nke Sahara. Le Messak Libyen Paris: Editions Payot et Rivages, Bibliothèque Scientifique Payot. * Lhote, Henri (1959, bipụtara ọzọ 1973) ''The Search for the Tassili Frescoes: Akụkọ banyere ihe osise nkume nke Sahara'' London. * Lhote, Henri (1958, 1973, 1992, 2006) À la découverte des fresques du Tassili, Arthaud, Paris. * Mattingly, D (ed) (na-abịa) The archaeology of the Fezzan. * Muzzolini, A (1997) "Saharan Rock Art", na Vogel, J O (ed) Encyclopedia of Precolonial Africa Walnut Creek: 347-353. * Van Albada, A. na Van Albada. (2000): Ugwu nke Ụmụ Nkịta: Nkà Nkume nke Messak Lybien Paris, Seuil. * Whitley, D S (ed) (2001) Handbook of Rock Art Research New York: Altamira Press. [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ax8y15tfeovhhwl1nvp5c8vpj0lby3p 670672 670669 2026-07-01T11:21:09Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 670672 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tassili n'Ajjer''' ([[Amazigh languages|Berber]]: ''Tassili n Ajjer'', Arabic: طاسيلي ناجر, romanized: ṭāssīlī naʾjir; "Plateau of rivers") bụ ugwu dị n'ọzara Sahara, nke dị na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Algeria]]. O nwere otu n'ime otu kachasị mkpa nke nka ọgba tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme n'ụwa<ref name="Unesco">{{Cite web|author=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|title=Tassili n'Ajjer|work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|date=11 Oct 2017|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179/|accessdate=26 December 2019|archivedate=4 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404032753/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179/}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf|title=Rock Art of the Tassili n Ajjer, Algeria|publisher=Africanrockart.org|accessdate=February 7, 2017|archivedate=September 30, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930123103/https://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf}}</ref> ma kpuchiri ebe karịrị 72,000 km2 (28,000 sq mi).<ref name="brit">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tassili-n-Ajjer|title=Tassili-n-Ajjer|publisher=britannica|accessdate=February 7, 2017|archivedate=May 29, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529043147/https://www.britannica.com/place/Tassili-n-Ajjer}}</ref> A kpọpụtala ebe a ka ọ bụrụ ogige mba na ebe nchekwa Biosphere, e wee tinye ya na ndepụta UNESCO nke Ebe Ihe Nketa Ụwa na 1982.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.algeria.com/national-parks/tassili-n-ajjer/|title=Tassili n'Ajjer National Park, Djanet|publisher=Algeria.com|accessdate=February 7, 2017|archivedate=February 8, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208032911/http://www.algeria.com/national-parks/tassili-n-ajjer/}}</ref> Nsụgharị Bekee nke Tassili n'Ajjer bụ 'ala dị larịị nke osimiri'.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Pan-African Congress on Prehistory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m9W0AAAAIAAJ|year=1977|publisher=Kraus Reprint|language=fr|quote=Les eaux de pluie ont raviné les crêtes et ont progressivement entaillé les plateaux, creusant des canyons étroits et profonds aux parois à pic, dont la direction générale est Sud-Nord. C'est d'ailleurs ce qui lui a valu le nom de Tassili-n-Ajjer, nom qui vient des mots touaregs : Tasilé = plateau et gir = rivières, ce qui veut dire : le plateau des rivières. == rainwater gutted the ridges and progressively slashed the plateaus, digging narrow, deep canyons with steep walls, whose general direction is South-North. This is what earned it the name of Tassili-n-Ajjer, name that comes from the Tuareg words: Tasilé = plateau and gir= rivers, which means: the plateau of rivers.|accessdate=2019-08-01}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == [[Faịlụ:Dunes_at_Tassili_n'Ajjer.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Foto si n'elu nke Tassili n'Ajjer]] Tassili n'Ajjer is a plateau in south-eastern [[Algeria]] at the borders of [[Libya]] and [[Niger]], covering an area of 72,000&nbsp;km².<ref name="Unesco">{{Cite web|author=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|title=Tassili n'Ajjer|work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|date=11 Oct 2017|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179/|accessdate=26 December 2019|archivedate=4 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404032753/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179/}}</ref> Ọ na-eru 26°20'N 5°00'E site n'ọwụwa anyanwụ-ndịda-ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo 24°00'N 10°00'E. Ebe kachasị elu ya bụ Adrar Afao nke dị elu na 2,158 m (7,080 ft), dị na 25°10'N 8°11'E. Obodo ndị kacha nso bụ Djanet dị na nsọtụ ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ na Illizi dị na nsọtụ ugwu. Ala dị larịị ahụ nwere mmasị dị ukwuu na ihe gbasara ala na ịma mma. Ọdịdị ya nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ala nke nwere oke ọhịa nkume, nke e ji ájá ájá gbajiri agbaji mee, yiri ala ọnwa ma nwee ọtụtụ ụdị nka nkume.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.archmillennium.net/tassili_national_park.htm|title=Tassili National Park, Sahara Algeria|publisher=Archmillennium.net|accessdate=2012-12-16|archivedate=2020-09-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920102632/http://www.archmillennium.net/tassili_national_park.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Willcox|first=A. R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qilKDwAAQBAJ&q=san+bushmen+Tassili+n%E2%80%99Ajjer&pg=PP16|title=The Rock Art of Africa|date=2018-01-29|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-315-51535-9|language=en|accessdate=2020-12-09}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == Ihe mejupụtara ihe owuwu a bụ aja okwute.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor=Scheffel|location=United States of America|pages=371–372}}</ref> Desert varnish tere aja okwute ahụ, obere mpụta nke metallic oxides nke na-agba agba dị iche iche site na oji ruo na ọbara ọbara na-adịghị mma, agba nkume ndị ahụ.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Mbuze n'ógbè ahụ emeela ka e nwee ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ narị nkume 300 e ji aka mee n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ, tinyere nnukwu olulu mmiri na ọdọ mmiri na-adịgide adịgide n'ebe ugwu. [[Faịlụ:West_African_Craton.svg|áká_èkpè|thumb|West African Craton, Tuareg Shield na East Sahara Metacraton]] Ihe mkpuchi Tuareg, mkpokọta nke terranes nke mepụtara n'oge Neoproterozoic n'etiti afọ 750 na 550 nde gara aga, gụnyere mpaghara Ugwu Ahaggar nke oge a na Algeria, Ugwu Aïr na Niger, na Adrar des Ifoghas na Mali. N'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ dị Craton nke ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka, n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ bụ Saharan Metacraton. Ọ gbasaa site na accretion n'ebe ugwu na ndịda, nke mere na ọ gụnyekwara mpaghara Tassili n'Ajjer nke oge a. N'oge a, nnukwu kọntinent ahụ Gondwana pụtara, nke gụnyekwara craton na ọta niile nke ihe ga-emesịa ghọọ Afrịka. N'oge Cambrian nke sochirinụ (afọ 541 ruo nde 485 gara aga), e guzobere nkwụnye mbụ nke sediment ka dị taa na mpaghara Tassili n'Ajjer. N'oge a, Gondwana si n'ógbè Equatorial gaa na ndịda hemisphere, nke mere na mpaghara Sahara dị na mpaghara South Pole n'oge Upper Ordovician (afọ 458 ruo 443 nde gara aga). Ná ngwụcha oge a, oge ice 'Hirnantian' jupụtara ruo otu nde afọ. E nwere mpempe akwụkwọ ice, nke gbasara ọtụtụ akụkụ ugwu Afrịka.[a] Na mbido oge Silurian (malite na nde afọ 443 gara aga), ihu igwe ụwa gbanwere, mee ka ice nke Tuareg Shield gbazee. Nke a hapụrụ ọwa mmiri gbazere agbaze nke kpụrụ n'okpuru ice. Nke a mechara guzobe usoro mmụta ala nke Inner Tassili Group. Ihe mejupụtara ya bụ ájá na ụfọdụ oyi akwa nke ụrọ. [[Faịlụ:Diagrams_geology_Tassili_n'Ajjer.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise abụọ na-egosi ọdịdị ala nke Tassili n'Ajjer]] N'oge Silurian na Devonian, mmebi iwu (mmalite nke oké osimiri) site n'ebe ugwu na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ kpuchiri nnukwu ebe dị na Sahara site na iji akwa ájá ndị ọzọ. N'oge ahụ, Tassili n'Ajjer bụ ala mmiri dị nso n'ụsọ oké osimiri, wee mechaa ghọọ ala mmiri mmiri. N'oge Silurian, E guzobere usoro nhazi nke Intra Tassili Group, nke nwere ọtụtụ ụrọ  nke e ji ihe ndị dị ndụ mee na ụfọdụ nkume ájá. N'oge Devonian, e guzobere otu Tassili nke dị n'èzí, nke nwere ọtụtụ nkume ájá tinyere ụrọ nwere macrofauna na ụfọdụ nkume limestone. Ọ bụ site na usoro abụọ a nke oge Silurian na Devonian ka mmanụ ala si dị a na-ewepụtakwa ma na-aga n'ihu na-emepụta gas sitere n'okike na Illizi Basin, n'ebe ugwu Illizi. N'ime afọ nde 200 sochirinụ, mpaghara a nọgidere na-abụ ala dị jụụ, dịkwa larịị nke na-enweghị nnukwu mgbanwe ma ọ bụ sedimentation. - Ikekwe n'oge Cretaceous, mana karịsịa kemgbe Miocene (afọ 23 ruo 5,3 nde gara aga), Tuareg Shield malitere ịgbapụta n'ihi magmatic mmụba. Elu elu dị na mpaghara Ahaggar mechara ruo mita 4,000 ruo 5,000. Ó metụtakwara mpaghara Tassili n'Ajjer, ebe elu ya mere ka oyi akwa ya gbadaa n'ebe ugwu. N'akụkụ elu ugwu ahụ, ọtụtụ basin guzobere n'ebe ugwu na ndịda nke Tuareg Shield, nke jere ozi ugbu a dị ka ebe a na-edebe ihe mkpofu maka ihe mkpofu ndị mebiri emebi, dịka ọmụmaatụ Illizi Basin. Karịsịa na Miocene, akwa sedimentary nke Mpụga Tassili (usoro oyi akwa kachasị elu) gbawara kpamkpam n'akụkụ ndịda na ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Tassili n'Ajjer. N'akụkụ ugwu, n'elu ala nke otu oyi akwa a, usoro osimiri ahụ gwuru ruo mita 400 n'ime ájá na ájá ájá n'ihi oke mgbanwe ugbu a.<ref name="Busche" /> Nnukwu mgbanwe ikpeazụ nke ala mere n'oge Pliocene (5,3 ruo 2,58 nde afọ gara aga). Ugwu na-agbọpụta ọkụ kpuchiri mpaghara Adrar dị na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Tassili n'Ajjer na oghere, cones volcanic, na ọwara na-asọ. Ọganihu a gara n'ihu n'oge Quaternary. <<gallery mode="packed" heights=110> Fadnounplateau_vers_Illizi.jpg|Ebe obibi [[Hamada]] nke ''Tassili Mpụga'' dị n'ebe ndịda Illizi Oued Imihrou photo by Hocine Djouder.jpg|Nhazi atọ nke ''Intra-Tassilian Group'' sitere na Oued Imihrou DJANET 8.jpg|Mpụta Tassili n'Ajjer na Oued Essendilène: nhazi abụọ nke ''Inner Tassili Group'' </gallery> === Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi === Tassili n'Ajjer dị n'ime oke ọhịa ugwu nke dị na ọdịda anyanwụ Saharan nke dị n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ. N'ihi elu dị elu nke mpaghara ahụ, tinyere ihe ndị na-ejide mmiri nke nkume ájá ya, Ahịhịa dị n'ebe a dị ntakịrị ka ahịhịa ma nwee akwụkwọ ndụ karịa na mpaghara ala nke ọzara; nke a na-emepụta ebe obibi mara mma maka ọtụtụ anụmanụ, site na obere invertebrates, ruo nri ruo anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara. Ogige ntụrụndụ a nwere oke ọhịa mepere emepe, nke gụnyere Saịprọs Sahara na myrtle Saharan nọ n'ihe ize ndụ ma dịkwa ize ndụ, n'ọkara ọwụwa anyanwụ ya dị elu.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor=Scheffel|location=United States of America|pages=371–372}}</ref> Osisi cypress Tassili bụ otu n'ime osisi na ihe ndị dị ndụ kacha ogologo n'ụwa, mgbe osisi pine bristlecone nke Western US gasịrị.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf|title=Rock Art of the Tassili n Ajjer, Algeria|publisher=Africanrockart.org|accessdate=February 7, 2017|archivedate=September 30, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930123103/https://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf}}</ref> Ndị bi n'ebe dị iche iche nke agụ iyi ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka dị ndụ na Tassili n'Ajjer ruo narị afọ nke iri abụọ; Taa, a na-ahụkarị ụdị ihe a n'ebe okpomọkụ na ndịda Sahara nke Ọdịda Anyanwụ na Etiti Afrịka, site na Senegal ruo [[Chad]]. Aoudad, ma ọ bụ Barbary sheep, bụ naanị ụdị anụmanụ dị ugbu a nke e sere n'ihe osise nkume ochie nke mpaghara ahụ.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor=Scheffel|location=United States of America|pages=371–372}}</ref> A kpọrọ ogige ntụrụndụ a Mkpa Nnụnụ (IBA) site n'aka BirdLife International n'ihi na ọ na-akwado ọtụtụ ndị bi na ahụrụ a chara acha na Ahịa Lichtenstein, Fero ugo - ikwiikwii, nnukwu hoopoe - larks, bar-tailed na desert larks, pale rock martins, fullyous babblers, okpueze ọcha na witi na-eru uju, nza desert na trumpeter finches.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/parc-national-du-tassili-najjer-iba-algeria|title=Parc National du Tassili N'Ajjer|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2024|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=2024-10-26}}</ref> == Nkà mmụta ihe ochie == === Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga === Kemgbe afọ 1863, ndị Yuropu na-eme nnyocha banyere ihe osise nkume nke ndị Algeria, ebe ndị mere nyocha ahụ bụ "A. Pomel (1893–1898), Stéphane Gsell (1901–1927), G. B. M. Flamand (1892–1921), Leo Frobenius and Hugo Obermaier (1925), Henri Breuil (1931–1957), L. Joleaud (1918–1938), na Raymond Vaufrey (1935–1955)."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Algeria|url=https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/|accessdate=2021-04-10|work=africanrockart.britishmuseum.org|archivedate=2021-07-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719001741/https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/}}</ref> A mara Tassili nke ọma na mmalite narị afọ nke 20, mana e jiri usoro eserese nke ndị agha France, ọkachasị Lieutenant Charles Brenans, mee ka ndị ọdịda anyanwụ mata ya nke ọma n'afọ 1930<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Algeria|url=https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/|accessdate=2021-04-10|work=africanrockart.britishmuseum.org|archivedate=2021-07-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719001741/https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/}}</ref> O wetara onye France bụ ọkà mmụta ihe ochie Henri Lhote, onye mechara lọta n'etiti afọ 1956–1957, 1959, 1962, na 1970.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Henri.|first=Lhote|title=The search for the Tassili frescoes: the story of the prehistoric rock-paintings of the Sahara|date=1973|publisher=Hutchinson|isbn=0-09-112380-1|oclc=667687}}</ref> A katọrọ njem Lhote nke ukwuu, ebe ndị otu ya boro ebubo na ha na-ese foto adịgboroja ma na-emebi ihe osise n'ime ka ha maa mma maka ịchọta na ịse foto, nke mere ka agba ndị mbụ ghara ịrụzi nke ọma.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Jean-Dominique.|first=Lajoux|title=Merveilles du Tassili N'Ajjer|date=1962|publisher=Ed. du Chêne|oclc=604199955}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Keenan|first=Jeremy|title=The lesser gods of the Sahara : social change and contested terrain amongst the Tuareg of Algeria|date=2004|publisher=Frank Cass|isbn=0-203-32762-4|location=London|oclc=62269179}}</ref> === Nkọwa nke ihe mgbe ochie ugbu a === Ebe Tassili dị bụ isi n'oge Neolithic nke ndị otu ndị na-azụ anụ ụlọ transhumant bụ ndị ụdị ndụ ha baara ma ụmụ mmadụ ma anụ ụlọ uru. Ọdịdị ala obodo, ịdị elu, na akụrụngwa sitere n'okike bụ ọnọdụ kacha mma maka ịma ụlọikwuu n'oge ọkọchị nke obere ìgwè. Osimiri dị n'ime ugwu ahụ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ụzọ dị n'etiti ugwu ndị dị n'okwute na ala ndị dị larịị nke ájá. Ugwu ndị dị n'elu nwere ihe akaebe ihe ochie nke na-egosi na e bibiri ha site na 5500 ruo 1500 Tupu Oge Anyị, ebe ala ndị dị larịị nwere nkume tumuli na ebe ọkụ dị n'agbata 6000 na 4000 Tupu Oge Anyị. O yiri ka e jirila ebe ndị dị n'ala dị larịị mee ebe obibi, karịsịa n'oge mmiri ozuzo.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=December 2005|title=Saharan Rock Art: Archaeology of Tassilian Pastoralist Iconography. Augustin F. C. Holl|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/jar.61.4.3631543|journal=Journal of Anthropological Research|volume=61|issue=4|pages=541–542|doi=10.1086/jar.61.4.3631543|issn=0091-7710|accessdate=2021-04-10}}</ref> E nwere ọtụtụ ebe obibi nkume n'ime ọhịa ájá ájá, nke jupụtara na ihe ochie Neolithic gụnyere ite seramiiki na ite ite, isi akụ lithic, efere na igwe nri, bidịị, na ọla.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf|title=Rock Art of the Tassili n Ajjer, Algeria|publisher=Africanrockart.org|accessdate=February 7, 2017|archivedate=September 30, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930123103/https://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf}}</ref> Mgbanwe gaa n'ịzụ anụmanụ mgbe oge Omimi Afrịka n'oge mbụ Holocene pụtara ìhè na ndekọ ihe ochie nke Tassili n'Ajjer, nka nkume, na nkà mmụta ihe ochie nke anụmanụ. Ọzọkwa, nnweta Tassili bụ akụkụ nke mmegharị buru ibu na mgbanwe ihu igwe n'ime Central Sahara. Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na gburugburu ebe obibi malitere na Central Sahara ihe dị ka 14,000 BP wee gaa n'ihu n'oge ọkọchị nke butere obere ebe obibi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Soukopova|first=Jitka|date=January 2011|title=The Earliest Rock Paintings of the Central Sahara: Approaching Interpretation|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/175169711x12961583765333|journal=Time and Mind|volume=4|issue=2|pages=193–216|doi=10.2752/175169711x12961583765333|issn=1751-696X|accessdate=2021-04-10}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, ihu igwe adịghị otu ebe, e kewara Sahara n'etiti ala kpọrọ nkụ na ugwu ndị dị mmiri mmiri. Ihe ndị e gwupụtara n'ala na-egosi na ndị mmadụ bi n'ime ha, n'ụdị ìgwè ndị na-achụ nta, dị n'agbata 10,000 na 7500 BP; mgbe 7500 BP gasịrị, ụmụ mmadụ malitere ịhazi onwe ha n'ìgwè ndị na-azụ atụrụ iji zaa ajụjụ maka ọnọdụ ihu igwe na-akawanye njọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fagan|first=Brian M.|date=1967|title=Radiocarbon Dates for Sub-Saharan Africa: V|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/179834|journal=The Journal of African History|volume=8|issue=3|pages=513–527|doi=10.1017/S0021853700007994|issn=0021-8537|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> E nwere oge ọkọchị site na 7900 na 7200 BP na Tassili<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Messili|first=Lamia|date=2013|title=Direct 14C Dating of Early and Mid-Holocene Saharan Pottery|url=https://hal.science/hal-02351870|journal=Radiocarbon|language=en|volume=55|issue=3|pages=1391–1402|doi=10.1017/S0033822200048323|issn=0033-8222|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> nke mere tupu e nwee ìgwè ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ mbụ, nke kwekọrọ n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke mpaghara Sahara-Sahelian.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Garcea|first=Elena A.A.|date=2016|title=High-Precision Radiocarbon Dating Application to Multi-proxy Organic Materials From Late Foraging To Early Pastoral Sites In Upper Nubia, Sudan|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44296870|journal=[[Journal of African Archaeology]]|volume=14|issue=1|pages=83–98|doi=10.3213/2191-5784-10282|issn=1612-1651|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> E gwupụtara ite tupu e jiri Pastoral rụọ ọrụ na Tassili ihe dị ka 9,000–8,500 BP, ebe ite Pastoral sitere na 7100–6000 BP.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Messili|first=Lamia|date=2013|title=Direct 14 C Dating of Early and Mid-Holocene Saharan Pottery|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02351870|journal=Radiocarbon|volume=55|issue=3|pages=1391–1402|doi=10.1017/S0033822200048323|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> A na-eji ihe osise nkume dị na Tassili eme ihe na ebe ndị ọzọ, gụnyere Dhar Tichitt na Mauritania,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Holl|first=Augustin F. C.|date=2002|title=Time, Space, and Image Making: Rock Art from the Dhar Tichitt (Mauritania)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25130740|journal=The African Archaeological Review|volume=19|issue=2|pages=75–118|doi=10.1023/A:1015479826570|issn=0263-0338|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> iji mụọ mmepe nke ịzụ anụmanụ na njem ndị si mba ọzọ gaa mba ndị dị n'ebe ugwu Afrịka. A na-azụ ehi n'ebe dị iche iche n'oge dị ka afọ 3000 ruo 2000 Tupu Oge Anyị, nke na-egosi mmalite na mgbasa nke ọrụ nlekọta anụmanụ n'ógbè ahụ. Nke a sochiri ịnyịnya (tupu afọ 1000 Tupu Oge Anyị) wee soro kamel n'ime puku afọ na-esote.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=LAMP|first=FREDERICK JOHN|date=2011|title=Ancient Terracotta Figures from Northern Nigeria|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41421509|journal=Yale University Art Gallery Bulletin|pages=48–57|issn=0084-3539|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> Mbịarute nke kamel na-egosi mmụba nke azụmaahịa trans-Saharan, ebe ọ bụ na a na-ejikarị kamel eme njem n'ụgbọ okporo ígwè azụmaahịa. === Ihe osise tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme === Nha nkume a bụ ebe e ji ihe ochie rụọ, nke a maara maka ọtụtụ ọrụ nka nkume nke e ji nkume rụọ tupu oge ochie, nke e dere na mbụ n'afọ 1910,<ref name="brit">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tassili-n-Ajjer|title=Tassili-n-Ajjer|publisher=britannica|accessdate=February 7, 2017|archivedate=May 29, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529043147/https://www.britannica.com/place/Tassili-n-Ajjer}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/place/Tassili-n-Ajjer "Tassili-n-Ajjer"]. </cite></ref> nke ahụ malitere na mmalite oge Neolithic na njedebe nke oge oyi ikpeazụ nke Sahara bụ ebe obibi nke ọma karịa ọzara dị ugbu a. Ọ bụ ezie na isi mmalite dị iche iche, a na-eche na ihe osise mbụ dị afọ 12,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.africanworldheritagesites.org/cultural-places/rock-art-pre-history/tassili-najjer.html|title=Tassili N'Ajjer (Algeria)|publisher=Africanworldheritagesites.org|accessdate=February 7, 2017|archivedate=October 17, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017081659/http://africanworldheritagesites.org/cultural-places/rock-art-pre-history/tassili-najjer.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf|title=Rock Art of the Tassili n Ajjer, Algeria|author=David Coulson|publisher=Africanrockart.org|accessdate=2021-08-18|archivedate=2019-09-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930123103/https://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf}}</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime ha malitere n'afọ nke itoolu na nke iri nke narị afọ iri na itoolu nke afọ iri na itoolu nke afọ iri na itoolu nke afọ iri na itoolu nke afọ iri na itoolu ma ọ bụ karịa, dịka OSL si kwuo.<ref name="Mercier_OSLdating">{{Cite journal|title=OSL dating of quaternary deposits associated with the parietal art of the Tassili-n-Ajjer plateau (Central Sahara)|journal=Quaternary Geochronology|date=July 2012|volume=10|pages=367–373|doi=10.1016/j.quageo.2011.11.010|author=Mercier|first=Norbert}}</ref> E ji ihe osise ahụ mee ihe ochie site n'ịchịkọta obere iberibe nke ihe osise ndị kpọrọ nkụ ma gbajie agbawa tupu e lie ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Smith|first=Andrew B.|date=1992|title=Origins and Spread of Pastoralism in Africa|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2155983|journal=Annual Review of Anthropology|volume=21|pages=125–141|doi=10.1146/annurev.an.21.100192.001013|issn=0084-6570|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> N'ime ihe osise puku iri na ise e dekọrọ ruo ugbu a, ndị a na-egosi bụ nnukwu anụ ọhịa dịka ele na agụ iyi, ehi, na ụmụ mmadụ ndị na-eme ihe omume dịka ịchụ nta na ịgba egwu.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor=Scheffel|location=United States of America|pages=371–372}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFScheffelWernet1980">Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. </cite></ref> Ihe osise ndị a bụ ụfọdụ n'ime ihe osise mbụ nke ndị omenkà Central Sahara mere, ha na-emekwa n'ebe kachasị na Tassili.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Soukopova|first=Jitka|date=January 2011|title=The Earliest Rock Paintings of the Central Sahara: Approaching Interpretation|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/175169711x12961583765333|journal=Time and Mind|volume=4|issue=2|pages=193–216|doi=10.2752/175169711x12961583765333|issn=1751-696X|accessdate=2021-04-10}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSoukopova2011">Soukopova, Jitka (January 2011). </cite></ref> Ọ bụ ezie na Algeria dị nso na Iberian Peninsula, ihe osise nkume nke Tassili n'Ajjer gbanwere iche na nke omenala ndị Europe.<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 2000|title=African Rock Art: Tassili-n-Ajjer (?8000 B.C.-?)|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/tass/hd_tass.htm|accessdate=2021-03-05|work=www.metmuseum.org|archivedate=2021-03-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305212257/https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/tass/hd_tass.htm}}</ref> Dịka UNESCO si kwuo, "Ọtụtụ ihe osise na ihe osise dị iche iche... emeela ka Tassili bụrụ ihe a ma ama n'ụwa niile."<ref name="UNESCO">{{Cite web|title=Tassili n'Ajer|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|accessdate=7 March 2013|archivedate=22 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522030003/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179}}</ref> Dịka ebe ndị Sahara ndị ọzọ nwere ihe osise nkume, enwere ike kewaa Tassili n'ime omenala ise dị iche iche: Archaic (10,000 ruo 7500 Tupu Oge Anyị) Isi Gburugburu (7550 ruo 5050 Tupu Oge Anyị), Bovidian ma ọ bụ Pastoral (4500 ruo 4000 Tupu Oge Anyị), Ịnyịnya (site na 2000 Tupu Oge Anyị na 50 Tupu Oge Anyị), na Kamel (1000 Tupu Oge Anyị na 1000 Tupu Oge Anyị na 1000 Tupu Oge Anyị). Oge ochie bụ nke anụ ọhịa bi na Sahara n'oge Holocene mbụ. A na-akpọ ọrụ ndị a ndị dinta na-achịkọta ihe, nke nwere naanị ihe e ji kpụọ ihe. Ihe onyonyo bụ nke anụmanụ buru ibu, nke e sere n'ụzọ okike, ya na usoro geometric mgbe ụfọdụ na ọdịdị mmadụ. A na-ahụkarị ụmụ mmadụ na anụmanụ n'ime ebe ịchụ nta. A na-ejikọta Oge Round Head na nhọrọ ejiji ụfọdụ na-egosi ụdị mmadụ ma kewapụ ya nke ọma na ọdịnala Archaic ọ bụ ezie na ndị na-achụ nta na ndị na'achịkọta ihe bụ ndị na-ese ihe maka ha abụọ. Ihe osise ahụ nwere ihe osise, na ụfọdụ n'ime ihe osise nkume kachasị ochie na nke kachasị ukwuu n'Africa; otu onye guzo karịa mita ise na nke ọzọ na mita atọ na ọkara. Ihe ngosi pụrụ iche nke ndị na-ese n'elu mmiri nwere isi dị gburugburu, isi na-enweghị ihe ngosi na ahụ na-enweghị ọdịdị yiri ka ha na-ese na nkume, ya mere akara "Round Head". Ihe osise na ihe osise ndị a na-elekwasị anya n'ebe ụfọdụ dị na mbara ala ahụ, na-egosi na ebe ndị a bụ etiti ememe, ememe, na ememe.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Algeria|url=https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/|accessdate=2021-04-10|work=africanrockart.britishmuseum.org|archivedate=2021-07-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719001741/https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/ "Algeria"]. </cite></ref> Ọtụtụ anụmanụ ndị a na-egosi bụ mouflon na antelope, na-anọkarị n'ọnọdụ kwụ otu ebe nke na-adịghị egosi na ọ bụ akụkụ nke ebe ịchụ nta. Oge ndị Bovidian/Ọrụ Ndị Nkịtị na-ejikọta na mbata nke ehi ndị a na-azụ n'ụlọ na Sahara na mgbanwe nwayọọ nwayọọ gaa na ịzụ anụ ụlọ na-agagharị agagharị. E nwere ihe dị iche n'etiti oge ọzụzụ atụrụ na oge abụọ gara aga, nke dabara na mbibi nke Sahara. E nwere mmụba nke ụdị ejiji, nke na-egosi mmegharị nke otu omenala dị iche iche n'ime mpaghara ahụ. A na-egosi anụmanụ ndị a na-azụ n'ụlọ dịka ehi, atụrụ, ewu, na nkịta, nke yiri ihe ndekọ ihe ochie nke ebe ahụ. Ihe ndị a na-egosi obodo dị iche iche nke ndị na-azụ anụ, ndị dinta ji ụta, tinyere ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka, ma na-egosi mmụba nke ọha mmadụ dabere na ihe onwunwe. Omenala Ịnyịnya ndị a kwekọrọ na mbibi zuru oke nke Sahara na ihe achọrọ maka ụzọ njem ọhụrụ. A na-egosi ọbịbịa nke ịnyịnya, ụgbọ ịnyịnya na-adọkpụ, na ndị na-agba ịnyịnya, ọtụtụ mgbe n'etiti ịgba ọsọ, a na-ejikọtakwa ya na ịchụ nta karịa agha.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Algeria|url=https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/|accessdate=2021-04-10|work=africanrockart.britishmuseum.org|archivedate=2021-07-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719001741/https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/}}</ref> Ihe odide nke mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Libya-Berber, nke ndị nna ochie Berber ji mee ihe, dị n'akụkụ ihe oyiyi ndị ahụ, agbanyeghị, ederede ahụ enweghị ike nkọwa kpamkpam. A na-akọwa oge ikpeazụ site na ọdịdị nke kamel, nke nọchiri ịnyịnya ibu na ehi dị ka ụzọ isi ebuga ndị mmadụ n'ofe Sahara. Mbido nke kamel na-adaba na mmepe nke ụzọ azụmaahịa dị anya nke ndị njem na-eji ebuga nnu, ngwongwo, na ndị ohu gafee Sahara. Ndị ikom, ma ndị nọ n'elu ịnyịnya ma ndị a na-ebupụ, nwere ọta, ube, na mma agha. A gụnyere anụmanụ dịka ehi na ewu, mana e ji anụ ọhịa mee ihe n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma. Ọ bụ ezie na oge ndị a na-esochi onwe ha, oge ndị a na-agbanwe agbanwe ma ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie na-ewughachi ha mgbe niile ka teknụzụ na nkọwa na-etolite. Ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie na-akọpụta ihe osise ahụ kemgbe ụwa, ha na-anakọta iberibe na ihe ndị dara ada n'elu nkume ahụ. [[Faịlụ:Running_Horned_Woman,_6,000–4,000_B.C.E.,_pigment_on_rock,_Tassili_n’Ajjer,_Algeria.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise nkume nke North Africa na-anọchite anya 'chi nwanyị nwere mpi', Aouanrhet, Tassili N' Ajjer, Algeria, oge Round Head.]] Ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ide ihe n'ụlọ akwụkwọ bụ "Nwanyị Na-agba Ọsọ", nke a makwaara dịka "Chi nwanyị nwere mpi", nke sitere na oge isi gburugburu.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Razak|first=Arisika|date=2016-01-01|title=Sacred Women of Africa and the African Diaspora: A Womanist Vision of Black Women 's Bodies and the African Sacred Feminine|journal=International Journal of Transpersonal Studies|volume=35|issue=1|pages=129–147|doi=10.24972/ijts.2016.35.1.129|issn=1321-0122}}</ref> Ihe onyonyo a na-egosi otu nwanyị nwere mpi n'etiti; ntụpọ na-achọ ahụ ya na aka ya mma, o yikwara uwe aka ya dị warara, uwe mwụda, eriri ụkwụ, na nkwonkwo ụkwụ. Dịka Arisika Razak si kwuo, Chi nwanyị nwere mpi nke Tassili bụ ihe atụ mbụ nke "Nwanyị dị nsọ nke Afrịka."<ref name=":3" /> A na-emesi ike na ọ bụ nwanyị, ọmụmụ nwa, na njikọ ya na okike, ebe onye omenkà Neolithic na-etinye onyinyo ahụ n'elu obere ndị ochie. Ojiji nke mpi ehi bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ihe osise isi gbara gburugburu, nke na-egosi njikọta nke ehi ndị a na-azụ n'ụlọ na ndụ kwa ụbọchị nke Sahara. Foto ehi, ọkachasị nke oké ehi,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=JELÍNEK|first=JAN|title=Afarrh and the Origin of the Saharan Cattle Domestication|date=1982|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26293061|journal=Anthropologie (1962-)|volume=20|issue=1|pages=71–75|issn=0323-1119|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> ghọrọ isi okwu na ọ bụghị naanị na Tassili, kamakwa na ebe ndị ọzọ dị nso na Libya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=di Lernia|first=Savino|date=2011|title=Working in a UNESCO WH Site. Problems and Practices on the Rock Art of Tadrart Akakus (SW Libya, Central Sahara)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43135548|journal=Journal of African Archaeology|volume=9|issue=2|pages=159–175|doi=10.3213/2191-5784-10198|issn=1612-1651|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> === Ihe osise nkume Fungoid === Na 1989, onye na-eme nchọpụta banyere ihe ndị na-akpata ọrịa uche Giorgio Samorini tụrụ aro na eserese ndị dị ka fungoid n'ọgba Tassili bụ ihe akaebe nke mmekọrịta ahụ n'etiti ụmụ mmadụ na ndị nwere ọrịa uche n'ime ndị bi na Sahara oge ochie, mgbe ọ ka bụ ala ahịhịa ndụ: <blockquote>Otu n'ime ihe nkiri kachasị mkpa dị na ebe a na-ese ihe n'okirikiri nkume Tin-Tazarift, na Tassili, ebe anyị na-ahụ usoro ihe oyiyi ndị a kpuchiri ekpuchi n'ahịrị ma yi uwe ma ọ bụ yi uwe dị ka ndị na-agba egwu gbara gburugburu site na ihe ngosi dị ogologo na nke na-akpali akpali nke ụdị dị iche iche nke imewe geometric... Onye ọ bụla na-agba egwu na-ejide ihe dị ka ero n'aka nri, ọbụna ihe ijuanya karịa, ahịrị abụọ yiri ibe ha na-esi na ihe a apụta ruo n'akụkụ etiti nke isi onye na-agba egwu ahụ, ebe mgbọrọgwụ nke mpi abụọ ahụ dị. Ahịrị abụọ a nwere ike ịpụta njikọ na-apụtaghị ìhè ma ọ bụ mmiri mmiri na-abụghị ihe na-agafe site na ihe ejiri aka nri na uche jide. Nkọwa a ga-adaba na nkọwa ero ma ọ bụrụ na anyị eburu n'uche uru uche zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ero na akwụkwọ nri na-akpali akpali, nke na-abụkarị ihe omimi na ihe ime mmụọ (Dobkin de Rios, 1984:194). O yiri ka ahịrị ndị a - n'onwe ha echiche nke na-anọchite anya ihe na-abụghị ihe dị na nka oge ochie - na-anọchite anya mmetụta ero nwere n'uche mmadụ... N'ụlọ ntu dị na Tin - Abouteka, na Tassili, e nwere ihe e ji mee ya ma ọ dịkarịa ala ugboro abụọ nke jikọtara ero na azụ; njikọ pụrụ iche nke akara dị n'etiti omenala ethno-mycological... A na-egosi ero abụọ n'akụkụ ibe ha, n'ọnọdụ kwụ ọtọ gburugburu ihe atụ azụ ahụ na nso ọdụ ya. N'ebe a, n'elu, anyị na-ahụ azụ ndị ọzọ yiri nke ahụ e kwuru n'elu, mana na-enweghị ero dị n'akụkụ. -Giorgio Samorini, 1989 </blockquote> Terence McKenna ji echiche a mee ihe ọzọ n'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 1992 bụ́ Food of the Gods, na-ekwu na omenala Neolithic nke bi ebe ahụ jiri ero psilocybin mee ihe dịka akụkụ nke usoro ndụ okpukperechi, na-ekwu maka ihe osise nkume nke na-egosi ndị mmadụ ji ihe ndị dị ka ero n'aka ha, yana ero ndị na-eto site n'ahụ ha.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Food of the Gods|author=McKenna|first=Terence|publisher=Bantam Books|year=1992|isbn=978-0-553-07868-8|location=United States and Canada|pages=72, 73}}</ref> Maka Henri Lhote, onye chọpụtara ọgba Tassili na ngwụcha afọ 1950, o doro anya na ha bụ ebe nsọ nzuzo. Ihe osise kacha akwado echiche ero bụ ihe osise ero Tassili bụ Matalem-Amazar ebe e ji ero kpuchie ahụ onye shaman a na-anọchite anya ya. Dịka Earl Lee si kwuo n'akwụkwọ ya bụ́ ''From the Bodies of the Gods: Psychoactive Plants and the Cults of the Dead'' (2012), Ihe osise a na-ezo aka n'ihe mere n'oge ochie ebe e liri "onye ogbu ero" mgbe o yi uwe ya niile, mgbe e gwupụtara ya n'ala mgbe e mesịrị, obere ero ga-eto n'elu uwe. Earl Lee lere eserese ero na Tassili anya dị ka ihe ezi uche dị na ya. Dịka Brian Akers, onye dere akwụkwọ akụkọ Mushroom si kwuo, ihe osise nkume fungoid dị na Tassili adịghị ka ihe nnọchianya nke Psilocybe hispanica dị na Selva Pascuala caves (2015), ọ naghịkwa ele ya anya dị ka ihe ga-eme eme. == N'omenala a ma ama == * Tassili bụ ebe e dekọrọ egwu na aha abọm Tuareg nke afọ 2011 nke otu egwu Tinariwen. * Egwu Tassili Plain bụ egwu dị na abọm Natural Wonders of the World nke afọ 1994 na Dub nke otu Zion Train dere. * Na Fate/Extella: The Umbral Star, agwa Altera bụ n'ezie ụdị chi a maara dị ka Sefar, nke dabere na otu n'ime eserese e sere n'ọgba ahụ ma a makwaara ya n'akụkọ ahụ dịka The White Titan nke Tassili n'Ajjer == Ihe ngosi == <gallery mode= heights="120" caption="Rock-Art, [[Saharan Cypress]] and Landscapes of the Tassili"> File:Rock_columns_at_Tassili_n%27Ajjer.jpg|Very high rock columns<br>photograph taken from 30 000&nbsp;ft Tassili mushroom man Matalem-Amazar.png|Anonymous reproduction of the [[Tassili Mushroom Figure]] Matalem-Amazar found in Tassili.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Guzmán |first1=Gastón |title=New taxonomical and ethnomycological observations on Psilocybe s.s. (Fungi, Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetidae, Agaricales, Strophariaceae) from Mexico, Africa and Spain |journal=Acta Botánica Mexicana |date=July 2012 |issue=100 |pages=79–106 |doi=10.21829/abm100.2012.32 |url=http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0187-71512012000300004 |access-date=2020-12-09 |archive-date=2020-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127062704/http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?pid=S0187-71512012000300004&script=sci_arttext |url-status=live }}</ref> File:Femme-gravure.jpg|Depiction of a dancing or seated human File:Dunes at Tassili n'Ajjer - detail.jpg|Dunes at Tassili n'Ajjer File:Tassili Sahara 74.jpg|Sand and rock landscape on the southern edge of the Tassili n'Ajjer File:Cupressus dupreziana1.jpg|Local cypresses File:Tassili Desert Algeria.jpg|Sandstone rocks and cliffs File:Great_god_of_Sefar.jpg |Ritual figure or shaman File:Tassili - catapulte?.jpg|Human figures File:African cave paintings.jpg|Human figures File:Tassili - whites and blacks leaving in harmony?.jpg|Human figures File:Algerien_Desert.jpg|Human figures with bows </gallery> === Ihe osise ndị dị na nkume nke Tin-Taghirt === Ebe Tin-Taghirt dị na Tassili n'Ajjer n'etiti obodo Dider na Iherir. <gallery mode="heights=&quot;130&quot;"> Faịlụ:TinTaghirtOstrich.jpg|Enyi nnụnụ Faịlụ:Sleeping_Antelope_Tin_Taghirt.jpg|Antelope na-ehi ụra - a hụkwara ya n'azụ akwụkwọ ego dinar 1000 nke Algeria Faịlụ:Bubalus_Tin_Taghirt.jpg|''Bubalus antiquus'' Faịlụ:TinTaghirtFootprints.jpg|Akara ụkwụ Faịlụ:TinTaghirtHumanBeings.jpg|Ụmụ mmadụ </gallery> <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> == Hụkwa == == Ihe edeturu == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> * [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179/video Vidio] * [http://naturalarches.org/tassili/ Ogidi ndị sitere n'okike nke Tassili n'Ajjer] * Flore et faune du Tassili n'Ajjer, 2023, French, illustrated. Akụkụ 1: Ihe ngosi, ala, anụmanụ [https://s2hnh.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Flore-et-faune-du-Tassili-nAjjer_part1.pdf], * Flora na fauna nke Tassili n'Ajjer, Akụkụ 2: Flora [https://s2hnh.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Flore-et-faune-du-Tassili-nAjjer_part2.pdf] * Foto nke osisi cypress nke Sahara (''Cupressus dupreziana'') iNaturalist[https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/136175-Cupressus-dupreziana/browse_photos/ Onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị e kere eke] * Foto nke Saharan myrtle (''Myrtus nivellei'') iNaturalist[https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/1082910-Myrtus-nivellei/browse_photos/ Onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị e kere eke] == Edensibia == == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Bahn, Paul G. (1998) The ''Cambridge Illustrated History of Prehistoric Art'' Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. * Bradley, R (2000) Ihe mgbe ochie nke ebe okike London, Routledge. * Bruce-Lockhart, J na Wright, J (2000) Okporo ụzọ siri ike na nke dị ize ndụ: Njem Hugh Clapperton na Sahara na Fezzan 1822-1825''Okporo ụzọ siri ike ma dị ize ndụ: Njem Hugh Clapperton na Sahara na Fezzan 1822-1825'' * Chippindale, Chris na Tacon, S-C (eds) (1998) The Archaeology of Rock Art Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. * Clottes, J. (2002): World Rock Art Los Angeles: Getty Publications. * Coulson, D, na Campbell, Alec (2001) African Rock Art: Paintings and Engravings on Stone New York, Harry N Abrams. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * Holl, Augustin F.C. (2004) Saharan Rock Art, Archaeology of Tassilian Pastoralist Icongraphy''Ihe osise nkume nke Sahara, Archaeology nke Tassilian Pastoralist Icongraphy'' * Lajoux, Jean-Dominique (1977) Tassili n'Ajjer: Nkà nkume nke Sahara Prehistoric Paris, Le Chêne. * Lajoux, Jean-Dominique (1962), Merveilles du Tassili n'Ajjer (''Ihe osise nkume nke Tassili'' na nsụgharị), Le Chêne, Paris. * Le Quellec, J-L (1998) Nkà na Nkà nke nkume na Prehistory nke Sahara. Le Messak Libyen Paris: Editions Payot et Rivages, Bibliothèque Scientifique Payot. * Lhote, Henri (1959, bipụtara ọzọ 1973) ''The Search for the Tassili Frescoes: Akụkọ banyere ihe osise nkume nke Sahara'' London. * Lhote, Henri (1958, 1973, 1992, 2006) À la découverte des fresques du Tassili, Arthaud, Paris. * Mattingly, D (ed) (na-abịa) The archaeology of the Fezzan. * Muzzolini, A (1997) "Saharan Rock Art", na Vogel, J O (ed) Encyclopedia of Precolonial Africa Walnut Creek: 347-353. * Van Albada, A. na Van Albada. (2000): Ugwu nke Ụmụ Nkịta: Nkà Nkume nke Messak Lybien Paris, Seuil. * Whitley, D S (ed) (2001) Handbook of Rock Art Research New York: Altamira Press. [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] lrdeza6ckecy3p0ru9w4f26eirblsot 670673 670672 2026-07-01T11:29:40Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 670673 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tassili n'Ajjer''' ([[Amazigh languages|Berber]]: ''Tassili n Ajjer'', Arabic: طاسيلي ناجر, romanized: ṭāssīlī naʾjir; "Plateau of rivers") bụ ugwu dị n'ọzara Sahara, nke dị na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Algeria]]. O nwere otu n'ime otu kachasị mkpa nke nka ọgba tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme n'ụwa<ref name="Unesco">{{Cite web|author=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|title=Tassili n'Ajjer|work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|date=11 Oct 2017|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179/|accessdate=26 December 2019|archivedate=4 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404032753/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179/}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf|title=Rock Art of the Tassili n Ajjer, Algeria|publisher=Africanrockart.org|accessdate=February 7, 2017|archivedate=September 30, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930123103/https://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf}}</ref> ma kpuchiri ebe karịrị 72,000 km2 (28,000 sq mi).<ref name="brit">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tassili-n-Ajjer|title=Tassili-n-Ajjer|publisher=britannica|accessdate=February 7, 2017|archivedate=May 29, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529043147/https://www.britannica.com/place/Tassili-n-Ajjer}}</ref> A kpọpụtala ebe a ka ọ bụrụ ogige mba na ebe nchekwa Biosphere, e wee tinye ya na ndepụta UNESCO nke Ebe Ihe Nketa Ụwa na 1982.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.algeria.com/national-parks/tassili-n-ajjer/|title=Tassili n'Ajjer National Park, Djanet|publisher=Algeria.com|accessdate=February 7, 2017|archivedate=February 8, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208032911/http://www.algeria.com/national-parks/tassili-n-ajjer/}}</ref> Nsụgharị Bekee nke Tassili n'Ajjer bụ 'ala dị larịị nke osimiri'.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Pan-African Congress on Prehistory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m9W0AAAAIAAJ|year=1977|publisher=Kraus Reprint|language=fr|quote=Les eaux de pluie ont raviné les crêtes et ont progressivement entaillé les plateaux, creusant des canyons étroits et profonds aux parois à pic, dont la direction générale est Sud-Nord. C'est d'ailleurs ce qui lui a valu le nom de Tassili-n-Ajjer, nom qui vient des mots touaregs : Tasilé = plateau et gir = rivières, ce qui veut dire : le plateau des rivières. == rainwater gutted the ridges and progressively slashed the plateaus, digging narrow, deep canyons with steep walls, whose general direction is South-North. This is what earned it the name of Tassili-n-Ajjer, name that comes from the Tuareg words: Tasilé = plateau and gir= rivers, which means: the plateau of rivers.|accessdate=2019-08-01}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == [[Faịlụ:Dunes_at_Tassili_n'Ajjer.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Foto si n'elu nke Tassili n'Ajjer]] Tassili n'Ajjer is a plateau in south-eastern [[Algeria]] at the borders of [[Libya]] and [[Niger]], covering an area of 72,000&nbsp;km².<ref name="Unesco">{{Cite web|author=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|title=Tassili n'Ajjer|work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|date=11 Oct 2017|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179/|accessdate=26 December 2019|archivedate=4 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404032753/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179/}}</ref> Ọ na-eru 26°20'N 5°00'E site n'ọwụwa anyanwụ-ndịda-ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo 24°00'N 10°00'E. Ebe kachasị elu ya bụ Adrar Afao nke dị elu na 2,158 m (7,080 ft), dị na 25°10'N 8°11'E. Obodo ndị kacha nso bụ Djanet dị na nsọtụ ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ na Illizi dị na nsọtụ ugwu. Ala dị larịị ahụ nwere mmasị dị ukwuu na ihe gbasara ala na ịma mma. Ọdịdị ya nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ala nke nwere oke ọhịa nkume, nke e ji ájá ájá gbajiri agbaji mee, yiri ala ọnwa ma nwee ọtụtụ ụdị nka nkume.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.archmillennium.net/tassili_national_park.htm|title=Tassili National Park, Sahara Algeria|publisher=Archmillennium.net|accessdate=2012-12-16|archivedate=2020-09-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920102632/http://www.archmillennium.net/tassili_national_park.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Willcox|first=A. R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qilKDwAAQBAJ&q=san+bushmen+Tassili+n%E2%80%99Ajjer&pg=PP16|title=The Rock Art of Africa|date=2018-01-29|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-315-51535-9|language=en|accessdate=2020-12-09}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == Ihe mejupụtara ihe owuwu a bụ aja okwute.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor=Scheffel|location=United States of America|pages=371–372}}</ref> Desert varnish tere aja okwute ahụ, obere mpụta nke metallic oxides nke na-agba agba dị iche iche site na oji ruo na ọbara ọbara na-adịghị mma, agba nkume ndị ahụ.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Mbuze n'ógbè ahụ emeela ka e nwee ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ narị nkume 300 e ji aka mee n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ, tinyere nnukwu olulu mmiri na ọdọ mmiri na-adịgide adịgide n'ebe ugwu. [[Faịlụ:West_African_Craton.svg|áká_èkpè|thumb|West African Craton, Tuareg Shield na East Sahara Metacraton]] Ihe mkpuchi Tuareg, mkpokọta nke terranes nke mepụtara n'oge Neoproterozoic n'etiti afọ 750 na 550 nde gara aga, gụnyere mpaghara Ugwu Ahaggar nke oge a na Algeria, Ugwu Aïr na Niger, na Adrar des Ifoghas na Mali. N'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ dị Craton nke ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka, n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ bụ Saharan Metacraton. Ọ gbasaa site na accretion n'ebe ugwu na ndịda, nke mere na ọ gụnyekwara mpaghara Tassili n'Ajjer nke oge a. N'oge a, nnukwu kọntinent ahụ Gondwana pụtara, nke gụnyekwara craton na ọta niile nke ihe ga-emesịa ghọọ Afrịka. N'oge Cambrian nke sochirinụ (afọ 541 ruo nde 485 gara aga), e guzobere nkwụnye mbụ nke sediment ka dị taa na mpaghara Tassili n'Ajjer. N'oge a, Gondwana si n'ógbè Equatorial gaa na ndịda hemisphere, nke mere na mpaghara Sahara dị na mpaghara South Pole n'oge Upper Ordovician (afọ 458 ruo 443 nde gara aga). Ná ngwụcha oge a, oge ice 'Hirnantian' jupụtara ruo otu nde afọ. E nwere mpempe akwụkwọ ice, nke gbasara ọtụtụ akụkụ ugwu Afrịka.[a] Na mbido oge Silurian (malite na nde afọ 443 gara aga), ihu igwe ụwa gbanwere, mee ka ice nke Tuareg Shield gbazee. Nke a hapụrụ ọwa mmiri gbazere agbaze nke kpụrụ n'okpuru ice. Nke a mechara guzobe usoro mmụta ala nke Inner Tassili Group. Ihe mejupụtara ya bụ ájá na ụfọdụ oyi akwa nke ụrọ. [[Faịlụ:Diagrams_geology_Tassili_n'Ajjer.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise abụọ na-egosi ọdịdị ala nke Tassili n'Ajjer]] N'oge Silurian na Devonian, mmebi iwu (mmalite nke oké osimiri) site n'ebe ugwu na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ kpuchiri nnukwu ebe dị na Sahara site na iji akwa ájá ndị ọzọ. N'oge ahụ, Tassili n'Ajjer bụ ala mmiri dị nso n'ụsọ oké osimiri, wee mechaa ghọọ ala mmiri mmiri. N'oge Silurian, E guzobere usoro nhazi nke Intra Tassili Group, nke nwere ọtụtụ ụrọ  nke e ji ihe ndị dị ndụ mee na ụfọdụ nkume ájá. N'oge Devonian, e guzobere otu Tassili nke dị n'èzí, nke nwere ọtụtụ nkume ájá tinyere ụrọ nwere macrofauna na ụfọdụ nkume limestone. Ọ bụ site na usoro abụọ a nke oge Silurian na Devonian ka mmanụ ala si dị a na-ewepụtakwa ma na-aga n'ihu na-emepụta gas sitere n'okike na Illizi Basin, n'ebe ugwu Illizi. N'ime afọ nde 200 sochirinụ, mpaghara a nọgidere na-abụ ala dị jụụ, dịkwa larịị nke na-enweghị nnukwu mgbanwe ma ọ bụ sedimentation. - Ikekwe n'oge Cretaceous, mana karịsịa kemgbe Miocene (afọ 23 ruo 5,3 nde gara aga), Tuareg Shield malitere ịgbapụta n'ihi magmatic mmụba. Elu elu dị na mpaghara Ahaggar mechara ruo mita 4,000 ruo 5,000. Ó metụtakwara mpaghara Tassili n'Ajjer, ebe elu ya mere ka oyi akwa ya gbadaa n'ebe ugwu. N'akụkụ elu ugwu ahụ, ọtụtụ basin guzobere n'ebe ugwu na ndịda nke Tuareg Shield, nke jere ozi ugbu a dị ka ebe a na-edebe ihe mkpofu maka ihe mkpofu ndị mebiri emebi, dịka ọmụmaatụ Illizi Basin. Karịsịa na Miocene, akwa sedimentary nke Mpụga Tassili (usoro oyi akwa kachasị elu) gbawara kpamkpam n'akụkụ ndịda na ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Tassili n'Ajjer. N'akụkụ ugwu, n'elu ala nke otu oyi akwa a, usoro osimiri ahụ gwuru ruo mita 400 n'ime ájá na ájá ájá n'ihi oke mgbanwe ugbu a.<ref name="Busche">Detlef Busche, ''Die zentrale Sahara - Oberflächenformen im Wandel'', Justus Perthes Verlag, Gotha, 1998, ISBN 3-623-00550-9, p. 12, (German)</ref> Nnukwu mgbanwe ikpeazụ nke ala mere n'oge Pliocene (5,3 ruo 2,58 nde afọ gara aga). Ugwu na-agbọpụta ọkụ kpuchiri mpaghara Adrar dị na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Tassili n'Ajjer na oghere, cones volcanic, na ọwara na-asọ. Ọganihu a gara n'ihu n'oge Quaternary. <<gallery mode="packed" heights=110> Fadnounplateau_vers_Illizi.jpg|Ebe obibi [[Hamada]] nke ''Tassili Mpụga'' dị n'ebe ndịda Illizi Oued Imihrou photo by Hocine Djouder.jpg|Nhazi atọ nke ''Intra-Tassilian Group'' sitere na Oued Imihrou DJANET 8.jpg|Mpụta Tassili n'Ajjer na Oued Essendilène: nhazi abụọ nke ''Inner Tassili Group'' </gallery> === Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi === Tassili n'Ajjer dị n'ime oke ọhịa ugwu nke dị na ọdịda anyanwụ Saharan nke dị n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ. N'ihi elu dị elu nke mpaghara ahụ, tinyere ihe ndị na-ejide mmiri nke nkume ájá ya, Ahịhịa dị n'ebe a dị ntakịrị ka ahịhịa ma nwee akwụkwọ ndụ karịa na mpaghara ala nke ọzara; nke a na-emepụta ebe obibi mara mma maka ọtụtụ anụmanụ, site na obere invertebrates, ruo nri ruo anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara. Ogige ntụrụndụ a nwere oke ọhịa mepere emepe, nke gụnyere Saịprọs Sahara na myrtle Saharan nọ n'ihe ize ndụ ma dịkwa ize ndụ, n'ọkara ọwụwa anyanwụ ya dị elu.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Osisi cypress Tassili bụ otu n'ime osisi na ihe ndị dị ndụ kacha ogologo n'ụwa, mgbe osisi pine bristlecone nke Western US gasịrị.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf|title=Rock Art of the Tassili n Ajjer, Algeria|publisher=Africanrockart.org|accessdate=February 7, 2017|archivedate=September 30, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930123103/https://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf}}</ref> Ndị bi n'ebe dị iche iche nke agụ iyi ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka dị ndụ na Tassili n'Ajjer ruo narị afọ nke iri abụọ; Taa, a na-ahụkarị ụdị ihe a n'ebe okpomọkụ na ndịda Sahara nke Ọdịda Anyanwụ na Etiti Afrịka, site na Senegal ruo [[Chad]]. Aoudad, ma ọ bụ Barbary sheep, bụ naanị ụdị anụmanụ dị ugbu a nke e sere n'ihe osise nkume ochie nke mpaghara ahụ.<ref name="readersnatural" /> A kpọrọ ogige ntụrụndụ a Mkpa Nnụnụ (IBA) site n'aka BirdLife International n'ihi na ọ na-akwado ọtụtụ ndị bi na ahụrụ a chara acha na Ahịa Lichtenstein, Fero ugo - ikwiikwii, nnukwu hoopoe - larks, bar-tailed na desert larks, pale rock martins, fullyous babblers, okpueze ọcha na witi na-eru uju, nza desert na trumpeter finches.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/parc-national-du-tassili-najjer-iba-algeria|title=Parc National du Tassili N'Ajjer|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2024|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=2024-10-26}}</ref> == Nkà mmụta ihe ochie == === Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga === Kemgbe afọ 1863, ndị Yuropu na-eme nnyocha banyere ihe osise nkume nke ndị Algeria, ebe ndị mere nyocha ahụ bụ "A. Pomel (1893–1898), Stéphane Gsell (1901–1927), G. B. M. Flamand (1892–1921), Leo Frobenius and Hugo Obermaier (1925), Henri Breuil (1931–1957), L. Joleaud (1918–1938), na Raymond Vaufrey (1935–1955)."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Algeria|url=https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/|accessdate=2021-04-10|work=africanrockart.britishmuseum.org|archivedate=2021-07-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719001741/https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/}}</ref> A mara Tassili nke ọma na mmalite narị afọ nke 20, mana e jiri usoro eserese nke ndị agha France, ọkachasị Lieutenant Charles Brenans, mee ka ndị ọdịda anyanwụ mata ya nke ọma n'afọ 1930<ref name=":1" /> O wetara onye France bụ ọkà mmụta ihe ochie Henri Lhote, onye mechara lọta n'etiti afọ 1956–1957, 1959, 1962, na 1970.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Henri.|first=Lhote|title=The search for the Tassili frescoes: the story of the prehistoric rock-paintings of the Sahara|date=1973|publisher=Hutchinson|isbn=0-09-112380-1|oclc=667687}}</ref> A katọrọ njem Lhote nke ukwuu, ebe ndị otu ya boro ebubo na ha na-ese foto adịgboroja ma na-emebi ihe osise n'ime ka ha maa mma maka ịchọta na ịse foto, nke mere ka agba ndị mbụ ghara ịrụzi nke ọma.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Jean-Dominique.|first=Lajoux|title=Merveilles du Tassili N'Ajjer|date=1962|publisher=Ed. du Chêne|oclc=604199955}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Keenan|first=Jeremy|title=The lesser gods of the Sahara : social change and contested terrain amongst the Tuareg of Algeria|date=2004|publisher=Frank Cass|isbn=0-203-32762-4|location=London|oclc=62269179}}</ref> === Nkọwa nke ihe mgbe ochie ugbu a === Ebe Tassili dị bụ isi n'oge Neolithic nke ndị otu ndị na-azụ anụ ụlọ transhumant bụ ndị ụdị ndụ ha baara ma ụmụ mmadụ ma anụ ụlọ uru. Ọdịdị ala obodo, ịdị elu, na akụrụngwa sitere n'okike bụ ọnọdụ kacha mma maka ịma ụlọikwuu n'oge ọkọchị nke obere ìgwè. Osimiri dị n'ime ugwu ahụ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ụzọ dị n'etiti ugwu ndị dị n'okwute na ala ndị dị larịị nke ájá. Ugwu ndị dị n'elu nwere ihe akaebe ihe ochie nke na-egosi na e bibiri ha site na 5500 ruo 1500 Tupu Oge Anyị, ebe ala ndị dị larịị nwere nkume tumuli na ebe ọkụ dị n'agbata 6000 na 4000 Tupu Oge Anyị. O yiri ka e jirila ebe ndị dị n'ala dị larịị mee ebe obibi, karịsịa n'oge mmiri ozuzo.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=December 2005|title=Saharan Rock Art: Archaeology of Tassilian Pastoralist Iconography. Augustin F. C. Holl|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/jar.61.4.3631543|journal=Journal of Anthropological Research|volume=61|issue=4|pages=541–542|doi=10.1086/jar.61.4.3631543|issn=0091-7710|accessdate=2021-04-10}}</ref> E nwere ọtụtụ ebe obibi nkume n'ime ọhịa ájá ájá, nke jupụtara na ihe ochie Neolithic gụnyere ite seramiiki na ite ite, isi akụ lithic, efere na igwe nri, bidịị, na ọla.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf|title=Rock Art of the Tassili n Ajjer, Algeria|publisher=Africanrockart.org|accessdate=February 7, 2017|archivedate=September 30, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930123103/https://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf}}</ref> Mgbanwe gaa n'ịzụ anụmanụ mgbe oge Omimi Afrịka n'oge mbụ Holocene pụtara ìhè na ndekọ ihe ochie nke Tassili n'Ajjer, nka nkume, na nkà mmụta ihe ochie nke anụmanụ. Ọzọkwa, nnweta Tassili bụ akụkụ nke mmegharị buru ibu na mgbanwe ihu igwe n'ime Central Sahara. Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na gburugburu ebe obibi malitere na Central Sahara ihe dị ka 14,000 BP wee gaa n'ihu n'oge ọkọchị nke butere obere ebe obibi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Soukopova|first=Jitka|date=January 2011|title=The Earliest Rock Paintings of the Central Sahara: Approaching Interpretation|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/175169711x12961583765333|journal=Time and Mind|volume=4|issue=2|pages=193–216|doi=10.2752/175169711x12961583765333|issn=1751-696X|accessdate=2021-04-10}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, ihu igwe adịghị otu ebe, e kewara Sahara n'etiti ala kpọrọ nkụ na ugwu ndị dị mmiri mmiri. Ihe ndị e gwupụtara n'ala na-egosi na ndị mmadụ bi n'ime ha, n'ụdị ìgwè ndị na-achụ nta, dị n'agbata 10,000 na 7500 BP; mgbe 7500 BP gasịrị, ụmụ mmadụ malitere ịhazi onwe ha n'ìgwè ndị na-azụ atụrụ iji zaa ajụjụ maka ọnọdụ ihu igwe na-akawanye njọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fagan|first=Brian M.|date=1967|title=Radiocarbon Dates for Sub-Saharan Africa: V|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/179834|journal=The Journal of African History|volume=8|issue=3|pages=513–527|doi=10.1017/S0021853700007994|issn=0021-8537|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> E nwere oge ọkọchị site na 7900 na 7200 BP na Tassili<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Messili|first=Lamia|date=2013|title=Direct 14C Dating of Early and Mid-Holocene Saharan Pottery|url=https://hal.science/hal-02351870|journal=Radiocarbon|language=en|volume=55|issue=3|pages=1391–1402|doi=10.1017/S0033822200048323|issn=0033-8222|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> nke mere tupu e nwee ìgwè ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ mbụ, nke kwekọrọ n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke mpaghara Sahara-Sahelian.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Garcea|first=Elena A.A.|date=2016|title=High-Precision Radiocarbon Dating Application to Multi-proxy Organic Materials From Late Foraging To Early Pastoral Sites In Upper Nubia, Sudan|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44296870|journal=[[Journal of African Archaeology]]|volume=14|issue=1|pages=83–98|doi=10.3213/2191-5784-10282|issn=1612-1651|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> E gwupụtara ite tupu e jiri Pastoral rụọ ọrụ na Tassili ihe dị ka 9,000–8,500 BP, ebe ite Pastoral sitere na 7100–6000 BP.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Messili|first=Lamia|date=2013|title=Direct 14 C Dating of Early and Mid-Holocene Saharan Pottery|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02351870|journal=Radiocarbon|volume=55|issue=3|pages=1391–1402|doi=10.1017/S0033822200048323|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> A na-eji ihe osise nkume dị na Tassili eme ihe na ebe ndị ọzọ, gụnyere Dhar Tichitt na Mauritania,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Holl|first=Augustin F. C.|date=2002|title=Time, Space, and Image Making: Rock Art from the Dhar Tichitt (Mauritania)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25130740|journal=The African Archaeological Review|volume=19|issue=2|pages=75–118|doi=10.1023/A:1015479826570|issn=0263-0338|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> iji mụọ mmepe nke ịzụ anụmanụ na njem ndị si mba ọzọ gaa mba ndị dị n'ebe ugwu Afrịka. A na-azụ ehi n'ebe dị iche iche n'oge dị ka afọ 3000 ruo 2000 Tupu Oge Anyị, nke na-egosi mmalite na mgbasa nke ọrụ nlekọta anụmanụ n'ógbè ahụ. Nke a sochiri ịnyịnya (tupu afọ 1000 Tupu Oge Anyị) wee soro kamel n'ime puku afọ na-esote.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=LAMP|first=FREDERICK JOHN|date=2011|title=Ancient Terracotta Figures from Northern Nigeria|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41421509|journal=Yale University Art Gallery Bulletin|pages=48–57|issn=0084-3539|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> Mbịarute nke kamel na-egosi mmụba nke azụmaahịa trans-Saharan, ebe ọ bụ na a na-ejikarị kamel eme njem n'ụgbọ okporo ígwè azụmaahịa. === Ihe osise tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme === Nha nkume a bụ ebe e ji ihe ochie rụọ, nke a maara maka ọtụtụ ọrụ nka nkume nke e ji nkume rụọ tupu oge ochie, nke e dere na mbụ n'afọ 1910,<ref name="brit" /> nke ahụ malitere na mmalite oge Neolithic na njedebe nke oge oyi ikpeazụ nke Sahara bụ ebe obibi nke ọma karịa ọzara dị ugbu a. Ọ bụ ezie na isi mmalite dị iche iche, a na-eche na ihe osise mbụ dị afọ 12,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.africanworldheritagesites.org/cultural-places/rock-art-pre-history/tassili-najjer.html|title=Tassili N'Ajjer (Algeria)|publisher=Africanworldheritagesites.org|accessdate=February 7, 2017|archivedate=October 17, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017081659/http://africanworldheritagesites.org/cultural-places/rock-art-pre-history/tassili-najjer.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf|title=Rock Art of the Tassili n Ajjer, Algeria|author=David Coulson|publisher=Africanrockart.org|accessdate=2021-08-18|archivedate=2019-09-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930123103/https://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf}}</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime ha malitere n'afọ nke itoolu na nke iri nke narị afọ iri na itoolu nke afọ iri na itoolu nke afọ iri na itoolu nke afọ iri na itoolu nke afọ iri na itoolu ma ọ bụ karịa, dịka OSL si kwuo.<ref name="Mercier_OSLdating">{{Cite journal|title=OSL dating of quaternary deposits associated with the parietal art of the Tassili-n-Ajjer plateau (Central Sahara)|journal=Quaternary Geochronology|date=July 2012|volume=10|pages=367–373|doi=10.1016/j.quageo.2011.11.010|author=Mercier|first=Norbert}}</ref> E ji ihe osise ahụ mee ihe ochie site n'ịchịkọta obere iberibe nke ihe osise ndị kpọrọ nkụ ma gbajie agbawa tupu e lie ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Smith|first=Andrew B.|date=1992|title=Origins and Spread of Pastoralism in Africa|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2155983|journal=Annual Review of Anthropology|volume=21|pages=125–141|doi=10.1146/annurev.an.21.100192.001013|issn=0084-6570|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> N'ime ihe osise puku iri na ise e dekọrọ ruo ugbu a, ndị a na-egosi bụ nnukwu anụ ọhịa dịka ele na agụ iyi, ehi, na ụmụ mmadụ ndị na-eme ihe omume dịka ịchụ nta na ịgba egwu.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ihe osise ndị a bụ ụfọdụ n'ime ihe osise mbụ nke ndị omenkà Central Sahara mere, ha na-emekwa n'ebe kachasị na Tassili.<ref name=":2" /> Ọ bụ ezie na Algeria dị nso na Iberian Peninsula, ihe osise nkume nke Tassili n'Ajjer gbanwere iche na nke omenala ndị Europe.<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 2000|title=African Rock Art: Tassili-n-Ajjer (?8000 B.C.-?)|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/tass/hd_tass.htm|accessdate=2021-03-05|work=www.metmuseum.org|archivedate=2021-03-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305212257/https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/tass/hd_tass.htm}}</ref> Dịka UNESCO si kwuo, "Ọtụtụ ihe osise na ihe osise dị iche iche... emeela ka Tassili bụrụ ihe a ma ama n'ụwa niile."<ref name="UNESCO">{{Cite web|title=Tassili n'Ajer|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|accessdate=7 March 2013|archivedate=22 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522030003/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179}}</ref> Dịka ebe ndị Sahara ndị ọzọ nwere ihe osise nkume, enwere ike kewaa Tassili n'ime omenala ise dị iche iche: Archaic (10,000 ruo 7500 Tupu Oge Anyị) Isi Gburugburu (7550 ruo 5050 Tupu Oge Anyị), Bovidian ma ọ bụ Pastoral (4500 ruo 4000 Tupu Oge Anyị), Ịnyịnya (site na 2000 Tupu Oge Anyị na 50 Tupu Oge Anyị), na Kamel (1000 Tupu Oge Anyị na 1000 Tupu Oge Anyị na 1000 Tupu Oge Anyị). Oge ochie bụ nke anụ ọhịa bi na Sahara n'oge Holocene mbụ. A na-akpọ ọrụ ndị a ndị dinta na-achịkọta ihe, nke nwere naanị ihe e ji kpụọ ihe. Ihe onyonyo bụ nke anụmanụ buru ibu, nke e sere n'ụzọ okike, ya na usoro geometric mgbe ụfọdụ na ọdịdị mmadụ. A na-ahụkarị ụmụ mmadụ na anụmanụ n'ime ebe ịchụ nta. A na-ejikọta Oge Round Head na nhọrọ ejiji ụfọdụ na-egosi ụdị mmadụ ma kewapụ ya nke ọma na ọdịnala Archaic ọ bụ ezie na ndị na-achụ nta na ndị na'achịkọta ihe bụ ndị na-ese ihe maka ha abụọ. Ihe osise ahụ nwere ihe osise, na ụfọdụ n'ime ihe osise nkume kachasị ochie na nke kachasị ukwuu n'Africa; otu onye guzo karịa mita ise na nke ọzọ na mita atọ na ọkara. Ihe ngosi pụrụ iche nke ndị na-ese n'elu mmiri nwere isi dị gburugburu, isi na-enweghị ihe ngosi na ahụ na-enweghị ọdịdị yiri ka ha na-ese na nkume, ya mere akara "Round Head". Ihe osise na ihe osise ndị a na-elekwasị anya n'ebe ụfọdụ dị na mbara ala ahụ, na-egosi na ebe ndị a bụ etiti ememe, ememe, na ememe.<ref name=":1" /> Ọtụtụ anụmanụ ndị a na-egosi bụ mouflon na antelope, na-anọkarị n'ọnọdụ kwụ otu ebe nke na-adịghị egosi na ọ bụ akụkụ nke ebe ịchụ nta. Oge ndị Bovidian/Ọrụ Ndị Nkịtị na-ejikọta na mbata nke ehi ndị a na-azụ n'ụlọ na Sahara na mgbanwe nwayọọ nwayọọ gaa na ịzụ anụ ụlọ na-agagharị agagharị. E nwere ihe dị iche n'etiti oge ọzụzụ atụrụ na oge abụọ gara aga, nke dabara na mbibi nke Sahara. E nwere mmụba nke ụdị ejiji, nke na-egosi mmegharị nke otu omenala dị iche iche n'ime mpaghara ahụ. A na-egosi anụmanụ ndị a na-azụ n'ụlọ dịka ehi, atụrụ, ewu, na nkịta, nke yiri ihe ndekọ ihe ochie nke ebe ahụ. Ihe ndị a na-egosi obodo dị iche iche nke ndị na-azụ anụ, ndị dinta ji ụta, tinyere ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka, ma na-egosi mmụba nke ọha mmadụ dabere na ihe onwunwe. Omenala Ịnyịnya ndị a kwekọrọ na mbibi zuru oke nke Sahara na ihe achọrọ maka ụzọ njem ọhụrụ. A na-egosi ọbịbịa nke ịnyịnya, ụgbọ ịnyịnya na-adọkpụ, na ndị na-agba ịnyịnya, ọtụtụ mgbe n'etiti ịgba ọsọ, a na-ejikọtakwa ya na ịchụ nta karịa agha.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Algeria|url=https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/|accessdate=2021-04-10|work=africanrockart.britishmuseum.org|archivedate=2021-07-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719001741/https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/}}</ref> Ihe odide nke mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Libya-Berber, nke ndị nna ochie Berber ji mee ihe, dị n'akụkụ ihe oyiyi ndị ahụ, agbanyeghị, ederede ahụ enweghị ike nkọwa kpamkpam. A na-akọwa oge ikpeazụ site na ọdịdị nke kamel, nke nọchiri ịnyịnya ibu na ehi dị ka ụzọ isi ebuga ndị mmadụ n'ofe Sahara. Mbido nke kamel na-adaba na mmepe nke ụzọ azụmaahịa dị anya nke ndị njem na-eji ebuga nnu, ngwongwo, na ndị ohu gafee Sahara. Ndị ikom, ma ndị nọ n'elu ịnyịnya ma ndị a na-ebupụ, nwere ọta, ube, na mma agha. A gụnyere anụmanụ dịka ehi na ewu, mana e ji anụ ọhịa mee ihe n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma. Ọ bụ ezie na oge ndị a na-esochi onwe ha, oge ndị a na-agbanwe agbanwe ma ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie na-ewughachi ha mgbe niile ka teknụzụ na nkọwa na-etolite. Ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie na-akọpụta ihe osise ahụ kemgbe ụwa, ha na-anakọta iberibe na ihe ndị dara ada n'elu nkume ahụ. [[Faịlụ:Running_Horned_Woman,_6,000–4,000_B.C.E.,_pigment_on_rock,_Tassili_n’Ajjer,_Algeria.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise nkume nke North Africa na-anọchite anya 'chi nwanyị nwere mpi', Aouanrhet, Tassili N' Ajjer, Algeria, oge Round Head.]] Ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ide ihe n'ụlọ akwụkwọ bụ "Nwanyị Na-agba Ọsọ", nke a makwaara dịka "Chi nwanyị nwere mpi", nke sitere na oge isi gburugburu.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Razak|first=Arisika|date=2016-01-01|title=Sacred Women of Africa and the African Diaspora: A Womanist Vision of Black Women 's Bodies and the African Sacred Feminine|journal=International Journal of Transpersonal Studies|volume=35|issue=1|pages=129–147|doi=10.24972/ijts.2016.35.1.129|issn=1321-0122}}</ref> Ihe onyonyo a na-egosi otu nwanyị nwere mpi n'etiti; ntụpọ na-achọ ahụ ya na aka ya mma, o yikwara uwe aka ya dị warara, uwe mwụda, eriri ụkwụ, na nkwonkwo ụkwụ. Dịka Arisika Razak si kwuo, Chi nwanyị nwere mpi nke Tassili bụ ihe atụ mbụ nke "Nwanyị dị nsọ nke Afrịka."<ref name=":3" /> A na-emesi ike na ọ bụ nwanyị, ọmụmụ nwa, na njikọ ya na okike, ebe onye omenkà Neolithic na-etinye onyinyo ahụ n'elu obere ndị ochie. Ojiji nke mpi ehi bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ihe osise isi gbara gburugburu, nke na-egosi njikọta nke ehi ndị a na-azụ n'ụlọ na ndụ kwa ụbọchị nke Sahara. Foto ehi, ọkachasị nke oké ehi,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=JELÍNEK|first=JAN|title=Afarrh and the Origin of the Saharan Cattle Domestication|date=1982|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26293061|journal=Anthropologie (1962-)|volume=20|issue=1|pages=71–75|issn=0323-1119|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> ghọrọ isi okwu na ọ bụghị naanị na Tassili, kamakwa na ebe ndị ọzọ dị nso na Libya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=di Lernia|first=Savino|date=2011|title=Working in a UNESCO WH Site. Problems and Practices on the Rock Art of Tadrart Akakus (SW Libya, Central Sahara)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43135548|journal=Journal of African Archaeology|volume=9|issue=2|pages=159–175|doi=10.3213/2191-5784-10198|issn=1612-1651|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> === Ihe osise nkume Fungoid === Na 1989, onye na-eme nchọpụta banyere ihe ndị na-akpata ọrịa uche Giorgio Samorini tụrụ aro na eserese ndị dị ka fungoid n'ọgba Tassili bụ ihe akaebe nke mmekọrịta ahụ n'etiti ụmụ mmadụ na ndị nwere ọrịa uche n'ime ndị bi na Sahara oge ochie, mgbe ọ ka bụ ala ahịhịa ndụ: <blockquote>Otu n'ime ihe nkiri kachasị mkpa dị na ebe a na-ese ihe n'okirikiri nkume Tin-Tazarift, na Tassili, ebe anyị na-ahụ usoro ihe oyiyi ndị a kpuchiri ekpuchi n'ahịrị ma yi uwe ma ọ bụ yi uwe dị ka ndị na-agba egwu gbara gburugburu site na ihe ngosi dị ogologo na nke na-akpali akpali nke ụdị dị iche iche nke imewe geometric... Onye ọ bụla na-agba egwu na-ejide ihe dị ka ero n'aka nri, ọbụna ihe ijuanya karịa, ahịrị abụọ yiri ibe ha na-esi na ihe a apụta ruo n'akụkụ etiti nke isi onye na-agba egwu ahụ, ebe mgbọrọgwụ nke mpi abụọ ahụ dị. Ahịrị abụọ a nwere ike ịpụta njikọ na-apụtaghị ìhè ma ọ bụ mmiri mmiri na-abụghị ihe na-agafe site na ihe ejiri aka nri na uche jide. Nkọwa a ga-adaba na nkọwa ero ma ọ bụrụ na anyị eburu n'uche uru uche zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ero na akwụkwọ nri na-akpali akpali, nke na-abụkarị ihe omimi na ihe ime mmụọ (Dobkin de Rios, 1984:194). O yiri ka ahịrị ndị a - n'onwe ha echiche nke na-anọchite anya ihe na-abụghị ihe dị na nka oge ochie - na-anọchite anya mmetụta ero nwere n'uche mmadụ... N'ụlọ ntu dị na Tin - Abouteka, na Tassili, e nwere ihe e ji mee ya ma ọ dịkarịa ala ugboro abụọ nke jikọtara ero na azụ; njikọ pụrụ iche nke akara dị n'etiti omenala ethno-mycological... A na-egosi ero abụọ n'akụkụ ibe ha, n'ọnọdụ kwụ ọtọ gburugburu ihe atụ azụ ahụ na nso ọdụ ya. N'ebe a, n'elu, anyị na-ahụ azụ ndị ọzọ yiri nke ahụ e kwuru n'elu, mana na-enweghị ero dị n'akụkụ. -Giorgio Samorini, 1989 </blockquote> Terence McKenna ji echiche a mee ihe ọzọ n'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 1992 bụ́ Food of the Gods, na-ekwu na omenala Neolithic nke bi ebe ahụ jiri ero psilocybin mee ihe dịka akụkụ nke usoro ndụ okpukperechi, na-ekwu maka ihe osise nkume nke na-egosi ndị mmadụ ji ihe ndị dị ka ero n'aka ha, yana ero ndị na-eto site n'ahụ ha.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Food of the Gods|author=McKenna|first=Terence|publisher=Bantam Books|year=1992|isbn=978-0-553-07868-8|location=United States and Canada|pages=72, 73}}</ref> Maka Henri Lhote, onye chọpụtara ọgba Tassili na ngwụcha afọ 1950, o doro anya na ha bụ ebe nsọ nzuzo. Ihe osise kacha akwado echiche ero bụ ihe osise ero Tassili bụ Matalem-Amazar ebe e ji ero kpuchie ahụ onye shaman a na-anọchite anya ya. Dịka Earl Lee si kwuo n'akwụkwọ ya bụ́ ''From the Bodies of the Gods: Psychoactive Plants and the Cults of the Dead'' (2012), Ihe osise a na-ezo aka n'ihe mere n'oge ochie ebe e liri "onye ogbu ero" mgbe o yi uwe ya niile, mgbe e gwupụtara ya n'ala mgbe e mesịrị, obere ero ga-eto n'elu uwe. Earl Lee lere eserese ero na Tassili anya dị ka ihe ezi uche dị na ya. Dịka Brian Akers, onye dere akwụkwọ akụkọ Mushroom si kwuo, ihe osise nkume fungoid dị na Tassili adịghị ka ihe nnọchianya nke Psilocybe hispanica dị na Selva Pascuala caves (2015), ọ naghịkwa ele ya anya dị ka ihe ga-eme eme. == N'omenala a ma ama == * Tassili bụ ebe e dekọrọ egwu na aha abọm Tuareg nke afọ 2011 nke otu egwu Tinariwen. * Egwu Tassili Plain bụ egwu dị na abọm Natural Wonders of the World nke afọ 1994 na Dub nke otu Zion Train dere. * Na Fate/Extella: The Umbral Star, agwa Altera bụ n'ezie ụdị chi a maara dị ka Sefar, nke dabere na otu n'ime eserese e sere n'ọgba ahụ ma a makwaara ya n'akụkọ ahụ dịka The White Titan nke Tassili n'Ajjer == Ihe ngosi == <gallery mode= heights="120" caption="Rock-Art, [[Saharan Cypress]] and Landscapes of the Tassili"> File:Rock_columns_at_Tassili_n%27Ajjer.jpg|Very high rock columns<br>photograph taken from 30 000&nbsp;ft Tassili mushroom man Matalem-Amazar.png|Anonymous reproduction of the [[Tassili Mushroom Figure]] Matalem-Amazar found in Tassili.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Guzmán |first1=Gastón |title=New taxonomical and ethnomycological observations on Psilocybe s.s. (Fungi, Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetidae, Agaricales, Strophariaceae) from Mexico, Africa and Spain |journal=Acta Botánica Mexicana |date=July 2012 |issue=100 |pages=79–106 |doi=10.21829/abm100.2012.32 |url=http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0187-71512012000300004 |access-date=2020-12-09 |archive-date=2020-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127062704/http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?pid=S0187-71512012000300004&script=sci_arttext |url-status=live }}</ref> File:Femme-gravure.jpg|Depiction of a dancing or seated human File:Dunes at Tassili n'Ajjer - detail.jpg|Dunes at Tassili n'Ajjer File:Tassili Sahara 74.jpg|Sand and rock landscape on the southern edge of the Tassili n'Ajjer File:Cupressus dupreziana1.jpg|Local cypresses File:Tassili Desert Algeria.jpg|Sandstone rocks and cliffs File:Great_god_of_Sefar.jpg |Ritual figure or shaman File:Tassili - catapulte?.jpg|Human figures File:African cave paintings.jpg|Human figures File:Tassili - whites and blacks leaving in harmony?.jpg|Human figures File:Algerien_Desert.jpg|Human figures with bows </gallery> === Ihe osise ndị dị na nkume nke Tin-Taghirt === Ebe Tin-Taghirt dị na Tassili n'Ajjer n'etiti obodo Dider na Iherir. <gallery mode="heights=&quot;130&quot;"> Faịlụ:TinTaghirtOstrich.jpg|Enyi nnụnụ Faịlụ:Sleeping_Antelope_Tin_Taghirt.jpg|Antelope na-ehi ụra - a hụkwara ya n'azụ akwụkwọ ego dinar 1000 nke Algeria Faịlụ:Bubalus_Tin_Taghirt.jpg|''Bubalus antiquus'' Faịlụ:TinTaghirtFootprints.jpg|Akara ụkwụ Faịlụ:TinTaghirtHumanBeings.jpg|Ụmụ mmadụ </gallery> <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> == Hụkwa == == Ihe edeturu == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> * [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179/video Vidio] * [http://naturalarches.org/tassili/ Ogidi ndị sitere n'okike nke Tassili n'Ajjer] * Flore et faune du Tassili n'Ajjer, 2023, French, illustrated. Akụkụ 1: Ihe ngosi, ala, anụmanụ [https://s2hnh.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Flore-et-faune-du-Tassili-nAjjer_part1.pdf], * Flora na fauna nke Tassili n'Ajjer, Akụkụ 2: Flora [https://s2hnh.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Flore-et-faune-du-Tassili-nAjjer_part2.pdf] * Foto nke osisi cypress nke Sahara (''Cupressus dupreziana'') iNaturalist[https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/136175-Cupressus-dupreziana/browse_photos/ Onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị e kere eke] * Foto nke Saharan myrtle (''Myrtus nivellei'') iNaturalist[https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/1082910-Myrtus-nivellei/browse_photos/ Onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị e kere eke] == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Bahn, Paul G. (1998) The ''Cambridge Illustrated History of Prehistoric Art'' Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. * Bradley, R (2000) Ihe mgbe ochie nke ebe okike London, Routledge. * Bruce-Lockhart, J na Wright, J (2000) Okporo ụzọ siri ike na nke dị ize ndụ: Njem Hugh Clapperton na Sahara na Fezzan 1822-1825''Okporo ụzọ siri ike ma dị ize ndụ: Njem Hugh Clapperton na Sahara na Fezzan 1822-1825'' * Chippindale, Chris na Tacon, S-C (eds) (1998) The Archaeology of Rock Art Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. * Clottes, J. (2002): World Rock Art Los Angeles: Getty Publications. * Coulson, D, na Campbell, Alec (2001) African Rock Art: Paintings and Engravings on Stone New York, Harry N Abrams. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * Holl, Augustin F.C. (2004) Saharan Rock Art, Archaeology of Tassilian Pastoralist Icongraphy''Ihe osise nkume nke Sahara, Archaeology nke Tassilian Pastoralist Icongraphy'' * Lajoux, Jean-Dominique (1977) Tassili n'Ajjer: Nkà nkume nke Sahara Prehistoric Paris, Le Chêne. * Lajoux, Jean-Dominique (1962), Merveilles du Tassili n'Ajjer (''Ihe osise nkume nke Tassili'' na nsụgharị), Le Chêne, Paris. * Le Quellec, J-L (1998) Nkà na Nkà nke nkume na Prehistory nke Sahara. Le Messak Libyen Paris: Editions Payot et Rivages, Bibliothèque Scientifique Payot. * Lhote, Henri (1959, bipụtara ọzọ 1973) ''The Search for the Tassili Frescoes: Akụkọ banyere ihe osise nkume nke Sahara'' London. * Lhote, Henri (1958, 1973, 1992, 2006) À la découverte des fresques du Tassili, Arthaud, Paris. * Mattingly, D (ed) (na-abịa) The archaeology of the Fezzan. * Muzzolini, A (1997) "Saharan Rock Art", na Vogel, J O (ed) Encyclopedia of Precolonial Africa Walnut Creek: 347-353. * Van Albada, A. na Van Albada. (2000): Ugwu nke Ụmụ Nkịta: Nkà Nkume nke Messak Lybien Paris, Seuil. * Whitley, D S (ed) (2001) Handbook of Rock Art Research New York: Altamira Press. [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] m4154p8mr13tyx6prtz07l322uvvb1h 670674 670673 2026-07-01T11:30:31Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 670674 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tassili n'Ajjer''' ([[Amazigh languages|Berber]]: ''Tassili n Ajjer'', Arabic: طاسيلي ناجر, romanized: ṭāssīlī naʾjir; "Plateau of rivers") bụ ugwu dị n'ọzara Sahara, nke dị na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Algeria]]. O nwere otu n'ime otu kachasị mkpa nke nka ọgba tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme n'ụwa<ref name="Unesco">{{Cite web|author=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|title=Tassili n'Ajjer|work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|date=11 Oct 2017|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179/|accessdate=26 December 2019|archivedate=4 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404032753/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179/}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf|title=Rock Art of the Tassili n Ajjer, Algeria|publisher=Africanrockart.org|accessdate=February 7, 2017|archivedate=September 30, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930123103/https://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf}}</ref> ma kpuchiri ebe karịrị 72,000 km2 (28,000 sq mi).<ref name="brit">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tassili-n-Ajjer|title=Tassili-n-Ajjer|publisher=britannica|accessdate=February 7, 2017|archivedate=May 29, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529043147/https://www.britannica.com/place/Tassili-n-Ajjer}}</ref> A kpọpụtala ebe a ka ọ bụrụ ogige mba na ebe nchekwa Biosphere, e wee tinye ya na ndepụta UNESCO nke Ebe Ihe Nketa Ụwa na 1982.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.algeria.com/national-parks/tassili-n-ajjer/|title=Tassili n'Ajjer National Park, Djanet|publisher=Algeria.com|accessdate=February 7, 2017|archivedate=February 8, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208032911/http://www.algeria.com/national-parks/tassili-n-ajjer/}}</ref> Nsụgharị Bekee nke Tassili n'Ajjer bụ 'ala dị larịị nke osimiri'.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Pan-African Congress on Prehistory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m9W0AAAAIAAJ|year=1977|publisher=Kraus Reprint|language=fr|quote=Les eaux de pluie ont raviné les crêtes et ont progressivement entaillé les plateaux, creusant des canyons étroits et profonds aux parois à pic, dont la direction générale est Sud-Nord. C'est d'ailleurs ce qui lui a valu le nom de Tassili-n-Ajjer, nom qui vient des mots touaregs : Tasilé = plateau et gir = rivières, ce qui veut dire : le plateau des rivières. == rainwater gutted the ridges and progressively slashed the plateaus, digging narrow, deep canyons with steep walls, whose general direction is South-North. This is what earned it the name of Tassili-n-Ajjer, name that comes from the Tuareg words: Tasilé = plateau and gir= rivers, which means: the plateau of rivers.|accessdate=2019-08-01}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == [[Faịlụ:Dunes_at_Tassili_n'Ajjer.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Foto si n'elu nke Tassili n'Ajjer]] Tassili n'Ajjer is a plateau in south-eastern [[Algeria]] at the borders of [[Libya]] and [[Niger]], covering an area of 72,000&nbsp;km².<ref name="Unesco">{{Cite web|author=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|title=Tassili n'Ajjer|work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|date=11 Oct 2017|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179/|accessdate=26 December 2019|archivedate=4 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404032753/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179/}}</ref> Ọ na-eru 26°20'N 5°00'E site n'ọwụwa anyanwụ-ndịda-ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo 24°00'N 10°00'E. Ebe kachasị elu ya bụ Adrar Afao nke dị elu na 2,158 m (7,080 ft), dị na 25°10'N 8°11'E. Obodo ndị kacha nso bụ Djanet dị na nsọtụ ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ na Illizi dị na nsọtụ ugwu. Ala dị larịị ahụ nwere mmasị dị ukwuu na ihe gbasara ala na ịma mma. Ọdịdị ya nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ala nke nwere oke ọhịa nkume, nke e ji ájá ájá gbajiri agbaji mee, yiri ala ọnwa ma nwee ọtụtụ ụdị nka nkume.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.archmillennium.net/tassili_national_park.htm|title=Tassili National Park, Sahara Algeria|publisher=Archmillennium.net|accessdate=2012-12-16|archivedate=2020-09-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920102632/http://www.archmillennium.net/tassili_national_park.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Willcox|first=A. R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qilKDwAAQBAJ&q=san+bushmen+Tassili+n%E2%80%99Ajjer&pg=PP16|title=The Rock Art of Africa|date=2018-01-29|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-315-51535-9|language=en|accessdate=2020-12-09}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == Ihe mejupụtara ihe owuwu a bụ aja okwute.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor=Scheffel|location=United States of America|pages=371–372}}</ref> Desert varnish tere aja okwute ahụ, obere mpụta nke metallic oxides nke na-agba agba dị iche iche site na oji ruo na ọbara ọbara na-adịghị mma, agba nkume ndị ahụ.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Mbuze n'ógbè ahụ emeela ka e nwee ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ narị nkume 300 e ji aka mee n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ, tinyere nnukwu olulu mmiri na ọdọ mmiri na-adịgide adịgide n'ebe ugwu. [[Faịlụ:West_African_Craton.svg|áká_èkpè|thumb|West African Craton, Tuareg Shield na East Sahara Metacraton]] Ihe mkpuchi Tuareg, mkpokọta nke terranes nke mepụtara n'oge Neoproterozoic n'etiti afọ 750 na 550 nde gara aga, gụnyere mpaghara Ugwu Ahaggar nke oge a na Algeria, Ugwu Aïr na Niger, na Adrar des Ifoghas na Mali. N'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ dị Craton nke ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka, n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ bụ Saharan Metacraton. Ọ gbasaa site na accretion n'ebe ugwu na ndịda, nke mere na ọ gụnyekwara mpaghara Tassili n'Ajjer nke oge a. N'oge a, nnukwu kọntinent ahụ Gondwana pụtara, nke gụnyekwara craton na ọta niile nke ihe ga-emesịa ghọọ Afrịka. N'oge Cambrian nke sochirinụ (afọ 541 ruo nde 485 gara aga), e guzobere nkwụnye mbụ nke sediment ka dị taa na mpaghara Tassili n'Ajjer. N'oge a, Gondwana si n'ógbè Equatorial gaa na ndịda hemisphere, nke mere na mpaghara Sahara dị na mpaghara South Pole n'oge Upper Ordovician (afọ 458 ruo 443 nde gara aga). Ná ngwụcha oge a, oge ice 'Hirnantian' jupụtara ruo otu nde afọ. E nwere mpempe akwụkwọ ice, nke gbasara ọtụtụ akụkụ ugwu Afrịka.[a] Na mbido oge Silurian (malite na nde afọ 443 gara aga), ihu igwe ụwa gbanwere, mee ka ice nke Tuareg Shield gbazee. Nke a hapụrụ ọwa mmiri gbazere agbaze nke kpụrụ n'okpuru ice. Nke a mechara guzobe usoro mmụta ala nke Inner Tassili Group. Ihe mejupụtara ya bụ ájá na ụfọdụ oyi akwa nke ụrọ. [[Faịlụ:Diagrams_geology_Tassili_n'Ajjer.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise abụọ na-egosi ọdịdị ala nke Tassili n'Ajjer]] N'oge Silurian na Devonian, mmebi iwu (mmalite nke oké osimiri) site n'ebe ugwu na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ kpuchiri nnukwu ebe dị na Sahara site na iji akwa ájá ndị ọzọ. N'oge ahụ, Tassili n'Ajjer bụ ala mmiri dị nso n'ụsọ oké osimiri, wee mechaa ghọọ ala mmiri mmiri. N'oge Silurian, E guzobere usoro nhazi nke Intra Tassili Group, nke nwere ọtụtụ ụrọ  nke e ji ihe ndị dị ndụ mee na ụfọdụ nkume ájá. N'oge Devonian, e guzobere otu Tassili nke dị n'èzí, nke nwere ọtụtụ nkume ájá tinyere ụrọ nwere macrofauna na ụfọdụ nkume limestone. Ọ bụ site na usoro abụọ a nke oge Silurian na Devonian ka mmanụ ala si dị a na-ewepụtakwa ma na-aga n'ihu na-emepụta gas sitere n'okike na Illizi Basin, n'ebe ugwu Illizi. N'ime afọ nde 200 sochirinụ, mpaghara a nọgidere na-abụ ala dị jụụ, dịkwa larịị nke na-enweghị nnukwu mgbanwe ma ọ bụ sedimentation. - Ikekwe n'oge Cretaceous, mana karịsịa kemgbe Miocene (afọ 23 ruo 5,3 nde gara aga), Tuareg Shield malitere ịgbapụta n'ihi magmatic mmụba. Elu elu dị na mpaghara Ahaggar mechara ruo mita 4,000 ruo 5,000. Ó metụtakwara mpaghara Tassili n'Ajjer, ebe elu ya mere ka oyi akwa ya gbadaa n'ebe ugwu. N'akụkụ elu ugwu ahụ, ọtụtụ basin guzobere n'ebe ugwu na ndịda nke Tuareg Shield, nke jere ozi ugbu a dị ka ebe a na-edebe ihe mkpofu maka ihe mkpofu ndị mebiri emebi, dịka ọmụmaatụ Illizi Basin. Karịsịa na Miocene, akwa sedimentary nke Mpụga Tassili (usoro oyi akwa kachasị elu) gbawara kpamkpam n'akụkụ ndịda na ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Tassili n'Ajjer. N'akụkụ ugwu, n'elu ala nke otu oyi akwa a, usoro osimiri ahụ gwuru ruo mita 400 n'ime ájá na ájá ájá n'ihi oke mgbanwe ugbu a.<ref name="Busche">Detlef Busche, ''Die zentrale Sahara - Oberflächenformen im Wandel'', Justus Perthes Verlag, Gotha, 1998, ISBN 3-623-00550-9, p. 12, (German)</ref> Nnukwu mgbanwe ikpeazụ nke ala mere n'oge Pliocene (5,3 ruo 2,58 nde afọ gara aga). Ugwu na-agbọpụta ọkụ kpuchiri mpaghara Adrar dị na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Tassili n'Ajjer na oghere, cones volcanic, na ọwara na-asọ. Ọganihu a gara n'ihu n'oge Quaternary. <<gallery mode="packed" heights=110> Fadnounplateau_vers_Illizi.jpg|Ebe obibi [[Hamada]] nke ''Tassili Mpụga'' dị n'ebe ndịda Illizi Oued Imihrou photo by Hocine Djouder.jpg|Nhazi atọ nke ''Intra-Tassilian Group'' sitere na Oued Imihrou DJANET 8.jpg|Mpụta Tassili n'Ajjer na Oued Essendilène: nhazi abụọ nke ''Inner Tassili Group'' </gallery> === Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi === Tassili n'Ajjer dị n'ime oke ọhịa ugwu nke dị na ọdịda anyanwụ Saharan nke dị n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ. N'ihi elu dị elu nke mpaghara ahụ, tinyere ihe ndị na-ejide mmiri nke nkume ájá ya, Ahịhịa dị n'ebe a dị ntakịrị ka ahịhịa ma nwee akwụkwọ ndụ karịa na mpaghara ala nke ọzara; nke a na-emepụta ebe obibi mara mma maka ọtụtụ anụmanụ, site na obere invertebrates, ruo nri ruo anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara. Ogige ntụrụndụ a nwere oke ọhịa mepere emepe, nke gụnyere Saịprọs Sahara na myrtle Saharan nọ n'ihe ize ndụ ma dịkwa ize ndụ, n'ọkara ọwụwa anyanwụ ya dị elu.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Osisi cypress Tassili bụ otu n'ime osisi na ihe ndị dị ndụ kacha ogologo n'ụwa, mgbe osisi pine bristlecone nke Western US gasịrị.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf|title=Rock Art of the Tassili n Ajjer, Algeria|publisher=Africanrockart.org|accessdate=February 7, 2017|archivedate=September 30, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930123103/https://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf}}</ref> Ndị bi n'ebe dị iche iche nke agụ iyi ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka dị ndụ na Tassili n'Ajjer ruo narị afọ nke iri abụọ; Taa, a na-ahụkarị ụdị ihe a n'ebe okpomọkụ na ndịda Sahara nke Ọdịda Anyanwụ na Etiti Afrịka, site na Senegal ruo [[Chad]]. Aoudad, ma ọ bụ Barbary sheep, bụ naanị ụdị anụmanụ dị ugbu a nke e sere n'ihe osise nkume ochie nke mpaghara ahụ.<ref name="readersnatural" /> A kpọrọ ogige ntụrụndụ a Mkpa Nnụnụ (IBA) site n'aka BirdLife International n'ihi na ọ na-akwado ọtụtụ ndị bi na ahụrụ a chara acha na Ahịa Lichtenstein, Fero ugo - ikwiikwii, nnukwu hoopoe - larks, bar-tailed na desert larks, pale rock martins, fullyous babblers, okpueze ọcha na witi na-eru uju, nza desert na trumpeter finches.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/parc-national-du-tassili-najjer-iba-algeria|title=Parc National du Tassili N'Ajjer|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2024|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=2024-10-26}}</ref> == Nkà mmụta ihe ochie == === Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga === Kemgbe afọ 1863, ndị Yuropu na-eme nnyocha banyere ihe osise nkume nke ndị Algeria, ebe ndị mere nyocha ahụ bụ "A. Pomel (1893–1898), Stéphane Gsell (1901–1927), G. B. M. Flamand (1892–1921), Leo Frobenius and Hugo Obermaier (1925), Henri Breuil (1931–1957), L. Joleaud (1918–1938), na Raymond Vaufrey (1935–1955)."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Algeria|url=https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/|accessdate=2021-04-10|work=africanrockart.britishmuseum.org|archivedate=2021-07-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719001741/https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/}}</ref> A mara Tassili nke ọma na mmalite narị afọ nke 20, mana e jiri usoro eserese nke ndị agha France, ọkachasị Lieutenant Charles Brenans, mee ka ndị ọdịda anyanwụ mata ya nke ọma n'afọ 1930<ref name=":1" /> O wetara onye France bụ ọkà mmụta ihe ochie Henri Lhote, onye mechara lọta n'etiti afọ 1956–1957, 1959, 1962, na 1970.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Henri.|first=Lhote|title=The search for the Tassili frescoes: the story of the prehistoric rock-paintings of the Sahara|date=1973|publisher=Hutchinson|isbn=0-09-112380-1|oclc=667687}}</ref> A katọrọ njem Lhote nke ukwuu, ebe ndị otu ya boro ebubo na ha na-ese foto adịgboroja ma na-emebi ihe osise n'ime ka ha maa mma maka ịchọta na ịse foto, nke mere ka agba ndị mbụ ghara ịrụzi nke ọma.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Jean-Dominique.|first=Lajoux|title=Merveilles du Tassili N'Ajjer|date=1962|publisher=Ed. du Chêne|oclc=604199955}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Keenan|first=Jeremy|title=The lesser gods of the Sahara : social change and contested terrain amongst the Tuareg of Algeria|date=2004|publisher=Frank Cass|isbn=0-203-32762-4|location=London|oclc=62269179}}</ref> === Nkọwa nke ihe mgbe ochie ugbu a === Ebe Tassili dị bụ isi n'oge Neolithic nke ndị otu ndị na-azụ anụ ụlọ transhumant bụ ndị ụdị ndụ ha baara ma ụmụ mmadụ ma anụ ụlọ uru. Ọdịdị ala obodo, ịdị elu, na akụrụngwa sitere n'okike bụ ọnọdụ kacha mma maka ịma ụlọikwuu n'oge ọkọchị nke obere ìgwè. Osimiri dị n'ime ugwu ahụ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ụzọ dị n'etiti ugwu ndị dị n'okwute na ala ndị dị larịị nke ájá. Ugwu ndị dị n'elu nwere ihe akaebe ihe ochie nke na-egosi na e bibiri ha site na 5500 ruo 1500 Tupu Oge Anyị, ebe ala ndị dị larịị nwere nkume tumuli na ebe ọkụ dị n'agbata 6000 na 4000 Tupu Oge Anyị. O yiri ka e jirila ebe ndị dị n'ala dị larịị mee ebe obibi, karịsịa n'oge mmiri ozuzo.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=December 2005|title=Saharan Rock Art: Archaeology of Tassilian Pastoralist Iconography. Augustin F. C. Holl|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/jar.61.4.3631543|journal=Journal of Anthropological Research|volume=61|issue=4|pages=541–542|doi=10.1086/jar.61.4.3631543|issn=0091-7710|accessdate=2021-04-10}}</ref> E nwere ọtụtụ ebe obibi nkume n'ime ọhịa ájá ájá, nke jupụtara na ihe ochie Neolithic gụnyere ite seramiiki na ite ite, isi akụ lithic, efere na igwe nri, bidịị, na ọla.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf|title=Rock Art of the Tassili n Ajjer, Algeria|publisher=Africanrockart.org|accessdate=February 7, 2017|archivedate=September 30, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930123103/https://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf}}</ref> Mgbanwe gaa n'ịzụ anụmanụ mgbe oge Omimi Afrịka n'oge mbụ Holocene pụtara ìhè na ndekọ ihe ochie nke Tassili n'Ajjer, nka nkume, na nkà mmụta ihe ochie nke anụmanụ. Ọzọkwa, nnweta Tassili bụ akụkụ nke mmegharị buru ibu na mgbanwe ihu igwe n'ime Central Sahara. Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na gburugburu ebe obibi malitere na Central Sahara ihe dị ka 14,000 BP wee gaa n'ihu n'oge ọkọchị nke butere obere ebe obibi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Soukopova|first=Jitka|date=January 2011|title=The Earliest Rock Paintings of the Central Sahara: Approaching Interpretation|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/175169711x12961583765333|journal=Time and Mind|volume=4|issue=2|pages=193–216|doi=10.2752/175169711x12961583765333|issn=1751-696X|accessdate=2021-04-10}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, ihu igwe adịghị otu ebe, e kewara Sahara n'etiti ala kpọrọ nkụ na ugwu ndị dị mmiri mmiri. Ihe ndị e gwupụtara n'ala na-egosi na ndị mmadụ bi n'ime ha, n'ụdị ìgwè ndị na-achụ nta, dị n'agbata 10,000 na 7500 BP; mgbe 7500 BP gasịrị, ụmụ mmadụ malitere ịhazi onwe ha n'ìgwè ndị na-azụ atụrụ iji zaa ajụjụ maka ọnọdụ ihu igwe na-akawanye njọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fagan|first=Brian M.|date=1967|title=Radiocarbon Dates for Sub-Saharan Africa: V|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/179834|journal=The Journal of African History|volume=8|issue=3|pages=513–527|doi=10.1017/S0021853700007994|issn=0021-8537|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> E nwere oge ọkọchị site na 7900 na 7200 BP na Tassili<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Messili|first=Lamia|date=2013|title=Direct 14C Dating of Early and Mid-Holocene Saharan Pottery|url=https://hal.science/hal-02351870|journal=Radiocarbon|language=en|volume=55|issue=3|pages=1391–1402|doi=10.1017/S0033822200048323|issn=0033-8222|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> nke mere tupu e nwee ìgwè ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ mbụ, nke kwekọrọ n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke mpaghara Sahara-Sahelian.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Garcea|first=Elena A.A.|date=2016|title=High-Precision Radiocarbon Dating Application to Multi-proxy Organic Materials From Late Foraging To Early Pastoral Sites In Upper Nubia, Sudan|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44296870|journal=[[Journal of African Archaeology]]|volume=14|issue=1|pages=83–98|doi=10.3213/2191-5784-10282|issn=1612-1651|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> E gwupụtara ite tupu e jiri Pastoral rụọ ọrụ na Tassili ihe dị ka 9,000–8,500 BP, ebe ite Pastoral sitere na 7100–6000 BP.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Messili|first=Lamia|date=2013|title=Direct 14 C Dating of Early and Mid-Holocene Saharan Pottery|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02351870|journal=Radiocarbon|volume=55|issue=3|pages=1391–1402|doi=10.1017/S0033822200048323|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> A na-eji ihe osise nkume dị na Tassili eme ihe na ebe ndị ọzọ, gụnyere Dhar Tichitt na Mauritania,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Holl|first=Augustin F. C.|date=2002|title=Time, Space, and Image Making: Rock Art from the Dhar Tichitt (Mauritania)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25130740|journal=The African Archaeological Review|volume=19|issue=2|pages=75–118|doi=10.1023/A:1015479826570|issn=0263-0338|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> iji mụọ mmepe nke ịzụ anụmanụ na njem ndị si mba ọzọ gaa mba ndị dị n'ebe ugwu Afrịka. A na-azụ ehi n'ebe dị iche iche n'oge dị ka afọ 3000 ruo 2000 Tupu Oge Anyị, nke na-egosi mmalite na mgbasa nke ọrụ nlekọta anụmanụ n'ógbè ahụ. Nke a sochiri ịnyịnya (tupu afọ 1000 Tupu Oge Anyị) wee soro kamel n'ime puku afọ na-esote.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=LAMP|first=FREDERICK JOHN|date=2011|title=Ancient Terracotta Figures from Northern Nigeria|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41421509|journal=Yale University Art Gallery Bulletin|pages=48–57|issn=0084-3539|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> Mbịarute nke kamel na-egosi mmụba nke azụmaahịa trans-Saharan, ebe ọ bụ na a na-ejikarị kamel eme njem n'ụgbọ okporo ígwè azụmaahịa. === Ihe osise tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme === Nha nkume a bụ ebe e ji ihe ochie rụọ, nke a maara maka ọtụtụ ọrụ nka nkume nke e ji nkume rụọ tupu oge ochie, nke e dere na mbụ n'afọ 1910,<ref name="brit" /> nke ahụ malitere na mmalite oge Neolithic na njedebe nke oge oyi ikpeazụ nke Sahara bụ ebe obibi nke ọma karịa ọzara dị ugbu a. Ọ bụ ezie na isi mmalite dị iche iche, a na-eche na ihe osise mbụ dị afọ 12,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.africanworldheritagesites.org/cultural-places/rock-art-pre-history/tassili-najjer.html|title=Tassili N'Ajjer (Algeria)|publisher=Africanworldheritagesites.org|accessdate=February 7, 2017|archivedate=October 17, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017081659/http://africanworldheritagesites.org/cultural-places/rock-art-pre-history/tassili-najjer.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf|title=Rock Art of the Tassili n Ajjer, Algeria|author=David Coulson|publisher=Africanrockart.org|accessdate=2021-08-18|archivedate=2019-09-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930123103/https://africanrockart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Coulson-article-A10-proof.pdf}}</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime ha malitere n'afọ nke itoolu na nke iri nke narị afọ iri na itoolu nke afọ iri na itoolu nke afọ iri na itoolu nke afọ iri na itoolu nke afọ iri na itoolu ma ọ bụ karịa, dịka OSL si kwuo.<ref name="Mercier_OSLdating">{{Cite journal|title=OSL dating of quaternary deposits associated with the parietal art of the Tassili-n-Ajjer plateau (Central Sahara)|journal=Quaternary Geochronology|date=July 2012|volume=10|pages=367–373|doi=10.1016/j.quageo.2011.11.010|author=Mercier|first=Norbert}}</ref> E ji ihe osise ahụ mee ihe ochie site n'ịchịkọta obere iberibe nke ihe osise ndị kpọrọ nkụ ma gbajie agbawa tupu e lie ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Smith|first=Andrew B.|date=1992|title=Origins and Spread of Pastoralism in Africa|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2155983|journal=Annual Review of Anthropology|volume=21|pages=125–141|doi=10.1146/annurev.an.21.100192.001013|issn=0084-6570|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> N'ime ihe osise puku iri na ise e dekọrọ ruo ugbu a, ndị a na-egosi bụ nnukwu anụ ọhịa dịka ele na agụ iyi, ehi, na ụmụ mmadụ ndị na-eme ihe omume dịka ịchụ nta na ịgba egwu.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ihe osise ndị a bụ ụfọdụ n'ime ihe osise mbụ nke ndị omenkà Central Sahara mere, ha na-emekwa n'ebe kachasị na Tassili.<ref name=":2" /> Ọ bụ ezie na Algeria dị nso na Iberian Peninsula, ihe osise nkume nke Tassili n'Ajjer gbanwere iche na nke omenala ndị Europe.<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 2000|title=African Rock Art: Tassili-n-Ajjer (?8000 B.C.-?)|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/tass/hd_tass.htm|accessdate=2021-03-05|work=www.metmuseum.org|archivedate=2021-03-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305212257/https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/tass/hd_tass.htm}}</ref> Dịka UNESCO si kwuo, "Ọtụtụ ihe osise na ihe osise dị iche iche... emeela ka Tassili bụrụ ihe a ma ama n'ụwa niile."<ref name="UNESCO">{{Cite web|title=Tassili n'Ajer|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|accessdate=7 March 2013|archivedate=22 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522030003/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179}}</ref> Dịka ebe ndị Sahara ndị ọzọ nwere ihe osise nkume, enwere ike kewaa Tassili n'ime omenala ise dị iche iche: Archaic (10,000 ruo 7500 Tupu Oge Anyị) Isi Gburugburu (7550 ruo 5050 Tupu Oge Anyị), Bovidian ma ọ bụ Pastoral (4500 ruo 4000 Tupu Oge Anyị), Ịnyịnya (site na 2000 Tupu Oge Anyị na 50 Tupu Oge Anyị), na Kamel (1000 Tupu Oge Anyị na 1000 Tupu Oge Anyị na 1000 Tupu Oge Anyị). Oge ochie bụ nke anụ ọhịa bi na Sahara n'oge Holocene mbụ. A na-akpọ ọrụ ndị a ndị dinta na-achịkọta ihe, nke nwere naanị ihe e ji kpụọ ihe. Ihe onyonyo bụ nke anụmanụ buru ibu, nke e sere n'ụzọ okike, ya na usoro geometric mgbe ụfọdụ na ọdịdị mmadụ. A na-ahụkarị ụmụ mmadụ na anụmanụ n'ime ebe ịchụ nta. A na-ejikọta Oge Round Head na nhọrọ ejiji ụfọdụ na-egosi ụdị mmadụ ma kewapụ ya nke ọma na ọdịnala Archaic ọ bụ ezie na ndị na-achụ nta na ndị na'achịkọta ihe bụ ndị na-ese ihe maka ha abụọ. Ihe osise ahụ nwere ihe osise, na ụfọdụ n'ime ihe osise nkume kachasị ochie na nke kachasị ukwuu n'Africa; otu onye guzo karịa mita ise na nke ọzọ na mita atọ na ọkara. Ihe ngosi pụrụ iche nke ndị na-ese n'elu mmiri nwere isi dị gburugburu, isi na-enweghị ihe ngosi na ahụ na-enweghị ọdịdị yiri ka ha na-ese na nkume, ya mere akara "Round Head". Ihe osise na ihe osise ndị a na-elekwasị anya n'ebe ụfọdụ dị na mbara ala ahụ, na-egosi na ebe ndị a bụ etiti ememe, ememe, na ememe.<ref name=":1" /> Ọtụtụ anụmanụ ndị a na-egosi bụ mouflon na antelope, na-anọkarị n'ọnọdụ kwụ otu ebe nke na-adịghị egosi na ọ bụ akụkụ nke ebe ịchụ nta. Oge ndị Bovidian/Ọrụ Ndị Nkịtị na-ejikọta na mbata nke ehi ndị a na-azụ n'ụlọ na Sahara na mgbanwe nwayọọ nwayọọ gaa na ịzụ anụ ụlọ na-agagharị agagharị. E nwere ihe dị iche n'etiti oge ọzụzụ atụrụ na oge abụọ gara aga, nke dabara na mbibi nke Sahara. E nwere mmụba nke ụdị ejiji, nke na-egosi mmegharị nke otu omenala dị iche iche n'ime mpaghara ahụ. A na-egosi anụmanụ ndị a na-azụ n'ụlọ dịka ehi, atụrụ, ewu, na nkịta, nke yiri ihe ndekọ ihe ochie nke ebe ahụ. Ihe ndị a na-egosi obodo dị iche iche nke ndị na-azụ anụ, ndị dinta ji ụta, tinyere ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka, ma na-egosi mmụba nke ọha mmadụ dabere na ihe onwunwe. Omenala Ịnyịnya ndị a kwekọrọ na mbibi zuru oke nke Sahara na ihe achọrọ maka ụzọ njem ọhụrụ. A na-egosi ọbịbịa nke ịnyịnya, ụgbọ ịnyịnya na-adọkpụ, na ndị na-agba ịnyịnya, ọtụtụ mgbe n'etiti ịgba ọsọ, a na-ejikọtakwa ya na ịchụ nta karịa agha.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Algeria|url=https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/|accessdate=2021-04-10|work=africanrockart.britishmuseum.org|archivedate=2021-07-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719001741/https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/algeria/}}</ref> Ihe odide nke mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Libya-Berber, nke ndị nna ochie Berber ji mee ihe, dị n'akụkụ ihe oyiyi ndị ahụ, agbanyeghị, ederede ahụ enweghị ike nkọwa kpamkpam. A na-akọwa oge ikpeazụ site na ọdịdị nke kamel, nke nọchiri ịnyịnya ibu na ehi dị ka ụzọ isi ebuga ndị mmadụ n'ofe Sahara. Mbido nke kamel na-adaba na mmepe nke ụzọ azụmaahịa dị anya nke ndị njem na-eji ebuga nnu, ngwongwo, na ndị ohu gafee Sahara. Ndị ikom, ma ndị nọ n'elu ịnyịnya ma ndị a na-ebupụ, nwere ọta, ube, na mma agha. A gụnyere anụmanụ dịka ehi na ewu, mana e ji anụ ọhịa mee ihe n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma. Ọ bụ ezie na oge ndị a na-esochi onwe ha, oge ndị a na-agbanwe agbanwe ma ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie na-ewughachi ha mgbe niile ka teknụzụ na nkọwa na-etolite. Ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie na-akọpụta ihe osise ahụ kemgbe ụwa, ha na-anakọta iberibe na ihe ndị dara ada n'elu nkume ahụ. [[Faịlụ:Running_Horned_Woman,_6,000–4,000_B.C.E.,_pigment_on_rock,_Tassili_n’Ajjer,_Algeria.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise nkume nke North Africa na-anọchite anya 'chi nwanyị nwere mpi', Aouanrhet, Tassili N' Ajjer, Algeria, oge Round Head.]] Ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ide ihe n'ụlọ akwụkwọ bụ "Nwanyị Na-agba Ọsọ", nke a makwaara dịka "Chi nwanyị nwere mpi", nke sitere na oge isi gburugburu.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Razak|first=Arisika|date=2016-01-01|title=Sacred Women of Africa and the African Diaspora: A Womanist Vision of Black Women 's Bodies and the African Sacred Feminine|journal=International Journal of Transpersonal Studies|volume=35|issue=1|pages=129–147|doi=10.24972/ijts.2016.35.1.129|issn=1321-0122}}</ref> Ihe onyonyo a na-egosi otu nwanyị nwere mpi n'etiti; ntụpọ na-achọ ahụ ya na aka ya mma, o yikwara uwe aka ya dị warara, uwe mwụda, eriri ụkwụ, na nkwonkwo ụkwụ. Dịka Arisika Razak si kwuo, Chi nwanyị nwere mpi nke Tassili bụ ihe atụ mbụ nke "Nwanyị dị nsọ nke Afrịka."<ref name=":3" /> A na-emesi ike na ọ bụ nwanyị, ọmụmụ nwa, na njikọ ya na okike, ebe onye omenkà Neolithic na-etinye onyinyo ahụ n'elu obere ndị ochie. Ojiji nke mpi ehi bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ihe osise isi gbara gburugburu, nke na-egosi njikọta nke ehi ndị a na-azụ n'ụlọ na ndụ kwa ụbọchị nke Sahara. Foto ehi, ọkachasị nke oké ehi,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=JELÍNEK|first=JAN|title=Afarrh and the Origin of the Saharan Cattle Domestication|date=1982|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26293061|journal=Anthropologie (1962-)|volume=20|issue=1|pages=71–75|issn=0323-1119|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> ghọrọ isi okwu na ọ bụghị naanị na Tassili, kamakwa na ebe ndị ọzọ dị nso na Libya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=di Lernia|first=Savino|date=2011|title=Working in a UNESCO WH Site. Problems and Practices on the Rock Art of Tadrart Akakus (SW Libya, Central Sahara)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43135548|journal=Journal of African Archaeology|volume=9|issue=2|pages=159–175|doi=10.3213/2191-5784-10198|issn=1612-1651|accessdate=2021-05-06}}</ref> === Ihe osise nkume Fungoid === Na 1989, onye na-eme nchọpụta banyere ihe ndị na-akpata ọrịa uche Giorgio Samorini tụrụ aro na eserese ndị dị ka fungoid n'ọgba Tassili bụ ihe akaebe nke mmekọrịta ahụ n'etiti ụmụ mmadụ na ndị nwere ọrịa uche n'ime ndị bi na Sahara oge ochie, mgbe ọ ka bụ ala ahịhịa ndụ: <blockquote>Otu n'ime ihe nkiri kachasị mkpa dị na ebe a na-ese ihe n'okirikiri nkume Tin-Tazarift, na Tassili, ebe anyị na-ahụ usoro ihe oyiyi ndị a kpuchiri ekpuchi n'ahịrị ma yi uwe ma ọ bụ yi uwe dị ka ndị na-agba egwu gbara gburugburu site na ihe ngosi dị ogologo na nke na-akpali akpali nke ụdị dị iche iche nke imewe geometric... Onye ọ bụla na-agba egwu na-ejide ihe dị ka ero n'aka nri, ọbụna ihe ijuanya karịa, ahịrị abụọ yiri ibe ha na-esi na ihe a apụta ruo n'akụkụ etiti nke isi onye na-agba egwu ahụ, ebe mgbọrọgwụ nke mpi abụọ ahụ dị. Ahịrị abụọ a nwere ike ịpụta njikọ na-apụtaghị ìhè ma ọ bụ mmiri mmiri na-abụghị ihe na-agafe site na ihe ejiri aka nri na uche jide. Nkọwa a ga-adaba na nkọwa ero ma ọ bụrụ na anyị eburu n'uche uru uche zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ero na akwụkwọ nri na-akpali akpali, nke na-abụkarị ihe omimi na ihe ime mmụọ (Dobkin de Rios, 1984:194). O yiri ka ahịrị ndị a - n'onwe ha echiche nke na-anọchite anya ihe na-abụghị ihe dị na nka oge ochie - na-anọchite anya mmetụta ero nwere n'uche mmadụ... N'ụlọ ntu dị na Tin - Abouteka, na Tassili, e nwere ihe e ji mee ya ma ọ dịkarịa ala ugboro abụọ nke jikọtara ero na azụ; njikọ pụrụ iche nke akara dị n'etiti omenala ethno-mycological... A na-egosi ero abụọ n'akụkụ ibe ha, n'ọnọdụ kwụ ọtọ gburugburu ihe atụ azụ ahụ na nso ọdụ ya. N'ebe a, n'elu, anyị na-ahụ azụ ndị ọzọ yiri nke ahụ e kwuru n'elu, mana na-enweghị ero dị n'akụkụ. -Giorgio Samorini, 1989 </blockquote> Terence McKenna ji echiche a mee ihe ọzọ n'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 1992 bụ́ Food of the Gods, na-ekwu na omenala Neolithic nke bi ebe ahụ jiri ero psilocybin mee ihe dịka akụkụ nke usoro ndụ okpukperechi, na-ekwu maka ihe osise nkume nke na-egosi ndị mmadụ ji ihe ndị dị ka ero n'aka ha, yana ero ndị na-eto site n'ahụ ha.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Food of the Gods|author=McKenna|first=Terence|publisher=Bantam Books|year=1992|isbn=978-0-553-07868-8|location=United States and Canada|pages=72, 73}}</ref> Maka Henri Lhote, onye chọpụtara ọgba Tassili na ngwụcha afọ 1950, o doro anya na ha bụ ebe nsọ nzuzo. Ihe osise kacha akwado echiche ero bụ ihe osise ero Tassili bụ Matalem-Amazar ebe e ji ero kpuchie ahụ onye shaman a na-anọchite anya ya. Dịka Earl Lee si kwuo n'akwụkwọ ya bụ́ ''From the Bodies of the Gods: Psychoactive Plants and the Cults of the Dead'' (2012), Ihe osise a na-ezo aka n'ihe mere n'oge ochie ebe e liri "onye ogbu ero" mgbe o yi uwe ya niile, mgbe e gwupụtara ya n'ala mgbe e mesịrị, obere ero ga-eto n'elu uwe. Earl Lee lere eserese ero na Tassili anya dị ka ihe ezi uche dị na ya. Dịka Brian Akers, onye dere akwụkwọ akụkọ Mushroom si kwuo, ihe osise nkume fungoid dị na Tassili adịghị ka ihe nnọchianya nke Psilocybe hispanica dị na Selva Pascuala caves (2015), ọ naghịkwa ele ya anya dị ka ihe ga-eme eme. == N'omenala a ma ama == * Tassili bụ ebe e dekọrọ egwu na aha abọm Tuareg nke afọ 2011 nke otu egwu Tinariwen. * Egwu Tassili Plain bụ egwu dị na abọm Natural Wonders of the World nke afọ 1994 na Dub nke otu Zion Train dere. * Na Fate/Extella: The Umbral Star, agwa Altera bụ n'ezie ụdị chi a maara dị ka Sefar, nke dabere na otu n'ime eserese e sere n'ọgba ahụ ma a makwaara ya n'akụkọ ahụ dịka The White Titan nke Tassili n'Ajjer == Ihe ngosi == <gallery mode= heights="120" caption="Rock-Art, [[Saharan Cypress]] and Landscapes of the Tassili"> File:Rock_columns_at_Tassili_n%27Ajjer.jpg|Very high rock columns<br>photograph taken from 30 000&nbsp;ft Tassili mushroom man Matalem-Amazar.png|Anonymous reproduction of the [[Tassili Mushroom Figure]] Matalem-Amazar found in Tassili.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Guzmán |first1=Gastón |title=New taxonomical and ethnomycological observations on Psilocybe s.s. (Fungi, Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetidae, Agaricales, Strophariaceae) from Mexico, Africa and Spain |journal=Acta Botánica Mexicana |date=July 2012 |issue=100 |pages=79–106 |doi=10.21829/abm100.2012.32 |url=http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0187-71512012000300004 |access-date=2020-12-09 |archive-date=2020-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127062704/http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?pid=S0187-71512012000300004&script=sci_arttext |url-status=live }}</ref> File:Femme-gravure.jpg|Depiction of a dancing or seated human File:Dunes at Tassili n'Ajjer - detail.jpg|Dunes at Tassili n'Ajjer File:Tassili Sahara 74.jpg|Sand and rock landscape on the southern edge of the Tassili n'Ajjer File:Cupressus dupreziana1.jpg|Local cypresses File:Tassili Desert Algeria.jpg|Sandstone rocks and cliffs File:Great_god_of_Sefar.jpg |Ritual figure or shaman File:Tassili - catapulte?.jpg|Human figures File:African cave paintings.jpg|Human figures File:Tassili - whites and blacks leaving in harmony?.jpg|Human figures File:Algerien_Desert.jpg|Human figures with bows </gallery> === Ihe osise ndị dị na nkume nke Tin-Taghirt === Ebe Tin-Taghirt dị na Tassili n'Ajjer n'etiti obodo Dider na Iherir. <gallery mode="heights=&quot;130&quot;"> Faịlụ:TinTaghirtOstrich.jpg|Enyi nnụnụ Faịlụ:Sleeping_Antelope_Tin_Taghirt.jpg|Antelope na-ehi ụra - a hụkwara ya n'azụ akwụkwọ ego dinar 1000 nke Algeria Faịlụ:Bubalus_Tin_Taghirt.jpg|''Bubalus antiquus'' Faịlụ:TinTaghirtFootprints.jpg|Akara ụkwụ Faịlụ:TinTaghirtHumanBeings.jpg|Ụmụ mmadụ </gallery> <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> == Hụkwa == == Ihe edeturu == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> * [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179/video Vidio] * [http://naturalarches.org/tassili/ Ogidi ndị sitere n'okike nke Tassili n'Ajjer] * Flore et faune du Tassili n'Ajjer, 2023, French, illustrated. Akụkụ 1: Ihe ngosi, ala, anụmanụ [https://s2hnh.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Flore-et-faune-du-Tassili-nAjjer_part1.pdf], * Flora na fauna nke Tassili n'Ajjer, Akụkụ 2: Flora [https://s2hnh.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Flore-et-faune-du-Tassili-nAjjer_part2.pdf] * Foto nke osisi cypress nke Sahara (''Cupressus dupreziana'') iNaturalist[https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/136175-Cupressus-dupreziana/browse_photos/ Onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị e kere eke] * Foto nke Saharan myrtle (''Myrtus nivellei'') iNaturalist[https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/1082910-Myrtus-nivellei/browse_photos/ Onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị e kere eke] == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Bahn, Paul G. (1998) The ''Cambridge Illustrated History of Prehistoric Art'' Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. * Bradley, R (2000) Ihe mgbe ochie nke ebe okike London, Routledge. * Bruce-Lockhart, J na Wright, J (2000) Okporo ụzọ siri ike na nke dị ize ndụ: Njem Hugh Clapperton na Sahara na Fezzan 1822-1825''Okporo ụzọ siri ike ma dị ize ndụ: Njem Hugh Clapperton na Sahara na Fezzan 1822-1825'' * Chippindale, Chris na Tacon, S-C (eds) (1998) The Archaeology of Rock Art Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. * Clottes, J. (2002): World Rock Art Los Angeles: Getty Publications. * Coulson, D, na Campbell, Alec (2001) African Rock Art: Paintings and Engravings on Stone New York, Harry N Abrams. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * Holl, Augustin F.C. (2004) Saharan Rock Art, Archaeology of Tassilian Pastoralist Icongraphy''Ihe osise nkume nke Sahara, Archaeology nke Tassilian Pastoralist Icongraphy'' * Lajoux, Jean-Dominique (1977) Tassili n'Ajjer: Nkà nkume nke Sahara Prehistoric Paris, Le Chêne. * Lajoux, Jean-Dominique (1962), Merveilles du Tassili n'Ajjer (''Ihe osise nkume nke Tassili'' na nsụgharị), Le Chêne, Paris. * Le Quellec, J-L (1998) Nkà na Nkà nke nkume na Prehistory nke Sahara. Le Messak Libyen Paris: Editions Payot et Rivages, Bibliothèque Scientifique Payot. * Lhote, Henri (1959, bipụtara ọzọ 1973) ''The Search for the Tassili Frescoes: Akụkọ banyere ihe osise nkume nke Sahara'' London. * Lhote, Henri (1958, 1973, 1992, 2006) À la découverte des fresques du Tassili, Arthaud, Paris. * Mattingly, D (ed) (na-abịa) The archaeology of the Fezzan. * Muzzolini, A (1997) "Saharan Rock Art", na Vogel, J O (ed) Encyclopedia of Precolonial Africa Walnut Creek: 347-353. * Van Albada, A. na Van Albada. (2000): Ugwu nke Ụmụ Nkịta: Nkà Nkume nke Messak Lybien Paris, Seuil. * Whitley, D S (ed) (2001) Handbook of Rock Art Research New York: Altamira Press. [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] h87uwe3wvns3o9c3dkuyxwxh4ty19at 0 77229 670665 2026-07-01T11:06:57Z Bigcee007 24507 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360737445|Small hydro]]" 670665 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Fall_in_Licq-Atherey.jpg|thumb|Obere ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik nke Licq-Athérey (Pyrénées-Atlantiques, France).]] '''Obere mmiri''' bụ ọgbọ nke ike mmiri eletrik na obere nha ma e jiri ya tụnyere nnukwu mmiri ọdịnala. Nkọwa ziri ezi dịgasị iche site na mba, mana obere ọrụ mmiri (SHP) na-erughị 50 megawatts (MW) ma nwee ike ịkekọrịta ya site na "mini" (<500kW), "micro" (<100 kW), na "pico" (<10 kW). <ref>{{Cite web|title=What is small hydro?|url=https://www.ieahydro.org/about/past-achievements-and-completed-activities/annex-2/what-is-small-hydro|accessdate=2025-03-20|work=IEA Hydropower}}</ref> Ike mmepụta ike kachasị elu bụ isi ihe dị mkpa na nhazi SHP. Ihe ndị dị ka elu dam, elu weir, mpaghara ebe a na-echekwa mmiri, nhazi ọpụpụ na usoro ọrụ abụghị ihe a na-ahazi n'okpuru usoro a. orcewtimuxma94puzsohcpfyv6p7vj0 670668 670665 2026-07-01T11:09:22Z Bigcee007 24507 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360737445|Small hydro]]" 670668 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Fall_in_Licq-Atherey.jpg|thumb|Obere ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik nke Licq-Athérey (Pyrénées-Atlantiques, France).]] '''Obere mmiri''' bụ ọgbọ nke ike mmiri eletrik na obere nha ma e jiri ya tụnyere nnukwu mmiri ọdịnala. Nkọwa ziri ezi dịgasị iche site na mba, mana obere ọrụ mmiri (SHP) na-erughị 50 megawatts (MW) ma nwee ike ịkekọrịta ya site na "mini" (<500kW), "micro" (<100 kW), na "pico" (<10 kW). <ref>{{Cite web|title=What is small hydro?|url=https://www.ieahydro.org/about/past-achievements-and-completed-activities/annex-2/what-is-small-hydro|accessdate=2025-03-20|work=IEA Hydropower}}</ref> Ikike kachasị elu nke mmepụta ike bụ isi ihe nke nhazi SHP. Ihe ndị dị ka ịdị elu nke mmiri, ịdị elu nke weir, ebe nchekwa, ihe owuwu na usoro ọrụ anaghị edozi n'okpuru metric a. Ọrụ SHP etoola ngwa ngwa n'ime iri afọ abụọ gara aga. Usoro nnabata ngwa ngwa nwere ike ime ka ọ dị mfe ịzụlite na itinye aka n'ọgbọ ekesa na mpaghara ọkụ eletrik. Enwere ike wuo obere ọrụ mmiri mmiri n'ebe ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ nke ga-abụ enweghị akụ na ụba iji rụọ ọrụ site na ọkụ eletrik nke mba, ma ọ bụ na mpaghara ebe grid mba na-adịghị. Ha na-emepụta ike n'ogo kwesịrị ekwesị maka iji obodo mee ihe, na-akwalite nnwere onwe ike. Mpaghara ime obodo na-eche ihe ịma aka ihu na ntinye SHP n'ihi enweghị mgbado anya ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, data ziri ezi, na ego na-adịgide adịgide.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=UNIDO|date=2022|title=World Small Hydropower Development Report 2022|url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/4025088?v=pdf|journal=Global overview / United Nations Industrial Development Organization|language=en}}</ref> pfauvvke3z3facsci5ofzlu68ht3mif 0 77230 670670 2026-07-01T11:13:25Z Bigcee007 24507 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360737445|Small hydro]]" 670670 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Fall_in_Licq-Atherey.jpg|thumb|Obere ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik nke Licq-Athérey (Pyrénées-Atlantiques, France).]] '''Obere mmiri''' bụ ọgbọ nke ike mmiri eletrik na obere nha ma e jiri ya tụnyere nnukwu mmiri ọdịnala. Nkọwa ziri ezi dịgasị iche site na mba, mana obere ọrụ mmiri (SHP) na-erughị 50 megawatts (MW) ma nwee ike ịkekọrịta ya site na "mini" (<500kW), "micro" (<100 kW), na "pico" (<10 kW). <ref>{{Cite web|title=What is small hydro?|url=https://www.ieahydro.org/about/past-achievements-and-completed-activities/annex-2/what-is-small-hydro|accessdate=2025-03-20|work=IEA Hydropower}}</ref> Ikike kachasị elu nke mmepụta ike bụ isi ihe nke nhazi SHP. Ihe ndị dị ka ịdị elu nke mmiri, ịdị elu nke weir, ebe nchekwa, ihe owuwu na usoro ọrụ anaghị edozi n'okpuru metric a. Ọrụ SHP etoola ngwa ngwa n'ime iri afọ abụọ gara aga. Usoro nnabata ngwa ngwa nwere ike ime ka ọ dị mfe ịzụlite na itinye aka n'ọgbọ ekesa na mpaghara ọkụ eletrik. Enwere ike wuo obere ọrụ mmiri mmiri n'ebe ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ nke ga-abụ enweghị akụ na ụba iji rụọ ọrụ site na ọkụ eletrik nke mba, ma ọ bụ na mpaghara ebe grid mba na-adịghị. Ha na-emepụta ike n'ogo kwesịrị ekwesị maka iji obodo mee ihe, na-akwalite nnwere onwe ike. Mpaghara ime obodo na-eche ihe ịma aka ihu na ntinye SHP n'ihi enweghị mgbado anya ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, data ziri ezi, na ego na-adịgide adịgide.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=UNIDO|date=2022|title=World Small Hydropower Development Report 2022|url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/4025088?v=pdf|journal=Global overview / United Nations Industrial Development Organization|language=en}}</ref> Aghọtabebeghị mmetụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze na gburugburu ebe obibi nke obere mmiri. Ọtụtụ mba anaghị achọ ntule mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi maka nrụnye ndị pere mpe<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Couto|first=Thiago BA|date=2018|title=Global proliferation of small hydropower plants – science and policy|url=https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/fee.1746|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment|language=en|volume=16|issue=2|pages=91–100|doi=10.1002/fee.1746|issn=1540-9309}}</ref> == Nkọwa == pl96gjtdp4ga7ymu4n8vbhpetiub7ta 670671 670670 2026-07-01T11:19:20Z Bigcee007 24507 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360737445|Small hydro]]" 670671 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Fall_in_Licq-Atherey.jpg|thumb|Obere ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik nke Licq-Athérey (Pyrénées-Atlantiques, France).]] '''Obere mmiri''' bụ ọgbọ nke ike mmiri eletrik na obere nha ma e jiri ya tụnyere nnukwu mmiri ọdịnala. Nkọwa ziri ezi dịgasị iche site na mba, mana obere ọrụ mmiri (SHP) na-erughị 50 megawatts (MW) ma nwee ike ịkekọrịta ya site na "mini" (<500kW), "micro" (<100 kW), na "pico" (<10 kW). <ref>{{Cite web|title=What is small hydro?|url=https://www.ieahydro.org/about/past-achievements-and-completed-activities/annex-2/what-is-small-hydro|accessdate=2025-03-20|work=IEA Hydropower}}</ref> Ikike kachasị elu nke mmepụta ike bụ isi ihe nke nhazi SHP. Ihe ndị dị ka ịdị elu nke mmiri, ịdị elu nke weir, ebe nchekwa, ihe owuwu na usoro ọrụ anaghị edozi n'okpuru metric a. Ọrụ SHP etoola ngwa ngwa n'ime iri afọ abụọ gara aga. Usoro nnabata ngwa ngwa nwere ike ime ka ọ dị mfe ịzụlite na itinye aka n'ọgbọ ekesa na mpaghara ọkụ eletrik. Enwere ike wuo obere ọrụ mmiri mmiri n'ebe ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ nke ga-abụ enweghị akụ na ụba iji rụọ ọrụ site na ọkụ eletrik nke mba, ma ọ bụ na mpaghara ebe grid mba na-adịghị. Ha na-emepụta ike n'ogo kwesịrị ekwesị maka iji obodo mee ihe, na-akwalite nnwere onwe ike. Mpaghara ime obodo na-eche ihe ịma aka ihu na ntinye SHP n'ihi enweghị mgbado anya ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, data ziri ezi, na ego na-adịgide adịgide.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=UNIDO|date=2022|title=World Small Hydropower Development Report 2022|url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/4025088?v=pdf|journal=Global overview / United Nations Industrial Development Organization|language=en}}</ref> Aghọtabebeghị mmetụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze na gburugburu ebe obibi nke obere mmiri. Ọtụtụ mba anaghị achọ ntule mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi maka nrụnye ndị pere mpe<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Couto|first=Thiago BA|date=2018|title=Global proliferation of small hydropower plants – science and policy|url=https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/fee.1746|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment|language=en|volume=16|issue=2|pages=91–100|doi=10.1002/fee.1746|issn=1540-9309}}</ref> == Nkọwa == Ojiji nke okwu ahụ bụ "small hydro" dịgasị iche iche gburugburu ụwa. N'India, a na-ahazi ọrụ mmiri mmiri nwere ikike ruru 25MW dị ka ọrụ Small Hydro Power (SHP). <ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-20|title=Small Hydro {{!}} Ministry of New & Renewable Energy {{!}} Government of India|url=http://mnre.gov.in/small-hydro|accessdate=2025-03-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220053206/http://mnre.gov.in/small-hydro|archivedate=20 February 2018}}</ref> Na [[California]], ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik nwere ikike kacha nke na-erughị 30MW bụ nkewa dị ka obere ma tozuo maka isonye na ọkọlọtọ Pọtụfoliyo ọhụrụ nke steeti. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Commission|first=California Energy|date=|title=Hydroelectric Power|url=https://www.energy.ca.gov/data-reports/california-power-generation-and-power-sources/hydroelectric-power|accessdate=2025-03-20|work=www.energy.ca.gov|language=en}}</ref> Oke kachasị na-abụkarị ebe n'etiti 10 na 30MW ma gbatịa ruo 50MW na Canada, China, Pakistan na United States. 37x30psqy754ms4jlnkj6oyxq4fg12x 670675 670671 2026-07-01T11:41:04Z Bigcee007 24507 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360737445|Small hydro]]" 670675 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Fall_in_Licq-Atherey.jpg|thumb|Obere ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik nke Licq-Athérey (Pyrénées-Atlantiques, France).]] '''Obere mmiri''' bụ ọgbọ nke ike mmiri eletrik na obere nha ma e jiri ya tụnyere nnukwu mmiri ọdịnala. Nkọwa ziri ezi dịgasị iche site na mba, mana obere ọrụ mmiri (SHP) na-erughị 50 megawatts (MW) ma nwee ike ịkekọrịta ya site na "mini" (<500kW), "micro" (<100 kW), na "pico" (<10 kW). <ref>{{Cite web|title=What is small hydro?|url=https://www.ieahydro.org/about/past-achievements-and-completed-activities/annex-2/what-is-small-hydro|accessdate=2025-03-20|work=IEA Hydropower}}</ref> Ikike kachasị elu nke mmepụta ike bụ isi ihe nke nhazi SHP. Ihe ndị dị ka ịdị elu nke mmiri, ịdị elu nke weir, ebe nchekwa, ihe owuwu na usoro ọrụ anaghị edozi n'okpuru metric a. Ọrụ SHP etoola ngwa ngwa n'ime iri afọ abụọ gara aga. Usoro nnabata ngwa ngwa nwere ike ime ka ọ dị mfe ịzụlite na itinye aka n'ọgbọ ekesa na mpaghara ọkụ eletrik. Enwere ike wuo obere ọrụ mmiri mmiri n'ebe ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ nke ga-abụ enweghị akụ na ụba iji rụọ ọrụ site na ọkụ eletrik nke mba, ma ọ bụ na mpaghara ebe grid mba na-adịghị. Ha na-emepụta ike n'ogo kwesịrị ekwesị maka iji obodo mee ihe, na-akwalite nnwere onwe ike. Mpaghara ime obodo na-eche ihe ịma aka ihu na ntinye SHP n'ihi enweghị mgbado anya ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, data ziri ezi, na ego na-adịgide adịgide.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=UNIDO|date=2022|title=World Small Hydropower Development Report 2022|url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/4025088?v=pdf|journal=Global overview / United Nations Industrial Development Organization|language=en}}</ref> Aghọtabebeghị mmetụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze na gburugburu ebe obibi nke obere mmiri. Ọtụtụ mba anaghị achọ ntule mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi maka nrụnye ndị pere mpe<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Couto|first=Thiago BA|date=2018|title=Global proliferation of small hydropower plants – science and policy|url=https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/fee.1746|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment|language=en|volume=16|issue=2|pages=91–100|doi=10.1002/fee.1746|issn=1540-9309}}</ref> == Nkọwa == Ojiji nke okwu ahụ bụ "small hydro" dịgasị iche iche gburugburu ụwa. N'India, a na-ahazi ọrụ mmiri mmiri nwere ikike ruru 25MW dị ka ọrụ Small Hydro Power (SHP). <ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-20|title=Small Hydro {{!}} Ministry of New & Renewable Energy {{!}} Government of India|url=http://mnre.gov.in/small-hydro|accessdate=2025-03-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220053206/http://mnre.gov.in/small-hydro|archivedate=20 February 2018}}</ref> Na [[California]], ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik nwere ikike kacha nke na-erughị 30MW bụ nkewa dị ka obere ma tozuo maka isonye na ọkọlọtọ Pọtụfoliyo ọhụrụ nke steeti. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Commission|first=California Energy|date=|title=Hydroelectric Power|url=https://www.energy.ca.gov/data-reports/california-power-generation-and-power-sources/hydroelectric-power|accessdate=2025-03-20|work=www.energy.ca.gov|language=en}}</ref> Oke kachasị na-abụkarị ebe n'etiti 10 na 30MW ma gbatịa ruo 50MW na Canada, China, Pakistan na United States. [[Faịlụ:Former_Site_of_Iron_Gate_Dam.jpg|thumb|E wuchapụrụ ebe nchekwa nke Iron Gate Dam, ebe ọrụ nwere ike ibu 18.0 MW n'afọ 2024.]] Enwere ike itinye ọtụtụ atụmatụ ọrụ maka ọrụ mmiri nwere ike iyi otu. Ụfọdụ ọrụ SHP na-eji sistemụ mmiri na-agba ọsọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Paish|first=Oliver|date=2002-12-01|title=Small hydro power: technology and current status|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1364032102000060|journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews|volume=6|issue=6|pages=537–556|doi=10.1016/S1364-0321(02)00006-0|issn=1364-0321}}</ref> Ndị ọzọ, dịka Iron Gate Dam, na-eji usoro njide ihe nke na-enwe ọghọm ndị metụtara ebe nchekwa mmiri. Maka ndị na-etinye ego, ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, na ndị na-eme iwu, a na-ewere obere ọrụ mmiri dị ka ihe kacha baa uru mgbe enweghị mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na uru a tụrụ anya ya mgbe arụchara ya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Urošević|first=Branka Gvozdenac|date=2021-07-01|title=Ranking construction of small hydro power plants using multi-criteria decision analysis|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148121004717|journal=Renewable Energy|volume=172|pages=1174–1183|doi=10.1016/j.renene.2021.03.115|issn=0960-1481}}</ref> === Uru na ọghọm ya === 3bv88cvhhyh0pbpra64fln6wqs6g0oi 670676 670675 2026-07-01T11:43:24Z Bigcee007 24507 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360737445|Small hydro]]" 670676 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Fall_in_Licq-Atherey.jpg|thumb|Obere ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik nke Licq-Athérey (Pyrénées-Atlantiques, France).]] '''Obere mmiri''' bụ ọgbọ nke ike mmiri eletrik na obere nha ma e jiri ya tụnyere nnukwu mmiri ọdịnala. Nkọwa ziri ezi dịgasị iche site na mba, mana obere ọrụ mmiri (SHP) na-erughị 50 megawatts (MW) ma nwee ike ịkekọrịta ya site na "mini" (<500kW), "micro" (<100 kW), na "pico" (<10 kW). <ref>{{Cite web|title=What is small hydro?|url=https://www.ieahydro.org/about/past-achievements-and-completed-activities/annex-2/what-is-small-hydro|accessdate=2025-03-20|work=IEA Hydropower}}</ref> Ikike kachasị elu nke mmepụta ike bụ isi ihe nke nhazi SHP. Ihe ndị dị ka ịdị elu nke mmiri, ịdị elu nke weir, ebe nchekwa, ihe owuwu na usoro ọrụ anaghị edozi n'okpuru metric a. Ọrụ SHP etoola ngwa ngwa n'ime iri afọ abụọ gara aga. Usoro nnabata ngwa ngwa nwere ike ime ka ọ dị mfe ịzụlite na itinye aka n'ọgbọ ekesa na mpaghara ọkụ eletrik. Enwere ike wuo obere ọrụ mmiri mmiri n'ebe ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ nke ga-abụ enweghị akụ na ụba iji rụọ ọrụ site na ọkụ eletrik nke mba, ma ọ bụ na mpaghara ebe grid mba na-adịghị. Ha na-emepụta ike n'ogo kwesịrị ekwesị maka iji obodo mee ihe, na-akwalite nnwere onwe ike. Mpaghara ime obodo na-eche ihe ịma aka ihu na ntinye SHP n'ihi enweghị mgbado anya ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, data ziri ezi, na ego na-adịgide adịgide.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=UNIDO|date=2022|title=World Small Hydropower Development Report 2022|url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/4025088?v=pdf|journal=Global overview / United Nations Industrial Development Organization|language=en}}</ref> Aghọtabebeghị mmetụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze na gburugburu ebe obibi nke obere mmiri. Ọtụtụ mba anaghị achọ ntule mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi maka nrụnye ndị pere mpe<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Couto|first=Thiago BA|date=2018|title=Global proliferation of small hydropower plants – science and policy|url=https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/fee.1746|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment|language=en|volume=16|issue=2|pages=91–100|doi=10.1002/fee.1746|issn=1540-9309}}</ref> == Nkọwa == Ojiji nke okwu ahụ bụ "small hydro" dịgasị iche iche gburugburu ụwa. N'India, a na-ahazi ọrụ mmiri mmiri nwere ikike ruru 25MW dị ka ọrụ Small Hydro Power (SHP). <ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-20|title=Small Hydro {{!}} Ministry of New & Renewable Energy {{!}} Government of India|url=http://mnre.gov.in/small-hydro|accessdate=2025-03-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220053206/http://mnre.gov.in/small-hydro|archivedate=20 February 2018}}</ref> Na [[California]], ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik nwere ikike kacha nke na-erughị 30MW bụ nkewa dị ka obere ma tozuo maka isonye na ọkọlọtọ Pọtụfoliyo ọhụrụ nke steeti. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Commission|first=California Energy|date=|title=Hydroelectric Power|url=https://www.energy.ca.gov/data-reports/california-power-generation-and-power-sources/hydroelectric-power|accessdate=2025-03-20|work=www.energy.ca.gov|language=en}}</ref> Oke kachasị na-abụkarị ebe n'etiti 10 na 30MW ma gbatịa ruo 50MW na Canada, China, Pakistan na United States. [[Faịlụ:Former_Site_of_Iron_Gate_Dam.jpg|thumb|E wuchapụrụ ebe nchekwa nke Iron Gate Dam, ebe ọrụ nwere ike ibu 18.0 MW n'afọ 2024.]] Enwere ike itinye ọtụtụ atụmatụ ọrụ maka ọrụ mmiri nwere ike iyi otu. Ụfọdụ ọrụ SHP na-eji sistemụ mmiri na-agba ọsọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Paish|first=Oliver|date=2002-12-01|title=Small hydro power: technology and current status|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1364032102000060|journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews|volume=6|issue=6|pages=537–556|doi=10.1016/S1364-0321(02)00006-0|issn=1364-0321}}</ref> Ndị ọzọ, dịka Iron Gate Dam, na-eji usoro njide ihe nke na-enwe ọghọm ndị metụtara ebe nchekwa mmiri. Maka ndị na-etinye ego, ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, na ndị na-eme iwu, a na-ewere obere ọrụ mmiri dị ka ihe kacha baa uru mgbe enweghị mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na uru a tụrụ anya ya mgbe arụchara ya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Urošević|first=Branka Gvozdenac|date=2021-07-01|title=Ranking construction of small hydro power plants using multi-criteria decision analysis|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148121004717|journal=Renewable Energy|volume=172|pages=1174–1183|doi=10.1016/j.renene.2021.03.115|issn=0960-1481}}</ref> === Uru na ọghọm ya === Uru ndị bụ isi nke obere mmepe mmiri gụnyere obere ọnụ ahịa iwuli na ikike ịnọgide na-enweghị njikọ na grid ike etiti. Isi ihe esemokwu dị n'ime obere mmepe ike mmiri gụnyere okwu ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi, nlekọta iwu, na mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi. elehbfelyn6dkx02o6ou55fkg7d31mp 0 77231 670677 2026-07-01T11:44:19Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1290226709|Mandyani River]]" 670677 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Mbini.PNG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Enwere ike ịhụ osimiri ahụ na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ, Pịa iji hụ]] '''Mandyani''' bụ osimiri nke dị na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ ala [[Equatorial Guinea]]. Mandyani bụ akụkụ nke Muni Estuary yana Mitong, Congue, Mitimele, Utamboni na Mven Rivers.<ref name="HughesHughes1992">{{Cite book|author=Hughes|first=R. H.|title=A Directory of African Wetlands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA501|accessdate=30 March 2012|year=1992|publisher=IUCN|isbn=978-2-88032-949-5}}</ref><ref name="Sundiata1990">{{Cite book|author=Sundiata|first=I. K.|title=Equatorial Guinea: colonialism, state terror, and the search for stability|url=https://archive.org/details/equatorialguinea0000sund|accessdate=30 March 2012|year=1990|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=978-0-8133-0429-8}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} 1h4cbnvisugr60t91ef2nucanmwnhx8 0 77232 670679 2026-07-01T11:52:38Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1290226491|Congue River]]" 670679 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Mbini.PNG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Enwere ike ịhụ osimiri ahụ na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ, Pịa iji hụ]] Congue bụ osimiri nke dị na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ ala Equatorial Guinea.Ọ bụ akụkụ nke Muni Estuary yana osimiri Mitong, Mandyani, Mitimele, Utamboni na Mven.<ref name="HughesHughes1992">{{Cite book|author=Hughes|first=R. H.|title=A Directory of African Wetlands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA501|accessdate=30 March 2012|year=1992|publisher=IUCN|isbn=978-2-88032-949-5}}</ref><ref name="Sundiata1990">{{Cite book|author=Sundiata|first=I. K.|title=Equatorial Guinea: colonialism, state terror, and the search for stability|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nlR0AAAAMAAJ|accessdate=30 March 2012|year=1990|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=978-0-8133-0429-8}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|1|04|00|N|9|40|59|E|region:GQ_source:kolossus-eswiki}} dd1667o7oqrti6wfzz0xxgs1w7o4x5m 0 77233 670680 2026-07-01T11:56:20Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1217571853|Mitimele River]]" 670680 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Mbini.PNG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Enwere ike ịhụ osimiri ahụ na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ, Pịa iji hụ]] '''Mitimele''' bụ osimiri nke dị na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ ala Equatorial Guinea. Ọ bụ akụkụ nke Muni Estuary tinyere [[Osimiri Mitong (Equatorial Guinea)|Osimiri Mitong]], [[Osimiri Mandyani]], Osimiri Congue, Osimiri Utamboni na [[Osimiri Mven]].<ref name="HughesHughes1992">{{Cite book|author=Hughes|first=R. H.|title=A Directory of African Wetlands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA501|accessdate=30 March 2012|year=1992|publisher=IUCN|isbn=978-2-88032-949-5}}</ref><ref name="Sundiata1990">{{Cite book|author=Sundiata|first=I. K.|title=Equatorial Guinea: colonialism, state terror, and the search for stability|url=https://archive.org/details/equatorialguinea0000sund|accessdate=30 March 2012|year=1990|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=978-0-8133-0429-8}}</ref> Osimiri ahụ ghọrọ Osimiri Utamboni n'akụkụ ókèala ya na Gabon. == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} 27arcmdogschfdumo942rr3zd4sx6pl